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# Redenomination
## Currency union {#currency_union}
When countries form a currency union, redenomination may be required. The conversion ratio is often not a round number, and may be less than 1.
New unit = x Old unit year Monetary union
--------------------------------- --- ------- -------------------------- ------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Danish krone = 0.5 Danish rigsdaler 1873 Scandinavian Monetary Union
Gulden österreichischer Währung = 20/21 Gulden Conventions-Münze 1858 Wiener Münzvertrag between the states of the German Customs Union and the Austrian Empire
This table is not exhaustive.
### List of Euro redenominations {#list_of_euro_redenominations}
The most notable currency union today is the Eurozone. In 2002, euros in cash form were introduced.
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Country | Old unit | Exchange rate\ | Year |
| | | `{{small|(old units per €)}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+=================================+=====================+===========================================+======+
| Belgium | Belgian franc | 40.3399 | 1999 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Luxembourg | Luxembourgish franc | 40.3399 | 1999 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Germany | Deutsche Mark | 1.95583 | 1999 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Andorra, Spain | Spanish peseta | 166.386 | 1999 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Andorra, France, Monaco | French franc | 6.55957 | 1999 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Ireland | Irish pound | 0.787564 | 1999 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Italy, San Marino, Vatican City | Italian lira | 1936.27 | 1999 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Netherlands | Dutch guilder | 2.20371 | 1999 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Austria | Austrian schilling | 13.7603 | 1999 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Portugal | Portuguese escudo | 200.482 | 1999 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Finland | Finnish markka | 5.94573 | 1999 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Greece | Greek drachma | 340.75 | 2001 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Slovenia | Slovenian tolar | 239.64 | 2007 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Cyprus | Cypriot pound | 0.585274 | 2008 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Malta | Maltese lira | 0.4293 | 2008 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Slovakia | Slovak koruna | 30.126 | 2009 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Estonia | Estonian kroon | 15.6466 | 2011 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Latvia | Latvian lats | 0.702804 | 2014 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Lithuania | Lithuanian litas | 3.4528 | 2015 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| Croatia | Croatian kuna | 7.5345 | 2023 |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| | | | |
+---------------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+------+
| 361 |
Redenomination
| 1 |
10,114,214 |
# Redenomination
## List of currency redenominations {#list_of_currency_redenominations}
This table lists various currency redenominations that have occurred, including currency renaming where the conversion rate is 1:1, but excluding decimalisation and joining the Eurozone, already listed on the table above.
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| New unit | data-sort-type=\"currency\" \| Exchange rate (old:new) | Old unit | Year | Country | Reason | Note |
+===================================+========================================================+===================================+=======+==========================================================+============================================================================+==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| Hungarian forint | | Hungarian pengő | 1946 | Hungary | Hyperinflation | This is a theoretical conversion rate, using `{{val|2|e=21}}`{=mediawiki} pengő = 1 adópengő. The total value of all circulating pengő notes was less than `{{frac|1000}}`{=mediawiki} of a forint or `{{frac|10}}`{=mediawiki} of a fillér. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Rentenmark | | Papiermark | 1923 | Germany | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Zimbabwean dollar (4th) | | Zimbabwean dollar (3rd) | 2009 | Zimbabwe | Hyperinflation | Subsequently abandoned and replaced with Zimbabwean bond notes and the Zimdollar in February 2019 after a period of time in which numerous foreign currencies were used |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Greek drachma (2nd) | | Greek drachma (1st) | 1944 | Greece | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Zimbabwean dollar (3rd) | | Zimbabwean dollar (2nd) | 2008 | Zimbabwe | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Yugoslav 1994 dinar | | 1993 dinara | 1994 | Yugoslavia | Hyperinflation | Lasted for 23 days. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3rd Krajina dinar | | 2nd Krajina dinar | 1994 | Republic of Serbian Krajina | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Chinese \"silver\" yuan | | \"gold\" yuan | 1949 | China (Republic of China) | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hungarian forint | | Hungarian adópengő | 1946 | Hungary | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Yugoslav novi dinar | | 1994 dinara | 1994 | Yugoslavia | Hyperinflation | Anchor currency: Deutsche Mark |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Nicaraguan córdoba (oro, 3rd) | | Nicaraguan córdoba (2nd) | 1991 | Nicaragua | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Chinese \"gold\" yuan | | (old) yuan | 1948 | China (Republic of China) | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Nouveau zaïre | | First Zaïre | 1993 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Polish złoty (2nd) | | Polish marka | 1924 | Poland | Hyperinflation | Anchor currencies: Swiss franc (equal in value, but not pegged) and United States dollar (pegged \$1 = 5.18 zł)\ |
| | | | | | | To limit production costs of coins, only banknotes were printed until November 1924. To further limit such costs, 500,000-mark and 10,000,000-mark notes were cut in two and overprinted *1 GROSZ* and *5 GROSZY* in red. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Boliviano | | Peso boliviano | 1985 | Bolivia | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Peruvian nuevo sol | | Peruvian inti | 1991 | Peru | Hyperinflation | The \"nuevo\" designation lasted until 2015. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Yugoslav 1993 dinar | | 1992 dinara | 1993 | Yugoslavia | Hyperinflation | no official designation |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2nd Krajina dinar | | 1st Krajina dinar | 1993 | Republic of Serbian Krajina | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Georgian lari | | Georgian kuponi | 1995 | Georgia | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Second Kwanza | | Kwanza reajustado | 1999 | Angola | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Transnistrian ruble (3rd) | | Transnistrian ruble (2nd) | 2001 | Transnistria | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Turkish new lira | | Turkish lira | 2005 | Turkey | Inflation | The \"new\" designation lasted until 2009. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Venezuelan bolívar (4th) | | Venezuelan bolívar (3rd) | 2021 | Venezuela | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hryvnia | | 3rd Ukrainian karbovanets | 1996 | Ukraine | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Second Congolese franc | | Nouveau zaïre | 1998 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Bolívar Soberano | | Bolivar Fuerte | 2018 | Venezuela | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4th Soviet ruble | | 3rd Soviet ruble | 1924 | Soviet Union | Hyperinflation | To stop hyperinflation, the new currency was backed by gold. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| New Taiwan dollar | | Taiwan dollars | 1949 | Taiwan (Republic of China) | Inflation | \"new\" is an official designation and is still used in official documents |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| United States dollar | | Sucre | 2000 | Ecuador | Inflation | Full dollarization for banknotes. Ecuador also issues centavo coins. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hungarian pengő | | Hungarian korona | 1927 | Hungary | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2nd Soviet ruble | | 1st Soviet ruble | 1922 | Soviet Union | Hyperinflation | A superunit, called a chervonets (*червонец*) was also introduced that year. It was worth 10 rubles. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Austrian schilling | | Austrian krone | 1925 | Austria | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Second Renminbi yuan | | First Renminbi yuan | 1955 | China (People\'s Republic of China) | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Peso argentino | | Peso ley | 1983 | Argentina | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Yugoslav 1990 dinar | | 1966 dinara | 1990 | Yugoslavia | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Peso (convertible) | | Austral | 1992 | Argentina | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4th Polish złoty | | 3rd Polish złoty | 1995 | Poland | Inflation | For 2 years after the redenomination, the old currency coexisted with the new one, so prices had to be denominated in both currencies. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Romanian leu (4th) | | Romanian leu (3rd) | 2005 | Romania | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| New Ghanaian cedi | | Cedi | 2007 | Ghana | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Third Belarusian ruble | | Second Belarusian ruble | 2016 | Belarus | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| United States dollar | | Indonesian rupiah | 1999 | United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor | Start of UN administration | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Azerbaijani new manat | | Second Azerbaijani manat | 2006 | Azerbaijan | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Turkmenistani new manat | | (old) manat | 2009 | Turkmenistan | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Real | | Cruzeiro real | 1994 | Brazil | Inflation | Anchor currency: United States dollar |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cruzeiro (antigo) | | Real (old) | 1942 | Brazil | Inflation | The cruzeiro was an alternative name for one mil réis. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Greek drachma (3rd) | | Greek drachma (2nd) | 1954 | Greece | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Chilean escudo | | First Chilean peso | 1960 | Chile | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Peso boliviano | | First boliviano | 1963 | Bolivia | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Rupiah (new) | | First rupiah | 1965 | Indonesia | Monetary unification | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cruzeiro (novo) | | Cruzeiro (antigo) | 1967 | Brazil | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| First zaïre | | First congolese franc | 1967 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Nuevo peso | | Peso moneda nacional | 1973 | Uruguay | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Chilean peso | | Chilean escudo | 1975 | Chile | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Argentine austral | | Argentine peso (1983) | 1985 | Argentina | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Peruvian inti | | Peruvian sol (1863) | 1985 | Peru | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cruzado | | Cruzeiro (novo) | 1986 | Brazil | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| New Shekel | | Shekel | 1986 | Israel | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Nicaraguan córdoba (2nd) | | Nicaraguan córdoba (1st) | 1988 | Nicaragua | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cruzado Novo | | Cruzado | 1989 | Brazil | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cruzeiro real | | Cruzeiro (third) | 1993 | Brazil | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Nuevo peso mexicano | | Peso mexicano | 1993 | Mexico | Inflation | \"nuevo\" was a temporary designation dropped in 1996 |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Moldovan leu | | Moldovan cupon | 1993 | Moldova | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Peso uruguayo | | Nuevo peso | 1993 | Uruguay | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Croatian kuna | | Croatian dinar | 1994 | Croatia | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2nd Uzbekistani soum | | 1st Uzbekistani soum | 1994 | Uzbekistan | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Kwanza reajustado | | Novo kwanza | 1995 | Angola | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Second Russian ruble | | First Russian ruble | 1998 | Russia | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Bulgarian new lev | | Bulgarian lev | 1999 | Bulgaria | Inflation | Anchor currency: German mark |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Tajikistani somoni | | Tajikistani ruble | 2000 | Tajikistan | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Surinamese dollar | | Surinamese guilder | 2004 | Suriname | Inflation | Old coins denominated in cents were declared to be worth their face value in the new cents. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| New Mozambican metical | | (old) meticais | 2006 | Mozambique | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Zimbabwean dollar (2nd) | | Zimbabwean dollar (1st) | 2006 | Zimbabwe | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Second Sudanese pound | | First Sudanese pounds | 2007 | Sudan | Inflation | Currency unification (peace treaty) |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Bolivar Fuerte | | (old) Bolivar | 2008 | Venezuela | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Zambian kwacha | | (old) Kwacha | 2013 | Zambia | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| São Tomé and Príncipe dobra (2nd) | | São Tomé and Príncipe dobra (1st) | 2018 | São Tomé and Príncipe | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Sierra Leonean leone | | (old) Sierra Leonean leone | 2021 | Sierra Leone | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Liberation đồng | | Đồng | 1975 | South Vietnam | Fall of Saigon | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Turkmenistani manat | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1993 | Turkmenistan | Break-up of the Soviet Union | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Kazakhstani tenge | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1993 | Kazakhstan | Break-up of the Soviet Union | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3rd Haitian gourde | | 2nd Haitian gourde | 1872 | Haiti | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2nd Latvian lats | | 2nd Latvian rouble | 1993 | Latvia | Recycling old currency | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Kyrgyzstani som | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1993 | Kyrgyzstan | Break-up of the Soviet Union | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Armenian dram | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1993 | Armenia | Break-up of the Soviet Union | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3rd Soviet ruble | | 2nd Soviet ruble | 1923 | Soviet Union | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3rd Polish złoty | | 2nd Polish złoty | 1949 | Poland | | All bank assets were revalued at a ratio of `{{ratio|100|3}}`{=mediawiki}. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| South Korean hwan | | first South Korean won | 1954 | Republic of Korea | Inflation after Korean War (1950--1953) and independence from Japan (1945) | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| New French Franc | | French Franc | 1960 | France | Inflation | \"New\" was a temporary designation dropped in 1963 |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| New Finnish markka | | Finnish markka | 1963 | Finland | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Yugoslav 1966 dinar | | 1944 dinara | 1966 | Yugoslavia | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Peso ley | | Peso moneda nacional | 1970 | Argentina | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Icelandic króna | | Icelandic króna | 1981 | Iceland | Hyperinflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Second Ugandan shilling | | First Ugandan shilling | 1987 | Uganda | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Lithuanian litas | | Talonas | 1993 | Lithuania | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Second Macedonian denar | | First Macedonian denar | 1993 | North Macedonia | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Tajikistani ruble | | First Russian ruble | 1995 | Tajikistan | Break-up of the Soviet Union | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Second Sudanese pound | | Sudanese dinars | 2007 | Sudan | Inflation | Currency unification (peace treaty) |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| North Korean won (2nd) | | North Korean won (1st) | 2009 | North Korea | Inflation | Redenomination by state |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CFA franc | | Guinea-Bissau peso | 1997 | Guinea-Bissau | monetary union | West African CFA franc |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Guatemalan quetzal | | Guatemalan peso | 1925 | Guatemala | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1st Latvian lats | | 1st Latvian rouble | 1922 | Latvia | Approval of \"Regulations on Money\" | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Yugoslav 1944 dinar | | Independent State of Croatia kuna | 1944 | Yugoslavia | | Reconstituted Yugoslav Federation dinar replacing currency in use in its constituents |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Peso moneda nacional | | Peso moneda corriente | 1881 | Argentina | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Yugoslav 1944 dinar | | Serbian 1941 dinar | 1944 | Yugoslavia | | Reconstituted Yugoslav Federation dinar replacing currency in use in its constituents |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Nicaraguan córdoba (1st) | | Nicaraguan peso | 1912 | Nicaragua | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2nd Haitian gourde | | 1st Haitian gourde | 1870 | Haiti | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5th Soviet ruble | | 4th Soviet ruble | 1947 | Soviet Union | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6th Soviet ruble | | 5th Soviet ruble | 1961 | Soviet Union | Monetary reform | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| South Korean won (2nd) | | South Korean hwan | 1963 | Republic of Korea | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Guinean syli | | Guinean franc (1st) | 1971 | Guinea | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Israeli shekel (1st) | | Israeli pound | 1980 | Israel | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Talonas | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1991 | Lithuania | Independence (from the Soviet Union) | No coins denominated in talonas were issued. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Estonian kroon | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1992 | Estonia | Break-up of the Soviet Union | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Azerbaijani manat (2nd) | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1992 | Azerbaijan | Break-up of the Soviet Union | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Sudanese dinar | | First Sudanese pounds | 1992 | Sudan | Inflation | Applied only to North Sudan |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Yugoslav 1992 dinar | | 1990 dinara | 1992 | Yugoslavia | Inflation | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| First Belarusian ruble | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1994 | Belarus | Break-up of the Soviet Union | When Soviet rubles were still in use in Belarus, Belarusian ruble denominations were implied to be ten times more than Soviet rubles. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Second Mauritanian ouguiya | | First Mauritanian ouguiya | 2018 | Mauritania | Inflation | The redenomination was an opportunity for the central bank to introduce more secure polymer banknotes. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| United States dollar | | Colón | 2001 | El Salvador | dollarization | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1st Haitian gourde | | Haitian livre | 1813 | Haiti | | 8 livres and 5 sous. 1 sou was equal to `{{frac|20}}`{=mediawiki} of a livre. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Peso moneda corriente | | Real | 1826 | Argentina | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ouguiya | | CFA franc | 1973 | Mauritania | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ariary | | Franc malgache | 2005 | Madagascar | | From 1961, banknotes were issued denominated in both francs and ariary. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CFA franc | | Ekwele | 1985 | Equatorial Guinea | monetary union | Central African CFA franc |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| CFA franc | | Franc malien | 1984 | Mali | monetary union | West African CFA franc |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ghanaian cedi | | Old cedi | 1967 | Ghana | Decimalisation, change of government | This was an opportunity to remove Kwame Nkrumah from every denomination. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hungarian korona | | Austro-Hungarian krone | 1919 | Hungary | Break-up of Austria-Hungary | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Austrian krone | | Austro-Hungarian krone | 1920 | Austria | Break-up of Austria-Hungary | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Mongolian tögrög | | 4th Soviet ruble | 1925 | Mongolia | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| First Guinean franc | | CFA franc | 1959 | Guinea | Independence | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Franc malien | | CFA franc | 1962 | Mali | Independence | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| First Ugandan shilling | | East African shilling | 1966 | Uganda | Independence | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Peseta guineana | | Spanish peseta | 1969 | Equatorial Guinea | Independence | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| First Kwanza | | Second Angolan escudo | 1975 | Angola | Independence | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ekwele | | Peseta guineana | 1975 | Equatorial Guinea | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Guinea-Bissau peso | | Portuguese Guinean escudo | 1975 | Guinea-Bissau | Independence | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Franc guinéen | | Syli | 1985 | Guinea | | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Novo kwanza | | First Kwanza | 1990 | Angola | seizure of money supply by government | Angolans could only exchange 5% of all old notes for new ones; they had to exchange the rest for government securities |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cruzeiro (third) | | Cruzado Novo | 1990 | Brazil | renaming | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7th Soviet ruble | | 6th Soviet ruble | 1991 | Soviet Union | Monetary reform, money seizure | 50-ruble and 100-ruble notes were withdrawn from circulation. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Croatian dinar | | Yugoslav 1990 dinar | 1991 | Croatia | Break-up of Yugoslavia | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Slovenian tolar | | Yugoslav 1990 dinar | 1991 | Slovenia | Break-up of Yugoslavia | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2nd Latvian rouble | | 7th Soviet rouble | 1992 | Latvia | Lack of money supply | While Soviet roubles were still used in Latvia, it had to introduce its own currency to make its monetary policy independent. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Moldovan cupon | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1992 | Moldova | Break-up of the Soviet Union | The cupon was a temporary currency, no coins were issued. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1st Krajina dinar | | Yugoslav 1992 dinar | 1992 | Republic of Serbian Krajina | Break-up of Yugoslavia | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1st Russian ruble | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1992 | Russia | Break-up of the Soviet Union | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| First Macedonian denar | | Yugoslav 1990 dinar | 1992 | North Macedonia | Break-up of Yugoslavia | The first denar was a temporary currency, no coins were issued |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3rd Ukrainian karbovanets | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1992 | Ukraine | Break-up of the Soviet Union | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Georgian kuponi | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1993 | Georgia | Break-up of the Soviet Union | Only banknotes were issued. |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1st Uzbekistani soum | | 7th Soviet ruble | 1993 | Uzbekistan | Break-up of the Soviet Union | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Đồng (unified) | | Liberation đồng | 1978 | South Vietnam | Unification | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Austro-Hungarian krone | | Austro-Hungarian florin | 1892 | Austria-Hungary | monetary union | Moving from silver to gold standard |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Iranian Toman | | Iranian Rial | 1932 | Iran | Monetary reform | |
+-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3,295 |
Redenomination
| 2 |
10,114,214 |
# Redenomination
## Proposed
### Colombia
Since 2018, there have been legislative efforts for redenomination.
### Indonesia
A long-running proposal to redenominate the rupiah has yet to receive formal legislative consideration. Since 2010, Bank Indonesia, as the monetary authority of Indonesia, In 2015, the government submitted a rupiah redenomination bill to the House of Representatives, but it has not yet been deliberated. In 2017, Bank Indonesia Governor Agus Martowardojo reiterated the call, saying that if redenomination started immediately, the process could be complete by 2024 or 2025.
### Iran
This proposal was approved by the Iranian parliament in May 2020. The changeover is likely to be phased over a period of up to two years.
### Japan
Numerous proposals have been made since the 1990s to redenominate the yen by introducing a new unit or new yen, equal to 100 yen, and nearly worth one U.S. dollar. This has not happened to date, since the yen remains trusted globally despite its low unit value, and due to the huge costs of reissuing new currency and updating currency-reading hardware. The negative impact of postponing upgrades to various computer software until redenomination occurs, in particular, was also cited.
### Lebanon
Due to Lebanese liquidity crisis, the Lebanese Pound Has Collapsed to nearly 90 000 for one dollar.
### Nigeria
Due to inflation Nigerian coins are all essentially worthless now, so there are propositions to redenominate.
### South Korea {#south_korea}
There have been recurring proposals in the South Korean National Assembly to redenominate the won by introducing a new won or new unit, equal to 1,000 old won, and worth nearly one U.S. dollar. While proponents cite a more valuable currency unit better projects the strength of the nation\'s economy, a majority remain opposed to the idea. Reasons cited are: economic harm if done immediately, no issues on public confidence in the won and its inflation rate, limited cost savings, and the presence of more urgent economic issues.
### Vietnam
In response to increasing pressure on the Vietnamese dong as a result of high inflation in the US Dollar, different proposals to redenominate
| 350 |
Redenomination
| 3 |
10,114,214 |
# Redenomination
## Alternatives
Japanese invasion money suffered from heavy inflation. At the end of World War II governments of liberated countries and territories opted to simply declare them worthless.
In 2016, the Colombian peso was rated at around 3,000 per U.S. dollar, with banknotes up to 50,000 pesos. Instead of redenominating the currency, a new banknote design was introduced, with the last three zeroes replaced by the word \"mil\" (thousand), making the values easier to read
| 77 |
Redenomination
| 4 |
10,114,234 |
# Elegant sunbird
The **elegant sunbird** (***Aethopyga duyvenbodei***) is a large, up to 12 cm long, Australasian sunbird in the genus *Aethopyga*. The male has an iridescent blue-green crown, shoulder patch and uppertail coverts, yellow bar across lower back, red ear coverts, olive back, yellow throat, red neck collar and yellow below. The female has a yellowish olive upperparts, scaly crown and yellow underparts.
The scientific name commemorates Maarten Dirk van Renesse van Duivenbode (1804--1878), Dutch trader of naturalia on Ternate.
An Indonesian endemic, the elegant sunbird is distributed to the island of Sangihe, north of Sulawesi. It is found and locally common in the forests and plantations near Mount Sahendaruman in southern Sangihe.
Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size and limited range, the elegant sunbird is evaluated as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
| 140 |
Elegant sunbird
| 0 |
10,114,278 |
# Interstate 80 in Nebraska
**Interstate 80** (**I-80**) in the US state of Nebraska runs east from the Wyoming state border across the state to Omaha. Construction of the stretch of I-80 spanning the state was completed on October 19, 1974. Nebraska was the first state in the nation to complete its mainline Interstate Highway System.
I-80 has over 80 exits in Nebraska; according to *The New York Times* there are several notable tourist attractions along Nebraska\'s section of I-80. It is the only Interstate Highway to travel from one end of Nebraska to another, as the state has no major north--south Interstate route. Except for a 3 mi portion of I-76 near the Colorado state line, I-80 is the only primary (two-digit) Interstate Highway in Nebraska.
## History
Built along the pathway of the Great Platte River Road, I-80 in Nebraska follows the same route as many historic trails, including the Oregon, California, and Mormon trails. Starting in 1957 after federal funding was allotted, Nebraskans began planning their Interstate construction. Led by the Nebraska State Highway Commission, there were hearings across the state to decide where the route was going to be. Aside from the federally mandated \"control points\" in Omaha, Lincoln, and Grand Island, the route could vary across the state. Dozens of meetings were held in Grand Island, Kearney, and North Platte, among other locations. The commission addressed issues of whether the highway would be north or south of the Platte River or whether it would follow US Highway 30 (US-30). The South Platte Chamber of Commerce and various cities were very active in these sessions, and debate over where the Interstate would be constructed continued into the 1960s.
After the first contract for building the Interstate was awarded in 1957, a 6.5 mi section near Gretna was the first section to be completed that year. The first long segment to be opened was a 52 mi section between Dodge Street in Omaha and the West Lincoln interchange in Lincoln on August 11, 1961. During a \"Golden Link\" ceremony, the last section of I-80 in Nebraska was completed when a brass connector was inserted in the roadway near Sidney on October 20, 1974. This was designed to emulate the golden spike ceremonially used to complete the first transcontinental railroad in 1869.
The total length of the Nebraska section is 455.32 mi long and was completed at a cost of \$435 million (equivalent to \$`{{Formatprice|{{inflation|US-GDP|435000000|1974}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|index=US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}`{{Inflation/fn|index=US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}).
### Legacy
The beginning of the I-80 construction in Nebraska in 1957 led the Nebraska Legislature to split the Department of Roads and Irrigation to create three separate agencies in the state, including the Department of Motor Vehicles, Department of Water Resources, and the Department of Roads, which was the first Nebraska agency solely responsible for highway planning, construction, and maintenance in Nebraska history.
Interstate construction led the state to focus on other highways in Nebraska, as well. Surfaced shoulders, new safety sections beyond shoulders, and other developments across the state were attributed to the influence of the Interstate. The 1965 state legislature also authorized a study of the needs of every public road in Nebraska, including state highways, county roads, and city streets.
### Speed limits {#speed_limits}
The following are speed limits that have existed on I-80 in Nebraska since it was opened in 1957.
Year Speed limit (mph) Speed limit (km/h) Truck speed limit (mph) Truck limit (km/h)
------ ------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------- --------------------
1960 colspan=2 `{{CEmpty}}`{=mediawiki}
1964
1974 colspan=2 rowspan=3 `{{CEmpty}}`{=mediawiki}
1987
1995
: Rural speed limits on I-80
{{-}}
## Route description {#route_description}
### Designated sections {#designated_sections}
The entirety of the Interstate Highway System was named the \"Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways\" in 1990, and the first signage in Nebraska was posted in 1993. Several sections of I-80 in Nebraska have special designations. The I-80 intersection with US-34 has been designated a \"Purple Heart Memorial Highway\", and South 108th Street bridge over I-80 in Omaha has been designated the \"Purple Heart Bridge\", both in honor of all recipients of the Purple Heart. A section of I-80 in Nebraska is also designated as a Blue Star Memorial Highway.
