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# Mal du siècle
***Mal du siècle*** (`{{IPA|fr|mal dy sjɛkl|lang}}`{=mediawiki}, \"sickness of the century\") is a term used to refer to the ennui, disillusionment, and melancholy experienced by primarily young adults of Europe\'s early 19th century, when speaking in terms of the rising Romantic movement. François-René de Chateaubriand\'s protagonist René characterizes the Romantic ennui that would become a benchmark of the Romantic esthetic in the first half of the century:
> René is a young man who was suffering from the moral malady known as \"le mal du siècle\". This was an \"état d\'âme\" that was not uncommon during the first half of the nineteenth century, and that was often copied and idealized in literature. It was largely boredom. Other manifestations were: melancholy of an aristocratic type, precocious apathy, discouragement without cause, distaste for living. The will seemed paralyzed by the contemplation of life\'s struggle. Faith and a sense of duty were alike absent. Man was \"possédé, tourmenté par le démon de son cœur.\" Morbid sadness was mistaken for the suffering of a proud and superior mind. There was in it all a certain \"bonheur d\'être triste\" which attracted. This pessimistic state was analyzed in *René* with great subtlety and penetration. The hero was made a most original and living type, a type that was repeated in the *Childe Harold* and *Manfred* of Byron, and even, in some of its manifestations, in the *Hernani* of Victor Hugo. In the opinion of Chateaubriand, *René* was his masterpiece. Later judgments regarding it are not unanimous, but many authoritative French critics see in it one of the masterpieces of their literature.
While Chateaubriand was the first to \"diagnose\" this \"illness\", it is Alfred de Musset who further popularized the notion of a \"mal du siècle\" in his *La Confession d\'un enfant du siècle* (Confession of a Child of the Century). Musset notably attributed the malady to the loss of Napoleon Bonaparte, the French nation\'s modern father figure:
> Voilà dans quel chaos il fallut choisir alors; voilà ce qui se présentait à des enfants pleins de force et d\'audace, fils de l\'empire et petits-fils de la révolution. \[\...\] l\'esprit du siècle, ange du crépuscule, qui n\'est ni la nuit, ni le jour.
> Lo and behold in what chaos, then, one must choose; behold the choice that is given to children full of strength and audacity, sons of the Empire and grandsons of the Revolution. \[\...\] the spirit of the century, angel of dusk, that which is neither night nor day
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# Châtillon-la-Borde
**Châtillon-la-Borde** (`{{IPA|fr|ʃatijɔ̃ la bɔʁd|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Persepha-Châtillon-la-Borde.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
## Demographics
The inhabitants are called *Châtillonais-Labordillois*
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# Office of Professional Responsibility
The **Office of Professional Responsibility** (**OPR**), part of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and supervised by the FBI, is responsible for investigating lawyers employed by the Department of Justice who have been accused of misconduct or crime in the exercise of their professional functions.
## History
The OPR was established in 1975 by order of then Attorney General Edward Levi, following revelations of ethical abuse and serious misconduct by senior DOJ officials during the Watergate scandal. The order directed OPR to \"receive and review any information concerning conduct by a Department employee that may be in violation of law, regulations or orders, or applicable standards of conduct.\"
## Mission
OPR\'s primary mission is to ensure that DOJ attorneys perform their duties in accordance with professional standards.
The OPR promulgates independent standards of ethical and criminal conduct for DOJ attorneys, while the DOJ\'s Office of the Inspector General (OIG) has jurisdiction of non-attorney DOJ employees.
The OPR receives reports of allegations of misconduct made against DOJ attorneys from many sources. Nearly half of all such allegations are reported to OPR by DOJ sources, such as the attorney involved. The remaining complaints come from a variety of sources, including private attorneys, defendants and civil litigants, other federal agencies, state or local government officials, judicial and congressional referrals, and media reports. OPR gives expedited attention to judicial findings of misconduct.
The OPR reviews each allegation and determines whether further investigation is warranted. The determination is a matter of investigative judgment that weighs many factors, including the nature of the allegation, its apparent credibility, its specificity, its susceptibility to verification, and the source of the allegation. A decision to open a matter does not give rise to a presumption of misconduct, nor shift the burden of proof to the accused person. The OPR\'s investigations involve a wide range of allegations, and the investigative methods used vary accordingly.
In many cases, the OPR notifies the accused attorney and requests a written response. Sometimes, the OPR also makes on-site investigations. The OPR reports the results of the investigation to the component head concerned and to the Office of the Deputy Attorney General. The OPR also advises the complainant and the accused attorney of its conclusion
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# Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht
***Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht*** is a monthly intellectual property law journal published in German. It is the journal of the German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (German: *Deutsche Vereinigung für gewerblichen Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht*) and was established in 1899. The journal articles mainly concern German law. It is the journal with the longest tradition in the field of intellectual property law in Germany. Because of the green cover of the journal, the whole area of intellectual property law is commonly referred to as \"green section\" (\"*grüner Bereich*\") among German lawyers
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# Tristan Blackwood
**Tristan Blackwood** (born January 14, 1985) is a Canadian basketball player. He played guard for Central Connecticut State University (CCSU). Blackwood was voted to the NEC First Team in 2007 along with teammates Obie Nwadike and Conference Player of the Year Javier Mojica.[^1^](http://ccsubluedevils.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/022807aad.html) Blackwood is listed at 6 feet, 170 pounds.[^2^](http://ccsubluedevils.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/blackwood_tristan00.html) In 2008, he completed his senior year at CCSU.
## High school basketball {#high_school_basketball}
Blackwood played basketball for five seasons at Eastern Commerce in Toronto. Over the course of his five seasons playing varsity basketball at Eastern Commerce, he helped lead the team to three straight 4A OFSAA Championships. In his senior year he was named to the 2004 All-Canadian High School All-Star Game.[^2^](http://ccsubluedevils.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/blackwood_tristan00.html)
## College basketball {#college_basketball}
From his first game at Central, Blackwood established himself as one of the team\'s stars. He started all 28 games his freshman year, the only player on the team to do so. He led the team with 98 assists and was second in steals with 26. His success continued in his sophomore season. Blackwood scored 14.3 points per game and recorded 113 assists (4.2 per game) leading his team in both categories. Once again he led his team in steals and was second in three-pointers with 71. While his sophomore year is widely considered to be his breakout season, over the course of his junior year he established himself as a star. Blackwood led the team in scoring with 17.1 points per game. He also averaged 4.1 assists per game leading his team in that category as well. He hit a staggering 122 three-pointers ranking amongst the top shooters in the country. Also Blackwood was almost automatic from the free throw line, hitting 97 and missing only 8 all season.[^3^](https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/player/_/id/22874)
## NCAA tournament {#ncaa_tournament}
Blackwood has played one game in the NCAA tournament. In 2007, after CCSU went 16-2 in-conference and won the NEC tournament, Central entered the tournament as a 16 seed. They were matched up against top-seeded Ohio State. On March 15 the two teams played at Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky. Ohio State won 78-57 ousting CCSU from the tournament. Blackwood was held to 12 points, all on three point field goals.[^4^](http://www.nbc30.com/cbaska46/11265193/detail.html)
## Canada Basketball {#canada_basketball}
Blackwood has represented Canada Basketball throughout his career. Named to the 2004 All-Canadian High School All-Star Game. Named Toronto Sun Mr. Basketball Ontario. Named to Toronto Sun\'s All-GTA and All-Ontario teams and a member of the Toronto Star Dream Team. Named Silver Fox Tournament MVP after leading Eastern to third straight title. Named Seneca Invitational MVP. Attended the 2003 Nike All-Canada Camp. Led Ontario to a gold medal and was named MVP of the 2002 Juvenile Boy\'s National Championships. A member of Basketball Ontario\'s Juvenile Development Program. Started two games for Canada during Summer Series 2004. Led Team Canada in assists (16) and three-point field goals (7) at the Global Games. Started four games for Canada at the 2004 Under-21 Tournament of the Americas. Canada finished fourth and qualified for the 2005 Under-21 World Championship for the first time ever. Averaged 18.2 minutes, 5.6 points and 3.0 assists in five games
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# Kevin Maguire (ice hockey)
**Kevin Maguire** (born January 5, 1963) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward and referee. He played in the National Hockey League with the Toronto Maple Leafs, Buffalo Sabres, and Philadelphia Flyers.
In his NHL career, Maguire appeared in 260 games. He scored 29 goals and added 30 assists while accumulating 782 penalty minutes. After his playing career, he pursued a career in officiating. He first worked as an NHL referee in 1999--2000.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Regular season
------------ ------------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1982--83 Oshawa Generals OHL 1 0
1982--83 Orillia Travelways OJHL 41 18
1983--84 Orillia Travelways OJHL 37 31
1984--85 St. Catharines Saints AHL 76 10
1985--86 St. Catharines Saints AHL 61 6
1986--87 Newmarket Saints AHL 51 4
1986--87 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 17 0
1987--88 Buffalo Sabres NHL 46 4
1988--89 Buffalo Sabres NHL 60 8
1989--90 Buffalo Sabres NHL 61 6
1989--90 Philadelphia Flyers NHL 5 1
1990--91 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 63 9
1991--92 St. John\'s Maple Leafs AHL 30 11
1991--92 Toronto Maple Leafs NHL 8 1
1993--94 Lee Valley Lions BHL 2 0
NHL totals 260 29
## NHL Transactions {#nhl_transactions}
- **October 10, 1984**: Signed as a free agent by the Toronto Maple Leafs.
- **October 5, 1987**: Claimed by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1987 NHL Waiver Draft.
- **March 5, 1990**: Traded to the Philadelphia Flyers, along with Buffalo\'s 2nd round choice in the 1990 draft (Mikael Renberg) in exchange for Jay Wells and Philadelphia\'s 4th round pick in the 1991 draft (Peter Ambroziak).
- **June 16, 1990:** Traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs, along with Philadelphia\'s 8th round choice in the 1991 draft (Dmitri Mironov) in exchange for Toronto\'s 3rd round pick in the 1990 draft (Al Kinisky)
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# Paul O'Dea
**Paul O\'Dea** (July 3, 1920 -- December 11, 1978) was an American professional baseball player, manager and scout. He saw Major League service during World War II for the `{{baseball year|1944}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{baseball year|1945}}`{=mediawiki} Cleveland Indians. He threw and batted left-handed, stood 6 ft tall and weighed 200 lb.
A native of Cleveland, Ohio and alumnus of Case Western Reserve University, O\'Dea began his professional career with the Fargo-Moorhead Twins in 1938. He played in 62 games for the Twins and had a .362 batting average. The following season he played for the Springfield Indians, hitting .342 in 122 games, and due to his hitting the Indians brought him to spring training in 1940. During that time, he was hit in the right eye by a foul ball, causing blindness. Despite the injury, he remained in the Indians organization the next four years, and made his major league debut on April 19, 1944.
O\'Dea spent the two full seasons with the 1944--1945 Indians; he was exempt from reporting to service for World War II due to his earlier eye injury. He was primarily an outfielder, but also played first base and was a left-handed pitcher. In 163 Major League games, O\'Dea\'s career batting average was .272; in his four games on the mound, he did not earn a decision, with an earned run average was 5.68 in 6`{{fraction|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings pitched. O\'Dea had a .318 batting average in 1944 in 76 games. He hit his only big-league home run off Don Black of the Philadelphia Athletics on May 19, 1945, in a 2--1 Cleveland victory at League Park. After the 1945 season ended, he was sent back to the minors, which ended his major league career.
O\'Dea returned to the minor leagues and played for five more seasons, from 1946 to 1948 and from 1950 to 1951. He then served as a manager of various Indians\' Class C and Class D farm system teams between 1947 and 1960. He then spent the rest of his life as a scout for the Indians, until his death at the age of 58
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# Adelaide Anderson
**Dame Adelaide Mary Anderson**, DBE (8 April 1863 -- 28 August 1936) was a British civil servant and labour activist, particularly interested in child labour and conditions in China. She served as HM Principal Lady Inspector of Factories from 1897 to 1921.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Anderson was born in Melbourne, Australia to a Scottish family, but was raised in London. Her mother was Blanche Emily Anderson (née Campbell), her uncle was Francis Eastwood Campbell, and her grandfather was James Campbell. Both her uncle and grandfather were public servants in New Zealand. Her father was Alexander Gavin Anderson (died 1892). Her parents were married at St Michael\'s Church in Christchurch, New Zealand in 1861. She was educated at Queen\'s College in Harley Street and at Girton College, Cambridge, where she studied for the Moral Sciences Tripos and graduated in 1887.
## Career
She was a lecturer for the Women\'s Co-operative Guild and was offering private tuition when, in 1892, she joined the staff of the Royal Commission on Labour as a clerk. This subsequently led to her appointment in 1894 as one of the first women factory inspectors in the Home Office. She was appointed Her Majesty\'s Principal Lady Inspector of Factories in 1897, dealing with issues of health and safety, working hours and conditions. On her retirement she was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE), having been appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1918.
## China
After her retirement from the Home Office, she visited China three times. In 1923--1924 she became a member of the Commission on Child Labour under the auspices of the Municipal Council of the International Settlement of Shanghai. In 1926 she was a member of the Advisory Committee on the China Indemnity of the Foreign Office.
In 1931 she served on a mission for the International Labour Office to Nanking, regarding a factory inspectorate for China. She was also a member of the Universities China Committee in London from 1932 to 1936.
## Other travels {#other_travels}
In 1930 she also visited Egypt to enquire into conditions of child labour. In addition, she travelled to South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Anderson wrote and lectured widely until her death in 1936, aged 73.
## Publications
- *Women in the Factory: An Administrative Adventure, 1893--1921* (1922)
- *Humanity and Labour in China: An Industrial Visit and its Sequel, 1923--1926* (1928)
## Archives
Anderson\'s papers are held by the Women\'s Library at the library of the London School of Economics, ref \[<https://archive.today/20130717082852/http://twl-calm.library.lse.ac.uk/CalmView/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Overview
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# Gertrud Fridh
**Gertrud Fridh** (26 November 1921 -- 11 October 1984) was a Swedish stage and film actress.
## Biography
Born in Gothenburg, Fridh later studied acting at Gothenburg City Theatre\'s acting school from 1941 to 1944. She worked in the 1940s and 1950s at the city theatres in Gothenburg and Malmö. At the latter she came in contact with director Ingmar Bergman who directed her on stage and later would cast her in strong parts in some of his most memorable films, including *Wild Strawberries* (1957), *The Magician / The Face* (1958), *The Devil\'s Eye* (1960), *All These Women* (1964) and *Hour of the Wolf* (1967).
From 1956 to 1978, Gertrud Fridh was part of the ensemble at Sweden\'s national stage, the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm. There she performed a number of celebrated parts, from Titania in *A Midsummer Night\'s Dream* (1956) to Phaedra in Euripides\' *Hippolytus* (1965) and The Mummy in Strindberg\'s *The Ghost Sonata* (1973). One of her most praised parts was her *Hedda Gabler*, in the legendary 1964 Dramaten production of the Ibsen play, directed by Bergman. The successful production gave 89 performances, and she later guest performed in Helsinki, Berlin and London. Despite the fact that many Swedish actresses have taken on the role of Hedda Gabler over the years, in Sweden, Gertrud Fridh is still regarded as the definitive Hedda of all time
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# Grigor Paron-Ter
**Grigor Paron-Ter** (*Գրիգոր Պարոն-Տեր*), was the Armenian Patricarch of Jerusalem; He reigned from 1613 to 1645.
During his tenure, the Ottoman Empire was in crisis, which also impacted the Armenian people and Armenian Jerusalem. Even before entering into religious service, Paron-Ter, a native of Ganja in modern Azerbaijan, had campaigned to eliminate the burdensome debts of the patriarchate. He was able to secure major contributions, not only from Van, New Julfa, and Aleppo but also from places such as Urfa, and Bitlis, virtually encouraging their competition to erase the debt. During his thirty-two-year patriarchal reign, Paron-Ter expanded the Armenian presence in Jerusalem, acquiring new properties, organizing pilgrimages and creating a spiritual atmosphere within the monastery. Almost half of the present residential quarters of the Armenian monastery of St. James in Jerusalem were built during his rule
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# Jules Anspach
Baron **Jules Victor Anspach** (20 July 1829 -- 19 May 1879) was a Belgian liberal politician and mayor of the City of Brussels. He is best known for his renovations surrounding the covering of the river Senne (1867--1871).
## Life
Anspach was born in Brussels into a family of Calvinist Genevan origin. His father François (died 1858) served in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives. Jules Anspach studied law at the Free University of Brussels, becoming a Doctor of Law. As with many Liberals, Anspach was a Freemason. Like his father, Anspach was elected to the Chamber of Representatives.
Anspach rose rapidly, replacing Fontainas as mayor of Brussels in 1863, aged only 34, holding the office until his death in 1879. He effected massive changes to the urban landscape of Brussels, centred on his oeuvre, the covering of the Senne (1867--1871). His renovations in Brussels paralleled those by Baron Haussmann in Paris. The modern city remains largely Anspach\'s creation in its basic form. He is buried in Brussels Cemetery.
## Legacy
The Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan, one of the central boulevards created by his massive renovations of the city, and the main artery in downtown Brussels today, bears his name
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# Kawanishi-Noseguchi Station
is a junction passenger railway station located in the city of Kawanishi, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation companies Nose Electric Railway and Hankyu Railway. It is connected to the Kawanishi-Ikeda Station on the West Japan Railway Company (JR West) Fukuchiyama Line (JR Takarazuka Line) by an elevated walkway
## Lines
Kawanishi-Noseguchi Station is served by the Hankyu Takarazuka Line and is 17.2 kilometers from the terminus of the line at `{{STN|Osaka-umeda|x}}`{=mediawiki}. It is also the terminus of the 12.2 kilometer Nose Electric Railways\'s Myōken Line. It is a major service station, featuring stops for all local and express trains, including the special Nissei Express (日生エクスプレス), a commuter train specifically for commuters from the Kawanishi area to Osaka.
## Layout
The station consists of an island platform and three bay platforms serving a total office tracks. The ticket gates (two on the east and west sides) and the concourse are on the 2nd floor, and the platform is on the 3rd floor of the station building.
### Platforms
## History
Kawanishi-Noseguchi Station opened on April 8, 1913, as `{{nihongo|'''Noseguchi Station'''|能勢口駅||}}`{=mediawiki} of the Minoh Arima Electric Tramway (now Hankyu Corporation). It was renamed to its present name on July 1, 1965.
## Passenger statistics {#passenger_statistics}
In fiscal 2019, the Hankyu portion of the station was used by an average of 44,636 passengers daily and the Nose Electric portion of the station was used by 45,340 passengers daily
## Surrounding area {#surrounding_area}
- Kawanishi-Ikeda Station (West Japan Railway Company)
### Hankyu Kawamishi-Noseguchi bus stops {#hankyu_kawamishi_noseguchi_bus_stops}
transit bus (Hankyu Bus Co., Ltd
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# Miguel Sabah
**Miguel Sabah Rodríguez** (born 14 November 1979) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a striker.
Throughout his career, he played for Guadalajara, Cruz Azul, Monarcas Morelia, and Club León. Sabah made his debut in the Invierno 2000 with Guadalajara entering in the 46th minute. Sabah played five years with Guadalajara until transferring to Cruz Azul in the Apertura 2006. Sabah was transferred to Morelia in the Clausura 2009, where he was the best Mexico-born goalscorer of the season with 11 goals. Sabah made 17 appearances for the Mexico national team and was the top scorer of the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Guadalajara
Sabah started his career with Club Deportivo Guadalajara, making his debut on 12 August 2000, coming in the 46th minute for Benjamin Galindo against his future team Cruz Azul. Although making his debut in the third game of the season, Sabah did not appear in any games until the Verano 2002 season. In the Verano 2002 season Sabah played in 16 games, including 11 starts, and scored three goals. His second full season with Guadalajara did not go very well, Sabah appeared in only six games and did not score any goals. The Clausura 2003 season was similar to the previous season, Sabah appeared in eight games, and scored no goals for the second consecutive season. Sabah improved in the 2003 Apertura 2003 season, appearing in 18 games, and scoring eight goals. Sabah appeared in 11 games the following season the season which Guadalajara reached the final. Sabah appeared in the first leg match against UNAM Pumas, coming in the 75th minute for Héctor Reynoso. He did not appear in the second leg match, eventually Chivas lost the final 5--4 in penalty kicks. In the Apertura 2004 season, Sabah would appear in 14 games, Sabah managed to score five goals, but got a red card against Atlante F.C. in the first game of the season. Without Sabah, Guadalajara defeated Atlante 7--0. Sabah appeared in 12 games combined in his last two seasons with Guadalajara. Sabah appeared in 86 games (starting 36) and scored 18 goals in nine seasons with Guadalajara.
### Cruz Azul {#cruz_azul}
Following the Apertura 2005 Sabah was transferred to Cruz Azul, which helped his career get going. His first season with Cruz Azul was solid, with Sabah scoring three goals and registering two assists. Sabah had a very good Apertura 2006 season; he appeared in 18 games, starting 15, and he scored ten goals. The Clausura 2007 season was not as good as the previous season for Sabah; he scored six goals in 17 games. The Apertura 2007 season was statistically the best season for Sabah with Cruz Azul. Sabah started all 17 games he played and scored 11 goals. Although Sabah only scored 11 goals in 37 games, Cruz Azul reached the final in Sabah\'s last two seasons with that club. Cruz Azul lost both of those finals, Clausura 2008 to Santos Laguna and Apertura 2008 to Deportivo Toluca.
### Morelia
On 28 December 2008, Miguel Sabah was transferred to Monarcas Morelia. He was presented on 31 December. Sabah scored his first goal with Morelia on 31 January 2009, against América. The rest of the Clausura 2009 season for Sabah with Morelia has gone well. Sabah started out slow but has responded with 11 goals in 17 games, 15 in which he started. In his second tournament with Morelia, Sabah only appeared in 16 matches due to national team duty but still managed to score eight goals, including two in the playoffs. The Torneo Bicentenario 2010 was a very good season for Sabah as he finished with seven goals in 13 matches before he left for Mexico national team pre-World Cup training camp.
In the Clausura 2011 season, Sabah and teammate Rafael Márquez Lugo formed a dangerous attacking duo for a Morelia team who reached the league final. Between the two they scored a total of 17 goals for Morelia who eventually fell 3--2 on aggregate to UNAM.
In three years in Morelia, Sabah scored 64 goals, which makes him the club\'s third all-time scorer behind Marco Antonio Figueroa and Alex Fernandes, he is also the club\'s all time Mexico-born scorer.
### Return to Guadalajara {#return_to_guadalajara}
Miguel Sabah transferred to his first club, Chivas on 14 December 2012 and was presented on 17 December 2012. On 6 January 2013, in the Fecha 1 in the Clausura 2013, Miguel Sabah scored his first goal in a 1--1 tie against Toluca. Later in that match he was sent off with a red card.
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# Miguel Sabah
## Club career {#club_career}
### Leon
On 27 November 2013, Miguel Sabah was traded to Leon. During the 2014 Clausura season he managed to play key role in game against Santos Laguna, final score 4--2, where he had three assists and a goal. He then ended up becoming champions with Leon, giving him his first career Liga MX championship. On 29 November 2015, manager Juan Antonio Pizzi announced that Sabah as well as his teammate Gonzálo Ríos would not continue with the team for the Clausura 2016, both ended contract with the club.
### Retirement
After being released by Leon, Sabah did not find a team in the Liga MX Draft and he eventually announced his retirement on 5 January 2016, in a press conference in Guadalajara. In 2017 Sabah started playing for Corinthians FC of San Antonio of the National Premier Soccer League.
## International career {#international_career}
Sabah was called up by the senior national team coach Javier Aguirre on 15 May 2009, for the 2010 World Cup qualifiers against El Salvador and Trinidad and Tobago. Sabah earned his first international cap against Trinidad and Tobago, coming in for Nery Castillo in the 34th minute. Aguirre included Sabah on the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup roster. Sabah scored his first international goal on 9 July 2009, against Panama, that goal was the 500th goal in CONCACAF Gold Cup history. On 12 August 2009, Sabah also scored a late winner against the United States in a crucial CONCACAF World Cup qualifying match. However, he was not on the final list for the 2010 FIFA World Cup due to an injury.
