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# Phrynichus Arabius
**Phrynichus Arabius** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|r|ɪ|n|ɪ|k|ə|s}}`{=mediawiki}; *Φρύνιχος Ἀράβιος*, lit. \'Phrynichus "the Arab"\') or **Phrynichus of Bithynia** (*Φρύνιχος ὁ Βιθυνός*) was a grammarian of the Greek language who flourished in 2nd century Bithynia, writing works on proper Attic usage. His name is also transliterated as Phrynichos or Phrynikhos. His ethnic background is disputed, mainly between an Arab and Bithynian Greek descent.
## Life
The *Suda* states:
> Phrynichus of Bithynia, sophist. He wrote
>
> - *Atticist*, or *On Attic Words* (*Ἀττικῶν ὀνομάτων*) in two books;
> - *Collection of Usages* (*Τιθεμένων συναγωγήν*)
> - *Sophistic Preparations* (*Σοφιστικῆς παρασκευῆς* (47 books, but some say 74)
(Of the *Sophistic Preparations* only some fragments and Photius\' summary survive.) The work was learned, but prolix and garrulous. A fragment contained in a Paris MS. was published by B. de Montfaucon, and by I. Bekker. Another work of Phrynichus, not mentioned by Photius, but perhaps identical with the Atticist mentioned by Suidas, the *Selection (*Ἐκλογὴ*) of Attic Words and Phrases*, is extant. It is dedicated to Cornelianus, a man of literary tastes, and one of the imperial secretaries, who had invited the author to undertake the work; it is a collection of current words and forms which deviated from the Old Attic standard, the true Attic equivalents being given side by side. The work is thus a prescriptive and reforming *lexicon antibarbarum*, and is interesting as illustrating the changes through which the Greek language had passed between the 4th century B.C. and the 2nd century A.D. As models of Attic style Phrynichus assigns the highest place to Plato, Demosthenes, and Aeschines the Socratic, and also uses the other Attic orators, Thucydides, Sophocles, Aeschylus, and Euripides, though he does not accept their usage uncritically: in the letter to Cornelianus which forms the introduction to the *Eclogē*, he criticizes some words used by classical Attic authors as un-Attic \"mistakes\" (*διημαρτημένα*).
Editions of the *Eklogê*, with valuable notes, have been published by C. A. Lobeck (1820) and W. G. Rutherford (1881); Lobeck devotes his attention chiefly to the later, Rutherford to the earlier usages noticed by Phrynichus. See also J. Brenous, *De Phrynicho Atticista* (1895)
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# Transitions Online
Transition § Works}} `{{Infobox organization
| name = Transitions Online (TOL)
| logo = TOL Logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| founded_date = 1999
| area_served = [[Central Europe]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[South Eastern Europe]], [[Baltics]], [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]]
| focus = [[Journalism]], [[New Media]]
| homepage = {{URL|tol.org}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Transitions Online** (Transitions - formerly TOL) is a media development organization and online journal covering news and events in the 31 post-Communist countries of Eastern Europe, Central Europe, South Eastern Europe, Russia, the Baltics, the Caucasus, Central Asia. It was founded in the Czech Republic in 1999.
## History
TOL was founded as a Czech nonprofit organization in April 1999 as a successor to the print magazine, Transitions. With the financial and professional support of the Open Society Institute\'s (OSI) Internet program and the Media Development Investment Fund (MDIF), the magazine was resurrected online in July 1999. Since then, TOL has worked with up-and-coming journalists from across its target region, providing opportunities for training and professional development.
TOL was the winner of the 2001 NetMedia Award for Outstanding Contribution to Online Journalism in Europe and the 2003 NetMedia Award for Best Innovation in Online Journalism. In 2005, two TOL editors were jointly named among 50 "Europeans of the Year" by the European Voice for the magazine's coverage of EU integration.
## Training Institute {#training_institute}
TOL regularly runs commercial and grant-funded training seminars for professional and aspiring journalists on a range of topics, including working as a foreign correspondent, EU reporting, online publishing and new media, and others. In cooperation with the BBC World Trust and The Guardian Foundation, TOL has also launched several distance education courses on environmental reporting, new media, and education reporting. To date, TOL has helped improve the writing and reporting skills of hundreds of journalists from the region.
## Affiliated projects {#affiliated_projects}
In 2006, TOL and neweurasia teamed up to explore the vast potential of blogging to act as a cost-efficient, powerful instrument of free speech, free press, advocacy, and self-expression in Central Asia. The project showcases bloggers from across Central Asia, in Russian, English and local languages.
Since 2007, Transitions Online has emerged as a leading source of news and analysis on developments in education reform across its target region and other countries in transition. With the support of the Open Society Institute\'s Education Support Program, TOL has pioneered training in education reporting in post-communist countries and features regular coverage of education themes on its education reporting resource site, Chalkboard.
Transitions Online is also one of the supporters of Social Innovation Camps in Europe and Asia
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# Molecular self-assembly
`{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Br4Py self-assembly on Au.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Br4Py self-assembly on Au 2.jpg
| caption2 = [[Scanning tunneling microscopy|STM]] image of self-assembled Br<sub>4</sub>-[[pyrene]] molecules on Au(111) surface (top) and its model (bottom; pink spheres are [[Bromine|Br]] atoms).<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1039/C4CC02753A |pmid=24905327 |title=Self-assembly of pyrene derivatives on Au(111): Substituent effects on intermolecular interactions |journal=Chem. Commun. |volume=50 |issue=91 |pages=14089–14092 |year=2014 |last1=Pham |first1=Tuan Anh |last2=Song |first2=Fei |last3=Nguyen |first3=Manh-Thuong |last4=Stöhr |first4=Meike |doi-access=free }}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki}
In chemistry and materials science, **molecular self-assembly** is the process by which molecules adopt a defined arrangement without guidance or management from an outside source. There are two types of self-assembly: **intermolecular** and **intramolecular**. Commonly, the term *molecular self-assembly* refers to the former, while the latter is more commonly called *folding*.