### Details
In Nebraska, I-80 has 82 interchanges, 442 bridges on or over the roadway, 25 rest areas spaced 35 -- apart for convenience, and one scenic overlook. The I-80 right-of-ways in Nebraska feature 28 types of grasses and forbs, 31 types of shrubs, 12 varieties of coniferous trees, and 39 types of deciduous trees are planted on the median of I-80 in Nebraska. There are also 570 informational and directional signs along the way.
Milemarkers with the Interstate shield are posted every 0.5 mi from mile 103 to mile 312 and every 0.2 mi from mile 312 easterly. Most of the route is straight plains, and a stretch between Lincoln and Grand Island is almost entirely straight with very few curves whatsoever. From Exit 395 eastward (excluding the exchange with I-680 in Omaha), I-80 carries at least three lanes of traffic.
| 835 |
Interstate 80 in Nebraska
| 0 |
10,114,278 |
# Interstate 80 in Nebraska
## Exit list {#exit_list}
## Auxiliary routes {#auxiliary_routes}
I-80 has three auxiliary routes in Nebraska. One is a loop around the city of Omaha, one is a loop through the city of Omaha, and the other is a spur into Lincoln.
- is a spur into downtown Lincoln, cosigned with US-34 for its entire length.
- is a loop route in Omaha extending from I-29 in Council Bluffs, Iowa, west toward I-80. It serves as the inner of two loops in Omaha. It is cosigned with US-75 for approximately 2.5 mi and with US-6 for less than 1 mi as it crosses the Missouri River into Iowa.
- is a loop around the northwest of Omaha. It serves as the outer of the two Omaha loops. The section from I-80 in Omaha to I-29 in Crescent, Iowa, was originally designated as I-280, but, because it extended into Iowa and because it conflicted with I-280 in the Quad Cities area of Iowa, the route was renumbered I-680
| 171 |
Interstate 80 in Nebraska
| 1 |
10,114,285 |
# A. R. Manu
**Abdul Rahman Manu** (died 29 March 1957) was an Indo-Fijian businessman politician. He served as a nominated member of the Legislative Council from 1956 until his death in 1957.
## Biography
Born in Fiji, Manu owned a business and sugar cane farm in Lautoka District.
He was one of the founding members and president of the Maunatul Islam Association, an organisation representing Muslims who originally came to Fiji as indentured labourers from Kerala in South India. He was also an active member of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Lautoka.
Following the 1956 elections, he was nominated as one of the Indo-Fijian members of the Legislative Council. Following his death the following year, A. H. Sahu Khan was nominated as his replacement
| 130 |
A. R. Manu
| 0 |
10,114,311 |
# The Crying Game (song)
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``
| 21 |
The Crying Game (song)
| 0 |
10,114,322 |
# Suzanne Shell
**Donna Suzanne Shell** (née **Ostrum**; born c. 1957) is an American activist critical of child protective services.
Shell grew up in Minnesota. Her first experience with child protective services occurred in 1974, when at age 17 she was punched in the face by her father. That year, she was put in a foster home and gave birth to a baby she gave up for adoption. She became involved in dependency and neglect cases after Elbert County, Colorado, took away one of her children in 1991 for an alleged spanking by his stepfather that she claimed \"left no marks.\" The child was returned after four days with no further action. Since that time she has assisted other families facing court-ordered sanctions. Shell runs a website called Profane Justice and has also published a book by the same title.
In 2002, she told a reporter \"I don\'t think they should ever terminate parental rights without proof that a child has been seriously hurt.\"
## Legal cases {#legal_cases}
In March 2004, the Colorado Supreme Court cited Shell for contempt of court for ignoring a 2001 order to stop practicing law without a license. In 2006 the citation was upheld by the Colorado Supreme Court, and Shell was fined \$6,000.
In 2005, Shell filed suit on behalf of herself and April Fields in Colorado District Court against several officials connected with Child Protective Services. The case was dismissed by the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado, and was a subject for her 2006 contempt citation by the state Supreme Court, as she was found to have attempted to represent Fields in the court without a license to practice law.
On December 12, 2005, Shell demanded Internet Archive pay her \$100,000 for archiving her website between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment Action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006 seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities. On April 25, 2007 Internet Archive and Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said, \"Internet Archive has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation. We are happy to have this case behind us.\" Shell stated, \"I respect the historical value of Internet Archive\'s goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm.\"
On February 13, 2009, Shell filed a copyright infringement lawsuit in U.S. District Court in Denver against 30 individuals and organizations. As of November 2011, the case is now over, all of the defendants (Except Leonard Henderson) have been dropped from the lawsuit
| 553 |
Suzanne Shell
| 0 |
10,114,335 |
# Comp Air
**Comp Air Inc**, formerly known as **Aerocomp Inc**, is an aircraft manufacturer based in Merritt Island, Florida, owned by Ron Lueck.
The firm originally manufactured floats for seaplanes, using composite materials. It later branched out into aircraft, marketing them in kit form for homebuilding. It now offers 3-10 place kit aircraft, with the latest developments being in the experimental Jet market. In 2004, the company test-flew its most ambitious project, a homebuilt jet aircraft, the Aerocomp Comp Air Jet.
A wholly owned subsidiary, with partner Patrick Farrell, Forward.Vision, manufactures Infra-red viewing systems for aviation use.
## List of Aircraft {#list_of_aircraft}
- Aerocomp Merlin (1987) Single-engine two-seat high-wing ultralight aircraft. Built by Blue Yonder Aviation of Indus, Alberta and marketed by Comp Air as kit homebuilt (discontinued)
- Aerocomp EZ Flyer (1997) Single-engine two-seat high-wing ultralight aircraft. Built by Blue Yonder Aviation of Indus, Alberta and marketed by Comp Air as kit homebuilt (discontinued)
- Comp Air 3 (2002) Single-engine high-wing aircraft. Development of Comp Air 4. Marketed as kit homebuilt (discontinued)
- Comp Air 4 Single-engine four-seat civil utility aircraft. Marketed as kit homebuilt.
- Comp Air 6 Single-engine six-seat high-wing civil utility aircraft. Marketed as kit homebuilt.
- Comp Air 7 Single-engine seven-seat high-wing turboprop engine aircraft. Marketed as kit homebuilt.
- Comp Air 8 Single-engine eight-seat high-wing turboprop engine aircraft (stretch version of Comp Air 7). Marketed as kit homebuilt.
- Comp Air 9 (2008) Single-engine six-seat high-wing turboprop engine aircraft. Marketed as kit homebuilt, but the company intends to produce a certificated version.
- Comp Air 10 Single-engine ten-seat high-wing turboprop engine aircraft (larger version of Comp Air 8). Marketed as kit homebuilt.
- Comp Air 11 (2009) Single-engine six-seat low-wing turboprop engine aircraft. Marketed as kit homebuilt, but the company intends to produce a certificated version.
- Comp Air 12 (2007) Single-engine low-wing turboprop engine, tricycle undercarriage. Type certification being pursued; factory-built
- Comp Air Jet (2004) Single turbofan jet engine, eight-seat low-wing aircraft with tricycle undercarriage. Marketed as kit homebuilt
| 338 |
Comp Air
| 0 |
10,114,337 |
# 4th Primetime Emmy Awards
The **4th Emmy Awards**, retroactively known as the **4th Primetime Emmy Awards** after the debut of the Daytime Emmy Awards, were presented at the Cocoanut Grove in Los Angeles, California on February 18, 1952. The ceremonies were hosted by Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz.
This was the first year that nominations were considered on a national television network basis. Previously, the Emmys were primarily given out to shows that were produced or aired in the Los Angeles area.
## Winners and nominees {#winners_and_nominees}
Winners are listed first, highlighted in **boldface**, and indicated with a double dagger (‡)
| 102 |
4th Primetime Emmy Awards
| 0 |
10,114,422 |
# Platycephalus fuscus
***Platycephalus fuscus***, the **dusky flathead** or **black flathead**, (literally translating from Ancient Greek as \"*flat-head dusky*\") is a large predatory fish and the largest member of the family Platycephalidae. Dusky flathead are a largely estuarine species and are found in estuaries, estuarine lakes and coastal bays on the east coast of Australia, from Cairns in Queensland to the Gippsland Lakes in Victoria. They occur over sand, mud, gravel and seagrass and can inhabit estuarine waters up to the tidal limit.
## Morphology
Flathead are notable for their unusual body shape, upon which their hunting strategy is based. Flathead are dorsally compressed, meaning their body is wide but flattened and very low in height. Both eyes are on the top of the flattened head, giving excellent binocular vision in order to attack overhead prey. The effect is somewhat similar to flounder. In contrast to flounder however, flathead are much more elongated, the tail remains vertical, and the mouth is large, wide and symmetrical. Flathead use this body structure to hide in sand (their body colour changes to match their background), with only their eyes visible, and explode upwards and outwards to engulf small fish and prawns as they drift over the hidden flathead.
Dusky Flathead colour varies from sandy with brown spots and blotches to dark brown/black with white spots. They have a distinctive black spot on their caudal fins. Dark bars are often visible across the rear of the body. The preopercular spines on each side of the head are very sharp and slightly venomous, and should be avoided when handling the fish.
## Ecology
Dusky flathead are the largest of the many species of flathead found in Australia, and the most commonly caught. Dusky flathead have very rarely been caught at sizes up to 12--15 kg and lengths up to 1.3 metres, but average size is 0.5--1.5 kg and 40--50 cm. Typically a fish of estuaries and estuarine lakes, dusky flathead are rarely found in other habitats.
The diet of dusky flathead is typically composed of smaller fish and prawns. According to NSW DPI Fisheries research, dusky flathead grow relatively quickly. In fact, dusky flathead can reach 40cm total length after just three years. Female Dusky Flathead mature at around 55cm total length while males mature much earlier at about 22cm total length. Only female fish attain the larger sizes. Breeding is reported to occur in mid to late summer around estuary mouths. A recent study (Pollock 2014) shows that the sex of dusky flathead is determined at the juvenile stage, and that there is no sex inversion from male to female.
## Fishing
Dusky flathead are a popular species for commercial and recreational fishing in eastern Australia. They readily take baits and minnow lures, and on such lures are good fighters. Recently`{{when|date=November 2021}}`{=mediawiki} they have proven to be very vulnerable to fishing techniques using jigged soft plastic lures. In the face of heavy fishing pressure and more effective techniques, a largely catch and release approach from anglers is essential nowadays to conserve dusky flathead. Fishermen must release dusky flathead over 70 cm, with the reason that they are important large breeding females.
The hypothesis that dusky flathead over 70 cm are \"important large breeding females\" is questionable. A study by Pollock (2014) shows that the vast majority of eggs produced by the annual spawning aggregation come from the mid-size females (50 cm--60 cm), but more importantly the large females over 70 cm are often reproductively senescent---that is they have degenerate ovaries in which the eggs are breaking down or have broken down, and are not shed. A study is currently underway in northern New South Wales which is finding at most of the large female flathead (\>75 cm) also have degenerate ovaries during the early spawning period (Nov/Dec), whereas the mid-size females have healthy ovaries with developing yolky eggs
| 644 |
Platycephalus fuscus
| 0 |
10,114,443 |
# Anning, Yunnan
**Anning** (`{{zh|s=安宁市|t=安寧市|p=Ānníng}}`{=mediawiki}) is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Kunming, the capital of Yunnan province, China. It is located approximately 28 kilometers southwest of Kunming city proper. In 1995, Anning was upgraded to a county-level city from a county.
Anning borders Xishan District to the east and northeast, Lufeng, Yunnan to the west and northwest, Jinning District to the south and southeast, and Yimen County to the southwest. It is located in western Kunming.
## Administrative divisions {#administrative_divisions}
Lianran Subdistrict, Jinfang Subdistrict, Taiping New City Subdistrict, Bajie Subdistrict, Xianjie Subdistrict, Wenquan Subdistrict, Qionglong Subdistrict, Caopu Subdistrict and Lubiao Subdistrict.
## Economy
Anning is the largest metallurgical, salt, and phosphorus chemical base in Yunnan Province, home to the largest steel company in Kunming, Yunnan, and the main production base of Yuntianhua Group, the largest chemical company in Yunnan. With PetroChina Yunnan Petrochemical\'s 10 million ton oil refining project settled in Caopu area of Anning Industrial Park, Anning will become the center of Yunnan Petrochemical Industry. However, due to concerns that the project contains PX projects, in 2013 Kunming City broke out against PX projects.
## Tourism
The Anning Hot Spring is a popular holiday resort and tourist destination in Kunming. It lies at 1,795 meters above sea level and is at the foot of the Yuquan Mountain, also known as the Jade Spring Hill, in an area with trees and a natural park. Aside from the Yuquanshan, it is also near Congshan Hill in the west and Bijiashan Hill in the northeast.
## History
In the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty, it was sealed in Lianran County for two years (109 BC). Then, in the reign of Emperor Gaozu of Tang, it was renamed Anning County for four years (621 AD). In the Yuan dynasty (1275 AD), the county was promoted to a state. In the 2nd year of the Republic of China (1913 AD), the county was restored. On April 20, 1950, Anning County People\'s Government was established. In October 1956, Anning County was changed to Anning District of Kunming City. In September 1959, it was renamed Anning County. On October 13, 1995, the county was withdrawn from the city and established under the jurisdiction of Kunming City
| 375 |
Anning, Yunnan
| 0 |
10,114,452 |
# Victor von Bruns
**Victor von Bruns** (9 August 1812 -- 19 March 1883) was a German surgeon born in Helmstedt.
He studied at Braunschweig, Tübingen, Halle and Berlin, and from 1843 to 1882 was a professor of surgery at the University of Tübingen. His son, Paul von Bruns (1846-1916) was also a professor of surgery at Tübingen. In 1872 he was a founding member of the German Society of Surgery.
Bruns was a leading authority in the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery, particularly known for his work in lip and cheek reconstruction. He is also known for his pioneer work in laryngology, and was among the first to perform operations for laryngeal polyps and tumors.
Bruns popularized usage of absorbent cotton wool dressings, which later became a standard practice in modern antiseptic treatment of wounds.
He died in Tübingen.
## Written works {#written_works}
- *Handbuch der praktischen Chirurgie* (Textbook of practical surgery); Tübingen 1854-60, two volumes, with atlas 1853 ff
| 162 |
Victor von Bruns
| 0 |
10,114,465 |
# Júlio de Castilhos, Rio Grande do Sul
**Júlio de Castilhos** is a municipality of the central part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 19,224 (2020 est.) in an area of 1,929.38 km². Its elevation is 529 m (Praça \"João Vieira de Alvarenga\"), 516 m at the meteorological station and 503.81 m at the railway station. It is located 627 km west of the state capital of Porto Alegre, northeast of Alegrete. The city is considered the Brazilian capital of the Charolais cattle.
The municipality is named after the Brazilian advocate, journalist and politician Júlio Prates de Castilhos.
## History
According to historian Firmino Costa, the land was Indian and was part of the Spanish Empire until 1801, when it was annexed to Portugal.
The first pioneers came from the states São Paulo and Paraná. In 1812 or 1813, João Vieira de Alvarenga, about 24, with his wife, Maria Rosa de Morais, and his first son, Manoel, claimed lands between the pioneer cities with the title Sesmaria, which it received in 1826. In 1834, the municipality of Cruz Alta was founded and was separated from Rio Pardo.
The municipality was created from the lands of the district of São Martinho, in Cruz Alta. In 1876, with the emancipation of São Martinho, the district of Povo Novo was created. On July 14, 1891,, the municipality of Vila Rica (the new name of Povo Novo) separated from São Martinho.
The first municipal elections were held in 1896, with Capitão Luiz Gonzaga de Azevedo as the winner and the first mayor. In 1905, the city was renamed to its current name, Júlio de Castilhos
| 277 |
Júlio de Castilhos, Rio Grande do Sul
| 0 |
10,114,468 |
# Brad William Henke
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{| class="wikitable
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| 19 |
Brad William Henke
| 0 |
10,114,481 |
# Jay Paulson
**Jay Paulson** is an American actor and poet.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Paulson was born in New York City.
## Career
Paulson\'s first major television role was a regular recurring role as Zoe\'s boyfriend, Sean, on the comedy *Cybill*. He appeared in ten episodes of Season 2 and returned for a couple of episodes of Season 3.
Paulson starred in the film *Rust Creek* and *Rolling Kansas*. He also appeared in other films, including *Go*, *Can\'t Hardly Wait*, and *Imaginary Heroes*.
He is known for his work as Don Draper\'s long lost brother Adam Whitman on the AMC series *Mad Men*.
He played Chaplain Tappman in George Clooney\'s remake of *Catch-22*.
He is a frequent collaborator of Gerry Fialka and has appeared in his two films, \'The Brother Side of the Wake\' and \'The Mother Side of the Wake\', both of which were produced by Bruno Kohfield-Galeano.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- -------
1997 *Academy Boyz* Kirk McCormick
1998 *Permanent Midnight* Phoenix Punk
1999 *Go* Loop
1999 *Total Stranger* Alan
1999 *Dancing with Agnes* Vern Short
2002 *Waiting River* Waki
2003 *Rolling Kansas* Dave Murphy
2004 *Burning Annie* Sam
2004 *Imaginary Heroes* Vern
2004 *Honor Among Thieves* Cash Short
2005 *Partner(s)* John
2006 *In Memory of Rusty* James Von Carmen Short
2007 *Cul de Sac* Stuart
2009 *`{{sortname|The|Marc Pease Experience}}`{=mediawiki}* Gerry
2011 *Red & Blue Marbles* Ron
2012 *Black Rock* Derek
2013 *Lucky Bastard* Dave G.
2018 *Rust Creek* Lowell Pritchert
2019 *The Laundromat* Pastor Conners
2023 *Killers of the Flower Moon* Car Salesman
2023 *Knox Goes Away* Detective Gelfuso
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1995--96 *Cybill* Sean Recurring role (seasons 2--3)
1997 *NYPD Blue* Sam DePaul \"Three Girls and a Baby\"
1997 *Just Shoot Me!* Kit \"Sweet Charity\"
1999 *`{{sortname|The|Apartment Complex}}`{=mediawiki}* Bones TV film
1999 *Anna Says* Donnie TV series
2000 *Battery Park* Det. Carl Zernial Main role
2001 *`{{sortname|The|Invisible Man|The Invisible Man (2000 TV series)}}`{=mediawiki}* Jeffries \"Perchance to Dream\"
2001 *Bob Patterson* Les \"Pilot\"
2001 *Kristin* Richie \"The Showdown\"
2005 *`{{sortname|The|West Wing}}`{=mediawiki}* Roger \"King Corn\"
2005 *Blue Skies* Matthew TV film
2006 *Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip* Deputy Roger Boone \"Nevada Day: Parts 1 & 2\"
2007 *Mad Men* Adam Whitman \"5G\", \"Indian Summer\"
2007--08 *October Road* Philip Farmer Main role
2008 *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation* Leo Finley / Dean James \"A Thousand Days on Earth\"
2010 *Happy Town* Eli \'Root Beer\' Rogers Main role
2011 *Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior* Marcus Lee Graham \"Lonely Hearts\"
2011 *Castle* Eddie McUsic \"Law & Murder\"
2011 *Identity* Jose Rodriguez TV film
2012 *Mad Men* Adam Whitman \"The Phantom\"
2012 *Bones* Seth Zalinsky \"The But in the Joke\"
2013 *Longmire* Cal Weston \"The Great Spirit\"
2013 *`{{sortname|The|Glades|The Glades (TV series)}}`{=mediawiki}* Carl Stewart \"Civil War\"
2014 *Major Crimes* Dr. Frank Wilshaw \"Zoo Story\"
2014 *Bleach* Alan Barnes TV film
2015 *Zoo* Leo Butler \"Blame It on Leo\"
2015 *`{{sortname|The|Whispers|The Whispers (TV series)}}`{=mediawiki}* Thomas Harcourt \"A Hollow Man\", \"Broken Child\"
2016 *Turn: Washington\'s Spies* Elias \"Blade on the Feather\"
2016 *Lopez* Josh Banks \"George Gets Roasted\", \"George Goes All In\"
2016 *Scorpion* Connor \"Sly and the Family Stone\"
2017 *Grimm* Randy Goode \"Blind Love\"
2018 *Electric Dreams* Rev
| 541 |
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| 0 |
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# Sorry I Make You Lush
***Sorry I Make You Lush*** is a studio album by Luke Vibert, released under the alias Wagon Christ. It was released in 2004 on Ninja Tune. The CD version includes a QuickTime video of \"Receiver\".
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 75% based on 11 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".
Jonathan Zwickel of *Pitchfork* gave the album a 7.8 out of 10, describing it as \"an extremely listenable, laughable album, a futuristic freakshow of deep, stirring melodies and innovative beat arrangements.\" John Bush of AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5, commenting that \"Vibert\'s interplay of beats and melodies is fascinating by itself
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# Zero-rated supply
In economics, **zero-rated supply** refers to items subject to a 0% VAT tax on their input supplies. The term is applied to items that would normally be taxed under valued-added systems such as Europe\'s Value Added Tax (VAT) or Canada\'s Goods and Services Tax (GST). Examples of these items include most exports, basic groceries, and prescription drugs.
Under the Indian 2016 GST Act, any supplies (supply should be defined in accordance with GST India) made by a registered dealer as an export (both goods or services) or supply to an SEZ qualifies for Zero Rated Supplies in GST. This attracts zero rate of taxation and ITC (Input Tax Credit) can also be explained through the e-portal of GST Council
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| 0 |
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# Tim Wigley
**Tim Wigley** is an American lobbyist working primarily on resource and environmental issues. He is Executive Vice President of PAC/WEST Communications. He was formerly the president of the Oregon Forest Industries Council and worked as director of communications for pulp and paper company Georgia-Pacific. Wigley led the group Project Protect, which supported the Healthy Forests Initiative. He received a Bachelor\'s degree in Political Science from Southwestern Oklahoma State University, and is also a graduate of The American Campaign Academy in Washington, D.C
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Tim Wigley
| 0 |
10,114,591 |
# L. Jean Lewis
**Laura Jean Lewis** (born c. 1954) is a former senior investigator for the Resolution Trust Corporation. She is credited with initiating the Whitewater investigation against President Bill Clinton.
Lewis is a native of Houston, Texas; her father was a major general in the U.S. Army. She has a degree in political science from Sam Houston State College.
Lewis joined the Resolution Trust Corporation office in Kansas City, Missouri as a senior criminal investigator in 1991. Among other assignments she was investigating the failure of Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan, a Little Rock savings and loan company owned by James McDougal, who had been the Clintons\' partner in Whitewater, a failed land development project in the Ozark Mountains of northern Arkansas. When the connection between the Clintons and McDougal became a news story, she refocused on the Madison Guaranty case. On September 2, 1992, just prior to the 1992 presidential election, she submitted a criminal referral to the FBI naming Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton as witnesses in the Madison Guaranty case. U.S. Attorney Charles A. Banks and the FBI determined that the referral lacked merit, but she continued to pursue it. Between 1992 and 1994 she issued several additional referrals against the Clintons and repeatedly called the U.S. Attorney\'s Office in Little Rock and the Justice Department about the case.
Lewis later appeared before the Senate Whitewater Committee. Before the hearings it was claimed that her testimony could prove to be \"more troublesome for Bill Clinton than Paula Jones\"; however, her testimony did not provide any sensational or new information, and she eventually fainted under cross examination and had to be helped from the hearing room.
She was later suspected of illegally recording a conversation with a senior government attorney during the investigation. She was herself investigated for various wrongdoings, including misuse and mishandling of classified material, secretly recording conversations with her colleagues, and use of government equipment for personal gain. She later admitted to using her office to market T-shirts and mugs lettered \"B.I.T.C.H.\" (Bubba/Bill, I\'m Taking Charge, Hillary).
Lewis was appointed in 2003 as chief of staff of the Pentagon Inspector General\'s Office in the United States government. On February 26, 2004 she again attracted attention when her office was supposed to look into Halliburton contracts
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| 0 |
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# Shizuku-chan
is a Japanese children\'s illustrated book series created by Q-LiA and illustrated by Ritsuko Gibo, which started in 2003. An anime adaptation, ***Pururun! Shizuku-chan**\'\', was produced by TMS Entertainment and debuted on TV Tokyo on October 7, 2006. A second season called***Pururun! Shizuku chan Aha**\'\' debuted one year later in 2007.
A second series, ***Picchipichi Shizuku-chan***, ran from October 2012 to September 2013. It was produced by Asahi Production and was broadcast on three Japanese Association of Independent Television Stations members and Kids Station.
A spinoff manga, ***NiJiRo Fairy Shizuku-chan***, started in 2019. This manga transforms the cast into humans and puts them in new stories.
## Plot
The series revolves around a playful young child named Shizuku-chan. He, alongside his schoolmates, friends, and family lives a life of dangerous adventures in the Shizuku Forest.
## Characters
- **Shizuku (しずくちゃん):** The main character of the series. Being a raindrop sprite, Shizuku was born as a drop from rain for a cloud. He is named after his home, the Shizuku Forest. Rain fills Shizuku with happiness, causing rainbows to originate from his forehead. Shizuku is Japanese for \"a drop of rain\" which revolves around his birth. His birthday is on April 29. In NiJiro Fairy Shizuku-chan, he wears a sailor suit with a brooch that like an his face before he transform human and he has blue hair. Voiced by: Miyako Ito
- **Uruoi (うるおいちゃん):** The female main character of the series. She is the pink lemonade sprite in some manga, but is originally the skin lotion sprite of the Shizuku Forest. She is one of Shizuku\'s closest friends. She has a crush on her friend, Shizuku which is proven throughout the series (such as Shizuku freezing within ice and could have only been thawed by being kissed from only Uruoi alone). She wears a bow on her head. Being fashionable, she and her family run and live in the Department Store of Shizuku Forest. In NiJiRo Fairy Shizuku-chan, She has pink hair and wear one-piece dress. Voiced by: Ryoka Yuzuki
- **Mirumiru (Milmil) (みるみるちゃん):** The youngest of Shizuku\'s friends. He is a milk sprite who, unlike an infant, carries a large amount of strength. He is also known to outgrow his older friend, Shizuku. He wears a bib with the word \"milk\" printed on it. He and his family run and live in the Milk Store of Shizuku Forest. Because he\'s very little, he only says \"nyu\" (\"latte\" in the Italian dub.). In NiJiRo Fairy Shizuku-chan, he wear baby clothes with bib with depictions \"MILK\". Voiced by: Sayaka Narita
- **Hanatare (はなたれ君):** He is a nasal-mucus sprite.