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# Miguel Sabah
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Miguel Sabah Rodríguez is of Lebanese descent on his father\'s side. He was born in Cancún, Mexico.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Club
Club Season League National cup
-------------- ---------- ---------------------------- ------- ------- -------------- -------
Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
Guadalajara 2000--01 Primera División de México 1 0
2001--02 16 3
2002--03 14 0
2003--04 29 10
2004--05 18 5
2005--06 8 0
Cruz Azul 2005--06 Primera División de México 15 3
2006--07 35 16
2007--08 34 19
2008--09 20 4
Morelia 2008--09 Primera División de México 17 11
2009--10 29 15
2010--11 33 11
2011--12 36 18
Career total \|305 115
: Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
### International
National team Year Apps Goals
--------------- ------ ------ -------
Mexico 2009 14 5
2010 2 0
2012 1 0
Total 17 5
: Appearances and goals by national team and year
: *Scores and results list Mexico\'s goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Sabah goal
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# Steven McElroy
**Steven E. McElroy** (born December 30, 1966) is an American director, actor, teacher and writer.
## Education and career highlights {#education_and_career_highlights}
McElroy, a Providence, Rhode Island native, graduated with a B.A. in Theatre Arts and English Literature from Brown University in 1988 and received his M.F.A. from the Alabama Shakespeare Festival
In the late 1990s, McElroy was artistic director of Sensurround, Inc., where he directed Lynn Siefert\'s *Coyote Ugly* and *Little Egypt* as well as his own adaptation of Jean-Paul Sartre\'s *The Flies*. From 1998 to 2002, he was artistic director of The New Ensemble Theatre Co., Inc. (TNE) in New York City. He has been a member of Emerging Artists Theatre Co. (EAT) since 2001, and is also a member of LITE (Laboratory for International Theatre Exchange).
McElroy also writes for the daily Culture pages and weekly Arts and Leisure sections of *The New York Times*, and *The New York Times on the Web*.
## Directing credits {#directing_credits}
### Emerging Artists Theatre Co. (EAT) {#emerging_artists_theatre_co._eat}
- *Woman With Coffee*
- *The Child*
- Vanda, *Screaming in the Wilderness* (The Mint Theatre)
- Michael Murphy, *The Uninvited Guest* (The Mint Theatre)
- Bash Halow, *SPREAD \'EM* (INTAR)
- Bash Halow, [Forward Motion Matters](http://oneactplays.net/forwardmotion.html)
- Bash Halow, *[Roller Coasting With Fabio](http://oneactplays.net/rollercoasting.html)*
- Peter Macklin, *Someplace Warm* (winner, 2001 Samuel French New Play Competition)
- Bash Halow, *Forward Motion Matters*
### Laboratory for International Theatre Exchange (LITE)/Chekov Now! {#laboratory_for_international_theatre_exchange_litechekov_now}
2004
- Anton Chekhov, *Three Sisters*
### The New Ensemble Theatre Co., Inc. (TNE) {#the_new_ensemble_theatre_co._inc._tne}
- 1998
:\* William Shakespeare, *Romeo and Juliet* (Access Theatre)
- 1999
:\* Mike Nuckols, *And The Skies Were Opened*
- 2000
:\* Ron Owens, *Pig*
:\* Paul Angelo Viggiano, *Hostage*
- 2001
:\* (adapted by Steven McElroy) *V: The Life of Henry Plantagenet*
- 2002
:\* Tom Noonan, *What Happened Was...*
:\* Bash Halow, *Inertia* (includes *Forward Motion Matters* and *Roller Coasting With Fabio*)
### The Producers\' Club {#the_producers_club}
- Maria Seigenthaler, *The Sweet By & By* (reading)
- George Gustines, *Papered Over*
### Sensurround, Inc. {#sensurround_inc.}
- Lynn Siefert, *Coyote Ugly* (Alice\'s Fourth Floor)
- Lynn Siefert, *Little Egypt* (Irish Arts Center)
1999
- Jean-Paul Sartre (adapted by Steven McElroy), *The Flies*
### size ate productions and Emerging Artists Theatre Co. {#size_ate_productions_and_emerging_artists_theatre_co.}
2005
- Margaux Laskey, *size.ate* (winner, 2005 New York Innovative Theatre Award)
### Spotlight ON Productions {#spotlight_on_productions}
2002
- Kevin Brofsky, *Awaken the Wolves* (winner, SpotlightON best production, 2002)
### Wings Theatre Company {#wings_theatre_company}
- Mark Finley, *Better Now* (part of *Beyond Christopher Street: A Night of Gay Shorts*)
### Others
1995
- Ron Owens, *Todd of the Apes*
more TK
## Acting credits {#acting_credits}
### Stage
1980\'s
- Hector - John Byrne, *The Slab Boys* (Brown University)
- *Hotbed* (Miranda Theatre)
1998
- *The King Stag* (Access Theatre)
1999
- Michael John Garcez, *suits* (Theatre Three)
- Hamlet - William Shakespeare, *Hamlet* (TNE)
2000
- *Camp Holocaust* (La Tea Theatre)
### Film
- *Bamboozled* (2000), directed by Spike Lee
More TK
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# Steven McElroy
## Writing credits {#writing_credits}
### Journalism
**Selected**
- \"Now Arguing Near You: The Evolution Drama.\" *The New York Times*, 12 October 2005.
- \"A Domestic Play Takes a Stormy Path.\" *The New York Times*, 4 December 2005.
- \"Now, for the Accounting Of the Opera.\" *The New York Times*, 8 January 2006.
- \"Nine to Watch, Onstage and Off.\" *The New York Times*, 26 February 2006.
- \"The Comedy Is Restoration, but the Sex Is Timeless.\" *The New York Times*, 7 March 2006.
- \"Da Vinci Code Banned in Iran.\" *The New York Times on the Web*, 26 July 2006.
- \"Night at the Opera For the Price Of a Drink.\" *The New York Times*, 6 August 2006.
- \"Red-Nosed Life Lessons: Clowns With a Fear Factor.\" *The New York Times*, 3 September 2006.
- \"Off Off Broadway When It Was Just Downtown.\" *The New York Times*, 22 September 2006.
- \"Giving MaMa What She Wants: Vintage Sam Shepard.\" *The New York Times*, 4 October 2006.
- \"An Actor Uses His Second Language: Speech.\" *The New York Times*, 15 October 2006.
- \"Adapting a Book (and Himself) for the Stage.\" *The New York Times*, 3 December 2006.
- \"Efforts to Save a London Museum.\" *The New York Times on the Web*, 2 January 2007.
- \"How a Cast Got Its Kicks. And Throws. And Punches.\" *The New York Times*, 24 February 2007.
- \"MyTheater, Seeking Friends.\" *The New York Times*, 4 March 2007.
- \"Having Words About *That* Word.\" *The New York Times*, 18 March 2007.
- \"Illusory Characters With Startling Stage Presence.\" *The New York Times*, 2 April 2007.
- \"Clowns, Remember Your Balloon Deduction.\" *The New York Times*, 15 April 2007.
- \"Three Writers Of Nonfiction Are Honored.\" *The New York Times*, 10 May 2007.
- \"Faster Than a Flying Pumpkin.\" *The New York Times*, 13 May 2007.
- \"The Geisha-and-Houseboy-Liberation Theater.\" *The New York Times*, 20 May 2007.
- \"Where Off Off Took Off.\" *The New York Times*, 8 June 2007
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# Great Plains Black History Museum
The **Great Plains Black History Museum** currently resides on the first floor of the historic Jewell Building in North Omaha, Nebraska. It was formerly located at 2213 Lake Street in the Near North Side neighborhood in North Omaha. It was housed in the Webster Telephone Exchange Building, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A nationally renowned institution for more than 40 years, the museum includes more than 100,000 periodicals, manuscripts, photographs and research materials. The museum currently conducts programs and presents exhibits throughout Omaha, the State of Nebraska, regionally and nationally upon request.
It is the largest museum devoted to the black experience on the Great Plains.
## History
In 1962, Omaha community leader Bertha Calloway founded the Negro Historical Society. In 1976 she opened the Great Plains Black History Museum, in the Western Telephone Exchange Building. This had been a community center for recovery efforts after the disastrous 1913 tornado. From 1933 to 1952, it was used by the Urban League as a community center, featuring a variety of services, such as medical, a library and others.
Calloway\'s goal over the next 25 years was to teach Nebraskans and other visitors about the contributions of African Americans in the Midwest. In a 1996 interview Calloway explained, \"People must see black history in order for the images they have of black people to change. That's what our museum is all about \... revealing a history that's been withheld.\" In 1976 Calloway opened the museum, aided by a \$100,000 grant from the United States Bicentennial Commission.
Since then, the museum has featured paintings, rare books, photographs, and films of the African-American experience in the Midwest. Most African Americans arrived in the Midwest from the South during the first half of the 20th century, in two waves of the Great Migration. The museum chronicles their transformation into urban workers, the development of churches and other community institutions; and music, literature and other cultures. The museum is one of the largest historical and cultural institutions devoted to African-American life west of the Mississippi River.
The museum closed in 2001 after the director Jim Calloway, the son of founder Bertha Calloway, failed to get what he thought was the needed level of funding from the City of Omaha and Douglas County after relying on that funding since the beginning of the museum. The building needs renovation and the museum may consider moving to another facility, or running exhibits for some time in other venues. It has arranged to have the Nebraska State Historical Society take temporary custodial care of the materials. Their staff has been cataloging documents and photographs housed at the NSHS in Lincoln. As of 2010, the museum reorganized with a new board of directors, and in the spring of 2011 started a series of community meetings to discuss its future, including the possibility of exhibiting materials before a museum building is available. As the new president James Beatty says, \"The building is closed but the museum is open!\" The facility had been closed because of needed renovation but, as the board chairman and Museum President, James Beatty said, \"The building is closed. The Museum is open.\" As of the spring of 2011, a new board was in place which was holding community meetings to broaden discussions of the museum\'s future.
In 2014 the museum moved to a space in the Crossroad Mall on 72nd and Dodge streets and was there until 2017 when the museum moved to a bigger space on the first floor of North Omaha\'s historic Jewell Building, 2221 N. 24th St. It hosts multiple exhibitions each year as well as public programs.[1](https://www.timesleader.com/features/679719/black-history-museum-moving-to-larger-space-in-omaha)
In 2022, the museum donated the Webster Telephone Exchange Building to the Bertha Calloway Foundation
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# HX postcode area
The **HX postcode area**, also known as the **Halifax postcode area**, is a group of seven postcode districts in England, within four post towns. These cover most of the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale in western West Yorkshire, including Halifax, Elland, Sowerby Bridge and Hebden Bridge
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# Faturan
**Faturan**, in Middle Eastern beadwork, is a material used to make beads, notably in the making of komboloi and misbaha.
## History
\"Bakelite\" and \"Parkesine\" are both synthetic resins named after their inventors. And so \"Faturan\", named after its original inventor, became a brand of cast thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, similar to Bakelite and Catalin, manufactured by Traun & Son of Hamburg., developed in the early 20th century, and produced until the 1940s.
## In the bead trade {#in_the_bead_trade}
In the bead trade, \"Faturan\" is thought to be a mixture of natural amber shavings with other materials, and is described as having been invented in the Middle East in the 18th or 19th century, however, there is some dispute over this within the trade.
The Komboloi Museum, Nafplio, Greece, insists that a Kuwaiti chemist called Esmaeel Almail Faturan first made beads from amber fillings mixed with other natural resins, rather than synthetic, long before the well known synthetic resins were mass-produced. The National Historical Museum, Athens, has on display komboloi made of Faturan dating to 1821.
\"Faturan\" became the protected brand name of one particular German company who mass-produced synthetic resin in rod form for making beads. These beads are now rare, but rarer still are the handmade beads of Arava Faturan\'s time.
The first Bakelite that arrived in Turkey and the Middle East in the early 1900s was mainly in the form of drawer and furniture knobs and handles. This coincided with when the first prayer bead strands made of Bakelite began to appear on the market.
The bead carvers, mainly in Turkey, were swift to understand that Bakelite was a material that could be well carved, had a great appearance, and could replace amber. Each master also had his secret \"recipe\", even heating in various liquids and oils, and making it undergo various physical or chemical processes to obtain the most beautiful product.
The original and genuine Faturan beads were mainly in shades of red or yellow. The last genuine Faturan beads were made in the 1940s, and production ended mainly due to the Second World War, when the supply of raw material became very scarce. The demand for genuine Faturan, often confused for amber, has always been great among prayer bead, tasbih and komboloi collectors. Genuine pre-war Faturan, with beads still intact, in complete strands, and made from one single type of material, are considered museum items and fetch extremely high prices by both institutional and individual auction bidders.
## Faturan oxidization {#faturan_oxidization}
Faturan, as a material, displays an extreme example of a characteristic common to most phenolics - surface oxidization. Most phenolic will, over time, oxidize to a darker form of its original color. However, Faturan has the unique characteristic of always oxidizing to a dark red, regardless of the original color. This red color caused the material to become known as 'cherry amber' in the Middle East. If the red surface oxidization is removed, the original color of the material is exposed underneath.
## Faturan types {#faturan_types}
The most widely known types of Faturan is called damar. The swirls show the combination of more than one type of Faturan being mixed and combined, for example, transparent mixed with a dark color. Most Ottoman Faturan prayer beads were made from Faturan rods that have a swirl effect. This is called \"eye damar".
### Gold Faturan {#gold_faturan}
The properties found inside Faturan determine its desirability and value, the most valuable being gold, in the forms of gold leaf, dust or metal, added when molten. Gold Faturan was used for making jewelry beads, rings, and accessories. Tribal beads were used as dowry gifts and for making necklaces and other jewelry in North Africa and Asia.
### Golden Lava Flow Faturan {#golden_lava_flow_faturan}
One of the rarest and sought after Faturan types is called Golden Lava Flow Faturan. It is a very rare mixture that involves a complicated and costly method of preparing a combination of melted gold and infusing it with Faturan. As the gold is in a molten form when combined with Faturan, it gives the material a molten lava look
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# History of Sioux Falls, South Dakota
This article deals with **the history** of Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
Sioux Falls is the largest city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. Founded in 1856, the city was abandoned, sacked, resettled and later grew to become a city with a 2020 Census population of 192,517 people.
## Prehistory and exploration {#prehistory_and_exploration}
The history of Sioux Falls revolves around the cascades of the Big Sioux River. The falls were created about 14,000 years ago when the last glacial ice sheet redirected the flow of the river into the large looping bends of its present course. Fueled by water from the melting ice, the river exposed the underlying Sioux quartzite bedrock, the hard pinkish stone of the falls. The quartzite itself is about a billion and a half years old. It began as sediments deposited on the bottom of an ancient, shallow sea.
The lure of the falls has been a powerful influence. A prehistoric people who inhabited the region before 500 B.C. left numerous burial mounds on the high bluffs near the river. These people were followed by an agricultural society that built fortified villages on many of the same sites. Tribes of the Lakota and Dakota, widely ranging nomadic bison hunters, arrived sometime around the 18th century. Early maps indicate they used the falls as a place to rendezvous with French fur trappers, considered the first European visitors at the falls.
## Nineteenth century {#nineteenth_century}
### Early visitors {#early_visitors}
The falls also drew the attention of early explorers. An August 1804 journal entry of the Lewis and Clark expedition describes the falls of the \"Soues River.\" Famous pathfinder John C. Fremont and French scientist Joseph Nicollet explored the region in 1838 and also wrote a description of the falls. Both are considered second hand accounts rather than evidence of an actual visit.
The first documented visit was by Philander Prescott, an explorer, trader, and trapper who camped overnight at the falls in December 1832. Captain James Allen led a military expedition out of Fort Des Moines in 1844. The early descriptions of the falls were published in The States and Territories of the Great West, an 1856 book by Jacob Ferris which inspired townsite developers to seek out the falls.
### Founding and resettlement {#founding_and_resettlement}
The focus of intense land speculation activity in Minnesota and Iowa during the mid-1850s inevitably turned toward the Big Sioux River valley. Sioux Falls was founded by land speculators who hoped to build great wealth by claiming prime townsites before the arrival of railroads and settlers.
Two separate groups, the Dakota Land Company of St. Paul and the Western Town Company of Dubuque, Iowa organized in 1856 to claim the land around the falls, considered a promising townsite for its beauty and water power. The Western Town Company arrived first, and was soon followed by the St. Paul--based company in 1857. Each laid out 320 acre claims, but worked together for mutual protection. They built a temporary barricade of turf which they dubbed \"Fort Sod,\" in response to hostilities threatened by native tribes. Seventeen men then spent \"the first winter\" in Sioux Falls. The following year the population grew to near 40.
Although conflicts in Minnehaha County between Native Americans and white settlers were few, the Dakota War of 1862 engulfed nearby southwestern Minnesota. The town was evacuated in August of that year when two local settlers were killed as a result of the conflict. The settlers and soldiers stationed here traveled to Yankton in late August 1862. The abandoned townsite was pillaged and burned.
Fort Dakota, a military reservation established in present-day downtown, was established in May 1865. Many former settlers gradually returned and a new wave of settlers arrived in the following years. The population grew to 593 by 1873, and a building boom was underway in that year.
### Incorporation and early growth {#incorporation_and_early_growth}
The Village of Sioux Falls, consisting of 1200 acre, was incorporated in 1876 by the 12th legislative assembly of the Dakota Territory, which convened in the territorial capital of Yankton. The village charter proved to be too restrictive, however, and Sioux Falls petitioned to become a city. The city charter was granted by the Dakota Territorial legislature on March 3, 1883.
The arrival of the railroads ushered in the great Dakota Boom decade of the 1880s. The population of Sioux Falls mushroomed from 2,164 in 1880 to 10,167 at the close of the decade. The growth transformed the city. A severe plague of grasshoppers and a national depression halted the boom by the early 1890s. The city grew by only 89 people from 1890 to 1900.
#### Divorce capital of the nation {#divorce_capital_of_the_nation}
Beginning in the 1880s, a 90-day residency law and lax oversight on the part of local judges concerning sworn testimony caused word to spread across the United States that a legal divorce was easily obtained in Dakota Territory. As a result, both Sioux Falls and Fargo (in later North Dakota) became known as \"divorce capitals\". Thousands of people traveled to the towns seeking a divorce, with the resulting divorce rate in Minnehaha County during this period being nearly three times that of the national average. Although many local residents were unhappy with the notoriety, the surge of \"tourists\" necessitated the construction of a number of new hotels and restaurants, and the situation brought a level of attention uncommon for towns of a similar size. Divorce laws were tightened after statehood, and the phenomenon had ended by the early 1900s.
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# History of Sioux Falls, South Dakota
## Twentieth century {#twentieth_century}
With the opening of the John Morrell meat-packing plant in 1909, the establishment of an airbase and a military radio and communications training school in 1942, and the completion of the interstate highways in the early 1960s, Sioux Falls grew at a moderate but steady pace in the early and middle years of the 20th century. During this period, the city\'s economy was largely centered on the stockyards and the meat packing industry. Sioux Falls was home to one of the largest stockyards in the nation at the time, and the John Morrell plant was by far the largest employer in the city.
Beginning in the late 20th century, Sioux Falls began growing at a considerably faster pace than during previous decades. The economy became more service-based, and word began to spread about the relatively low levels of unemployment and crime. Annexations of adjacent land in Minnehaha County became common. The first annexation of land south of 57th Street from Lincoln County was in 1969 for a municipal water tower. The next annexations from Lincoln County occurred in 1978 when a couple of new subdivisions were added.
Several large shopping malls opened during the 1970s, and the retail and dining industry began to exert a growing influence on the city\'s economy. In 1981, Citibank transferred its credit card operations from New York to Sioux Falls to take advantage of recently relaxed state anti-usury laws. Several other financial companies also moved to Sioux Falls or expanded its existing business in the city, resulting in a large present-day banking and financial presence in the city. A third factor contributing to recent growth is the expansion of the local healthcare industry. The two largest hospitals in the city, Sanford Health and Avera Health, are also the two largest present-day employers in the city
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# Friedrich Wilhelm III, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg
**Friedrich Wilhelm III** (12 July 1657 -- 14 April 1672) was a duke of Saxe-Altenburg.
He was the second son of Friedrich Wilhelm II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg and Magdalene Sybille of Saxony, his second wife.
## Life
The death of his older brother Christian (1663) made him the new heir of the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg. When his father died in 1669, Friedrich Wilhelm III succeeded him; but, because he was only twelve years old, his maternal uncles, Elector Johann Georg II of Saxony and Duke Maurice of Saxe-Zeitz, assumed the guardianship of the new duke and the regency of the duchy.
Only three years later, the young duke died of smallpox shortly after returning from a trip to Dresden. His burial took place three months later, on 17 July 1672 at his father\'s tomb in the church of Schloss Altenburg. With his death, the branch of Saxe-Altenburg, founded in 1603, became extinct in the direct male line.
Saxe-Altenburg was split between the branches of Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar; but, on the basis of the will of the Duke Johann Philipp of Saxe-Altenburg (Friedrich Wilhelm III\'s uncle) the greater part of the duchy was retained by Saxe-Gotha, because they were the descendants of Elisabeth Sophie, the only daughter of Johann Philipp, who declared her the general heiress of the family in case of the extinction of the male line
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# Inaugurated eschatology
**Inaugurated eschatology** is the belief in Christian theology that the end times were inaugurated in the life, death and resurrection of Jesus, and thus there are both \"already\" and \"not yet\" aspects to the Kingdom of God. George Eldon Ladd suggests that the Kingdom of God is \"not only an eschatological gift belonging to the Age to Come; it is also a gift to be received in the old aeon.\"
This approach was first developed by Geerhardus Vos, especially in his 1930 work, *The Pauline Eschatology*. Later, Oscar Cullmann sought to combine the \"thorough-going eschatology\" of Albert Schweitzer with the \"realized eschatology\" of C. H. Dodd. Cullmann suggested the analogy of D Day and V Day to illustrate the relationship between Jesus\'s death and resurrection on the one hand, and his Second Coming on the other.
Inaugurated eschatology was popularized by Ladd, especially among American evangelicals. Stephen Um notes that as evangelicals \"began to explore the meaning of inaugurated eschatology for evangelical theology, they were almost always either explicitly or implicitly in conversation with Ladd\'s work.\"
D. A. Carson sees John 5:24 (\"whoever hears my word and believes him who sent me has eternal life and will not be condemned; he has crossed over from death to life\", NIV) as giving the \"strongest affirmation of inaugurated eschatology in the Fourth Gospel\": it is not necessary for the believer to \"wait until the last day to experience something of resurrection life.\"
Some view Inaugurated Eschatology as a Kingdom theology that goes against a literal reading of Kingdom passages in the New Testament. They point to passages such as Acts 1:6 where the Apostles are seen awaiting the restoration of the Kingdom to Israel immediately prior to the ascension of Jesus as demonstrating that the Kingdom has not been established in any way. George N. H. Peters writes extensively on the future-Kingdom approach in his three-volume classic, \"The Theocratic Kingdom.\" Alternatively, this could be interpreted as the Apostles awaiting for the earthly establishment of Jesus\'s kingdom in its full glory
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# Con Todo Mi Corazón
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# Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life
***Not So Much a Programme, More a Way of Life*** (commonly abbreviated to *NSMAPMAWOL*, pronounced ens-map-may-wall and stylised as *Not so much a programme, more a way of Life*) is a BBC-TV satire programme produced by Ned Sherrin, which aired during the winter of 1964--1965, in an attempt to continue and improve on the successful formula of his *That Was the Week That Was* (known informally as *TW3*), which had been taken off by the BBC because of a forthcoming general election. As was the case with *TW3*, *NSMAPMAWOL* featured David Frost as compère. In the early part of the show\'s run, two others, William Rushton (as he was billed at the time) and the poet P. J. Kavanagh joined Frost in the role. For the final few months of the series, only David Frost was hosting the show. In addition to Saturdays, there were also editions on Fridays and Sundays.
