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# The Labyrinth Key
***The Labyrinth Key*** is a science fiction novel by American writer Howard V. Hendrix, first published in 2004.
## Plot introduction {#plot_introduction}
The backdrop for this story is an informational arms races between a future United States of America and China. Both countries are attempting to build a quantum computer, which they believe will be the ultimate information weapon, creating and breaking encryption schemes. One of the American investigators, Dr. Jaron L. Kwok, is mysteriously killed while in Hong Kong, and his mathematical understudy Ben Cho is ordered to pick up Kwok\'s investigation in an attempt to find out why and how he died.
Running parallel to this storyline are the lives of Don Markham (known as Don Strum in Cybernesia) and Lu Mei-lin (also known as Marilyn Lu). Don is a computer programmer whose work specializes in the virtual reality world Cybernesia. Lu is a forensic detective who works in Hong Kong. After Kwok\'s death she is the leading detective on the case, called to Sha Tin by the Guoanbo, China\'s version of the CIA and its leader in the race for the quantum computer.
At the time of Kwok\'s death a holocaust is disseminated throughout the world, showing the circumstances of the virtual reality world that he had died in. However, his death prompts not only the US and China, but multiple other organizations (from terrorists to secret societies) to go to any lengths for the chance to get `{{Not a typo|binotech}}`{=mediawiki}, the newest technology that reduplicates itself and stores a huge amount of information in tiny quantities.
## Reception
Regina Schroeder in his review for Booklist said that \"Layers of secret ruling societies, interconnections between historical cryptography and the work of the tale's own cutting-edge scientists (including everything from Matteo Ricci's memory palaces to the Cabala), and an unexpected danger to reality combine with political scheming in this tight thriller with a clever historical basis.\" Publishers Weekly in their review said \"the book features abstruse speculation on memory and forgetting, on the making and breaking of secrets and the mind\'s ability to manipulate the quantum nature of reality. Unfortunately, the earnestness of conspiracy theory punctures the dizzying metaphysical bubbles Hendrix blows, leaving the story a bit flat. And in an infinitude of infinite universes, where everything occurs, tragedy loses its significance and sting.\"
## Release details {#release_details}
- 2004, United States of America, Random House Inc. `{{ISBN|0-345-45596-7}}`{=mediawiki}, Pub date March 2004, Paperback
- 2006, United States of America, Random House Inc. `{{ISBN|0-345-45597-5}}`{=mediawiki}, Pub date January 2006, Paperback
- 2006, United States of America, Random House Inc
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# Studio Alex
**Studio Alex, Ltd.** (*Yūgengaisha Sutajioarekkusu*) was a Japanese video game development firm. It was founded by programmer Kazunari Tomi, a former employee of Nihon Falcom whose credits include *Sorcerian*, *Star Trader*, and *Dinosaur*. After leaving Nihon Falcom, he founded Studio Alex, which functioned primarily as a consultant company.
Studio Alex co-developed the initial three titles of the *Lunar* series with Game Arts, released in Japan between 1992 and 1996. The company would later file a lawsuit against Game Arts over secondary creator copyrights to *Lunar: The Silver Star*, claiming that its remake for the Sega Saturn, *Lunar: Silver Star Story*, was produced without their permission and requested royalties. Game Arts then counter-sued Studio Alex for damages and development issues related to the Saturn version of *Mahō Gakuen Lunar!*, as well as a theatrical animation meant to coincide with its release. In March 2003, the court ruled in favor of Game Arts, and Studio Alex bankrupted thereafter
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# Lynne Haultain
**Lynne Haultain** is an Australian communication specialist, senior executive and former radio presenter, arguably best known for her work at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
She began her radio career as a trainee broadcast officer at the ABC in Perth.
She transferred to ABC Radio Hobart in 1990 and presented *Nights* and *Drive* before moving to Melbourne in 1992 to present the national overnight program *Beyond Midnight*.
Nearly three years later Haultain took a role as senior reporter and presenter with ABC Rural, hosting *Countrywide* for Radio National.
In 1997, she presented *The Law Report* on ABC Radio National.
Haultain moved to ABC Local Radio to host the regional edition of *Drive* in Victoria before moving to 774 ABC Melbourne in 1998 where she presented *Breakfast* for more than four years.
While Haultain was on maternity leave in 2002, she was temporarily replaced by Red Symons. Symons later permanently succeeded Haultain as 774 ABC Melbourne\'s breakfast presenter in 2003. Haultain then presented *Afternoons* for two years before leaving 774 ABC Melbourne on 15 December 2004.
Haultain has gone on to a career with communications consultants CPR, then as inaugural General Manager of Strategic Communications at the ACCC and the City Of Melbourne. She is chair of the Board of Management at the Victorian Foundation for the Survivors of Torture, and a commissioner with the Victorian Law Reform Commission.
Haultain is married to ABC Radio Grandstand presenter Francis Leach. For a while she and her husband worked in the same timeslot on their respective stations, when Haultain presented *\'Afternoons* and Francis was at 1116 SEN.
Haultain returned to ABC Radio Melbourne in 2019 to co-host a special edition of *The Conversation Hour* with Jon Faine on 13 May 2019
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# Strawberry Shortcake: Housewarming Surprise
***Strawberry Shortcake: Housewarming Surprise*** is a 1983 Canadian-American animated television special that first premiered in New York City on March 31, 1983 and in Los Angeles on April 1. This is the first Strawberry Shortcake television special produced by Nelvana Limited and also the first Strawberry Shortcake television special to be distributed by Lexington Broadcast Services Company. The following year in 1984, *Strawberry Shortcake: Housewarming Surprise* was released on VHS.
## Synopsis
*Strawberry Shortcake: Housewarming Surprise* chronicles Strawberry Shortcake\'s move into a new house. Her friends, including several new ones she met on a recent \"around the world\" vacation come to visit her. The villains attempt to ruin the fun by stealing all the recipes Strawberry\'s international friends bring with them.
## Cast
Name Character Source
---------------- ---------------------------------------- --------
Russi Taylor Strawberry Shortcake
Robert Ridgely Peculiar Purple Pieman
Jack Blum Captain Cackle / Additional voices
Melleny Brown Lime Chiffron
Jeri Craden Sour Grapes
Jeannie Elias Huckleberry Pie / Parfait / Lem
Susan Roman Blueberry Muffin / Crepe Suzette / Ada
Chris Wiggins Mr. Sun / Narrator
## Production
*Housewarming Surprise* was the first Strawberry Shortcake special produced by Nelvana, the previous three having been produced by Romeo Muller, Robert L. Rosen, and Fred Wolf. Bernard Loomis and Carole MacGillvray served as executive producers.
## Release
The special premiered on March 31, 1983 on WCBS-TV in New York City, and on April 1 on KTLA in Los Angeles. It was subsequently released on VHS by Family Home Entertainment in early 1984
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# Don Quixote (2000 film)
***Don Quixote*** is a 2000 television film produced by Hallmark Entertainment and aired on TNT on April 9, 2000. It was directed by Peter Yates, and the teleplay, by John Mortimer, was adapted from Miguel de Cervantes\' novel *Don Quixote*. The film was shown in three parts in Europe but in one installment in the U.S.
The film was produced by Dyson Lovell, with Robert Halmi Sr. and John Lithgow as executive producers and cinematography by David Connell. The original music is by Richard Hartley. The film stars Lithgow as Don Quixote de La Mancha (Quixote\'s real name is Alonso Quijano), and Bob Hoskins as Sancho Panza, and features Isabella Rossellini, Vanessa Williams, Lambert Wilson, Amelia Warner, Tony Haygarth, Peter Eyre, Lilo Baur, James Purefoy, and Trevor Peacock.
## Production
Yates had not worked in television since the 1960s but was persuaded to try by his friend John Frankenheimer. \"He said I should do some TV, that it could be fun as long as you take the same care as you do with feature films\--get good actors, do something that\'s going to be special. It was good advice.\"
He discovered a friend of his, John Mortimer, had just written a script of *Don Quixote* and offered it to Yates to read. \"I did, and I really liked it,\" said Yates. \"When my agent established no director was attached, I went to see \[producer\] Robert Halmi and said I\'d like to make \'Quixote\'.\" By coincidence, Yates had been attached in the 1970s to direct a film version of *Don Quixote*, based on a screenplay by Waldo Salt, which would have starred Richard Burton in the lead and Peter O\'Toole as Sancho Panza; the film was never produced.
## Home media {#home_media}
Of all the Hallmark adaptations of novels which premiered on Turner Network Television, only *Don Quixote* is still unavailable on a U.S. DVD. The film was made in English and released on VHS shortly after it was telecast in the U.S. and a Region 2 DVD (PAL) was released by Hallmark in 2002, there is also a dubbed-into-Spanish version distributed by Divisa Home Video (Spain), and a DVD available with English or Russian-dubbed voices, with subtitles in Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Russian.
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
The film was nominated for three Primetime Emmys, and John Lithgow was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award
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# Mike Hurst (producer)
**Mike Hurst** (born **Michael John Longhurst Pickworth**, 19 September 1942) is an English musician and record producer.
## Biography
A singer, songwriter and guitarist from the age of 13, Mike Hurst was encouraged by rock singer Eddie Cochran after auditioning for Jack Good\'s television show *Oh Boy!* but in 1960, after failing to secure a recording contract, Hurst moved away from music and began to work in insurance. Later, though, after his mother answered an advertisement in *The Stage*, on his behalf, for a singer for a pop/folk group, Hurst won an audition. He joined Dusty and Tom Springfield in The Springfields in February 1962.
After entering the UK Singles Chart with \"Breakaway\", they scored a hit single in the United States with \"Silver Threads and Golden Needles\", becoming the first UK vocal group to make the US Top 20. UK chart success continued in 1963 with \"Island of Dreams\" and \"Say I Won\'t Be There\". They were voted the top British group by readers of the *NME* in 1962. The Springfields\' final performance was in *Sunday Night at the London Palladium*, the biggest television programme of the day, where they were presented with a trophy`{{Which|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} by compere Bruce Forsyth.
The group disbanded in October 1963. In 1964, Hurst formed a band called the Methods, featuring Jimmy Page and then Albert Lee on guitar as well as Tony Ashton on keyboards. After leaving the band Hurst began producing for Andrew Loog Oldham (Tony Rivers and the Castaways) and Mickie Most. In September 1965, he oversaw Marc Bolan\'s first recording session, at Decca when he recorded \"The Wizard\".
In 1965, after a brief collaboration with Bolan, he discovered singer-songwriter Cat Stevens, and signed him to the new Deram record label (an imprint of Decca) and produced his first five hit singles including \"Matthew and Son\" and \"I\'m Gonna Get Me a Gun\". During this time he also produced recordings and hits for P. P. Arnold (\"The First Cut Is the Deepest\"), The Move (\"Curly\"), Manfred Mann (\"Mighty Quinn\"), Spencer Davis Group (\"Time Seller\"), Neil MacArthur (a pseudonym for Colin Blunstone), Warm Sounds, Ayshea and Alan Bown. In 1969, Hurst formed an orchestra and recorded covers of popular songs and themes of the day.
In 1970 and 1971, he produced for Australian band New World, and recorded two albums for Capitol Records, using sidemen such as Tony Ashton, B. J. Cole, Clem Cattini, Ian Paice, Jon Lord, Rod Argent and Nicky Hopkins. In 1973, he formed his own production company, Solid Gold, and wrote and produced for the band Fancy, achieving US chart success with the singles \"Touch Me\" and a cover of The Troggs \"Wild Thing\". The same year he signed Showaddywaddy to Bell Records and produced a string of UK hit singles for them. These included \"Under the Moon of Love\", \"Three Steps to Heaven\" and \"When\".
Following his success with Showaddywaddy, he produced *Modern Priscilla* (1978), a disco album for Cilla Black, and early recordings by Bruce Woolley and the Camera Club. In 1978, he started managing Shakin\' Stevens, and produced his first hit \"Hot Dog\" the same year. In 1981, he formed a vocal group with Mary Hopkin and Mike de Albuquerque called Sundance and toured with Dr Hook appearing on the *Parkinson* and Russell Harty television shows. In 1984, he became head of Lamborghini Records, famous for discovering Samantha Fox.
21st century work includes production for Belle & Sebastian (2002), and his son\'s band, Jonas and Plunkett (2007). He also runs rock schools for youngsters through his Rockmaster company, and is a foremost lecturer on the history of English speaking popular music from the Middle Ages to the present day, appearing at schools, U3A groups etc. throughout the country. Hurst also appears with his new Springfields, including Andy Marlow and Alice Pitt-Carter.
Hurst and wife Marjorie have seven children between them -- Tim (died 2024), Alexis, Caroline, Muffin, Bryony, Jonas, and Adam -- and 17 grandchildren
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# George M. Sullivan
**George Murray Sullivan** (March 31, 1922 -- September 23, 2009) was an American politician who served as the 26th mayor of the City of Anchorage from 1967 to 1975 and the 1st mayor of the Municipality of Anchorage from 1975 to 1981.
## Early life {#early_life}
His father was Harvey Sullivan, a U.S. District Marshal who had followed the Chilkoot Trail in 1898 to join the Klondike Gold Rush.
Sullivan was born in Portland, Oregon and raised in Valdez, Alaska, then the location of the federal court for the Third Judicial District of the Territory of Alaska. His mother was elected mayor in 1934. During the summer of 1937, he lied about his age in order to obtain a job at the Kennecott Mines; he was only 15, and the minimum age was 16.
After graduating from Valdez High School, Sullivan went on to join the United States Army during World War II and served in the Aleutian Islands.
## Career
After the war, he lived in Nenana and worked as a deputy marshal. In 1952, the family moved to Fairbanks, where Sullivan was employed as the manager of a freight company. He was elected to the city council and became active in the Republican Party. In 1959, the family moved to Anchorage, having been transferred there by the freight company. Sullivan would continue to play a role in the Fairbanks community for years to come. He is listed as one of the original incorporators of Mt. McKinley Bank, founded in 1965.
In 1964, Sullivan was appointed to the Alaska House of Representatives to fill a vacancy created by the appointment of Representative William H. Sanders to the Alaska Superior Court. In 1965 he was elected to the Anchorage City Council, and in 1967, he was elected mayor of Anchorage.
In 1975, the Greater Anchorage Area Borough unified with the City of Anchorage and several smaller cities to become the Municipality of Anchorage. Sullivan, the city mayor, defeated Jack Roderick, the borough mayor to become mayor of the new city government. Sullivan fulfilled the maximum two terms mandated by the municipal charter, handing over the reins to Tony Knowles on January 1, 1982.
In 1976, he vetoed an anti-discrimination bill extending protection to sexual orientation. This became a campaign issue in the 1978 mayoral race, where he successfully defended his seat against challenger Dave Rose. In 1979, he invited Pope John Paul II to visit Anchorage. On February 26, 1981, the pope visited the city.
Toward the end of the 1970s, he proposed what he called \"Project 80s\", a campaign of beautification and preservation of historic sites. After his lengthy tenure as mayor, Sullivan served as the senior vice president of Western Airlines.
## Legacy
The Sullivan Arena in Anchorage, constructed in 1983 as a part of Project 80s, was named in his honor.
Margaret Eagan Sullivan Park, located at the northern end of Spenard Road where it crosses Chester Creek, was named for Sullivan\'s wife.
Marc Marlow, an Anchorage electrical contractor turned real estate developer, began an ambitious urban renewal project in the northeastern corner of downtown Anchorage. The centerpiece of the project was the rebuilding of the McKinley Tower, constructed in the early 1950s and abandoned in 1984. Adjacent to that building, Marlow constructed an assisted living facility and named it the George M. Sullivan House.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He married Margaret Eagan Sullivan, the youngest daughter of Daniel and Isabelle Eagan of Fairbanks. Together, they had nine children, including Anchorage Mayor Dan Sullivan, and daughter Colleen Sullivan-Leonard, who served two terms in the Alaska House, 2017 through 2021. Sullivan died from complications from lung cancer on September 23, 2009. He was preceded in death by his wife, Margaret, and their son, Harvey (1996), and followed by their sons, Michael (2018) and George, Jr.(2020)
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# In Person at the Whisky a Go Go
***In Person at the Whisky a Go Go*** is a live album by Otis Redding, recorded at the Whisky a Go Go on Sunset Strip in Los Angeles, California in April 1966. It was released posthumously in 1968. The recording was made before Otis Redding attained crossover fame at the Monterey Pop Festival.
The original issue of the album presented a selection of songs from the three shows. Another selection was released in 1993 under the title *Good to Me: Live at the Whisky a Go Go, Vol. 2*. The full set of performances were released as *Live at the Whisky a Go Go: The Complete Recordings* on October 21, 2016
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# Itami Castle
thumb\|right\|270px\|Map of Itami Castle.
was a Muromachi period Japanese castle located in Kawabe District of northern Settsu Province (what is now the city of Itami, Hyōgo Prefecture), Japan. It is also called `{{nihongo| '''Arioka Castle'''|有岡城 or 在岡城|Arioka-jō}}`{=mediawiki}.Its ruins have been protected as a National Historic Site since 1979. The ruins of the castle are located just in front of today\'s Itami Station.
## History
Itami Castle was constructed by the Itami clans minor samurai clan who controlled this area of Settsu Province in the Nanboku-chō period. It was extensively remodeled in 1472. In 1574, Araki Murashige demolished the castle, and rebuilt it as one of the largest castles in this region. He also changed its name from Itami Castle to Arioka Castle. However, after Araki rebelled against Oda Nobunaga, the castle was attacked during the Siege of Itami (1579). According to Turnbull, the castle was captured \"by digging a long tunnel from outside the walls to a spot near to the castle\'s keep.\" The castle was awarded to Ikeda Motosuke, one of Nobunaga\'s generals, in 1580. Ikeda was transferred to a new domain in Mino Province in 1583 and the castle was abandoned.
At its height, the castle extended from 1.7 kilometers north-to-south by 0.8 kilometers east-to-west, and was an early example of a `{{nihongo|''Sogamae''|総構え||}}`{=mediawiki} type of fortification in which the entire castle town forms part of the defenses by being completely encircled by moats and earthen ramparts, and with the arrangement of streets and townhouses planned as part of the defensive belt. The Itami River, Daroku River and the Ina River form part of the natural fortifications, and were connected by moats on the west and south. Three fortresses were placed a key points on the outer defense line. The structure was strong enough to withstand attacks by Oda Nobunaga\'s large army for a year.
The east side of the castle site was destroyed in 1891 due to railway construction, and most of Honmaru (inner bailey) has been lost. Archaeological excavations were performed on the site from 1975, with remnants of moats, wells and stone walls uncovered. The stone walls incorporated gravestones and stone pagodas which had been plundered from Buddhist temples in the vicinity. The castle site is now open as a public park
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# Simon Chapman (academic)
**Simon Fenton Chapman**, AO (born 14 December 1951) is an Australian academic and tobacco control activist.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Chapman was born in Bowral, New South Wales to Margaret and Alec Chapman who had emigrated from England in 1948. He is an Emeritus Professor in Public Health at the University of Sydney. In his PhD in social medicine he examined the semiotics of cigarette advertising. He has authored 21 books and major reports, 338 papers and editorials, and 198 letters and commentaries in peer reviewed journals.
Chapman is a regular writer on public health matters in leading Australian newspapers and blogs, having written some 470 opinion page and journalistic articles since 1981. His main research interests are in tobacco control, media discourses on health and illness, and risk communication. He taught annual courses in Public Health Advocacy and Tobacco Control in the University of Sydney\'s MPH program. He wrote a regular column, Smoke Signals, on public health matters for The Conversation from January 2015-August 2017 which by February 2022 had been read 3.6 million times. He blogs at simonchapman6.com
In 1997 Chapman won the World Health Organization\'s World No Tobacco Day Medal; in 1999, the National Heart Foundation of Australia\'s gold medal; in 2006 the Thoracic Society of Australia & New Zealand President\'s Award. In 2003 he was voted by his international peers to be awarded the American Cancer Society\'s Luther L. Terry Award for outstanding individual leadership in tobacco control. In 2005, his research on the tobacco industry was selected by the National Health and Medical Research Council as being one of its \"top 10\" projects. He was foundational deputy editor of the *British Medical Journal*\'s specialist journal, *Tobacco Control* from 1992 to 1998, and its editor from 1999 to 2008. He was Tobacco Control\'s commissioning editor for Low and Middle Income Countries from 2008 to 2010 and is now editor emeritus.
Chapman studied health complaints regarding wind farms in Australia in 2012 and concluded the complaints were likely to be the result of nocebo effects.
In 2008 he was awarded the \$50,000 NSW Premier\'s award for Cancer Researcher of the Year, voted to become a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences in Australia, won the Public Health Association of Australia\'s Sidney Sax medal, and was included in the *Sydney Morning Herald*\'s *Sydney Magazine* list of 100 of Sydney\'s most influential people. He appeared in that magazine\'s list again in 2012. In 2013 he was given a Distinguished Professorial Award by the faculty of Medicine at the University of Sydney and made an Honorary Fellow of the Faculty of Public Health of the Royal College of Physicians (UK).
Simon Chapman is a life member of the Australian Consumers\' Association and was its chairman 1999--2002. He served on the board of The Cancer Council New South Wales for nine years until 2006. He was a key member of the Coalition for Gun Control which won the 1996 Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission\'s Community Human Rights award for its advocacy for gun law reform after the Port Arthur massacre in 1996. The Australian Skeptics Inc conferred on him the award of Australian Skeptic of the Year in 2013.
He was a staff elected Fellow of Senate, at the University of Sydney from 2007 to 2011. He was a board member of Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) from 1996 to 2013.
He was lead singer with a Sydney-based rock covers band, the Original Faux Pas, from 2007 to 2012 and then with The Bleeding Hearts.
In November 2019, he directed the inaugural St.Anmoré (Stanmore) Festival of Music to honour the late conductor and musical educator Richard Gill AO. He was awarded senior citizen of the year 2020 by Sydney\'s Inner West Council.
Chapman was made an Officer (AO) in the General Division of the Order of Australia on 10 June 2013.
He retired in January 2016 and was awarded Emeritus Professor status by the University of Sydney commencing 2016.
In December 2017, Public Health England accused him of presenting factual errors during a Federal Government Enquiry His full reply to these claims was published in Hansard (submission 313.1
## Selected books {#selected_books}
-
- Chapman, S, Crichton, F (2017) *Wind turbine syndrome: a communicated disease*. (Sydney, Sydney University Press)
- Chapman, S. (2016) *Smoke signals: selected writing*. (Sydney, Darlington Press)
- Chapman, S, Freeman B. (2014) *Removing the emperor\'s clothes: tobacco plain packaging in Australia*. (Sydney, Sydney University Press, `{{ISBN|9781743323977}}`{=mediawiki})
- Chapman, S, Barratt A, Stockler M.(2010) *Let sleeping dogs lie? What men should know before getting tested for prostate cancer*. (Sydney, Sydney University Press)
- Chapman, S. (2007) *Public health advocacy and tobacco control: making smoking history* (Oxford, Blackwell)
- Chapman, S. (1998) *Over our dead bodies: Port Arthur and Australia\'s fight for gun control* (Sydney, Pluto Press). Reprinted 2013 by Sydney University Press
- Chapman, S. (1995) *The last right?: Australians take sides on the right to die* (Sydney: Mandarin)
- Chapman, S. & Lupton, D. (1994) *The fight for public health: principles and practice of media advocacy* (London, BMJ).
- Chapman, S. (1990) *Tobacco in the third world: a resource atlas* (International Organisation of Consumers\' Unions).
- Chapman, S. (1986) *Great expectorations: advertising and the tobacco industry* (London: Comedia).
- Chapman, S. (1983) *The lung goodbye: tactics for counteracting the tobacco industry in the 1980s* (International Organisation of Consumers\' Unions)
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# Arthur Henry Shakespeare Lucas
**Arthur Henry Shakespeare Lucas** (7 May 1853 -- 10 June 1936) was an English-born schoolmaster, scientist and publisher who lived in Australia for over fifty years, and became the most renowned writer on Algae after William Henry Harvey
## Early life {#early_life}
Lucas was born in Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire, the third son of the Rev. Samuel Lucas, a Wesleyan minister, and his wife Elizabeth, *née* Broadhead. His father had a passion for geology and botany, and Arthur developed an interest in natural science. Lucas\' early childhood was spent in Cornwall, and when he was around nine years of age a move was made to Stow on the Wold in Gloucestershire. Here Lucas went to his first private school, but soon afterwards was sent to Kingswood School in Bath, where he was given a solid education in Classics, Modern Languages, and Mathematics. Lucas went to Balliol College, Oxford in 1870, with an exhibition, and associated with many people became the most distinguished of their time. He graduated with a fourth class honours degree in 1874, following pneumonia before his final examination, but he later won the Burdett-Coutts geological scholarship in 1876. Lucas then went to London to commence a medical course, and won the entrance science scholarship to the London Hospital in Whitechapel. When Lucas was halfway through his course his widower elder brother, Thomas Pennington Lucas, was ordered to leave England due to contracting tuberculosis and went to Australia.