- **Hanaji (はなぢ君):** He is a nosebleed sprite. In NiJiRo Fairy Shizuku-chan, He wear Red parka. Voiced by: Rikako Aikawa
- **Aseo (アセオ君):** A fat young yellow sweat sprite. He is known to overeat and to have the ability to sweat buckets. Among many, his most favorite food is curry. He and his family lives in and runs the Sauna of the Shizuku Forest. Voiced by: Yasuhiko Kawazu
- **Namida (なみだ君):** He is a tears sprite. Passionate and very weepy. He runs Sports-gym with an athlete. Voiced by: Makoto Ishii
- **Elder Sister Shampoo & Elder Sister Rinse (シャンプー姉さん＆リンス姉さん)** They are a Shampoo & Rinse sprite, respectively. They are twins and Uruoi-Chan\'s elder sisters. They both run a beauty salon.
- **Dororon (どろろん):** The prankster of Shizuku-chan\'s friends but they still love him. Being a mischievous mud-sprite, he is known to fling mud at his pranking victims. Voiced by: Rie Ichita
- **Midoriko (みどりこさん):** The green sister of the Tea Sprites. She, alongside her sisters, runs and lives in the \"Cafe-Drop\" of the Shizuku Forest. She is the tea maker and server of the Cafe. She is known to be very polite yet have a strange personality. She wears a flower on her hair and drinking tea creates a long stick-like substance on her forehead. She fights with naginata. Voiced by: Naomi Shindou
- **Longlong (ロンロン):** The brown sister of the Tea Sprites. She carries much power and ability. She fights with nunchucks. Voiced by: Akiko Yajima
- **Letty (レティ):** The red sister of the Tea Sprites. She cooks the food of the Shizuku Forest\'s Cafe. She fights with frying pans.
- **Colon (コロン君):** The Eau-de-Cologne Sprite. He is very attractive to women, making him the \"pretty and handsome boy\" of Shizuku Forest.
- **Mineo (ミネ夫君):** He is a mineral water sprite.
- **Honey (ハニーちゃん):** She is a Honey syrup sprite.
- **Yodare (ヨダレ君):** He is a slobber sprite.
- **Aroma (アロマさん)** He is an Aroma-oil sprite.
- **Ponshu (ポンシュさん)** He is a Sake sprite and an Enka singer.
- **Monsieur-Vino(ヴィーノ氏):** He is a red wine sprite. He has swirled left eye and twinkle in the other, a bow, and hat.
- **Rosé (ロゼちゃん)** She is a Rosé wine sprite. Monsieur-Vino & Madam-Blanche\'s daughter. Voiced by: Momoko Saito
- **Madam-Blanche (マダム・ブランシュ)** She is a white wine sprite.
- **Tsumurin (つむりん):** One of Shizuku-chan\'s best friends. He is a snail, but has many shells that can be removed and replaced. In NiJiRo Fairy Shizuku-chan, He wear uniform with blue nectar and have tactile sense in head.Voiced by: Masashito Yabe
- **Ametarou (雨太郎):** Shizuku-chan\'s father. Voiced by: Takeharu Onishi
- **Rainy (レイニー):** Shizuku-chan\'s mother. Voiced by: Yuko Kobayashi
- **Miku-chan (ミクちゃん):** A human girl introduced in *Picchipichi Shizuku-chan*. who visits Shizuku-chan\'s world from Earth. She very bigger than Shizuku.
- **Tollino (トリーノ):** He is Rosé\'s pet little bird. but in the Pururun! Shizuku chan Aha, he is Vino family\'s old friend.
- **Luna (ルナ):** She is a ghost who wishes to live more. She meets Namida and become friends.
- **Noir (ノアール):** A mysterious merchant who gave Shizuku a suspicious space seed.
- **Rabi (ラビ):** A rabbit doll with devil inside. Tsumurin make eye contact with him under the moon and devil take over him.
## Media
Merchandise based on *Pururun! Shizuku-chan!* includes CDs such as *Shizuku no Mori kara Konnichi wa*, released on November 22, 2006, and a second one on January 24, 2007 named *Shizuku no Mori no Ongakukai Purun!*. A picture book that carries both CDs was released on February 21, 2007 and a second was released on March 28, 2007. A third CD was released on April 18, 2007. The fifth and sixth were released on April 18, 2007.
There were three games released for the Nintendo DS, one for *Pururun! Shizuku-chan* and two more for *Pururun! Shizuku-chan Aha!*. Additionally, Sega released various toys based on the series
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# Historic Sites Act
The **Historic Sites Act** of 1935 was enacted by the United States Congress largely to organize the myriad federally own parks, monuments, and historic sites under the National Park Service and the United States Secretary of the Interior. However, it is also significant in that it declared for the first time \"\...that it is a national policy to preserve for public use historic sites, buildings, and objects of national significance\...\". Thus it is the first assertion of historic preservation as a government duty, which was only hinted at in the 1906 Antiquities Act.
Section 462 of the act enumerates a wide range of powers and responsibilities given to the National Park Service and the Secretary of the Interior, including:
- codification and institutionalization of the temporary Historic American Buildings Survey
- authorization to survey and note significant sites and buildings (this became National Historic Landmark program, which was integrated into the National Register after the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act)
- authorization to actually perform preservation work
Section 463 established the National Park System Advisory Board to assist the Secretary of the Interior with administration
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# Tanbou
A **tanbou** (`{{IPA|ht|tãbu}}`{=mediawiki}) is the national musical instrument and type of barrel drum from Haiti. The drum is used in many music genres of Haiti and has been influential in the rest of the Caribbean and Latin American world.
## Origins
The lineage of this Haitian drum is complex, originating in West African Vodun systems. A Tanbou needs to be carefully crafted in order to get the best sound. The drum is no longer used in Nigeria, but the *banda rhythm* that has been kept alive by Haitian drummers, such as \"Bonga\" (Gaston Jean-Baptiste). \"Tanbou\" is derived from the French word *tambour*, which means drum.
## Description
A tanbou produces an organic, versatile sound that can be used for dance, professional recording, and supposedly healing and merry making. The drum has survived centuries and some of the oldest are from old temples in Haiti. The older the drum, the better the sound according to the drummers.
The tanbou is made with a stick like a vessel; a hardwood -- *tronpèt*, *bwachen*, *gomye* -- and covered with a piece of animal skin or a material capable of awe as the skins in a corner are made goat or cow. These drums can be used like regular congas. It is very difficult to get drums from Haiti into the United States because crafting them is equally challenging due to finding the right wood and particularly the skins which must be procured under the exact conditions
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# Ford EX
The **Ford EX** (informally known as the **Ford Ex** and **Ford Extreme**) was a concept car created by the Ford Motor Company. It was first introduced at the 2001 North American International Auto Show. The EX was built to be an off-road vehicle.
## Design and specifications {#design_and_specifications}
### Specifications
The EX was powered by a front-mounted, single overhead cam, 4.0-liter supercharged V6 gasoline engine, capable of producing up to 375 bhp (93.8 hp per litre) and 410 ft.lbf of torque. It has a five-speed manual transmission with four-wheel drive (4WD), and large 33-inch tires.
### Design and construction {#design_and_construction}
The design of the vehicle was spare, as it had no doors. The exterior was mainly composed of a durable chrome-molybdenum steel exoskeleton, advantegeous for its off-road capability.
## In media {#in_media}
- The EX appears in the 2004 live-action film *Thunderbirds*.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- The EX appears as a playable vehicle in *Ford Racing 2* and *Ford Racing 3*
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# Shadows (Wagon Christ EP)
***Shadows*** is an album by Luke Vibert under the alias Wagon Christ. \"Shadows\" contains a sample from the James Bond film *Diamonds Are Forever*, titled \"007 and Counting\" on the original soundtrack recording.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
- **CD version**
1. \"Shadows\" - 3:45
2. \"The Groove (Souled Out)\" - 1:55
3. \"Loose Loggins\" - 3:24
4. \"Deux Ans De Maïa\" - 2:46
- Includes a QuickTime music video of \"Shadows\".
- **12\" vinyl version**
1. \"Shadows\"
2. \"The Groove (Souled Out)\"
3. \"Loose Loggins\"
4. \"Deux Ans De Maïa\"
## Song usage {#song_usage}
Miss Kittin used \"Shadows\" on her mix album *A Bugged Out Mix*
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# Tammany Trace
The **Tammany Trace** is a rail trail in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, occupying a former Illinois Central Railroad corridor.
It has been developed into a 31 mi asphalt trail for hiking, cycling, and wheelchair use. Some parts of the Trace include a separate equestrian pathway suitable for horse riding.
It connects Covington, Abita Springs, Mandeville, Lacombe, and Slidell, running along the northern shore of Lake Pontchartrain. The trail was damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, but was reopened by early 2007. The Trace is easily accessible from Fontainebleau State Park
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# 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-propargylamphetamine
**3,4-Methylenedioxy-*N*-propargylamphetamine** (**MDPL**) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug and a substituted amphetamine. MDPL was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book *PiHKAL* (*Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved*), the minimum dosage is listed as 150 mg, and the duration unknown. MDPL causes few to no effects. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of MDPL.
## Legality
### United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
This substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act
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# Redwood Empire Food Bank
**Redwood Empire Food Bank** (**REFB**) is a food bank on the North Coast of California which belongs to the Feeding America network. Its mission is to end hunger in its community.
Founded in 1987, REFB is Sonoma County\'s largest hunger-relief organization, serving 133 charitable organizations, including emergency food pantries/closets, shelters and dining rooms, childcare centers/youth programs, group homes, and disaster relief agencies. Seniors, children, and working families come to food distributions seeking supplemental groceries.
REFB acquires food and distributes it through a network of charitable agencies and its own food assistance programs and also provides food to Lake, Mendocino, Humboldt, and Del Norte Counties through smaller food banks. In addition, the REFB advocates for legislation to provide long-term solutions to hunger in its community.
## Recipients
In 2018, The Redwood Empire Food Bank distributed the equivalent of 40 million meals, or 40,000 per day. Each year, the Redwood Empire Food Bank serves 82,000 people across five counties---Sonoma County, Lake County, Mendocino County, Humboldt County, and Del Norte County. A January 2010 report estimated that REFB was providing emergency food for over 110,000 different people annually, and that in any given week about 26,000 different people were receiving emergency food assistance. In late 2010, REFB was serving 78,000 monthly meals, an increase of more than 11 percent over 2009.
## Operations
### Food collection and distribution {#food_collection_and_distribution}
The vast majority of Redwood Empire Food Bank\'s work is direct service. Approximately 70% of the food distributed through the food bank goes out through 300+ pop-up food distributions each month. The remaining food is distributed through the Agency Shopping Program, which provides food to 170+ member charities that serve people in need.
The food bank\'s 2007 holiday food drive set a goal to collect 200000 lb of food and \$160,000.
### Education
The Redwood Empire Food Bank addresses the needs of low-income seniors living with diabetes through the Diabetes Wellness program.
In 2012, REFB began implementing a three-year, \$800,000 project, funded by the Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation, to address type 2 diabetes. The Diabetes Wellness Project provides food and educational materials to individuals, and conducts screenings. Much of the project is being done in partnership with Sonoma County healthcare providers.
### 2013 expansion
In September 2011, Redwood Empire Food Bank purchased a 60,000-square-foot building near the Charles M. Schulz -- Sonoma County Airport for \$5 million. It opened the building after investing \$2.5 million in renovations and improvements, including a 5,000-square-foot freezer and cooler, warehouse racking, truck docks and offices.
The new location also created a new \"value marketplace\" grocery store for low-income families, bringing dignity to the WIC and CalFresh shopping experience.
The building groundbreaking celebration was in October 2012. The new building is three times the size of the building that REFB had occupied since 1998, and opened in early 2013. The building also replaced three building spaces that REFB was renting.
### Sources of donated food {#sources_of_donated_food}
The food bank distributes nearly \$4.00 (wholesale value) worth of food for every \$1 it spends.
- 55% donated fresh produce
- 17% donated groceries
- 10% purchased wholesale
- 15% USDA Commodities
- \<5% Community Food Drives
In December 1998, Yoko Ono donated more than 33,000 pounds of in honor of her late husband, musician John Lennon.
### Volunteers
Over 8,500 individuals volunteered in 2018, packing and sorting food, doing clerical tasks, driving trucks to pick up and deliver food, participating in special projects such as food drives and special events, and sharing their technological expertise. These volunteers filled the equivalent of more than 45 full-time staff positions.
## Funding
Organized as a 501(c)(3) Public Charity, the food bank reported total revenue of over \$42 million for the fiscal year 2017--2018. Of this, less than \$1.1 million came from government contracts.
- value of donated food (59%)
- individuals (17%)
- grants and foundation support (9%)
- corporate partnerships (6%)
- partner organizations (3%)
- government contracts (3%)
- community fundraisers (3%)
Member agencies contribute toward the cost of transporting and handling the food through shared maintenance fees for some of the food they select, which contribute nearly 6% of the Redwood Empire Food Bank\'s budget.
94% of Redwood Empire Food Bank\'s expenses go to its hunger-relief programs
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# Henry Strutt, 2nd Baron Belper
**Henry Strutt, 2nd Baron Belper**, `{{Post-nominals|country=GBR|PC|JP|DL|size=100%|sep=,}}`{=mediawiki} (20 May 1840 -- 26 July 1914), styled **The Honourable Henry Strutt** between 1856 and 1880, was a British businessman, courtier and politician. Initially a Liberal, he left the party over Irish Home Rule and later held office as Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms from 1895 to 1905 in the Unionist administrations headed by Lord Salisbury and Arthur Balfour.
## Background and education {#background_and_education}
Henry Strutt was born at St Helen\'s House, Derby, Derbyshire, the son of Edward Strutt, 1st Baron Belper, and his wife, Amelia Harriet Otter. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, from which he held the degrees of LLB and MA. In 1862 he played cricket for Cambridge University and from 1863 to 1865 for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against the universities. He became president of the family cotton business W. G. & J. Strutt.
## Capture by pirates {#capture_by_pirates}
Whilst on a hunting expedition with Lord John Hervey and Mr Coore he visited Astakos. They went to a more remote area in search of animals to shoot. Not expecting an encounter with brigands, they had not arranged for an escort of gendarmes on this occasion. Having been captured, the pirates agreed to release two of them with a ransome demand. Mr Coore was chosen by lot to remain a captive. Strutt and Hervey were released on parole with a demand for £3,000 in gold to secure Mr Coore\'s release. They returned with the support of HMS Chanticleer which remained out of sight while the release of Mr Coore was negotiated.
## Political career {#political_career}
Initially a Liberal, Strutt was elected Member of Parliament for East Derbyshire in 1868, a seat he held until 1874. At the 1880 general election he was returned for Berwick-upon-Tweed, which he represented until he succeeded his father in the barony on 30 June 1880 and entered the House of Lords.
Belper later left the Liberal Party over Irish Home Rule and joined the Liberal Unionists. When Lord Salisbury formed his last administration in 1895, Belper was sworn of the Privy Council and appointed Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms, a post he held until the fall of the government in 1905, the last three years under the premiership of Arthur Balfour.
Belper was also an Aide-de-Camp to Queen Victoria, Edward VII and George V between 1894 and 1914. He was also a lieutenant-colonel in the South Nottinghamshire Yeomanry, a justice of the peace for Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire and a deputy lieutenant of Nottinghamshire.
## Family
Belper married Lady Margaret Coke, daughter of Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester, at Holkham, Norfolk, on 2 May 1874. They had three sons and five daughters:
- William Strutt (8 February 1875 -- 5 October 1898).
- Norah Strutt (17 June 1876 -- 14 September 1948) married, Major Robert Lee Morris, son of General Morris, on 20 November 1911. Secondly, Reverend Joseph David Samuel Parry-Evans, son of Major Samuel Evans, in 1920.
- Lilian Strutt (31 October 1877 -- 22 February 1956) married Vernon Austen Malcolmson on 10 January 1901.
- Hilda Strutt (25 May 1879 -- 28 April 1923) married Charles Israel Loraine Allix on 23 October 1906.
- Reginald Edward Strutt (12 July 1881 -- 10 May 1888).
- Algernon Henry Strutt, 3rd Baron Belper (6 May 1883 -- 20 May 1956).
- Margaret Strutt (4 February 1886 -- 23 April 1980).
- Muriel Strutt (30 October 1890 -- 8 August 1976) married Major Frank Haultain Hornsby, son of lieutenant-colonel Henry Francis Hornsby, on 30 November 1916.
Belper died at Kingston Hall, Nottinghamshire, in July 1914, aged 74, and was succeeded in the barony by his third but eldest surviving son, Algernon
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# Alison Rogers
**Alison Rogers** (born in 1966 in Little Rock, Arkansas) is an American journalist and real estate broker. Her memoir of her first year in real estate, *Diary of a Real Estate Rookie*, was published in 2007 and is now in its second printing. She is currently a Manhattan-based real estate broker at the boutique firm of Upstairs Realty.
## Biography
Rogers was born in Little Rock, Arkansas, and is a 1987 *summa cum laude* graduate of Harvard University. She subsequently became a reporter for *Fortune* and then the founding editor of the real estate section of *The New York Post*. After two years at the newspaper, Rogers became an active participant in the field she had covered.
## Publications
Rogers has written for *The New York Times*, *Money*, and the *Chicago Reader*, among others. *Diary of a Real Estate Rookie*, which expanded upon her weekly column of the same name for the real-estate trade site Inman News, is a memoir of her first year in real estate. It was published by Kaplan Publishing, earning praise for its combination of witty anecdotes and tips for buyers, sellers and renters.
\"How to Find the Perfect Home,\" an article based on one of the book\'s chapters, ran as a supplement in the August 2007 issue of *Money*.
\"After You Read the Listings, Your Agent Reads You,\" an article about the psychology of real estate, ran in the March 26, 2013 issue of *The New York Times*.
## Advice
Since 2008, Rogers has offered real estate advice and commentary to a national audience. She served as the first \"real-estate guru\" on FiLife.com, a personal finance site launched as a joint venture of Dow Jones & Company and IAC. Subsequently, she has written the column \"Ask the Agent\" for MoneyWatch.com and offered real estate advice to young women on the LearnVest personal finance site. In 2011, she became a columnist for Time.com\'s *Moneyland*. She is a frequent commentator in real estate chat rooms, where she is known as \"front_porch\" and signs \"ali r\".
## Real estate {#real_estate}
Rogers specializes in a Hollywood clientele and the Manhattan neighborhoods of Chelsea, Greenwich Village, and the Upper West Side. Careful to protect her clients\' privacy, she refers to the television actor in *Diary of a Real Estate Rookie* as Bogie and his girlfriend as Bacall
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# Glenn Heights Park & Ride
**Glenn Heights Park & Ride** is a small park and ride lot in Glenn Heights, Texas. Located west of I-35E, it is the southernmost transit facility in the Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) system.
The lot is primarily served by the Glenn Heights Express bus, which provides weekday peak-only service to Downtown Dallas, Dallas Market Center, and the Southwestern Medical District.
The station is also a transfer point for two microtransit services. Glenn Heights GoLink, operated by DART, services the city of Glenn Heights and UNT Dallas station, while STARNow, operated by STAR Transit, services the nearby cities of Cedar Hill, DeSoto, and Duncanville.
The lot contains 595 parking spaces and 4 open-air passenger shelters. The lot does not have an air-conditioned shelter or a station attendant.
## History
The station opened on September 16, 1991 as a replacement for a temporary park and ride closer to I-35E.
In 2011, in an effort to improve parking availability, DART announced that Glenn Heights Park & Ride would be added to an upcoming paid-parking program. The program, later dubbed \"Fair Share Parking\", would charge a daily parking fee to riders that did not live in a DART member city; it was also set to be used at Parker Road and North Carrollton/Frankford. However, when the program was rolled out on April 2, 2012, it was only implemented at the rail stations, not at Glenn Heights. Fair Share Parking ended two years later, and while it was expanded to two more stations in the interim, Glenn Heights was not one of them.
In 2023, DART installed two EV charging stations in the lot
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# Bryan Wagner (American football)
**Bryan Jeffrey Wagner** (born March 28, 1962) is an American former professional football punter who played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Chicago Bears, the Cleveland Browns, the New England Patriots, the Green Bay Packers and San Diego Chargers. He played college football at Cal Lutheran before transferring to Cal State Northridge.
## Early life {#early_life}
Wagner attended Hilltop High School, where he played football, soccer and baseball. He began his collegiate career at California Lutheran University. He later transferred to California State University, Northridge, where he was the starter at quarterback and punter.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
After the 1985 NFL draft, Wagner was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys. He was also selected by the Baltimore Stars in the 15th round (216th overall) of the 1985 USFL Draft. He was waived by the Cowboys on August 27.
In May 1986, he signed with the New York Giants. He was released on August 11. On August 20, 1986, he signed with the St. Louis Cardinals. He was released before the start of the season, on August 26.
In 1987, he was signed as a free agent by the Denver Broncos. On August 25, he was traded to the Chicago Bears in exchange for guard Stefan Humphries. He replaced the Bears\' punter Maury Buford, until Tommy Barnhardt took the role from Wagner later in the season. On October 30, 1988, he had a 70-yard punt against the New England Patriots. He played in the historic Fog Bowl against the Philadelphia Eagles.
In 1990, he set a Cleveland Browns record with four punts blocked in a single season, including 2 in one game against the Kansas City Chiefs. He averaged 38.9 yards per punt with a net average of 30.9 yards.
In 1991, he played in 3 games with the New England Patriots, until being released after a punt from his end zone hit teammate Eugene Lockhart\'s back and was recovered for a touchdown by the Pittsburgh Steelers\' Ernie Mills.
In 1992, he signed with the Green Bay Packers and was released on August 24. On November 9, he was re-signed by the Packers.
On May 6, 1994, he re-signed with the Packers but was released before the start of the season, on August 21. In 1994, he signed with the San Diego Chargers. He set a Super Bowl record by averaging 48.8 yards per punt. He chose not to re-sign with the Chargers for the 1995 season and Australian rules football player Darren Bennett took over the punting job.
In 1995, he signed with the New York Jets and was released on August 21, after not being able to pass Brian Hansen on the depth chart. In November, he signed with the New England Patriots, taking over after Pat O\'Neill was released. He was not re-signed after the season.
In 1996, he signed with the Detroit Lions and was released on July 3 to make room for punter Rich Camarillo.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
Legend
----------
**Bold**
### Regular season {#regular_season}
Year Team Punting
-------- ------- ---------
Punts
1987 CHI 10
1988 CHI **16**
1989 CLE **16**
1990 CLE **16**
1991 NWE 3
1992 GNB 7
1993 GNB **16**
1994 SDG 14
1995 NWE 8
Career 106
### Playoffs
Year Team Punting
-------- ------- ---------
Punts
1988 CHI 2
1989 CLE 2
1993 GNB 2
1994 SDG **3**
Career 9
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Wagner married Cleveland TV news anchor and personality Robin Swoboda in 1991; they divorced in 2015. Wagner taught physical education and coached sports (football and basketball) at Willetts Middle School in Brunswick, Ohio.
On April 27, 2005, Wagner was hired as the football head coach at Chippewa High School and announced his resignation on November 20, 2006. In 2017, he was hired as the football head coach at Sweetwater High School in National City, California. Wagner compiled an 8--33 record in four seasons with the Red Devils. In 2020, he was hired as the head football coach at his alma mater, Hilltop High School in Chula Vista, California
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# Tooth loss
**Tooth loss** is a process in which one or more teeth come loose and fall out. Tooth loss is normal for deciduous teeth (baby teeth), when they are replaced by a person\'s adult teeth. Otherwise, losing teeth is undesirable and is the result of injury or disease, such as dental avulsion, tooth decay, and gum disease. The condition of being toothless or missing one or more teeth is called *edentulism*. Tooth loss has been shown to causally reduce overall health and wellbeing as it increases the probability of depression.
## Tooth exfoliation in children {#tooth_exfoliation_in_children}
Normal loss of primary teeth typically begins around age six and continues until age twelve. The upper and lower central incisors are shed at age six to seven years. The upper and lower lateral incisors are shed at seven to eight years. The upper canines are shed at ten to twelve years. The lower canines are shed at nine to twelve years. The upper and lower first molars are shed at nine to eleven years. The upper and lower second molars are shed at ten to twelve years.
## Pathological tooth loss {#pathological_tooth_loss}
### Causes and prevention {#causes_and_prevention}
As a person ages, their permanent teeth have been exposed to normal mechanical forces, such as chewing, and also more abnormal mechanical forces, such as bruxism and traumatic injury. Permanent teeth may also be affected by oral disease. There are many ways in which a person may protect their permanent teeth from loss.
The main method of preventing tooth loss is prevention of oral diseases. Tooth loss can be due to tooth decay and gum disease. Tooth decay is caused by increased plaque retention. Bacteria can then invade the plaque and cause dental caries (cavities). If cavities persist untreated for an extended period of time, tooth breakdown occurs. Plaque retention and bacterial presence also affect the gums and bone and their ability to hold the teeth in place. Disease of the gums, known as periodontitis, leads to detachment of the supporting structures from the teeth and their eventual loss. Tooth loss due to tooth decay and gum disease may be prevented by practicing good oral hygiene, and regular check-ups at a dentist\'s office. Good oral hygiene consists of brushing two times a day with a fluoridated toothpaste and flossing. Dental check-ups should occur every six months. Children or adults who are incapable of caring for their own teeth should be assisted with oral hygiene in order to prevent tooth loss.