*NSMAPMAWOL* saw the first appearances on television of John Bird, Eleanor Bron, Roy Hudd, and John Fortune. Michael Crawford also featured as \'Byron\'. The program also regularly featured British singer Cleo Laine. The format alternated satire with chat; the trio of hosts were joined by three guests including regulars Patrick Campbell, Gerald Kaufman and American theatrical agent Harvey Orkin. The program was one of the most popular the B.B.C. had put on at the time, but was cancelled because of what was deemed its \"\'irreverent attitude\' toward the Royal Family.\" Protests ensued and the program was revived, with David Frost as the host and Orkin as "resident wit and panel member."
Whereas *TW3* had had a dark nightclub atmosphere, the new programme used predominantly white sets. The theme tune was sung by Lynda Baron.
*NSMAPMAWOL* lacked the impact of *TW3* and lasted only one series before being replaced by the Robert Robinson-fronted *BBC-3* (which aired once a week)
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# HS postcode area
The **HS postcode area**, also known as the **Outer Hebrides postcode area**, is a group of nine postcode districts, within eight post towns, covering the Outer Hebrides in Scotland.
It is the UK\'s newest postcode area, the Outer Hebrides formerly being part of the PA postcode area (forming PA80 - PA87 until January 1995).
Mail for the HS postcode area is processed at Inverness Mail Centre, along with mail for the IV and KW postcode areas
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# Shoshana Zuboff
**Shoshana Zuboff** (born November 18, 1951) is an American author, professor, social psychologist, philosopher, and scholar.
Zuboff is the author of the books *In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power* and *The Support Economy: Why Corporations Are Failing Individuals and the Next Episode of Capitalism*, co-authored with James Maxmin. *The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power*, integrates core themes of her research: the Digital Revolution, the evolution of capitalism, the historical emergence of psychological individuality, and the conditions for human development.
Zuboff\'s work is the source of many original concepts including \"surveillance capitalism\", \"instrumentarian power\", the \"division of learning in society\", \"economies of action\", the \"means of behavior modification\", \"information civilization\", \"computer-mediated work\", the \"automate/informate\" dialectic, \"abstraction of work\", \"individualization of consumption\" and the \"coup from above\".
Zuboff is a trustee of 5Rights Foundation, an organisation founded by Baroness Beeban Kidron to promote the rights of children online.
## Background and education {#background_and_education}
Zuboff was born in New England but spent much of her childhood in Argentina. She received her B.A. in philosophy from the University of Chicago, and her PhD in social psychology from Harvard University. Zuboff is Jewish.
Zuboff was married to businessman and academic James Maxmin until his death in 2016. They co-wrote two books together, and lived in Nobleboro, Maine. They had a son, Jake, and a daughter, Chloe, who is a former state legislator in Maine.
## Career
Zuboff joined Harvard Business School in 1981 where she became the Charles Edward Wilson Professor of Business Administration and one of the first tenured women on the HBS faculty. In 2014 and 2015 she was a Faculty Associate at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society at the Harvard Law School.
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# Shoshana Zuboff
## Writings and research {#writings_and_research}
### *In the Age of the Smart Machine* {#in_the_age_of_the_smart_machine}
Zuboff\'s 1988 book, *In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power*, is a study of information technology in the workplace.
Major concepts introduced in this book relate to knowledge, authority, and power in the information workplace. These include the duality of information technology as an informating and an automating technology; the abstraction of work associated with information technology and its related intellectual skill demands; computer-mediated work; the \"information panopticon\"; information technology as a challenge to managerial authority and command/control; the social construction of technology; the shift from a division of labor to a division of learning; and the inherently collaborative patterns of information work, among others.
### *The Support Economy* {#the_support_economy}
*The Support Economy: Why Corporations Are Failing Individuals and the Next Episode of Capitalism* (2002), co-authored with James Maxmin, is the product of multi-disciplinary research integrating history, sociology, management, and economics. It argues that the new structure of demand associated with the \"individuation of consumption\" had produced widespread institutional failures in every domain, including a growing divide between the individuals and the commercial organizations upon which they depend.
Writing before the advent of smartphones and widespread Internet access, Zuboff and Maxmin argue that wealth creation in an individualized society would require leveraging new digital capabilities to enable a \"distributed capitalism\". This would entail a shift away from a primary focus on economies of scale, asset intensification, concentration, central control, and anonymous transactions in \"organization-space\" towards support-oriented relationships in \"individual-space\" with products and services configured and distributed to meet individualized wants and needs.
### *Surveillance Capitalism* {#surveillance_capitalism}
Zuboff\'s work explores a novel market form and a specific logic of capitalist accumulation that she termed \"surveillance capitalism\". She first presented her concept in a 2014 essay, \"A Digital Declaration\", published in German and English in the *Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung*. Her followup 2015 scholarly article in the *Journal of Information Technology* titled \"Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization\" received the International Conference on Information Systems Scholars\' 2016 Best Paper Award.
Surveillance capitalism and its consequences for twenty-first century society are most fully theorized in her book *The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power*. She summarizes it thus: \"Surveillance capitalism is best described as a coup from above, not an overthrow of the state but rather an overthrow of the people\'s sovereignty and a prominent force in the perilous drift towards democratic de-consolidation that now threatens Western liberal democracies.\"
The \"epistemic coup\" (i.e. the coup enacted by tech corporations to claim ownership of knowledge in society) is summarized as follows: \"In an information civilization, societies are defined by questions of knowledge---how it is distributed, the authority that governs its distribution and the power that protects that authority. Who knows? Who decides who knows? Who decides who decides who knows? Surveillance capitalists now hold the answers to each question, though we never elected them to govern. This is the essence of the epistemic coup. They claim the authority to decide who knows by asserting ownership rights over our personal information and defend that authority with the power to control critical information systems and infrastructures.\"
Zuboff\'s scholarship on surveillance capitalism as a \"rogue mutation of capitalism\" has become a primary framework for understanding big data and the larger field of commercial surveillance that she describes as a \"surveillance-based economic order\". She argues that neither privacy nor antitrust laws provide adequate protection from the unprecedented practices of surveillance capitalism. Zuboff describes surveillance capitalism as an economic and social logic. Her book originated the concept of \"instrumentarian power\", in comparison to traditional totalitarian power. Instrumentarian power is a consequence of surveillance capitalist operations which threaten individual autonomy and democracy. As the driving force behind it, she identifies capital accumulation, without being confined to market capitalism.
Many issues that plague contemporary society including the assault on privacy and the so-called \"privacy paradox\", behavioral targeting, fake news, ubiquitous tracking, legislative and regulatory failure, algorithmic governance, social media addiction, abrogation of human rights, democratic destabilization, and more are reinterpreted and explained through the lens of surveillance capitalism\'s economic and social imperatives. Her work is an influential source for the Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence community.
## Other activities {#other_activities}
### Odyssey
In 1993, Zuboff founded the executive education program \"Odyssey: School for the Second Half of Life\" at the Harvard Business School. The program addressed the issues of transformation and career renewal at midlife. During twelve years of her teaching and leadership, Odyssey became known as the premier program of its kind in the world.
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# Shoshana Zuboff
## Other activities {#other_activities}
### Non-academic work {#non_academic_work}
In addition to her academic work, Zuboff brought her ideas to many commercial and public/private ventures through her public speaking as well as her direct involvement in key projects, particularly in social housing, health care, education, and elder care.
Zuboff also became a business columnist, developing and disseminating new concepts from *The Support Economy*. From 2003 to 2005, Zuboff published her ideas in her monthly column \"Evolving\", published in the magazine *Fast Company*. From 2007 through 2009, she was a featured columnist for *Business Week*.
From 2013 to 2016, Zuboff was a frequent contributor to the *Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung* (*FAZ*), where essays drawn from her emerging work on surveillance capitalism were published in German and English. In 2019, Zuboff further developed her critique of the social, political and economic impacts of digital technologies in *The Age of Surveillance Capitalism*.
On September 25, 2020, Zuboff was named as one of the 25 members of the Real Facebook Oversight Board, an independent monitoring group over Facebook
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# Robert M. Stevens
**Robert M. Stevens** is a cinematographer and occasional actor. Mostly being involved in comedy films, his credits include:
## Filmography
- *The Toy* (1982)
- *Earth Star Voyager* (1988)
- *The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad!* (1988)
- *The \'Burbs* (1989)
- *Fear* (1990)
- *Delirious* (1991)
- *The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear* (1991)
- *Beyond the Law* (1992)
- *Naked Gun `{{frac|33|1|3}}`{=mediawiki}: The Final Insult* (1994)
- *Serial Mom* (1994)
- *The Man Who Knew Too Little* (1997)
- *Breast Men* (1997)
- *Pecker* (1998)
- *Simply Irresistible* (1999)
- *Cecil B. Demented* (2000)
- *Dude, Where\'s My Car?* (2000)
- *Kickin\' It Old Skool* (2007)
Stevens is a member of the American Society of Cinematographers
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# German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property
The **German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property** (*Deutsche Vereinigung für gewerblichen Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht*, or GRUR e. V.) is a German professional association \"concerned with the protection of intellectual property rights\"
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# First Meditations (for quartet)
***First Meditations (for quartet)*** is an album by John Coltrane recorded on September 2, 1965, and posthumously released in 1977. It is a quartet version of a suite Coltrane would record as *Meditations* two months later with an expanded group. Along with *Sun Ship*, recorded a week earlier, *First Meditations* represents the final recordings of Coltrane\'s classic quartet featuring pianist McCoy Tyner, bassist Jimmy Garrison, and drummer Elvin Jones.
## Background
Coltrane\'s \"classic\" quartet had existed since April 1962, and by the time *First Meditations* was recorded, the group had achieved what Coltrane scholar David A. Wild called \"near-telepathic communicative abilities,\" enabling them to flesh out Coltrane\'s musical ideas using minimal material. At the same time, thanks to Coltrane\'s apparent need to explore uncharted musical ground, the quartet was clearly straining at the boundaries of coherence, causing friction within the group. Both of these qualities are evident in the music heard on *First Meditations*.
## Music
The \"Meditations\" suite consists of five clearly-delineated movements. \"Love,\" an out-of-tempo ballad that begins with a plaintive, swelling melody accompanied by washes of sound, is followed by \"Compassion,\" a strongly rhythmic waltz. The third movement, \"Joy,\" is an uplifting, up-tempo major-key piece; it is succeeded by \"Consequences,\" which features a manic Tyner solo over polyrhythmic accompaniment provided by Garrison and Jones, leading to a climactic saxophone solo. The suite ends with \"Serenity,\" a ballad.
As was true with *Sun Ship*, recorded on August 26, much of the music on *First Meditations* is based on small melodic cells that are used as starting points for improvisation. Throughout, Coltrane\'s playing is marked by extensive use of the extreme high register of the tenor saxophone, as well as by vocalized screams and cascades of notes. Much of the music\'s tension derives from a contrast between Coltrane\'s wildness and the rhythm section\'s insistence on providing a steady tonal and rhythmic framework. Wild noted that, in \"Compassion,\" Coltrane\'s frantic vocalizations \"become that much more penetrating when set off by the accompaniment: Jones continues relentlessly to repeat the rhythm pattern, Tyner to demarcate the tonality Coltrane has abandoned.\"
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# First Meditations (for quartet)
## Further developments {#further_developments}
The day after the recording session, the group began a nine-day residence in Indianapolis, Indiana, after which they traveled to San Francisco for a two-week stay at the Jazz Workshop from September 14--26. During this period, saxophonist Pharoah Sanders, who had participated in the June 1965 recording of *Ascension*, and bassist and clarinetist Donald Garrett, who had known Coltrane since 1955, sat in with the band; according to Sanders, Coltrane told him \"that he was thinking of changing the group and changing the music, to get different sounds.\" Sanders and Garrett were invited to travel with the group to Seattle, where they would record *Live in Seattle*, *Om*, and *A Love Supreme: Live in Seattle* as a sextet, supplemented by additional guest musicians. Sanders would remain with the group until the final year of Coltrane\'s life.
While in California, the quartet visited Coast Recorders, where, on September 22, they recorded another version of \"Joy\" which was included on the CD release of *First Meditations* as a bonus track. This track is the last known recording of the Coltrane/Tyner/Garrison/Jones quartet, as later recordings all involved other musicians. (Tyner would leave Coltrane\'s group at the end of 1965 to form his own trio and to work with Tony Scott, and Jones departed in January 1966, joining Duke Ellington\'s band.) The alternate version of \"Joy\" was initially issued in edited form on the 1972 album *Infinity*, with an overdubbed string orchestra plus harp and vibraphone parts provided by Alice Coltrane. The track would also appear, in unaltered form, on the 1978 album *The Mastery of John Coltrane, Vol. 1: Feelin\' Good*.
At some point, Coltrane decided not to release the initial recording of the suite, and instead, in November 1965, elected to record a second version, featuring the quartet plus Sanders and drummer Rashied Ali. This version was released in 1966 as *Meditations*. Although this \"definitive\" rendering is also composed of five movements, it omits \"Joy,\" and begins with a new piece titled \"The Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost,\" which is then followed by \"Compassion,\" \"Love,\" \"Consequences,\" and \"Serenity,\" in that order. Given the presence of two drummers and an additional saxophonist, the music is, not surprisingly, much denser: David A. Wild wrote: \"the movements become submerged in a swirling vortex of sound, and their themes appear casually, almost as if in passing.\" However, the fact that both versions of the suite are available in recorded form provides a valuable glimpse into Coltrane\'s evolution as a bandleader, composer, and saxophonist.
## Reception
The authors of the *Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings* awarded the album 4 stars, and stated that, when comparing the two versions of the \"Meditations\" suite, \"on grounds of simple beauty and perhaps out of sentimental attachment to the group that was breaking up, the early version is to be preferred, though it clearly no longer represented what Coltrane wanted to do.\"
Bob Blumenthal, writing for *The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide*, commented: \"Coltrane was pushing toward greater harmonic and rhythmic freedom, a move which Tyner and Jones made reluctantly. The music is harsher, more unsettled, with hints that agreement is occasionally lacking in the rhythm section.\"
Chris May, writing for *All About Jazz*, included the recording in his Coltrane \"Alternative Top Ten Albums\" list, and stated that, in comparison with *Meditations*, \"if you prefer relatively gentler Coltrane, then *First Meditations (For Quartet)* is the one to go for.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
: *All pieces written by John Coltrane.*
1. \"Love\" -- 8:03
2. \"Compassion\" -- 9:32
3. \"Joy\" -- 8:52
4. \"Consequences\" -- 7:21
5. \"Serenity\" -- 6:12
**CD bonus track**
1
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# Alexander Evert Kawilarang
**Alexander Evert Kawilarang** (23 February 1920 -- 6 June 2000) was an Indonesian freedom fighter, military commander, and founder of *Kesko TT*, which would become the Indonesian special forces unit Kopassus. However, in 1958 he resigned his post as military attaché to the United States to join the rebel Permesta movement after the Incidents in Manado where he encountered Kopassus as his opponent. His involvement in Permesta damaged his military career, but he remained popular and active in the armed forces community.
## Early life {#early_life}
Kawilarang was born in Batavia (now known as Jakarta) on 23 February 1920. His father, Alexander Herman Hermanus Kawilarang, was a major in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL or *Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger*). His mother was Nelly Betsy Mogot. Both parents were from the Minahasa region in North Sulawesi.
Kawilarang enjoyed European-style education that included attending the Dutch secondary school (HBS or *Hogere burgerschool*) in Bandung. Around 1940, he attended the Dutch military academy or *Koninklijke Militaire Academie* that was moved to Bandung, because of the German occupation of the Netherlands. His classmates included A. H. Nasution and T. B. Simatupang. After graduating from the academy, he was stationed in Magelang as a platoon commander and assigned back to Bandung as an instructor.
During the Japanese occupation, Manadonese (Minahasan), Ambonese, and Indo people were often arbitrarily arrested during raids due to their perceived closeness to the Dutch. Many were severely tortured by the Kempeitai. Kawilarang was tortured several times by the Japanese in 1943 and 1944. He survived but suffered lifelong disability in his right arm and numerous scars. Kawilarang recalls: \"Someone in the warung \[food stall\] said: \'Japan will grant the Indonesian people its freedom.\' I could not ascribe any sense at all to such small talk. Impossible! That was my opinion. But I remained silent. I didn\'t feel much for more torture \... A newspaper wrote: \'Japan is an old friend.\' Lies! I thought. Kawilarang slowly developed an appreciation for the rhetoric of the charismatic Indonesian nationalist Sukarno and became strongly convinced that the time for an independent Indonesian state had arrived.
In 1944, Kawilarang\'s father was presumed killed while he was a POW on the Japanese cargo ship *Junyo Maru* (see his father\'s Japanese detention card on the Dutch National Archives [website](https://www.openarch.nl/show.php?archive=ghn&identifier=7ee75cc2-b9a7-4400-b72f-dbc4fa35c808&lang=en)). The ship was carrying 3,000 Menadonese, Ambonese, Indo-European, Dutch, British, Australian, and American POWs, and over 3,500 Javanese Romusha when it was sunk by the British submarine HMS *Tradewind*. Kawilarang recalls being told about the tragedy: \"I prayed in silence. I did not cry. The Japanese had given me enough practice in digesting pain and suffering in silence.\"
For the remainder of the war, Kawilarang worked in several private companies in Sumatra, the last of which was as chief of a rubber factory in Tanjung Karang (now Bandar Lampung) in South Sumatra.
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# Alexander Evert Kawilarang
## Indonesian National Revolution {#indonesian_national_revolution}
After the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, Kawilarang returned to Jakarta and enlisted in the newly formed Indonesian army. In October 1945, he was assigned to the staff of the First Command of West Java or *Komandemen I Jawa Barat* in Purwakarta and given the rank of major. In January 1946, he became Chief of Staff of the Bogor Infantry Regiment of the Second Division. In August 1946, he became the commander of the Second Brigade (\"Surya Kencana\") of the newly formed Siliwangi Division and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He was in command of the brigade during Operation Product, a Dutch offensive against Indonesian forces. He also commanded the First Brigade for a brief period when the brigade was transferred to Yogyakarta.
In mid-1948, Kawilarang was included in a contingent of government and military officials to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra. The move was in anticipation of a second Dutch offensive and to allow the formation of an Indonesian emergency government outside of Java. Kawilarang was assigned to lead the Seventh Sub-Territorial Command (or *Komando Sub-Teritorial VII*) for Tapanuli and the southern region of East Sumatra. One of his tasks was to stop the infighting between factions of the army in the area. When the Indonesian government-in-exile was enacted after the second Dutch offensive began, Kawilarang was appointed as Deputy Military Governor of the region in Sumatra with Ferdinand Lumbantobing appointed as Military Governor.
In December 1949, Kawilarang was appointed as Territorial Commander of North Sumatra (or *Komando Teritorium/Sumatra Utara*, now Kodam I/Bukit Barisan) in anticipation of the Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty after the Dutch--Indonesian Round Table Conference. During his career, Kawilarang was territorial commander of two other important military districts: Military Territory VII / East Indonesia ( *Tentara dan Teritorium (TT) VII/Indonesia Timur*, now Kodam XIV/Hasanuddin) in April 1950 and Military Territory III / West Java (*Tentara dan Teritorium (TT) III/Jawa Barat*, now Kodam III/Siliwangi) in November 1951.
## Expeditionary force to East Indonesia {#expeditionary_force_to_east_indonesia}
Having just turned 30 and promoted to colonel, Kawilarang was given command of the first post-independence expeditionary force in April 1950. He was ordered to quell a revolt by a company of former KNIL that included Andi Aziz and Dutch army soldiers or *Koninklijke Leger* in Makassar, South Sulawesi. The expeditionary force consisted of several brigades, including those that were led by Suharto (the future second president of Indonesia) and Joop Warouw. On 8 August 1950, fighting ceased after negotiations between Kawilarang and Dutch General Scheffelaar. Regarding Kawilarang\'s relationship with Suharto during the expedition, Kawilarang was said to have struck Suharto due to a military blunder by troops under Suharto\'s command. In at least one interview, with Kawilarang, he denied striking Suharto, but did state that he had to admonish him.
Around the same time of the military operation in Makassar, Kawilarang also organized forces against the separatist RMS movement in the Moluccas. The fighting was more ferocious, because the opposition were well-trained Moluccan former KNIL soldiers including the *Green Caps*. Although better trained and renowned for their fighting skills, the resistance of the Moluccan soldiers was eventually put down in November 1950. Let. Col. Slamet Riyadi who was the commander of the government forces in the Maluku sector and an important participant during the offensive was killed on the final day of the campaign.
## Kopassus
The military engagements in Maluku prompted Kawilarang to establish what would later become Indonesia\'s special forces, Kopassus. Some acknowledge that the idea of a specialized commando unit was the brainchild of both Kawilarang and Riyadi. On 15 April 1952, Kawilarang founded the Third Territorial Army Commando Unit or *Kesatuan Komando Tentara Territorium III (Kesko TT)* when he was territorial commander of Military Territory III in Bandung. He asked Moch. Idjon Djanbi, a former KNIL commando, to train the unit. In 1999, a year before his death, Kawilarang became an honorary member of Kopassus and received a red beret during a ceremony commemorating the 47th anniversary of the establishment of Kopassus.
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# Alexander Evert Kawilarang
## Military attaché to the US {#military_attaché_to_the_us}
In August 1956, Maj. Gen. Nasution as Chief of Staff of the Army appointed Kawilarang to the post of Military Attaché to the United States. It has been argued that the purpose of the appointment was to remove Kawilarang from the influential post of commander of Military Territory III / West Java and replace him with an officer who was less of a threat or even pro-Nasution. A similar move by Nasution was to replace commander of the East Indonesia Military Territory from Joop Warouw to Ventje Sumual. Just a day before the transfer ceremony, Kawilarang ordered the arrest of the Foreign Minister Ruslan Abdulgani due to his alleged corrupt activities. This move was backed by Zulkifli Lubis, an opponent of Nasution. Nasution rescinded Kawilarang\'s order and Abdulgani was released. Regarding the appointment to Washington, Kawilarang himself stated that the position was offered by Nasution, because Kawilarang had wanted to obtain more military knowledge outside the country.
## Permesta
Because of continued grievances toward the central government in Java due to the lack of regional autonomy and economic development, on 2 March 1957, Ventje Sumual declared the Universal Struggle Charter or *Piagam Perjuangan Semesta (Permesta)*. The movement was centered on Manado and Minahasa in North Sulawesi where Kawilarang was from. The movement allied itself with a separate movement based in Sumatra, the \"Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia\" or *Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia (PRRI)*. Kawilarang had been monitoring the situation from Washington and had concluded that the central government in Java and its mismanagement was to blame for the regional crisis. In March 1958, he informed the Indonesian ambassador to the US, Murkoto, that he would be leaving for North Sulawesi. He left his post on 22 March 1958.
Kawilarang was the only army officer who was not immediately dishonorably discharged for their participation in Permesta and PRRI. He had not fully accepted the PRRI side of the movement that he thought was aligned to religious extremists, and Jakarta had thus hoped that he would change his mind. Although he declined the position of Commander-in-chief of all PRRI-Permesta forces, he remained with Permesta and became Commander of the Permesta armed forces.
The rebellion lasted until 1961 when government forces managed to gain an upper hand on Permesta forces. The government forces were under the command of many officers who Kawilarang had previously fought on the same side with. The conflict was concluded peacefully through the efforts of F. J. Tumbelaka. Several ceremonies took place in April and May 1961 where the Indonesian government officially accepted back Permesta troops. Kawilarang participated in the ceremony on 14 April that was attended by the deputy commander of the Indonesian army, Maj. Gen. Hidayat, and also Brig. Gen. Achmad Yani both of whom Kawilarang knew well. Later in his life, he reflected on the virtues of comradery between men at arms and nobility among officers. During post war reunions with his former Dutch classmates at the Bandung school for officers he concludes: \"Comradery is deeply rooted in their soul. I still wonder about the comradery between our own Indonesian cadets. In times of war combat is a duty. Comradery and humanity are a whole different chapter. I am convinced our state philosophy \"Pancasila\" breathes the same virtue.