## School Master {#school_master}
Arthur Lucas abandoned his course, although was nevertheless awarded B. Sc. by University of London in 1879. He became a master at The Leys School, Cambridge in order to provide for his brother\'s three young children who remained in the UK. Lucas had previously won the gold medal at an examination for botany held by the Apothecaries Society, open to all medical students of the London schools. Lucas enjoyed his five years at The Leys school. He found the boys frank and high-spirited, fond of games and yet able to do good work in the class-rooms. Lucas played in the football team, until he broke his collar-bone, and founded a natural history society of which the whole school became members. A museum was established to which Lucas gave his father\'s fine collection of fossils, and also the family collection of plants, which contained 1200 out of the 1400 described species of British flowering plants and ferns. The museum grew in after years, and gained a reputation at Cambridge when one of the boys made interesting finds in the pleistocene beds of the Cam valley. The results of work done by Lucas on the Isle of Wight were published in the Geological Magazine, leading to Lucas being elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of London.
## Wesley College {#wesley_college}
Lucas applied in 1882 for the headmastership of Wesley College, Melbourne, but the appointment was given to Arthur Way. Later on he was appointed mathematical and science master at the same school, arrived in Melbourne at the end of January 1883, and immediately began his work.
## Newington College {#newington_college}
At the end of 1892 Lucas was appointed headmaster of Newington College, Sydney. During his six years at Newington the number of pupils increased by 50 per cent and the school had much academic success. Lucas was the president of the Old Newingtonians\' Union in 1897.
## Sydney Grammar School {#sydney_grammar_school}
In 1899 Lucas became senior mathematical and science master at the Sydney Grammar school, was acting headmaster for part of the war years, and finally headmaster from 1920 to 1923. He was an admirable teacher, beloved by many generations of schoolboys, and exercising a great moral influence on them.
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# Arthur Henry Shakespeare Lucas
## University and science career {#university_and_science_career}
Lucas did not confine his life to school work, and while at Wesley College also lectured on natural science to the colleges at the University of Melbourne, and in later years lectured on physiography at the University of Sydney. He also took much interest in the various learned societies, and during his early days at Melbourne was president of the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria (which was founded by his brother) and edited the Victorian Naturalist for some years. Lucas was a member of the council of the Royal Society of Victoria, and subsequently of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, of which he also became president (1907--1909). Lucas contributed many papers to their proceedings; a list of more than 60 will be found in the *Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales*, vol. LXII, pp. 250--2.
He described several new species of Australian reptiles (1894--1903) with Charles Frost. He wrote with Arthur Dendy *An Introduction to the Study of Botany* which was published in 1892 (3rd ed. 1915), with W. H. D. Le Souef, *The Animals of Australia* (1909), and *The Birds of Australia* (1911). After retiring from school teaching at 70 years of age, Lucas became acting-professor of mathematics at the university of Tasmania for over two years. He afterwards continued his scientific studies, giving particular attention to the algae on which he was the Australian authority. His handbook, Part 1 of *The Seaweeds of South Australia* was issued just after his death. His large collection of algal specimens was bequeathed to the Commonwealth of Australia. It was initially stored at the CSIRO offices in Canberra and then moved for easier access by researchers to the National Herbarium of New South Wales. This move, and curation of the collection, was overseen by Valerie May.
## Family life {#family_life}
He married Charlotte Christmas on 29 July 1882 in St Cuthbert, Bedfordshire. She died in 1919. They had four daughters (one of whom died when young) Mesdames Ida Cortis-Jones and J. J. O\'Keefe, Miss C. Lucas, and one son. He lived with his daughter Cortis-Jones following his widowerhood.
He developed pneumonia after collecting seaweed from rockpools at Warrnambool, Victoria in May 1936, and during the journey to his home collapsed on the train at Albury, New South Wales. He was taken to a private hospital and died on 10 June 1936. His portrait by H. A. Hanke (1935) hangs in the Assembly Hall of the Sydney Grammar School. His autobiography, *A. H. S. Lucas, scientist, His Own Story*, was published in 1937
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# The Weeding of Covent Garden
***The Weeding of the Covent Garden, or the Middlesex Justice of Peace**\'\', alternatively titled***The Covent Garden Weeded**\'\', is a Caroline era stage play, a comedy written by Richard Brome that was first published in 1659. The play is a noteworthy satire on the emerging ethos of Capitalism as reflected in real estate and urban development in the early modern city.
The precise dates of authorship and first performance of the play are not known with certainty; but it must have originated c. 1632, when the development of Covent Garden was a public controversy. The play may have been staged by the King\'s Men.
*The Weeding of Covent Garden* was first published in the 1659 octavo volume *Five New Plays,* a collection of Brome\'s dramas issued by the booksellers Andrew Crooke and Henry Brome.
## Covent Garden {#covent_garden}
Even in the first half of the 17th century, major urban developments were subjects of intense dispute. In both the Elizabethan and the Jacobean eras, regulations had been promulgated to control the urban sprawl that was then uniting London with nearby Westminster. The last open spaces between the two were under pressure in the early 17th century: the area of Lincoln\'s Inn Fields was partially developed, leaving Covent Garden -- the former \"convent garden\" attached to Westminster Abbey -- as the next obvious target for exploitation.
In January 1631, the land\'s owner, Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford, obtained from King Charles I the waiver of the legal restrictions on new building that he needed for a large building project centred on a Continental-style piazza. (The waiver cost Bedford £2000; Charles had dismissed Parliament and begun his eleven-year period of personal rule, and needed the money.)
## Inigo Jones {#inigo_jones}
While Isaac de Caux was the architect for the row houses on the north and east sides of the square, Inigo Jones designed St. Paul\'s Church on the square\'s west side. Moreover, Jones was then the King\'s Surveyor General, and must perforce have been involved in the overall design of the project.
For this reason, Brome chose to concentrate on Jones when crafting his satire on the greed of real-estate development and speculation. Brome, a longtime follower of Ben Jonson, must also have been influenced by the fact that Jonson\'s long-running battle of egos with Jones, in their unhappy partnership as masque makers for the Stuart Court, had come to a head in 1631 with Jones\'s victory and Jonson\'s defeat. Brome focuses his satire on two figures, Rookbill the architect and Cockbrain the justice of the peace; both represent Inigo Jones, who at the time also served as a justice of the peace for Westminster and Middlesex.
## Place realism {#place_realism}
Brome was not the only playwright of his day to be attracted to this subject; Thomas Nabbes wrote his own *Covent Garden*, which was acted in 1633 and printed in 1638. Plays exploiting \"place realism,\" connections with real London landmarks and institutions, were common in the early 1630s, with Shackerley Marmion\'s *Holland\'s Leaguer* (1631), James Shirley\'s *Hyde Park* (1632), and Nabbes\'s *Tottenham Court* (1634) being good examples. Other of Brome\'s plays also participate in this theatrical fashion.
## The play {#the_play}
The play is much more than a simple satire on a contemporary subject; its cast includes \"a Puritan named Gabriel, a scarlet woman supposedly from Venice, various irate fathers and disguised lovers, and a group of hooligans known as \'The Brothers of the Blade,\' whose expulsion gives the play its title.\" In shaping this confection, Brome presents a closely observed slice of contemporaneous London life in a realistic setting. The play has attracted critical comment for directing its satire both at fashionable society and at Puritans, and for the unusual scene of two prostitutes fighting each other with swords (Act IV, scene i). Some critics have complained of the play\'s \"looseness of structure,\" even asserting that it \"has no main plot
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# Château de Vallery
The Early Renaissance French **Château de Vallery**, in Vallery, in the *département* of Yonne in the Burgundy region of France, was built in 1548 for Jacques d\'Albon de Saint-André, marquis de Fronsac, a court favorite of Henri II and *maréchal de France*. It was never completed, and what remains of it has been mutilated. The site he chose was the ancient *château-fort* of Vallery, dating in part to the early thirteenth century; he purchased it 16 April 1548. Traces of walls and fortified towers remain at the site. The architect was the king\'s architect, Pierre Lescot, who also built the *hôtel particulier* of the Maréchal in Paris (demolished). Vallery\'s facades, today of brick with stone quoins and details, were originally covered with red and black marble.
Works at Vallery were interrupted by the king\'s death (1559), followed by that of the Maréchal (1562). Two years later his widow passed Vallery to Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé, who decorated the ceilings of the south wing: Francesco Primaticcio provided some of the internal decoration in the manner of his School of Fontainebleau. Engravings of Vallery and its parterre gardens at this time appeared in Jacques Androuet du Cerceau\'s *Les plus excellents bastiments de France*.
In the church is the grand marble tomb of Henry II de Bourbon, prince de Condé (1588--1646), designed by the illustrious sculptor Gilles Guérin. After 1682 (when drawings by Sengre, now at the Musée Condé in Chantilly, were made) the south wing, which was the main *corps de logis* was demolished, under Louise-Anne de Bourbon-Condé, Mlle de Sens (1695--1768), daughter of Louis III de Bourbon, prince de Condé, leaving the west wing, a grand gallery supported on an arcade, which was now closed in, and the southwest corner pavilion. In 1747 the heiress Elisabeth de Condé sold the château; it suffered further demolitions and alterations, and in the twentieth century it lay for some time abandoned. More recently its Grande Galerie has had its partitions removed and is restored to its original dimensions; the château is currently rented for wedding parties.
## Gallery
Image:Chateau de Vallery DSC 0230.JPG\|Pavilion <File:Chateau-de-Vallery-DSC> 0066.jpg\|Gate (14th century) <File:Chateau-de-Vallery-DSC> 0058.jpg\|Gallery <File:Chateau-de-Vallery-DSC> 0082
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# Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah
**Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah** is a foundation that was formed in 2000, with recovered money from the property taken from French Jews during World War II. Simone Veil, a survivor of Auschwitz concentration camp who later became the first directly elected President of the European Parliament, served as the Foundation\'s first president.
The Foundation supports history and research into Shoah (Holocaust) as well as other initiatives including activism around the rise of hate crimes.
The financial commission, chaired by a magistrate from the Court of Auditors, sees to the preservation of the value of the endowment and the proper use of its income
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# Continental O-190
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# William Puffer
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# Northeastern Utah Educational Services
**Northeastern Utah Educational Services** (NUES) is one of four regional service centers in Utah, United States, established to provide equitable and cost-effective services to nine rural school districts, to match those offered to students on Utah's urban Wasatch Front.
The NU Center is located in Heber City, Utah, and serves the following school districts:
- Daggett School District
- Duchesne School District
- Morgan School District
- North Summit School District
- Park City School District
- Rich School District
- South Summit School District
- Uintah School District
- Wasatch County School District
Services to the districts include technology support, special education and psychological services, and a purchasing cooperative.
Its sister rural service centers in Utah are Central Utah Educational Services (CUES), Southeastern Educational Service Center (SESC), and Southwestern Educational Development Center (SEDC)
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# Jazz Way Out
***Jazz Way Out*** is an album by jazz musicians Wilbur Harden and John Coltrane, the second of three 1958 Savoy recordings featuring Harden and Coltrane together as leaders. The session also produced an alternate take of \"Dial Africa\", which can be found on some compilations, most notably the ones featuring the complete Savoy recordings made by Harden and Coltrane together, *The Complete Mainstream 1958 Sessions* (2009) and *The Complete Savoy Sessions* (1999).
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Dial Africa\" (Wilbur Harden) --- 8:42
2. \"Oomba\" (Wilbur Harden) --- 5:31
3
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# Countdown: The Savoy Sessions
***Countdown: The Savoy Sessions*** is a compilation album by jazz musicians John Coltrane and Wilbur Harden. It was issued on Savoy Records in 1978 as SJL 2203 and comprises all the pieces recorded on the March 13, 1958 session. Actually, the only unissued original track is \"Count Down\", the remainder being mere alternate takes of the pieces featured on *Mainstream 1958: The East Coast Jazz Scene*. All the tracks can also be found on two compilations which feature the complete Savoy recordings made by Harden and Coltrane together, *The Complete Mainstream 1958 Sessions* (2009) and *The Complete Savoy Sessions* (1999).
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Wells Fargo I\" -- 7:26
2. \"Wells Fargo II\" \[master\] -- 7:16
3. \"E.F.F.P.H\" -- 5:26
4. \"Count Down I\" \[master\] -- 7:26
5. \"Count Down II\" -- 7:56
6. \"Rhodomagnetics I\" \[master\] -- 7:11
7. \"Rhodomagnetics II \" -- 7:59
8. \"Snuffy\" -- 9:37
9
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# Dial Africa: The Savoy Sessions
***Dial Africa: The Savoy Sessions*** is a compilation album by jazz musicians John Coltrane and Wilbur Harden released in 1977, featuring pieces recorded during the two 1958 sessions that produced *Tanganyika Strut* and *Jazz Way Out*.
## Reception
In a review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek wrote: \"Coltrane and Harden were in many ways a dream team: Coltrane\'s already fiery playing, which pushed bop phrasing to the seam and split it, is anchored beautifully by Harden\'s deeply lyrical and airy playing. They weave through one another with great balance and poise, particularly on the slightly funky title cut. Of the four sessions Coltrane and Harden recorded together, start with this one.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Dial Africa\" \[Take 2, Master\] (Wilbur Harden) -- 8:42
2. \"Anedac\" (Wilbur Harden) -- 5:12
3. \"B.J.\" \[Take 2\] (Wilbur Harden) -- 4:56
4. \"B.J.\" \[Take 3, Master\] (Wilbur Harden) -- 4:32
5. \"Once in a While\" (Michael Edwards (m) - Bud Green (w)) -- 9:28
6
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# Gold Coast (album)
***Gold Coast*** is a compilation album by jazz musicians John Coltrane and Wilbur Harden, released in 1977 just after *Dial Africa: The Savoy Sessions*, featuring pieces recorded during the two 1958 sessions that produced *Tanganyika Strut* and *Jazz Way Out*.
## Reception
In a review for AllMusic, Scott Yanow wrote: \"John Coltrane\'s Savoy recordings with fluegelhornist Wilbur Harden are enjoyable but not particularly innovative\... Despite all of the emphasis on Africa in the song titles, the music is essentially American bebop featuring Coltrane, Harden and trombonist Curtis Fuller; Harden and Fuller contributed two originals apiece. This album is a companion of *Dial Africa*.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Tanganyika Strut\" -- 9:57
2. \"Dial Africa\" -- 8:42
3. \"Gold Coast\" -- 14:34
4. \"B.J
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# Tanganyika Strut
***Tanganyika Strut*** is the last of the three 1958 Savoy recordings made by jazz musicians John Coltrane and Wilbur Harden. The album features the two men as leaders, and is Harden\'s final as a leader. The sessions also produced a couple of alternate takes which can be found on some compilations, most notably the ones featuring the complete Savoy recordings made by Harden and Coltrane together, *The Complete Mainstream 1958 Sessions* (2009) and *The Complete Savoy Sessions* (1999).
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Tanganyika Strut\" (Curtis Fuller) -- 9:57
2. \"B.J.\" (Wilbur Harden) -- 4:32
3. \"Anedac\" (Wilbur Harden) -- 5:12
4. \"Once in a While\" (Michael Edwards (m) - Bud Green (w)) -- 9:28
*Recorded on June 24 (#1) and May 13 (all others), 1958
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# Continental O-280
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# Mukhsin
***Mukhsin*** is a 2006 Malaysian Malay-language romantic drama film directed by Yasmin Ahmad. It is the third instalment in the \"Orked\" trilogy. Shot in just 12 days, it won one award and one special mention at the 57th Berlin International Film Festival (2007) under the children\'s film category: International Jury of Generation Kplus - Grand Prix of the Deutsches Kinderhilfswerk for Best Feature Film and the Generation Kplus Children\'s Jury Awards - Special Mention. Within the first 4 days of its release in Malaysia, it earned RM700,000 in box-office takings. It went on to have a final gross of almost RM2 million.
## Plot
The story takes place in Sekinchan, Sabak Bernam in 1993, revolving around the first love of a 10-year-old Orked when a 12-year-old boy, Mukhsin, comes with his older brother and aunt to spend the school holidays in her village.
Around this relatively simple plotline of a blossoming young romance between the film\'s two young protagonists, are interweaved scenes of Malaysian village life and the dynamics of different types of families. Most of the family scenes revolve around Orked, her parents Mak Inom and Pak Atan, and the family\'s close maid Kak Yam who is almost like a family member.
The other families which are given attention in the movie are Mukhsin\'s family (with his elder brother who has lost his way in life and is trying desperately to find their mother who abandoned them at a young age, and their Aunty who is trying to take care of the two boys as though they were her own), and Orked\'s neighbours (with the young daughter and pregnant mother who are critical of the western ways of Orked\'s family, while they themselves are hurt by the father who wants to abandon them to take on a second wife)
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# Elizabeth City Centre
**Elizabeth City Centre** is a large regional shopping centre in the outer Adelaide suburb of Elizabeth, South Australia. The centre is the fourth biggest in Adelaide, behind Colonnades Shopping Centre, Westfield Tea Tree Plaza, and Westfield Marion. It originally opened on 17 November 1960 as \"Elizabeth Town Centre\" before reopening after a redevelopment on 14 November 1984.
## Tenants
Major tenants in Elizabeth City Centre include:
- Target
- Big W
- Harris Scarfe
- Coles
- Woolworths
- Reading Cinemas
- Rebel
- JB Hi-Fi
- Best & Less
- Timezone
- Formerly Myer which closed in February 2014.
## Transport and access {#transport_and_access}
The centre is serviced by Elizabeth railway station on Elizabeth Way, and Adelaide Metro buses at the adjacent bus interchange on Oxenham Drive. There are three taxi ranks, located near the leisure precinct, Harris Scarfe and Coles. The car park has Australia\'s largest solar canopy at 5.8 MW
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# Terry Martin (ice hockey)
**Terry George Martin** (born October 25, 1955) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres, Quebec Nordiques, Toronto Maple Leafs, Edmonton Oilers, and Minnesota North Stars between 1975 and 1985.
## Early life {#early_life}
Martin was born in Barrie, Ontario. He played junior hockey with the London Knights from 1972 to 1975.
## Career
Martin was drafted in the third round, 44th overall, by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1975 NHL Amateur Draft. He was also drafted by the World Hockey Association\'s New England Whalers; however, he never played in that league.
In his NHL career, Martin appeared in 479 games. He scored 104 goals and added 101 assists. After his playing career, he worked as an assistant coach for six seasons with the American Hockey League\'s Rochester Americans and for one season in the NHL with the Sabres. He later worked as a scout in the NHL
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# Sharifah Aryana
Sharifah **Aryana binti** Syed **Zainal Rashid** Al-Yahya (born 21 April 1995), better known by her stage name **Sharifah Aryana**, is a Malaysian actress. Sharifah is of Arab-Chinese-Bengali parentage.
She is the youngest daughter with two elder sisters both are also actresses in the Malaysian entertainment scene, one is Sharifah Amani. She\'s now`{{when|date=May 2014}}`{=mediawiki} a Sunway University student and is pursuing a Diploma in Performing Arts
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# Shiloh (Foote novel)
***Shiloh: A Novel*** is a historical novel set during the American Civil War, written in 1952 by Shelby Foote. It employs the first-person perspectives of several protagonists, Union and Confederate, to give a moment-by-moment depiction of the 1862 Battle of Shiloh.
## Plot summary and characters {#plot_summary_and_characters}
Because the novel is divided into chapters, each closely concerned with one of the characters, a summary of the story serves as a character analysis as well.
**Chapter One** takes place the day before the battle; it is narrated by Lieutenant Palmer Metcalfe, a cocky, 19 year old, aristocrat from New Orleans and a staff officer under Confederate commander Albert Sidney Johnston. He watches as the Confederate army marches through the Tennessee countryside in preparation for a surprise attack upon the Union troops at Pittsburg Landing. His self-satisfaction is evident as he remembers the complicated attack plan he helped draft, and as he thinks back on the struggles Johnston went through in bringing his army together for this decisive blow. The Confederate troops are inexperienced and noisy, and some of Johnston\'s generals believe the element of surprise has been lost. Johnston, however, insists on fighting whatever the conditions.
**Chapter Two** is the story of Captain Walter Fountain, an Ohio regimental adjutant in the Union Army encamped at Pittsburg Landing. He is the Officer of the Day and whiles away the Tennessee night by writing a letter to his wife, Martha. Through his thoughts, the reader learns about the Union army\'s slow but steady advance through Tennessee under the resolute leadership of Ulysses Grant. Fountain is homesick but confident that the war will be over soon. He interacts with the regimental mascot, a dog named Bango. As he commits his feelings and hopes to paper, he begins to notice that the birds and other woodland creatures have become noisier and more agitated. Suddenly hundreds of Confederate soldiers burst out of the forest, charging headlong upon Fountain and the other unsuspecting Union troops. The chapter ends abruptly, and the reader assumes that Fountain is killed in the initial assault.
**Chapter Three** comes from the perspective of Private Luther Dade, a humble rifleman from Mississippi. He is frightened but determined to do his duty as his regiment prepares to join the battle. When the fight does come, Dade is disturbed when he realizes that the mangled corpses of old friends mean no more to him than those of strangers; the new horrors of the day are too much for him to process. He does well in combat but sustains a minor arm wound and is sent to a triage area to wait for a doctor. Hours pass, no doctor shows up, and Dade\'s arm begins to show signs of infection. He stumbles toward the sound of firing in search of medical attention and soon finds himself in a clearing near Shiloh Church. Others are there; Johnston\'s staff, gathered around their wounded and dying commander. Dade is transfixed by the drama of the scene, even as he begins to pass out from his wound.
**Chapter Four** is narrated by Private Otto Flickner, a Minnesota artilleryman. It is the first night of the battle, and Flickner is cowering at the riverbank with hundreds of other deserters. He rationalizes his actions by claiming, \"I\'m not scared, I\'m just what they call demoralized.\" His search for justification leads him to remember the days events: the shattering surprise attack, one failed attempt after another to stand and fight, the endless concussions of oncoming enemy shells, and finally his running away because \"so much is enough but a little bit more is too much.\" He and the other deserters are jeered at and called cowards by some reinforcements that pass by; their words force Flickner to realize that a coward is exactly what he has been. Without any real conscious effort, he finds himself leaving the riverbank and wandering through the woods looking for his unit. Almost miraculously, he comes upon them getting ready for one last stand. His sergeant, who witnessed his desertion, greets him as if nothing had happened and directs him back to his old gun.
**Chapter Five** concerns Sergeant Jefferson Polly, a Texas cavalryman serving under Nathan Bedford Forrest. A former seminary student and soldier of fortune, Polly joined the army by reasoning, \"I wasn\'t any better at being a bad man than I was a good one.\" His mature and cynical perspective tells him that the Confederate army, even though successful on the first day, is fighting a poorly planned and badly coordinated battle. That night, Forrest leads Polly and his squad on a reconnaissance mission to Pittsburg Landing. While there, they see thousands of Union reinforcements disembarking from steamboats; more men in themselves than are left in the whole Confederate army. Forrest and Polly try to alert the high command to the new danger, but fail in the face of confusion and red tape. With the next sunrise, Polly resigns himself to a day of defeat beside his beloved commander.
**Chapter Six** focuses on an Indiana squad from the command of General Lew Wallace. The reader hears from all the twelve members in turn as they tell of their efforts to reach the battlefield, the wrong turn that delayed them for a day, and the scorn that was poured on them by other troops for their tardiness. When the battle\'s second day dawns, the Hoosiers and the rest of Wallace\'s division are at the forefront of the resurgent Federal assault. At the end of the fight, two of the Hoosiers are dead; the survivors wonder if they have any right to ask why they lived and the others did not.
**Chapter Seven** returns to Lieutenant Metcalfe as he stumbles down the road to Corinth, just after the defeat of the Confederate army. He remembers the dramatic death of General Johnston: how events spun out of control in its aftermath, how the disorganized and leaderless Confederate army fell victim to a surprise Federal attack the next day, how Johnston\'s old-fashioned chivalry had been no match for the reality they had encountered. In the confusion of the retreat he falls in with Forrest and Polly and participates in their valiant rearguard action at Fallen Timbers. Metcalfe decides to join Forrest\'s unit as an enlisted man; he now believes that any hope the Confederacy has lies with men like Forrest rather than men like Johnston.
The novel ends with Metcalfe tending to a delirious amputee in a wagon; the reader knows him to be Luther Dade.
## Style and substance {#style_and_substance}
The book owes much to William Faulkner in the slow, elegant cadence of its storytelling. Its narrative also resembles Stephen Crane\'s *The Red Badge of Courage*; a similarity reinforced by the fact that Foote wrote an introduction to an edition of Crane\'s work some forty years later.
The story illustrates two of Foote\'s most strongly held convictions: that Nathan Bedford Forrest was the greatest combat commander in the American Civil War, and that Confederate society held the seeds of its own doom
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
**Clothing in ancient Rome** generally comprised a short-sleeved or sleeveless, knee-length tunic for men and boys, and a longer, usually sleeved tunic for women and girls. On formal occasions, adult male citizens could wear a woolen toga, draped over their tunic, and married citizen women wore a woolen mantle, known as a palla, over a stola, a simple, long-sleeved, voluminous garment that modestly hung to cover the feet. Clothing, footwear and accoutrements identified gender, status, rank and social class. This was especially apparent in the distinctive, privileged official dress of magistrates, priesthoods and the military.