In contact sports, risk of mouth trauma and tooth injury is reduced by wearing mouthguards and helmets with a facemask (e.g., a football helmet, a goalie mask).
Nightguards may also be implemented in the case of teeth grinding (bruxism) during sleep. These guards function in limiting the wear and force applied to the teeth. In turn, this minimizes the chance of loss.
In countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, and Italy, there is a strong relationship between cigarette smoking and tooth loss. Studies have shown that an increase in exposure to cigarette smoking can increase the risk of tooth loss. In addition, studies have also found that when people stop smoking, there is a decrease in tooth loss.
Proper nutrition has been shown to prevent tooth loss by providing the nutrients necessary to maintain enamel strength.
Tooth loss occurs more often in people from the lower end of the socioeconomic scale.
#### Secondary to disease {#secondary_to_disease}
Tooth loss can occur secondary or concomitantly to many diseases. Diseases may cause periodontal disease or bone loss to prompt tooth loss. Consequently, periodontal disease may cause increased infection, which may predispose a person to other diseases. Diseases commonly related to tooth loss include, but are not limited to: cardiovascular disease, cancer, osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus. Therefore, it is important to not only maintain good oral hygiene, but also overall good health.
### Missing tooth replacement {#missing_tooth_replacement}
Maximum preservation and protection of natural teeth is best for eating and chewing; however, there are three basic ways to replace a missing tooth or teeth, including a fixed dental bridge, dentures, and dental implants. Each alternative has its own benefits and drawbacks. The patient\'s medical, financial, and emotional situation are considered. It has been shown that a non-removable replacement, such as a bridge or implant appears to provide patients with the best sense of security and well-being.
In some cases, small missing areas can be restored by using techniques such as resin boded bridge (acid etch bridge) and maryland bridge.
#### Research
Researchers in Japan have successfully regrown fully functional teeth in mice. Epithelial and mesenchymal cells were extracted from the mice, cultured to produce a tooth \"germ\", and the germ was then implanted into the bone at the space of a missing tooth. A tooth of the correct external and internal structure, hardness, strength, and sensitivity later erupted in the space, eventually meeting the opposing tooth in a manner similar to an original natural tooth. This technique may be a possible future treatment for replacement of missing teeth
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# Mangshi
**Mangshi** (`{{lang-zh|c=芒市|w=Mangshih}}`{=mediawiki}; *ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ*; Jingpho: *Mangshi Myu*), former name **Luxi** (`{{lang-zh|labels=no |c=潞西}}`{=mediawiki}), is a county-level city and the seat of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in western Yunnan province, China. Mangshi has an area of 2900.91 km2, with an urban area of 18.66 km2. Han Chinese, Dai people (Tai Nuea branch) and Jingpo people (Zaiwa branch) are the major ethnic groups. Luxi County was founded in 1949, and became a county-level city in 1996.
## Etymology
Mangshi was originally called Luxi (`{{linktext|lang=zh|潞|西}}`{=mediawiki}). The name \"Luxi\" originated in 1934 when the central government of Republic of China established the direct ruled government Luxi Administrative Bureau (*潞西设治局*). The name means \"west of the Lu River,\" referring to \"Lujiang\" (*潞江*), another name for the Nujiang (Salween) River.
The name \"Mangshi\" evolved from the ancient tribal name Mangshi (*茫施*), which was used to refer to the ancestors of the De\'ang people. The earliest known use of \"Mangshi\" as a place name appeared in 1443, in the *tusi* chiefdom title Mangshi *Yuyi Zhangguansi* (*芒市御夷长官司*).
Due to Mangshi\'s strategic importance as a stronghold in the China Burma India theater during World War II, and as the site where the Prime Ministers of China and Myanmar hosted the 1956 Sino-Burmese Border People Friendship Celebratory Conference, the name \"Mangshi\" became far more widely recognized than \"Luxi\". Additionally, major local landmarks were commonly named using \"Mangshi\" rather than \"Luxi\", such as Mangshi Hotel, Mangshi Airport, Mangshi Conference Hall, and Mangshi Square. As a result, many visiting merchants and travelers were familiar with \"Mangshi\" but not \"Luxi\". The limited recognition of the \"Luxi\" name hindered the city\'s development. In 2008, a public opinion survey in Luxi showed that among 4,751 respondents, 96.96% supported restoring the historical name \"Mangshi\". On July 12, 2010, the State Council of China approved the renaming of Luxi to Mangshi, and on December 29 of the same year, an official renaming ceremony was held at Mangshi Conference Hall.
Mangshi is the only county-level city in China with a two-character name where the second character (`{{linktext|lang=zh|市}}`{=mediawiki}, shì, meaning \"city\") serves both as a proper noun and as a political division suffix.
In the Tai Nuea language, Mangshi is called **Muang Khon** (ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ, IPA: `{{IPA|/məŋ<sup>55</sup> xɔn<sup>35</sup>/}}`{=mediawiki}), written in Chinese as \"`{{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|勐|焕}}`{=mediawiki}\", meaning \"City of Dawn.\"
The standard English transliteration of the city\'s name is \"Mangshi\" based on Hanyu Pinyin. Sometimes, the Wade-Giles romanization \"Mangshih\" is also used.
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# Mangshi
## History
### Prehistory--14th century {#prehistory14th_century}
In the late Neolithic period, human activity had already emerged within the Mangshi region. Archaeological sites from this period have been discovered in villages such as Mangbing (*芒丙*) and Huangjiazhai (*黄家寨*) in Zhongshan Township, which modern research identifies as part of the prehistoric culture of the ancestors of the De\'ang people.
During the Bronze Age, the Mangshi area successively fell under the domains of the Dian-Yue (*滇越乘象国*) and the Ailao Kingdom. In 69 AD, Liu Mao (*柳貌*), the king of Ailao, led 77 tribal chieftains to pledge allegiance to the Han court. In response, the Han Dynasty established Yongchang Commandery in the former Ailao territory, with Mangshi falling under the jurisdiction of Ailao County within the commandery. The Shu-Han regime maintained this administrative structure during the Three Kingdoms period. In 271 AD, it was reassigned to Ning Zhou. In the Tang Dynasty, the Mangshi area was inhabited by the Mangman tribes, and the tribe name \"Mangshi\" (*茫施*) first appeared in historical records.
In the early 7th century, Mangshi was known as \"Xieluo City\" (*些罗城*) and was under the jurisdiction of Yongchang Jiedu (Military Command, *永昌节度*) during the Nanzhao period. In the Dali Kingdom, it was called \"Numou\" (*怒谋*) and belonged to Yongchang Prefecture (*永昌府*). After the Yuan Dynasty conquered the Dali Kingdom, the Jinchi Pacification Commission was established in 1261, with Mangshi under its administration. In 1271, the Pacification Commission was divided into different Circuits, and Mangshi fell under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Circuit Appeasement Commission (*东路安抚使*), which renamed the Zhenkang Circuit Appeasement Commission (*镇康路安抚使*) in 1275. In 1276, it was separated from Zhenkang Circuit, and **Mangshi Circuit** (*茫施路*) was established under the Pacification Commission's jurisdiction, marking the formal beginning of Mangshi's administrative status.
At the same time the Yuan Dynasty established Mangshi Circuit, it also set up Luchuan Circuit in what is now Ruili City, which the Dai/Shan people refer the regime as Möng Mao. During the First Yuan-Burma War, Luchuan Circuit served as an important frontline base for the Yuan army, and the Yuan Dynasty exerted strong military control and political rule over Luchuan during the conflict. In 1302, after the Yuan Dynasty abandoned its campaign against Myanmar, the military and administrative officials withdrew to the inland, and thereafter, Luchuan\'s influence began to expand on a large scale. The Mangshi region was actually under the administration of the local power in Luchuan, and by the end of the Yuan Dynasty, it had effectively become independented from the central government. The battlefield of the Battle of Ngasaunggyan within First Yuan-Burma War may have been located along the banks of the Mangshi River in the Mangshi area.
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# Mangshi
## History
### 14th century--1911 {#th_century1911}
#### Ming dynasty {#ming_dynasty}
After the Ming Dynasty entered Yunnan, the administrative system announced in 1382 included **Mangshi Prefecture** (*芒施府*). However, it did not recognize Luchuan's expansion or its control over Mangshi, instead classifying Luchuan as just one of many prefectures and circuits in western Yunnan. This decision led to dissatisfaction in Luchuan, which soon went to war with the Ming central court before eventually surrendering. In 1399, after the death of Si Lunfa, the Ming Dynasty initiated split Luchuan's territory, dismantling Luchuan's control and establishing multiple *Tusi* regimes. Mangshi, located near Luchuan's core region, remained under Luchuan's control during this time. Under Si Renfa's rule, Luchuan once again expanded outward, prompting the Ming court to launch a military campaign against it, known in history as the \"Luchuan--Pingmian campaigns\".
In 1443, Si Jifa attacked Fangge (*放革*), a former Luchuan chief who had aligned with the Ming Dynasty and was the leader of Mangshi. Si Jifa was defeated by the Ming army, and in response, the Ming court established the **Mangshi *Yuyi Zhangguansi*** (`{{literal translation|Pacifying Chief Administrator}}`{=mediawiki}, *芒市御夷长官司*), placing it under the jurisdiction of the Jinchi Military and Civilian Command Commission. Later, it was directly administered by the Yunnan Province.
Following the Ming--Burmese War, the Ming court split the original Longchuan Tusi Chiefdom territory and established the Chiefdom of Zhefang (*遮放副宣抚司*) in 1584, headquartered in present-day Zhefang. In 1640, the Mangshi *Yuyi Zhangguansi* (upper-6th level) was upgraded to the Mangshi Appeasement Commission (lower-5th level, *芒市安抚司*).
#### Qing dynasty {#qing_dynasty}
In 1656, the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming entered Yunnan and appealed to the Tusi chiefdoms to resist the Qing forces. Qing troops entered western Yunnan in 1658, and the Ganya Tusi of Yingjiang County led his forces to resist the Qing and assisted Emperor Yongli in fleeing to Burma, but his entire army was destroyed. In 1659, the Tusi chiefdoms of Dehong included Mangshi submitted to the Qing Dynasty, the new court retained their original positions, and were placed under the jurisdiction of Yongchang Prefecture.
After Hsinbyushin succeeded as the king of the Konbaung Dynasty, Burma, he launched several raids into Yunnan. The Qing--Burmese War broke out, and in 1764, the Viceroy of Yun-Gui set up military checkpoints at Santai Mountain (*三台山*) in Mangshi and at Mangkanqing (*芒坎箐*) in Zhefang, deploying troops for defense. In 1766, the Burmese army occupied Hsenwi State and Wanmaw State. The viceroy sent Wu-Er-Den (*乌尔登*) with 3,000 troops to Zhefang, while viceroy Mingrui personally led 10,000 troops to meet E\'erdeng\'e (*额勒登额*) in Hsenwi via Mangshi. By 1769, the conflict had ended, and Mangshi remained a key Qing military base, supplying over 30,000 Qing troops with a large amount of military provisions.
In 1770, Longling Subprefecture was established, and both Mangshi and Zhefang were transferred under its administration from Yongchang Prefecture. In 1899, the Sino-British boundary demarcation of the Yunnan-Myanmar border resulted in the return of the Mengban region, which had been annexed by Hsenwi during the early Qing period. Due to its strategic importance, the Chiefdom of Mengban was established to oversee the area.
### 1911--1949
In the Republic of China period, the Yunnan government appointed two \"suppression commissars\" (*彈壓委員*) to Mangban (*芒板*) and Zhemao (*遮卯*) within the Mangshi area in 1913. Mangban suppression commissar administered Mangshi *Anfusi* and Mengban *Tuqianzong* territories, and Zhemao suppression commissar administered Zhefang *Xuanfusi* and Mengmao *Anfusi* (*勐卯安撫司*, in Ruili) territories. The two suppression commissars were replaced by an administrative commissar (*行政委員*) in 1915, and a district named Mangzheban Administrative District (*芒遮板行政區*) was established. At the same time, Mengmao *Anfusi* was separated from the district, thus forming the boundaries of modern Mangshi. As a transition before formally establishing a county, Yunnan government set a *Shezhiju* (*設治局*, similar to a governing council) in Mangshi area named Mangzheban *Shezhiju* (*芒遮板設治局*) replacing Mangzheban District in 1929. The Administrative Bureau is a quasi-county level administrative division. Mengga is the seat of the bureau. It changed the name to Luxi *Shezhiju* (*潞西設治局*) in 1934. The Imperial Japanese Army occupied Luxi on 4 May 1942 and retreated on 11 December 1944 when Counterattack of Western Yunnan started. In 1949, Luxi Administrative Bureau finally became Luxi County (*潞西县*), with the seat of county government at the town of Mangshi, and the first county magistrate was the acting Tusi Fang Kesheng (*方克胜*). The Tusi system and the central bureaucracy still coexisted.
### 1949--present
Fang Kesheng refused to join People\'s Republic of China, preferring to remain neutral. Eventually the People\'s Liberation Army advanced into Luxi in April 1950, and Fang Kesheng fled to Taiwan. His brother Fang Keguang succeeded be the acting tusi, and cooperated with the Chinese Communist Party. The three tusi were killed during the land reform movement in 1955. Luxi County became Luxi City (county-level city) in 1996, and changed the name to Mangshi City in 2010.
## Geography
Mangshi has an area of 2900.91 km2. There are two main plains in Mangshi named Mangshi Ba (*芒市坝*) and Zhefang Ba (*遮放坝*). The city of Mangshi is situated at the east of Mangshi Ba. Mountains are the primary landforms of Mangshi, making up approximately 84.48% of the territory. Mount Qingkou (*箐口山*) is the city\'s highest point, with an altitude of 2,889.1 meters. Manxin River\'s (*曼辛河*) estuary (at Salween River) is the lowest point, with an altitude of 528 metres in Zhongshan Township. The mountains are branches of western Gaoligong Mountains.
Mangshi River is the \"mother river\" of Mangshi, and has a drainage basin of 1881 km2, about 61.3% of area of Mangshi. Longchuan River (*龙川江*) is the border river between Mangshi and Lianghe County and Longchuan County on the north and west. Salween River on the southeast tip of Mangshi marks the international border between Mangshi and Myanmar\'s Shan State.
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# Mangshi
## Climate
## Administrative divisions {#administrative_divisions}
Mangshi currently comprises 12 administrative township-level subdivisions including one subdistrict, five towns and six townships.
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
| Name | Name\ | Code | Founded\ | Area (km^2^)\ | Population\ | Density |
| | *in Chinese* | | | | 2010 Census | |
+====================================+==============+===========+==========+===============+=============+=========+
| Menghuan Subdistrict | | 533103001 | 2008 | 23.15 | 99,970 | 4318.36 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
| Mangshi Town | | 533103101 | 1936 | 349.5 | 46,353 | 132.63 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
| Zhefang Town | | 533103102 | 1936 | 422 | 51,477 | 121.98 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
| Mengga Town | | 533103103 | 1936 | 389 | 24,344 | 62.58 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
| Manghai Town | | 533103104 | 1988 | 105 | 5,641 | 53.72 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
| Fengping Town | | 533103105 | 1998 | 381 | 69,586 | 182.64 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
| Xuangang Township | | 533103201 | 1936 | 163.7 | 21,501 | 131.34 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
| Jiangdong Township | | 533103202 | 1988 | 220.8 | 25,240 | 114.31 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
| Xishan Township | | 533103203 | 1988 | 257 | 12,296 | 47.84 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
| Zhongshan Township | | 533103204 | 1988 | 278 | 10,170 | 36.58 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
| Santaishan Palaung Ethnic Township | | 533103205 | 1988 | 158 | 7,068 | 44.73 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
| Wuchalu Township | | 533103206 | 1988 | 202 | 16,245 | 80.42 |
+------------------------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------------+-------------+---------+
## Economy
As of 2016, Mangshi\'s nominal GDP was CN¥ 9.628 billion, about 0.65% of the province\'s GDP, ranking 44th among county-level administrative units in Yunnan; its nominal GDP per capita was CN¥ 23,307, 66th in the province, lower than Yunnan average (CN¥ 30,949).
In 1958, Yunnan government regulated trade in border areas, and the town of Mangshi was excluded from the zone of border trade. In 1980, province government opened Manghai (*芒海*), Mangbing (*芒丙*) and Xiaogai (*小街*) as border trade markets. After Hu Yaobang, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party inspected Dehong prefecture in 1985, Mangshi abolished all border checkpoints, and made the whole territory a border trade zone. The border trade and other tertiary sectors was prosperous in the 1990s. The proportion of three industrial sectors in 1978 was 65.6 : 16.3 : 18.1, and in 2016, 23.2 : 20.5 : 56.3.
Asian rice, sugarcane, tea, coffee, macadamia nut and fruits (banana, pineapple, mango, jackfruit etc.) are the main agricultural products of Mangshi, especially coffee. Mangshi has 19,056 ha. of paddy field, 9,165 ha. of sugarcane field, 7,504 ha. of macadamia forest, 5,870 ha. of coffee field and 5,469 ha. of fruit field in 2018. Asian Coffee Association was established at Mangshi in 2017. 13 countries are members of the association. Hogood Coffee is the largest domestic instant coffee producer in China, and the 10th largest civilian-run enterprise of Yunnan.
## Population
In 2016, Mangshi had a total population of 415,700 over the whole county-level city, of which 171.2 thousand resided in the city core, the subdistrict of Menghuan.
According to the 2010 census, Mangshi has 204,083 Han citizens, 52.34% of total population. Other main ethnicities are Dai and Jingpo, which has a population with 132,421 and 29,208. Mangshi has the largest number of Palaung people in any county-level subdivision of China, with a population of 9,986, which mainly live in Santaishan Palaung Ethnic Township.
Historically, Dai people lived in the plains. Jingpo people immigrated to the mountains from the Tibetan Plateau in the 16th century. Han Chinese became the majority because of the Ming conquest of Yunnan and several Sino-Burmese wars, and the subsequent stationing of Chinese army in the area.
## Culture
Dai people in Mangshi speak Tai Nuea language, while Jingpo people speak Zaiwa and Jingpho. Zaiwa is the most populous branch of Jingpo in Mangshi.
Almost all the Dai and Palaung people follows Theravada Buddhism. Many villages have their own Buddhist temple, called \"Zhuangfang\" (`{{linktext|lang=zh-Hant|奘|房}}`{=mediawiki}) or \"Miansi\" (`{{lang-zh|labels=no|s={{linktext|缅|寺}} |l=Burmese temple}}`{=mediawiki}). They are the center for religion activities and education, and also the entertainment venues for villagers. Expenditure of the temple and the monk life costs are paid by the villagers. An average Dai farmer spends one-fifth of his annual income for religion-related activities in 1988. In Jingpo folk religion, various gods as well as ancestral spirits are worshipped.
Water-Sprinkling Festival (in Thailand called \"Songkran\") and Manau are the grandest festivals of the Dai and Jingpo. They are both statutory holidays in Dehong Prefecture. The 15,000-capacity Dehong Stadium, a football stadium, is also used for cultural events.
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# Mangshi
## Transport
Tusi Fang Keming (*方克明*) of Mangshi and Duo Jianxun (*多建勋*) of Zhefang built a road linking Mangshi and Wanding in 1926. An Indian engineer was invited to design the route. The road was completed in 1931, and became a part of the Burma Road in 1937. In modern China National Highways network, this road is part of G320 Highway. Longling-Ruili Expressway opened on 31 December 2015, and is the first expressway of Mangshi. It forms part of G56 Hangzhou--Ruili Expressway and AH14. A provincial highway, Mangshi-Lianghe Expressway is currently under construction. Another provincial expressway, Ruili-Menglian Expressway, is planned.
Although Mangshi has a 68.23 km-long borderline with Myanmar, it has no national port of entry. There are three border crossing without customs control into Myanmar serving the locals. They are Manghai (*芒海*), Zhongshan (*中山*) and Bangda (*邦达*). Manghai links Mong Ko in Myanmar, also known as Monekoe.
Dali--Ruili railway is under construction, with two stations in Mangshi: Mangshi and Mangshi West.
Dehong Mangshi International Airport is the only airport in Dehong Prefecture. It saw 1,652,533 passengers and 13,982 flights in 2017.
## Society
Dehong Sports Center is located on the west of Mangshi, with a 21,000-capacity stadium, a 3,200-capacity basketball gym, a 2,150-capacity aquatics center, a 6-courts tennis gym and other outdoor sports fields. The sports center was built in 2008, and has a building area of 36,813.49m^2^.
Dehong People\'s Hospital is a Tertiary B-level hospital established in 1954 in southeast of Mangshi. It has 1,200 beds and the service area covered up Dehong, Longling, Tengchong and part of Myanmar.
Dehong Teachers\' College (*德宏师范高等专科学校*) is the main higher education college of Dehong, established in 2006. It is a technical college but under the working for upgrade to an undergraduate education university. Many Burmese students are studying abroad in the college.
Dehong\'s media is multilingual, reflecting its diverse ethnic makeup. Dehong TV Station was established in 1991, with programs in Chinese, Tai Nuea, Jingpho and Zaiwa. Dehong TV Station is the only TV station that uses four languages in China. *Dehong Unity News* (*德宏团结报*) is the official newspaper of Dehong Prefecture Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. The newspaper using five languages: Chinese, Tai Nuea, Jingpho, Zaiwa and Lisu. It is the only newspaper that uses five languages in China. *Pauk-Phaw*, the first Burmese newspaper of China, was founded in Mangshi in 2015 and is published by *Dehong Unity Newspaper* office. It serves the 50,000 Burmese who live in China.
## Tourism
3.3 million tourists visited Mangshi in 2015, and generated a tourism income of CN¥ 5.09 billion for the city. Puti Temple, Wuyun Temple and Foguang Temple are well known Buddhist temples in Mangshi. Tiecheng Pagoda, Fengping Pagoda and Menghuan Pagoda are well known Buddhist pagodas. Tiecheng Pagoda, also known as \"Shubao Pagoda\" (`{{lang-zh|s={{linktext|树|包|塔}} |l=pagoda wrapped by tree}}`{=mediawiki}), was built in Qianlong era, Qing dynasty. A seed fell in the crack of the pagoda about 200 years ago, and now, the pagoda is wrapped by the bodhi tree. Mengbanaxi Exotics Garden, a garden for valuable ancient trees and tree fossils, is the only AAAA state-level tourist destination of Mangshi
| 522 |
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| 4 |
10,114,765 |
# Daniel A. Maher
**Daniel Aloysius Maher** (October 29, 1881 -- November 9, 1916) was an American Hall of Fame jockey who also became a Champion jockey in Great Britain.
## U.S. riding career {#u.s._riding_career}
Daniel Aloysius \"Danny\" Maher commenced his career at the age of 14, weighing 65 pounds. He served his apprenticeship under Bill Daly, a well known developer of jockey talent. Three years later, in 1898, he topped America\'s jockey\'s list. Maher was best known in the United States for winning the Metropolitan Handicap on Ethelbert (1900), the Brooklyn Handicap and Toboggan Handicap on Banaster (1899), the Champagne Stakes on Lothario (1898), and the Ladies Handicap on Oneck Queen (1900). Maher was America\'s leading jockey in 1898.
The Hart--Agnew Law anti-gambling legislation forced Maher and numerous other jockeys and trainers to leave America for Europe where they quickly made a mark on European racing.
## English riding career {#english_riding_career}
In England, Maher won 1,421 races with 25 percent of his mounts. He won his first English Classic on Aida in the 1901 1,000 Guineas and later that year won the Chester Cup on the colt David Garrick, owned by American Pierre Lorillard IV. In 1903, Maher won two-thirds of England\'s Triple Crown with Rock Sand. He also won The Derby three times (1903, 1905, 1906), five Eclipse Stakes (1902, 1904, 1906, 1909, 1910), and was a two-time winner of the Ascot Gold Cup (1906, 1909). In 1907 Maher\'s wins included the King\'s Gold Vase.
Maher was Britain\'s leading jockey in 1908 and 1913, the year he obtained British citizenship.
Maher died in 1916, at the age of 35, of consumption. He is buried in Paddington Cemetery, Mill Hill, London, England.
## Posthumous
In 1955, Maher was one of the inaugural inductees in the United States\' Racing Hall of Fame. In 1999, the Racing Post ranked Maher as third in their list of the Top 50 jockeys of the 20th century.
## Career at a glance {#career_at_a_glance}
U.S. riding career: 1895--1900\
Number of Mounts: 6,781\
Number of Winners: 1,771\
Winning percentage: 26.1 percent
British riding career: 1900--1915\
Number of Mounts: 5,684 est
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# Three at Wolfe's Door
***Three at Wolfe\'s Door*** is a collection of Nero Wolfe mystery novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1960. The book comprises three stories, one of them published previously:
- \"Poison à la Carte\"
- \"Method Three for Murder\" (previously serialized in three issues of *The Saturday Evening Post*, January 30--February 13, 1960)
- \"The Rodeo Murder\"
## Publication history {#publication_history}
- 1960, New York: The Viking Press, April 29, 1960, hardcover
: In his limited-edition pamphlet, *Collecting Mystery Fiction #10, Rex Stout\'s Nero Wolfe Part II*, Otto Penzler describes the first edition of *Three at Wolfe\'s Door*: \"Orange cloth, front cover and spine printed with dark brown. Issued in a mainly green-brown dust wrapper.\"
: In April 2006, *Firsts: The Book Collector\'s Magazine* estimated that the first edition of *Three at Wolfe\'s Door* had a value of between \$200 and \$350. The estimate is for a copy in very good to fine condition in a like dustjacket.