## Civilian life {#civilian_life}
Permesta troops including Kawilarang were given amnesty by President Sukarno on 22 June 1961. However, due to his role in Permesta, he never received military distinctions like his contemporaries except for becoming an honorary member of Kopassus in 1999. Kawilarang resigned from his military position, but remained influential in the retired military society called *purnawirawan* and the Veterans Association or *Pepabri*. Putting his fighting years behind him, he made amends with all his former opponents and even visited The Netherlands several times for reunions with KNIL pensioners before his death in 2000.
Among the business activities that Kawilarang was involved in after returning to civilian life was as deputy manager of Jakarta Racing Management that maintained the racetrack at Pulo Mas in Jakarta and organized horse racing events. The annual national equestrian and horse racing competition is called the *AE Kawilarang Memorial Cup*.
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# Alexander Evert Kawilarang
## Death
On 6 June 2000, Kawilarang died at Cipto Mangunkusomo Hospital in Jakarta. He was laid in the Soedirman Room at the Siliwangi Military District Command Headquarters in Bandung that was followed by a full military ceremony led by Maj. Gen. Slamet Supriyadi, Siliwangi Military District Commander. Kawilarang was buried in the Cikutra Heroes Cemetery in Bandung.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kawilarang was married twice. He married Petronella Isabella van Emden on 16 October 1952. They divorced in 1958. The couple had two children, Aisabella Nelly Kawilarang and Alexander Edwin Kawilarang. Kawilarang\'s second wife was Henny Olga Pondaag. They had one child, Pearl Hazel Kawilarang.
Kawilarang\'s son, Edwin, is head of the purnawirawan organization FKPPI and, as such, part of the so-called Keluarga Besar Purnawirawan (KBK), which translates to English as the \'Greater Family of Ex-military\'. Under the New Order or *Orde Baru*, he was an official at Bimantara, a company owned by Suharto\'s son Bambang Trihatmodjo. Edwin was a member of the People\'s Consultative Assembly from 1997 to 2004, the Regional Representative Council from 2004 to 2009, and the People\'s Representative Council from 2009 to 2014. In each position, he represented constituents from the province of North Sulawesi.
Kawilarang\'s cousin, Daan Mogot, died during an attempt to disarm a Japanese army depot in Lengkong in 1946
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# The Ardells
Several bands have called themselves **The Ardells**.
## Steve Miller\'s band {#steve_millers_band}
**The Ardells** was a band started by Steve Miller in 1961 when he attended the University of Wisconsin--Madison. In the fall of 1962, Steve lived in a rooming house in Madison and also pledged the Chi Psi fraternity on fraternity row near Langdon St. Steve taught another fellow student, Jos Davidson, to play rhythm guitar and then bass, and formed a campus band: Steve Miller and the Ardells. Steve was featured on guitar, vocals and harp, and played a version of Texas shuffle blues that hadn\'t been heard in the upper Midwest`{{fact|date=October 2024}}`{=mediawiki}. Also featured in the band were a local 16-year-old high school piano player named Brian Friedman, and Ron Boyer, a drummer who worked a day job as a manager in a local Kelly\'s Hamburger drive-in. The band played mostly the University party circuit, plus a few gigs in Madison and local clubs and a couple of concerts and the Dane County Fairgrounds. Later, Davidson joined Corky Siegel and Jim Schwall and was the bassist for the Siegel-Schwall Band from 1964 to 1967.
Later, at the end of the 62-63 school year, Steve left Madison and came down to Chicago. There, Steve (vocals, guitar, bass) was accompanied by Boz Scaggs (rhythm guitar, vocals), Michael Krusing (lead guitar, bass), Denny Berg (vocals, guitar, bass), Ron Boyer (drums), Ben Sidran (keyboards). The group performed at local clubs in Chicago\'s Old Town and burgeoning blues scene through 1965 and covered a variety of song styles from the 1950s and 1960s, including Texas blues, rhythm & blues and solid rock \'n\' roll. Three part vocal harmony by Miller, Scaggs and Berg was their trademark. With Scaggs, Miller went on to form the Steve Miller Band, which Sidran was occasionally a part of.
After two albums, Scaggs went on to have a successful solo career and is still touring today. Sidran eventually settled down in Madison, becoming a professor at the University of Wisconsin--Madison. He is also well regarded as a prominent music historian and has recorded numerous solo albums. Micheal Krusing settled down to have a family and Ron Boyer runs The Village Green bar and tavern in Middleton, WI along with his wife and children..
## Florida band {#florida_band}
**The Ardells** was a band from West Palm Beach, Florida that had been together since 1959: Bill Ande, Tom Condra, Vic Gray, and Dave Hieronymus. They were originally The **R-Dells** (aka Ardells). In 1964, their manager ---Bob Yorey--- changed their name to **The American Beetles** as a joke, and they toured in South America, then changed names again to **The Razor\'s Edge** in 1966 and had a hit with \"Let\'s Call It a Day Girl\" on Pow! Records
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# R v Bryan
***R v Bryan*** 2007 SCC 12 is a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada on freedom of expression and Canadian federal elections. The Court upheld a law that prevented the publicizing of election results from some ridings before the polls closed in others.
The law was later repealed by a vote in parliament, taking effect June 18 2014 prior to the 2015 Canadian federal election, citing the increased use of social media.
## Background
Section 329 of the Canada Elections Act outlawed publishing election results from other ridings in constituencies where polls were still open. However, in the federal election in 2000, one Paul Charles Bryan published results from Atlantic Canada on the Internet despite being told not to by the authorities. Bryan was charged before the Provincial Court of British Columbia, but fought the charges as unconstitutional under section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which protects freedom of expression and freedom of association. Bryan\'s victory before the British Columbia Supreme Court meant that voters in British Columbia legally learned of election results in other ridings during the federal election in 2004. However, Bryan lost his case before the British Columbia Court of Appeal.
Stephen Harper, who later became prime minister, labelled Elections Canada \"jackasses\" and tried to raise money for Bryan. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation also supported Bryan, hoping to \"make election night a bigger event `{{sic|that}}`{=mediawiki} it already is.\"
## Decision
The majority of the Court produced three opinions upholding the law, one by Justice Bastarache and one by Justice Fish, with the remaining three judges writing a brief opinion of agreement.
### Bastarache
Justice Bastarache pointed to the Supreme Court case *Harper v. Canada (Attorney General)* (2004), which had also considered the Canada Elections Act. The *Harper* decision stated that the Court should be deferential to the government with respect to election legislation, and that the Court should consider the context of the law, citing *Thomson Newspapers Co. v. Canada (Attorney General)* (1998) to say that this involves considering why someone guarded by the law is at risk and why someone would perceive oneself to be at risk. In this case, Bastarache found the purpose of section 329 was to promote the idea of each voter in Canada knowing as much as each other, as it may be unfair if some voters already know election results in other ridings while earlier voters do not know of any outcomes. This idea of section 329 would also build public trust in elections. Bastarache felt that voters aware of some results may base their own choices on that knowledge, and Bastarache recognized without demand for much proof that it is a principle of democracy that a person cannot base their choice in voting on special knowledge. In this case, Bastarache did not really emphasize the idea that Canadian voters from Western Canada were at risk of being swayed by special knowledge, saying that Canadian voters should be trusted to have some \"maturity and intelligence.\" Instead, Bastarache said what was at stake was the view that Canadian elections are fair, and pointed to polls to reinforce this idea.
On the topic of freedom of expression, Bastarache questioned the value of spreading election results, and said that there was no evidence this could outweigh the principles of democracy of section 329. On whether a violation of freedom of expression could be justified under section 1 of the Charter, Bastarache found that fairness in elections should be a sufficient objective of the law, as should building public trust in elections. Additionally, banning the publishing of election results was needed to achieve this objective, and Parliament considered this to be the best method.
### Fish
Justice Fish states election results from other ridings should not be published in a riding before its polls close so voters can vote without knowing how other voters have voted. Fish says section 329 of the Canada Elections Act does violate section 2(b) of the Charter of Rights for a short while, but section 329 is constitutional because it \"relates to a pressing and substantial concern in a free and democratic society\", thus satisfying one part of section 1 of the Charter which can limit the rights of Canadians. Section 329 is also constitutional because according to Fish, the court is dealing with \"an important element of Canada's electoral system\" so section 1 of the Charter of Rights can be invoked. Fish refers to both a Royal Commission on Electoral Reform and Party Financing publication and a 2005 joint Decima Research-Carleton University Poll; both state Canadians do not want to know election results before their polls close. Fish believes even if there is no harm in releasing results early, the information release would create a \"perception\" of unfairness, which in itself is a problem.
## Dissent
Per McLachlin C.J. and Binnie, LeBel and Abella JJ: The s 329 publication ban is an excessive response to an insufficiently proven harm and a violation of s 2(b) of the Charter that cannot be justified under s 1. The government\'s s 1 justification falters fatally in its submission that the benefits of the limitation on the freedom of expression are proportional to its harmful effects. Here, when the harm at which the blackout period in s 329 is aimed is considered in the context of staggered hours, there is only speculative and unpersuasive evidence to support the government\'s claim that the information imbalance is of sufficient harm to voter behaviour or perceptions of electoral unfairness that it outweighs any damage done to a fundamental and constitutional protected right
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# Joe Aitcheson Jr.
**Joseph Leiter Aitcheson Jr**. (July 31, 1928 in Olney, Maryland - May 24, 2014 in Westminster, Maryland) was an American steeplechase jockey who won a record 440 timber races and was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1978.
## Early life {#early_life}
Aitcheson\'s father, Joe Sr., who went by his middle name Leiter, also pitched for the Baltimore Orioles in the minor leagues and the Brooklyn Dodgers in the majors, helped his brother Whitney found the Iron Bridge Hounds, serving as its Master of Foxhounds for many years. Introduced to the saddle at age 3, Aitcheson later worked weekends at his uncle Whitney\'s riding stables, cleaning barns and guiding trail rides.
After high school, he enrolled at the University of Maryland, lasting one semester. Aitcheson enlisted in the United States Navy, serving four years during the Korean War as a gunner's mate on the aircraft carrier USS *Oriskany*.
Upon his discharge, Aitcheson returned to Maryland and applied for his professional steeplechase jockey\'s license.
## Racing career {#racing_career}
Aitcheson retired as the winningest steeplechase jockey in history, posting 440 jump wins from 2,457 mounts over a career spanning more than two decades, exceeding the next highest career total by almost ten percent (42 more than Alfred P. \"Paddy\" Smithwick.) In addition, Aitcheson holds the single season jump wins record of 40.
Aitcheson won eight Virginia Gold Cups, seven Carolina Cups, and six International Gold Cups, also clinching five Temple Gwathmeys, five Noel Laings, five Midsummers and five Manlys.
The National Steeplechase Association has maintained, since 1956, a list of annual leading jockeys by races won. Aitcheson has won more titles than any other jockey, 7. He took his first national steeplechase riding title in 1961, adding two more in 1963 and 1964. Doug Small and Tommy Walsh upended his reign in 1965 and 1966, respectively, but Aitcheson took four consecutive titles between 1967 through 1970. Aitcheson rode many of his era\'s national champions including Peal (1961), Amber Diver (1963), Bon Nouvel (1964, 1965, 1968), Tuscalee (1966), Top Bid (1970) and Soothsayer (1972).
In 1976, he became the only professional jockey to receive the National Steeplechase Association\'s F. Ambrose Clark Award for lifetime service to the sport. Aitcheson was named the Maryland Horse Council\'s Horseman of the Year for 2006.
He was inducted in the Hall of Fame in 1978.
## Career at a glance {#career_at_a_glance}
- Years Active: 1957--1977
- Number of Mounts: 2,457
- Number of Winners: 478
- Winning Percentage: 19
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# Flank speed
**Flank speed** is an American nautical term referring to a ship\'s true maximum speed but it is not equivalent to the term *full speed ahead*. Usually, flank speed is reserved for situations in which a ship finds itself in imminent danger, such as coming under attack by aircraft or torpedoes. Flank speed is very demanding of fuel and often unsustainable because of propulsion system limitations. The related term **emergency** may not be any faster than flank but it indicates that the ship should be brought up to maximum speed in the shortest possible time.
Other speeds include *one-third*, *two-thirds*, *standard* and *full*. One-third and two-thirds are fractions of standard speed. Full is greater than standard but not as great as flank. In surface ship nuclear marine propulsion, the difference between full speed and flank speed is of lesser significance, because vessels can be run at or very near their true maximum speed for a long time with little regard for fuel expended, an important consideration for oil-fueled ships.
\"Flank speed\" is exclusively an American phrase and as such is unknown in Commonwealth (\"Ensign\") navies. The Commonwealth navies use the following telegraph commands:
- *Slow ahead/astern*, the number of revolutions is standardized for the individual ship and is unstated
- *Half ahead/astern*, accompanied by an order for a power setting (e.g., \"half ahead both engines, revolutions 1,500\")
- *Full speed ahead/astern*. This is reserved for emergencies and as such the word \"speed\" is included to distinguish it from the other commands mentioned. No power setting is expressed, it being implicit that maximum power is required
The term\'s origin is difficult to verify but likely comes from simplifying the term \"flanking speed\" in which naval vessels would attempt to get around the sides or \"flanks\" of another vessel\'s vulnerable locations
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# Ebulliometer
In physics, an **ebulliometer** (`{{ety|la|ēbullīre|to [[Boiling|boil]]}}`{=mediawiki}) is an instrument designed to accurately measure the boiling point of liquids by measuring the temperature of the vapor--liquid equilibrium either isobarically (at constant pressure) or isothermally (at constant temperature).
The primary components in a Świętosławski ebulliometer, which operates isobarically, are the boiler, the Cottrell pumps, the thermowell, and the condenser. Such an ebulliometer can be used for extremely accurate measurements of boiling temperature, molecular weights, mutual solubilities, and solvent purities by using a resistance thermometer (RTD) to measure the near-equilibrium conditions of the thermowell.
The ebulliometer is frequently used for measuring the alcohol content of dry wines. See also Sweetness of wine and Oechsle scale
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# Tadeusz Żyliński
**Tadeusz Żyliński** (4 November 1904 in Vilnius -- 11 September 1967 in Łódź) was a Polish technician, textilist and mechanical engineer. He was a professor of Technical University of Łódź, creator of Polish school of textile metrology. Author of *Metrologia włókiennicza* and *Nauka o włóknie*
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# Del Mar Mesa, San Diego
**Del Mar Mesa** is a semi-rural residential community of 2042 acre in northern San Diego, California. The majority of the community was developed in the 2000s. Over 900 acres is preserved open space protected habitat. The community also has 10 miles of hiking, biking and riding trails. Minimum lot size is half acre. Del Mar Mesa is a part of District 1 which is represented by Councilmember Joe LaCava on the San Diego City Council.
A number of artifacts, including pottery, possibly dating back 9,000 to 10,000 years ago, were found in this community and are being studied by the San Diego Archaeological Center.
## Geography
Del Mar Mesa is bordered to the north by Carmel Valley and Pacific Highlands Ranch, to the south by Los Peñasquitos Canyon, to the east by Torrey Highlands and Rancho Peñasquitos, and to the west by Torrey Hills. State Route 56 (Ted Williams Freeway) is slightly north of this community. The Del Mar Mesa community consists of 2,042 acres.
In the eastern part of the community, a large portion of land is conserved for open space under the city\'s Multiple Species Conservation Program. Eucalyptus groves in the community were planted around farmsteads in the 1800s.
## Demographics
According to January 2006 estimates by the San Diego Association of Governments, there were 525 people and 227 households residing in the neighborhood, which increased 1,246.2% from 39 people in 2000. The estimated racial makeup was 68.7% White, 15.2% Asian & Pacific Islander, 12.0% Hispanic, 4.0% from other races, 0.8% American Indian, and 0.2% African American. The median age is 37.8 with 29.1% under the age of 18 and 9.3% over the age of 65. The estimated median household income was \$139,630 (\$109,375 adjusted for inflation in 1999 dollars); 18.9% of the community made more than \$150,000; 47.6% made between \$60,000 and \$149,999; and 18.9% made less than \$60,000
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# Peter Segal
**Peter Segal** (born 1962) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. Segal has directed the comedic films *Naked Gun `{{frac|33|1|3}}`{=mediawiki}: The Final Insult* (1994), *Tommy Boy* (1995), *My Fellow Americans* (1996), *The Nutty Professor II: The Klumps* (2000), *Anger Management* (2003), *50 First Dates* (2004), *The Longest Yard* (2005), *Get Smart* (2008), *Grudge Match* (2013), and *My Spy* (2020).
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Segal grew up in New York City, where his father was head of publicity at MGM. In the 1970s, Segal and his family moved to Los Angeles. Segal attended the University of Southern California, where he double majored in Broadcast Journalism and English.
Segal graduated from the USC School of Cinema and Television.
## Career
Segal began his career writing and directing television. In 2002, he created the NBC sitcom *Hidden Hills* (2002--2003). In 1995, he formed his production company, Callahan Filmworks, along with long-time producing partner Michael Ewing.
Segal made his feature film directorial debut in 1994 with *Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult*, starring Leslie Nielsen and George Kennedy.
Segal went on to direct Chris Farley and David Spade in *Tommy Boy* (1995). Though it received mixed reviews at the time of release, and was considered a commercial disappointment, *Tommy Boy*\'s reputation has grown over the years and it is considered in some quarters a \"now-iconic cult classic.\"
Segal directed the comedy film *My Fellow Americans* (1996), starring Jack Lemmon, James Garner and Lauren Bacall. The film received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 47% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 60 reviews and with an average rating of 5.3/10 and the critical consensus: \"It doesn\'t commit any impeachable offenses, but *My Fellow Americans* lacks strong regulatory oversight of its toothless political satire and misuse of comedic talent.\" Co-star Garner was not impressed by Segal, writing in his memoirs that Segal \"was a self appointed genius who didn\'t know his ass from second base and Jack and I both knew it.\"
Segal next directed the comedy *Nutty Professor II: The Klumps* (2000), starring Eddie Murphy. The film was a substantial commercial success, grossing \$42.5 million in its opening weekend, the then-highest opening weekend for an Eddie Murphy film. The film went on to generate a total gross of \$166.3 million worldwide. Critically, however, the film did not fare as well: on Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 27% and an average rating of 4.5/10, based on reviews from 89 critics. The site\'s consensus states that \"While Eddie Murphy is still hilarious as the entire Klump family, the movie falls apart because of uneven pacing, a poor script, and skits that rely on being gross rather than funny.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 38 out of 100, a score that indicates generally unfavorable reviews, based on reviews from 34 critics.
Segal directed Adam Sandler for the first time in *Anger Management* (2003), which also starred Jack Nicholson. When asked by the BBC who was the most famous person in his contacts book, Segal replied, \"I have to say, it\'s very obvious now, it\'s Jack Nicholson. I\'ve kept his number on my speed dial just so I can show it to friends. I could call him up out of the blue, but I\'m worried he might say \'Pete who?\'\"
Segal collaborated with Sandler again in *50 First Dates* (2004), which also starred Drew Barrymore.
Segal collaborated with Sandler for the third time in *The Longest Yard* (2005), a remake of the 1974 film of the same name. The film has become the second highest grossing sports comedy in history.
After directing three of Sandler\'s films, Segal\'s next film became *Get Smart* (2008). It is an adaptation of the \'60s television series of the same name that was created by Mel Brooks and Buck Henry. Segal stated in an interview with AMC that he loved the show so much as a kid. The film starred Steve Carell, Anne Hathaway, Dwayne Johnson, Alan Arkin and Terence Stamp.
Segal also directed *Grudge Match* (2013), which starred Robert De Niro, Sylvester Stallone, Kevin Hart, Alan Arkin, Kim Basinger and Jon Bernthal.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
When asked in a September 2014 interview by the BBC if he believes in God, Segal replied: \"I do. I\'m very spiritual and I\'m Jewish by faith. I\'m not a practising Jew, I\'m more of a recreational Jew. I celebrate the holidays and I try to inform my kids about their heritage because I think we all at some point have to defend our heritage and if they get picked on I want them to know why
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# Pandero
The **pandero** is a musical instrument of the membranophone family consisting of a circular frame, often made of wood or plastic, with a single head of skin stretched over it. It is played in folk music of Latin-America, Spain and Portugal. In many of these countries, when the frame has pairs of small metal jingles, it is called *pandereta*. In some countries, terms pandero and pandereta are interchangeable. It is played by tapping the head with fingers or palm.
## Gallery
<File:Pandeireta_Galega.JPG%7CPandeireta> from Galicia (Spain) <File:Pandero_cuequero8
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# Kassab
**Kassab** is a surname, a variant of Qasab
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# Webster Telephone Exchange Building
The **Webster Telephone Exchange Building** is located in North Omaha, Nebraska. It was designed by the well-known Omaha architect Thomas Rogers Kimball. After the Easter Sunday Tornado of 1913, the building was used as the center of recovery operations. In 1933, American Bell donated the building to the Omaha Urban League (now the [Urban League of Nebraska](http://www.urbanleagueneb.org/)).
The 33-room building is closely associated with Omaha\'s black history, serving as a home to Omaha\'s Urban League and its leader Whitney Young. In 1976 it was converted for use as the Great Plains Black History Museum. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and also designated a landmark by the City of Omaha.
## History
Originally titled "Lake Exchange", the Webster Telephone Exchange building was opened June 9, 1907 by the Nebraska Telephone Company as one of their exchange buildings. The modified Tudor-style edifice was a central headquarters for recovery operations after the Easter Sunday Tornado of 1913. Telephone operators stayed at their stations during the tornado, and despite shards of glass and reports of mass calamity, continued service immediately afterwards. Victims from the nearby central business district of Near North Omaha were brought to the building, as well.
In 1933 the phone company donated the building to the Omaha chapter of the Urban League for use as the Mid-City Community Center. Serving the Near North Side neighborhood, the community center had a library, nursery, dental and medical clinics, and classrooms. The future national civil rights leader Whitney Young kept his offices there in the 1940s. The center was moved in 1956, after which the building was converted to apartments. During the 1960s it was used as the headquarters of Great Omaha Community Action. The building was purchased for use as a museum dedicated to the history of African Americans in 1975 by James T. and Bertha W. Calloway. Shortly after, the family donated the building to the newly organized Great Plains Black History Museum.
The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, in recognition of its architectural and historic significance. It was closed to the public in 2004 due to the need to replace the 100-year-old roof and other needed improvements
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# String-net liquid
In condensed matter physics, a **string-net** is an extended object whose collective behavior has been proposed as a physical mechanism for topological order by Michael A. Levin and Xiao-Gang Wen. A particular string-net model may involve only closed loops; or networks of oriented, labeled strings obeying branching rules given by some gauge group; or still more general networks.
## Overview
The string-net model is claimed to show the derivation of photons, electrons, and U(1) gauge charge, small (relative to the Planck mass) but nonzero masses, and suggestions that the leptons, quarks, and gluons can be modeled in the same way. In other words, string-net condensation provides a unified origin for photons and electrons (or gauge bosons and fermions). It can be viewed as an origin of light and electron (or gauge interactions and Fermi statistics). However, their model does not account for the chiral coupling between the fermions and the SU(2) gauge bosons in the standard model.
For strings labeled by the positive integers, string-nets are the spin networks studied in loop quantum gravity. This has led to the proposal by Levin and Wen, and Smolin, Markopoulou and Konopka that loop quantum gravity\'s spin networks can give rise to the standard model of particle physics through this mechanism, along with fermi statistics and gauge interactions. To date, a rigorous derivation from LQG\'s spin networks to Levin and Wen\'s spin lattice has yet to be done, but the project to do so is called quantum graphity, and in a more recent paper, Tomasz Konopka, Fotini Markopoulou, Simone Severini argued that there are some similarities to spin networks (but not necessarily an exact equivalence) that gives rise to U(1) gauge charge and electrons in the string net mechanism.