The toga was considered Rome\'s \"national costume,\" privileged to Roman citizens but for day-to-day activities most Romans preferred more casual, practical and comfortable clothing; the tunic, in various forms, was the basic garment for all classes, both sexes and most occupations. It was usually made of linen, and was augmented as necessary with underwear, or with various kinds of cold-or-wet weather wear, such as knee-breeches for men, and cloaks, coats and hats. In colder parts of the empire, full length trousers were worn. Most urban Romans wore shoes, slippers, boots or sandals of various types; in the countryside, some wore clogs.
Most clothing was simple in structure and basic form, and its production required minimal cutting and tailoring, but all was produced by hand and every process required skill, knowledge and time. Spinning and weaving were thought virtuous, frugal occupations for Roman women of all classes. Wealthy matrons, including Augustus\' wife Livia, might show their traditionalist values by producing home-spun clothing, but most men and women who could afford it bought their clothing from specialist artisans. The manufacture and trade of clothing and the supply of its raw materials made an important contribution to the Roman economy. Relative to the overall basic cost of living, even simple clothing was expensive, and was recycled many times down the social scale.
Rome\'s governing elite produced laws designed to limit public displays of personal wealth and luxury. None were particularly successful, as the same wealthy elite had an appetite for luxurious and fashionable clothing. Exotic fabrics were available, at a price; silk damasks, translucent gauzes, cloth of gold, and intricate embroideries; and vivid, expensive dyes such as saffron yellow or Tyrian purple. Not all dyes were costly, however, and most Romans wore colourful clothing. Clean, bright clothing was a mark of respectability and status among all social classes. The fastenings and brooches used to secure garments such as cloaks provided further opportunities for personal embellishment and display.
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
## Formal wear for citizens {#formal_wear_for_citizens}
Roman society was graded into several citizen and non-citizen classes and ranks, ruled by a powerful minority of wealthy, landowning citizen-aristocrats. Even the lowest grade of citizenship carried certain privileges denied to non-citizens, such as the right to vote for representation in government. In tradition and law, an individual\'s place in the citizen-hierarchy -- or outside it -- should be immediately evident in their clothing. The seating arrangements at theatres and games enforced this idealised social order, with varying degrees of success.
In literature and poetry, Romans were the *gens togata* (\"togate race\"), descended from a tough, virile, intrinsically noble peasantry of hard-working, toga-wearing men and women. The toga\'s origins are uncertain; it may have begun as a simple, practical work-garment and blanket for peasants and herdsmen. It eventually became formal wear for male citizens; at much the same time, respectable female citizens adopted the *stola*. The morals, wealth and reputation of citizens were subject to official scrutiny. Male citizens who failed to meet a minimum standard could be demoted in rank, and denied the right to wear a toga; by the same token, female citizens could be denied the stola. Respectable citizens of either sex might thus be distinguished from freedmen, foreigners, slaves and infamous persons.
### Toga
The *toga virilis* (\"toga of manhood\") was a semi-elliptical, white woolen cloth some 6 ft in width and 12 ft in length, draped across the shoulders and around the body. It was usually worn over a plain white linen tunic. A commoner\'s *toga virilis* was a natural off-white; the senatorial version was more voluminous, and brighter. The *toga praetexta* of curule magistrates and some priesthoods added a wide purple edging, and was worn over a tunic with two vertical purple stripes. It could also be worn by noble and freeborn boys and girls, and represented their protection under civil and divine law. *Equites* wore the *trabea* (a shorter, \"equestrian\" form of white toga or a purple-red wrap, or both) over a white tunic with two narrow vertical purple-red stripes. The *toga pulla*, used for mourning, was made of dark wool. The rare, prestigious *toga picta* and *tunica palmata* were purple, embroidered with gold. They were originally awarded to Roman generals for the day of their triumph, but became official dress for emperors and Imperial consuls.
From at least the late Republic onward, the upper classes favoured ever longer and larger togas, increasingly unsuited to manual work or physically active leisure. Togas were expensive, heavy, hot and sweaty, hard to keep clean, costly to launder and challenging to wear correctly. They were best suited to stately processions, oratory, sitting in the theatre or circus, and self-display among peers and inferiors while \"ostentatiously doing nothing\" at *salutationes*. These early morning, formal \"greeting sessions\" were an essential part of Roman life, in which clients visited their patrons, competing for favours or investment in business ventures. A client who dressed well and correctly -- in his toga, if a citizen -- showed respect for himself and his patron, and might stand out among the crowd. A canny patron might equip his entire family, his friends, freedmen, even his slaves, with elegant, costly and impractical clothing, implying his entire extended family\'s condition as one of \"honorific leisure\" (*otium*), buoyed by limitless wealth.
The vast majority of citizens had to work for a living, and avoided wearing the toga whenever possible. Several emperors tried to compel its use as the public dress of true *Romanitas* but none were particularly successful. The aristocracy clung to it as a mark of their prestige, but eventually abandoned it for the more comfortable and practical *pallium*.
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
## Tunics and undergarments {#tunics_and_undergarments}
The basic garment for both genders and all classes was the *tunica* (tunic). In its simplest form, the tunic was a single rectangle of woven fabric, originally woolen, but from the mid-republic onward, increasingly made from linen. It was sewn into a wide, sleeveless tubular shape and pinned around the shoulders like a Greek chiton, to form openings for the neck and arms. In some examples from the eastern part of the empire, neck openings were created in the weaving. Sleeves could be added, or formed *in situ* from the excess width. Most working men wore knee-length, short-sleeved tunics, secured at the waist with a belt. Some traditionalists considered long sleeved tunics appropriate only for women, very long tunics on men as a sign of effeminacy, and short or unbelted tunics as marks of servility; nevertheless, very long-sleeved, loosely belted tunics were also fashionably unconventional and were adopted by some Roman men; for example, by Julius Caesar. Women\'s tunics were usually ankle or foot-length, long-sleeved, and could be worn loosely or belted. For comfort and protection from cold, both sexes could wear a soft under-tunic or vest (*subucula*) beneath a coarser over-tunic; in winter, the Emperor Augustus, whose physique and constitution were never particularly robust, wore up to four tunics, over a vest. Although essentially simple in basic design, tunics could also be luxurious in their fabric, colours and detailing.
Loincloths, known as *subligacula* or *subligaria* could be worn under a tunic. They could also be worn on their own, particularly by slaves who engaged in hot, sweaty or dirty work. Women wore both loincloth and *strophium* (a breast cloth) under their tunics; and some wore tailored underwear for work or leisure. Roman women could also wear a *fascia pectoralis*, a breast-wrap similar to a modern women\'s bra. A 4th-century AD Sicillian mosaic shows several \"bikini girls\" performing athletic feats; in 1953 a Roman leather bikini bottom was excavated from a well in London.
### Stola and palla {#stola_and_palla}
Besides tunics, married citizen women wore a simple garment known as a *stola* (pl. *stolae*) which was associated with traditional Roman female virtues, especially modesty. In the early Roman Republic, the *stola* was reserved for patrician women. Shortly before the Second Punic War, the right to wear it was extended to plebeian matrons, and to freedwomen who had acquired the status of matron through marriage to a citizen. Stolae typically comprised two rectangular segments of cloth joined at the side by fibulae and buttons in a manner allowing the garment to be draped in elegant but concealing folds, covering the whole body including the feet.
Over the *stola*, citizen-women often wore the *palla*, a sort of rectangular shawl up to 11 feet long, and five wide. It could be worn as a coat, or draped over the left shoulder, under the right arm, and then over the left arm. Outdoors and in public, a chaste matron\'s hair was bound up in woollen bands (fillets, or *vitae*) in a high-piled style known as *tutulus*. Her face was concealed from the public, male gaze with a veil; her *palla* could also serve as a hooded cloak. Two ancient literary sources mention use of a coloured strip or edging (a *limbus*) on a woman\'s \"mantle\", or on the hem of their tunic; probably a mark of their high status, and presumably purple. Outside the confines of their homes, matrons were expected to wear veils; a matron who appeared without a veil was held to have repudiated her marriage. High-caste women convicted of adultery, and high-class female prostitutes (*meretrices*), were not only forbidden public use of the *stola*, but might have been expected to wear a *toga muliebris* (a \"woman\'s toga\") as a sign of their infamy.
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
## Freedmen, freedwomen and slaves {#freedmen_freedwomen_and_slaves}
For citizens, *salutationes* meant wearing the toga appropriate to their rank. For freedmen, it meant whatever dress disclosed their status and wealth; a man should be what he seemed, and low rank was no bar to making money. Freedmen were forbidden to wear any kind of toga. Elite invective mocked the aspirations of wealthy, upwardly mobile freedmen who boldly flouted this prohibition, donned a toga, or even the *trabea* of an *equites*, and inserted themselves as equals among their social superiors at the games and theatres. If detected, they were evicted from their seats.
Notwithstanding the commonplace snobbery and mockery of their social superiors, some freedmen and freedwomen were highly cultured, and most would have had useful personal and business connections through their former master. Those with an aptitude for business could amass a fortune; and many did. They could function as patrons in their own right, fund public and private projects, own grand town-houses, and \"dress to impress\".
There was no standard costume for slaves; they might dress well, badly, or barely at all, depending on circumstance and the will of their owner. Urban slaves in prosperous households might wear some form of livery; cultured slaves who served as household tutors might be indistinguishable from well-off freedmen. Slaves serving out in the mines might wear nothing. For Appian, a slave dressed as well as his master signalled the end of a stable, well-ordered society. According to Seneca, tutor to Nero, a proposal that all slaves be made to wear a particular type of clothing was abandoned, for fear that the slaves should realise both their own overwhelming numbers, and the vulnerability of their masters. Advice to farm-owners by Cato the Elder and Columella on the regular supply of adequate clothing to farm-slaves was probably intended to mollify their otherwise harsh conditions, and maintain their obedience.
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
## Children and adolescents {#children_and_adolescents}
Roman infants were usually swaddled. Apart from those few, typically formal garments reserved for adults, most children wore a scaled-down version of what their parents wore. Girls often wore a long tunic that reached the foot or instep, belted at the waist and very simply decorated, most often white. Outdoors, they might wear another tunic over it. Boys\' tunics were shorter.
Boys and girls wore amulets to protect them from immoral or baleful influences such as the evil eye and sexual predation. For boys, the amulet was a *bulla*, worn around the neck; the equivalent for girls seems to have been a crescent-shaped *lunula*, though this makes only rare appearances in Roman art. The *toga praetexta*, which was thought to offer similar apotropaic protection, was formal wear for freeborn boys until puberty, when they gave their *toga praetexta* and childhood *bulla* into the care of their family Lares and put on the adult male\'s *toga virilis*. According to some Roman literary sources, freeborn girls might also wear -- or at least, had the right to wear -- a *toga praetexta* until marriage, when they offered their childhood toys, and perhaps their maidenly *praetexta* to *Fortuna Virginalis*; others claim a gift made to the family Lares, or to Venus, as part of their passage to adulthood. In traditionalist families, unmarried girls might be expected to wear their hair demurely bound in a fillet.
Notwithstanding such attempts to protect the maidenly virtue of Roman girls, there is little anecdotal or artistic evidence of their use or effective imposition. Some unmarried daughters of respectable families seem to have enjoyed going out and about in flashy clothing, jewellery, perfume and make-up; and some parents, anxious to find the best and wealthiest possible match for their daughters, seem to have encouraged it.
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
## Footwear
Romans used a wide variety of practical and decorative footwear, all of it flat soled (without heels). Outdoor shoes were often hobnailed for grip and durability. The most common types of footwear were a one-piece shoe (*carbatina*), sometimes with semi-openwork uppers; a usually thin-soled sandal (*solea*), secured with thongs; a laced, soft half-shoe (*soccus*); a usually hobnailed, thick-soled walking shoe (*calceus*); and a heavy-duty, hobnailed standard-issue military marching boot (*caliga*). Thick-soled wooden clogs (*sculponeae*), with leather uppers, were available for use in wet weather, and by rustics and field-slaves
Archaeology has revealed many more non-standardised footwear patterns and variants in use over the existence of the Roman Empire. For the wealthy, shoemakers employed sophisticated strapwork, delicate cutting, dyes and even gold leaf to create intricate decorative patterns. Indoors, most reasonably well-off Romans of both sexes wore slippers or light shoes of felt or leather. Brides on their wedding-day may have worn distinctively orange-coloured light soft shoes or slippers (*lutei socci*).
Public protocol required red ankle boots for senators, and shoes with crescent-shaped buckles for equites, though some wore Greek-style sandals to \"go with the crowd\". Costly footwear was a mark of wealth or status, but being completely unshod need not be a mark of poverty. Cato the Younger showed his impeccable Republican morality by going publicly barefoot; many images of the Roman gods, and later, statues of the semi-divine Augustus, were unshod.
Fashions in footwear reflected changes in social conditions. For example, during the unstable middle Imperial era, the military was overtly favoured as the true basis for power; at around this time, a tough, heavy, so-called \"Gallic sandal\" -- up to 4 inches broad at the toe -- developed as outdoor wear for men and boys, reminiscent of the military boot. Meanwhile, outdoor footwear for women, young girls and children remained elegantly pointed at the toe.
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
## Military costume {#military_costume}
For the most part, common soldiers seem to have dressed in belted, knee-length tunics for work or leisure. In the northern provinces, the traditionally short sleeved tunic might be replaced by a warmer, long-sleeved version. Soldiers on active duty wore short trousers under a military kilt, sometimes with a leather jerkin or felt padding to cushion their armour, and a triangular scarf tucked in at the neck. For added protection from wind and weather, they could wear the *sagum*, a heavy-duty cloak also worn by civilians. According to Roman tradition, soldiers had once worn togas to war, hitching them up with what was known as a \"Gabine cinch\"; but by the mid-Republican era, this was only used for sacrificial rites and a formal declaration of war. Thereafter, citizen-soldiers wore togas only for formal occasions. Cicero\'s \"sagum-wearing\" soldiers versus \"toga-wearing\" civilians are rhetorical and literary trope, referring to a wished-for transition from military might to peaceful, civil authority. When on duty in the city, the Praetorian Guard concealed their weapons beneath their white \"civilian\" togas.
The *sagum* distinguished common soldiers from the highest ranking commanders, who wore a larger, purple-red cloak, the *paludamentum*. The colour of the ranker\'s *sagum* is uncertain. Roman military clothing was probably less uniform and more adaptive to local conditions and supplies than is suggested by its idealised depictions in contemporary literature, statuary and monuments. Nevertheless, Rome\'s levies abroad were supposed to represent Rome in her purest form; provincials were supposed to adopt Roman ways, not *vice versa*. Even when foreign garments -- such as full-length trousers -- proved more practical than standard issue, soldiers and commanders who used them were viewed with disdain and alarm by their more conservative compatriots, for undermining Rome\'s military *virtus* by \"going native\". This did not prevent their adoption. In the late 3rd century the distinctive Pannonian \"pill-box\" hat became firstly a popular, and then a standard item of legionary fatigues.
In Mediterranean climates, soldiers typically wore hobnailed \"open boots\" (*caligae*). In colder and wetter climates, an enclosing \"shoeboot\" was preferred. Some of the Vindolanda tablets mention the despatch of clothing -- including cloaks, socks, and warm underwear -- by families to their relatives, serving at Brittania\'s northern frontier.
During the early and middle Republican era, conscripted soldiers and their officers were expected to provide or pay for all their personal equipment. From the late Republic onwards, they were salaried professionals, and bought their own clothing from legionary stores, quartermasters or civilian contractors. Military needs were prioritised. Clothing was expensive to start with, and the military demand was high; this inevitably pushed up prices, and a common soldier\'s clothing expenses could be more than a third of his annual pay. In the rampant inflation of the later Imperial era, as currency and salaries were devalued, deductions from military salaries for clothing and other staples were replaced by payments in kind, leaving common soldiers cash-poor, but adequately clothed.
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
## Religious offices and ceremonies {#religious_offices_and_ceremonies}
Most priesthoods were reserved to high status, male Roman citizens, usually magistrates or ex-magistrates. Most traditional religious rites required that the priest wore a *toga praetexta*, in a manner described as *capite velato* (head covered \[by a fold of the toga\]) when performing augury, reciting prayers or supervising at sacrifices. Where a rite prescribed the free use of both arms, the priest could employ the *cinctus Gabinus* (\"Gabine cinch\") to tie back the toga\'s inconvenient folds. The Vestal Virgins tended Rome\'s sacred fire, in Vesta\'s temple, and prepared essential sacrificial materials employed by different cults of the Roman state. They were highly respected, and possessed unique rights and privileges; their persons were sacred and inviolate. Their presence was required at various religious and civil rites and ceremonies. Their costume was predominantly white, woolen, and had elements in common with high-status Roman bridal dress. They wore a white, priestly *infula*, a white *suffibulum* (veil) and a white palla, with red ribbons to symbolise their devotion to Vesta\'s sacred fire, and white ribbons as a mark of their purity.
The Flamen priesthood was dedicated to various deities of the Roman state. They wore a close-fitting, rounded cap (*apex*) topped with a spike of olive-wood; and the *laena*, a long, semi-circular \"flame-coloured\" cloak fastened at the shoulder with a brooch or fibula. Their senior was the *Flamen Dialis*, who was the high priest of Jupiter and was married to the *Flaminica Dialis*. He was not allowed to divorce, leave the city, ride a horse, touch iron, or see a corpse. The *laena* was thought to predate the toga. The twelve Salii (\"leaping priests\" of Mars) were young patrician men, who processed through the city in a form of war-dance during the festival of Mars, singing the *Carmen Saliare*. They too wore the *apex*, but otherwise dressed as archaic warriors, in embroidered tunics and breastplates. Each carried a sword, wore a short, red military cloak (*paludamentum)* and ritually struck a bronze shield, whose ancient original was said to have fallen from heaven.
Rome recruited many non-native deities, cults and priesthoods as protectors and allies of the state. Aesculapius, Apollo, Ceres and Proserpina were worshipped using the so-called \"Greek rite\", which employed Greek priestly dress, or a Romanised version of it. The priest presided in Greek fashion, with his head bare or wreathed.
In 204 BC, the Galli priesthood were brought to Rome from Phrygia, to serve the \"Trojan\" Mother Goddess Cybele and her consort Attis on behalf of the Roman state. They were legally protected but considered flamboyantly \"un-Roman\". They were eunuchs, and told fortunes for money; their public rites were wild, frenzied and bloody, and their priestly garb was \"womanly\". They wore long, flowing robes of yellow silk, extravagant jewellery, perfume and make-up, and turbans or exotic versions of the \"Phrygian\" hat over long, bleached hair.
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
## Roman clothing of late antiquity {#roman_clothing_of_late_antiquity}
thumb\|upright=1.8\|Detail of a Paleochristian Roman mosaic from the basilica of Santa Pudenziana in Rome, c. 410 AD, depicting Saint Pudentiana
Roman fashions underwent very gradual change from the late Republic to the end of the Western Empire, 600 years later. In part, this reflects the expansion of Rome\'s empire, and the adoption of provincial fashions perceived as attractively exotic, or simply more practical than traditional forms of dress. Changes in fashion also reflect the increasing dominance of a military elite within government, and a corresponding reduction in the value and status of traditional civil offices and ranks.
In the later empire after Diocletian\'s reforms, clothing worn by soldiers and non-military government bureaucrats became highly decorated, with woven or embellished strips, *clavi,* and circular roundels, *orbiculi,* added to tunics and cloaks. These decorative elements usually comprised geometrical patterns and stylised plant motifs, but could include human or animal figures. The use of silk also increased steadily and most courtiers in late antiquity wore elaborate silk robes. Heavy military-style belts were worn by bureaucrats as well as soldiers, revealing the general militarization of late Roman government. Trousers -- considered barbarous garments worn by Germans and Persians -- achieved only limited popularity in the latter days of the empire, and were regarded by conservatives as a sign of cultural decay.
The toga, traditionally seen as the sign of true *Romanitas*, had never been popular or practical. Most likely, its official replacement in the East by the more comfortable *pallium* and *paenula* simply acknowledged its disuse. In early medieval Europe, kings and aristocrats dressed like the late Roman generals they sought to emulate, not like the older toga-clad senatorial tradition.
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
## Fabrics
### Animal fibres {#animal_fibres}
#### Wool
Wool was the most commonly used fibre in Roman clothing. The sheep of Tarentum were renowned for the quality of their wool, although the Romans never ceased trying to optimise the quality of wool through cross-breeding. Miletus in Asia Minor and the province of Gallia Belgica were also renowned for the quality of their wool exports, the latter producing a heavy, rough wool suitable for winter. For most garments, white wool was preferred; it could then be further bleached, or dyed. Naturally dark wool was used for the *toga pulla* and work garments subjected to dirt and stains.
In the provinces, private landowners and the State held large tracts of grazing land, where large numbers of sheep were raised and sheared. Their wool was processed and woven in dedicated manufactories. Britannia was noted for its woolen products, which included a kind of duffel coat (the *birrus brittanicus)*, fine carpets, and felt linings for army helmets.
#### Silk
Silk from China was imported in significant quantities as early as the 3rd century BC. It was bought in its raw state by Roman traders at the Phoenician ports of Tyre and Berytus, then woven and dyed. As Roman weaving techniques developed, silk yarn was used to make geometrically or freely figured damask, tabbies and tapestry. Some of these silk fabrics were extremely fine -- around 50 threads or more per centimeter. Production of such highly decorative, costly fabrics seems to have been a speciality of weavers in the eastern Roman provinces, where the earliest Roman horizontal looms were developed.
Various sumptuary laws and price controls were passed to limit the purchase and use of silk. In the early Empire the Senate passed legislation forbidding the wearing of silk by men because it was viewed as effeminate but there was also a connotation of immorality or immodesty attached to women who wore the material, as illustrated by Seneca the Elder:
> I can see clothes of silk, if materials that do not hide the body, nor even one\'s decency, can be called clothes\... Wretched flocks of maids labour so that the adulteress may be visible through her thin dress, so that her husband has no more acquaintance than any outsider or foreigner with his wife\'s body. (Declamations Vol. 1)
The Emperor Aurelian is said to have forbidden his wife to buy a mantle of Tyrian purple silk. The *Historia Augusta* claims that the emperor Elagabalus was the first Roman to wear garments of pure silk (*holoserica*) as opposed to the usual silk/cotton blends (*subserica*); this is presented as further evidence of his notorious decadence. Moral dimensions aside, Roman importation and expenditure on silk represented a significant, inflationary drain on Rome\'s gold and silver coinage, to the benefit of foreign traders and loss to the empire. Diocletian\'s Edict on Maximum Prices of 301 AD set the price of one kilo of raw silk at 4,000 gold coins.
Wild silk, cocoons collected from the wild after the insect had eaten its way out, was also known; being of shorter, smaller lengths, its fibres had to be spun into somewhat thicker yarn than the cultivated variety. A rare luxury cloth with a beautiful golden sheen, known as sea silk, was made from the long silky filaments or byssus produced by *Pinna nobilis*, a large Mediterranean clam.
### Plant fibres {#plant_fibres}
#### Linen
Pliny the Elder describes the production of linen from flax and hemp. After harvesting, the plant stems were retted to loosen the outer layers and internal fibres, stripped, pounded and then smoothed. Following this, the materials were woven. Flax, like wool, came in various speciality grades and qualities. In Pliny\'s opinion, the whitest (and best) was imported from Spanish Saetabis; at double the price, the strongest and most long-lasting was from Retovium. The whitest and softest was produced in Latium, Falerii and Paelignium. Natural linen was a \"greyish brown\" that faded to off-white through repeated laundering and exposure to sunlight. It did not readily absorb the dyes in use at the time, and was generally bleached, or used in its raw, undyed state.
#### Other plant fibres {#other_plant_fibres}
Cotton from India was imported through the same Eastern Mediterranean ports that supplied Roman traders with silk and spices. Raw cotton was sometimes used for padding. Once its seeds were removed, cotton could be spun, then woven into a soft, lightweight fabric appropriate for summer use; cotton was more comfortable than wool, less costly than silk, and unlike linen, it could be brightly dyed; for this reason, cotton and linen were sometimes interwoven to produce vividly coloured, soft but tough fabric. High quality fabrics were also woven from nettle stems; poppy-stem fibre was sometimes interwoven with flax, to produce a glossy smooth, lightweight and luxuriant fabric. Preparation of such stem fibres involved similar techniques to those used for linen.
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
## Manufacture
Ready-made clothing was available for all classes, at a price; the cost of a new cloak for an ordinary commoner might represent three fifths of their annual subsistence expenses. Clothing was left to heirs and loyal servants in wills, and changed hands as part of marriage settlements. High quality clothing could be hired out to the less-well-off who needed to make a good impression. Clothing was a target in some street robberies, and in thefts from the public baths; it was re-sold and recycled down the social scale, until it fell to rags; even these were useful, and *centonarii* (\"patch-workers\") made a living by sewing clothing and other items from recycled fabric patches. Owners of slave-run farms and sheep-flocks were advised that whenever the opportunity arose, female slaves should be fully occupied in the production of homespun woolen cloth; this would likely be good enough for clothing the better class of slave or supervisor.