- 1960, New York: Viking (Mystery Guild), July 1960, hardcover
: The far less valuable Viking book club edition may be distinguished from the first edition in three ways:
:\* The dust jacket has \"Book Club Edition\" printed on the inside front flap, and the price is absent (first editions may be price clipped if they were given as gifts).
:\* Book club editions are sometimes thinner and always taller (usually a quarter of an inch) than first editions.
:\* Book club editions are bound in cardboard, and first editions are bound in cloth (or have at least a cloth spine).
- 1961, London: Collins Crime Club, January 20, 1961, hardcover
- 1961, New York: Bantam #A-2276, August 1961
- 1995, New York: Bantam Crime Line `{{ISBN|0-553-23803-5}}`{=mediawiki} September 1995, paperback, Rex Stout Library edition with introduction by Margaret Maron
- 1997, Newport Beach, California: Books on Tape, Inc
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# Lloyd Levin
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 19, column 22):
unexpected 'b'
{| class="wikitable" background: #f9f9f9;
^
``
| 20 |
Lloyd Levin
| 0 |
10,114,801 |
# Carlos French
**Carlos French** (August 6, 1835 -- April 14, 1903) was an American businessman and politician who served one term as a United States representative from Connecticut from 1887 to 1889.
## Biography
He was born in Humphreysville, Connecticut (now known as Seymour, Connecticut). He was the son of Raymond French and Olive Curtis French.
French attended the common schools of Seymour and General Russell's Military School, New Haven, Connecticut. He engaged in manufacturing and is credited with inventing the spiral steel car spring and the corrugated volute spring.
### Early political career {#early_political_career}
French was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1860 and again in 1868.
### Business career {#business_career}
He was employed as the president and treasurer of the Fowler Nail Company from 1869 until his death and also the vice president of the H.A. Matthews Manufacturing Company. He was also the director the Union Horse Shoe Nail Company of Chicago, Illinois and of the Second National Bank of New Haven, Connecticut. In addition, he was the director of the Colonial Trust Company of Waterbury, Connecticut and of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad Company.
### Congress
French was a member of the Democratic National Committee and was elected as a Democrat to the Fiftieth Congress (March 4, 1887 -- March 3, 1889). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1888.
### Later career and death {#later_career_and_death}
After leaving Congress, he resumed his former manufacturing pursuits and corporate connections. He died in Seymour, Connecticut in 1903 and was buried in Fair Haven Union Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut
| 268 |
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# List of highways numbered 218
| 6 |
List of highways numbered 218
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10,114,867 |
# 11th Signal and West Midlands Brigade
The **11th Signal and West Midlands Brigade** was a signal formation of the British Army\'s 3rd UK Division. By November 2024, it had been disbanded, with its sub-units resubordinated.
## History
The brigade was formed as 11th Signal Group in Liverpool in 1967. It became 11th Signal Brigade in 1982 and was redesignated 11th (ARRC) Signal Brigade in 1992 and reverted to 11th Signal Brigade in 1997. In November 2014, in accordance with the Army 2020 reorganisation, 11th Signal Brigade amalgamated with 143 (West Midlands) Brigade to create a new formation, based at Venning Barracks in Donnington, named **11th Signal and West Midlands Brigade**, with an additional role as a regional brigade for army regular and reserve units in the West Midlands counties. A formation parade took place at Donnington on 15 November 2014.
## Role
One of the brigade\'s responsibilities, as Regional Point of Command West Midlands, was to provide administrative support for around 8,000 Army personnel who were based in the West Midlands region, as well as forming a vital link between the Army and its local communities. The brigade had five Regular Army signal regiments and five Army Reserve signal regiments. In addition, it has command responsibilities for the Army Cadet Forces and some of the Army Reserve units in the region
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10,114,880 |
# Old Brush Arbors
***Old Brush Arbors*** is an album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1965 on the Musicor Records label.
## Background
Jones\'s fondness for gospel music is well documented. In the 1989 documentary *Same Ole Me*, he recalls that he learned how to play the guitar at the church where his mother Clara, a devout woman, played piano. The church was run by Brother Burl Stephens (with whom Jones would credit as co-writer of several songs on his 1959 gospel album *Country Church Time*) and Sister Annie, who George remembered \"taught me my first chords on the guitar, like C, G, and D and things like that, and I started hangin\' out over there more often. She\'d get her guitar and we\'d pick and sing together\...We used to do all the really old gospel songs.\" Jones love of gospel music actually predated his exposure to country music, which he would not hear until his family acquired their first radio. Jones would continue to record gospel albums throughout his career, including *In a Gospel Way* (1974) and *The Gospel Collection* (2003).
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Old Brush Arbors\" (Gordon Ardis, Darrell Edwards)
2. \"Will There Be Stars in My Crown?\" (George Jones Jimmy Sweeney, Edmond Hewitt)
3. \"Leaning on the Everlasting Arms\" (Elisha A. Hoffman, Anthony J. Showalter)
4. \"Won\'t It Be Wonderful There?\" (George Jones)
5. \"Lord You\'ve Been Mighty Good to Me\" (Earl Montgomery)
6. \"Selfishness in Man\" (Leon Payne)
7. \"I\'ll Fly Away\" (Albert E. Brumley)
8. \"Where We\'ll Never Grow Old\" (James C. Moore)
9. \"If You Believe\" (Darrell Edwards)
10. \"Lily of the Valley\" (Charles William Fry, William Shakespeare Hays)
11. \"How Beautiful Heaven Must Be\" (A.P. Bland, A.S. Bridgewater)
12
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# Lehigh Valley Christian High School
**Lehigh Valley Christian High School** (LVCHS) was a private, Christian high school located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States. It closed at the end of the 2019-20 school year. Some of its teachers formed the new Fellowship Christian High School in Bethlehem.
## History
LVCHS was established in 1988 as a cooperative among three Lehigh Valley Christian elementary schools, Bethlehem Christian School, Lehigh Christian Academy, and Phillipsburg Christian Academy. The three schools sought to continue their Christian education style from the ninth to the twelfth grades. Bethlehem Christian School and Covenant Christian Academy are the two schools who last cooperated with Lehigh Valley Christian High School. After being located in Calvary Temple Church in Allentown, LVCHS moved in September 2018 to its final location at 1500 Linden Street, in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.
## Student body {#student_body}
While located in Bethlehem, LVCHS students come from many many municipalities in the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania, western New Jersey, and a wide range of countries from around the world.
## Accreditation and memberships {#accreditation_and_memberships}
Lehigh Valley Christian High School has earned accreditation from both the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and the Association of Christian Schools International, the latter of which the school is also a member. LVCHS is also a member of the Mid-Atlantic Christian School Association.
## Athletics
LVCHS competes in District XI of the Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association. The Cougars field teams in boys and girls soccer, girls volleyball, boys and girls basketball, cheerleading, baseball, and track and field
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# Broderick Thompson
**Broderick Lorenzo Thompson** (August 14, 1960 -- February 4, 2002) was an American football offensive lineman in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, San Diego Chargers, Philadelphia Eagles, and the Denver Broncos. He also played for the Portland Breakers of the USFL. He played college football at the University of Kansas.
## Early life {#early_life}
Thompson attended Richard Gahr High School where he was a standout in basketball and played but didn\'t start football, before moving on to Cerritos Junior College where he became a starter as a defensive tackle.
He would later transfer to the University of Kansas on a football scholarship. As a junior, he was one of the starting defensive tackles. He missed most of his last year with a stress fracture in his ankle.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Dallas Cowboys (first stint) {#dallas_cowboys_first_stint}
Thompson was not selected in the 1983 NFL draft, because an ankle injury forced him to miss much of his senior season. He was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys, who converted him to the offensive line, playing both on offense and defense during training camp. He was waived on August 2.
### San Antonio Gunslingers (USFL) {#san_antonio_gunslingers_usfl}
On November 12, 1983, he signed with the San Antonio Gunslingers, but was traded to the Chicago Blitz in exchange for the rights to quarterback Bob Gagliano on January 3, 1984. He was cut on January 31.
### Los Angeles Express (USFL) {#los_angeles_express_usfl}
The Los Angeles Express signed him on February 10, 1984, but was released three days later.
### Los Angeles Rams {#los_angeles_rams}
On May 4, 1984, he was signed as a free agent by the Los Angeles Rams. He was waived on August 21.
### Portland Breakers (USFL) {#portland_breakers_usfl}
Thompson signed with the New Orleans Breakers of the United States Football League on January 23, 1985. The team ended up moving to Portland, where he played in all 18 games and earned All-All-USFL honors at right guard. In July the team was bankrupt and couldn\'t pay its payroll, so their players became free agents.
He was claimed off waivers by the Memphis Showboats on August first and released the next day.
### Dallas Cowboys (second stint) {#dallas_cowboys_second_stint}
On August 3, 1985, Thompson signed as a free agent with the Dallas Cowboys and played 11 games as a backup. He was cut six games into the 1986 season.
### San Diego Chargers {#san_diego_chargers}
In 1987, he signed as a free agent with the San Diego Chargers. He played in 9 games (4 starts) alternating between right tackle and right guard. The next year, he was a regular starter at right guard and then to right tackle, eventually accumulating a streak of 62 straight starts, becoming a team captain and one of the Chargers top offensive linemen.
In 1992, he started 12 games at right guard before suffering a shoulder injury against the Kansas City Chiefs. The next year, he was traded to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for a fifth round selection.
### Philadelphia Eagles {#philadelphia_eagles}
Although he had never played the position before, the Philadelphia Eagles moved him to left tackle and started 10 games until suffering a calf strain that put him out of the season. The next year, he started 14 games at right tackle, before being replaced with Tom McHale.
### Denver Broncos {#denver_broncos}
In 1995, he signed as a free agent with the Denver Broncos, reuniting with his previous offensive line coach Alex Gibbs. He was the starter at right tackle during his two seasons with the team.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Thompson died on February 4, 2002, from injuries sustained in a motorcycle accident outside of Las Vegas, Nevada. His sister Necie Thompson was a basketball All-American at UCLA
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# John Sexton (photographer)
**John Sexton** is an American fine art photographer who specializes in black and white traditional analog photography.
## Life
John Sexton was born in 1953. Education: Bachelor of Arts, cum laude, departmental honors, Art -- Photography, Chapman University, Orange, California; Associate of Arts, with honors, Photography, Cypress College, Cypress, California
## Career
Sexton worked for Ansel Adams from 1979 to 1984 (when Adams died), first as Technical and Photographic Assistant, then as Technical Consultant. Sexton served as Special Projects Consultant to the Ansel Adams Publishing Rights Trust following Adams\' death.
Sexton has taught at numerous photographic workshops in the past, and continues to do so, with his wife Anne Larsen, a talented photographer in her own right, through his long-running eponymous fine art photography workshop program. For many years he was a co-director of the Owens Valley Photography Workshops with fellow co-directors Bruce Barnbaum and Ray McSavaney.
Sexton also has lectured at many museums and universities. His work is in numerous permanent collections and exhibitions, and he has been the subject of many articles in the photographic press.
## Style
Sexton\'s process consists of large-format 4x5 photography and black and white silver gelatin prints. Like his mentor Ansel Adams, his prints are characterized by great tonal quality resulting from his darkroom virtuosity - Sexton provides abundant technical notes in his books. Most of Sexton\'s subjects are the natural world, however, unlike Adams, he is more interested in intimate scenes than wide or dramatic vistas, and often photographs them in long exposures made in the \"quiet\" light of dusk.
## Honors and awards {#honors_and_awards}
- International Photography Hall of Fame inductee, St. Louis, Missouri, 2018
- Telly Award - Bronze, for Videography/Cinematography, Epson America\'s video production, *John Sexton: Print Your Legacy*, 2018
- George Eastman Medal, Beijing, China, 2014
- American Society of Photographers, International Award, 2014
- SAPPI Award - Silver for *Recollections: Three Decades of Photographs,* 2007
- North American Nature Photography Association, Lifetime Achievement Award, 2005
- Kodak Professional *Icon*, 2004
- Kodak Professional *Legend Online*, 2000
- Cypress College, Thirtieth Anniversary Outstanding Alumnus. 1997
- Photographic Book of the Year Awards, First Place Monograph: Listen to the Trees, 1994
- Honorary Master of Science, Brooks Institute of Photography, 1990
- Imogen Cunningham Award, 1981
## Publications
The following books of John Sexton\'s work have been published:
- *Recollections: Three Decades of Photographs*, 2006. `{{ISBN|0-9672188-8-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Places of Power: The Aesthetics of Technology*, 2000. `{{ISBN|0-9672188-1-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Listen to the Trees*, 1994. `{{ISBN|0-8212-1952-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Quiet Light*, 1990. `{{ISBN|0-8212-1775-5}}`{=mediawiki}
## Major exhibitions {#major_exhibitions}
- *John Sexton: Twenty Years of Photographs*, major retrospective exhibition, Monterey Peninsula Museum of Art.
- *Quiet Light,* traveling exhibition organized by the United States Information Agency, toured in fifteen countries in Europe, 1994 to 1996
- *Evolutions*, International Center of Photography, New York City, 1991.
## Selected One Person Exhibitions {#selected_one_person_exhibitions}
- International Center of Photography, New York, NY
- Monterey Museum of Art, Monterey, CA
- Center for Photographic Art, Carmel, CA
- Clarence Kennedy Gallery, Polaroid Corporation, Cambridge, MA
- Polaroid Corporation Cambridge, MA
- The Weston Gallery, Carmel, CA
- Photo Gallery International, Tokyo, Japan
- Focus Gallery, San Francisco, CA
- The Afterimage Gallery, Dallas, TX
- Photokina, Cologne, Germany
- Alinder Gallery, Gualala, CA
- Folio Gallery, Calgary, Canada
- The Ansel Adams Gallery, Yosemite National Park, CA
- Susan Spiritus Gallery, Costa Mesa, CA
- The Friends of Photography, Carmel, CA
- Kathleen Ewing Gallery, Washington, D.C
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# List of All England women's singles champions
The All England Open Badminton Championships is an annual British badminton tournament created in 1899. For four decades beginning 1954, the Championships was held at the Wembley Arena, London but since 1994, it has been played at the Arena Birmingham in the city of Birmingham, United Kingdom. The Ladies\' Singles was first contested in 1900. Below is the **list of the winners at the All England Open Badminton Championships** in ladies\' singles. The tournament was cancelled between 1915--1919 because of World War I, and between 1940--1946 because of World War II.
## History
In the Amateur era, Judy Devlin (1954, 1957--1958, 1960--1964, 1966--1967) holds the record for the most titles in the Ladies\' Singles, winning All England ten times. Devlin also holds the record for most consecutive titles with five from 1960 to 1964.
Since the Open era of badminton began in late 1979 with the inclusion of professional badminton players from around the world in 1980, Susi Susanti (1990--1991, 1993--1994) holds the record for the most Ladies\' Singles titles with four. Ye Zhaoying (1997--1999) and Xie Xingfang (2005--2007) share the record for most consecutive victories with three.
This event was won without losing a single game in the entire tournament during the Open Era as many as ten times. The first to accomplish this was Lene Køppen who won the very first Open Era edition in 1980, followed by Zhang Ailing in 1982, consecutively from 1984 to 1986 by Li Lingwei, Han Aiping and Kim Yun-ja respectively, Gu Jiaming in 1988, Zhou Mi in 2003, Xie Xingfang in 2005 and 2007 and Wang Shixian in 2014.
Lene Køppen is the only player in history to reach the All England Open Badminton Ladies\' Singles Final in both the Amateur and Open Era. She managed to do so a total of four times, winning in the last and first editions of the Amateur and Open Era respectively and also losing once each in both Era.
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# List of All England women's singles champions
## Finalists
### Amateur era {#amateur_era}
Year Country Champions Country Runners--up Score
------------ ------------------ ----------- --------- --------------------- ------------------------------------
1900 17--15, 15--11
1901 15--12, 15--7
1902 15--11, 16--18, 15--2
1903 18--15, 15--9
1904 15--2, 15--8
1905 9--15, 15--6, 15--9
1906 *Walkover*
1907 15--5, 8--15, 15--13
1908 11--2, 11--3
1909 11--3, 11--5
1910 11--5, 3--11, 11--5
1911 11--9, 4--11, 11--4
1912 11--14, 11--2, 14--13
1913 11--5, 11--8
1914 {{sortname Bottomley\|Bottomley (badminton)}}
1915--1919 *No competition*
1920 11--6, 11--5
1921 11--5, 11--6
1922 11--7, 11--7
1923 11--8, 11--6
1924 11--4, 11--2
1925 11--2, 11--7
1926 11--7, 11--3
1927 11--8, 11--3
1928 11--3, 5--11, 11--5
1929 11--8, 14--13
1930 11--2, 5--11, 11--9
1931 11--8, 4--11, 14--9
1932 11--4, 5--11, 11--2
1933
1934 11--4, 11--6
1935 11--1 11--6
1936 5--11, 11--3, 11--2
1937 11--0, 11--0
1938 10--12, 12--11, 11--3
1939 11--4, 11--5
1940--1946 *No competition*
1947 11--6, 6--11, 12--10
1948 15--3, 15--13
1949 8--11, 11--8, 11--4
1950 11--4, 11--6
1951 11--6, 11--2
1952 11--4, 11--2
1953 11--2, 7--11, 11--2
1954 11--7, 11--5
1955 9--12, 11--5, 11--1
1956 11--8, 12--5
1957 11--2, 11--7
1958 11--7, 12--10
1959 11--7, 3--11, 11--4
1960 11--1, 11--9
1961 11--2, 11--6
1962 11--4, 11--0
1963 11--5, 11--9
1964 11--0, 11--3
1965 11--7, 11--7
1966 11--6, 11--7
1967 5--11, 11--8, 12--10
1968 {{sortname\|Minarni Minarni}}
1969 11--5, 11--5
1970 11--3, 11--4
1971 11--3, 6--11, 11--2
1972 11--5, 3--11, 11--7
1973 11--8, 11--0
1974 11--5, 11--9
1975 11--5, 11--9
1976 11--0, 11--3
1977 7--11, 11--3, 11--7
1978 11--1, 11--9
1979 13--9, 1--11, 11--8
### Open era {#open_era}
Year Country Champions Country Runners--up Score
------ --------- ----------- --------- ------------- -------------------------
1980 11--2, 11--6
1981 11--1, 11--2
1982 11--4, 11--6
1983 11--5, 10--12, 12--9
1984 11--5, 11--8
1985 11--7, 12--10
1986 11--6, 12--11
1987 9--7 (retired)
1988 11--2, 11--2
1989 11--8, 11--4
1990 12--11, 11--1
1991 0--11, 11--2, 11--6
1992 9--12, 12--10, 11--1
1993 4--11, 11--4, 11--1
1994 11--5, 11--9
1995 11--9, 10--12, 11--3
1996 11--1, 11--1
1997 11--3, 11--1
1998 11--5, 11--8
1999 9--11, 11--5, 11--1
2000 11--5, 8--11, 11--5
2001 11--7, 11--3
2002 7--5, 8--6, 7--3
2003 11--6, 11--5
2004 11--7, 11--7
2005 11--3, 11--9
2006 11--3, 9--11, 11--3
2007 21--6, 21--13
2008 21--11, 18--21, 22--20
2009 21--19, 21--23, 21--11
2010 21--14, 18--21, 21--19
2011 24--22, 21--18
2012 21--13, 21--19
2013 21--14, 16--21, 21--10
2014 21--19, 21--18
2015 16--21, 21--14, 21--7
2016 21--11, 16--21, 21--19
2017 21--16, 22--20
2018 22--20, 21--13
2019 21--17, 21--17
2020 21--19, 21--15
2021 21--12, 21--16
2022 21--15, 21--15
2023 21--17, 10--21, 21--19
2024 26--24, 11--1 (retired)
2025 13--21, 21--18, 21--18
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# List of All England women's singles champions
## Statistics
### Multiple titles {#multiple_titles}
**Bold** indicates active players.
Rank Country Player Amateur era Open era All-time Years
------ --------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------
1 10 0 10 1954, 1957, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1967
2 6 0 6 1902, 1905, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910
3 5 0 5 1900, 1901, 1903, 1904, 1906
5 0 1926, 1927, 1929, 1930, 1931
5 4 0 4 1920, 1921, 1922, 1924
4 0 1969, 1974, 1975, 1977
0 4 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
8 3 0 3 1911, 1912, 1928
3 0 1913, 1914, 1923
0 3 1997, 1998, 1999
0 3 2005, 2006, 2007
0 3 2008, 2010, 2013
**`{{sortname|Tzu-ying|Tai|Tai Tzu-ying}}`{=mediawiki}** 0 3 2017, 2018, 2020
14 2 0 2 1932, 1934
2 0 1936, 1937
2 0 1947, 1953
2 0 1949, 1951
2 0 1950, 1952
2 0 1955, 1956
2 0 1968, 1971
2 0 1976, 1978
1 1 1979, 1980
0 2 1982, 1983
0 2 1984, 1989
0 2 2000, 2001
0 2 2011, 2014
**`{{sortname|Nozomi|Okuhara}}`{=mediawiki}** 0 2 2016, 2021
**`{{sortname|Carolina|Marín}}`{=mediawiki}** 0 2 2015, 2024
**`{{sortname|Se-young|An|An Se-young}}`{=mediawiki}** 0 2 2023, 2025
### Champions by country {#champions_by_country}
Rank Country Amateur era Open era All-time First title Last title First champion Last champion
------ --------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------ ---------------- ---------------
1 39 0 39 1900 1978
2 0 22 22 1982 2019
3 8 6 14 1947 2013
4 12 0 12 1954 1967
5 6 3 9 1969 2022
6 0 5 5 1981 2025
7 0 4 4 1990 1994
8 0 3 3 2017 2020
2 1 1968 1995
10 0 2 2 2015 2024
11 1 0 1 1939
### Multiple finalists {#multiple_finalists}
**Bold** indicates active players.\
*Italic* indicates players who never won the championship
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# Daigremontianin
**Daigremontianin** is a bufadienolide. Bufadienolides are steroids and cardiac glycoside aglycones (meaning that they bind with carbohydrates to form cardiac glycosides) that are similar to cardenolides, differing only in the structure of the C-17 substituent on the D ring. This chemical has been found to be toxic in experiments on mice. It is one of five bufadienolides that have been isolated from *Kalanchoe daigremontiana*.
## Toxicity
Crassulaceans are one of the prime sources of bufadienolide cardiac glycosides (including daigremontianin) responsible for an estimated 33% of cattle mortalities related to plant poisoning in South Africa. Crassulacean bufadienolides cause cardiac poisoning, but repeated small doses cause a condition called cotyledonosis, an intoxication affecting nervous and muscular systems of small animals, particularly, sheep in the Karoo area of South Africa
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# Joe Robb
**Alvis Joe Robb** (March 15, 1937 -- April 18, 1987) was an American professional football player who was a defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles, St. Louis Cardinals, and the Detroit Lions. He played college football for the TCU Horned Frogs and was selected in the 14th round of the 1959 NFL draft by the Chicago Bears. He went to one Pro Bowl during his 13-year career
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# Aero-Flight
The **Aero-Flight** Aircraft Corporation was founded by ex-Curtiss-Wright employee James Nagamatsu at Buffalo, New York, U.S. in 1946 to produce a two-seat light aircraft, the Streak
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# New Country Hits
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{{Album chart|BillboardCountry|5|artist=George Jones|album=New Country Hits|refname=BillboardCountry|access-date=8 May 2025|rowheader=true}}
^
``
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# EDMA
**3,4-Ethylenedioxy-*N*-methylamphetamine** (**EDMA**) is an entactogen drug of the methamphetamine class. It is an analogue of MDMA where the methylenedioxy ring has been replaced by an ethylenedioxy ring. EDMA was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book *PiHKAL*, the dosage is listed as 150--250 mg, and the duration listed as 3--5 hours. According to Shulgin, EDMA produces only mild psychedelic effects consisting of paresthesia, nystagmus, and hypnogogic imagery, with few to no other symptoms.
It has been found that EDMA acts as a non-neurotoxic serotonin releasing agent with moderately diminished potency relative to MDMA, and with negligible effects on dopamine release. However, subsequent research found that EMDA is a serotonin--norepinephrine--dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA) with `{{Abbrlink|EC<sub>50</sub>|half-maximal effective concentration}}`{=mediawiki} values of 117 nM for serotonin release, 325 nM for norepinephrine release, and 597 nM for dopamine release in rat brain synaptosomes. Compared to MDMA, EDMA was about half as potent as a serotonin releaser, 4.5-fold less potent as a norepinephrine releaser, and 8-fold less potent as a dopamine releaser. The activities of the individual enantiomers of EDMA have also been assessed
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# Buckinghamshire Building Society
The **Buckinghamshire Building Society** is a British building society. As of 2022, the Society has 11,400 Members and assets of £355m.
It was founded in 1907 in Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire, by a group of local businessmen. The original name was the **Chalfont & District Permanent Building Society**, and in 1961 the Society was renamed to the Buckinghamshire. Its principal office (and sole branch) continues to be in the village of Chalfont St Giles.
It is a member of the Building Societies Association
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# Walter Stratton Anderson
**Walter Stratton Anderson** (October 4, 1881 -- October 24, 1981) was a Vice Admiral of the United States Navy, who served as the Executive officer of `{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}}`{=mediawiki} in World War I and as Commander Battleships, Battle Force in the Pacific Fleet, and of the Gulf Sea Frontier, during World War II.
## Biography
Anderson, the son of William E. P. Anderson and Nellie Douglas Hamilton, was born on October 4, 1881, in Carlinville, Illinois. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy \"with distinction\" in 1903. As part of his required sea service as a midshipman, he served on board `{{USS|Brooklyn|CA-3|6}}`{=mediawiki}, flagship of the European Squadron. On February 3, 1905, he was commissioned ensign.