Herbertsmithite may be an example of string-net matter.
## Examples
### Z2 spin liquid {#z2_spin_liquid}
Z2 spin liquid obtained using slave-particle approach may be the first theoretical example of string-net liquid.
### Toric code {#toric_code}
The toric code is a two-dimensional spin-lattice that acts as a quantum error-correcting code. It is defined on a two-dimensional lattice with toric boundary conditions with a spin-1/2 on each link. It can be shown that the ground-state of the standard toric code Hamiltonian is an *equal-weight superposition* of closed-string states. Such a ground-state is an example of a string-net condensate which has the same topological order as the Z2 spin liquid above
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# Roy Clive Abraham
**Roy Clive Abraham** (16 December 1890, Melbourne, Australia -- 22 June 1963, Hendon, London) was a key figure in African language scholarship during the twentieth century. He worked for over thirty years on a wide range of disparate languages.
## Education
- University College School
- Clifton College, Bristol
- Various establishments in Germany
From 1923 to 1924 he was at Balliol College, Oxford. He received a first-class honours degree in Arabic and Persian; he asked to be examined in Ethiopic, but no examiner was available. He took a certificate in anthropology from University College, London in 1927, and a diploma in (classical) Arabic from the School of Oriental Studies in 1930.
## Career
He was granted a temporary commission as a Second Lieutenant in the Infantry (he was assigned to the East Surrey Regiment) on 22 January 1915. He relinquished his commission on appointment to a cadetship at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst on 19 January 1916. He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant on the Unattached List for the Indian Army on 16 August 1916. He was attached to the 1st battalion, 109th Infantry on 10 November 1916. By late 1918 he was acting as Assistant Censor, Rangoon. He was appointed an Assistant Embarkation Staff Officer on 1 November 1919. He was promoted Captain 20 August 1919 and retired on 5 October 1922.
From 1925 to 1944, he worked for the administrative service of the northern provinces of Nigeria. He researched the local languages, and assisted George Percival Bargery to compile the latter\'s monumental and authoritative Hausa-English Dictionary, published in 1934. In his *Principles of Hausa* (1934), Abraham simplified Bargery\'s six-tone system to the correct three-tone system for Hausa.
In this period, he also published *The Grammar of Tiv* (1933) and *The Principles of Idoma* (1935), the first detailed linguistic description of an eastern Kwa language. Abraham\'s grammars and dictionaries represented major descriptive and analytical contributions to the study of African languages. In 1941--42, he taught Hausa to soldiers in the Royal West African frontier force. Later in World War II, he served in Ethiopia, teaching Amharic and Somali; he was also based in Kenya, South Africa, France, and Italy, and with the British military mission in Moscow, being promoted to major.
In 1945, Abraham was awarded a Leverhulme research fellowship to research the languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea (including Amharic and Ge\'ez). In 1946 he failed to succeed Bargery as lecturer in Hausa at the School of Oriental and African Studies. However, in 1948 he was appointed to a new lectureship in Amharic; he also taught Tigrinya and began research into Berber, Oromo, and Somali. His *Dictionary of Hausa* was published in 1949 and *The Principles of Somali* in 1951. He retired in 1951. In 1952, Abraham embarked on a study of Yoruba. His *Dictionary of Modern Yoruba* appeared in 1958. His linguistic work was based on fieldwork conducted amongst a number of groups of people: Hausa, Tiv, Idoma, Oromo, Somalis, Yoruba, and Berbers.
A commemorative volume in honour of his outstanding contribution to the understanding of African languages was published in 1992.
## Archives
- The archive of Roy Clive Abraham is held at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. <http://www.soas.ac
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# Space competition
A **space competition** is an inducement prize contest offering a prize to be given to the first competitor who demonstrates a space vehicle, or a space exploration apparatus, which meets a set of pre-established criteria. It spurs pioneering development in private spaceflight.
## X PRIZE {#x_prize}
The *Ansari X PRIZE* was a space competition in which the X PRIZE Foundation offered a US\$10,000,000 prize for the first non-government organization to launch a reusable human spacecraft into space twice within two weeks. It was modeled after early 20th-century aviation prizes, and aimed to spur development of low-cost spaceflight. The prize was won on October 4, 2004, the 47th anniversary of the Sputnik 1 launch, by the Tier One project designed by Burt Rutan and financed by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, using the experimental spaceplane SpaceShipOne. \$10 million was awarded to the winner, but more than \$100 million was invested in new technologies in pursuit of the prize.
## Google Lunar X Prize {#google_lunar_x_prize}
*Google Lunar X Prize* calls for teams to compete in successfully launching, landing, and operating a rover on the lunar surface. The prize awards US\$20 million to the first team to land a rover on the Moon that successfully roves more than 500 meters and transmits back high-definition images and video. There is a \$5 million second prize, as well as \$5 million in potential bonus prizes for extra features such as roving long distances (greater than 5,000 meters), capturing images of manmade objects on the Moon, detecting ice on one of the Moon\'s craters, or surviving a lunar night. The X Prize offers the first prize until December 31, 2012, thereafter it offers \$15 million until December 31, 2014.
## America\'s Space Prize {#americas_space_prize}
*America\'s Space Prize* is a US\$50 million orbital spaceflight competition established and funded by hotel entrepreneur Robert Bigelow. The prize would have been awarded to the first US-based privately funded team to design and build a reusable crewed capsule capable of flying 5 astronauts to a Bigelow Aerospace inflatable space module. The prize expired January 10, 2010. There must be two flights within 60 days. The teams must be based in the United States.
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# Space competition
## Other, sub-million dollar prizes {#other_sub_million_dollar_prizes}
In addition, there are several minor space competitions, with prizes being less than one million dollars or its equivalent.
### Centennial Challenges {#centennial_challenges}
Seeking to continue this incentive-based approach, in 2006 the X PRIZE Foundation organized the Wirefly X PRIZE Cup at Las Cruces International Airport in New Mexico. Cash awards were offered in three areas as part of the NASA Centennial Challenges Program: the Beam Power Challenge, the Tether Challenge, and the Northrop Grumman Lunar Lander Challenge.
Although no contestants fulfilled the criteria necessary to win any of the three challenges, the competition elicited promising technology developments and demonstrated their potential to the general public. Subsequent annual X PRIZE Cups are planned to encourage further innovation in the personal spaceflight industry, and are expected to feature cash prizes for vehicle developers who achieve milestones such as fastest launch turnaround time, maximum altitude, and fastest speed record.
### Mars Prize Fund {#mars_prize_fund}
The Mars Prize Fund was created to encourage a human Mars mission to occur sooner than was planned. Managed by The Mars Initiative, The Mars Prize Fund is crowdfunded by people across Earth and will be awarded to the lead organization that first lands one or more humans safely on Mars. <https://marsinitiative.org/>
As of May 2022 the Mars Prize Fund has raised \$25,000 and is growing every month. Estimates put the cost of a Mars mission at roughly \$100/mile, so every donor who hits this mark is given a Certificate of Recognition for sponsoring one 'Mars Mile' of humanity\'s journey to the Red Planet.
### N-Prize {#n_prize}
The challenge posed by the N-Prize is to launch a satellite weighing between 9.99 and 19.99 grams into Earth orbit, and to track it for a minimum of nine orbits. Most importantly, though, the launch budget must be within £999.99 (about \$2000) - and must include all of the required non-reusable hardware and fuels. According to the full rules of the N-Prize, it is \"intended to encourage creativity, originality and inventiveness in the face of severe odds and impossible financial restrictions\" and \"is aimed at amateurs, enthusiasts, would-be boffins and foolhardy optimists.\"
### NewSpace Business Plan Competition {#newspace_business_plan_competition}
This competition for new business plans with space applications was founded in 2012. It was won by Space Ground Amalgam, LLC in 2012, and Generation Orbit in 2013
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# Joanne Larson
**Joanne Larson** holds the Michael W. Scandling Professorship at the University of Rochester Margaret Warner Graduate School of Education and Human Development [1](http://www.rochester.edu/warner). She is also chair of the Teaching, Curriculum, and Change department. In the past ten years, Larson has emerged as a leading scholar in the New Literacies Studies, the socioculturally situated study of literacy. Her work examines how language and literacy practices mediate social and power relations in elementary classrooms. Specifically, she studies urban schools and asks how do differences between access to participation in various literacy events affect student learning? Most recently, she has been using Michel Foucault\'s concept of heterotopia and critical geography to think about the relation of space and literacy.
Her teaching includes courses on curriculum, diversity, qualitative research methods, discourse analysis, and literacy learning in elementary schools.
She earned her doctorate at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) where she studied under notable scholars such as Kris Gutierrez, Alessandro Duranti, Peter McLaren, and Elinor Ochs.
She has published articles in *Journal of Early Childhood Literacy*, *Research in the Teaching of English*, *Linguistics and Education*, *Discourse and Society*, *Written Communication* and co-authored articles in *Harvard Education Review*, *Language Arts*, *Urban Education* and *International Journal of Educational Reform*. Her edited book *Literacy as Snake Oil: Beyond the Quick Fix* addresses the problem of the commodification of literacy. She also co-edited the *Handbook of Early Childhood Literacy*. Her newest book is *Making Literacy Real: Theories and Practices in Learning and Teaching*, co-authored with Jackie Marsh
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# Il Trono dei Ricordi
***Il Trono Dei Ricordi*** (the Throne of Memories) are an Italian progressive rock band of the 1990s, who released two albums, *MCCCXX* in 1993, followed by *Il Trono Dei Ricordi* in 1994, an album of songs setting the words of William Blake. They were influenced by Genesis, Marillion and ELP.
## *MCCCXX*
In 1993 they released *MCCCXX - Milletrecentoventi*, containing three tracks,
1. Intro-Excalibur (4:27)
2. Il Campo Dei Miracoli (5:06)
3. Maschera Nel Buio (14:18)
## *Il Trono dei Ricordi* {#il_trono_dei_ricordi}
The album sets extensive passages from Blake\'s prophetic books, including Visions of the Daughters of Albion and the Book of Urizen. It also sets *The Little Black Boy* from Songs of Innocence and Experience.
1. \"The King Of Memories\" (19:59)
2. \"A Memorable Fancy\" (4:14)
3. \"On The Rising Sun\" (13:34)
4
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# The Spirit of the Border
***The Spirit of the Border*** is an historical novel written by Zane Grey, first published in 1906. The novel is based on events occurring in the Ohio River Valley in the late eighteenth century. It features the exploits of Lewis Wetzel, a historical personage who had dedicated his life to the destruction of Native Americans and to the protection of nascent white settlements in that region. The story deals with the attempt by Moravian Church missionaries to Christianize Indians and how two brothers\' lives take different paths upon their arrival on the border. A highly romanticized account, the novel is the second in a trilogy, the first of which is *Betty Zane*, Grey\'s first published work, and *The Last Trail*, which focuses on the life of Jonathan Zane, Grey\'s ancestor
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# Santaluz
**Santaluz** is a municipality in the Brazilian state of Bahia. Its estimated population in 2020 is 37,531
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# Cophenetic correlation
In statistics, and especially in biostatistics, **cophenetic correlation** (more precisely, the **cophenetic correlation coefficient**) is a measure of how faithfully a dendrogram preserves the pairwise distances between the original unmodeled data points. Although it has been most widely applied in the field of biostatistics (typically to assess cluster-based models of DNA sequences, or other taxonomic models), it can also be used in other fields of inquiry where raw data tend to occur in clumps, or clusters. This coefficient has also been proposed for use as a test for nested clusters.
## Calculating the cophenetic correlation coefficient {#calculating_the_cophenetic_correlation_coefficient}
Suppose that the original data {*X~i~*} have been modeled using a cluster method to produce a dendrogram {*T~i~*}; that is, a simplified model in which data that are \"close\" have been grouped into a hierarchical tree. Define the following distance measures.
- $x(i,j) = |X_i-X_j|$, the Euclidean distance between the *i*th and *j*th observations.
- $t(i,j)$, the dendrogrammatic distance between the model points $T_i$ and $T_j$. This distance is the height of the node at which these two points are first joined together.
Then, letting $\bar{x}$ be the average of the *x*(*i*, *j*), and letting $\bar{t}$ be the average of the *t*(*i*, *j*), the cophenetic correlation coefficient *c* is given by
$$c = \frac {\sum_{i<j} [x(i,j) - \bar{x}][t(i,j) - \bar{t}]}{\sqrt{\sum_{i<j}[x(i,j)-\bar{x}]^2 \sum_{i<j}[t(i,j)-\bar{t}]^2}}.$$
## Software implementation {#software_implementation}
It is possible to calculate the cophenetic correlation in R using the dendextend R package.
In Python, the SciPy package also has an implementation.
In MATLAB, the Statistic and Machine Learning toolbox contains an implementation
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# Martin Schlaff
**Martin Schlaff** (born 6 August 1953) is an Austrian investor, businessman, networker, and philanthropist. Since 2006, he is a major shareholder of RHI Magnesita. His net worth is estimated over €8 billion.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Schlaff was born in Vienna, Austria, to Jewish refugees from World War II. His parents lived in a camp for displaced persons. He has one brother, James, born in 1952. Martin Schlaff studied at the Vienna University of Economics and Business and completed his studies with a master\'s degree in 1975.
## Career
In 1976, he took over the financial company *Robert Placzek AG* in Vienna, founded by his father, Chaim Schlaff, and partners. The firm traded with goods from Eastern Europe, mainly wood, cellulose and paper.
### Trading with Eastern Europe {#trading_with_eastern_europe}
In his first years he continued trading with several Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries, mainly Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland, thereafter also with East Germany. Step by step he expanded the business, first offering textiles, then also computer parts, circumventing the embargo by sourcing merchandise from Singapore that was not listed, and delivering it via countries that had not signed the CoCom embargo treaty. According to a Bundestag commission report from 1998, Martin Schlaff and Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski (KoKo) later-on circumvented the Western embargo when building a hard drive storage factory in Meiningen shortly before the collapse of the GDR. Though, the commission did not succeed in finding the secret treaty between KoKo and Schlaff. The code name of the project was *Objekt Wappen*.
### Casino in the West Bank {#casino_in_the_west_bank}
After the fall of the Iron Curtain, Schlaff had to reinvent his business models. In 1998, he opened a casino and a hotel in Jericho, a Palestinian city on the West Bank. Named \"The Oasis\", it was aimed at guests from Israel, where gaming is not legal. The project was partly owned by the Palestinian National Authority. The project was immediately a huge financial success - for the founders as well as for the community. The casino was closed during the Second Intifada in September 2000 and never reopened.
### Mobile phone companies {#mobile_phone_companies}
In the first years of the century, he has purchased Bulgarian Mobiltel, and resold it after several years of restructuring for big profit. Similar deals were thereafter executed in two other emerging markets, but with less profit. After restructuring the companies, the Serbian *Mobtel* was sold to Telenor, a Norwegian company, and the Belarussian Velcom was bought by Telekom Austria. The profits from these deals were subject of envy, bitter controversies, and criticism in Austria.
### RHI Magnesita {#rhi_magnesita}
In 2006, a foundation attributed to Schlaff bought about 6% of the shares of RHI AG, the world\'s largest supplier of refractory products. By September of the following year the MS Privatstiftung already owned 26.47% of the shares. In 2016, Schlaff intended to install Christian Kern as CEO of the company, but Kern recused himself when his party nominated him to become chancellor of Austria. Also in 2016, Schlaff managed the merger of RHI with a major competitor, the Brazilian *Magnesita*. While the headquarters of the company remained in Vienna, RHI Magnesita left the Vienna Stock Exchange. The company is now listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
In 2010, he established a bank in Liechtenstein called Sigma Bank.
### Networking
Martin Schlaff is known as a skillful networker. Although a social democrat, he was also on good talking terms with conservative leaders, be it Ariel Sharon in Israel or Wolfgang Schüssel in Austria. Although a Jew, he was respected by Arab leaders such as Yasser Arafat or Muammar Gaddafi. In 1998, he helped Bank Austria survive the Rubel crisis. In 2002, he helped Jörg Haider and Ariel Muzicant broker a deal to end a lawsuit after Haider\'s anti-Semitic insults. Only few of his endeavours on the international level became known:
- In 2001, he arranged a meeting between Omri Sharon, a son of Ariel Sharon, and high ranking PLO officials in his penthouse in Vienna. The goal of this meeting was reconciliation in Palestine.
- In 2002, Schlaff used his contacts with Ariel Sharon to help normalize the Austrian Federal Government\'s relations with Israel. The Israeli Government had recalled its ambassador from Vienna, after government participation of the FPÖ in 2000. A new Israeli ambassador was sent to Austria at the end of 2003.
- In 2007, he helped to free the five nurses from Bulgaria, sentenced to death in Libya because they supposedly infected hundreds of Libyan children with the HIV-virus.
- In 2010, Schlaff arranged the release of Rafael Haddad, a Jew accused of espionage in Libya and imprisoned there. Haddad was flown to Vienna in Schlaff\'s private jet and welcomed by Avigdor Lieberman, then foreign minister of Israel.
### Allegations and accusations {#allegations_and_accusations}
At the end of 1986, after Franz Vranitzky had ended the coalition with the Freedom Party, he joined the Socialist Party of Austria (SPÖ). Shortly thereafter, attacks against him began. According to Martin Schlaff, German chancellor Helmut Kohl used him as a scapegoat in order to deviate the public attention from the miscalculations of his own cabinet regarding the costs of German unification. Kohl accused the investor of having diverted secret funds of GDR and having been a collaborator of the Stasi. Schlaff\'s answers were: \"I was no Stasi informer.\" And: \"The hard drive business was carried out in accordance with the contract and completely correctly.\"
Germany\'s Attorney General never found any plausible cause to present a case against Schlaff and therefore in 1998 all criminal investigations were officially terminated. In April 2002, after four years of litigation in the civil case Germany vs. Martin Schlaff, a Swiss court decided that the German allegations were baseless. Schlaff won all charges. The court ordered to unblock nearly 43 million Euro which had been unlawfully confiscated. Germany transferred the amount and did not even try to appeal the 500 page verdict. Only years later, after Kohl\'s death, former cabinet member Bernd Schmidbauer offered his excuses.
In Israel, Ha'aretz published several stories accusing Schlaff of corrupt and illegal activities in several countries including Austria and Israel. None of the accusations led to criminal indictments or verdicts, neither in Austria nor in Israel nor anywhere else.
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# Martin Schlaff
## Philanthropy
Martin Schlaff supports various causes in healthcare and in social help. He is also a patron of the arts, mainly in the fields of classical music and opera.
### Social Support {#social_support}
For many decades, Martin Schlaff has been the driving force behind Chai Lifeline, an organization for children battling a deadly disease. In 2006, a major donation went to Massachusetts General Hospital and its research in pedriatric gastroenterology. In 2018, he donated to the Columbia University Irving Medical Center, again for helping sick children. His long lasting relationship with the Chabad movement led to his support for the project Children of Chernobyl, established by Steven Spielberg.
On several occasions he helped the *Austrian Cancer Assistance* (Österreichische Krebshilfe). In 2010, this organization named him ″Sponsor of the Century\". At his horse farm near Vienna, he set up a riding therapy center for children with special needs. In Vienna, he has been financing the *Gan Sara Kindergarten*, another Chabad project, as well as the *Chaim Schlaff Dining Hall*, which offers free meals for up to 150 persons three times a day.
### Classical Music {#classical_music}
Martin Schlaff has given donations to all three opera houses in Vienna --- State Opera, Theater an der Wien and Volksoper --- and furthermore to the Salzburg Easter Festival, the Vienna Festival and the Grafenegg Festival. He also donated to La Scala of Milan, the Metropolitan Opera of New York, the Lucerne Festival, the Orchestra Academy of the Vienna Philharmonic as well as the European Union Youth Orchestra. He procured a 1790 violin by Nicola Bergonzi for upcoming artist Lilian Pocitari and he enabled a series of concerts with all Beethoven violin sonatas during the COVID-19 pandemic, all played by Julian Rachlin.
### Jewish History {#jewish_history}
In 1993, he donated his ample collection of Antisemitica to the Jewish Museum Vienna. According to the Museum, Schlaff\'s intention is easy to explain: ″The collector wanted to take the objects off the market and, so to speak, remove them from their originally intended use --- to forment and further inflame antisemitism.″ In return, the City of Vienna awarded him a medal of honour.
In 2013, a film project of Israeli director Vanessa Lapa lost the support of German TV channels. The project was a documentation on mass murderer Heinrich Himmler based on his diaries and letters, unpublished up to this point. Himmler was one of the main perpetrators of the Holocaust, the Porajmo, the murderer of millions of civilians and prisoners of war as part of the Generalplan Ost, and numerous other crimes against humanity. The project was on the brink, Martin Schlaff decided to step in and to provide the necessary funds. The film was completed in 2014, it was called The Decent One. It was presented at the Berlinale and received the Van Leer Award for Best Israeli Documentary Film at the Jerusalem Film Festival.
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# Martin Schlaff
## Personal life {#personal_life}
His parents moved to Israel after retiring. Martin Schlaff could not attend the funeral of his father in 2010 as the Israeli authorities did not grant him safe conduct; at that time the investigations against the family of Ariel Sharon were in full swing. In 2015, after all investigations were concluded, Martin Schlaff returned to Israel to attend a family wedding.
He was married three times. He has six children, three with his first wife, two with his second wife, Andrea, and one with his third wife, Barbara. According to the news magazine Profil, Schlaff\'s 2007 divorce from his wife Andrea involved a €200 million settlement, the largest ever reported up to that time.
## Accolades
- 1993 Gold Medal of Honour for Services to the province of Vienna
## Interviews
- Profil, 23 January 2006
- [\"Wie ich in der Öffentlichkeit gesehen werde, ist mir wurscht](https://www.profil.at/home/schlaff-wie-oeffentlichkeit-324050)\", Profil, 31 July 2012
- [\"Ich habe jede Blöße genützt\"](https://www.zeit.de/2012/46/Oesterreich-Untersuchungsausschuss-Martin-Schlaff), Die Zeit, 8 November 2012
- \"Ich würde alle österreichischen Bundesländer abschaffen\", Forbes Austria, 8 April 2015
- [Martin Schlaff: \"Strache bleibt nicht in der Schmuddelecke\"](https://www.diepresse.com/4949951/martin-schlaff-strache-bleibt-nicht-in-der-schmuddelecke), Die Presse, 16 January 2019
- [Martin Schlaff: Der Mann hinter der Mauer](https://www.profil.at/wirtschaft/martin-schlaff-mann-mauer-11209384), Profil, 19 November 2019
- [Milliardär Martin Schlaff: \"Ich bin kein Knecht der SPÖ\"](https://kurier.at/politik/inland/miliardaer-martin-schlaff-ich-bin-kein-knecht-der-spoe/401097234), Kurier, 14 November 2020
- [Martin Schlaff: „Wir bräuchten eine neue Welle der Aufklärung!\"](https://www.buehne-magazin
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# Patrick Meier
**Patrick Meier** (born 15 March 1976 in Winterthur) is a Swiss former competitive figure skater. He is the 1995 Karl Schäfer Memorial silver medalist and a seven-time Swiss national champion.
Meier began skating at the age of six. He represented Switzerland at the European Figure Skating Championships, the World Figure Skating Championships, and the 1998 Winter Olympics, where he placed 22nd. Meier became the first Swiss skater to perform a triple Axel in competition, at the 1995 Karl Schäfer Memorial. He studied law at the University of Zürich.
## Programs
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Season | Short program | Free skating |
+=============+====================================================================+========================================================+
| 2003--2004\ | - Turtle Shoes | - Pauvre Juliette |
| | - Another Night in Tunesia\ | - Night Run\ |
| | `{{small| by Bobby McFerrin }}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small| by [[Rene Aubry]] }}`{=mediawiki} |
| | - So Flute\ | - Eye of the Tiger\ |
| | `{{small| by St
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# Jill Ellison
**Dame Jill Ellison**, DBE (born 31 January 1955) is Director of Nursing, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust. She was educated at St Margaret\'s School, Bushey and now heads the **Nurse Directors Association** (NDA/UK).