Self-sufficiency in clothing paid off. The carding, combing, spinning and weaving of wool were part of daily housekeeping for most women. Those of middling or low income could supplement their personal or family income by spinning and selling yarn, or by weaving fabric for sale. In traditionalist, wealthy households, the family\'s wool-baskets, spindles and looms were positioned in the semi-public reception area (*atrium*), where the *mater familias* and her *familia* could thus demonstrate their industry and frugality; a largely symbolic and moral activity for those of their class, rather than practical necessity. Augustus was particularly proud that his wife and daughter had set the best possible example to other Roman women by spinning and weaving his clothing. High-caste brides were expected to make their own wedding garments, using a traditional vertical loom.
Most fabric and clothing was produced by professionals whose trades, standards and specialities were protected by guilds; these in turn were recognised and regulated by local authorities. Pieces were woven as closely as possible to their intended final shape, with minimal waste, cutting and sewing thereafter. Once a woven piece of fabric was removed from the loom, its loose end-threads were tied off, and left as a decorative fringe, hemmed, or used to add differently coloured \"Etruscan style\" borders, as in the purple-red border of the *toga praetexta*, and the vertical coloured stripe of some tunics; a technique known as \"tablet weaving\". Weaving on an upright, hand-powered loom was a slow process. The earliest evidence for the transition from vertical to more efficient horizontal, foot-powered looms comes from Egypt, around 298 AD. Even then, the lack of mechanical aids in spinning made yarn production a major bottleneck in the manufacture of cloth.
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
## Colours and dyes {#colours_and_dyes}
From Rome\'s earliest days, a wide variety of colours and coloured fabrics would have been available; in Roman tradition, the first association of professional dyers dated back to the days of King Numa. Roman dyers would certainly have had access to the same locally produced, usually plant-based dyes as their neighbours on the Italian peninsula, producing various shades of red, yellow, blue, green, and brown; blacks could be achieved using iron salts and oak gall. Other dyes, or dyed cloths, could have been obtained by trade, or through experimentation. For the very few who could afford it, cloth-of-gold (lamé) was almost certainly available, possibly as early as the 7th century BC.
Throughout the Regal, Republican, and Imperial eras, the fastest, most expensive and sought-after dye was imported Tyrian purple, obtained from the *murex*. Its hues varied according to processing, the most desirable being a dark \"dried-blood\" red. Purple had long-standing associations with regality, and with the divine. It was thought to sanctify and protect those who wore it, and was officially reserved for the border of the *toga praetexta*, and for the solid purple *toga picta*. Edicts against its wider, more casual use were not particularly successful; it was also used by wealthy women and, somewhat more disreputably, by some men. Verres is reported as wearing a purple *pallium* at all-night parties, not long before his trial, disgrace and exile for corruption. For those who could not afford genuine Tyrian purple, counterfeits were available. The expansion of trade networks during the early Imperial era brought the dark blue of Indian indigo to Rome; though desirable and costly in itself, it also served as a base for fake Tyrian purple.
For red hues, madder was one of the cheapest dyes available. Saffron yellow was much admired, but costly. It was a deep, bright and fiery yellow-orange, and was associated with purity and constancy. It was used for the *flammeum* (meaning \"flame-coloured\"), a veil used by Roman brides and the Flaminica Dialis, who was virgin at marriage and forbidden to divorce.
Specific colours were associated with chariot-racing teams and their supporters. The oldest of these were the Reds and the Whites. During the later Imperial era, the Blues and Greens dominated chariot-racing and, up to a point, civil and political life in Rome and Constantinople. Although the teams and their supporters had official recognition, their rivalry sometimes spilled into civil violence and riot, both within and beyond the circus venue.
## Leather and hide {#leather_and_hide}
The Romans had two methods of converting animal skins to leather: tanning produced a soft, supple brown leather; tawing in alum and salt produced a soft, pale leather that readily absorbed dyes. Both these processes produced a strong, unpleasant odour, so tanners\' and tawers\' shops were usually placed well away from urban centres. Unprocessed animal hides were supplied directly to tanners by butchers, as a byproduct of meat production; some was turned to rawhide, which made a durable shoe-sole. Landowners and livestock ranchers, many of whom were of the elite class, drew a proportion of profits at each step of the process that turned their animals into leather or hide and distributed it through empire-wide trade networks. The Roman military consumed large quantities of leather; for jerkins, belts, boots, saddles, harness and strap-work, but mostly for military tents.
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# Clothing in ancient Rome
## Laundering and fulling {#laundering_and_fulling}
The almost universal habit of public bathing ensured that most Romans kept their bodies at least visually clean, but dirt, spillage, staining and sheer wear of garments were constant hazards to the smart, clean appearance valued by both the elite and non-elite leisured classes, particularly in an urban setting. Most Romans lived in apartment blocks with no facilities for washing or finishing clothes on any but the smallest scale. Professional laundries and fuller\'s shops (*fullonicae*, singular *fullonica*) were highly malodorous but essential and commonplace features of every city and town. Small fulling enterprises could be found at local market-places; others operated on an industrial scale, and would have required a considerable investment of money and manpower, especially slaves.
Basic laundering and fulling techniques were simple, and labour-intensive. Garments were placed in large tubs containing aged urine, then well trodden by bare-footed workers. They were well-rinsed, manually or mechanically wrung, and spread over wicker frames to dry. Whites could be further brightened by bleaching with sulphur fumes. Some colours could be restored to brightness by \"polishing\" or \"refinishing\" with Cimolian earth (the basic fulling process). Others were less colour-fast, and would have required separate laundering. In the best-equipped establishments, garments were further smoothed under pressure, using screw-presses and stretching frames. Laundering and fulling were punishingly harsh to fabrics, but were evidently thought to be worth the effort and cost. The high-quality woolen togas of the senatorial class were intensively laundered to an exceptional, snowy white, using the best and most expensive ingredients. Lower ranking citizens used togas of duller wool, more cheaply laundered; for reasons that remain unclear, the clothing of different status groups might have been laundered separately.
Front of house, *fullonicae* were run by enterprising citizens of lower social class, or by freedmen and freedwomen; behind the scenes, their enterprise might be supported discreetly by a rich or elite patron, in return for a share of the profits. The Roman elite seem to have despised the fulling and laundering professions as ignoble; though perhaps no more than they despised all manual trades. The fullers themselves evidently thought theirs a respectable and highly profitable profession, worth celebration and illustration in murals and memorials. Pompeian mural paintings of launderers and fullers at work show garments in a rainbow variety of colours, but not white; fullers seem to have been particularly valued for their ability to launder dyed garments without loss of colour, sheen or \"brightness\", rather than merely whitening, or bleaching. New woolen cloth and clothing may also have been laundered; the process would have partially felted and strengthened woolen fabrics, and raised the softer nap
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# John McLellan (ice hockey)
**Daniel John McLellan** (August 6, 1928 -- October 27, 1979) was a Canadian professional hockey player and coach in the National Hockey League. He was a member of teams that won the Memorial Cup, the Allan Cup and the world championships.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Born in South Porcupine, Ontario (now part of Timmins), McLellan was signed by the Toronto Maple Leafs and brought to Toronto to play for the St. Michael\'s Buzzers (1945--46) and then the St. Michael\'s Majors, playing on the team that won the Memorial Cup in 1947. As a senior, McLellan played three seasons with the Toronto Marlboros, winning the Allan Cup in 1950. Both of McLellan\'s cup victories came under coach Joe Primeau.
McLellan turned professional in 1950, and would play most of the next four seasons with the Pittsburgh Hornets, the Maple Leafs\' American Hockey League affiliate. In 1950--51, he also played for the Tulsa Oilers of the United States Hockey League. McLellan was called up to the Maple Leafs for two games in 1951--52, and they would be his only games as a player in the NHL.
He was traded by the Leafs to the AHL Cleveland Barons in September 1954, and played there for four years. In May 1958, the Barons told him he could make his own deal to join another team. For the 1958--59 season, McLellan was reinstated as an amateur and played for the Belleville McFarlands. The team represented Canada at the 1959 Ice Hockey World Championships, winning gold.
McLellan played in other minor professional leagues through the rest of his career, playing for the Milwaukee Falcons of the International Hockey League in 1959--60 and the Timmins Flyers of the Northern Ontario Hockey League in 1960--61. In 1962, he joined the Nashville Dixie Flyers of the Eastern Hockey League and played there for two seasons, before retiring as a player and becoming coach of the Nashville team.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
After two years coaching in Nashville--winning the league championship both seasons---McLellan rejoined the Maple Leafs organization in 1967 as the head coach of their top minor league affiliate, the Tulsa Oilers of the Central Hockey League. He spent two years in Tulsa and was then brought back to the NHL in 1969 to succeed the fired Punch Imlach as head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs. McLellan was coach of the Leafs for four seasons---missing 15 games in 1971--72 due to a duodenal ulcer. He was voted NHL coach of the year in 1971. McLellan resigned as coach in 1973 to become the Leafs\' assistant general manager.
In 1977, Imlach offered him the head coaching job with the Buffalo Sabres, but McLellan declined. The two were briefly reunited in Toronto when Imlach rejoined the Maple Leafs in 1979. A few months later, the 51-year-old McLellan died from an apparent heart attack after raking leaves at his home in Agincourt, Toronto.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ------------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1945--46 St. Michael\'s Buzzers OHA-B 8 4
1946--47 St. Michael\'s Majors OHA 30 11
1946--47 St
| 525 |
John McLellan (ice hockey)
| 0 |
10,117,815 |
# 1959 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
**25th New York Film Critics Circle Awards**\
January 23, 1960\
(announced December 28, 1959)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Ben-Hur**
The **25th New York Film Critics Circle Awards**, honored the best filmmaking of 1959
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1959 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
| 0 |
10,117,897 |
# Gallatin Range
The **Gallatin Range** is a mountain range of the Rocky Mountains, located in the U.S. states of Montana and Wyoming. It includes more than 10 mountains over 10000 ft. The highest peak in the range is Electric Peak at 10969 ft.
The Gallatin Range was named after Albert Gallatin, the longest-serving US Secretary of the Treasury. The range extends 75 mi north to south and averages 20 mi in width.
## Geography
The southernmost peaks of the range are in the northwestern section of Yellowstone National Park. However, the majority of the range is in Gallatin National Forest. The Yellowstone River flows north on the eastern flank of the range. The Madison Range parallels the Gallatins to the west. The northern end of the range is near Livingston, Montana and Bozeman Pass separates the Gallatins from the Bridger Mountains to the north.
The range is an integral part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and has grizzly bears, wolves and other threatened and endangered species also found in Yellowstone National Park.
### Gallatin Petrified Forest {#gallatin_petrified_forest}
Within the Gallatin Range, the Gallatin Petrified Forest is one of the largest petrified forests of the Eocene Epoch. The petrified wood that comprise it consist of the mineralized fossils of a mixture of transported logs and in place (*in situ*) wooden tree trunks rooted. The in place tree trunks are rooted in moderately developed fossil soils, (paleosols). The petrified logs, stumps, and trunks found in the Gallatin Range were buried by volcanic lahars. The lahar deposits sometimes have been reworked and redeposited by small streams. These sediments accumulated approximately 50 million year ago. The U.S. Forest Service has a 2-mile (3.2 km) long interpretive trail which details the petrified trees.
In regard to these fossil forests and other fossils, collecting of fossils in Yellowstone National Park is illegal. In addition, visitors should stay on marked and maintained trails
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Gallatin Range
| 0 |
10,117,909 |
# The Pesticide Question
***The Pesticide Question: Environment, Economics and Ethics*** is a 1993 book edited by David Pimentel and Hugh Lehman. Use of pesticides has improved agricultural productivity, but there are also concerns about safety, health and the environment.
This book is the result of research by leading scientists and policy experts into the non-technical and social issues of pesticides. In examining the social policies related to pesticides use, they consider the costs as well as the benefits. The book says that Intensive farming cannot completely do without synthetic chemicals, but that it is technologically possible to reduce the amount of pesticides used in the United States by 35-50 per cent without reducing crop yields. The researchers show that to regain public trust, those who regulate and use pesticides must examine fair ethical questions and take appropriate action to protect public welfare, health, and the environment. Anyone concerned with reducing our reliance on chemical pesticides and how human activities can remain both productive and environmentally sound will find this volume a stimulating contribution to a troubling debate.
*The Pesticide Question* builds on the 1962 best seller book *Silent Spring* by Rachel Carson. Carson did not reject the use of pesticides, but argued that their use was often indiscriminate and resulted in harm to people and the environment. She also highlighted the problem of pests becoming resistant to pesticides.
Carson\'s work is referred to many times in *The Pesticide Question*, which critically explores many non-technical issues associated with pesticide use, mainly in the United States. The book has 40 contributors, mainly academics from a wide range of disciplines. *The Pesticide Question* is divided into five main parts:
- social and environmental effects of pesticides;
- methods and effects of reducing pesticide use;
- government policy and pesticide use;
- history, public attitudes, and ethics in regard to pesticide use; and
- the benefits and risks of pesticides
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| 0 |
10,117,935 |
# 1960 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
**26th New York Film Critics Circle Awards**\
January 21, 1961\
(announced December 29, 1960)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**The Apartment**\
and\
**Sons and Lovers**
The **26th New York Film Critics Circle Awards**, honored the best filmmaking of 1960.
## Winners
- **Best Film (tie):**
- ***The Apartment***
- ***Sons and Lovers***
- **Best Actor:**
- Burt Lancaster - *Elmer Gantry*
- **Best Actress:**
- Deborah Kerr - *The Sundowners*
- **Best Director (tie):**
- Jack Cardiff - *Sons and Lovers*
- Billy Wilder - *The Apartment*
- **Best Screenplay:**
- Billy Wilder and I. A. L
| 101 |
1960 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
| 0 |
10,117,980 |
# Brian McDonald (ice hockey)
**Brian Harold McDonald** (born March 23, 1945) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre.
## Career
McDonald played 20 games in the National Hockey League: 8 playoff games with the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1967--68 season and 12 during the 1970--71 regular season with the Buffalo Sabres. He also played in the World Hockey Association with the Houston Aeros, Los Angeles Sharks, Michigan Stags, and Indianapolis Racers between 1972 and 1977.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ---------------------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1962--63 Weston Dodgers MetJBHL 31 30
1963--64 St. Catharines Black Hawks OHA 56 31
1964--65 St. Catharines Black Hawks OHA 56 47
1964--65 St. Louis Braves CPHL 3 0
1964--65 Buffalo Bisons AHL 1 0
1965--66 St. Louis Braves CPHL 70 13
1966--67 St
| 144 |
Brian McDonald (ice hockey)
| 0 |
10,118,007 |
# Amazing Vacation Homes
***Amazing Vacation Homes*** is a documentary-styled homestead and travel series on the Travel Channel that debuted in October 2004. The first two seasons of the show were hosted by Tom Jourden. In 2006, hosting duties were taken over by Didiayer Snyder, and the number of featured homes was reduced from three to two.
## Synopsis
*Amazing Vacation Homes* focuses on regional homes from around the world which are typically perceived by the American masses as being \"bizarre\", \"unique\", or of course, \"amazing\". In each episode, the host focuses on the homes of a particular country, region, or style. Jourden allowed the owner of the house to show a camera crew around most of the houses, allowing the inhabitants to explain the wonders of the houses. Snyder goes to each house herself and narrates the tour. The program typically shows how the home is procured and where it is located before touring it.
Originally a half-hour documentary titled *Amazing Vacation Homes*, repeated showings on the Travel Channel drew consistent, considerable audiences.
Among the many \"amazing\" homes displayed in the show, some of the more amazing homes can be found in: treehouses, lighthouses, and sublime meadows, among many other places
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Amazing Vacation Homes
| 0 |
10,118,063 |
# Malaysia Federal Route 75
**Federal Route 75**, or **Jalan Bagan Serai--Kuala Kurau**, is a federal road in Kerian district, Perak, Malaysia that connects Bagan Serai in the east to Kuala Kurau in the west.
## Route background {#route_background}
The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 75 starts at Bagan Serai, at its interchange with the Federal Route 1, the main trunk road of the central of Peninsular Malaysia.
## Features
At most sections, the Federal Route 75 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.
## List of junctions and towns {#list_of_junctions_and_towns}
+-------+------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| Km | Exit | Junctions | To | Remarks |
+=======+======+=================================+===========================================================================================================================+=============+
| \ | | **Bagan Serai** | **Northwest**\ | T-junctions |
| **0** | | | `{{JKR|1}}`{=mediawiki} Parit Buntar\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR|136}}`{=mediawiki} Bandar Baharu\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR|1}}`{=mediawiki} Butterworth\ | |
| | | | \ | |
| | | | **Northeast**\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR|147}}`{=mediawiki} **Jalan Bagan Serai--Lenggong**\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR|147}}`{=mediawiki} Kubu Gajah\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR|147}}`{=mediawiki} Selama\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR|147}}`{=mediawiki} Lenggong\ | |
| | | | `{{Jct|country=MYS|E2|1}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jct|country=MYS|AH|2}}`{=mediawiki} **North--South Expressway Northern Route**\ | |
| | | | Bukit Kayu Hitam\ | |
| | | | Penang\ | |
| | | | \ | |
| | | | **Southeast**\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR|1}}`{=mediawiki} Taiping\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR|1}}`{=mediawiki} Kamunting\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR|1}}`{=mediawiki} Kuala Kangsar\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR(A)|111}}`{=mediawiki} Bukit Merah\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR(A)|111}}`{=mediawiki} Bukit Merah Laketown Resort\ | |
| | | | `{{Jct|country=MYS|E2|1}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jct|country=MYS|AH|2}}`{=mediawiki} **North--South Expressway Northern Route**\ | |
| | | | Kuala Lumpur\ | |
| | | | Ipoh | |
+-------+------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| | | **Bagan Serai** | | |
+-------+------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| | | Kampung Matang Gerdu | | |
+-------+------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| | | Taman Serai Jaya | | |
+-------+------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| | | Kampung Kedai Dua | | |
+-------+------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
| 12
| 356 |
Malaysia Federal Route 75
| 0 |
10,118,098 |
# Bhatgaon, Raipur
**Bhatgaon** is a town and a Nagar Panchayat in Raipur district in the state of Chhattisgarh, India.
## Geography
Bhatgaon is located at 21.15 N 81.7 E. It has an average elevation of 287 metres (941 feet).
## Demographics
As of the 2001 India census, Bhatgaon had a population of 8221. Males constituted 50% of the population and females 50%. Bhatgaon had an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 73% and female literacy of 46%. 15% of the population was under 6 years of age
| 98 |
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| 0 |
10,118,126 |
# Roman Catholic Archdiocese of La Plata in Argentina
The **Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of La Plata** (erected 15 February 1897, as the Diocese of La Plata) is in Argentina and is a metropolitan diocese and its suffragan sees are Azul, Chascomús, and Mar del Plata. It was elevated on 20 April 1934.
## Bishops
### Ordinaries
- Mariano Antonio Espinosa (1898--1900), appointed Archbishop of Buenos Aires
- Juan Nepomuceno Terrero y Escalada (1900--1921)
- Francisco Alberti (1921--1938)
- Juan Pascual Chimento (1938--1946)
- Tomás Juan Carlos Solari (1948--1954)
- (1955--1985)
- Antonio Quarracino (1985--1990), appointed Archbishop of Buenos Aires (Cardinal in 1991)
- Carlos Walter Galán Barry (1991--2000)
- Héctor Rubén Aguer (2000--2018)
- Víctor Manuel Fernández (2018 -- 2023)
- Gabriel Antonio Mestre (2023--2024)
### Coadjutor archbishop {#coadjutor_archbishop}
- Héctor Rubén Aguer (1998--2000)
### Auxiliary bishops {#auxiliary_bishops}
- Francisco Alberti (1899--1917), appointed Bishop here
- Santiago Luis Copello (1918--1928), appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Buenos Aires; future Cardinal
- Juan Pascual Chimento (1928--1934), appointed Bishop of Mercedes (later returned here as Archbishop)
- Anunciado Serafini (1935--1939), appointed Bishop of Mercedes
- Germiniano Esorto (1943--1946), appointed Bishop of Bahía Blanca
- Enrique Rau (1951--1954), appointed Bishop of Resistencia
- Raúl Francisco Primatesta (1957--1961), appointed Bishop of San Rafael; future Cardinal
- Eduardo Francisco Pironio (1964--1972), appointed Bishop of Mar del Plata; future Cardinal
- Octavio Nicolás Derisi (1970--1984)
- Mario Picchi, S.D.B. (1975--1978), appointed Bishop of Venado Tuerto
- José María Montes (1978--1983), appointed Bishop of Chascomús
- Guillermo José Garlatti (1994--1997), appointed Bishop of San Rafael
- Antonio Marino (2003--2011), appointed Bishop of Mar del Plata
- Nicolás Baisi (2010--2020), appointed Bishop of Puerto Iguazú
- Alberto Germán Bochatey Chaneton, O.S.A
| 282 |
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of La Plata in Argentina
| 0 |
10,118,143 |
# Joe Connelly (musician)
**Joe Connelly** (born 1965) is a barbershop quartet lead singer, competition judge, chorus director, and full-time coach for various barbershop quartets. Connelly is the first man ever to have become a Barbershop Harmony Society International Championship gold medalist four times, first with Interstate Rivals in 1987 at the age of 22, then with Keepsake in 1992, with Platinum in 2000, and with Old School in 2011. In 2000, he had already become the first person to win the gold medal three times. Quartet-mate Tony DeRosa joined Connelly as a four-time gold medalist in 2017 (in Keepsake, Platinum, Max Q and Main Street). In 2024, De Rosa became the first person to become a 5-time gold medalist with his quartet Three and a Half Men. A few other singers have achieved the honor of being three-time champions, including quartet-mate Kipp Buckner (in The Gas House Gang, Interstate Rivals, and Old School).
He is the son of international quartet medalist Mike Connelly, baritone of The Roaring 20\'s. Joe directed the Southern Gateway chorus from 2008 until 2014. He was the director of Canadian Showtime Chorus in Ottawa, Ontario, from May 2018 to April 2023. He coaches men\'s and women\'s barbershop quartets and choruses around the world full-time, having become one of the few barbershoppers who has turned his hobby into a profession. He currently performs around the world with his quartet, Old School, which took the silver medal in international competition in 2009 and 2010, before winning the gold in 2011.
In 2022, Connelly was one of three individuals inducted into the Barbershop Harmony Society\'s Hall of Fame
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Joe Connelly (musician)
| 0 |
10,118,163 |
# St. John's United Church of Christ, Richmond, Virginia
**St. John\'s United Church of Christ** is a historic church in Richmond, Virginia. It was founded as **\'Saint John\'s German Lutheran Evangelical Church** and was called **St. John's Evangelical and Reformed Church** from 1943 to 1962.
The congregation formed in 1843 to minister to the very large German immigrant population of Richmond (especially the Carver neighborhood) at the time. The name \"German Lutheran Evangelical Church\" was selected as its members were Lutherans, but the church has never been affiliated with any Lutheran denomination. It operated independently until 1874 when it affiliated with the German Evangelical Synod of North America, a predecessor of the United Church of Christ.
After meeting in member homes for several years, the congregation moved into a new church building on North Fifth Street at Jackson in 1847. It moved into a larger building in 1881, and into its current facilities in 1928. The church houses one of the three remaining intact EM Skinner pipe organs on the East Coast of the United States.
One prominent member of St. Johns was Conrad Frederick Sauer, whose family-owned CF Sauer factory exists nearby on Broad Street to this day. [1](http://www.stjohnsrichmond.org/yourti6893.html). Virginia Governor Mills E. Godwin Jr. and his family were members of this congregation during his first term. St John\'s was also influential in forming the [Gesangsverein Virginia](http://gesangvereinvirginia
| 228 |
St. John's United Church of Christ, Richmond, Virginia
| 0 |
10,118,195 |
# Ray McKay
**Raymond Owen McKay** (born August 22, 1946 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Black Hawks, Buffalo Sabres, and California Golden Seals from 1968 to 1974. He also played in the World Hockey Association with the Edmonton Oilers, Cleveland Crusaders, Birmingham Bulls, and Minnesota Fighting Saints from 1974 to 1978.
In his NHL career, McKay played in 140 games, scoring two goals and adding sixteen assists. In the WHA, McKay played in 212 games, scoring fourteen goals and adding forty-four assists.
Ray currently runs \"Ray McKay\'s Hockey Specialized Training\" program, based in Ilderton, Ontario
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| 0 |
10,118,196 |
# KZYM
**KZYM** (1230 AM) is an American radio station broadcasting from Joplin, Missouri.
## Programming
AM 1230 The Talker features: Glenn Beck, Markley Van Camp and Robbins, Dave Ramsey, Jesse Kelly, and At Home with Gary Sullivan.
KZYM also features news from SRN (Salem Radio Network) at the top and bottom of the hour. Salem provides national news with a Christian view.