### Early career {#early_career}
In June 1905, Anderson was ordered to `{{USS|Galveston|CL-19|6}}`{=mediawiki}. On board *Galveston* Anderson sailed to France as part of the squadron under the command of Rear Admiral Charles Dwight Sigsbee, USN, to retrieve the body of John Paul Jones for interment in the crypt under the Naval Academy Chapel. On that occasion, Anderson commanded *Galveston*{{\'}}s company in the battalion sent to Paris from the United States ships.
From December 1905 until May 1907, Anderson enrolled in postgraduate instruction in ordnance at the Washington Navy Yard, and at the plants of various private industries. Following his completion of the program, he was ordered to Asiatic Station as an aide and flag secretary to Rear Admiral Joseph N. Hemphill, USN, Commander, Third Squadron, Pacific Fleet. From August to November 1908 he served as aide on the staff of Rear Admiral B. Harbor, USN. He joined `{{USS|Nebraska|BB-14|6}}`{=mediawiki} at Manila, Philippine Islands in November 1908, and made the remainder of the cruise around the world with the Great White Fleet. In November 1909, he was ordered to the Naval Torpedo Station, Newport, Rhode Island, to work with torpedoes, mines, explosives, and organize the planning and stock records departments for a period of two years.
In December 1911, Anderson (then in the grade of lieutenant) assumed command of `{{USS|Yankton|1893|6}}`{=mediawiki}, the Commander in Chief\'s dispatch boat and small relief flagship. From April 1912 to January 1913, he served as aide and flag lieutenant on the staff of Rear Admiral Hugh Osterhaus, USN, Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet. He then served on board `{{USS|Utah|BB-31|6}}`{=mediawiki} from December 1912 to June 1913. Following that assignment, Anderson served in `{{USS|Des Moines|C-15|6}}`{=mediawiki} from June 1913 to December 1914, seeing action in Santo Domingo and also at the occupation of Vera Cruz. Anderson then returned to New York to serve as Ordnance Superintendent in the Navy Yard. His responsibilities included supervision of ordnance work on all classes of ships, including the installation on battleships of the earliest director fire systems.
### World War I {#world_war_i}
In May 1916, Anderson\'s orders were in connection with fitting out `{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}}`{=mediawiki}. He served on board *Arizona* from her commissioning in October 1916 until November 1919, first as Gunnery Officer, later as executive officer. While serving in *Arizona*, he cruised out to sea from Portland, England, in November 1918 to meet `{{USS|George Washington|ID-3018|6}}`{=mediawiki}, then carrying President Woodrow Wilson, and escorted that transport to Brest, France.
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# Walter Stratton Anderson
## Biography
### Inter-war period {#inter_war_period}
*Arizona* toured European waters in the spring of 1919, visiting Smyrna, Asia Minor, and Constantinople (the first visit of the United States battleship to that city). On that cruise, Anderson was present when the Greeks took Smyrna.
Anderson served as Officer in Charge of the Navy Recruiting Bureau, New York, New York, from November 1919 until November 1920. The function of this large printing establishment, moving picture, and photographic exchange was to publicize the Navy and inspire large numbers of needed enlistments following World War I\'s demobilization. Following that term of duty, Anderson enrolled in the senior course at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island.
From 1922 until 1924, Anderson held command of `{{USS|Sinclair|DD-275|6}}`{=mediawiki} and later `{{USS|Kidder|DD-319|6}}`{=mediawiki}, with duty also as Commander, Divisions 30 and 34, Destroyer Squadrons, Pacific Fleet. From July 1924 until July 1927, Anderson acted as head of the Department of Ordnance and Gunnery at the Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland. Additionally, he organized the first of all Naval Reserve Officer\'s Training Corps Units at St. John\'s College, Annapolis, Maryland.
Anderson served as assistant chief of staff and operations officer to Admiral H. A. Wiley, USN, Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, from August 1927 until May 1929 after a short assignment on board `{{USS|Texas|BB-35|6}}`{=mediawiki}. On May 31, 1929, Anderson assumed the position of Supervisor of New York Harbor until May 23, 1930. He then served as Officer in Charge of the Naval Ammunition Depot, Hingham, Massachusetts, from May 1930 until January 1932.
Anderson commanded `{{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|6}}`{=mediawiki} from January 1932 until April 1933. *West Virginia* won the battle efficiency pennant for the entirety of his command, a record that stands unique for a battleship and for a captain.
Anderson served as Naval Attaché at the American Embassy, London, England, from March 1934 until February 1937. During the term of that duty he was promoted to rear admiral in July 1936. His assignment in London saw the 25th Anniversary Jubilee of George V, the death of George V, the abdication of Edward VIII, and the London Naval Conference 1935. Anderson attended the conference as a member of the American Delegation. Upon his return to the United States, he assumed command of (heavy) Cruiser Division 4, Scouting Force, with `{{USS|Northampton|CA-26|6}}`{=mediawiki} as his flagship. In that command, Anderson became the first flag officer of the U.S. Navy to visit Bogota, Colombia. He received the thanks of the Colombian government for services rendered upon that occasion.
### World War II {#world_war_ii}
From June 1939 until December 1940, Anderson acted as Director of the Office of Naval Intelligence, Navy Department, Washington, D.C. While in that detail he greatly enlarged the Naval Intelligence Service in preparation for war. He also reported personally and daily to President Franklin D. Roosevelt for a considerable period and served, by the President\'s order, as a member of a special intelligence committee along with the Director of Military Intelligence and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
In January 1941, Anderson assumed command of Battleships, Battle Force, and also performed additional duty as Commander, Battleship Division 4. In April 1941 the designation of that command was changed to Battleships, Pacific Fleet (ComBatPac), and additional duty as Commander, Battleship Division 4. Flying his flag on board `{{USS|Maryland|BB-46|6}}`{=mediawiki}, he was present at Pearl Harbor when the Japanese attacked on December 7, 1941.
On September 28, 1942, Anderson reported for duty as President of the Board of Inspection and Survey, Navy Department, Washington, D.C., a position that was responsible for the preliminary trial, inspection, and acceptance of all vessels and aircraft for use by the Navy.
On July 17, 1944, Anderson assumed duty as Commander, Gulf Sea Frontier, and Commandant, Seventh Naval District, with headquarters in Miami, Florida. In that capacity, Anderson collaborated with the Cuban and Mexican Navies, and with the Royal Air Force in the Bahamas for cooperative operations in the waters of the Gulf Sea Frontier. The responsibilities of that command included the supervision and general direction, in its operational capacity, of the United States Naval Mission to Cuba, and of such vessels of the Cuban Navy as were placed under his general operational direction. On April 3, 1945, Anderson was appointed to the rank of vice admiral. On October 24, 1945, Anderson was relieved as Commander Gulf Sea Frontier and Commandant, Seventh Naval District. He retired on March 1, 1946. For his service in the World War II, Anderson was awarded with the Legion of Merit.
### Death
Vice Admiral Anderson died on October 24, 1981, at one hundred years old. At that time he was the oldest living graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy. Anderson\'s wife of fifty-six years died on June 15, 1966. His son, Walter Stratton Anderson Jr., died in 1977. Survivors included his two grandchildren Virginia Randolph Anderson and Thomas Stratton Anderson. Walter Anderson and his wife are buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
## Decorations
Here is the ribbon bar of Vice admiral Walter S. Anderson:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
`{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Navy and Marine Corps Medal ribbon
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# Tom Stechschulte
**Thomas Andrew Stechschulte** (November 1948 -- June 7, 2021) was an American film and television actor. His most prominent role may have been that of the presidential candidate Robert Arthur in *The Manchurian Candidate* (2004). He has also had guest appearances on the television series *Law & Order*, *Law & Order: Criminal Intent*, and *Mrs. Columbo*.
Stechschulte was a prolific audiobook narrator, having performed, among others: Kent Haruf\'s *Plainsong*, Cormac McCarthy\'s *No Country for Old Men* and *The Road*, Tim O\'Brien\'s *The Things They Carried*, H.G. Bissinger\'s *Friday Night Lights*, Harold Keith\'s *Rifles for Watie*, and Dennis Lehane\'s *Shutter Island*. He gave voice to several members of the Holland Family in various James Lee Burke novels, alternating with Will Patton. He also narrated the *Watchmen: Motion Comic* series.
He died on June 7, 2021, at the age of 72.
## Filmography
Year Title Role
------ ---------------------------- -------------------
1982 *The Clairvoyant* Jim Dearden
1991 *What About Bob?* Lennie / Producer
2001 *Murder in Small Town X* William Lambert
2004 *The Manchurian Candidate* Robert Arthur
2006 *Fields of Freedom* Sgt
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# Patrick Kilvington
**Patrick Kilvington** (11 December 1922 -- 14 October 1990) was a British-born Australian artist.
## Information
In 1922, Patrick Kilvington was born in the United Kingdom, and he came to Australia in 1950. He is known to be an Impressionist painter who specialized in oil painting and he concentrates mostly on rural and genre subjects. He attended various rodeos and country events where he studied, and he sketched and photographed the activities he was at. He was known as a badly behaved young man and he reflects this in many of his subjects. Kilvington\'s realism is depicted in his paintings, and it came from his familiarity with his subject matter. He became a full-time painter in 1971.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
Patrick Kilvington received the following awards and honors:
- the Royal National Repatriation Prize, Canberra in 1971
- the Royal Brisbane Show in 1980
- S.G.I.O., Brisbane in 1979
He was knighted by the Hutt River Principality, an award that carries no title. He later claimed a hereditary title that had gone into abeyance
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# Haytham Tambal
**Haytham Tambal** (born November 28, 1978, in Sudan) is a former Sudanese football striker. In 2008 in the Sudanese league he scored 21 goals in 20 games. He used to play rivals Al-Hilal Club and Al-Merrikh SC and made a single appearance for South African club, Orlando Pirates.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### International
National team Year Apps Goals
--------------- ------ ------ -------
Sudan 2003 10 5
2004 11 5
2005 12 8
2006 7 3
2007 4 1
2008 14 2
2009 2 0
2011 2 0
Total 62 24
: Appearances and goals by national team and year
: *Scores and results list the Sudan\'s goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Tambal goal.*
No
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# Mr. Country & Western Music
***Mr. Country & Western Music*** is an album by American country music artist George Jones released in 1965 on the Musicor Records label.
## Background
Although *Mr. Country and Western Music* includes many of the heartache and drinking songs that Jones had become famous for, this collection of new recordings sees the singer moving towards the more refined Nashville Sound that had been spearheaded by Chet Atkins, Owen Bradley, and a handful of other producers who saw the potential of sweetening the backing tracks with strings and female singers as a way to compete with the ever-increasing popularity of rock and roll. As Bob Allen observes in his book *George Jones: The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend*, \"These men figured - correctly, as it turned out - that they could make those dollar signs even bigger if they could produce country records that captured the imagination of the much larger, urban-dwelling, pop music-orientated record buying public.\" In addition to this change in Jones\'s music, his singing voice had matured and grown noticeably deep since his earliest recordings. Adds Allen: \"He was now in his mid-thirties, and fewer and fewer of his performances in the studio were charged with the youthful, high-whining honky-tonk fervor and raw rockabilly fire that had echoed so clearly through his early hits. He had come to be more comfortable with the lower and mid-range registers of his voice. Ever so gradually, he was becoming less ill at ease with the mellower \"uptown\"-style songs that Pappy (Daily, Jones\'s producer) was starting to bring around for him to record.\" By this point, Jones\' singing style had evolved from the full-throated, high lonesome sound of Hank Williams and Roy Acuff on his early Starday records to the more refined, subtle style of Lefty Frizzell. In a 2006 interview with *Billboard*, Jones acknowledged the fellow Texan\'s influence on his idiosyncratic phrasing: \"I got that from Lefty. He always made five syllables out of one word.\"
Jones would re-record \"Don\'t You Ever Get Tired (Of Hurting Me) in his 1989 album *One Woman Man*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"I Just Lost My Favorite Girl\" (Don Adams)
2. \"What\'s Bad for You Is Good for Me\" (Melba Montgomery, Carl Montgomery)
3. \"Don\'t You Ever Get Tired (Of Hurting Me)\" (Hank Cochran)
4. \"How Proud I Would Have Been\" (Joe Poovey)
5. \"Flowers for Mama\" (Eddie Noack, Marvin Rumley, Wayne P. Walker)
6. \"Gonna Take Me Away from You\" (George Jones, Darrell Edwards)
7. \"I Can\'t Get Used to Being Lonely\" (Earl Montgomery)
8. \"Let a Little Loving Come In\" (Leon Payne)
9. \"Selfishness in Man\" (Leon Payne)
10. \"Worst of Luck\" (Joe Poovey)
11. \"Even the Bad Times Are Good\" (Carl Belew, Clyde Pitts)
12
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# Bucky Dilts
**Douglas Riggs \"Bucky\" Dilts** is a former punter for three years in the National Football League. He played in Super Bowl XII for the Denver Broncos.
## College career {#college_career}
Dilts attended the University of Georgia where he was a member of Chi Phi fraternity. He was the left-footed punter for the Georgia Bulldogs from 1974 to 1976 and played for the legendary Vince Dooley. He appeared in three bowl games, including the 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic and the 1977 Sugar Bowl and was a member of the 1976 SEC Championship Team.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Dilts was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Denver Broncos in 1977. He played two years for the Broncos, including an appearance in Super Bowl XII against the Dallas Cowboys. In 1979, he played for the Baltimore Colts. The following year, after he did not receive any offers from any teams, he retired from football and went to work in sales and marketing in the Denver-Boulder area in Colorado
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# Savaging
**Savaging** is a term used in the study of ethology that refers to aggressive behaviour displayed by the mother towards the offspring. Aggressive behaviour includes being rough with, injuring, biting, attacking, crushing and killing (maternal infanticide) of the offspring. While savaging behaviour has been seen in multiple species, it is predominantly demonstrated in domestic pigs (*Sus scrofa domesticus*). As the definition of savaging is so broad, research on the prevalence of savaging behaviour varies with reports of little savaging of offspring to savaging of offspring up to the 20th percentile. Prevalence of aggressive, non-fatal savaging is greater in gilts, or females who have not yet previously farrowed, as piglet-focused aggression is more frequent in young animals than sows, adult females who have previously given birth. Occurrence of savaging demonstrated by sows is greater if the sow has previously savaged her offspring either as a gilt or sow. Savaging behaviour usually occurs during the first two days after parturition. Prevalence of savaging is similar among first and second farrowing cycles. Savaging behaviour has a significant impact on both agricultural economy and animal welfare which is why it is currently a subject of interest in the pig industry.
## Environmental factors {#environmental_factors}
There exist multiple environmental factors that increase the rate of savaging demonstrated by pigs. It has been shown that human attitudes and behaviour can affect the behaviour of domestic pigs. For example, annoyance and transmission of emotions can occur in gilts and sows when a new worker enters the farrowing rooms and makes excessive noise, does not feed the animals in a timely manner and/or is frustrated/annoyed. Research suggests that maternal behaviour may improve when workers and pigs are familiar with their environment and on a set schedule. Another environmental factor that has been examined is the amount of time spent by humans in the farrowing room. Decreased disturbance of the sows by human intrusions during farrowing has indicated a decrease in savaging behavior. Increased aggression in sows is not always directed towards piglets as sows were just as likely to attack inanimate objects (bricks) as they were to attack piglets. As indicated by the fact that aggressive behaviour can be predicted before parturition begins as indicated by pre-farrowing restlessness and the fact that aggression was directed towards both piglets and inanimate objects, sow aggression is not a result of a response to the sudden appearance of piglets. A study by Gonyou and Harris found that increasing light exposure in the farrowing rooms to 16--24 hours per day decreased piglet deaths due to savaging. In the same study, it was found that increased piglet vocalizations around the time of farrowing did not help gilts adjust to the sudden presence of piglets, and instead was shown to increase the amount of piglet-directed aggression. The influence of nest-building and nest-building materials has been shown to influence negative piglet-directed communication. Access to materials as well as higher quality materials such as straw decreased the amount of negative communication between sows and piglets. Similarly, limited space and poor pen conditions have been shown to increase the amount of piglet-directed aggression. Pigs are social animals and a female\'s social support network can play an important role in postpartum piglet-directed aggression. Free ranging pigs form sounders, or small social units, give young gilts the opportunity to observe gestation and parturition and exposing them to normal maternal behavior. Gilts raised in commercial pens are not exposed to piglets nor expecting mothers and thus are not aware of what to expect during gestation and parturition and are not aware of how to raise piglets. In support of this theory, there is strong evidence that parity influences the amount of savaging and piglet-directed aggression displayed among primiparous gilts versus muiltiparous sows. Some studies have found evidence of increased savaging rates in larger litter sizes as well.
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# Savaging
## Genetic and biochemical factors {#genetic_and_biochemical_factors}
It has been proposed that the degree of aggressive behaviour displayed prior to farrowing cycles by sows and gilts predicts whether the offspring will be savaged and to what extent. Evidence has also been found that savaging sows may be genetically less likely to crush piglets, which lends to the existing research supporting that savaging sows can be competent mothers. Levels of steroid hormones such as estrogens and progestogens around farrowing correspond with levels of maternal aggression. Specifically, high levels of estradiol at postpartum and high levels of pre-farrowing estradiol to progesterone ratios in gilts show more savaging behaviour to piglets. An increase in maternal aggressive behaviour as a result of low levels of progesterone would not be implausible as progesterone has been known to modulate serotonergic receptors. High postpartum levels of estradiol and estriol have also been associated with maternal mood and behaviour. The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the amygdala play important roles in moderating anxiety and depression with the PVN being responsible for secreting corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and oxytocin. This would explain the increased amount of CRH in stressed gilts. Abnormal levels of prepartum and postpartum oxytocin have also been linked to increased aggression and savaging as both abnormally high and abnormally low levels has been reported in savaging mothers. Low levels of oxytocin result in fear and aggression as a result of the interaction between oxytocin and the opioid system and has also been linked to insufficient nursing. Low levels of prolactin result in decreased milk let-down, leading to insufficient nursing and limited oxytocin being produced as a result of nursing. Since oxytocin reduces functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, high levels of oxytocin corresponding to an increase in unnresponsiveness to piglet vocalizations would be the result of abnormal HPA pathway functioning. Heritability estimates of 0.11 and 0.25 from half-sib analyses have demonstrated that selection against sow savaging of pigs is possible; however, it may be slow to show effectiveness.
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# Savaging
## Preventive measures {#preventive_measures}
The pig industry is investing in research regarding savaging behaviours in hopes to diminish the losses they face when gilts and sows commit infanticide. Sedation techniques following birth have prevented savaging; however, in many cases, the onset of aggression is merely delayed. Light exposure has the potential to prevent or limit savaging in pigs as pigs exposed to light for 16--24 hours a day in farrowing room experienced a decrease in the prevalence of savaging. The industry has also attempted to avoid savaging behavior by limiting reproduction in gilts and sows that have previously savaged their offspring. Efforts to eliminate the behavior include additional care and attention to the mother pig during her farrowing cycles. Access to nesting materials such as straw and peat as well as sufficient pen space and conditions around the time of farrowing are also important factors in limiting savaging and piglet-directed aggression in pigs. Increased social interactions and support from sounders also reduces the rate of savaging and piglet-directed aggression, indicating that would be beneficial to raise pigs in a free-roaming environment, but further research is needed to indicate if this would be economically feasible. Restlessness and aggressive behaviour prior to farrowing have been shown to predict savaging and piglet-directed aggression following farrowing, allowing for the identification of individuals prone to savaging and subsequent treatment, precautionary measures, or supervision.
## Savaging in other species {#savaging_in_other_species}
Savaging of offspring by the biological mother has been reported in multiple species including farmed silver foxes, farmed wild boar and domestic breeds of farmed pigs. Though aggressive savaging behaviour is demonstrated by other species, it is most commonly used to describe pig aggression. Infanticide in rodents has also been observed, with Syrian hamsters engaging in both infanticide and then cannabalizing some of their offspring following parturition. Syrian hamsters are more likely to savage and successfully kill female offspring compared to male offspring and will cannibalize more offspring if metabolic fuels from food or fat stores are insufficient. This is unlike savaging in pigs, who don\'t cannabalize piglets and are not motivated to savage by hunger. Similar to pigs, litter size was shown to influence savaging with an increase in Syrian hamster litter size correlating to an increase in maternal infanticide. Research has shown that primiparous silver foxes demonstrate savaging shortly after birth with a 37% chance of killing the offspring through bite wounds. Silver foxes have been shown to engage in savaging behaviour followed by infanticide and cannibalism of the offspring. Savaging in wild boars has been found to have genetic significance as different genetic lines have produced varying degrees of savaging. Wild boars have shown aggression after parturition towards their offspring; however, they have lower infanticide rates than other species
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# Paul Hall Center for Maritime Training and Education
**The Paul Hall Center for Maritime Training and Education** is a merchant marine educational facility in Piney Point, Maryland, which is affiliated with the Seafarers International Union. Founded in 1967 in Brooklyn, New York as \"The Seafarers\' Harry Lundeberg School of Seamanship\", the Paul Hall Center is the largest training facility for deep sea merchant seafarers and inland waterways boatmen in the United States. The school was moved to the 60 acre plot at the confluence of the Potomac River and St. George\'s Creek at the Piney Point location in 1991, and at the same time renamed after former SIU president Paul Hall.
According to SIU, \"Tens of thousands of rated and licensed seamen have completed upgrading classes at the training center. Additionally, more than 21,000 men and women from every state in the U.S., Puerto Rico and several U.S. territories have graduated from the trainee program for those just beginning their maritime careers.\"
The center features a number of buildings, including:
- The Joseph Sacco Fire Fighting and Safety School
- The Seafarers Harry Lundeberg School of Seamanship
- The Thomas B. Crowley Sr. Education Center
- The Paul Hall Library and Maritime Museum
- The Romeo Lupinacci Culinary lab
Prior to the opening of the Paul Hall Center, SIU maintained training facilities at five different ports. In 1966, the union bought the Piney Point site. The program grew to include other offerings, such as a reading skills program, a high-school equivalency program, an adult basic skills program, and English as a Second Language program.
In 1978, SIU entered into an arrangement with Charles County Community College of Maryland which allows participants to earn an Associates of Arts degree. In 1993, the Maryland Higher Education Commission authorized the college program to change its degree award to an Associate of Applied Science degree and to a certificate program in Maritime Technology.
## Training programs {#training_programs}
Professional training begins with basic or entry-level vocational education programs.
- Unlicensed Apprentice Program
- Deck Upgrading Courses
- Engine Department Upgrading Courses
- Steward Department Upgrading Courses
- Other Miscellaneous Courses
- Passenger Vessel Training
The upgrading programs provide experienced seafarers the opportunity to advance their professional skills.
## NCL America {#ncl_america}
In 2004, Norwegian Cruise Lines\' *NCL America* division began operating the *Pride of Aloha* in Hawaii. The cruise line was plagued by customer complaints which prompted them to seek out a training program for new employees. The Paul Hall Center was chosen as the location of NCL America\'s training facility until early 2007, when part of their training operations were moved to a facility at Barber\'s Point, HI
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# Eric King (baseball)
**Eric Steven King** (born April 10, 1964) is a former pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). He may be best known for giving up Ken Griffey Jr.\'s first career Major League home run. King played for three teams during a career that included parts of seven seasons. Those teams are the Detroit Tigers (1986--1988 and 1992), Chicago White Sox (1989--1990) and Cleveland Indians (1991).
## Minor league {#minor_league}
King attended Moorpark College near Los Angeles, intending to play baseball in 1983, but his attitude butted heads with the coach, and he was dismissed from the team. He left Moorpark and played two seasons in the minor leagues for the San Francisco Giants before being traded to the Detroit Tigers.
## Career
On May 15, 1986, King played in his first MLB game. He pitched `{{frac|5|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} scoreless innings of relief against the Texas Rangers, posting three walks and three strikeouts, while surrendering only one hit as the Tigers lost by an 8--1 score. For the season, King appeared in 33 games and `{{frac|138|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings. He started 16, but he also finished 9, recording three saves and three complete games, including one shutout. He tallied an 11--4 record and a 3.51 ERA while striking out 79 opponents and walking 63. He was honored that season as the Tigers Rookie of the Year.
King was back with the Tigers in 1987 and he pitched in a career--high 55 games, making only four starts. He saved nine games and finished a total of 26. King\'s win--loss record was 6--9 and his ERA jumped by a whole run to 4.89. His strikeout total climbed slightly to 89 and he walked 60 in 116 innings.
In 1988, King appeared in only 23 games for Detroit. He won four times and suffered one loss. King threw `{{frac|68|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings, the lowest for any season during his MLB career. His ERA improved to 3.41 and with the lower number of innings pitched, his walk and strikeout totals were almost cut in half, as King fanned 45 batters and walked 34. He started five games and saved three.
Prior to the 1989 season, King was acquired by the Chicago White Sox, who sent Kenny Williams to Detroit in exchange. Chicago used King solely as a starter and in 25 starts, King posted a 9--10 record and a 3.39 ERA. He hurled `{{frac|159|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings, striking out 72, but walking 64. King also threw a complete-game shutout against the Seattle Mariners on April 22, winning 1--0.
King\'s second and final season with the White Sox was 1990. He had a 12--4 win--loss record and posted a career--low ERA of 3.28, as he made 25 starts for the second consecutive year. In 151 innings, King\'s walk total dropped to 40 and he struck 70 opponents. He also hurled a pair of shutouts; against the Kansas City Royals on May 5 and against the Oakland Athletics on June 22. On December 4, 1990, Chicago sent King along with Shawn Hillegas to the Cleveland Indians. The White Sox received Cory Snyder and Lindsay Foster (who never made it to the MLB) in the deal.