The NDA is an independent organisation with membership open to all Nurse Directors and Senior Nurses working in NHS organisations, and equivalent posts in the Armed Forces, private sector, voluntary and charitable organisations throughout Great Britain (see [NDA/UK website](https://web.archive.org/web/20070703031220/http://www.nda-uk.org/index.asp)). The NDA\'s predecessor, **Trust Nurses Association** (TNA) was a voluntary network, established to provide peer support in the early 1990s, when National Health Service Trusts were first set up. The TNA was succeeded by the NDA in May 2002
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# Karmah (band)
**Karmah** was an Italian R&B/hip-hop duo with Elisa Bava on lead vocals and JulyB on rap vocals. They were produced by the Italian DJ Gabry Ponte and Dom Capuano. In 2005, they experienced some success in several European countries with a cover of The SOS Band\'s song \"Just Be Good to Me\" (feat. Jay Delano), which peaked at #2 on Polish National Top 50 and sampled \"Every Breath You Take\" by The Police. The band released a follow-up, \"Tom\'s Diner\" (a remake of the classic hit by Suzanne Vega) and their debut album, \"Be Good To Me\"
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# Isaac ben Saul Chmelniker Candia
**Isaac ben Saul Chmelniker Candia** was a Hebrew poet who lived at Warsaw, Poland, in the first half of the nineteenth century. He is the author of an elegy on the death of Alexander I, emperor of Russia (Warsaw, 1826), the poem being accompanied by a German version of Elkan M. Engel. Candia also wrote *Toledot Mosheh* (The Generation of Moses), a dramatic poem in two acts based on the life of Moses, and supplemented by other poems, original, or translated from Schiller\'s *Die Bürgschaft*, and from Gellert (Warsaw, 1829). His dedication ode was written on the occasion of the dedication of a house of prayer and a house of the study of the Law (25 September 1840)
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# Republic (pressure group)
**Republic** is a British republican pressure group advocating the replacement of the United Kingdom\'s monarchy with a *de jure* parliamentary republic. It is a member organisation of the Alliance of European Republican Movements and is currently by far the largest organisation solely campaigning for a republican constitution for Britain. Other organisations include No More Royals, Our Republic, Cymru Republic and Labour for a Republic. Republic states that its mission is: \"the replacement of hereditary monarchy with a democratic republican constitution\". `{{As of|2023}}`{=mediawiki}, Carol Lever is the current chair of Republic, and Graham Smith is the chief executive.
## History
Originally created by a small group of republicans in London in 1983, Republic was reinvented as a campaigning pressure group in 2006, when it became formally set up as a limited company (Republic Campaign Ltd) with a board of directors and executive office. During the period between the announcement of the engagement of Prince William and Catherine Middleton in 2010 and the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2012, the group\'s supporters increased from around 9,000 to around 30,000, with around 500 new members being gained at the time of the 2011 Royal Wedding. By 2015, the group had two full-time members of staff and an income of £140,000. In 2016, it had over 5,000 paying members and about 35,000 online supporters. After the 2023 coronation, Republic reported a surge in support, reaching 9,000 members.
## Campaigns and issues {#campaigns_and_issues}
CEO Graham Smith has criticised hereditary power as being \"absurd\", and monarchy as an outdated political institution that \"abuses its position, abuses public money and which gives politicians too much power.\" Following the death of Elizabeth II, Republic briefly suspended public comments out of respect for the late Queen, and then returned to campaigning following the proclamation of accession of Charles III. Republic had stated in 2016 that after the death of Elizabeth II it would mount a campaign for a referendum on the future of the monarchy. The plan was to do this during the period between the Queen\'s funeral and the coronation of her successor, though this did not occur.
### Royal secrecy {#royal_secrecy}
In December 2015, Republic published Royal Secrecy: A Report on Royal Secrecy and Power. The report argues that the \"question of royal secrecy also presents a conundrum for the monarchy. In this modern world of highly connected citizens and networks that circumvent traditional sources of information continued secrecy will gradually erode public trust in the institution. Yet the fear of transparency so apparent in the palace's behaviour is very real.\"
Since 2015 a number of academics and biographers have called for an end to royal secrecy, with Index on Censorship releasing a new report in January 2023.
### Royal finances {#royal_finances}
Republic asserts that there is a lack of transparency and accountability with respect to the funding of the monarchy. The group believes the royal finances should be independently audited by the National Audit Office, like all other central government departments, and that the monarchy\'s exemption from the Freedom of Information Act should be removed.
Republic\'s response to the annual royal finance reports is reported in the media. In 2017, Republic published its Royal Finances Report, which estimated the total cost of the monarchy to be at least £345m, once additional costs such as royal security, revenues from the Duchies and costs to local councils had been taken into account.
Republic\'s calculations do not factor in the profits of the Crown Estate, which are transferred to national funds in return for the civil list (a payment superseded by the Sovereign Grant in 2012); they assert that the Crown Estate is the property of the monarch only in their capacity as Head of State, and therefore state property.
### Prince Charles and the Duchy of Cornwall {#prince_charles_and_the_duchy_of_cornwall}
In May 2007, Republic persuaded Brian Iddon MP to table an early day motion about the lack of transparency in the Duchy of Cornwall\'s accounts. The Duke of Cornwall was at that time Prince Charles, the future King Charles III. Following a legal ruling in 2011 that the Duchy of Cornwall was separate from Prince Charles for the purposes of regulation, Republic asked HM Revenue and Customs to investigate if the Duchy should still be exempt from tax. The tax exemption is based on the assumption that the Duchy estate is inseparable from the tax exempt person of Prince Charles, which has become open to question. In 2013, lobbying by Republic resulted in William Nye, Prince Charles\'s private secretary, appearing before the Public Accounts Committee to explain the Duchy\'s tax arrangements.
Republic regularly criticised Prince Charles for expressing forthright views and lobbying on political issues, which the group said was unconstitutional. It also called on the British Government to stop subsidising Charles\' £16.3m annual income through grants and tax breaks. In 2015, Republic launched a campaign and petition, Take Back the Duchy, to abolish the Duchy of Cornwall and transfer its land and assets to the Crown Estate. In December 2015, a freedom of information request by Republic revealed that Prince Charles had routine access to confidential government papers.
### Oaths of allegiance {#oaths_of_allegiance}
In 2008, Republic launched a campaign to give republicans an alternative oath of allegiance. The campaign began with an Early Day Motion and was taken up by human rights lawyer Louise Christian.
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# Republic (pressure group)
## Campaigns and issues {#campaigns_and_issues}
### 2011 Royal wedding {#royal_wedding}
In advance of the 2011 wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, the tourist organisation VisitBritain said that the event would be good for tourism. In response, Republic made a freedom of information request for VisitBritain documents which indicated that royal weddings had in the past had a negative effect on tourism. Republic held an alternative street party in London at the Royal Wedding, \"celebrating democracy and people power rather than inherited privilege\", along with other events across the UK\'s major cities. Republic\'s London event had initially been blocked by Camden Council.
### BBC coverage of the monarchy {#bbc_coverage_of_the_monarchy}
Republic has claimed that the BBC displays bias in relation to its reporting of royal matters. The documentary *The Diamond Queen* was criticised for this: in a letter to the chairman of the BBC Trust, Chris Patten, Republic\'s chief executive, Graham Smith, argued that the programme breached BBC guidelines on impartiality. In his letter, Smith claimed the series was subject to \"distortions, half-truths and fabrications\".
### Requests for investigating and military discharging of Prince Andrew {#requests_for_investigating_and_military_discharging_of_prince_andrew}
In March 2016, Smith filed a formal report to the police, requesting an investigation into allegations that Prince Andrew, Duke of York had caused damaged to sensor-operated gates in Windsor Great Park by forcing them open in his Range Rover to avoid going an extra mile on his way home. The Thames Valley force dismissed the reports due to lack of details.
On 13 January 2022, Republic released an open letter, signed by more than 150 military veterans, addressed to the Queen in her capacity as head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, which contained a request that Prince Andrew be stripped of all his honorary military roles. In the letter, which was sent from Republic\'s London address, the signatories expressed \"upset and anger\" in the wake of a ruling (made the day before by the New York judge Lewis A. Kaplan) that Prince Andrew must face a civil lawsuit in the U.S. for alleged sexual assault brought by Virginia Giuffre, and they argued that it was \"untenable\" for the Duke of York to retain his positions in the armed forces. On receipt of the letter that day, Buckingham Palace declined to comment. Later in the day, Prince Andrew\'s military affiliations and royal patronages were returned to the Queen, and it was announced that he would defend the lawsuit as a \"private citizen\". The civil case was settled out of court in 2022, but in January 2024 previously-sealed court documents relating to Virginia Giuffre were published. In response to these Republic asked the Metropolitan Police to reopen its investigations into the allegations and called on King Charles to make a public statement.
### Coronation of Charles III {#coronation_of_charles_iii}
Prior to the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla on 6 May 2023, Republic announced plans to hold demonstrations at Parliament Square in London against the ceremony, citing opposition to the extravagance of the event amidst the UK cost of living crisis. On the day of the coronation the Metropolitan Police took action against the protests, arresting a reported 52 people, including members of Republic. Republic\'s leader, Graham Smith, was held in police custody for nearly 16 hours. In addition, hundreds of Republic placards were reportedly seized. In an official statement, Republic condemned the arrests as \"a direct attack on our democracy and the fundamental rights of every person in the country\". Republic had previously held a number of discussions with senior Met officers, making clear their plans, which the Met had said they had no objections to. Police defended their actions stating that they had confiscated lock-on devices which are banned for use in protests under the Public Order Act 2023. However this was disputed and the police later concluded they had no grounds for suspecting any intent to lock on.
## Legal context {#legal_context}
Advocacy of the replacement of the monarchy with a republic has been an imprisonable offence in law. The Treason Felony Act 1848 prohibits the advocacy of a republic in print. The penalty for such advocacy, even if the republic is to be set up by peaceful means, is lifetime imprisonment. This Act remains in force in the United Kingdom. However, under the Human Rights Act 1998, the Law Lords have held that although the Treason Felony Act remains on the statute books it must be interpreted so as to be compatible with the Human Rights Act, and therefore no longer prohibits peaceful republican activity
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# Ensanche
***Ensanche*** means \"widening\" in Spanish. It is used to name the development areas of Spanish cities around the end of the 19th century, when the demographic explosion and the Industrial Revolution prompted the tearing down of the old city wall and the construction of neighborhoods under grid plans. It is also found across much of Hispanic America for expansion of the cities beyond the traditional city walls.
## Background
The programme of city extensions in Spain began simultaneously in 1860 with the plans for Barcelona by Ildefons Cerdà and Madrid by Carlos María de Castro, influenced by Haussmann\'s transformation of Paris from 1852 (and, in turn, have been said to have influenced Haussmann\'s later projects). Those *ensanches* extended cities beyond their traditional limits by demolishing city walls, transforming riverbanks and subdividing the *extramuros* -- rural land outside the city walls. *Ensanches* were generally based on principles articulated by Cerdà. These included reserving significant open space by requiring mid-block open space and whole block parks. The height of buildings was set by reference to the width of the adjacent street. Many of these requirements were modified, and the building volumes increased, by later amendments beginning in 1864 (Madrid).
It is specifically used for:
- The *\[\[Eixample\]\]* (Catalan for *ensanche*) of Barcelona, planned by Cerdà
- The *Eixample\]\]* of the city of Valencia.
- The *Eixample* in Palma, Mallorca.
- The *Ensanche Este* of Madrid under the Plan Castro by Carlos María de Castro enacted by Royal Decree in 1860.
- The Ensanche de Bilbao after the annexation of the former village of Abando.
## Usage in Hispanic America {#usage_in_hispanic_america}
The term is widely use for the planned expansion of some cities across Hispanic America. Among them is the city of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic which used the term extensively as a prefix for expansion neighborhoods beyond its traditional old city
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# Manuel "Guajiro" Mirabal
**Manuel** \"**Guajiro**\" **Mirabal** (5 May 1933 -- 28 October 2024) was a Cuban trumpeter, best known for his work with the Buena Vista Social Club.
## Biography
Mirabal was born on 5 May 1933 in Melena del Sur on Cuba, near Havana. His father was director of the local municipal band. He learned to play trumpet as a child and was performing by the age of 13. He said he had never had any formal training and had learned to play by copying what he heard on the radio. Mirabal turned professional aged 18 and joined a jazz band, Swing Casino, in 1953. He started his own group, Conjunto Rumbavana, in 1956. In 1960 he joined one of Cuba\'s leading groups, the Orquesta Riverside. The group\'s Puerto Rican singer Tito Gomez nicknamed him \'the country boy\', *El Guajiro*. There followed stints with various orchestras including Orquesta del ICRT, the official orchestra of Cuban state radio and television.
Mirabal was a celebrated performer in the \"golden era\" of Cuban music in the 1940s and 1950s, before Castro\'s revolution. By the 1990s he was living quietly in Havana and considering retirement. He was contacted in 1996 by musician/producer Juan de Marcos Gonzalez and invited to record two albums with a group of veteran Cuban musicians, to be called the Afro-Cuban All Stars. A British record producer, Nick Gold, owner of World Circuit Records, had become fascinated by the Son Cubano, which came from eastern Cuba with Hispanic and west African roots. Gold fell in love with Mirabel\'s playing.
One album was to have been a big band tribute to Cuba\'s musical heritage, the other a guitar-based collaboration with Malian musicians and American slide guitarist Ry Cooder. The Malian guitarists did not arrive and Gold filled the week of studio time instead with Cooder and the veteran Cuban musicians. The resulting album of fourteen songs, *Buena Vista Social Club,* was released in September 1997 and became a global hit, selling eight million copies. In July 1998, Mirabel and the other musicians on the album were flown to New York to play a sell-out concert at Carnegie Hall. A documentary of the event was nominated for an Oscar. In 1998 Mirabel and the other members of the band received a Latin Grammy award.
The group continued to tour and release albums until 2018. Mirabel played lead trumpet on records and in performances by the group and featured in the 1999 movie *Buena Vista Social Club*. He later released solo works under the *Buena Vista Social Club Presents\...* umbrella, including an album which paid tribute to Cuban music legend Arsenio Rodríguez. In 2004 Mirabal released an album in partnership with Buena Vista Social Club entitled *Buena Vista Social Club Presents Manuel Guajiro Mirabal*. The album was widely acclaimed and was nominated for a Latin Grammy award. The Cuban government bestowed numerous honours on him, including an award for \"Distinguished Services to the Armed Forces\" in 2001. Cuban musicians Mirabal worked with included Ibrahim Ferrer, Omara Portuondo, Rubén González, Compay Segundo.
## Private life and death {#private_life_and_death}
Mirabal married Merida Veldez in 1978. They had a son and a daughter.
Manuel Mirabal died in Havana on 28 October 2024 at the age of 91
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# Forschungsflugkörper
The **Forschungsflugkörper** (German for *research aircraft or missile*) was a West German sounding rocket manufactured by ERNO from 1972 to 1974 for the German Aerospace Center (DLR). It was launched three times by MORABA, from the Centre d\'Essais des Landes, French Army launch site near Biscarosse. Only the last flight was successful, reaching the apogee of 120 km, just above the Kármán line. It was a single stage rocket with a weight of 300 kg, a length of 4.00 metres, a core diameter of 0.25 metres
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# Juan Vigón (general)
**Juan Vigón Suerodíaz, Marquis of Vigón** (30 October 1880, Colunga -- 25 May 1955, Madrid) was a Spanish general who fought in the Spanish Civil War for the Nationalist faction.
## Biography
Vigón was born in Colunga, Asturias, Spain. Before the war he was chosen by King Alfonso XIII to educate his sons, which he did from November 1925 to 1930. At the beginning of the Second Spanish Republic (14 April 1931) he left the Spanish Army due to his monarchist sympathies. With just a brief return to the army during the Revolution of 1934, he kept out of the army, as lieutenant-colonel in reserve, until the Spanish Civil War broke out on 18 July 1936. In Argentina at the outbreak of the war, he returned to Spain where his first military position was as Chief of Staff of Colonel Alfonso Beorlegui Canet, in the Campaign of Gipuzkoa. Later on he was nominated as Staff Colonel during the Battle of Bilbao and was the architect of the War in the North as a member of the General Staff. He was awarded the Military Medal and became General after the War in the North, became commander\'s chief of staff at the Aragon Offensive. After the war he served as Minister of the Air Force, became Lieutenant-General and Chief of the Defence High Command (chief of staff of the Spanish Armed Forces) and, until his death at Madrid in 1955, president of the Nuclear Energy Board, and of the Aeronautical Technic National Institute. Franco granted him a posthumous marquisate
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# Alan Greenberg (film director)
**Alan Greenberg** (October 14, 1950`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}January 27, 2015) was an American film director, screenwriter, photographer, and author.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Greenberg visited Jamaica from a young age, and was a friend of Bob Marley. Following Marley\'s death, Marley\'s family asked Greenberg to make a film about Marley. In 1981, Greenberg filmed *Land of Look Behind* (1982), a documentary film that includes footage of Marley\'s funeral as well as scenes filmed in Jamaica\'s remote Cockpit Country and the capital city of Kingston. The film ended up being more of a visionary portrait of the Jamaica of that period (focusing on the Rastafari movement and reggae culture) than a film primarily about Marley. The film has won considerable critical acclaim, as well as winning the Gold Hugo Award for Best Documentary in the Chicago International Film Festival, the U.S.\'s largest film competition. *Land of Look Behind* has also been honored as the best American documentary film of its era, and the legendary filmmaker Werner Herzog said \"*Land of Look Behind* has achieved things never seen before in cinema.\"
Greenberg worked closely with Werner Herzog on many projects. He served as a special unit photographer on the films *Cape Fear* by Martin Scorsese (1991), and *1900* by Bernardo Bertolucci (1976). He also wrote twenty screenplays and three books. His book *Heart of Glass*, about the making of the 1976 Werner Herzog masterwork of the same name, was called \"The best book on the making of a film ever written\" by *Rolling Stone* magazine. A new and entirely revised edition of the book, entitled, *Every Night the Trees Disappear: Werner Herzog and the Making of \'Heart of Glass*\' was published in hard cover by the Chicago Review Press. It featured Greenberg\'s previously unpublished photographs, which Herzog called \"strange and beautiful.\"
In 2012, Greenberg was going to write and produce a film based on his acclaimed screenplay *Love in Vain*, a poetic account of the mysterious blues genius Robert Johnson. *Love in Vain* was also the first screenplay ever published by a major house (Doubleday) as literature.
Greenberg\'s last screenplay, *Tutankhamun -- Lord of Two Lands*, a radically researched vision of the boy king\'s murder intertwined with the intrigue surrounding his tomb\'s discovery in 1922, was to have been produced in 2013
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# Sixel
**Sixel**, short for \"six pixels\", is a bitmap graphics format supported by terminals and printers from DEC. It consists of a pattern six pixels high and one wide (in black and white), resulting in 64 possible patterns. Each possible pattern is assigned an ASCII character, making the sixels easy to transmit on 7-bit serial links.
Sixel was first introduced as a way of sending bitmap graphics to DEC dot matrix printers like the LA50. After being put into \"sixel mode\" the following data was interpreted to directly control six of the pins in the nine-pin print head. A string of sixel characters encodes a single 6-pixel high row of the image.
The system was later re-used as a way to send bitmap data to the VT200 series and VT320 terminals when defining custom character sets. A series of sixels are used to transfer the bitmap for each character. This feature is known as soft character sets or dynamically redefinable character sets (DRCS). With the VT240, VT241, VT330, and VT340, the terminals could decode a complete sixel image to the screen, like those previously sent to printers.
## Description
Sixel encodes images by breaking up the bitmap into a series of 6-pixel high horizontal strips. Each 1-pixel-wide vertical column in a particular strip forms a single sixel. Each sixel\'s pixels are read as binary and encoded into a single 6-bit number, with \"on\" pixels encoded as a 1. This number, from 0 to 63 decimal, is then converted into a single ASCII character, offset by 63 so that an all-black sixel, 0 decimal, is encoded as `{{keypress|?}}`{=mediawiki}. This ensures that the sixels remain within the printable character range of the ASCII character set. Carriage return (CR) is represented by `{{keypress|$}}`{=mediawiki}, and line feeds (LF) with a `{{keypress|-}}`{=mediawiki}; both had to be sent in turn to return the cursor to the start of the line, `{{keypress|CRLF}}`{=mediawiki}.
Sixel also includes a rudimentary form of compression, using run-length encoding (RLE). This is accomplished with the `{{keypress|!}}`{=mediawiki} character followed by a decimal number of the times to repeat, and then a single sixel character to be repeated. Since the `{{keypress|!}}`{=mediawiki} and decimal digits cannot be valid sixel data, lying outside the encoded range, the encoding is easy to identify and expand back out in software.
\"Sixel mode\" is entered by sending the sequence `{{keypress|ESC|Pp1;p2;p3;q}}`{=mediawiki}. The p1 through p3 were optional setup parameters, with p1 defining an aspect ratio (deprecated in favor of p3), p2 how to interpret the color of zeros, and p3 with simple grid size parameters. `{{keypress|ESC|P}}`{=mediawiki} is the standard DEC \"Device Control String\", or DCS, which was used to turn on or off a number of special features in DEC\'s equipment. The \"q\" is the sixel identifier. Sixel data then followed the q. The \"String Terminator\" sequence `{{keypress|ESC|\}}`{=mediawiki} returned the device back to normal character mode again.
For printing, sixels are sent to the printer, decoded back into binary, and sent directly to six pins in the print head. The only complexity involved expanding the RLEs into the internal print buffer. Display on a terminal is somewhat more difficult. On terminals supporting graphics, the ReGIS graphics system was used to directly draw the sixel pattern into the screen\'s bitmap. This was done at high speed by storing the bitmap patterns as a glyph and then blitting them.
When used for defining custom character sets the format was almost identical, although the escape codes changed. In terms of the data, the only major difference is the replacement of the separate CR/LF with a single `/`. In the VT300 series for instance, 80-column character glyphs were 15 pixels wide by 12 high, meaning that a character could be defined by sending a total of 30 sixels.
Color is also supported using the `{{keypress|#}}`{=mediawiki} character, followed by a number referring to one of a number of color registers, which varied from device to device. The colors in the registers are defined using either RGB or HLS values in a peculiar DEC format. To create a color image on a printer, a line of sixels is sent several times, each representing a single bitplane from the register-based colors on the terminals (normally 2 or 4 bits). Since the capabilities of the hardware vary widely, a color sixel drawing can only be output to targeted devices. Non-graphics terminals generally silently ignore sixel escape sequences.
## Sample
␛Pq
#0;2;0;0;0#1;2;100;100;0#2;2;0;100;0
#1~~@@vv@@~~@@~~$
#2??}}GG}}??}}??-
#1!14@
␛\
The example above enters sixel mode, sets up three color registers, and then uses those registers to draw sixels in those colors. The `#0;2;0;0;0` is interpreted as \"set color register 0, use mode 2 (RGB mode), set R, G and B to 0%\". This sets color 0 to black, and the following commands set register 1 to yellow (100%, 100%, 0%) and 2 to green (0%, 100%, 0%). Unlike most modern systems which assign an 8-bit value (0--255) to each color channel, RGB mode is based on \"intensity\" of each channel from 0% to 100%.
The data lines following select a color, yellow for the first and third and green for the middle, then draw sixels. The last line shows the RLE in use, meaning \"repeat `@` (`0b100000`) 14 times\". The final output is 14 pixels by 7 pixels, so the last line simply repeats `0b100000` 14 times to fill the last line. `$` at the end of a line means that the next line will overprint the current line, while `-` means that the next line represents a new line of sixels
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# Gosia Andrzejewicz
**Małgorzata** \"**Gosia**\" **Andrzejewicz** (born 14 January 1984) is a Polish singer. She debuted in 2004 and has since earned major hits in Poland, like \"Pozwól żyć\", \"Słowa\" and \"Trochę ciepła\". Two of her albums have been certified Gold in her home country, *Gosia Andrzejewicz Plus* and *Lustro*, both released in 2006.