KZYM broadcasts St. Louis Cardinals and Missouri Southern State University football, men\'s and women\'s basketball games. KZYM also airs Joplin High football and basketball
| 87 |
KZYM
| 0 |
10,118,204 |
# StormRegion
**StormRegion** was a Hungarian video game developer best known for the games *Rush for Berlin* and *Codename: Panzers*. They also have built their own game engine called Gepard with tools. In 2007, StormRegion was acquired by the German company 10tacle Studios AG. After a financially unstable 10tacle Studios AG ceased to pay salaries in April 2008, StormRegion lost its employees and was forced to close its Budapest office.
In 2006, StormRegion initiated a lawsuit against Mithis Entertainment, claiming that former StormRegion developers who quit the company and joined Mithis have stolen sourcecode from the StormRegion engine.
The name \"Stormregion\" is an approximate translation of the Hungarian term \"viharsarok\" (\"storm corner\"), a historical name for the south-east (e.g. Békés county) of Hungary.
In 2015, former employees Péter Bajusz and Attila Bánki-Horváth (developers of *S.W.I.N.E.*) founded a new company called Kite Games.
## Release history {#release_history}
- *Trail* (unreleased)
- *S.W.I.N.E
| 151 |
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| 0 |
10,118,250 |
# Urla, Raipur
**Urla** is a census town in Raipur District in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh.
## Demographics
As of the 2001 Indian census, Urla had a population of 9359, with males constituting 55% of the population and females 45%. Urla has an average literacy rate of 55%, lower than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 66% and female literacy is 41%. 22% of the population is under 6 years of age
| 75 |
Urla, Raipur
| 0 |
10,118,259 |
# Brian Townsend (poker player)
**Brian Townsend** (born 1982) is an American professional poker player. He graduated from the UC Santa Barbara and played Lock for UCSB\'s 2005 league championship rugby team.
## Biography
Townsend is largely known for his success playing no limit hold \'em and pot-limit omaha at Full Tilt Poker, playing under the nickname \'sbrugby.\'
Townsend began playing online poker at \$0.50/\$1.00 blinds but gradually moved up in stakes, eventually becoming a regular player in some of the highest stakes games online. By the mid to late 2000s, Townsend was among the most highly respected professional online poker players in the world. Townsend appeared on season 3 of GSN\'s *High Stakes Poker*. He also appeared on NBC\'s Poker After Dark and won \$120,000 by beating Doyle Brunson heads up. After considerable success in playing high-stakes games, he was featured on the front cover of the August/September 2007 issue of Cardplayer Magazine and November 2008 issue of Inside Poker.
Although better known to be a heads up and short handed specialist online, Townsend has participated in several live tournaments, including an in the money finish at a World Poker Tour no limit hold \'em event, and a 10th place finish at a World Series of Poker circuit event. In 2014, Brian Townsend played at the World Series of Poker (for the first time since 2011) and finished 170th out of 6,683 players for a \$44,728 payday.
In December 2009, Townsend was accused of sharing hand histories with professional poker players, Cole South and Brian Hastings.
Since Black Friday Brian has spent less time playing live tournaments, and more time playing online. He prefers playing online poker, over the limelight of live tournaments. He regularly participates in road running races and triathlons.
As of 2017, Townsend\'s total live tournament winnings exceed \$460,000
| 303 |
Brian Townsend (poker player)
| 0 |
10,118,279 |
# List of 3D graphics libraries
3D graphics have become so popular, particularly in video games, that specialized APIs (application programming interfaces) have been created to ease the processes in all stages of computer graphics generation. These APIs have also proved vital to computer graphics hardware manufacturers, as they provide a way for programmers to access the hardware in an abstract way, while still taking advantage of the special hardware of any specific graphics card.
The first 3D graphics framework was probably Core, published by the ACM in 1977.
## Low-level 3D API {#low_level_3d_api}
These APIs for 3D computer graphics are particularly popular:
- ANGLE, web browsers graphics engine, a cross-platform translator of OpenGL ES calls to DirectX, OpenGL, or Vulkan API calls.
- Direct3D (a subset of DirectX)
- Glide a defunct 3D graphics API developed by 3dfx Interactive.
- Mantle developed by AMD.
- Mesa
- Metal developed by Apple.
- OpenGL and the OpenGL Shading Language
- OpenGL ES 3D API for embedded devices.
- OptiX 7.0 and Latest developed by NVIDIA.
- LibGCM
- QuickDraw 3D developed by Apple Computer starting in 1995, abandoned in 1998.
- Vulkan developed by Khronos Group
## Web-based API {#web_based_api}
- WebGL is a JavaScript interface for OpenGL ES API, promoted by Khronos.
- WebGPU is a newer and more efficient API for JavaScript, Rust, C++ and C. It is not yet fully supported by all browsers (see [Implementation Status](https://github.com/gpuweb/gpuweb/wiki/Implementation-Status)).
## High-level 3D API {#high_level_3d_api}
There are also higher-level 3D scene-graph APIs which provide additional functionality on top of the lower-level rendering API. Such libraries under active development include:
- [Ab4d.SharpEngine](https://www.ab4d.com/SharpEngine.aspx)
- ArkGraphics 3D
- [BGFX](https://github.com/bkaradzic/bgfx)
- ClanLib
- Crystal Space
- HOOPS 3D Graphics System
- Horde3D
- Irrlicht Engine
- Java 3D
- Java FX
- JMonkey Engine
- JT Open from Siemens Digital Industries Software
- LibGDX
- [magnum](https://github.com/mosra/magnum)
- Mobile 3D Graphics API (M3G; JSR-184)
- OGRE
- OpenGL Performer
- OpenSceneGraph (now obsolete OSG.JS for WebPlatforms)
- OpenSG
- QSDK
- [RAMSES](https://ramses3d.org)
- RenderWare
- Panda3D
- [Phoenix Engine](https://www.programmersought.com/article/73856529822/)
- [Synkro](https://synkro.pro)
- Unigine
- VTK
- [WPF 3D](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/desktop/wpf/graphics-multimedia/3-d-graphics-overview) (part of Windows Presentation Foundation)
- Zea Engine
### JavaScript-based engines {#javascript_based_engines}
There is more interest in web browser based high-level API for 3D graphics engines. Some are:
- A-Frame
- Blend4Web
- CopperLicht
- O3D
- Three.js
- Babylon
| 393 |
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| 0 |
10,118,310 |
# The Strange Case of Alice Cooper
***The Strange Case of Alice Cooper*** is a live concert video released in September 1979, of Alice Cooper performing with his backing band *The Ultra Latex Band*. The concert was filmed on April 9, 1979 during Cooper\'s \'Madhouse Rock\' Tour in San Diego, California, at the San Diego Sports Arena, in support of the album *From the Inside*.
Two songs that were performed during the filming, \"All Strapped Up\" and \"Dead Babies\", were omitted from the film for unknown reasons. A DVD version, with audio commentary by Alice Cooper, was released May 22, 2012 via *Shout! Factory* as a US-only release. Shout! Factory has also made the movie available digitally on their network for streaming and download.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Opening commentary and concert introduction (by Alice Cooper and Vincent Price) -- 1:13
2. \"From The Inside\" (Alice Cooper, Dick Wagner, David Foster) -- 5:48
3. \"Serious\" (Cooper, Bernie Taupin, Foster, Steve Lukather) -- 2:50
4. \"Nurse Rozetta\" (Cooper, Lukather, Foster) -- 1:53
5. \"The Quiet Room\" (Cooper, Taupin, Wagner) -- 3:07
6. \"I Never Cry\" (Cooper, Wagner) -- 1:51
7. \"Devil\'s Food\" (Cooper, Bob Ezrin, Kelly Jay) -- 1:01
8. \"Welcome To My Nightmare\" (Cooper, Wagner) -- 2:11
9. \"Billion Dollar Babies\" (Cooper, Michael Bruce, Reggie Vinson) -- 1:49
10. \"Only Women Bleed\" (Cooper, Wager) -- 2:24
11. \"No More Mr. Nice Guy\" (Cooper, Bruce) -- 1:49
12. \"I\'m Eighteen\" (Cooper, Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, Neal Smith) -- 3:57
13. \"The Black Widow\" (Cooper, Wagner, Ezrin) -- 5:34
14. \"Wish I Were Born in Beverly Hills\" (Cooper, Taupin, Wagner) -- 3:50
15. \"Ballad Of Dwight Fry\" (Bruce, Cooper) -- 5:26
16. \"Go to Hell\" (Cooper, Ezrin, Wagner) -- 3:30
17. \"How You Gonna See Me Now\" (Cooper, Taupin, Wagner) -- 4:21
18. \"Inmates (We\'re All Crazy)\" (Cooper, Taupin, Wagner) -- 3:22
19. \"School\'s Out\" (Cooper, Bruce, Dunaway, Smith, Buxton) -- 1:51
20. Introducing the Musicians, with solos -- 11:44
21. \"School\'s Out\" (conclusion) -- 2:07
22. Closing commentary and Credits (by Alice Cooper) -- 1:23
## Credits
### Musicians
- Alice Cooper -- lead vocals
Ultra Latex Band
- Penti Glan (as Whitey Glan) -- drums
- Steve Hunter -- guitar
- Prakash John (as Johnny Stilletto) -- bass
- Davey Johnstone -- guitar
- Freddie Mandel -- keyboards, piano, organ
### Other stage performers {#other_stage_performers}
- Clifford Allen -- dancer
- Rosa Aragon -- dancer
- Sheryl Cooper -- dancer
- Wendy Haas -- background singer
- Eugene Montoya (as Martin Luther Queen) -- dancer
- Joe Pizzulo -- background singer
- Vincent Price -- narrator (taped voice)
- Uchi Sugiyami -- dancer
### Filming
- Produced by Jackie Barnett
- Stage Production Conceived by Alice Cooper, Joe Gannon, Shep Gordon, Rob Iscove
- Recording Facilities by The Record Plant
- Executive Producers -- Shep Gordon, Allan Strahl, Denny Vosburgh
- Director of Photography -- Sterling Johnson
- Film Editor -- Susan Trieste Collins
- Assistant Film Editor -- Branda S. Miller
- Recording Engineer -- Peter M
| 510 |
The Strange Case of Alice Cooper
| 0 |
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# Sean McKenna (ice hockey)
**Sean Michael McKenna** (born March 7, 1962) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey forward.
## Early life {#early_life}
McKenna was born in Asbestos, Quebec. As a youth, he played in the 1974 and 1975 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Asbestos.
## Career
McKenna was drafted in the third round, 56th overall, by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the National Hockey League with the Sabres, Los Angeles Kings, and Toronto Maple Leafs between 1982 and 1989.
In his NHL career, McKenna appeared in 414 games. He scored 82 goals and added 80 assists
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# Bagan Serai
**Bagan Serai** is a mukim in Kerian District, Perak, Malaysia. It is located 52 km southeast of George Town, the capital city of the neighbouring state of Penang. As such, the town is also part of the George Town Conurbation, Malaysia\'s second largest metropolitan area, with the town\'s logistical needs being served by Penang\'s well-developed transportation infrastructure. There is the birthplace of the No.1 badminton player, Lee Chong Wei.
Bagan Serai is an important collecting and processing location for the paddy plantation of the Kerian scheme. Bagan Serai is also the name of the parliamentary constituency in which the town is located.
The word "Bagan" in Malay means a jetty or a place of landing for some business activities, and "Serai" means lemon grass, a herb often used in Malay food, which used to be mass-produced here.
Through the hearsay from old generations, Bagan Serai used to be a very busy pier for trading activities, because of the rivers that flow through this small town straight to the sea, making it a strategic location for trading activities and a suitable landing spot for goods.
A slightly different version of how Bagan Serai got its name can be found on the website \"Glimpses\".
## Demographics and economic activities {#demographics_and_economic_activities}
The native Malays of Bagan Serai is closely linked to Kedahan Malay people instead of a majority Perakian Malay people elsewhere in the state. However, the town also has a significant ethnic Malay residents of Banjarese ancestry that migrated from Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia in the 19th and early 20th century during Dutch and British colonial rule. They have a distinct dialect which is a little non-intelligible to native standard Malay language-speakers but they can also speak both forms or variants of the national language such as Standard Malay and Kedah Malay owing to social assimilation factors.
Shops are mostly owned by ethnic Chinese, mainly from the Hokkien dialect group who have ancestry in the southern part of China\'s Fujian province in the city of Zhangzhou. Significant amounts of Indian-Malaysians (who are mostly Tamils) work as rubber tappers in rubber estates, while the native Malays, consisting of local native Kedahans as well as Banjarese predominantly work in agricultural activity that comprises paddy planting and palm oil production.
In addition, Bagan Serai is one of 8 sub-districts of Kerian district which includes other towns such as Parit Buntar, Bagan Tiang, Tanjung Piandang, Kuala Kurau, Beriah, Bagan Serai, Gunong Semanggol and Selinsing and it is under the jurisdiction and administration of Majlis Daerah Kerian (Kerian District Council).
## Transportation
Public transport is managed by a private company called The Red Omnibus. The town has a main bus stand which located at the New Town of Bagan Serai and close to Main Market of Bagan Serai. The bus stand also provides taxi services. Bus to the center of town from peripheral areas runs daily every 30 minutes. Express buses go from Bagan Serai to various towns and cities including Kuala Lumpur, Georgetown, Kulim, Alor Setar, and Ipoh. There is also a train station in the town. Prior to the Ipoh-Padang Besar Electrified Double Tracking Project, the Bagan Serai railway station was upgraded.
## Temperatures and climate {#temperatures_and_climate}
Yearly, Bagan Serai has a relatively colder climate than other parts of Malaysia due to its location near the Straits of Malacca and away from the equator. Taiping is located relatively near and southern to Bagan Serai, which is the wettest place (with frequent rains) in Malaysia. No specific temperature data and precipitation are aired daily in television for Bagan Serai. Thus, usually town people use Ipoh data for Bagan Serai. However, they are not usually true as they may be occasionally correlated with Georgetown, Penang data
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# Kuala Kurau
**Kuala Kurau** is a mukim in Kerian District, Perak, Malaysia.
## Geography
Kuala Kurau spans over 138.90 km^2^ in area with a population of 31,065 people
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# Khamyab District
**Khamyab District** (*خمیاب*) is a frontier district in the province of Jowzjan in Afghanistan. It shares borders with Turkmenistan to the north and west, Khwaja Du Koh district to the south and the Mingajik and Qarqin districts to the east. As of 2006, the population is 12,400. The district center is the village of Khamyab (Kham-e Ab) . The Amu Darya river flows in the northern end of the district and forms part of the international border. Within the district is the westernmost point of the river on Afghan territory, and the area here is also the lowest point in the country (about 255 m above sea level). The riverbank in Khamyab and further downstream in Qarqin has suffered from erosion on the Afghan side for decades, with the emergence of islands and a moving borderline. The floods have damaged agricultural lands of locals.
## District Map {#district_map}
- [Map of Settlements](http://www.haqiqat.se/images/stories/Afghanistan_Mapper/Jawzjan%20Map/khamyab
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# Pelangi Air
**Pelangi Airways Sdn Bhd** (doing business as **Pelangi Airways**) was a regional airline of Malaysia based at Kuala Lumpur Subang Airport. The airline covered secondary routes within Peninsular Malaysia and international flights to Sumatra in Indonesia, Thailand and Singapore.
## History
Pelangi Air was incorporated in 1987 to service the domestic sector and international destinations. They ceased operation in late 2001 following the take over of international route to Singapore by Berjaya Air. After ceasing operation, their aircraft were abandoned at Subang Airport, Selangor and Senai International Airport, Johor.
## Former Destinations {#former_destinations}
- Indonesia
- Banda Aceh (Sultan Iskandarmuda Airport)
- Medan (Polonia International Airport)
- Padang (Tabing Airport)
- Palembang (Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport)
- Pekanbaru (Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport)
- Malaysia
- Alor Star (Sultan Abdul Halim Airport)
- Ipoh (Sultan Azlan Shah Airport)
- Johor Bahru (Senai International Airport)
- Kerteh (Kerteh Airport)
- Kota Bharu (Sultan Ismail Petra Airport)
- Kuala Lumpur (Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport)
- Kuala Terengganu (Sultan Mahmud Airport)
- Kuantan (Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Airport)
- Langkawi (Langkawi International Airport)
- Malacca (Batu Berendam Airport)
- Pangkor (Pangkor Airport)
- Penang (Bayan Lepas International Airport)
- Tioman (Tioman Airport)
- Singapore
- Singapore (Seletar Airport)
- Thailand
- Ko Samui (Samui Airport)
- Phuket (Phuket International Airport)
## Fleet
Before Pelangi Air ceased its operation in 2001, the carrier fleet consisted of:
- 3 Fairchild Dornier 228
- 2 Fokker 50
Pelangi Air started services using De Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter and Fairchild Dornier Do-228 aircraft. Pelangi Air leased 2 Fokker 50 from Malaysia Airlines during 1994 until 1997 before returning them back to Malaysia Airlines. The airline ordered the Dash 8-300, but cancelled the order before delivery in 1997, but one Dash 8 was already painted in Pelangi Air colours.
Pelangi Air ordered some De Havilland Canada Dash 8 in 1997 which were never delivered.[1](http://www.airliners.net/open.file/0111341/M/) They used to wet-lease a 737-200 passenger configurations from Transmile Air Services and wear Aero Asia livery to fly some domestic route for a short period in 2000. The same 737-200 from Transmile Air Services is also used to service regional airline or charters in Malaysia by an operator for a short while
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# Demographics of Asian Americans
\[\[<File:Asian> Americans by state.svg\|thumb\|upright=2.5\|
Proportion of Asian Americans in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States census
\]\] \[\[<File:Asian> Americans by county.png\|thumb\|upright=2.5\|
Proportion of Asian Americans in each county of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States census
\]\]
The **demographics of Asian Americans** describe a heterogeneous group of people in the United States who trace their ancestry to one or more Asian countries.
Manilamen began to reside in Louisiana as the first Asian Americans to live in the continental United States. Most Asian Americans have arrived after 1965. These individuals make up one-quarter of all immigrants who have arrived in the U.S. since 1965, and 59% of Asian Americans are foreign-born. During the 2010 United States census the largest ethnic groups were Chinese American, Filipino Americans, Indian Americans, Vietnamese Americans, Korean Americans, and Japanese Americans.
The 2020 United States census reported approximately 19.9 million people identified as Asian alone in 2020. Adding in the 4.1 million respondents who identified as Asian in combination with another race group, the Asian American population comprised 24 million people (7.2% of the total population).
The overall population is highly urbanized and is concentrated in the West Coast of the United States and New York metropolitan area. Generally, Asian Americans are well educated, and Asian American households have higher average incomes. However, socioeconomic status is not uniform among their population. Asian Americans hold diverse religious views, with substantial numbers being religiously unaffiliated or secular, Christian, Hindu, and Muslim. About 4-5% of Asian Americans identify as LGBT.
## Background
The first recorded Asian Americans in the continental United States were a group of Filipino men who established the small settlement of Saint Malo, Louisiana, after fleeing mistreatment aboard Spanish ships. Since there were no women with them, the Manilamen, as they were known, married Cajun and Native American women. In 1778, Chinese and European explorers first arrived in Hawaii. Numerous Chinese and Japanese began immigrating to the US in the mid-19th century; numerous Chinese immigrants worked as laborers on the First transcontinental railroad, many who immigrated due to overpopulation and poverty experienced in Guangdong (Canton). In the mid-20th century, refugees from Southeast Asia fled wars in the homelands to come to the United States. Most Asian Americans who immigrated to the United States arrived after 1965, due to immigration reform that ended an earlier era of exclusion of Asian immigrants.
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# Demographics of Asian Americans
## Population
`{{Historical populations|type=USA|align=right
|1860|34933
|1870|63254
|1880|105613
|1890|109527
|1900|114189
|1910|146863
|1920|182137
|1930|264766
|1940|254918
|1950|321033
|1960|980337
|1970|1538721
|1980|3500439
|1990|6908638
|2000|11896828
|2010|17320856
|2020|24000998
|footnote=Sources<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/appC.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327164259/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/appC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-03-27 |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |author=Campbell Gibson |author2=Kay Jung |date=September 2002 |work=Population Division |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=November 17, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Asian Population 2010" /><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_S0201&prodType=table|title=American FactFinder – Results|website=Factfinder.census.gov|access-date=August 17, 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214011051/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_S0201&prodType=table|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Beginning in 2000 and continuing through the latest census, figures now include Multiracial Asian American Americans<br />1910, 1920, 1930, 1960, 1970, and 1980 include [[Pacific Islands American]] population numbers<ref name="census.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/population/cb12-90.html |title=Most Children Younger Than Age 1 are Minorities, Census Bureau Reports – Population – Newsroom – U.S. Census Bureau |publisher=United States Census Bureau |date=May 17, 2012 |access-date=November 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2013_PEPALL5N&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212835/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=PEP_2013_PEPALL5N&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder – Results|website=Factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=August 17, 2018}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki} According to the United States Census Bureau, the Asian American population, including those of multiracial and Hispanic and Latino ancestry, per its 2017 American Community Survey was about 22,408,464.
During the 2010 United States census, there were a total of 17,320,856 Asian Americans, including Multiracial Americans identifying as part Asian. This made Asian Americans 5.6 percent of the total American population. The largest ethnic groups represented in the census were Chinese (3.79 million), Filipino (3.41 million), Indian (3.18 million), Vietnamese (1.73 million), Korean (1.7 million), and Japanese (1.3 million). Other sizable ethnic groups include Pakistani (409,000), Cambodian (276,000), Hmong (260,000), Thai (237,000), Laotian (232,000), Bangladeshi (147,000), and Burmese (100,000). The total population of Asian Americans grew by 46 percent from 2000 to 2010 according to the Census Bureau, which constituted the largest increase of any major racial group during that period. In 2010, there were an estimated 11,284,000 foreign born individuals who were born in Asia, of whom 57.7% had become naturalized citizens. Additionally, 209,128 were Hispanic and Latino, of whom the largest population (101,654) claim Mexico as their nation of origin.
According to the 2022 American Community Survey, Bangladeshi Americans are among the fastest-growing Asian American groups in the United States. Historically, Bengali Muslim migrants from the Indian subcontinent arrived in the early 20th century, as documented in *Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America* by Vivek Bald. More recent migration patterns include working-class families settling in urban centers. Bangladeshi Americans often navigate both cultural pride and socioeconomic challenges, with community members reflecting on identity, religion, and belonging in American society.
The 2000 census recorded 11.9 million people (4.2 percent of the total population) who reported themselves as having either full or partial Asian heritage. The largest ethnic subgroups were Chinese (2.7 million), Filipino (2.4 million), Indian (1.9 million), Vietnamese (1.2 million), Korean (1.2 million), and Japanese (1.1 million). Other sizable groups included Cambodians (206,000), Pakistanis (204,000), Lao (198,000), Hmong (186,000), and Thais (150,000). About one-half of the Asian American population lived in the West, with California having the most total Asian Americans of any state, at 4.2 million. As a proportion of the total population, Hawaii is the only state with an Asian American majority population, at 58 percent;`{{refn|group=note|In terms of Asians alone (not mixed with any other race), Hawaii's population was 37.6% Asian in 2019 (a plurality of the population).<ref>https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/HI/ U.S. Census Bureau. QuickFacts – Hawaii. Retrieved July 26, 2020.</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} Honolulu County had the highest percentage of Asian Americans of any county in the nation, with 62 percent. In 2000, 69 percent of all Asian Americans were foreign born, except Japanese Americans, 60 percent of whom were born in the United States.
The Twenty-first United States census, conducted in 1990, recorded 6.9 million people who were called American Asians. The largest ethnic groups were Chinese (23.8 percent), Filipino (20.4 percent), Japanese (12.3 percent), Indian (11.8 percent), Korean (11.6 percent), Vietnamese (8.9 percent), and Laotian (2.2 percent). Smaller populations, of less than two percent, were documented of the following ethnicities: Cambodian, Thai, Hmong, Pakistani, Indonesian, Malay, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan, and Burmese. Two thirds of \"American-Asians\" lived in the five states of California, New York, Hawaii, Texas, and Illinois. Additionally their highest population concentrations were in California, New York, and Hawaii. In 1990, 66 percent of American Asians were foreign-born, with Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians having this highest foreign born populations.
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# Demographics of Asian Americans
## Distribution
The Asian American population is greatly urbanized, with nearly three-quarters of them living in metropolitan areas with population greater than 2.5 million. The three metropolitan areas with the highest Asian American populations are the Greater Los Angeles Area (1.868 million in 2007), the New York metropolitan area (1.782 million in 2007), and the San Francisco Bay Area (1,577,790 in 2007). New York City proper, according to the United States 2010 Census, is home to more than one million Asian Americans, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles. This trend of a largely urban population continues to be observed in 2015, with significant populations in more expensive coastal cities, and less than five percent living in rural areas. Among the ten largest US cities, San Diego has the greatest proportion of Asian Americans. As of 2017, West (45%) and California (31%) had the most significant concentrations of the total Asian American populations; this keeps with historic trends of Asian Americans primarily residing in the Western United States, although there is a shift towards other regions of the United States beginning in the late 20th century.