In 1991, King played for his third major league team, as he appeared in 25 games for Cleveland, all but one as a starter. His 6--11 record left him with the lowest winning percentage (.353) of his MLB career. King\'s ERA, which had not been over 3.41 since his second season, jumped all the way to 4.60. Despite this, he threw two complete games and one shutout. King struck out 59 and walked 44 in `{{frac|150|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings.
King returned to the Tigers for what would prove to be his final major league season in 1992. In 17 games (14 starts), he was 4--6 with 45 strikeouts, 28 walks, one save and a career-worst 5.22 ERA over `{{frac|79|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings.
King went several years without pitching due to arm injuries before attempting a comeback in independent baseball in 1998
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# Chris Norman (American football)
**Chris Cooper Norman** (born May 25, 1962) is a former punter in National Football League (NFL). He played his entire 3-year career for the Denver Broncos
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# Haya de Herguijuela
The **Haya de Herguijuela** (Spanish for *beech of Herguijela*) is a large, solitary specimen of European beech growing on an east-facing slope of the Sierra de Francia, near the town of Herguijuela de la Sierra. One of the last relicts of the beech forests that used to exist in the Sistema Central region of Spain, it is also nearly the southernmost specimen of the European beech in Iberia, surpassed only by a similar tree in nearby Cáceres province.
The European beech used to be fairly common in the western Sistema Central, evidenced by local flora that is characteristic of beech forests. However, the forests were decimated by energy demands after the Industrial Revolution as beechwood makes excellent charcoal. Coupled with shifting climate patterns, the species has not made a recovery in the area even with the elimination of wood as an energy source. Apart from the haya de Herguijuela and its twin, the last remaining beech stand in central Spain is a forest in the northern reaches of the Sierra de Guadarrama in Soria
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# Casas de Monleón
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**Casas de Monleón** is a small village or hamlet in the southeast corner of the province of Salamanca, Spain.
## History and Name {#history_and_name}
Casas de Monleón was founded several hundred years ago (c. 1200) when settlers from the north of Spain repopulated the central ranges after the Reconquista expelled the Moors. The population has waxed and waned and it may not have been inhabited continuously since that time.
At some point, Casas de Monleón (literally: *houses of Monleón*) is said to have been the residence of many of the servants who worked in the adjacent, more upscale town of Monleón, which boasts an enclosing wall and a tower and may have been the seat of local governance for some time.
A short walk from the village are some Celtic ruins, mainly tombs hewn out of flat rocks, which folk culture often identifies as ancestral wine presses. On the highest side of the village there is an old Roman Catholic church building that has fallen into ruins.
## Government
Casas de Monleón was formerly incorporated; however, as a result of the sharp decline in the population in the latter twentieth century due to the Spanish miracle which drew many rural people to the cities, it has been annexed to the nearby town of Endrinal de la Sierra. Consequently, it has no mayor, but rather a councilor that serves with two additional councilors of Endrinal and the mayor of Endrinal.
## Local Culture {#local_culture}
The majority of the population is composed of farmers. Locals tend their livestock and gardens, some produce of which they sell out of town, and frequently travel for other necessities and socialization. Much of the economy is supported by agricultural subsidies.
The village celebrates its patron saint in August. The extended family of residents usually comes from the cities and enjoys the concerts and dancing in the plaza at night; the children have organized games; and everyone meets together for lunch on Sunday to eat paella, also in the main plaza.
Castilian Spanish is spoken, with various local colloquialisms influenced by Portuguese, such as inserting the definite article before a possessive pronoun (e.g. ***la** mi casa*, instead of only *mi casa*).
## Geography
Casas de Monleón is in the Tagus watershed with the Santa María stream passing nearby and flowing into the Alagón River, a major tributary of the Tagus.
It is near the base of the Sierra de las Quilamas, a ridge between the Sierra de Béjar and the Sierra de Francia mountain ranges, themselves being ranges in the Sistema Central. It is situated 48 km (30 mi) south of Salamanca proper and 80 km (50 mi) east of Ciudad Rodrigo. Nearby municipalities include Endrinal, Monleón, Los Santos, Linares de Riofrío, and the major meat-processing center for jamón ibérico, Guijuelo.
## Climate and Ecology {#climate_and_ecology}
Casas de Monleón has warm, balmy summers with little rain, foggy and rainy winters, and fickle springs and autumns. Annual precipitation is about 750 mm (30 in.), typical of its mountainous continental Mediterranean climate.
The vegetation in the area consists of a mix of Atlantic and Mediterranean continental species including such trees as holm oak, pyrenean oak, chestnut, black poplar, ash, and pines and shrubbery such as brooms and lavender. The fauna comprises various species of snakes, lizards, perching birds, small mammals, and an occasional wild boar
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# Daphne odora
***Daphne odora***, **winter daphne**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae, native to China, later spread to Japan and Korea. It is an evergreen shrub, grown for its very fragrant, fleshy, pale-pink, tubular flowers, each with four spreading lobes, and for its glossy foliage. It rarely fruits, producing red berries after flowering.
The Latin specific epithet *odora* means \"fragrant\". In Korea, the plant is also poetically called \"chullihyang\" -- a thousand-mile scent -- referring to the delightful fragrance of the flowers. In Japan, the plant is more commonly known as \"jinchōge\".
It grows best in fertile, slightly acid, peaty, well-drained soils. It grows in full sun or partial shade, and is hardy to -10 C, possibly lower.
Plants are not long lived, usually lasting eight to ten years. *Daphne* generally do not react well to root disturbance, and may transplant badly. *D. odora* is also susceptible to virus infection, which causes leaf mottling.
All parts of the plant are poisonous to humans and to a range of domestic animals. Some people experience dermatitis from contact with the sap.
*Daphne odora* may be propagated by semi-ripe cuttings in summer.
## Cultivars
- *D. odora* f. *rosacea* has white and pink flowers.
- *D. odora* f. *rubra* has dark red-pink flowers with reduced fragrance.
- *D. odora* \'Aureomarginata\' has yellow edged leaves, and is hardier and more suitable to cultivation than the plain-leaved forms
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# Mount Sahendaruman
**Mount Sahendaruman** is an extinct volcano located in southern part of Indonesian island of Sangihe.
It is an area high in biodiversity in Wallacea, especially seen in the small forest patch in mountain slopes Mount Sahendaruman, the last remaining primary forest in Sangihe.
Mount Sahendaruman is home to three critically endangered and two endangered endemic bird species, the cerulean flycatcher, Sangihe whistler, Sangihe white-eye, elegant sunbird and Sangihe hanging parrot
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# Relative Strangers
***Relative Strangers*** is a 2006 American comedy film directed by Greg Glienna.
## Plot
Thirty-four-year-old psychologist Richard Clayton\'s parents reveal to him that he was adopted. He then sets out to find out who his biological parents are, but disaster ensues when it turns out that his parents, Frank and Agnes Menure, are crude, lower class carnies. They follow him home and cause chaos to his normal life.
## Cast
- Danny DeVito as Frank Menure
- Kathy Bates as Agnes Menure
- Ron Livingston as Richard Clayton / Menure
- Neve Campbell as Ellen Minnola
- Beverly D\'Angelo as Angela Minnola
- Bob Odenkirk as Mitch Clayton
- Edward Herrmann as Doug Clayton
- Christine Baranski as Arleen Clayton
- Martin Mull as Jeffry Morton
- Michael McKean as Ken Hyman
- M. C
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# Electrogustometry
**Electrogustometry** is the measurement of taste threshold by passing controlled anodal current through the tongue. When current passes through the tongue a unique and distinct metallic taste is perceived.
Electrogustometry has been in existence since the 1950s. However, not much research has been done in this field.
## Equipment
TR Bull developed an electrogustometer, but it lacked precision and was not widely accepted. In the 1990s the Rion (TR-06) was developed. This was precise and is widely used in the market. The TR-06 is probably the only electrogustometer used now for research and diagnosis. This is manual and needs a trained doctor or nurse to use it. It needs to be manually calculated to arrive at the taste threshold and carry out the false positive tests.
Small, light and portable, this hand-held, battery-powered device can be easily placed in any environment. It has an inbuilt false detection test. This is useful for the psychophysical analysis of the subject.
## Influencing factors {#influencing_factors}
Electrogustometric taste threshold depends on pulse duration pulse and area of contact of electrode and tongue. Detailed experiments will be performed to prove and discuss their influence on taste threshold with the automatic electrogustometer. Experiments have been performed with the manual TR-06 on to study the effects of these control factors.
## Philosophy
The measure of the minimum amount of current required to excite the sensation of this taste is called the \'taste threshold\'. This project involves the design and fabrication of an automatic instrument to measure this taste threshold
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# Aero-Flight Streak
The **Aero-Flight Streak** was an American two-seat light aircraft built in 1946 by Aero-Flight Aircraft Corporation at Buffalo, New York. Advanced for its time, it was of all-metal construction with tricycle undercarriage, and accommodated the pilot and passenger in tandem beneath a sliding, bubble canopy.
Initially flown powered by a Continental C85, successively more powerful engines were fitted in an attempt to arouse interest in the marketplace. Due to the saturation of the light aircraft market in the years immediately following World War II, no production ensued and the project was dead by 1953.
## Variants
AFA-1 Streak-85:Powered by 85 hp Continental C85-12J.\
AFA-2 Streak-125:Powered by 125 hp Continental C125
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# David Clarkson (ice hockey)
**David Clarkson** (born March 31, 1984) is a Canadian professional ice hockey coach and former player. He played 10 seasons in the National Hockey League for the New Jersey Devils, Toronto Maple Leafs, and Columbus Blue Jackets. He is currently part owner and director of player development for the Colorado Grit in the NAHL south division. Clarkson was a member of the 2003 Memorial Cup-winning Kitchener Rangers.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Junior hockey {#junior_hockey}
As a youth, Clarkson played in the 1998 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Marlboros minor ice hockey team. Clarkson attended Norsemen Junior Middle School and Etobicoke Collegiate, then joined the Belleville Bulls of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) for his major junior career. He was traded to the Kitchener Rangers of the OHL on October 6, 2002 for future considerations. Clarkson spent three seasons with the Rangers, during which he won the Memorial Cup in 2003.
### Professional career {#professional_career}
Following his junior ice hockey career, Clarkson went undrafted and was signed as a free agent by the New Jersey Devils on August 12, 2005. He was assigned to the Albany River Rats of the American Hockey League (AHL) in September for the 2005--06 AHL season. He would go on to play the majority of the 2006--07 AHL season with the Devils\' new minor league team, the Lowell Devils (also of the AHL), before receiving a late-season call-up to New Jersey.
Clarkson made his NHL debut on March 15, 2007, on the road against the Carolina Hurricanes. He scored his first NHL goal on John Grahame one game later in a 7--2 loss to Carolina at home. He played in 81 games in the 2007--08 season with the Devils, registering 9 goals and 22 points. Clarkson was top on his team in penalty minutes (183) during the season. Clarkson played in the YoungStars Game during the 56th NHL All-Star Game SuperSkills Competition, scoring one goal and two assists. He was the lone Devils\' representative at the festivities, as Martin Brodeur (who had been voted in to the All-Star Team) was unable to participate. On July 1, as a restricted free agent, Clarkson was re-signed by the Devils for two years at \$800,000 per year. Clarkson played in all 82 games during the 2008--09 season, scoring 17 goals. The following season, Clarkson played in only 46 games, missing a large part of the year with a broken leg. He scored 11 goals and 24 points. In the off-season he re-signed with the Devils to a three-year deal.
Clarkson broke out in the 2011--12 season under head coach Peter DeBoer who had coached him in Kitchener. He scored a career-high 30 goals and 48 points and the Devils went on to the Stanley Cup Finals. The Devils would lose in the finals to the Kings. As the 2012--13 NHL lockout began, Clarkson signed with Austrian team EC Red Bull Salzburg to begin the 2012--13 season. Once the NHL lock-out was settled, he returned to the Devils and did well offensively, scoring 15 goals though New Jersey failed to the make the playoffs.
An unrestricted free agent, Clarkson did not re-sign with the Devils during the off-season, instead signing a seven-year, \$36.75 million contract with the Toronto Maple Leafs on July 5, 2013. On September 22, 2013, a brawl erupted during a pre-season game against the Buffalo Sabres during which Clarkson left the bench to fight. He subsequently received an automatic ten-game suspension from the NHL. There were high expectations in Toronto that Clarkson would score 20 to 30 goals based on his contract. Clarkson made his debut with the Maple Leafs on October 26, 2013 in a 5--2 loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets. He scored his first goal with Toronto against the New York Islanders\'s goalie Kevin Poulin on November 20. Clarkson was suspended for a second time that season, sitting out two games after hitting Vladimir Sobotka of the St. Louis Blues in the head. He ended his first season in Toronto with 5 goals and 11 points in 60 games. During the 2014--15 pre-season, Clarkson fought Cody McCormick and suffered a facial injury that required visiting a specialist. In the midst of his second season with the Maple Leafs, unable to establish a level of play to match his contract and plagued by injuries, Clarkson was traded by Toronto to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for Nathan Horton on February 26, 2015. In total, Clarkson played 118 games with the Leafs over two years, scoring 15 goals and 26 points.
Healthy scratches and injuries would hold Clarkson to only 26 games with the Blue Jackets over the next year and a half, registering only 4 points. As training camp for the 2016--17 season approached, it was announced that Clarkson had failed a physical and would not be invited to practice with the Blue Jackets. He was placed on the long-term injured reserve due to serious back injuries. Clarkson never played again in the NHL due to an injury suffered in March 2016 with the Blue Jackets. On June 21, 2017, Clarkson\'s contract, along with first-round and second-round draft picks were obtained by the Vegas Golden Knights at the 2017 NHL expansion draft in a pre-arranged trade with the Blue Jackets in order for the Golden Knights to select William Karlsson. The Blue Jackets needed space under the salary cap and needed to protect other prospects in the expansion draft. On July 23, 2019, Clarkson, along with a 2020 fourth-round pick, was traded back to the Maple Leafs in exchange for goaltender Garret Sparks. He was placed on injured reserve to clear up cap space for the Leafs.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Clarkson was born in Etobicoke, Ontario, growing up in the Mimico neighbourhood. He and his wife Brittney have five children `{{endash}}`{=mediawiki} three daughters and two sons. The family resides in Castle Pines, Colorado. Clarkson volunteered in 2017 as an assistant coach for the Upper Arlington High School hockey team, in Upper Arlington, Ohio, before taking on the head coaching job the following year
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# Strawberry Shortcake in Big Apple City
***Strawberry Shortcake in Big Apple City*** is a 1981 animated television special written by Romeo Muller, produced by Muller and Buzz Potamkin, and directed by Hal Silvermintz. This is the second special to feature the American Greetings character Strawberry Shortcake.
## Synopsis
*Strawberry Shortcake in Big Apple City* chronicles Strawberry Shortcake\'s trip to Big Apple City (an obvious parallel to New York City, also known as the \"Big Apple\"), so she can compete in a baking contest at \"the little theater off Times Pear\" (referencing Times Square). Strawberry\'s journey, however, is in jeopardy due to the constant interference of Purple Pieman, who is her only competition in the bake-off. The Pieman counts on his kohlrabi cookies and a little trickery to beat Strawberry and her famous shortcake. A \"Spinach Village\" is also mentioned, a reference to Greenwich Village.
## Cast
Name Character Source
----------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------
Russi Taylor Strawberry Shortcake
Robert Ridgely Peculiar Purple Pieman
Diane McCannon Orange Blossom
Bob Holt Coco Nutwork
Romeo Muller Mr. Sun / Narrator
Julie McWhirter Additional voices
Joan Gerber Blueberry Muffin / Apple Dumplin\' / Apricot
## Release
*Strawberry Shortcake in Big Apple City* was the second television special sponsored by the Kenner toy company, then owned by General Mills. The special marked the debut of characters such as T.N. Honey, Lemon Meringue and Horse Radish. It premiered on April 10, 1981, on 101 U.S. stations, among them WPIX in New York City, WKBS-TV in Philadelphia, WFLD in Chicago and KTLA in Los Angeles
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# Eric Sievers
**Eric Scott Sievers** (November 9, 1957 -- April 10, 2024) was an American professional football player who was a tight end for 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the San Diego Chargers. He played college football for the Maryland Terrapins before being selected by the Chargers in the fourth round of the 1981 NFL draft. Sievers was named to the NFL All-Rookie team in 1981. He played in the NFL from 1981 to 1990 for the Chargers, Los Angeles Rams and New England Patriots.
## Early life and college {#early_life_and_college}
Born in Urbana, Illinois, on November 9, 1957, Sievers grew up in Arlington, Virginia. He attended Washington-Lee High School (now Washington-Liberty High School) in Arlington, where he was a three-sport athlete in football, basketball and track. As a senior in 1975, Sievers earned All-American honors in football from *Parade* and *Scholastic Magazine*. He was inducted into the Virginia High School Hall of Fame in 1997.
At the University of Maryland, College Park, Sievers established himself as a strong blocker, but he did not catch the ball much as the Terrapins did not pass often.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Sievers was selected by the San Diego Chargers in the fourth round of the 1981 NFL draft with the 107th overall pick. They also drafted tight end Pete Holohan in the seventh round, who was Sievers\'s roommate at the East--West Shrine Game, where they became friends. In his first season in 1981, Sievers started 10 games while frequently replacing Kellen Winslow when the All-Pro tight end lined up outside as a wingback. United Press International named Sievers to their NFL All-Rookie team. In the postseason, the Chargers won their American Football Conference (AFC) divisional playoff game 41--38 in overtime over Miami. A four-hour contest played under hot and humid conditions, the game came to be known as the Epic in Miami and voted by the Pro Football Hall of Fame as the \"NFL\'s Game of the \'80s\". The enduring image of the game is an exhausted Winslow, who had 13 catches for 166 yards and blocked a game-winning field goal attempt at the end of regulation, being carried off the field after the game by Sievers and teammate Billy Shields. The Chargers fell one game short of the Super Bowl, losing the following week\'s AFC Championship Game 27--7 to Cincinnati in the coldest playoff game in NFL history at -59 F wind chill, dubbed the \"Freezer Bowl\".
A solid blocker, Sievers was an integral part of Air Coryell, San Diego head coach Don Coryell\'s wide-open passing attack with quarterback Dan Fouts. His best receiving years with the Chargers were in 1984 and 1985, when he posted identical seasons of 41 catches for 438 yards. In 1984, Sievers, Holohan, and Winslow contributed to the Chargers\' 164 receptions by the tight end position, setting an NFL single-season record for tight ends on a team. Sievers began the 1985 season with 30 receptions and five touchdowns in the first seven games, but had just 11 catches for one score in the final nine games after Winslow returned from his injury coupled with the offense\'s shift to get Lionel James and Gary Anderson more involved.
After catching 149 passes through his first five seasons, Sievers was limited by injuries and minimal playing time and had just three catches over the next three seasons. He played in only nine games and caught just two passes in 1986 while hampered by a compression fracture in his leg and underwent surgery in the offseason. In 1988, he was placed on injured reserve with a neck injury. According to Sievers, his injury was not severe enough to warrant the move. \"It gave them an opening to bring in the people they really wanted to have\", he said. San Diego tried to activate him by passing him through waivers, but he was claimed by the Los Angeles Rams. He had been the second-longest tenured player on the Chargers roster behind Don Macek. He played one regular-season and one playoff game at the end of the Rams\' season before becoming a Plan B free agent.
Sievers signed with the New England Patriots in 1989. Although Lin Dawson started at tight end, Sievers led all AFC tight ends that year with 54 receptions for 615 yards, both career highs. In 1990, he injured his knee on November 4 against Philadelphia, and spent the remainder of the year on injured reserve. Sievers ended the season with eight catches for 77 yards in eight games with one start. He signed with the Miami Dolphins as a Plan B free agent in 1991, but was waived during preseason.
## Later years {#later_years}
In 1994, Sievers partnered with host Charlie Jones on *Chargers: Monday Night Live*, a weekly *Monday Night Football* postgame show on KGTV channel 10 in San Diego.
After a six-year battle with bladder cancer, Sievers died on April 10, 2024, at the age of 66
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# List of brown algal genera
This is a list of the orders, families and genera in the class **Phaeophyceae** --- the brown algae.
## Discosporangiophycidae
### Discosporangiales
#### Choristocarpaceae
- *Choristocarpus* Zanardini 1860
#### Discosporangiaceae
- *Discosporangiumtite* Falkenberg 1878
## Ishigeophycidae
- *Diplura* Hollenberg 1969
### Ishigeales
#### Ishigeaceae
- *Ishige* Yendo 1907
#### Petrodermataceae
- *Petroderma* Kuckuck 1897
## Dictypophycidae
### Syringodermatales
#### Syringodermataceae
- *Microzonia* Agardh 1984
- *Syringoderma* Levring 1940
### Onslowiales
#### Onslowiaceae
- *Onslowia* Searles 1980
- *Verosphacella* Henry 1987
### Dictyotales
#### Dictyotaceae
- *Canistrocarpus* De Paula & De Clerck 2006
- *Chlanidophora* Agardh 1894 non Berg 1877
- *Dictyopteris* Lamouroux 1809a nom. cons.
- *Dictyota* Lamouroux 1809b nom. cons. \[*Dilophus* Agardh 1882; *Glossophora* Agardh 1882; *Glossophorella* Nizamuddin & Campbell 1995; *Pachydictyon* Agardh 1894\]
- *Dictyopsis* Troll 1931
- *Distromium* Levring 1940
- *Exallosorus* Phillips 1997
- *Herringtonia* Kraft 2009
- *Homoeostrichus* Agardh 1894
- *Lobophora* Agardh 1894 \[*Pocockiella* Papenfuss 1943\]
- *Lobospira* Areschoug 1854
- *Newhousia* Kraft et al. 2004
- *Padina* Adanson 1793 nom. cons. \[*Dictyerpa* Collins & Harvey 1901; *Vaughaniella* Borgesen 1950\]
- *Padinopsis* Ercegovic 1955
- *Rugulopteryx* De Cerck & Coppejans 2006
- *Scoresbyella* Womersley 1987
- *Spatoglossum* Kutzing 1843
- *Stoechospermum* Kutzing 1843
- *Stypopodium* Kutzing 1843
- *Taonia* Agardh 1848
- *Zonaria* Agardh 1817
### Sphacelariales
#### Lithodermataceae
- *Bodanella* Zimmermann 1927
- *Heribaudiella* Gomont 1896
- *Lithoderma* Areschoug 1875
- *Pseudolithoderma* Svedelius 1910
#### Phaeostrophionaceae
- *Phaeostrophion* Setchell & Gardner 1924
#### Sphacelodermaceae
- *Sphaceloderma* Kuckuck 1894
#### Stypocaulaceae
- *Alethocladus*
- *Halopteris* Kutzing 1843 \[*Stypocaulon* Kutzing 1843\]
- *Phloiocaulon* Geyler 1866
- *Protohalopteris* Draisma, Prud\'homme & Kawai 2010
- *Ptilopogon* Reinke 1890
#### Cladostephaceae
- *Cladostephus* Agardh 1817
#### Sphacelariaceae
- *Battersia* Reinke ex Batters 1890 emend. Draisma, Prud\'homme & Kawai 2010
- *Chaetopteris* Kutzing 1843
- *Herpodiscus* South 1974 emend
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# Noxell
**Noxell Corporation**, formerly known as the **Noxzema Chemical Company**, was a Maryland-based company that made household products. Its best known brands were Noxzema and CoverGirl. In 2016, it became a subsidiary of The Procter & Gamble Company.
## History
Francis J. Townsend, a doctor who lived in Ocean City, Maryland, created a formula which he called \"Townsend R22\", or \"no-eczema\". Townsend prescribed it as a remedy to early resort vacationers burned by the sun. In order to help people outside of the resort town Townsend later gave the formula to Dr. George Bunting, a graduate of Washington College in Maryland, who for many years denied the transaction.
In about 1917 Bunting introduced \"Dr. Bunting\'s Sunburn Remedy\" as an alternative to the greasy, tallow-based medicating creams available during the period. For the first three years, Bunting and Elizabeth Buck did all the mixing, heating, and pouring of the product themselves. The product was soon renamed Noxzema and promoted as a skin cream with a variety of uses.
In 1920 the Noxzema Chemical Company factory was opened in a house in Baltimore. The Noxzema product was promoted through radio and print advertising, and continued to achieve increasing sales throughout the United States during the 1940s.
During the 1950s, the company diversified into other personal care products, including shaving cream, cold cream, suntan lotion and suntan oil. In the late 1950s it originated the CoverGirl line of cosmetics, notable for using Noxzema\'s medicated ingredients. The company diversified again when it bought the Lestoil heavy-duty multipurpose cleanser product in 1960. The company changed its name to Noxell Corporation in 1966.
Noxell continued to be owned during this time by the Bunting family; Bunting\'s son, G. Lloyd Bunting Sr., assumed the management of the company, followed during 1973 by George L. Bunting Jr., Dr. Bunting\'s grandson. In 1989 the Procter & Gamble purchased the Noxell Company in 1989, as part of a \$1.4 billion merger; the company continued to operate as a subsidiary.
In 1996, the company sold off the Lestoil brand to The Clorox Company, citing the need to focus on cosmetics and fragrances.
Its television commercials for Noxzema Shave Cream by the William Esty Advertising Agency caused a sensation when model Gunilla Knutson asked men to \"take it off, take it all off\" (referring to facial hair).
P & G sold the Noxzema brand to Alberto-Culver in October 2008. Alberto-Culver was subsequently bought by the Anglo-Dutch consumer goods company Unilever on September 27, 2010, for \$US3.7 billion.