## Career
Gosia has won over 30 singing contest awards and performed in a jazz group for a short period of time. In 2004, she released her first self-titled album independently, which contained hits \"Nieśmiały chłopak\" and \"Wielbicielka\". After signing a contract with Polish record label My Music, her debut album was re-released with additional songs as *Gosia Andrzejewicz Plus* in 2006 and spawned the major hits \"Pozwól żyć\" and \"Słowa\". Released later that year, the album *Lustro* contained the successful singles \"Trochę ciepła\" and \"Lustro\". Both records were certified Gold in Poland. Gosia has won many music awards and quickly became one of the biggest pop stars in her home country. 2007 saw the release of her first greatest hits album and a fundraising compilation of winter and Christmas songs, *Zimno? Przytul mnie!*.
In 2008, Gosia went on to record club-friendly music, contrary to her previous, pop ballad-oriented material. Her collaboration with DJ Remo, \"You Can Dance\" was a big hit, as well as \"Lips\", released in 2009 with Polish DJ duo Kalwi & Remi. Her next studio album, *Wojowniczka*, was released in the summer of 2009 and consisted of pop-dance material, with half of the songs sung in English. The album spawned three singles, including her next hit, \"Otwórz oczy\". In 2012, Gosia collaborated with Dr. Alban on the song \"Loverboy,\" which proved to be another success. In 2013, Gosia released the single \"I\'m Not Afraid\" which was submitted to the Swiss pre-selections to the Eurovision Song Contest 2014. After the online vote, the song entered the top 9, but failed to pass the \"expert check\".
Andrzejewicz released her next studio album *Film* in November 2014. The double disc album was promoted by songs \"Film\", \"Ciszej\" and \"Klucz\", but failed to chart.
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# Gosia Andrzejewicz
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | Certifications |
+=======================================================================================+===================================+======================+================+
| POL\ | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------+
| *Gosia Andrzejewicz* | - Released: 24 October 2004 | --- | |
| | - Label: Pearl Music | | |
| | - Formats: CD | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------+
| *Gosia Andrzejewicz Plus* | - Released: 10 April 2006 | 14 | - POL: Gold |
| | - Label: My Music | | |
| | - Formats: CD, digital download | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------+
| *Lustro* | - Released: 20 November 2006 | 17 | - POL: Gold |
| | - Label: My Music | | |
| | - Formats: CD, digital download | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------+
| *Wojowniczka* | - Released: 17 August 2009 | 36 | |
| | - Label: My Music | | |
| | - Formats: CD, digital download | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------+
| *Film* | - Released: 25 November 2014 | --- | |
| | - Label: My Music | | |
| | - Formats: CD, digital download | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------+
| \"---\" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------+
### Compilation albums {#compilation_albums}
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
+=======================================================================================+=============================+======================+
| POL\ | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------+
| *The Best of Gosia Andrzejewicz* | - Released: 23 April 2007 | 25 |
| | - Label: My Music | |
| | - Formats: CD | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------+
| \"---\" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------+
### Singles
Year Title Album
------ ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
2004 \"Nieśmiały chłopak\" *Gosia Andrzejewicz*
\"Wielbicielka\"
2005 \"Trudny wybór\"
\"Miłość\"
\"Waiting for Love\" (feat. Krist Van D & MK Schulz) *Krist Van D & Friends Vol. 1* (Krist Van D album)
2006 \"Dangerous Game\" *Gosia Andrzejewicz Plus*
\"Pozwól żyć\"
\"Słowa\"
\"Trochę ciepła\" *Lustro*
2007 \"Lustro\"
\"Latino\" *The Best of Gosia Andrzejewicz*
\"Siła marzeń\"
\"Magia świąt\" *Zimno? Przytul mnie!* (various artists album)
2008 \"You Can Dance\" (feat. DJ Remo) *You Can Dance* (DJ Remo album)
\"Feel\'In\" (feat. DJ Remo)
2009 \"Lips\" (feat. Kalwi & Remi) *Kiss Me Girl* (Kalwi & Remi album)
\"Taste Me All Day\" (feat. DJ Remo) *My Music - My Pleasure* (DJ Remo album)
\"Otwórz oczy\" *Wojowniczka*
\"Zabierz mnie\"
2010 \"Emotions\" (feat. DJ Remo) *Impreska Vol. 3* (various artists album)
\"Wojowniczka\" *Wojowniczka*
\"You\" *Film*
2011 \"Contagious\" (as S#G Projects)
2012 \"Loverboy\" (feat. Dr. Alban)
\"Film\"
\"Choose to Believe\" (feat. NatStar & St0ne)
\"Superstar\" (feat
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# John Danks
**John William Danks** (born April 15, 1985) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Danks graduated from Round Rock High School in Texas in 2003 and was named the co-central Texas player of the year that season. Danks was drafted in the first round, ninth overall in the 2003 Major League Baseball Draft by the Texas Rangers. His brother, Jordan Danks, was his teammate on the White Sox from 2012 to 2014. Danks proposed to girlfriend, country artist Ashley Monroe of the Pistol Annies, on September 14, 2012, after Monroe finished the Annies\' first show of their headlining tour. They were married on October 24, 2013.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Minor Leagues {#minor_leagues}
Danks, along with pitchers Nick Masset and Jacob Rasner, was traded by the Rangers to the White Sox for pitcher Brandon McCarthy and outfielder David Paisano on December 23, `{{mlby|2006}}`{=mediawiki}.
### Chicago White Sox {#chicago_white_sox}
As a top prospect for the Chicago White Sox in `{{mlby|2007}}`{=mediawiki}, he was selected as the team\'s fifth starter in their rotation. The 72--90 White Sox provided Danks with little support in the first half of the season; he was 5--6 with an acceptable 4.62 ERA before the break. Down the stretch, Danks tired, and he was shut down for the year after a slow September start. Danks finished the second half 1--7 with a 7.11 ERA. For the season, he finished with a record of 6--13 with a dismal 5.50 ERA in 26 starts.
The White Sox opted to use Danks in the starting rotation again in 2008 and he did not disappoint. The second-year lefty pitched masterfully, ranking among the league leaders in ERA all season and taking no-hit games beyond the fifth inning on several occasions. Danks set career bests in nearly every major statistical category, finishing with a 12--9 record, 3.32 ERA (fifth in the American League) and 1.23 WHIP in 33 starts. Danks finished just short of the benchmark 200 regular-season innings, hurling 195.
Making his first career short-rest start in the one-game playoff for the American League Central Division title, Danks defeated the visiting Minnesota Twins 1--0 with eight dominant innings of two-hit ball. The victory propelled the White Sox into the postseason.
Danks followed up his stellar 2008 season onto the 2009 season as he finished with a record of 13--11 in 32 starts, along with a 3.77 ERA in `{{frac|200|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings. He set career highs in the 2010 season in wins (15), innings (213) and strikeouts (162).
The 2011 season saw Danks struggle through injury, as he made only 27 starts. He finished with a record of 8--12 and a 4.33 ERA in `{{frac|170|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings.
On December 29, 2011, Danks agreed to terms with the White Sox on a five-year, \$65 million deal, which took him through his final arbitration eligible season and his first four free agency years. Danks made \$8 million in 2012 and \$14.25 million from 2013 to 2016.
On May 25, 2012, Danks was placed on the 15-day disabled list with a left shoulder strain. That injury turned out to be season-ending, as he had surgery on August 6 on his left shoulder to \"explore and correct issues\" found there. He was hoping to come back in late September, but instead opted towards having the surgery so he could be ready for 2013 spring training. In nine starts with Chicago, he went 3--4 with a 5.70 ERA with 30 strikeouts in 53.2 innings.
On August 25, 2013, Danks was the winning pitcher during a 5--2 victory over the Texas Rangers. During that game his brother, Jordan Danks, hit a go-ahead home run. According to Elias Sports Bureau, it was the first time since June 5, 1955, that a player homered in support of his brother pitching, when Kansas City Athletics catcher Billy Shantz homered in support of his brother Bobby Shantz. Overall, Danks struggled through injury once again as he finished with a 4--14 record with a 4.75 ERA in 22 starts. In 2014, Danks was healthy throughout the season for the first time since 2010. He finished with a record of 11--11 with a 4.74 ERA in 32 starts.
In 2015, Danks pitched through the worst season of his career since his rookie season as he finished with a career worst 7--15 record with a 4.71 ERA in 30 starts.
On May 3, 2016, Danks was designated for assignment after struggling early in the 2016 season with a 7.25 ERA after four starts.
### Atlanta Braves {#atlanta_braves}
Danks signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves in December 2016. He was released on March 20, 2017
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# James Turner (illustrator)
**James Turner** is a Canadian illustrator, comic book writer, and artist. He wrote the series *Rex Libris* for the Slave Labor Graphics (SLG) Publishing Company. The comic ran between 2005 and 2008, for a total of 13 issues. His most recent graphic novel, \"Warlord of Io\', is about a spoiled rich kid who inherits a planet
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# Optical Fiber Technology
***Optical Fiber Technology*** is a scientific journal that is published by Elsevier (formerly by Academic Press). Established in 1994, it covers various topics in fiber-optic engineering, optical communications and fiber lasers
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# Dunkerron Castle
**Dunkerron Castle** (`{{irish place name|Caisleán Dún Ciarán}}`{=mediawiki}) is a ruined four-storey tower house located in Templenoe, near Kenmare, County Kerry, in south-west Ireland. The castle was the family seat of the O\'Sullivan Mór family from the late 16th century.
## History
The four-storey tower house was built in the 13th century on a limestone outcrop as a Norman (Carew) stronghold. Several later structures of the castle, including an enclosed court, date to the late 16th century, when Owen O\'Sullivan became \'Chief of the Name\' and acceded to the title of \'O\'Sullivan Mór\'. An inscribed plaque, dated 1596, recorded the castle\'s association with the O\'Sullivan Mór and MacCarthy Reagh dynasties. The castle was the family seat of the O\'Sullivan Mór for some time.
The main O\'Sullivan Mór familial seat moved to nearby Cappanacush Castle during the 17th century, and antiquary Samuel Lewis noted that both castles were \"traditionally said to have been defended\" by their O\'Sullivan Mór owners during the mid-17th century Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. The O\'Sullivan castles and lands at Dunkerron and Cappanacush were confiscated following this conflict under the Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652, and assigned to Cromwellian supporter William Petty. Later O\'Sullivan attempts to have the lands returned were not successful.
By the 19th century, maps record the castle and court as being \"in ruins\", and a Victorian manor house, Dunkerron House, was built on the estate around that time.
Dunkerron Castle gives its name to the barony of Dunkerron, later divided into Dunkerron South (the southern part of the Iveragh Peninsula) and Dunkerron North (the area around MacGillycuddy\'s Reeks).`{{fact|date=February 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
## Title
One of the last members of a branch of the O\'Sullivans was Donal O\'Sullivan, who died on 16 April 1754, without issue or heirs. The title he bore, the \"Prince of Dunkerron\", became extinct on his death. The British monarchy did issue a peerage title of Baron Dunkeron to John Petty. (John Petty was Sheriff of Kerry from 1732, and a descendant of the William Petty to whom the lands had been given following the Cromwellian confiscations). The title assigned to Petty was not however related to the original title of the native Irish nobility
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# Coronet Films
**Coronet Films** (also known as **Coronet Instructional Media Inc.**) was an American producer and distributor of documentary shorts shown in public schools, mostly in the 16mm format, from the 1940s through the 1980s (when the videocassette recorder replaced the motion picture projector as the key audio-visual aid). The company, whose library is owned and distributed by the Phoenix Learning Group, Inc., covered a wide range of subjects in zoology, science, geography, history and math, but is mostly remembered today for its post-World War II social-guidance films featuring topics such as dating, family life, courtesy and citizenship.
## Overview
David A. Smart established the company with his brothers Alfred and John in 1934, but the first titles registered for copyright date from 1941 (beginning with *Aptitudes and Occupations*). Over time, a studio was set up in Glenview, Illinois. Smart was the publisher of *Esquire* and *Coronet* magazines, and the film company was named for the latter. The film company outlived the magazine, which ceased publication in 1976.
In addition to producing military instructional films during World War II, Coronet found success in its early years with its full-color films about common birds such as the ruby-throated hummingbird (a 1942 release), many of which were filmed by Olin Sewall Pettingill Jr. and Dr. Arthur A. Allen. One of the company\'s hallmarks was that many of its titles were shot in color Kodachrome a few years ahead of competing classroom-film companies. Production costs were controlled by selling both color and black-and-white prints and charging a much lower fee for the latter. As many school educators economized, fewer color prints are viewable today than are those in black and white.
After David Smart's death in 1952, his brother John and Jack Abraham took over. The quantity of Coronet's output had surpassed that of the classroom-film industry's leader Encyclopædia Britannica Films (initially ERPI Classroom Films), with an 11-minute or longer film completed nearly every week. While its main rival strove for more cinematic films, the narration included in the 1950s and 1960s Coronet films was often of a dry and didactic tone. However, Coronet produced some well-made travelogues boasting good cinematography in addition to an annual quota of animal-related films. Starting in 1957, a Special Productions unit headed by Bob Kohl and Tom Riha added some more ambitious and prestigious independent productions to Coronet\'s more economically made catalog titles.
The 1970s were a creative period for the company, despite the fact that 16mm educational films were gradually replaced by video cassettes and computers as key audio-visual classroom tools a decade later. After Hal Kopel replaced Jack Abraham as general manager (around 1972), the look and style of the films received an upgrade and film credits included directors and creative personnel; most earlier films only credited educational consultants. This change was made in response to ongoing criticism that the Coronet films were too \"stodgy and unimaginative.\" Many earlier titles were revised to reflect the higher production standards and changing audience expectations of the period.
By the early 1980s, Coronet was becoming more of a distributor of other companies\' films than a producer of its own. Sheldon Sachs became vice president in 1979 and headed a Perspective Films division to increase Coronet\'s distribution of outside productions, making theatrical award winners like Sparky Greene\'s *American Shoeshine* available for classroom viewing. In 1981, Coronet acquired Centron Corporation.
Shortly after merging with MTI films in 1984, Coronet and its acquisitions were taken over by Gulf and Western Industries, but Kohl bought back Centron as a separate entity to run himself. Simon & Schuster, part of the conglomerate, moved the reduced filming facilities to New Jersey a decade later. In May 1997, Phoenix Learning Group took over the distribution rights to the Coronet catalog.
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# Coronet Films
## Personal-guidance films {#personal_guidance_films}
Beginning with *Shy Guy* (1947), featuring an early appearance of a 19-year-old Dick York (later of *Bewitched* fame), the company gained considerable renewed attention for a cluster of \"personal guidance\" films created to instructing students in social matters. Typical titles include *Are You Popular?*, *Everyday Courtesy* and *What to Do on a Date*, along with the Korean War-period series *Are You Ready for the Service?*
Ted Peshak was a key director, although screen credits were often reserved only for psychology consultants. Many were filmed in color, but most extant copies are in black and white, as schools most often opted for the cheaper format. Most were made prior to David Smart's death in 1952, but a few more were added as late as the 1970s, such as *Beginning Responsibility: A Lunchroom Goes Bananas*.
As most of the films were produced early in the postwar film boom, they were typical of the quality, production values and content of media of the period, and many considered them unintentionally humorous in the context of the post mid-1960s sexual revolution.
After the earliest films entered the public domain (a large percentage of the library is still privately owned), some of the films were recognized as kitsch, especially after a few became shorts for the television shows *Pee-wee\'s Playhouse* and *Mystery Science Theater 3000* (MST3K), which mocked the films\' production values and underlying messages. Shorts featured on MST3K include *Are You Ready for Marriage?* and *What to Do on a Date*. Many of Coronet\'s other films were later lampooned by Rifftrax, a company created by former MST3K cast member Michael J. Nelson.
In 1978, Coronet participated in a compilation spoof titled *The Great American Student*. Made by veteran director Mel Waskin and editor Bob Gronowski and lifting key scenes from the older films, it was distributed as would be any other educational film of the period as a joke on unsuspecting libraries. According to historian Geoff Alexander, it \"is unique in the genre for its self-deprecating humor, and is a historical masterpiece.\"
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# Coronet Films
## Selected filmography {#selected_filmography}
The following is a sample of prominent titles.
## Production
Select Coronet productions are now available as public-domain resources, such as:
- *Biography of a Red-winged Blackbird* (1943) at Internet Archive
- [*Mighty Columbia River* (1947)](https://archive.org/details/MightyCo1947) at Internet Archive
- [*Dating Do\'s and Dont\'s* (1949)](https://archive.org/details/DatingDo1949) at Internet Archive
-
- [*Going Steady?* (1951)](https://archive.org/details/GoingSte1951) at Internet Archive
- [*Communism* (1952)](http://www.dailymotion
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# Barbarito Torres
**Bárbaro Alberto Torres Delgado** (born 1956), better known as **Barbarito Torres**, is a Cuban musician best known for his work with the Afro-Cuban All Stars and the Buena Vista Social Club since 1996. Torres plays the laúd , a traditional Cuban instrument of the lute family that is most associated with the punto guajiro genre. He continues to tour with Buena Vista Social Club as one of the last surviving original members and has recorded several solo albums, the last of which, *Vámonos pa\'l monte*, was released in 2016.
## Biography
Torres was born in Matanzas, Cuba, in 1956. He played in a series of military bands during the 1970s, before settling in Havana and becoming a permanent member of Orquesta Cubana de Cuerdas. He became musical director for Celina González\'s Grupo Campoalegre and worked with some of Havana\'s most prominent musicians.
In March 1996, Torres began working the Afro-Cuban All Stars which led him to be included in the Buena Vista Social Club ensemble. Torres went on to play a prominent role playing on both records and performances for the group, featuring in the 1999 movie also titled *Buena Vista Social Club*. Barbarito has since released solo works including *Havana Café*, which featured a number of the players that had been featured in his previous ensembles, including Ibrahim Ferrer and Omara Portuondo.
He has become renowned for his virtuoso solos on the laúd, which often include playing the instrument behind his back
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# Christene Browne
**Christene Browne** (born 1965 in Saint Kitts) is a Canadian director and writer. Browne is the first black woman to write, produce and direct a feature film in Canada.
## Biography
Born in St. Kitts in the Caribbean, Browne moved with her family to Canada in 1970. She spent her formative years in Regent Park, Canada\'s oldest and largest low-income community. It was in this Toronto community where the seeds of Browne\'s filmmaker career were planted. She participated and then led the Regent Park Video workshop project and contributed to the production of many documentary videos about the community. It was during this time Browne decided to go to film school. She attended the film program at Ryerson Polytechnic Institute. After leaving Ryerson, she worked for a small film company before starting her own production company, Syncopated Productions in 1990.
Her first two films, *Brothers in Music* and *No Choices* (a segment of movie *Five Feminist Minutes*), debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival in 1991 and launched Browne\'s film career. From that time onward, she has consistently produced heartfelt work that has tackled hard-hitting difficult topics such as poverty and abortion. She has worked independently and has also done projects with the National Film Board of Canada and the Canadian Broadcast Corporation, OMNI TV and many others. Her films have won numerous awards and have been screened and broadcast all over the world. In 1999, Browne completed her first dramatic feature, *Another Planet*, and became the first Black woman to direct and write a feature film in Canada. Most recently, Browne completed *Speaking in Tongues: The History of Language*, an extensive documentary series that looks at the history of language from prehistoric time to the present day, for which she received the Women\'s International Film & Television Showcase (WIFTS) Foundation Best Documentary Award 2011.
In addition to working as filmmaker, Browne has also worked as curator and media arts instructor.
Browne\'s first novel, *Two Women*, a cautionary tale about two women who share the same soul, was released in 2013
| 344 |
Christene Browne
| 0 |
10,113,846 |
# Nicole Joraanstad
**Nicole Joraanstad** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɔː|r|ən|s|t|ɛ|d}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|JOR|ən|sted}}`{=mediawiki}; born November 10, 1980, in Seattle, Washington) is an American curler from Verona, Wisconsin. She currently plays second for Erika Brown.
## Career
At the 2000 World Junior Curling Championships, Joraanstad played third for Laura Delaney and won a bronze medal for Team USA. The following year, Joraanstad skipped her own team to a seventh-place finish.
Joraanstad would later join up with Patti Lank as her second, and Team USA finished in fourth place at the 2004 Ford World Curling Championships.
Joraanstad left Lank\'s team and joined up with Debbie McCormick. Team USA won a silver medal at the 2006 Ford World Women\'s Curling Championship losing to Sweden (skipped by Anette Norberg) in the final.
At the 2007 Aomori World Championships, Joraanstad and Debbie McCormick\'s Team USA lost to Scotland in the semi-final and took 4th place.
At the 2008 Women\'s National Championships in Hibbing, Minnesota, Joraanstad won her third straight national championship while playing for Debbie McCormick. Team McCormick was the first team to ever win three consecutive U.S. national titles. At the 2008 Vernon World Championships, Joraanstad and Debbie McCormick\'s Team USA finished 6-5 after round-robin play and did not advance to the playoff round.
On June 4, 2008, Joraanstad received the Madison Sports Hall of Fame Club 2008 Sportswoman of the Year Award.
At the US National Championship / Olympic Trials - Curling in 2009, Joraanstad won her fourth straight national championship while playing with Debbie McCormick. They also won the right to represent the US at the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver, BC.
In 2010, McCormick left the team as skip, and was replaced by the team\'s third, Allison Pottinger. Joraanstad would be promoted to the team\'s third.
In 2011, Team Pottinger (who Nicole plays third for) lost the US National Championship final to Patti Lank.
In 2012, Team Pottinger beat Cassie Potter in the final to go on to the World Championships in Lethbridge, Alberta. They lost a tie-breaker to get into the play-offs at the Worlds and finished fourth. Their win at the US Nationals earned them a spot into the 2013 Olympic Trials - Curling for the 2014 Olympic Winter Games in Sochi, Russia. The Olympic Trials - Curling are in November 2013.
Joraanstad has played in five Continental Cups, more than any North American curler.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
A native of Kent, Washington, Joraanstad attended Kentridge High School and holds a business degree from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Her father is curler Gary Joraanstad, 1987 United States Men\'s champion, he competed on 1987 Hexagon World Men\'s Curling Championship skipped by Jim Vukich
| 439 |
Nicole Joraanstad
| 0 |
10,113,876 |
# José Solchaga
**José Solchaga Zala** (1881, Aberin, Navarre -- 1953) was a Spanish general who fought for the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War.
A Navarrese professional officer of the Spanish Army, in 1936 he joined the *coup* against the Republican government. He led the Navarrese troops in the campaign against Guipuzcoa. On 5 August 1936 his troops occupied Irún, cutting off the Republican-held zone in the North from the French Frontier and San Sebastían on 13 September. Later, he was promoted to General, led the Nationalist troops in the Biscay campaign. In August he led the Brigades of Navarre in the Battle of Santander, and in September 1937 he was one of the Nationalist commanders in the campaign against Asturias, and in March 1938 he led the Navarrese divisions during the Aragon Offensive. In June 1938 he led the Turia Army Corps in the XYZ Line battle. In December 1938, he led the Navarre Army Corps in the Catalonia Offensive, the fight for Barcelona in January 1939 and in March 1939 in the Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War
| 182 |
José Solchaga
| 0 |
10,113,912 |
# Zoar (band)
**Zoar** is a primarily instrumental musical group from New York City. Michael Montes, a former medical student, formed Zoar in 1995 with Peter Rundquist, who formerly worked on Wall Street, and Erik Friedlander. Zoar\'s music is sometimes categorized as rock, but the band categorize themselves as Gothic, Ambient, Classical, and Experimental
| 54 |
Zoar (band)
| 0 |
10,113,932 |
# Talking clock
A **talking clock** (also called a **speaking clock** and an **auditory clock**) is a timekeeping device that presents the time as sounds. It may present the time solely as sounds, such as a phone-based time service (see \"Speaking clock\") or a clock for the visually impaired, or may have a sound feature in addition to an analog or digital face.