According to the 2010 Census almost three quarters of all Asian Americans live in California, New York, Texas, New Jersey, Hawaii, Illinois, Washington, Florida, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. A large proportion of all Asian Americans live in California (5.6 million in 2010), New York (1.6 million in 2010), and Texas (1.1 million in 2010). Another state with a significant Asian American population is Massachusetts. Hawaii had the largest proportion of Asian Americans, with 57% of the state population identifying as Asian or multiracial with at least one part Asian. In Vermont in 2008, Asian Americans were the largest minority. Also, two U.S. territories (Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands) have large Asian populations --- in 2010, Guam\'s population was 32.2% Asian, and the population of the Northern Mariana Islands was 49.9% Asian.
Asian American populations have grown significantly since the 1970s. However, they are underrepresented in several large urban areas, such as Chicago, Philadelphia, Dallas and Atlanta, although in some cases, Asian Americans are concentrated in specific urban neighborhoods or suburbs of these cities.
In regions with large numbers of Asian Americans, communities have developed that are heavily or predominantly Asian. Schools in these areas may offer instruction in languages such as Mandarin. These communities are often given unofficial names to reflect their populations, such as Chinatown, Little Manila, Little India, Japantown, Little Pakistan, Koreatown, Little Saigon, and Little Cambodia. `{{Col-2}}`{=mediawiki}
Metropolitan area Total \% of total population
--------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ------------------------
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA Metro Area 1,884,669 14.7%
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA Metro Area 1,878,261 9.9%
San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA Metro Area 1,005,823 23.2%
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metro Area 571,967 31.1%
Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI Metro Area 532,801 5.6%
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metro Area 517,458 9.3%
Honolulu, HI Metro Area 477,503 43.9%
Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metro Area 392,961 11.4%
Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX Metro Area 389,007 6.5%
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX Metro Area 341,503 5.4%
San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA Metro Area 336,091 10.9%
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metro Area 295,766 5.0%
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH Metro Area 294,503 6.5%
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA Metro Area 259,071 6.1%
Sacramento\--Arden-Arcade\--Roseville, CA Metro Area 255,995 11.9%
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA Metro Area 254,307 4.8%
: **Metropolitan areas with the highest population of Asian Americans (greater than 250,000 people)(2010 Census)**
Metropolitan Area Total population \% of Asian Americans
------------------------------------------ ------------------ -----------------------
Honolulu, HI MSA 953,207 43.9
San Francisco Bay Area 8,153,696 23.3
Greater Los Angeles Area 17,877,006 14.7
Sacramento/Yolo, CA CMSA 2,414,783 11.9%
Seattle-Tacoma metropolitan area 4,274,767 11.4%
San Diego, CA MSA 3,095,313 10.9%
New York metropolitan area 23,076,664 9.9%
Baltimore-Washington (*AA demographics*) 7,608,070 9.3%
Greater Houston 5,920,416 6.5
: **Metropolitan Areas with the Highest Proportion of Asian Americans (2010 Census)**
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# Demographics of Asian Americans
## Trends
Asian Americans, on average, have higher incomes and education levels than White Americans. However, they also have higher poverty rates and lower home ownership rates. In addition, homeownership among Asian Americans has increased by twice as much as white Americans in recent years (see Homeownership in the United States).
### Education
Asian Americans have the highest educational attainment of any racial group in the country; about 49.8% of them have at least a bachelor\'s degree. Since the 1990s, Asian American students often have the highest math averages in standardized tests such as the SAT and GRE. Their combined scores are usually higher than those of white Americans. The proportion of Asian Americans at many selective educational institutions exceeds the national population rate. Asians constitute around 10--20 percent of those attending Ivy League and other elite universities. Asian Americans are a plurality on six of the nine University of California undergraduate campuses, are the largest racial group of undergraduates in the system, and make up more than a quarter of graduate and professional students. Asian Americans are more likely to attend college, are more likely to apply to competitive colleges, and have significantly higher college completion level than other races. According to a poll targeting Asian Americans in 14 states and the District of Columbia conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund in 2013, 40 percent of Asian Americans have a college degree, with almost a quarter of them having achieved an education attainment greater than a bachelor\'s degree. That same year, Asian Americans in their late thirties had the highest percentage (65%) of college graduates for that age group than any other race or ethnicity in the United States. These high education attainment statistics contribute to a stereotype of academic and vocational excellence for Asian Americans.
However, there are concerns that the goal of diversity in American higher education has had a negative effect on Asians, with charges of quotas and discrimination starting in the 1980s. Asian American test scores are also bimodal---Asians are over represented both at high scores and low scores. A stereotype has been created that Asian Americans only study STEM and health-related fields at their universities (to become engineers, doctors, etc.). But according to a report by the College Board, Asian Americans do have academic interest in fields like social science, humanities, and education. According to an opinion piece written in *The Harvard Crimson*, Asian Americans are \"over-represented\" in higher education in the United States, specifically at elite colleges. This includes Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where over a fifth of undergraduates are Asian American. Similar increases in Asian American enrollment was found in the University of California system, especially in the late 20th century. However, only a small number of institutions are presented, usually selective enrollment institutions, thus making it appear that Asian Americans make up a large part of a university\'s student population. Moreover, this discrimination brought upon Asian Americans in education has encouraged the model minority stereotype in American society. The high expectations placed on Asian American students often cause the problems faced by these students to be overlooked. Issues related to social pressure and mental health are often overlooked due to the idea of the model minority. Education is one of the main aspects that are given a high regard in the social expectations of Asian Americans.
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# Demographics of Asian Americans
## Trends
### Income
It should be understood that different Asian American groups have different levels of household income, per capita income and personal wages.[1](https://data.census.gov/table?q=S0201.&t=-04:-A0)
It should be noted as written by the NRCC Asian American income is better understood when household size and cost of living is factored as many Asian American groups have larger households and disproportionally live in metropolitan areas where the cost of living is [high](https://ncrc.org/racial-wealth-snapshot-asian-americans-and-the-racial-wealth-divide/#_ftn9) `{{Col-begin}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Col-2}}`{=mediawiki} While Asian Americans have higher household and personal income levels than any other racial demographic, the Asian poverty rate is higher than that of European Americans. In 2005, the median per capita income for Asian Americans was estimated at \$27,331, compared to \$26,496 for Whites, \$16,874 for African Americans, and \$14,483 for those identifying as Hispanic or Latino; the median household income of Asian Americans was estimated at \$61,094, compared to \$48,554 for European Americans. Additionally 28 percent of Asian American households had incomes exceeding \$100,000, compared to 18 percent of the overall population. In 2006, Asian American households were slightly larger than other households, with fewer households with no earners.
In 2008, Asian American households had the highest median income in the US, at \$65,637; however, 11.8 percent of Asians were in poverty in 2004, higher than the 8.6 percent rate for non-Hispanic whites. This is largely due to the fact that a high percentage of Asian Americans are immigrants, and independently of race, immigrants are more likely than the native-born to be poor. Once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty. Much of this poverty is concentrated in ethnic enclaves, such as Chinatowns. `{{Col-2}}`{=mediawiki}
+---------------------------+----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| Race/ethnic group | Type of income | \<\$15k | \$15k-\ | \$25k-\ | \$35k-\ | \$50k-\ | \$75k-\ | \>\$100k |
| | | | \$25k | \$35k | \$50k | \$75k | \$100k | |
+===========================+================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+==========+
| All Americans | Households | 13.0% | 11.9% | 11.1% | 14.1% | 18.1% | 11.5% | 20.1% |
+---------------------------+----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| European Americans | Households | 11.4% | 11.6% | 10.8% | 14.2% | 18.7% | 12.0% | 21.4% |
+---------------------------+----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| African Americans | Households | 23.5% | 15.4% | 13.4% | 14.5% | 15.1% | 8.7% | 9.3% |
+---------------------------+----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| Asian & Pacific Islanders | Households | 11.7% | 7.9% | 8.2% | 11.1% | 16.9% | 11.8% | 32.4% |
+---------------------------+----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
| Hispanic or Latino | Households | 16.5% | 15.2% | 14.3% | 15.4% | 17.6% | 9.1% | 11.7% |
+---------------------------+----------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------+
: **Household income distribution, by race/ethnicity, 2009** \|+ *Source: United States Census Bureau*
In 2010, the median household income of Asian Americans had increased to \$67,022. As with educational achievement, economic prosperity is not uniform among all Asian American groups. In 2005 Census figures show that an average white male with a college diploma earns around \$66,000 a year, while similarly educated Asian men earn around \$52,000 a year.
However, by 2008, according to the College Board and United States Census Bureau, Asian American males with similar education achievement as their White American male counterparts earned more than their White American male counterparts (median AM = \$71K, median WM = \$66K). Asian American females also earned more than their White American female counterparts (median AF = \$67K, median WF = \$51K).
As of 2015, that trend continued.
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# Demographics of Asian Americans
## Trends
### Population growth {#population_growth}
Asian American population growth is fueled largely by immigration. Natural population growth accounts for a small proportion of the 43 percent increase in total Asian American population between 2000 and 2010.
#### Asian American 2022 Population Estimates {#asian_american_2022_population_estimates}
+---------------+----------------------+
| Ancestry | Population estimate |
+===============+======================+
| Bangladeshi | 213,372 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Burmese | 189,250 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Cambodian | 300,360 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Chinese | 5,205,461 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Indian | 4,506,308 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Filipino | 4,089,570 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Hmong | 320,164 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Indonesian | 126,935 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Japanese | 782,772 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Korean | 1,468,279 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Laotian | 262,229 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Nepalese | 175,005 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Pakistani | 526,956 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Sri Lankan | 52,448 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Taiwanese | 213,774 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Thai | 329,343 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Vietnamese | 2,162,610 |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Other Asian,\ | 7,815 |
| specified | |
+---------------+----------------------+
| Other Asian,\ | 673,674 |
| not specified | |
+---------------+----------------------+
| **Total** | **22,408,464** |
+---------------+----------------------+
#### Ancestry By Country Region {#ancestry_by_country_region}
+------------------+-------------+
| Ancestry | Population\ |
| | 2022 |
+==================+=============+
| South Asians | 6,268,769 |
+------------------+-------------+
| East Asians | 6,258,943 |
+------------------+-------------+
| Southeast Asians | 7,780,461 |
+------------------+-------------+
#### Asian American alone {#asian_american_alone}
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Ancestry | Population\ | Population\ | Population\ | Percent Change 2000-2010 |
| | 2000 | 2010 | 2023 | |
+===============+================+================+================+==========================+
| Bangladeshi | 46,905 | 142,080 | 289,423 | 202.9% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Bhutanese | 192 | 18,814 | 15,037 | 9,699.0% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Burmese | 14,620 | 95,536 | 220,379 | 553.5% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Cambodian | 183,769 | 255,497 | 257,203 | 39.0% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Chinese | 2,564,190 | 3,535,382 | 4,228,441 | 37.9% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Filipino | 1,908,125 | 2,649,973 | 3,103,814 | 38.9% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Hispanic | 119,829 | -- | -- | -- |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Hmong | 174,712 | 252,323 | 337,925 | 44.4% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Indian | 1,718,778 | 2,918,807 | 4,713,643 | 69.8% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Indonesian | 44,186 | 63,383 | 76,478 | 69.7% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Japanese | 852,237 | 841,824 | 725,773 | −1.2% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Korean | 1,099,422 | 1,463,474 | 1,466,761 | 33.1% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Laotian | 179,103 | 209,646 | 176,801 | 17.1% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Malaysian | 15,029 | 21,868 | 26,002 | 45.5% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Maldivian | 29 | 102 | -- | 251.7% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Mongolian | 3,699 | 15,138 | 39,237 | 309.2% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Nepalese | 8,209 | 57,209 | 208,748 | 596.9% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Pakistani | 164,628 | 382,994 | 607,713 | 132.6% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Ryukyuan | 6,138 | 5,681 | -- | −7.4% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Singaporean | 2,017 | 4,569 | 7,733 | 126.5% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Sri Lankan | 21,364 | 41,456 | 68,525 | 94.0% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Taiwanese | 118,827 | 199,387 | 262,269 | 67.6% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Thai | 120,918 | 182,872 | 202,982 | 51.2% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Vietnamese | 1,169,672 | 1,632,717 | 1,908,676 | 39.6% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| Other Asian,\ | 162,913 | 238,332 | 235,482 | 46.3% |
| not specified | | | | |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
| **Total** | **10,242,998** | **14,674,252** | **20,052,323** | **43.3%** |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+--------------------------+
#### With multiracial identifiers {#with_multiracial_identifiers}
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Ancestry | Population\ | Population\ | Population\ | Percent Change 2000--2010 |
| | 2000 | 2010 | 2023 | |
+===============+================+================+================+===========================+
| Bangladeshi | 57,412 | 147,300 | 304,245 | 156.6% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Bhutanese | 212 | 19,439 | 20,462 | 9,069.3% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Burmese | 16,720 | 100,200 | 240,805 | 499.3% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Cambodian | 206,052 | 276,667 | 361,760 | 34.3% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Chinese | 2,865,232 | 4,010,114 | 5,457,033 | 40.0% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Filipino | 2,364,815 | 3,416,840 | 4,640,313 | 44.5% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Hispanic | -- | 598,146 | -- | -- |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Hmong | 186,310 | 260,073 | 363,565 | 39.6% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Indian | 1,899,599 | 3,183,063 | 5,160,203 | 67.6% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Indonesian | 63,073 | 95,270 | 147,014 | 51.0% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Japanese | 1,148,932 | 1,304,286 | 1,646,953 | 13.5% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Korean | 1,228,427 | 1,706,822 | 2,023,517 | 38.9% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Laotian | 198,203 | 232,130 | 245,045 | 17.1% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Malaysian | 18,566 | 26,179 | 48,179 | 41.0% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Maldivian | 51 | 127 | -- | 149.0% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Mongolian | 5,868 | 18,344 | 51,954 | 212.6% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Nepalese | 9,399 | 59,490 | 223,930 | 532.9% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Pakistani | 204,309 | 409,163 | 684,438 | 100.3% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Ryukyuan | 10,599 | 11,326 | -- | 6.9% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Singaporean | 2,394 | 5,347 | 12,435 | 123.4% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Sri Lankan | 24,587 | 45,381 | 84,526 | 84.6% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Taiwanese | 132,038 | 215,582 | 331,224 | 65.2% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Thai | 150,283 | 237,583 | 343,265 | 58.1% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Vietnamese | 1,223,736 | 1,737,433 | 2,347,344 | 42.0% |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Other Asian,\ | 376,723 | 623,761 | 623,703 | 65.6% |
| not specified | | | | |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| **Total** | **11,898,828** | **17,320,856** | **25,887,478** | **45.6%** |
+---------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| 929 |
Demographics of Asian Americans
| 5 |
10,118,412 |
# Demographics of Asian Americans
## Language
According to the 2000 Census, the more prominent languages of the Asian American community include the Chinese languages (Mandarin, Cantonese, Taishanese, and Hokkien), Tagalog, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Gujarati. In 2008, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Tagalog, and Vietnamese languages were all used in elections in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Illinois, New York, Texas, and Washington state.
In 2010, there were 2.8 million people (5 and older) who spoke a Chinese language at home; after the English and Spanish languages, it is the third most common language in the United States. Other sizeable Asian languages are Tagalog, Vietnamese, Hindi/Urdu, and Korean, with all four having more than 1 million speakers in the United States.
In 2012, Alaska, California, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Texas and Washington were publishing election material in Asian languages in accordance with the Voting Rights Act. These include Tagalog, Mandarin Chinese, Vietnamese, Hindi and Bengali. Election materials were also available in Gujarati, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, and Thai. According to a 2013 poll conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, 48 percent of Asian Americans considered media in their native language as their primary news source.
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Language | Population\ | Speak English\ | Speak English\ |
| | 2016 | \"very well\" | less than \"very well\" |
+==============================+=============+================+=========================+
| Chinese | 3,372,930 | 1,518,619 | 1,854,311 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Tagalog | 1,701,960 | 1,159,211 | 542,749 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Vietnamese | 1,509,994 | 634,273 | 875,720 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Hindustani | 1,285,358 | 985,291 | 304,227 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Korean | 1,088,788 | 505,734 | 583,054 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Japanese | 464,535 | 265,552 | 197,983 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Gujarati | 407,520 | 265,219 | 139,612 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Telugu | 365,566 | 264,368 | 143,152 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Bengali | 324,008 | 182,447 | 141,561 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Tai-Kadai | 307,442 | 152,210 | 155,212 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Punjabi | 287,491 | 168,743 | 118,748 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Tamil | 273,332 | 221,997 | 51,355 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Hmong | 224,133 | 133,163 | 90,970 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Khmer | 203,115 | 102,364 | 100,751 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Other Austronesian languages | 467,718 | 291,405 | 176,313 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Other Indic languages | 409,631 | 244,847 | 164,784 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Other Dravidian languages | 241,678 | 184,233 | 57,445 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| Other languages of Asia | 384,154 | 175,146 | 209,008 |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------------+-------------------------+
| 417 |
Demographics of Asian Americans
| 6 |
10,118,412 |
# Demographics of Asian Americans
## Religion
Asian American religious preferences are wide-ranging and tend to be more diverse than those other races in the United States. The growth of Asian American immigration since 1965 has contributed to this diversity. Until recently, a dearth of scholarship regarding Asian American religious beliefs led to a stereotype that Asian Americans are not religious or spiritual. Although 59 percent of Asian Americans believe strongly in the existence of one or more gods, 30 percent identify as \"secular\" or \"somewhat secular.\" Only 39 percent of Asian American households belong to a local church or temple, due to atheism or adherence to Eastern religions without congregational traditions.
No religious affiliation claims a majority of Asian Americans. The Trinity College American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) in 2008 found that of Asian Americans, 27% identified as none or agnostic, 21% identified with an Eastern religion, 17% identified as Catholic, 10% identified as generically Christian, 6% identified as mainline Protestant, 3% identified as Baptist, 2% identified as Penecostal or other Protestant, and 8% identified as Muslim. A separate 2008 survey of the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life found that 17% of Asians identify as Catholic, 17% as evangelical Protestant, 14% as Hindu, 11% as secular, 3% as atheist, 4% as agnostic, and 5% as other unaffiliated. In 2012, a Pew Research Center survey of the Faiths of Asian Americans found that a plurality of Asian American respondents (42%) were Christian, followed by those who were unaffiliated (26%), Buddhist (14%), Hindu (10%), and Muslim (4%). The 2008 Pew survey found that about a third of American Buddhists are Asian.
Both the 2008 ARIS survey and the 2008 Pew survey found that of all major U.S. demographics, Asian Americans had the highest number of respondents who did not claim a religion or refused to divulge their religious affiliation. A Gallup poll conducted in 2010 found that Asian Americans were the group least likely to say that religion was important in their daily lives, although a 54 percent majority of respondents still said that religion was important in their daily lives.
Filipino Americans are majority Catholic, and a significant minority of Vietnamese Americans are as well. Most Muslim Asian Americans come from, or trace their ancestry to, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan.
## Sexuality
According to a Gallup survey conducted from June to September 2012, 4.3 percent of Asian Americans self identify as LGBT. This compares with 4.6 percent of African-Americans, 4 percent of Hispanic-Americans, 3.2 percent of Caucasian-Americans, and the overall 3.4 percent of American adults that self identify as LGBT in the total population.
In a Gallup survey conducted in 2017, 4.9 percent of Asian Americans identified as LGBT, representing the second-highest growth of LGBT representation among African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Caucasian Americans.
| 469 |
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| 7 |
10,118,412 |
# Demographics of Asian Americans
## U.S. states and territories {#u.s._states_and_territories}
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| State/Territory | data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Asian American\ | data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Percentage\ | data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Asian American\ | data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Percentage\ |
| | Population\ | Asian American\ | Population\ | Asian American\ |
| | (2010) | (2010) | (2020) | (2020) |
+===================================================+============================================+========================================+============================================+========================================+
| | 67,036 | 1.4 | 102,777 | 2.0 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 50,402 | 7.1 | 61,460 | 8.4 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 1,994 | 3.6 | \- | \- |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 230,907 | 3.6 | 351,132 | 4.9 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 44,943 | 1.5 | 68,568 | 2.6 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 5,556,592 | 14.9 | 7,045,163 | 17.8 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 185,589 | 3.7 | 285,784 | 4.9 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 157,088 | 4.4 | 205,693 | 5.7 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 33,701 | 3.8 | 50,969 | 5.1 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 26,857 | 4.5 | 45,465 | 6.6 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 573,083 | 3.0 | 843,005 | 3.9 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Georgia | 365,497 | 3.8 | 565,644 | 5.3 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 51,381 | 32.2 | \- | \- |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 780,968 | 57.4 | 824,143 | 56.6 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 29,698 | 1.9 | 47,513 | 2.6 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 668,694 | 5.2 | 875,488 | 6.8 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 126,750 | 2.0 | 212,649 | 3.1 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 64,512 | 2.1 | 96,861 | 3.0 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 83,930 | 2.9 | 112,195 | 3.8 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 62,029 | 1.4 | 98,763 | 2.2 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 84,335 | 1.9 | 111,836 | 2.4 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 18,333 | 1.4 | 25,473 | 1.9 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 370,044 | 6.4 | 502,173 | 8.1 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 394,211 | 6.0 | 582,484 | 8.3 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 289,607 | 2.9 | 411,928 | 4.1 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 247,132 | 4.7 | 357,704 | 6.3 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 32,560 | 1.1 | 44,931 | 1.5 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 123,571 | 2.1 | 179,336 | 2.9 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 10,482 | 1.1 | 16,889 | 1.6 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 40,561 | 2.2 | 69,006 | 3.5 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 242,916 | 9.0 | 353,593 | 11.4 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 34,522 | 2.6 | 46,861 | 3.4 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 795,163 | 9.0 | 1,046,732 | 11.3 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 40,456 | 2.0 | 55,997 | 2.6 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 1,579,494 | 8.2 | 2,173,719 | 10.8 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 252,585 | 2.6 | 425,449 | 4.1 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 9,193 | 1.4 | 18,675 | 2.4 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 26,908 | 49.9 | \- | \- |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 238,292 | 2.1 | 377,303 | 3.2 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 84,170 | 2.2 | 123,614 | 3.1 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 186,281 | 4.9 | 275,296 | 6.5 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 402,587 | 3.2 | 603,726 | 4.6 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 10,464 | 0.3 | 8,904 | 0.3 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 36,763 | 3.5 | 48,450 | 4.4 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 75,674 | 1.6 | 123,666 | 2.4 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 10,216 | 1.3 | 18,489 | 2.1 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 113,398 | 1.8 | 178,683 | 2.6 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 1,110,666 | 4.4 | 1,849,226 | 6.3 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 77,748 | 2.8 | 125,088 | 3.8 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 10,463 | 1.7 | 16,182 | 2.5 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Virgin Islands (U.S.) | 1,457 | 1.4 | \- | \- |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 522,199 | 6.5 | 757,282 | 8.8 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 604,251 | 9.0 | 939,846 | 12.2 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 16,465 | 0.9 | 22,281 | 1.2 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 151,513 | 2.7 | 216,345 | 3.7 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| | 6,729 | 1.2 | 9,473 | 1.6 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| *`{{flag|United States of America}}`{=mediawiki}* | 17,320,856 | 5.6 | 24,000,998 | 7.2 |
+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
*The above list displays the population of Asian Americans (\"Alone, or in combination\") in US states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, according to the 2010 United States census*
| 713 |
Demographics of Asian Americans
| 8 |
10,118,412 |
# Demographics of Asian Americans
## Origins of the Asian population (2010 Census) {#origins_of_the_asian_population_2010_census}
State/Territory data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Chinese data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Filipino data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Indian data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Japanese data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Korean data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Vietnamese data-sort-type=\"number\"\|Other Asian
--------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
11,154 8,224 14,951 4,336 10,624 8,488 9,259
3,726 25,424 1,911 3,926 6,542 1,446 7,427
440 1,217 3 11 217 34 72
42,331 53,067 40,510 19,611 21,125 27,872 26,391
6,301 6,396 7,973 2,384 3,247 6,302 12,340
1,451,537 1,474,707 590,445 428,014 505,225 647,589 459,075
33,344 26,242 24,135 22,714 28,177 23,933 27,044
36,483 16,402 50,806 6,203 11,760 10,804 24,630
7,033 4,637 12,344 1,196 3,099 1,688 3,704
6,583 3,670 6,417 2,010 2,990 1,856 3,331
94,244 122,691 151,438 25,747 35,629 65,772 77,562
Georgia 54,298 28,528 105,444 14,247 60,836 49,264 52,880
2,617 41,944 --- 2,368 3,437 337 678
199,751 342,095 4,737 312,292 48,699 13,266 139,872
5,473 6,211 2,786 5,698 2,806 2,154 4,570
119,308 139,090 203,669 28,623 70,263 29,101 78,640
26,038 16,988 30,947 8,437 13,685 8,175 22,480
11,494 6,026 12,525 2,854 7,375 9,543 14,695
13,448 9,399 15,644 4,178 7,756 16,074 17,431
10,512 8,402 14,253 6,197 7,264 5,813 9,588
11,953 10,243 13,147 3,117 4,752 30,202 10,921
4,390 2,918 2,397 1,181 1,741 2,170 3,536
79,660 56,909 88,709 12,826 55,051 26,605 50,284
136,866 18,673 85,441 15,358 28,904 47,636 61,343
51,525 32,324 84,750 17,412 30,292 19,456 53,848
30,047 15,660 38,097 7,995 20,995 27,086 107,252
5,333 5,638 6,458 807 2,301 7,721 4,302
26,001 17,706 26,263 7,084 12,689 16,530 17,298
1,919 2,829 930 1,854 1,369 481 1,100
5,730 4,900 6,708 3,106 3,815 8,677 7,625
39,448 123,891 14,290 21,364 18,518 12,366 13,039
7,652 3,369 9,075 1,842 3,021 2,907 6,686
149,356 126,793 311,310 19,710 100,334 23,535 64,125
7,668 8,535 5,727 4,889 3,760 5,403 4,474
615,932 126,129 368,767 51,781 153,609 34,510 228,763
40,820 29,314 63,852 12,878 25,420 30,665 49,636
1,762 1,704 1,740 628 933 791 1,635
3,659 19,017 --- 795 2,253 --- 1,184
50,870 27,661 71,211 16,995 21,207 15,639 34,706
11,658 10,850 14,078 5,580 9,072 18,098 14,834
41,374 29,101 20,200 24,535 20,395 29,485 21,191
96,606 33,021 113,389 12,699 47,429 44,605 54,838
2,751 445 5,475 313 205 232 1,043
8,228 4,117 5,645 1,455 2,658 1,615 13,045
11,706 15,228 17,961 4,745 7,162 7,840 11,032
1,570 1,864 1,433 696 1,179 1,002 2,472
18,313 14,409 26,619 6,955 13,245 11,351 22,506
182,477 137,713 269,327 37,715 85,332 227,968 170,134
16,358 10,657 7,598 12,782 7,888 9,338 13,127
2,833 1,035 1,723 842 1,271 1,206 1,553
Virgin Islands (U.S
| 385 |
Demographics of Asian Americans
| 9 |
10,118,446 |
# 1961 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
**27th New York Film Critics Circle Awards**\
January 20, 1962\
(announced December 28, 1961)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**West Side Story**
The **27th New York Film Critics Circle Awards** honored the best filmmaking of 1961
| 40 |
1961 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
| 0 |
10,118,453 |
# Edwige Lawson-Wade
**Edwige Lawson** (born 14 May 1979), also **Edwige Lawson-Wade**, is a French former professional women\'s basketball player.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
A point guard, Lawson-Wade started her professional career at the age of 17.