In 2016 the Noxell Company headquarters are located in a plant in the Baltimore suburb of Hunt Valley, Maryland; the facility also houses the cosmetics division of Procter & Gamble. This plant produces products for the CoverGirl, Max Factor and Olay brands, but Noxzema branded products are no longer produced there
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# Il Lee
**Il Lee** (`{{Korean|hangul=이일}}`{=mediawiki}; born 1952) is a South Korean-born American contemporary artist. He was born in South Korea and has been living in America since the mid-1970s. Il Lee is best known for his ballpoint pen artwork; large-scale abstract imagery on paper and canvas. He also creates artwork in a similar vein utilizing acrylic and oil paint on canvas. Exhibitions of Il Lee\'s artwork have been held in Seoul, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Paris, New Delhi, Mexico City, and numerous cities across the United States. The *New York Times* has described Lee\'s ballpoint artwork as \"deceptively casual; sweeping, rhythmical abstractions in blue.\"
## Early life {#early_life}
Il Lee was born in Seoul, South Korea, in 1952. His family originates from the mountains of North Korea, who made their way to South Korea in the years prior to the Korean war. His father studied architecture and engineering, but was unable to pursue it due to the outbreak of war. Lee has five siblings, and describes his family as \"big\" for his generation.
Lee received his B.F.A. (painting) in 1976 from Hongik University, a Korean school said to be \"Western oriented.\" His paintings during the late-1970s were oil on canvas, presented as \"geometric abstraction.\" The artist himself later described some of those works as \"labor-intensive.\"
Lee then moved to America; first to Los Angeles, then to New York, where he earned his M.F.A. from the Pratt Institute in 1982. His artwork went through natural changes upon arriving in New York --- \"because I was in New York,\" as he has reflected --- adding he may have \"wanted to wash away the processes of the past.\" Lee remained in New York.
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# Il Lee
## Artwork
Lee began working with ballpoint pens during his time at Pratt in the early 1980s. He studied etching as his minor at Pratt, and the sharp needles became a preferred tool. The sharpness of its line interested him enough to continue pursuing it through other avenues. Lee participated in the group exhibition \"Korean Drawing\" at the Brooklyn Museum in 1981, introducing his ballpoint drawings. Those earlier works were all drawn on paper, but Lee soon began to work on large, primed canvases.
The artist spends weeks, sometimes months, applying layer upon layer of ink to each artwork. Linework is built-up through a \"scribbling\" technique reliant upon the \"speed, spin, and angle\" of his pen in repetitive motions, sometimes becoming so dense that the line-work becomes a flat field of ink. The thicker layers can appear coagulated on the surface of the paper or canvas, with the dried ballpoint ink giving off a shiny purplish-blue hue. When working with paint on canvas Lee utilizes empty pen casings and other tools such as bamboo sticks, scribbling in the same gestural manner onto a wet surface layer to reveal colors underneath --- an inversion of his ballpoint method.
### Content & Interpretation {#content_interpretation}
Il Lee\'s artwork is categorized by some as minimalist in content, but has also been described as \"deceptively casual,\" with more work going into each piece than immediately apparent. The repetitive quality of Lee\'s swirly strokes has been likened to effects associated with the common spirograph. Comparisons to geographic features are also common, setting Lee\'s abstractions apart from \"merely decorative\" counterparts. Reviewers point out hints of mountain ranges evoking panoramic landscapes and rocks emerging from an imagined mist. Undefined forms appearing in works such as *MMC-081* have also been interpreted as organic overgrowth or vines.
Il Lee attaches no descriptive titles to his artwork. Instead, the artist uses his own system of letters and numbers to catalogue his work. Successive numberings such as *SBK-089*, *SBK-0810*, and *SBK-0811* infer a sequence of related output. A pair of modestly-sized works on canvas from 2012 hint at a method to Lee\'s system of titles; paint combinations of white-over-red and white-over-blue are titled *WR-1201* and *WB-1201*, respectively.
Dimensions of Lee\'s works on paper range from conventionally-sized up to impressively proportioned; some occupying a full wall. Lee uses the largest paper available; rolls with a 60-inch width allow him to create lengthy artwork. One of Il Lee\'s most \"ambitious\" ballpoint artworks measures 50-feet wide, and reportedly required over 400 pens during nearly three months of the artist\'s attention. His paintings on canvas reach similar scale. Lee has stated that producing small works can sometimes be \"limiting,\" adding that producing larger works provides certain satisfaction.
Il Lee describes his creative process as \"intuitive,\" a term he came to identify with during his time at Pratt. He prefers approaching his work with an empty mind and minimal forethought. While drawing, he directs his focus to the surface before him, allowing his gestures freedom while maintaining control.
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# Il Lee
## Artwork
### Reception
Art critic Edward Leffingwell writes in *Art in America* of Il Lee\'s 2006 solo exhibition at Art Projects International,
> \"There is an almost palpable liquidity in the dense, indigo heart of Il Lee\'s recent production. Using common ballpoint pens, he locates a point or describes an arc or line on his paper or canvas support. The ink becomes increasingly fluid with the heat of his hand as he works, and an increasingly solid form ventures its incessant spread, as though the artist were determined to obliterate the ground entirely. At the edges, the sweep of line slows and reclaims its identity as a distinct part among the skeins of marks. Yet the work has come as close to painting as drawing can.\"
Reviewing Il Lee\'s 2007 mid-career retrospective at the San Jose Museum of Art, Kenneth Baker of the *San Francisco Chronicle* writes, \"We might read in Lee\'s piece an echo of the ancient divisions of reality into heaven and earth, or light and darkness. But the seemingly automatic action of his hand, tempered by the hard boundary above and the thinning of marks below, asserts itself everywhere as something that outraces any intellectual agenda. A broad program seems to have guided the making of this piece, and most of the others on view. Consciousness of the working surface---how to divide it, how to apportion the weight of marking---appears uppermost. He leaves us to decide whether the apparent effects of light, mood and atmosphere arise more from his process or from our desire to see meaning in it.\"
Benjamin Gennocchio reviewed Il Lee\'s 2007 solo exhibition at the Queens Museum for *The New York Times*, noting the \"unexpected suggestiveness\" of Lee\'s artwork and describing the \"simple, minimal forms\" as \"instinctively seductive.\" While *The New Yorker* states that Il Lee has \"mastered his medium.\" Explaining that, \"He knows how the ink will warm to produce a free-flowing line; he\'s learned how to build up shadow and leave room for light. His works, which integrate Sol LeWitt-style minimalism and *sumukhwai*, an Asian ink-painting tradition, range from small studies to a new, fifty-foot-long work on paper that looks like an abstract meditation on a mountain range. Lee\'s bent toward geometric abstraction and his slow accumulation of marks and lines suggest a freehand version of Spirograph suffused with Zen-like grace.\"
In a review of Il Lee\'s 2010 solo exhibition at the Crow Collection in Dallas, Texas, *D* magazine\'s Lucia Simek reported that \"calm and frenzy lay down together\" in Lee\'s artwork, which \"harness so much power, through such effort, so quietly.\"
In *The New York Times* 2013 review of *Extreme Drawing* at the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, Martha Schwendener writes, \"\'Ballpoint Pen Drawing Since 1950,\' features work by nearly a dozen artists created with the humble ballpoint pen... Here you have ballpoint masters like Il Lee, whose abstract \'BL-120\' (2011) uses the pen\'s minute hatching capabilities, as well as the shininess of its ink, to full effect...\"
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# Il Lee
## Notable exhibitions {#notable_exhibitions}
- **2018** Solo exhibition, *Il Lee: The 90s*, Art Projects International, New York
- **2018** Group exhibition, *La Collection BIC*, CENTQUATRE-PARIS, Paris, France
- **2017** Solo exhibition, *Suddenly a Knife: New Paintings by Il Lee*, Art Projects International, New York
- **2016** Solo exhibition, *Il Lee: New Paintings / 40 Years in New York*, Art Projects International, New York
- **2016** Group exhibition, *First Hand: Architects, Artists, and Designers from the L. J. Cella Collection*, Palm Springs Art Museum, Calif.
- **2014:** Group exhibition, *Momentum: An Experiment in the Unexpected*, San Jose Museum of Art, Calif.
- **2013:** Group exhibition, *Extreme Drawing -- Ballpoint Pen Drawing Since 1950*, The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, Ridgefield, Conn.
- **2013** Group exhibition, *The Moment for Ink*, San Francisco State University Art Gallery, Calif.
- **2012** Solo exhibition, *Il Lee and The Line of Duration*, Gallery Hyundai, Seoul, South Korea
- **2012** Group exhibition, *11th National Drawing Invitational: New York, Singular Drawings*, Arkansas Arts Center, Little Rock, Ark.
- **2011:** Group exhibition, *Representation/Abstraction in Korean Art*, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Two works by Il Lee featured along with works from the museum\'s permanent collection in a special installation; November, 2010 through March, 2011.
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- **2011** Group exhibition, *Abstract It!*, National Museum of Art, Deoksugung, Seoul, South Korea
- **2011:** Solo exhibition, *IL LEE: Monoprints, Editions and Paintings* at Art Projects International, New York. Four monoprints first shown in this exhibition were acquired by The Metropolitan Museum of Art for their permanent collection in 2012.
- **2010:** Solo exhibition, *New Vision -- Ballpoint Drawings by IL LEE*, Crow Collection of Asian Art, Dallas, Texas
- **2008:** Solo exhibition, *Il Lee*, The Vilcek Foundation, New York.
- **2007:** Solo exhibition, *Il Lee: Ballpoint Drawings*, Queens Museum of Art, New York
- **2007:** Retrospective, *Il Lee: Ballpoint Abstractions,* San Jose Museum of Art, Calif.
- **2004:** Group Exhibition, *Open House: Working in Brooklyn,* Brooklyn Museum, New York
- **2003** Group exhibition, *Marking: Drawings by Contemporary Artists from Korea*, Korea Society, New York
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# Il Lee
## Collections
Il Lee\'s artwork is represented in major museum and public collections.
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
- Minneapolis Institute of Art (Mia)
- San Jose Museum of Art, Calif.
- Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)
- Palm Springs Art Museum, Calif
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# Pete Holohan
**Peter Joseph Holohan** (born July 25, 1959) is an American former professional football player who was a tight end in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish before being selected by the San Diego Chargers in the seventh round of the 1981 NFL draft.
## Career
### College career {#college_career}
Holohan was recruited to Notre Dame out of Liverpool High School (New York) as a quarterback. He also played basketball and was recruited by Syracuse coach Jim Boeheim.
When he arrived on campus at the University of Notre Dame, Holohan was set to compete against a group of 11 other quarterbacks that included Joe Montana. He eventually changed positions and was a member of Notre Dame\'s 1977 national title-winning team.
### Professional career {#professional_career}
A 6\'4\", 232-lb. tight end, Holohan was selected by the San Diego Chargers in the seventh round of the 1981 NFL draft. He played for twelve NFL seasons from 1981 to 1992 for the Chargers, the Los Angeles Rams, the Kansas City Chiefs and the Cleveland Browns.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
Legend
----------
**Bold**
### Regular season {#regular_season}
Year Team Games
------ ------ -------- -------
GP GS Rec Yds
1981 SDG 7 0
1982 SDG 9 0
1983 SDG **16** 3
1984 SDG 15 4
1985 SDG 15 3
1986 SDG **16** 6
1987 SDG 12 4
1988 RAM **16** 6
1989 RAM **16** 6
1990 RAM **16** **8**
1991 KAN **16** 3
1992 CLE 9 1
163 44
### Playoffs
Year Team Games
------ ------ ------- -------
GP GS Rec Yds
1982 SDG 2 0
1988 RAM 1 0
1989 RAM **3** **2**
1991 KAN 2 0
8 2
## Awards and recognition {#awards_and_recognition}
Holohan is a member of the Greater Syracuse Hall of Fame.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Holohan\'s father served in World War II. He is married with two daughters
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10,115,528 |
# Pinhal Grande
**Pinhal Grande** (Portuguese meaning \"large pine forest\") is a municipality of the central part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
## Geography
The population is 3,805 (2022 census) in an area of 477.13 km². Its elevation is 394 m. It is located 320 km west of the state capital of Porto Alegre, northeast of Alegrete and east of Santo Ângelo. Pinhal Grande is located in the Planalto Médio, one of the pine species found is the *Araucaria angustifolia*.
The municipality is partly flooded by the reservoir of the Dona Francisca Hydroelectric Plant on the upper Jacuí River.
### Bounding municipalities {#bounding_municipalities}
- Júlio de Castilhos
- Nova Palma
- Estrela Velha
- Ibarama
## History
The first inhabitants of the region were indigenous tribes. The Portuguese dominion explored and later claimed the lands until 1822 when Brazil gained independence. In 1813, the Curitibano João Gonçalves Padilha along with his brother initiated agricultural commerce between the region and São Paulo.
The area received immigration and integrated the 4ª Colônia de Imigração Italiana (4th Colony of Italian Immigration). As a result, it includes people of Italian, Portuguese and Spanish descent.
The municipality Pinhal Grande was created under Law nº 9600 20 March 1992
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# Amadito Valdés
**Amadito Valdés** (born February 14, 1946) is a Cuban timbalero, best known for his work with Cuarteto Las d\'Aida and Buena Vista Social Club.
## Career
Valdés was born in Havana in 1946. Early on, he studied music with his father, Amadito Valdés Sr., who was a well-known Cuban jazz saxophonist, and in 1961 he took up drumming under the supervision of Walfredo de los Reyes. When Reyes left Cuba, Valdés joined Havana\'s \"Alejandro García Caturla\" Conservatory and it was there that he began to develop his improvisational style on the timbales, mixing Afro rhythms in `{{music|time|6|8}}`{=mediawiki} time with the Cuban son syncopated rhythms in 2/4 time.
In the 1960s, Valdés became the timbalero for the popular Cuban vocal quartet Las d\'Aida.
In 1996, Valdés joined American guitarist Ry Cooder for the Buena Vista Social Club collaboration, playing timbales on both records and performances for the group and featuring in the 1999 movie also titled *Buena Vista Social Club*. Ever since, he has also worked with Juan de Marcos González\'s Afro-Cuban All Stars and with Ruben González. On July 7, 2007 he performed at Live Earth in Hamburg, Germany
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# Mindanao Examiner
The ***Mindanao Examiner*** is an independent regional newspaper published and edited every week with general circulation in Mindanao, Philippines.
It is located at the Unit 15, 3F Fairland Bldg., Mayor Vitaliano Agan Avenue, Zamboanga City. It offers video productions and has a cable channel in Pagadian City in Zamboanga del Sur province (KISMET Cable TV)
| 58 |
Mindanao Examiner
| 0 |
10,115,601 |
# Atlas of Lie groups and representations
The **Atlas of Lie Groups and Representations** is a mathematical project to solve the problem of the unitary dual for real reductive Lie groups
| 31 |
Atlas of Lie groups and representations
| 0 |
10,115,604 |
# Javier Corcobado
**Javier Corcobado** (born 30 July 1963) is a musician, letterist, poet and novelist. He was born in Frankfurt, Germany, the son of a couple of Spanish immigrants, and was raised in Madrid, Spain.
## Biography
He is also known as \"El Duque del ruido\" (The Duke of Noise) and he has been named by critics as the \"Príncipe del underground\" (Prince of the underground) in Spain. In the early \'80s, he began his musical career, with underground bands like 429 Engaños, with which he recorded an album of very poor sound quality. After that he recorded the *Mar otra vez* album, which was his first LP. *Mar otra vez* is now considered a cult record in Spain, as well as in Mexico.
## Discography
- No he olvidado cómo jugar embarrado/ La fiesta del diablo y el cerdo \[mini Lp\] (1985)
- Abrrr \[Mar otra vez Vs Aviador Dro\] (1986)
- Edades de óxido(1986)
- De belleza/Sex Machine \[Single\](1986)
- Algún pâté venenoso (1987)
- Miércoles cercano al infierno \[Maxisingle\] (1987)
- Demonios tus ojos (1988)
- Corazón roto en 2000 pedazos \[Single\] (1988)
- Agrio Beso(1989)
- Poemas (1989)
- Desde tu herida \[Single\] (1989)
- Puerta de amor \[Single\] (1990)
- Tormenta de tormento (1991)
- Suceso \[Ep\](1991)
- Ritmo de sangre (1993)
- Boleros enfermos de amor vol.1 (1993)
- Arco iris de lágrimas (1995)
- Parole \[Ep\] (1995)
- Boleros enfermos de amor vol
| 241 |
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| 0 |
10,115,619 |
# Quevedos
**Quevedos** is a municipality in the west-central part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 2,507 (2022 census) in an area of 543.36 km². Its elevation is 410 m. It is west of the state capital, Porto Alegre, and northeast of Alegrete
| 49 |
Quevedos
| 0 |
10,115,621 |
# Keep a Child Alive
**Keep a Child Alive** (KCA) is a nonprofit organization that provides healthcare, housing, and other support services to HIV/AIDS-affected communities in Africa and India. Co-founded by Leigh Blake and Alicia Keys, the organization aims to \"realize the end of AIDS for children and families, by combating the physical, social and economic impacts of HIV.\" Keep a Child Alive organizes the annual fundraiser gala The Black Ball, established in 2004, where celebrities and philanthropists gather to support and raise awareness for the cause. Since the first Black Ball, the organization has raised over \$28.7 million for HIV/AIDS treatment.
## Background
KCA cofounder and President Leigh Blake was first inspired to start the initiative in 2003 after an encounter at the AIDS Research and Family Care Clinic, which she helped fund, in Mombasa, Kenya. A woman named Anne brought her three-year-old son Brine for medical care, refusing to leave until she received the \"drugs that you have in America for your children\". Blake, who had already become involved in the AIDS epidemic using her background in the music and film industry to co-found the Red Hot Organization and Artists Against AIDS Worldwide, told Anne that she would pay for the drugs. In so doing, the idea for Keep a Child Alive was born. The drugs were about \$12,000 a year through the New York University Hospital AIDS Research Department, which at that time was overseeing care at the clinic through Dr. Shaffiq Essajee. It was not long before word started to spread and friends of Blake and Essajee offered to make contributions. The first donor was Peter Edge, and soon KCA co-founder and Global Ambassador Alicia Keys joined the cause, sponsoring children along with Iman and many others. In 2003, Keep a Child Alive was officially founded. The clinic in Kenya that led to Blake\'s vision became a model for other facilities that KCA now aspires to build throughout Africa and the developing world.
KCA cofounder Alicia Keys was first affected by the HIV/AIDS crisis at eight years old when her mother\'s friend died from the disease. She discovered first-hand the extensive impact of the AIDS epidemic years later when she visited South Africa, a trip that was the impetus to co-founding Keep a Child Alive. Keys had befriended AIDS activist Leigh Blake, who had reached out to her and helped raise her awareness to the global impact of HIV/AIDS. Keys and Leigh visited South African clinics with HIV-infected mothers and children, where Keys encountered the lack of resources and education on the disease present in the communities. Keys visited other African countries such as Uganda and Kenya to promote care for children affected by AIDS. Her work in Africa was documented in the documentary *Alicia in Africa: Journey to the Motherland*.
## Mission
Keep a Child Alive brings attention to the already 30 million people that have been killed by AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa and the millions more that are threatened and orphaned by the disease. Currently there are 33.3 million people living with HIV/AIDS, including 2.3 million children under the age of 15. Despite AIDS being a preventable and treatable disease, 2.9 million people died from AIDS related causes last year, including 380,000 children under the age of 15---the equivalent of one child dying per minute.
KCA\'s efforts continue to focus in particular on sub-Saharan Africa as it remains the worst-affected region in the world. With a little more than one-tenth of the world\'s population living in this area, it is home to almost 64 percent of all people living with HIV---of the overall 24.5 million infected, 2 million are children. While access to ARV therapy has increased more than eightfold since the end of 2003, only 30 percent of people in need of treatment receive it.
In addition to improving access to ARV therapy, KCA offers a range of support services including nutritional projects, diagnostic testing, training of health care workers, counseling, and funding sites where AIDS orphans can be cared for. There are currently 14.9 million AIDS orphans in Africa alone, and 16.6 million worldwide.
## Sites
Keep a Child Alive currently provides funding to ten clinical and orphan care sites in five countries: India, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and South Africa with past funding to additional projects in Ethiopia, Mali, India, Kenya, South Africa and Zimbabwe. With KCA funding, these projects have been successfully scaled to new levels of service and self-sustainability within their communities.
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Country | Location | City |
+==============+=======================================================+======================+
| South Africa | Agape Orphanage\ | Durban\ |
| | Ithembalabantu (\"The People\'s Hope\") Clinic\ | Durban\ |
| | Perinatal HIV Research Unit\ | Soweto\ |
| | Gogo Grannies Outreach\ | Alexandria Township\ |
| | Ikageng Itireleng AIDS Ministry\ | Soweto\ |
| | Blue Roof Clinic | Wentworth |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Uganda | Kairos Medical Center\ | Namawongo\ |
| | ALIVE Medical Services\ | Kampala\ |
| | Masaka Healthcare Center | Masaka |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Ethiopia | AHOPE Orphanage | Addis Ababa |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Rwanda | Icyzuzo Clinic | Kigali |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Kenya | Bomu Medical Center\ | Mombasa\ |
| | Family Care Clinic\ | Mombasa\ |
| | Nyanula Community Center for Children\ | Siaya\ |
| | Mathare Central | Nairobi |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| India | Chandrakal Orphanage\ | Hyderabad\ |
| | Sahara Centre for Residential Care and Rehabilitation | Pune |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Mali | The Hope Center Clinic Initiative | Sikoro |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Zimbabwe | Mashambanzou Care Trust | Harare |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| 929 |
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| 0 |
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# Keep a Child Alive
## Campaigns
***Spirit of a Child*** campaign was one of KCA\'s first major endeavors to engage the public through \"groundbreaking advertising and media campaigns\" that \"reinvent the way the public perceives their role in the issue.\" The campaign, which was created for KCA by TBWA/Chiat Day and photographed by Marc Baptiste, was launched on November 3, 2005, at the annual Black Ball fundraiser. \"Spirit of a Child\" is the brainchild of Patrick O\'Neill and Nikki Weinstein and features the children of Agape Orphanage paired with such celebrities as Kanye West, David Byrne, Lorraine Bracco, Lenny Kravitz, Cynthia Nixon, Nas, John Legend and others.
***I Am African***\
The *I Am African* campaign stirred up controversy with its appropriation of tribal markings and face-paint worn by noted celebrities like Gisele Bündchen, Gwyneth Paltrow, David Bowie, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Sting. The concept was created in the summer of 2006 by model and cosmetics entrepreneur Iman to reflect the idea that Africa is the mother continent of all human beings. Photographed by Michael Thompson, the ads initially appeared in a fashion supplement to Condé Nast magazines in September and has since received both positive and negative attention in the press, blogs, and among other social activists.
***Become A Drug Dealer***\
Become A Drug Dealer is another KCA campaign that gives people the opportunity to purchase the drugs necessary to keep a child alive either by buying a T-shirt with the words *Drug Dealer* printed on it or making the typical monthly donation.
***Buy Life***\
The Buy Life campaign seeks to change consumer behavior, to reposition consumerism and the act of buying in the nonprofit environment through social media. With the tagline \"The More You Buy, The More You Save\", created by TBWA/Chiat Day, and photographed by Markus Klinko and Indrani, this series of portraits of notable celebrities in T-shirts with personalized scannable barcodes, turns the commercialism of celebrity packaging into a literal bar code that consumers can scan to buy life for the ultimate instant gratification. The campaign features celebrities including Katie Holmes, Kim Kardashian, Usher, Ryan Seacrest, Alicia Keys, Jaden and Willow Smith, Swizz Beatz, Serena Williams, creative produced by GK Reid. KCA is the first charity to use barcode technology on smartphone devices to engage the public and encourage the purchase of life.
***Digital Death***\
The Digital Death campaign launched December 1, 2010, for World AIDS Day with shocking images of celebrities posed in coffins, photographed by Markus Klinko and Indrani, and produced and creative directed by GK Reid, with taglines \"Kim Kardashian is Dead\", \"Ryan Seacrest is Dead\", etc. created by TBWA/Chiat Day. The image art is accompanied by performance art/interactive dimensions, with the stars sacrificing their digital lives on Twitter and Facebook until their fans donate one million dollars to buy their lives back. Among the other celebrities featured in the campaign were Alicia Keys, Lady Gaga, Justin Timberlake, Usher and Serena Williams. Daphne Guinness explains, \"This campaign is so striking and draws attention not only to the AIDS disaster in Africa but also to how we have lost our way in what we care about.\" The million dollar donation goal was reached in six days.
## Corporate partners {#corporate_partners}
KCA maintains that the reason it is able to give such a large percentage of monthly donations is because it relies on larger contributions from foundations, corporations, and major individual donors to support management and administrative costs. KCA\'s corporate partners include the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Donna Karan, Time Warner Cable, and Maybelline.
| 590 |
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| 1 |
10,115,621 |
# Keep a Child Alive
## Mobile fundraising {#mobile_fundraising}
In Fall 2008, Keep a Child Alive launched a mobile donating campaign with Co-Founder and Global Ambassador Alicia Keys. Keys raised over \$40,000 in micro-donations by asking concert goers to text ALIVE to 90999. The mobile giving campaign was created through a partnership between Keep a Child Alive, the Mobile Giving Foundation and Mgive
| 63 |
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| 2 |
10,115,636 |
# Western Union Junction Railroad Museum
The **Western Union Junction Railroad Museum** is a railroad museum in Sturtevant, Wisconsin, run by the Western Union Junction Railroad Museum, Inc.
It is located across the street from the original location of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road) depot, and near trackage of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
The equipment owned by the museum includes three Milwaukee Road Boxcars, a Milwaukee Road Caboose, a MT14 Fairmont Speeder work train, and several old signals
| 83 |
Western Union Junction Railroad Museum
| 0 |
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