## History
Although they would not be considered to be speaking, clocks have incorporated noisemakers such as clangs, chimes, gongs, melodies, and the sounds of cuckoos or roosters from almost the beginning of the mechanical clock. Soon after Thomas Edison\'s invention of the phonograph, the earliest attempts to make a clock that incorporated a voice were made. Around 1878, Frank Lambert invented a machine that used a voice recorded on a lead cylinder to call out the hours. Lambert used lead in place of Edison\'s soft tinfoil. In 1992, the Guinness Book of World Records recognized this as the oldest known sound recording that was playable (though that status now rests with a phonautogram of Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville, recorded in 1857). It is on display at the National Watch and Clock Museum in Columbia, Pennsylvania.
Although there have been rumors that other talking clocks may have been produced afterward, it is not until around 1910 that another talking clock was introduced, when Bernhard Hiller created a clock that used a belt with a recording on it to announce the time. However, these belts were often broken by the hand-tightening required, and all attempts to reproduce the celluloid ribbon have so far failed.
In 1933, the first practical use of talking clocks was seen when Ernest Esclangon created a talking telephone time service in Paris, France. On its first day, February 14, 1933, more than 140,000 calls were received. London began a similar service three years later. This type of talking time service is still around, and more than a million calls per year are received for the NIST\'s Telephone Time-of-Day Service.
In 1954, Ted Duncan, Inc., released the *Hickory Dickory Clock*, a crank toy intended for children. This clock used a record, needle, and tone arm to produce its sound.
In 1968, the first truly portable talking clock, the *Mattel-a-Time* Talking Clock, was released.
In 1979, Sharp released the world\'s first quartz-based talking clock, the *Talking Time CT-660E* (German version *CT-660G*). Its silver transistor-radio-like case contained complex LSI circuitry with 3 SMD ICs (likely clock CPU, speech CPU and sound IC), producing a Speak&Spell-like synthetic voice. At the front rim was a small LCD. The alarm spoke the time and also had a melody \"Boccherini\'s Minuet\"; after 5 minutes the alarm repeated with the words \"Please hurry!\". It also had stopwatch and countdown timer modes. The tiny controls to turn off alarm or set functions are hard to reach under a small bottom lid.
In 1984, the Hattori Seiko Co. released their famous pyramid-shaped talking clock, the *Pyramid Talk*. As a futuristic design object even its LCD was hidden at the bottom, requiring the user to push the clock\'s top to hear it talk.
Current talking clocks often include many more features than just giving the time; in these, the ability to speak the time is part of a wide range of voice capabilities, such as reading the weather and other information to the user.
| 559 |
Talking clock
| 0 |
10,113,932 |
# Talking clock
## Uses and purposes {#uses_and_purposes}
### Teaching timetelling {#teaching_timetelling}
After the telephone time service, the next practical application of the talking clock was in the teaching of timetelling to children. The first talking clock to be used for this purpose was the Mattel \"Mattel-a-Time Talking Clock\" of 1968. Several other clocks of this type followed, including one featuring Thomas the Tank Engine. One of the latest ones, the \"Talking Clever Clock\", includes a quiz button which asks questions such as \"What time is it?\", \"What time will it be in an hour?\", and \"How much time has passed between 1:00 and 2:30?\" Other educational talking clocks come in a kit designed to be assembled by children.
Talking clocks can also be used with children whose learning disabilities may be partially offset by the reinforcement provided by hearing the time as well as seeing it.
### Assisting the blind {#assisting_the_blind}
Talking clocks have found a natural home as an assistive technology for people who are blind or visually impaired. There are over 150 tabletop clocks and 50 types of watches that talk. Manufacturers of such clocks include Sharp, Panasonic, RadioShack, and Reizen. In addition, one manufacturer purportedly produced a clock that would announce the time upon detecting a user\'s whistling signal.
### Branding/Advertising
Many companies have used talking clocks as a novelty item to promote their brand. In 1987, the H. J. Heinz Company released a clock with the figure of \"Mr. Aristocrat\", a tomato with a motif similar to Mr. Peanut. At alarm time, the clock said, \"It\'s time to get up; get up right away! Wait any longer and it\'s \'ketchup\' all day! Remember, Heinz is the thick rich one.\" At roughly the same time, Pillsbury created a similar clock with the character of Little Sprout. In recent years, the Coca-Cola polar bear, the Red and Yellow M&M\'s characters, the Pillsbury Doughboy, a Campbell\'s Soup girl, and others have at one time appeared on a talking clock. One of the more interesting branded clocks was produced by Energizer and was a soft, battery-shaped clock whose alarm was turned off by punching it or throwing it against a hard surface.
### Entertainment/conversation pieces {#entertainmentconversation_pieces}
The inexpensiveness of modern speech technology has allowed manufacturers to include talking clock capabilities into a wide range of products. Many of these are intended as conversation pieces or speak merely for the entertainment of hearing sounds or words spoken by an inanimate object. Such timepieces include Darth Vader clocks, calculators with time features, and even a painting of Leonardo da Vinci\'s The Last Supper that announces the time on the hour along with a quote from Jesus.
Other themes of talking timepieces include fortune-telling, astrology, clocks with moving lips, animated creatures, sports and athletes, and movies, among others.
| 466 |
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| 1 |
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# Talking clock
## Technology
Most modern talking clocks are based on speech-synthesis integrated circuits that generate speech from sampled, stored data. The rapid technological progress of the 1980s enabled today\'s high-quality talking products. Early talking clocks employed chips that linked phonemes to generate speech. These products could generate unlimited speech, but it was of relatively poor quality that sounded robotic, at worst, unintelligible. Today\'s higher-quality speech is produced by sampled-data systems that take elements of an actual human voice. Modern voice synthesis technologies can produce synthesized vocabularies that retain the style of the speaker exactly and are not limited to just perfect English, but can be as varied as Scottish accents, Japanese, and even the voice of a young child. Such voices are all generated using tiny, inexpensive voice chips that are readily available.
Almost all of the latest voice-chipped talking clocks incorporate the female human voice to announce the time. Dr. Mark McKinley, the president of the International Society of Talking Clock Collectors, proposes three possible explanations for this phenomenon. The female voice may be considered more soothing psychologically; it may be a relic of the female voice being historically associated with secretarial (Administrative Assistant) functions; or a feminine voice may possibly simply be softer in a less intrusive way.
Many talking clocks include a light sensor or a setting that will automatically silence them between certain hours (usually between 10 p.m. and 8 a.m.).
### Ozen Box {#ozen_box}
Many talking clocks of the 1970s utilized an Ozen box, which is a mechanism similar to a phonograph, in which a needle-like stylus tracks on a 2.25 inch platter similar to a vinyl phonograph record. The Janex Corporation produced most of the clocks which use this device, and they are highly prized among collectors.
## Characters
A very large number of popular characters have appeared on talking clocks. The following list is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to be --- the International Society of Talking Clocks Collectors (ISTCC) has a Museum collection of over 800 talking clocks.
- Mickey Mouse
- Several Looney Tunes characters (including Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Tweety, et al.)
- The Simpsons
- Strawberry Shortcake
- Superheroes (including Superman, Spider-Man, The Incredible Hulk, et al
| 371 |
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10,113,942 |
# Sam Rogers (linebacker)
**Sammie Lee Rogers** (born May 30, 1970) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills, San Diego Chargers, and Atlanta Falcons. He was selected by the Bills in the second round of the 1994 NFL draft after playing college football for the Colorado Buffaloes. His son, Armani, played college football at UNLV and Ohio before joining the Washington Commanders as an undrafted free agent in 2022
| 83 |
Sam Rogers (linebacker)
| 0 |
10,113,953 |
# 1978 Five Nations Championship
The **1978 Five Nations Championship** was the forty-ninth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the eighty-fourth series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 21 January and 18 March. The tournament was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The championship was won by Wales, their twentieth outright win in the competition. The Welsh had shared another nine titles with other teams. Having won all four of their games, Wales also won the Grand Slam for a record eighth time - Wales had formerly shared the record of seven with England. Victories over England, Ireland and Scotland (the Home Nations), also meant Wales won the Triple Crown for the third consecutive time, a record, given no other team had ever won the Triple Crown more than twice in a row. It was Wales\' fifteenth in total, also a record, surpassing the fourteen won by England.
The tournament was the first Five Nations Championship in which two teams each with three victories faced off against each other in the final round of matches, with both capable of completing a Grand Slam with a victory
| 209 |
1978 Five Nations Championship
| 0 |
10,113,982 |
# National Lentil Festival
The **National Lentil Festival** is an annual food festival in Pullman, Washington that honors the lentil.
## Activities
The festival takes place every year the weekend before classes resume at Washington State University, also in Pullman. Friday night includes live musical entertainment, a children\'s carnival, free lentil chili, and many business and craft vendors. Saturday\'s events include contests, The Lentil Cook-Off, many art and business vendors, a grand parade, breakfast lentil pancake feed, the Tase T. Lentil 5K Fun Run/Walk, beer garden, food court featuring lentil dishes, a large kids area and many other family activities.
### Cook-off {#cook_off}
The event includes the \'Legendary Lentil Cook Off\'. It is sponsored annually by the USA Dry Pea and Lentil Council, a non-profit organization founded in 1965 for the purpose of promoting and protecting those engaged in growing, processing, warehousing, and merchandising peas, lentils and chickpeas.
## History
The original festival was organized in 1989. The objectives of the festival were to promote tourism to the Palouse Region and to promote the locally grown pulses, particularly lentils. At the time of the original festival, the lentil was selected because over 98% of the United States crop of lentils was then grown in the Palouse. The initial festival drew a crowd of approximately 4,000 people. The festival was held annually except in 2020: the COVID-19 pandemic in Washington caused officials to defer the festival to 2021.
Each year The National Lentil Festival is organized with the help of The Pullman Chamber of Commerce and a festival committee, in addition to the many volunteers that help make the event run smoothly.
The Palouse region grows 18% (2017) of all the lentils in the US, according to the festival\'s website
| 289 |
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| 0 |
10,113,983 |
# Buff coat
The European **buff coat** is an item of leather clothing that was primarily worn by cavalry and officers during the 17th century, but also worn by a small number of infantry. It was often worn under iron or steel armour for the torso (breastplate and backplate). The buff coat was derived from the simple leather jerkins employed by huntsmen and soldiers during the Tudor period, these in turn deriving from the arming doublet. The name of the jacket, as well as its characteristic tan or *buff* colour, derives from the buffalo or ox hide from which it was commonly made.
## Production, appearance and variation {#production_appearance_and_variation}
The buff coat was worn as European military attire from around 1600 through to the 1680s. The origin of the term \'buff\' in relation to the coat refers to leather obtained from the \"European buffalo\" (available sources do not specify what species this term means, but it most probably refers to the wisent), which also gave rise to the term *buff* for its light tan colour. The only source of buffalo leather in the early 17th century was Germany. Most buff coats, however, were made from thick cowhide. While mainly worn for military use, its design reflects civilian styles fashionable during the early 17th century, with a high waist and flared skirts extending to the thighs. It is related to the earlier sleeveless doublet or jerkin, likewise made of thick leather.`{{pb}}`{=mediawiki}Made in sleeveless and sleeved variants, the very finest buff coats were made of the hide of the European elk. Buff leather was produced by a method of \"oil tanning\"; following treatment with lime the hide was scraped to remove the outer layer, which gave the finished product a matt surface. The hide then had cod oil worked into it in a process called \"kicking\" and was finally air-dried. The oiling and drying steps could be repeated. The finished leather attained its characteristic buff colour and was supple, durable and weather resistant.
Due to the thickness of the leather, the seams of these coats were all butt-jointed, with hidden or partially hidden stitches. Thread holes were punched with an awl before stitching, since needles then in use could not puncture the hide. Extant examples are lined, either with coarse linen or silk. Closures included laces threaded through eyelets, buttons, loops, and clasps. All extant English examples are closed with hooks and eyes. Many high quality examples show apparent fastenings of gold or silver tape at the front, however, these were merely decorative, the real fastenings being hidden hooks and eyes attached to the inside of the join. Some of the highest quality buff coats, typically shown in portraits of officers, had multiple stripes of gold or silver lace running lengthwise down, or hooped around, the sleeves.
Most surviving examples have sleeves, but a minority are sleeveless. Removable sleeves were common for men\'s clothing in the 17th century. Sleeves could be of a single thickness of leather from shoulder to wrist, or alternatively of a double thickness from the shoulder to the elbow, with a single thickness, to allow freedom of movement, to the wrist. All buff coats had deep skirts attached, which protected the upper legs of the wearer. The thickest parts of the leather were generally placed so as to protect the wearer\'s legs while on horseback. The extant collection of buff coats preserved at Littlecote House dating to 1649--1660, contains examples with leather varying from 0.06 to in thickness and entire coats weighing between 1.927 and(-).
<File:Coat> MET C.I.50.98.3 F.jpg\|English buff coat 1630--1640 showing false fastening of silver tape down the front. Metropolitan Museum of Art <File:Richard> Neville by William Dobson.jpg\|A Royalist cavalry officer of the English Civil War, wearing a buff coat under a cuirass. The buff coat has sleeves decorated with bands of gold lace. Portrait of Richard Neville, by William Dobson, 17th century
## Use
The coat provided some protection against cuts by swords and other edged weapons; however the buff coat was ineffective against thrusts; it was also ineffective as a protection from firearms, possibly excepting spent bullets. The buff coat was often worn under the plate armour cuirass, where it helped to cushion the wearer from chafing or bruising by the armour\'s edges. It was also worn on its own, as the buff coat was much more comfortable to wear for long periods of time than the cuirass. The finest quality buff coats were expensive, often much more so than the munition armour cuirasses typically issued to common soldiers, which may account for their widespread association with officers and other men of greater than average wealth.
The buff coat was used extensively during the Thirty Years\' War and the English Civil War. Together with the lobster-tailed pot helmet and cuirass it formed the basis of the equipment of the harquebusier, the typical form of European cavalryman of the 17th century. Although worn by some foot soldiers, in battle it was mainly restricted to use by affluent cavalry troops. Buff coats were issued to a minority of musketeers in the pike and shot formations to give them some protection during hand-to-hand combat. The buff coat was also worn by civilians requiring a protective and durable garment, such as huntsmen and men travelling on horseback
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10,114,036 |
# Laryngotracheal stenosis
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 36, column 1):
unexpected '!'
! !! Benign causes !! Malignant causes
^
``
| 23 |
Laryngotracheal stenosis
| 0 |
10,114,064 |
# Jari, Rio Grande do Sul
**Jari** is a municipality of the western part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 3,349 (2022 census) in an area of 856.46 km^2^. Its elevation is 441 m. It is located west of the state capital of Porto Alegre, northeast of Alegrete
| 54 |
Jari, Rio Grande do Sul
| 0 |
10,114,129 |
# Master of Health Science
The **Master of Health Science** (**MHS/M.H.Sc.**) degree is a specialized master\'s degree. Depending on the department and specific area of study, the MHS degree provides opportunities for advanced study and research (academic MHS programs) or prepares individuals to begin or advance their careers as public health professionals (professional MHS programs). They offer an alternative to the Master of Public Health (MPH) degree for students desiring more focused skills
| 73 |
Master of Health Science
| 0 |
10,114,173 |
# Aero Design DG-1
The **Aero Design DG-1** (registered *N10E*) is an American racing aircraft designed by David Garber in an attempt to break the world airspeed record for a piston-engined aircraft. It is a single-seat aircraft with two Mazda RX-3 engines installed, one driving a tractor propeller, the other driving a pusher. The fuselage is bullet-shaped and highly streamlined and features a mid-wing and cruciform tail. It first flew on 25 July 1977.
After being displayed at the Sun \'n Fun air museum at Lakeland, Florida for some years, the aircraft was being offered for sale in 2005 with an asking price of \$125,000 (USD)
| 106 |
Aero Design DG-1
| 0 |
10,114,196 |
# Antuan Edwards
**Antuan Minye\' Edwards** (born May 26, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL). Edwards was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the first round (25th overall) of the 1999 NFL draft out of Clemson University.
## Early life and college {#early_life_and_college}
He attended Starkville High School in Mississippi, where he played quarterback, safety, and running back. He was named All-American as a safety in his senior year. At Clemson, he started thirty-three games and recorded a total of 219 tackles, with eight interceptions. During his senior year, he was a first-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference and was a finalist for the Jim Thorpe Award.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Early career {#early_career}
Edwards was selected in the first round of the 1999 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers, the first of three consecutive defensive backs the Packers would take in that draft; the others being Fred Vinson and Mike McKenzie.
Edwards would play all sixteen games of his rookie season, starting one of them. During the course of the year, he made a total of thirty tackles (twenty-six solo), had four interceptions including one returned for a touchdown, and was named to the *College & Pro Football Weekly* All-Rookie team. The following season, he started three games but saw his tackle total go down to twenty-five, while defending nine passes and two interceptions. Edwards only played in three games in 2001 when he suffered a knee injury and was placed on injured reserve. In 2002, he started the season as the team\'s starting safety, but was replaced early on by rookie Marques Anderson following a forearm injury. He spent the rest of the season as a backup and totaled forty-four tackles.
### Later career {#later_career}
He beat out Anderson for the starting job in 2003 and started a career-high twelve games, and recorded 51 tackles. He would finish the season on injured reserve following a late-season injury. He left the Packers at the end of the season to join the Miami Dolphins. He started eight games for the team and had 35 tackles when he was released from the team. He was claimed by the St. Louis Rams, where he ended the season with five starts and 30 more tackles. Edwards then signed with the New England Patriots but was cut, and signed with the Atlanta Falcons. He started one game and had eleven tackles for the season, but was cut early on. He joined the Washington Redskins, but was released early in camp.
### NFL statistics {#nfl_statistics}
Year Team Games Combined Tackles Tackles Assisted Tackles Sacks Interceptions Forced Fumbles Fumble Recoveries
------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ ------- ------------------ --------- ------------------ ------- --------------- ---------------- -------------------
1999 GB 16 31 26 5 0.0 4 0 0
2000 GB 12 26 21 5 0.0 2 0 0
2001 GB 3 5 5 0 0.0 0 0 1
2002 GB 12 44 28 16 1.0 0 1 1
2003 GB 10 51 43 8 1.0 0 0 0
2004 STL 6 30 24 6 0.0 1 0 0
MIA 8 35 23 12 1.0 0 1 0
2005 ATL 4 11 11 0 0.0 0 0 0
[Career](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/E/EdwaAn21.htm) 71 233 181 52 3
| 542 |
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| 0 |
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# Redenomination
In monetary economics, **redenomination** is the process of changing the face value of banknotes and coins in circulation. It may be done because inflation has made the currency unit so small that only large denominations of the currency are in circulation. In such cases the name of the currency may change or the original name may be used with a temporary qualifier such as \"new\". Redenomination may be done for other reasons such as changing over to a new currency such as the Euro or during decimalisation.
Redenomination itself is considered symbolic as it does not have any impact on a country\'s exchange rate in relation to other currencies. It may, however, have a psychological impact on the population by suggesting that a period of hyperinflation is over, and is not a reminder of how much inflation has impacted them. The reduction in the number of zeros also improves the image of the country abroad.
Inflation over time is the main cause for the purchasing power of the monetary unit decreasing; but there are a variety of political reasons for the government not reining in inflation or for not redenominating the currency when its value has depreciated significantly. There are some economic and social benefits of redenominating, including improved efficiency in processing routine transactions. Redenomination typically involves the substitution of new banknotes in place of the old ones, which usually cease being legal tender after the end of a short transition period.
## Inflation
In general, redenomination is implemented in response to hyperinflation, which progressively increases the nominal prices of products and services, decreasing the real value of the monetary unit in the local market. Over time, prices become excessively large, which can impede routine transactions because of the risk and inconvenience of carrying stacks of bills, or the strain on systems, e.g. automatic teller machines (ATMs), or because human psychology does not handle large numbers well. Authorities may alleviate this problem by redenomination: introducing a new unit that replaces the old unit, with a fixed number of old units being converted to 1 new unit. If inflation is the reason for redenomination, this ratio is much larger than 1, usually a positive integral power of 10 like 100, 1000 or 1 million, and the procedure can be referred to as \"cutting zeroes\". Recent examples of redenominations include: `{{table alignment}}`{=mediawiki}
New unit = × Old unit Year
-------------------------------- --- ------------------- -------------------------- ------
Argentine peso (ARP) = 10 000 Argentine peso ley (ARY) 1983
Argentine austral (ARA) = 1 000 Argentine peso (ARP) 1985
Argentine peso (ARS) = 10 000 Argentine austral (ARA) 1992
New Polish złoty (PLN) = 10 000 old Polish złoty (PLZ) 1995
New Mozambican metical (MZN) = 1 000 old metical (MZM) 2006
Second Zimbabwean dollar (ZWN) = 1 000 first dollar (ZWD) 2006
Third Zimbabwean dollar (ZWR) = 10 000 000 000 second dollar (ZWN) 2008
Fourth Zimbabwean dollar (ZWL) = 1 000 000 000 000 third dollar (ZWR) 2009
This table is not exhaustive.
Although the ratio is often a positive integral power of 10 (i.e., removing some zeros), sometimes it can be *a*`{{e|''n''}}`{=mediawiki} where *a* is a single-digit integer and *n* is a positive integer. Partial examples include:
New unit = × Old unit Year
------------------------------- --- --------------- ------------------- ------
German Rentenmark = 1 000 billion Papiermark 1923
Chinese gold yuan = 3 million old yuan 1948
= 500 million Chinese gold yuan 1949
New Taiwan dollar = 40 000 old dollar 1949
Azerbaijani new manat = 5 000 old manat 2006
This table is not exhaustive.
Occasionally, the ratio is defined in a way such that the new unit is equal to a hard currency. As a result, the ratio may not be based on an integer. Examples include:
New unit = × Old unit = Anchor currency year
------------------------------- --- ---------------- ----------------- --- ---------------------- -----------------
Brazilian real = 2 750 cruzeiros reais = United States dollar 1 July 1994
Yugoslav novi dinar = 10\~13 million 1994 dinara = Deutsche Mark 24 January 1994
2nd Polish złoty = 1.8 million Polish marka = Swiss franc 1 April 1924
This table is not exhaustive.
In the case of hyperinflation, the ratio can go as high as millions or billions, to a point where scientific notation is used for clarity or long and short scales are mentioned to disambiguate which kind of billion or trillion is meant.
In the case of chronic inflation which is expected to continue, the authorities have a choice between a large redenomination ratio and a small redenomination ratio. If a small ratio is used, another redenomination may soon be required, which will entail costs in the financial, accounting, and computing industries. However a large ratio may result in inconveniently large or small prices at some point in the cycle.
After a redenomination, the new unit often has the same name as the old unit, with the addition of the word *new*. The word *new* may or may not be dropped a few years after the change. Sometimes the new unit is a completely new name, or a \"recycled\" name from previous redenomination or from ancient times.
New unit = × Old unit year Nature of the new unit
------------------------------- --- ----------- ----------------- ------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Turkish new lira = 1 million old lira 2005 \"new\" is an official designation and was dropped in 2009.
New Taiwan dollar = 40 000 old dollars 1949 \"new\" is an official designation and is still used in official documents today.
Argentine austral = 1 000 Peso argentino 1985 completely new name
Yugoslav 1993 dinar = 1 million 1992 dinara 1993 no official designation
Brazilian real = 2 750 cruzeiros reais 1994 recycled unit of Brazil before 1942
This table is not exhaustive.
## Decimalisation
All countries that previously had currencies based on pounds-shillings-pence (£sd) system (£1 = 20 shillings = 240 pence) have now adopted decimal currencies (currencies related by powers of 10), with several changing the name of the main currency unit at the same time. As of 2020, only two currencies are non-decimal, being the Mauritanian ouguiya and Malagasy ariary, with one of each divided into five subdivisory units.
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| 0 |
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