She played in Bordeaux, Aix-en-Provence, and Valenciennes in France.
Lawson-Wade also played in the WNBA for the San Antonio Silver Stars, New York Liberty, the Houston Comets and the Seattle Storm, and also for CSKA Moscow in the Russian Superleague.
Her resume includes three French championships, two Russian championships and three Euroleague titles (two with Valenciennes and one with CSKA Samara).
### European career {#european_career}
- 1994--1995: `{{Flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} CJM Bourges Basket
- 1995--1997: `{{Flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} Waïti Bordeaux
- 1997--2001: `{{Flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} ASPTT Aix-en-Provence
- 2001--2004: `{{Flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} US Valenciennes Olympic
- 2004--2007: `{{Flagicon|Russia}}`{=mediawiki} VBM-SGAU Samara
- 2007--2009: `{{Flagicon|Russia}}`{=mediawiki} CSKA Moscow
- 2009--2010: `{{Flagicon|Russia}}`{=mediawiki} WBC Spartak Moscow Region
- 2010--2011: `{{Flagicon|Spain}}`{=mediawiki} Ros Casares
- 2011--2013: `{{flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} Basket Lattes MA
## International career {#international_career}
Lawson-Wade was also the starting point guard for the France national women\'s basketball team, with whom she won a silver medal at the 2012 London Olympic Games.
She also won a European Championship with France.
Lawson-Wade was the three-point competition champion at the 2008 FIBA Europe All-Star game.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### WNBA
#### Regular season {#regular_season}
\|- \| rowspan=2 style=\"text-align:left;\"\| `{{wnbay|2005}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| New York \|2\|\|0\|\|6.0\|\|.000\|\|.000\|\|**1.000**\|\|1.0\|\|0.0\|\|0.0\|\|0.0\|\|**0.0**\|\|1.0 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Houston \|17\|\|0\|\|6.7\|\|.333\|\|.385\|\|**1.000**\|\|0.4\|\|0.2\|\|0.1\|\|**0.1**\|\|0.7\|\|1.5 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| `{{wnbay|2006}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Seattle \|26\|\|0\|\|8.1\|\|.378\|\|.263\|\|.667\|\|0.8\|\|1.1\|\|0.6\|\|0.0\|\|0.7\|\|1.7 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| *2007* \| colspan=12 align=center \|*Did not appear in league* \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| `{{wnbay|2008}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| San Antonio \|30\|\|1\|\|9.3\|\|**.450**\|\|**.468**\|\|.667\|\|1.0\|\|0.9\|\|0.4\|\|0.0\|\|0.8\|\|3.3 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| `{{wnbay|2009}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| San Antonio \|**33**\|\|12\|\|17.7\|\|.384\|\|.363\|\|.833\|\|**2.0**\|\|2.2\|\|0.9\|\|0.0\|\|0.9\|\|5.2 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| `{{wnbay|2010}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| San Antonio \|**33**\|\|**19**\|\|**21.9**\|\|.370\|\|.339\|\|.907\|\|1.9\|\|**2.8**\|\|**1.1**\|\|**0.1**\|\|1.4\|\|**6.5** \|- class=\"sortbottom\" \| style=\'text-align:left;\'\| **Career** \| style=\'text-align:left;\'\| 5 years, 4 teams \|141\|\|32\|\|13.6\|\|.384\|\|.361\|\|.854\|\|1.4\|\|1.6\|\|0.7\|\|0.0\|\|0.9\|\|4.0 `{{S-end}}`{=mediawiki}
#### Playoffs
\|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 2005 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Houston \|1\|\|0\|\|1.0\|\|---\|\|---\|\|---\|\|0.0\|\|0.0\|\|0.0\|\|0.0\|\|**0.0**\|\|0.0 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 2006 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Seattle \|3\|\|0\|\|3.7\|\|.250\|\|.250\|\|.500\|\|0.0\|\|0.3\|\|0.0\|\|0.0\|\|**0.0**\|\|1.3 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 2008 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| San Antonio \|**5**\|\|0\|\|16.8\|\|.318\|\|.467\|\|**1.000**\|\|2.4\|\|1.8\|\|0.6\|\|0.0\|\|1.0\|\|5.0 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 2009 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| San Antonio \|3\|\|**3**\|\|25.0\|\|**.667**\|\|.615\|\|---\|\|**3.0**\|\|2.0\|\|0.7\|\|0.0\|\|1.0\|\|10.7 \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 2010 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| San Antonio \|2\|\|2\|\|**28.5**\|\|.538\|\|**.625**\|\|**1.000**\|\|1.5\|\|**4.0**\|\|**2.0**\|\|**0.5**\|\|0.5\|\|**12.5** \|- class=\"sortbottom\" \| style=\'text-align:left;\'\| **Career** \| style=\'text-align:left;\'\| 5 years, 3 teams \|14\|\|5\|\|16.3\|\|.474\|\|.525\|\|.917\|\|1.7\|\|1.7\|\|0.6\|\|0.1\|\|0.6\|\|6.1 `{{S-end}}`{=mediawiki}
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Lawson-Wade is of Beninese descent through her father.
Lawson is married to professional basketball coach, James Wade. They have a son, James \"Jet\" Wade III.
She was inducted into the French Basketball Hall of Fame in 2019
| 389 |
Edwige Lawson-Wade
| 0 |
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# Malaysia Federal Route 70
**Federal Route 70**, or **Jalan Kampar-Changkat Jong**, is a federal road in Perak, Malaysia. The road connects Kampar in the north to Changkat Jong in the south.
## Route background {#route_background}
The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 70 starts at Kampar, at its interchange with the Federal Route 1, the main trunk road of the central of Peninsular Malaysia.
## Features
At most sections, the Federal Route 70 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h
| 89 |
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# Christian von Alvensleben
**Christian von Alvensleben** (born 1941) is a German photographer.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
Christian von Alvensleben was born in Munich, and took his first photos with a Kodak box camera from a US care parcel when he was 11. These were followed by photos for the school newspaper. As an 18-year-old schoolboy he travelled to France in order to improve his language skills in preparation for his school-leaving examinations. In Montjustin in Provence he met the young German author Hubert Fichte. The photos taken on that one day were exhibited in the Deichtorhallen in Hamburg in 2005 and are now part of the Hubert-Fichte Foundation.
In 1962 he travelled to Mozambique where he took photographs of big game and the respective hunters. The work titled *Die Spur des Leoparden / Kaliber .378* was shown at the photokina exhibition in 1993.. He attended the London Polytechnic from 1964 onwards. After this he became assistant to the photographer Karl-Heinz von Ludwig/Ali Khan in Munich. Since 1968 he has been working as a freelance photographer with his own studio in Hamburg. The pictures for the social democrat party\'s print media advertisements for the election campaign were among his first major works. His photograph *Der Sonnenschein* of a nude lady with a full figure and a sunshade on the beach for an advertisement for the film manufacturer Fujifilm became world famous in 1972; *Time* magazine devoted a whole page to the photo, and today the motif is one of the *Bilder im Kopf* (Images in the mind\'s eye) (Deutsches Presse-Museum, Deutsches Zeitungsmuseum).
This was followed by international editorials and advertising productions in architecture, interior design, fashion, beauty, food, people, still-life and transportation.
Christian von Alvensleben portrays industrial managers, actors, sportsmen and women, musicians, politicians, fashion designers and TV stars. In addition to numerous photo illustrations for the books of chefs and bon vivants such as Alfons Schuhbeck, Alfred Biolek, Christiane Herzog, Bruno Bruni and \'Food in Vogue\' / Condé Nast, Christian von Alvensleben created a work in 1992 entitled the \'Apocalyptic Menu\' for which he received several renowned prizes. Many of his almost always avant-garde works appear in magazines including *Architektur & Wohnen*, *Dance Magazine*, *Der Feinschmecker*, *FAZ*, *GEO*, *Max*, *Merian*, *Der Spiegel*, *Stern*, *Vanity Fair* US, *Vogue Braut*, *Vogue Casa*, *Vogue Deutsch*, *Vogue Pelle*, and *Die Zeit*.
The editorial team of *Der Feinschmecker* nominated Christian von Alvensleben as a \'Hall of Fame Member\' in commemoration of its 30th anniversary; *Designers Digest* awarded him the title \'(Photo) Designer of the Year\' in 2002 and \'novum\' reports that Christian von Alvensleben is one of the most constant dimensions in German photo design and one of the most universal. In 2005 a work already awarded a prize by the Art Directors Club (ADC) was nominated for the 2006 *Designpreis der Bundesrepublik Deutschland*. In over 35 years of photographic work, the ADC alone has given over 80 awards to Christian von Alvensleben for individual works, including several gold medals and even the Grand Prix in 1993, something very unusual for a photographer. In 2009 the ADC gave him a Lifetime Achievement award. His competence is often highly esteemed in juries. Since 2006 Christian von Alvensleben has been working exclusively on his own photography projects.
## Memberships
- Art Directors Club (ADC), 28 years
- Bund Freischaffender Foto-Designer (BFF) and [honorary member](https://archive.today/20130210121004/http://bff.de/publish/df3a747b_20ed_76a6_2c9a2ed7ab3323cb.cfm?m_id=42924) since 2009
- Deutscher Journalisten-Verband (DJV), 35 years
- German Society for Photography (DGPh), vocation 1984, leaving 2004
Reinhart Wolf Stiftung council since 1994
| 583 |
Christian von Alvensleben
| 0 |
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# 1962 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
**28th New York Film Critics Circle Awards**\
**No Awards because of newspaper strike which started December 8, 1962**
--
--
The **28th New York Film Critics Circle Awards**, cancelled due to the 114-day 1962 New York City newspaper strike, which started on December 8, 1962
| 53 |
1962 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
| 0 |
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# Bahadurganj, Ghazipur
Bahadurganj}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bahadurganj
| other_name = Abdulpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Municipality]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|53|54|N|83|13|20|E|display=inline,title}}
| leader_title =
Chairman
| leader_name = Mrs. Nikahat Parveen
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1742}}
| founder = [[Nawab Shiekh Abdullah]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 20.1354
| elevation_footnotes = I'm
| elevation_m = 67.876
| population_total = 19,992
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 5200
| population_demonym = Bahadurganji
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi English Urdu Bhojpuri
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 275201
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| area_code = 05493
| registration_plate = UP 61
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| area_total_ha =
}}`{=mediawiki} **Bahadurganj** (also known as Abdulpur)is a Municipality located in Zahurabad pargama of the Kasimabad Tehsil in Ghazipur district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Bahadurganj is located one the banks of Tamsa and Bhainsahi rivers.The town also served as the capital of Qasimabad estate.
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# Bahadurganj, Ghazipur
## History
Bahadurganj before named as Abdulpur was established by Nawab Sheikh Abdullah urf Nawab Abdul Khan in year 1742, who was a Nawab of Ghazipur and son of Nawab Qasim Khan, Nawab of Qasimabad. He also served as a minister in court of Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar and Saadat Ali Khan of Awadh. Sheikh Abdullah build a small fort, a mosque and Eidgah here, in 1742. He died in 1744, He had four sons name as Fazl Ali, Karam Ullah, Sadullah, Sayudullah of whom the eldest was Nawab Fazl Ali Khan who then became a Nawab of Ghazipur, for some time his brother Karam Ullah Khan was also made the Nawab but then in 1748 he died and Fazal Ali again became the nawab till 1757. Fazl Ali became immensely powerful, his estate was spread over 1647 villages and populations of 48 others. But in 1757 his estate got in the control of Sarkar of Banaras. Fazl went to Patna but later again came to Ghazipur, but much knowledge about his later life is unknown. There was one Nawab Azim Ali Khan who was a nephew of Fazal Ali and grandson of Sheikh Abdullah, who then in 1788, succeeded and got control of Qasimabad, receiving a pension of rupees 1 lakh. Azim Ali Khan\'s family then in 1788 migrated to Bahadurganj from Kasimabad establishing a new capital of Zamindari estate. He got the pension of rupees 10,000, till his death in 1807.
Their family settled at the original fort of Abdulpur and then Nawab Bahadur Shah Khan (a descendent of Nawab Sheikh Abdullah) established a Bazar(Ganj) after his name known as Bahadurganj in 1837. The total property of Bahadurganj was then divided in sixteen parts, one getting ten shares and the other getting six. Bahadur Shah \'s family hence started living at their fort which is now known as the neighborhoods of Das Ana and Chah ana. After the family\'s estates were established many new business men and families came in the town for trade and commerce .
In 1900, the geographical area of the town of Bahadurganj was 686 acres. The zamindari estate was controlled with mutual co-operation between the descendents of the family of Bahadur Shah. Although after its early settlement, The estate during British era declined consisting 14,villages near, Bahadurganj in the pargana of Zahurabad. The town served as the capital of Qasimabad estate till January,1956, till the abolition of zamindari system. In 1942, the settlement became a municipality and had its first municipal elections, Nebedad Khan was elected as the first chairman of the town.
## Location
Bahadurganj is located 12 km from Mau and about 42 km from Ghazipur. It is located at the southern bank of the Tamsa River.
## Religions
The major religious groups are Muslims and Hindu, constituting 57% and 44.8% of the population respectively. `{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bahadurganj<ref>[http://www.pacsindia.org/Bahadurganj] {{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|44.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|57}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians]]|blue|0.001}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|0.000}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.001}}
|caption=Distribution of religions<br />
†<small>Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.000%), [[Buddhists]] (<0.001%).</small>
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Local culture {#local_culture}
Major festivals in Bahadurganj include Ram Navami, Mawlid, and Muharram Durga, which occur annually. Celebrations are also organized at Dashahara, Eid-ul-Adha, Eid-ul-Fitr, Holi, Ramzan-ul-Mubarak, Diwali, Raksha Bandhan, Shab-e-Barat, Christmas, and Easter, as well as the national holidays of Independence Day and Republic Day.
Despite the lack of a major Shiite community in the town, the month of Muharram is celebrated by some. On the tenth day of Muharram, the ritual of Ashura is held on the east side of the town. On the banks of the Tamsa River, which is also called the Dhobi Ghat, is the nearby village Rasulpur, through a Tujia river. There are three tahas of this town. People start coming here in the afternoon, and the three wooden equals of the town also go. In this town, people from all religions gather in celebration of different festivals.
## Demographics
As of the 2011 India census, Bahadurganj had 13 wards and a population of 22068. 51.56% of the population is male; 48.44% is female. Bahadurganj has an average literacy rate of 71.26%, higher than the state average of 67.68%. The literacy rate is 78.01% among men and 64.08% among women. 16.80% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The State Bank Of India, Union Bank of India, District Cooperative Bank, and Sub Post Office provide banking services and ATM facilities. Sub Post Office is now providing CBS facilities.
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# Bahadurganj, Ghazipur
## Weather
## neighbourhood
The total area of Bahadurganj consists of several places, such as Abdulpur (Das Ana and Chah Ana), Patti garh m Abdulpur, Pattigarh m Bahadurganj, Araji Banchak Abbas, Banka Khas, Palpur, Araji Taufir, Araji Banchak doyam, Baluwa Khalispur, Baswari, Mahuvi Bandh, Trilokchandpur, Salamatpur, and Rasulpur
| 51 |
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| 2 |
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# Columbus Municipal School District
The **Columbus Municipal School District** is a public school district based and physically located in Columbus, Mississippi (USA). In addition to Columbus, the district also serves the children of the Columbus Air Force Base military personnel. The Columbus Municipal School District is governed by a five-member school board. CMSD\'s mascot is the falcon. The district is also the home of the oldest public school in Mississippi, Franklin Academy, which was founded in 1821. The CMSD currently consists of approximately 4,100 students enrolled in grades Pre-K through grade 12.
## Administrative Personnel {#administrative_personnel}
### Columbus School Board {#columbus_school_board}
- Telisa Young, President
- Fredrick Sparks, Vice President
- Josie Shumake, Secretary
- Robert Smith, Trustee
- Cynthia Stewart Brown, Trustee
### District Administration {#district_administration}
- Dr. Stanley K. Ellis, Superintendent
- Mr. Craig Chapman, Assistant Superintendent
- Mrs. Shernise Wilson, Assistant Superintendent
- Holly Rogers, Chief Financial Officer
- Latoya Straughter-Evans, Director of Human Resources
- Danielle McGee, Director of Technology
- Mary Pollitz, Director of Public Relations
## District Schools {#district_schools}
### District Schools {#district_schools_1}
- Columbus High School
- Columbus Middle School
- Joe Cook Elementary School
- Franklin Academy
- Fairview Elementary School
- Sale Elementary School
- Stokes-Beard Elementary School
- McKellar Technology Center
- Union Success Academy
## Building Level Administrators {#building_level_administrators}
### Columbus High School {#columbus_high_school}
Marlon Andrew, Principal
### Columbus Middle School {#columbus_middle_school}
Kimberly Williams, Principal
### Franklin Academy {#franklin_academy}
Jeffrey Smith, Principal
### Joe Cook Elementary School {#joe_cook_elementary_school}
Tiffiney Weddle, Principal
### Fairview Elementary School {#fairview_elementary_school}
Monte Ewing-Johnson, Principal
### Sale Elementary School {#sale_elementary_school}
Freda Dismukes, Principal
### Stokes-Beard Elementary School {#stokes_beard_elementary_school}
Tanesha Jennings, Principal
### McKellar Technology Center {#mckellar_technology_center}
Dr. Angela Johnson, Director
### Union Success Academy {#union_success_academy}
Dr
| 292 |
Columbus Municipal School District
| 0 |
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# 1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The **1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge** was the 30th edition of what is now known as the **Davis Cup**. Due to increased political tensions in Europe, entries for the Europe Zone declined sharply, causing the qualifying round system to be scrapped. Only 11 teams would enter the Europe Zone, with 17 teams entering the qualifying rounds; while six would enter the Americas Zone, 4 in North America and 2 in South America. Estonia entered the tournament for the first time.
In the America Inter-Zonal Final the United States received a walkover due to Brazil\'s absence, while in the Europe Zone final Germany defeated Czechoslovakia. The United States defeated Germany in the Inter-Zonal play-off, but would fall to Great Britain in the challenge round. The final was played at the All England Club Centre Court in Wimbledon, London, England on 27--30 July.
## America Zone {#america_zone}
### North & Central America Zone {#north_central_america_zone}
### South America Zone {#south_america_zone}
### Americas Inter-Zonal Final {#americas_inter_zonal_final}
**United States vs. Brazil**
United States defeated Brazil by walkover.
## Europe Zone {#europe_zone}
### Qualifying round {#qualifying_round}
- , `{{davis|GER|1933}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{davis|NED}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{davis|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}`{=mediawiki} advance to the 1935 Europe Zone main draw.
### Main draw {#main_draw}
### Final
**Czechoslovakia vs. Germany** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=Czechoslovakia
|team2=Germany |team2-var=1933
|venue=[[Prague]], Czechoslovakia<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1935-EUR-M-TCH-GER-01|title=Czechoslovakia v Germany|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref>
|date=12–14 July 1935
|surface=
|score1=1
|score2=4
|R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[Roderich Menzel]] |7 |6 |4 |2 |6 |T2P1=[[Henner Henkel]] |5 |1 |6 |6 |4 }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Josef Caska \|2 \|4 \|2 \| \| \|T2P1=Gottfried von Cramm \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Ferenc Maršálek \|T1P2=Roderich Menzel \|3 \|7 \|4 \| \| \|T2P1=Gottfried von Cramm \|T2P2=Kay Lund \|6 \|9 \|6 \| \| }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Roderich Menzel \|2 \|4 \|6 \|7 \|1 \|T2P1=Gottfried von Cramm \|6 \|6 \|3 \|5 \|6 }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Josef Caska \|6 \|5 \|4 \|0 \| \|T2P1=Henner Henkel \|2 \|7 \|6 \|6 \| }} }}
## Inter-Zonal Final {#inter_zonal_final}
**United States vs. Germany** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=United States |team1-var=1912
|team2=Germany |team2-var=1933
|venue=[[No. 1 Court (Wimbledon)|No. 1 Court]], [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club|All England Club]], [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], England<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1935-INZ-M-USA-GER-01|title=United States v Germany|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref>
|date=20–24 July 1935
|surface=Grass
|score1=4
|score2=1
|R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[Don Budge]] |7 |11 |6 |6 | |T2P1=[[Henner Henkel]] |5 |9 |8 |1 | }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Wilmer Allison \|6 \|3 \|4 \| \| \|T2P1=Gottfried von Cramm \|8 \|6 \|6 \| \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Wilmer Allison \|T1P2=John Van Ryn \|3 \|6 \|5 \|9 \|8 \|T2P1=Gottfried von Cramm \|T2P2=Kay Lund \|6 \|3 \|7 \|7 \|6 }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Wilmer Allison \|6 \|7 \|11 \| \| \|T2P1=Henner Henkel \|1 \|5 \|9 \| \| }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Don Budge \|0 \|9 \|8 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Gottfried von Cramm \|6 \|7 \|6 \|3 \| }} \|}}
## Challenge round {#challenge_round}
**Great Britain vs. United States** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=Great Britain
|team2=United States |team2-var=1912
|venue=[[Centre Court]], [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club|All England Club]], [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], England<ref name="Challenge">{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1935-WG-CHR-GBR-USA-01|title=Great Britain v United States|publisher=daviscup
| 490 |
1935 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
| 0 |
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# Dōsei
is a Japanese adult social simulation game developed by Tactics, a brand of Nexton. It was released on May 23, 1997 for Windows PCs, the same day as *To Heart* by Leaf. The gameplay in *Dōsei* follows a branching plot line which offers pre-determined scenarios with courses of interaction, and focuses on the appeal of the sole female main character Manami Minase. The player assumes the role of protagonist Masaki Yamada who is living with Manami shortly after they have graduated from high school. Masaki earns money at a job, and when he returns home will have sex with Manami often; this process of work in the day, and sex at night repeats many times throughout gameplay.
*Dōsei* was re-released on September 14, 2000, with the title *Dōsei Memorial Selection*. The game\'s original soundtrack was released bundled with *Moon*{{\'s}} soundtrack in August 2000 at Comiket 58. Four of the staff that created the game---Itaru Hinoue, Shinji Orito, Miracle Mikipon, and Shinory---later became four of the founding members of the visual novel brand Key.
## Gameplay and plot {#gameplay_and_plot}
*Dōsei* is a romance social simulation game in which the player assumes the role of Masaki Yamada. Much of its gameplay is spent on reading the story\'s narrative and dialogue. *Dōsei* follows a branching plot line with multiple endings, and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game, the plot will progress in a specific direction. Throughout gameplay, the player is given multiple options to choose from, and text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made. To view all plot lines in their entirety, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction.
The story begins on Sunday September 14, 1997 with two main characters shortly after graduating high school who are living together. They are, the protagonist `{{Nihongo|Masaki Yamada|山田 まさき|Yamada Masaki}}`{=mediawiki} and the heroine `{{Nihongo|Manami Minase|皆瀬 まなみ|Minase Manami}}`{=mediawiki} who he is living with; both characters\' names can be altered to anything the player chooses. There are two parameters related to Masaki and Manami which change depending on decisions the player makes during gameplay. Masaki\'s parameters are physical and emotional strength, and Manami\'s parameters are degrees of affection and lewdness. How much money the protagonist has from his job is also a factor in the game; the player starts out with 100,000 yen.
There are numerous scenes with sexual CGs depicting Masaki and Manami having sex. Typically, Masaki will come home from work and will have sex with Manami after a short conversation with her. This continuously repeats many times, causing much of the gameplay to occur during sex scenes. Depending on the choices, the protagonist may even become unfaithful to Manami which is when more sex scenes with five different women can be viewed. The player is occasionally given the opportunity to rest, but if Masaki rests too much then he will soon go bankrupt and the game will end.
## Development and release {#development_and_release}
*Dōsei* was Tactics\'s first game. Planning was headed by YET11, who also did programming, and Don, who wrote the scenario, though this person did not contribute in future Tactics titles. Art direction and character design was headed by Itaru Hinoue, and was the second time she had ever contributed in a visual novel. Hinoue also contributed with the computer graphics along with Miracle Mikipon, Shinory, and Suō Akiyama, and Mikipon also worked on the game\'s animation sequences. The music in the game was mainly composed by Shinji Orito who had at the time moved to Tactics after working under Leaf for three games. Hinoue, Orito, Mikipon, and Shinory later became four of the founding members of the visual novel company Key founded in 1998. Three others---Myū, Paste, and Ishisan---also helped with the music, but between them only composed one third of the game\'s soundtrack.
*Dōsei* was first released in Japan on May 23, 1997 as a CD-ROM playable on a Windows 95 PC. The release date was coincidentally the same day Leaf released their visual novel *To Heart*. Nexton, the publishing company Tactics is under, re-released an updated version of *Dōsei* compatible with Windows 95/98 on September 14, 2000 under the title *Dōsei Memorial Collection*. DMM released *Dōsei Memorial Collection* as a downloadable edition compatible with Windows XP on June 3, 2011.
## Related media {#related_media}
The game\'s soundtrack was released bundled with the soundtrack for *Moon*, the game Tactics made after *Dōsei*, and was called *Dōsei and Moon Original Soundtracks*. The album contains a single CD and was released on August 10, 2000 at Comiket 58 by Exobitant Records. The disc contains 31 tracks; the first 15 pertain to *Dōsei* and the latter 16 are from *Moon*. A collection of trading cards featuring art from *Dōsei* and *Moon* were also released
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# Bill Dunlop
Bill Dunlap}} **Bill Dunlop** (born November 19, 1963, in Montreal, Quebec) is a retired boxer from Canada, who competed for his native country at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. There he was defeated in the first round of the men\'s flyweight (-- 51 kg) division by Turkey\'s eventual bronze medalist Eyüp Can. He also represented Canada at the 1983 Pan American Games
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# Werner von Alvensleben
**Werner von Alvensleben** (4 July 1875 -- 30 June 1947) was a German businessman and politician.
## Biography
He was the second son of Werner Graf von Alvensleben-Neugattersleben (1840--1929) and Anna von Veltheim (1853--1897). His younger brother Bodo Graf von Alvensleben-Neugattersleben was later to become the president of the German Gentlemen\'s Club (*\[\[Deutscher Herrenklub\]\]*). He joined the army after studying law, became second lieutenant in Infantry Regiment No. 24 and attended the Prussian War Academy in 1904--1905. He then resigned from military service, fell out with his father who disinherited him, and travelled to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. This is where his younger brother, Gustav Konstantin von Alvensleben, was already living, who had worked his way up from a simple workman to become a successful entrepreneur. In 1909 he married Alexandra Gräfin von Einsiedel (1888--1947). Three daughters, Alexandra, Armgard and Anna Caroline Harriet were born to this marriage, as well as a son named Werner. From this time on he worked as a businessman in export and financial transactions.
During World War I von Alvensleben was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class, later he became an orderly officer in the Army Group Gallwitz, aide-de-camp to Hermann von Eichhorn, the military governor of Ukraine, and finally personal aide-de-camp of the Kaiser to Pavlo Skoropadskyi (1873--1945), the Hetman of Ukraine, in Kiev. In this capacity he championed independence for Ukraine.
After the war, von Alvensleben became increasingly involved in politics alongside his professional activities. Although he had been a member of the German Conservative Party before the war, he did not join a political party afterwards, preferring to work in the background above all. Nor did he belong to the gentlemen\'s club of which his younger brother Bodo was the president. In June 1930 the *Deutscher Bund zum Schutz der abendländischen Kultur* (German Union for the Protection of Occidental Culture) was founded and he became its president. Its aim was to funnel all conservative energies into one comprehensive conservative party, planning to have a thorough reform of the 'estates' in the state and the economy. Politically he was a member of the inner circle surrounding the later German Reich defence minister and Reich Chancellor General Kurt von Schleicher, and also had close contact with the supreme army commander, Colonel General Kurt Freiherr von Hammerstein-Equord.
After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, von Alvensleben belonged to the conservative opposition. He refused to swear the oath of allegiance to Hitler prescribed by law as he was a captain of the reserve. Prior to the \"Night of the Long Knives\", the purge of the SA leadership around Ernst Röhm and the conservative opposition on 30 June 1934, a hunting companion of earlier times, Graf von Helldorf [1](http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1997_3_2_harrison.pdf), a member of the SA and one of the organizers of the purge (who eventually turned against Hitler and was executed after the 20 July plot) warned von Alvensleben to spend the coming weekend at his hunting lodge, as he then did, escaping certain assassination; it was thereupon that he was first condemned to death. He had been the go-between for Schleicher to Hitler and had made fun of Hitler for his ambition to be the new Napoleon. At Buchenwald concentration camp he was tortured, especially for the following incident, relayed by his grandson, Michael Roloff:
In connection with the Night of the Long Knives and the murder of Schleicher on 30 June 1934, Hitler said in a speech to the Reichstag on 13 July 1934, \"Röhm became connected with General von Schleicher through the mediation of a thoroughly corrupt swindler, a Mr. v A.\" By this he meant Werner von Alvensleben who was sentenced to several months' imprisonment on 30 June 1934 but was not executed---as had actually been intended. When he was released he was ordered not to leave Neugattersleben unless he had permission from the Gestapo. Later on he had contact with Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and Ludwig August Theodor Beck via Hammerstein and was---as Rudolf Pechel writes in his book *Deutscher Widerstand* (German Resistance)---partially privy to the coup plans at the end of 1941. He had already been arrested and charged again for different reasons before 20 July 1944. At the trial before the Volksgerichtshof on 1 February 1945 it was not possible to prove that he had known about the assassination plans, but he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment for defeatist statements made during a tea party in August 1943, whereby his age and failing health mitigated the punishment.
In April 1945, he was freed from Magdeburg prison by American troops. As Neugattersleben had since become part of the Soviet occupied zone, he went to live with his daughter in Bremen-Vegesack where he died on 30 June 1947.
Werner von Alvensleben had one son, also named Werner, who was responsible for the attempted assassination of the Austrian *Heimwehrfuehrer* Dr. Richard Steidle in June 1933
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# Das Rad
***Das Rad*** (English title: *Rocks*) meaning \"The Wheel\" is a 2001 German animated short film written and directed by Chris Stenner, Arvid Uibel and Heidi Wittlinger. Produced using a mixture of stop-motion, puppetry, and CGI animation, it was nominated for an Oscar in \"Best Animated Short Film\", but lost to The ChubbChubbs!
The film tracks a hillside from ancient times through the present and into the future, usually moving through time at high-speed, representing geologic time (so that buildings appear and disappear in an instant), but occasionally switching to real time and showing the inhabitants and objects in motion in their day-to-day existence.
It was produced by the Film Academy Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## Plot
Two stone people, Hew and Kew, lead a quiet life, which is only interrupted by Hew being covered by swiftly-growing moss and lichen. After seeing a primitive village appear in a neighboring valley, the smaller Kew finds a round stone disc that he keeps playing with by rolling side to side. The centuries fly by. In the distance, both stone creatures observe people building huts. Later, a caveman appears in front of Kew and sees the stone disc, but is called away by another caveman. The humans move so quickly that the stone people are unable to see them.
More centuries pass. A dirt road emerges in front of Hew and Kew, where a traveling trader breaks the wooden wheel of his wagon, which he replaces with another wooden wheel, leaving behind the old one. Kew realizes that the wheel is the key to all development. As time accelerates again, the road next to both stone beings is rapidly paved in flashing lights. Huge skyscrapers and monstrous cities appear in rapid succession across the landscape, rising into a futuristic cityscape. The building development, rushing closer like a giant tsunami wave, suddenly stops at the exact second before both stone creatures would have been paved over. Everything abruptly halts, indicating civilization has ended. The skyscrapers erode and disappear as quickly as they were created, and the landscape regrows with vegetation. Hew is now plagued by lichens and mosses again.
## Cast
- Rainer Basedow as Hew.
- Michael Habeck as Kew.
## Production
*Das Rad* was created in 2000 while Stenner, Uibel and Wittlinger were studying at the Film Academy Baden-Württemberg. The two stone creatures consisted of wooden bodies and eyebrows made of rubber and were shot in stop motion while the surroundings were animated by CGI.
During the shooting, before post-production began, Arvid Uibel died in 2000 at the age of 23. Stenner and Wittlinger dedicated *Das Rad* to him with the line "for Arvid".
The music was by Roland Hackl and sound design by Bernd Müller.
### Themes
A major theme is environmentalism. Other themes include cities, consumption, the passage of time, nature, and resources,
The main characters can be seen as spectators, possibly representing the point of view of nature itself. The narrative device of speeding up time illustrates\' humans short lifespans and ephemeral effect on the environment, while the rock people illustrate the slow and ancient progression of geological time. The two narrative points of view are made conspicuous by lighting and camera differences, such as a change in the color of the sky. Stroboscopic light and camera movement is used to personify civilization.
## Awards
The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 2003, which was instead won by 2002 short film *The ChubbChubbs!*
*Das Rad* won several other awards in festivals like the Anima Mundi Animation Festival, Annecy International Animated Film Festival, Sweden Fantastic Film Festival, and the Fantoche International Animation Film Festival. It was also included in the Animation Show of Shows
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# Craig Martin (Canadian soccer)
**Craig Martin** (born July 15, 1957) is a former Canadian national soccer team player.
Born in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Martin made 6 \'A\' international appearances for Canada, 4 in 1983 and 2 more in 1984. A defender, he was also a member of the team that competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.
Martin played collegiately for McMaster University. He then played for the Canadian Professional Soccer League\'s Hamilton Steelers.
In 1995, Martin was inducted into the Niagara Falls Sports Hall of Fame.
Martin was the coach of the United States Virgin Islands national soccer team
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10,118,832 |
# Journal of Modern Optics
The ***Journal of Modern Optics*** is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established as *Optica Acta* in 1954. It obtained its current name in 1987 and is published by Taylor & Francis with 21 issues per year. The journal covers most branches of classical and quantum optics including lasers, diffraction, holographs, nonlinear optics, and photon statistics. The editor-in-chief is Thomas Brown (University of Rochester). According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 1.3
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10,118,834 |
# White-throated swallow
The **white-throated swallow** (***Hirundo albigularis***) is a small bird in the swallow family. It is a common species, found in southern Africa, which has benefited from the increased nesting opportunities presented by the construction of bridges and dams.
## Description
The white-throated swallow is 14--17 cm long. It has glossy dark blue upperparts and a bright chestnut crown. A dark blue-black breast band separates the white throat from the greyish white underparts and underwing coverts. The upper wings, underwing flight feathers and forked tail are blackish-blue, but the undertail has white patches near the feather tips. The white throat and blackish breast band are distinctions from similar *Hirundo* species. The outer feathers are slightly longer in the male than the female. Juveniles are duller than the adult, with shorter outer tail feathers and a browner crown. The call is a mix of warbles and twitters.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The swallow breeds in southern Africa from Angola and Zambia southwards to the Cape in South Africa. It is mainly migratory, wintering in Angola, Zambia and southern Zaire. This is a bird of open country and grassland, with a preference for highlands and nearby water. It is often found around man-made structures.
## Behaviour
### Feeding
It feeds mainly on flying insects, which it pursues with a fast twisting flight like a barn swallow.
### Breeding
The white-throated swallow builds a bowl-shaped mud nest with a soft lining of grass or hair. It is usually near or over water, and is built on a ledge under an overhang on a rock face or on a man-made structure such as a building, dam wall, culvert or bridge. Uninhabited buildings are preferred to houses. The nest may be reused for subsequent broods or in later years.
The three eggs of a typical clutch are white with brown and blue blotches, and are incubated by the female alone for 15--16 days to hatching. Both parents then feed the chicks. Fledging takes another 20--21 days, but the young birds will return to the nest to roost for a few days after the first flight. The young can swim a short distance to safety if they fall from the nest.
## Gallery
<File:Hirundo> albigularis, nes, Tweeling, a.jpg\|`{{center|Nest in a natural setting}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Hirundo> albigularis, nes onder bruggie, Pretoriuskloof, a.jpg\|`{{center|Nest under a bridge}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Hirundo> albigularis, nes, Austin Roberts, b.jpg\|`{{center|Nest against a thatch roof}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Hirundo> albigularis, eier, Tweeling, a.jpg\|`{{center|Egg}}`{=mediawiki} <File:White-throated> Swallow, Hirundo albigularis at Marievale Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa. Sequence of two juveniles being fed on the fly by their parents. (15444840709)
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# Sven Habermann
**Sven Habermann** (born November 3, 1961, in West Berlin, West Germany) is a former Canadian national soccer team goalkeeper, who was a member of the team that competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. Two years later he was on the Canadian roster at the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico but did not see action.
Habermann played for the NASL Toronto Blizzard in 1983 and 1984.
Habermann played in the Canadian Soccer League for the Calgary Kickers. He was named to the league\'s All-Star team as Calgary won the league play-off championship over the Hamilton Steelers.
Habermann was a member of the 1989 champion Vancouver 86ers team that, beginning from the previous season, set a North American professional sports record by going 46 consecutive games without defeat.
He was named to the league\'s all-star team as Calgary won the league play-off championship.
Habermann appeared on an episode of *Dragon\'s Den* pitching a prototype pepper-spray delivery and self-defense system. All five Dragons bought into Habermann\'s pitch
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10,118,929 |
# Muko River
The `{{nihongo|'''Muko River'''|武庫川|Mukogawa}}`{=mediawiki} is a river in the south-eastern part of Hyōgo Prefecture. This river was selected as the second most important river in the region by the prefecture governor. Its total length is 66 kilometers, and the drainage area is 496 square kilometers.
## Description
The Muko River originates at `{{nihongo|[[Mount Shirakami]]|白髪山|Shirakami-yama}}`{=mediawiki} in the Tanba Highland. It flows through the Sanda Basin, and creates the Mukogawa Keikoku Ravine between Sanda and Takarazuka. It continues into Osaka Plain at Takarazuka, and flows in the Osaka Metropolitan Area to create the borders between Takarazuka and Itami as well as between Nishinomiya and Amagasaki. This river flows into Osaka Bay, and was used to transport the Kohama style of sake from the `{{nihongo|Kohama-[[Shukuba|juku]]|小浜宿}}`{=mediawiki} in Amagasaki Domain of Settsu Province during the Edo period
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# Mactridae
**Mactridae**, common name the **trough shells** or **duck clams**, is a family of saltwater clams, marine bivalve mollusks in the order Venerida.
## Description
These clams have two short siphons, each with a horny sheath. The shell is shaped like a rounded-cornered equilateral triangle and there is a slight gape at the posterior. Each valve bears two cardinal teeth with four lateral teeth on the right valve and two on the left. The foot is white and wedge-shaped. They mostly inhabit the neritic zone.
## Ecology
Trough shells burrow in sand or fine gravel and never in muddy substrates.
## Subfamilies and genera {#subfamilies_and_genera}
According to the World Register of Marine Species (2025), this family contains 56 genera and is split into the following subfamilies:
### Subfamily Darininae {#subfamily_darininae}
- {{†}}*Darcinia* Clark, 1946
- *Darina* J. E. Gray, 1853
### Subfamily Lutrariinae {#subfamily_lutrariinae}
- *Eastonia* J. E. Gray, 1853
- *Heterocardia* Deshayes, 1855
- *Lutraria* Lamarck, 1799
- *Meropesta* Iredale, 1929
- *Standella* J. E. Gray, 1853
- *Tresus* J. E. Gray, 1853
- *Zenatia* J. E. Gray, 1853
- *Zenatina* Gill & Darragh, 1963
### Subfamily Mactrinae {#subfamily_mactrinae}
- {{†}}*Allomactra* Tomlin, 1931
- *Austromactra* Iredale, 1930
- *Barymactra* Cossmann, 1909
- *Coelomactra* Dall, 1895
- *Crassula* Marwick, 1948
- *Cyclomactra* Dall, 1895
- *Diaphoromactra* Iredale, 1930
- *Harvella* J. E. Gray, 1853
- *Huberimactra* Cosel & Gofas, 2018
- *Leptospisula* Dall, 1895
- *Mactra* Linnaeus, 1767
- *Mactrella* J. E. Gray, 1853
- *Mactrellona* J. G. Marks, 1951
- *Mactrinula* J. E. Gray, 1853
- *Mactromeris* Conrad, 1868
- *Mactrotoma* Dall, 1894
- *Maorimactra* H. J. Finlay, 1928
- *Mulinia* J. E. Gray, 1837
- *Oxyperas* Mörch, 1853
- {{†}}*Pseudocardium* Gabb, 1866
- *Rangia* Desmoulins, 1832
- {{†}}*Sarmatimactra* Korobkov, 1954
- *Scalpomactra* H. J. Finlay, 1928
- *Scissodesma* Gray, 1837
- *Simomactra* Dall, 1894
- *Spisula* J. E. Gray, 1837
- *Trinitasia* Maury, 1928
- *Tumbeziconcha* Pilsbry & Olsson, 1935
- *Mactrona* Marwick, 1952
- *Petromactra* Saul, 1973
### Subfamily Resaniinae {#subfamily_resaniinae}
- *Resania* J. E. Gray, 1853
### Subfamily Tanysiphoninae {#subfamily_tanysiphoninae}
- *Tanysiphon* W. H. Benson, 1858
### *Incertae sedis* {#incertae_sedis}
- {{†}}*Aktschagylia* Starobogatov, 1970
- {{†}}*Aliomactra* Stephenson, 1952
- {{†}}*Andrussella* Korobkov, 1954
- {{†}}*Avimactra* Andrusov, 1905
- {{†}}*Caspimactra* A. A
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# Zoe Sheridan
**Zoe Sheridan** (born in Adelaide, 1978) is an Australian television presenter, radio announcer and voice over artist.
Sheridan was a co-host of the Hot 30 Countdown on Brisbane radio from 1995 to 1998. She moved to Sydney in 1998 for a regular slot on 2Day FM.
Sheridan\'s first major on-screen television role was hosting five series of the children\'s game show *Challenger* in the 1990s. She moved onto the Saturday night variety show *Russell Gilbert Live* in 2000, where she played songs to and from ad breaks and spoke about featured musical guests on the show. She was also one of the four co-hosts on the daytime chat show *The Catch-Up* (loosely based on the American program *The View*).
Sheridan is a noted advert voice-over artist and is the voice of the pay television channel Arena. She has also appeared on ads for *Zoot Review* and co-hosted a VH1 music show with David Campbell called *Inside Track*.
Sheridan is the sister of actor Hugh Sheridan, from the comedy drama series *Packed to the Rafters*. She is also the mother of two daughters.`{{failed verification |date=April 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
In October 2021, Sheridan returned to 2Day FM to host mornings
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# Aaron Fernandes
**Aaron Fernandes** (born September 13, 1956) is a former field hockey player from Canada, who was member of the Men\'s National Team that finished in tenth position at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California
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# Bridezilla (band)
**Bridezilla** were a band from Sydney, Australia formed in 2005, during their early years of High School. They played their farewell show at the Oxford Arts Factory on 16 January 2013.
The band composed of vocalist Holiday Sidewinder, Pia May, the band\'s guitarist, Millie Hall on Saxophone, Daisy Tulley on violin, and drummer Josh Bush.
In September 2007, the band signed with Ivy League Records and released their debut EP on 24 November 2007. In February 2009, they signed to Inertia (independent record company) with in-house label Inertia Recordings, and released their debut full-length album *The First Dance* on 30 October 2009.
## Touring and Press {#touring_and_press}
Over 6 years of touring the band played supports for The Dirty Three, John Cale (The Velvet Underground), Wilco, Stephen Malkmus (Pavement), The Drones, Interpol, Sia and many more.
They were billed on numerous festivals: The Great Escape (festival), Big Day Out, Homebake, Splendour in the Grass, The Mt. Buller and Cockatoo Island Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds curated All Tomorrow\'s Parties (music festival) and the New York All Tomorrow\'s Parties (music festival) 2009 curated by The Flaming Lips.
The band were featured in the September 2007 edition of Australian Rolling Stone.
Bridezilla announced their \"inevitable departure and divorce\" in December 2012.
## Discography
### Albums
+-------------------+----------------------------------+
| Title | Details |
+===================+==================================+
| *The First Dance* | - Released: 30 October 2009 |
| | - Label: Inertia Recordings |
| | - Format: CD, digital download |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+
### EPs
+--------------+----------------------------------+
| Title | Details |
+==============+==================================+
| *Bridezilla* | - Released: 24 November 2007 |
| | - Label: Ivy League Records |
| | - Format: CD, digital download |
+--------------+----------------------------------+
## Awards
### AIR Awards {#air_awards}
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia\'s Independent Music sector
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10,118,975 |
# Kenneth McMillan (actor)
**Kenneth McMillan** (July 2, 1932 -- January 8, 1989) was an American actor. McMillan was usually cast as gruff, hostile and unfriendly characters due to his rough image. However, he was sometimes cast in some lighter comic roles that highlighted his gentler side. He was perhaps best known as Jack Doyle in *Rhoda* (1977--1978), and as Baron Vladimir Harkonnen in David Lynch\'s *Dune*.
## Biography
## Personal life {#personal_life}
McMillan was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Margaret and Harry McMillan, a truck driver. He attended Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts. Prior to becoming an actor, McMillan was employed at Gimbels Department Store first as a salesman, then as a section manager, and then a floor superintendent managing three floors. At age 30, McMillan decided to pursue an acting career, and took acting lessons from Uta Hagen and Irene Dailey. He was married to Kathryn McDonald (20 June 1969 -- 8 January 1989) (his death) with whom he had one child, actress Alison McMillan.
### Career
McMillan made his film debut at age 41 with a small role in Sidney Lumet\'s police drama *Serpico*. The actor played a borough commander in *The Taking of Pelham One Two Three*, but often was cast as characters such as a cowardly small town sheriff in Tobe Hooper\'s 1979 TV mini-series *Salem\'s Lot*, a similar law enforcement officer in the 1987 Burt Reynolds film *Malone*, William Hurt\'s bitter paraplegic father in *Eyewitness*, a wily safe cracker in *The Pope of Greenwich Village,* and a racist fire chief in *Ragtime* who is memorably told off by the New York City police commissioner, played by James Cagney. In 1985, he portrayed New York City\'s newly appointed police commissioner in the short-lived television crime drama *Our Family Honor*.
He portrayed the grotesquely obese and gleefully psychotic Baron Vladimir Harkonnen in *Dune*, the pathetic drunken pop of Aidan Quinn in *Reckless* and as Cressner, a sleazy high roller gambler in \"The Ledge,\" a segment of the horror anthology film *Cat\'s Eye*. Yet he did sometimes get cast opposite the villain, playing Robert Duvall\'s detective partner in *True Confessions*, a judge who must rule whether Richard Dreyfuss has the right to die in *Whose Life Is It Anyway?*, as well as a lead detective investigating a serial killer in the 1982 film *The Clairvoyant*.
McMillan was also adept at comedy, giving performances as a baseball club manager in *Blue Skies Again*, Meg Ryan\'s corrupt security guard captain dad in *Armed and Dangerous* and a dotty senile veterinarian in *Three Fugitives*.
McMillan had a recurring role in 1977--78 as Valerie Harper\'s irate boss Jack Doyle on the TV sitcom *Rhoda*. Among the TV shows McMillan did guest spots on are *Dark Shadows,* *Ryan\'s Hope*, as a 53rd precinct lieutenant on *Kojak*, *Starsky & Hutch*, *The Rockford Files*, *Moonlighting*, *Lou Grant*, *Magnum, P.I.* and *Murder, She Wrote*.
Outside of his film and TV credits, McMillan also frequently performed on stage at the New York Shakespeare Festival. He acted in the original Broadway productions of *Streamers* and *American Buffalo*. He won an Obie for his performance in the Off-Broadway play *Weekends Like Other People*.
McMillan died of liver disease at age 56.
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