## Supramolecular systems {#supramolecular_systems}
Molecular self-assembly is a key concept in supramolecular chemistry. This is because assembly of molecules in such systems is directed through non-covalent interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, pi-stacking interactions, and/or electrostatic) as well as electromagnetic interactions. Common examples include the formation of colloids, biomolecular condensates, micelles, vesicles, liquid crystal phases, and Langmuir monolayers by surfactant molecules. Further examples of supramolecular assemblies demonstrate that a variety of different shapes and sizes can be obtained using molecular self-assembly.
Molecular self-assembly allows the construction of challenging molecular topologies. One example is Borromean rings, interlocking rings wherein removal of one ring unlocks each of the other rings. DNA has been used to prepare a molecular analog of Borromean rings. More recently, a similar structure has been prepared using non-biological building blocks.
## Biological systems {#biological_systems}
Molecular self-assembly underlies the construction of biologic macromolecular assemblies and biomolecular condensates in living organisms, and so is crucial to the function of cells. It is exhibited in the self-assembly of lipids to form the membrane, the formation of double helical DNA through hydrogen bonding of the individual strands, and the assembly of proteins to form quaternary structures. Molecular self-assembly of incorrectly folded proteins into insoluble amyloid fibers is responsible for infectious prion-related neurodegenerative diseases. Molecular self-assembly of nanoscale structures plays a role in the growth of the remarkable β-keratin lamellae/setae/spatulae structures used to give geckos the ability to climb walls and adhere to ceilings and rock overhangs.
### Protein multimers {#protein_multimers}
When multiple copies of a polypeptide encoded by a gene self-assemble to form a complex, this protein structure is referred to as a \"multimer\". Genes that encode multimer-forming polypeptides appear to be common. When a multimer is formed from polypeptides produced by two different mutant alleles of a particular gene, the mixed multimer may exhibit greater functional activity than the unmixed multimers formed by each of the mutants alone. In such a case, the phenomenon is referred to as intragenic complementation. Jehle pointed out that, when immersed in a liquid and intermingled with other molecules, charge fluctuation forces favor the association of identical molecules as nearest neighbors.
## Nanotechnology
Molecular self-assembly is an important aspect of bottom-up approaches to nanotechnology. Using molecular self-assembly, the final (desired) structure is programmed in the shape and functional groups of the molecules. Self-assembly is referred to as a \'bottom-up\' manufacturing technique in contrast to a \'top-down\' technique such as lithography where the desired final structure is carved from a larger block of matter. In the speculative vision of molecular nanotechnology, microchips of the future might be made by molecular self-assembly. An advantage to constructing nanostructure using molecular self-assembly for biological materials is that they will degrade back into individual molecules that can be broken down by the body.
### DNA nanotechnology {#dna_nanotechnology}
DNA nanotechnology is an area of current research that uses the bottom-up, self-assembly approach for nanotechnological goals. DNA nanotechnology uses the unique molecular recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self-assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties. DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information, to make structures such as complex 2D and 3D lattices (both tile-based as well as using the \"DNA origami\" method) and three-dimensional structures in the shapes of polyhedra. These DNA structures have also been used as templates in the assembly of other molecules such as gold nanoparticles and streptavidin proteins.
## Two-dimensional monolayers {#two_dimensional_monolayers}
The spontaneous assembly of a single layer of molecules at interfaces is usually referred to as two-dimensional self-assembly. One of the common examples of such assemblies are Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers and multilayers of surfactants. Non-surface active molecules can assemble into ordered structures as well. Early direct proofs showing that non-surface active molecules can assemble into higher-order architectures at solid interfaces came with the development of scanning tunneling microscopy and shortly thereafter. Eventually two strategies became popular for the self-assembly of 2D architectures, namely self-assembly following ultra-high-vacuum deposition and annealing and self-assembly at the solid-liquid interface. The design of molecules and conditions leading to the formation of highly-crystalline architectures is considered today a form of 2D crystal engineering at the nanoscopic scale
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# Sathi Narain
**Sir Sathi Narain** KBE (1919 - 19 October 1989) was a Fiji Indian businessman who built a construction and shipping business.
## Family background {#family_background}
His parents had arrived in Fiji as indentured labourers abroad on the S.S. Ganges on 21 February 1913 and were sent to work for the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR) estate at Rakui in Navua on the eastern side of the island of Viti Levu. After five years, his parents became \"free\" and moved to a village outside Navua. They continued working for CSR but under better conditions. They were also able to grow their own cash crops and sell to the indentured labourers.
## Early life {#early_life}
Narain was the second child, born during the second year of his parents\' life as free labourers in Fiji. His father later found work as a construction worker in Suva, where Narain was also introduced to the tools of the construction trade. After the birth of his third child, Narain\'s father developed a passion for gambling. He lost all his savings and also owed a great deal of money to others. To get away from his creditors, he decided to return to India, intending to find work there, save enough money and return.
After the departure of his father, his mother gave birth to her fourth child and struggled to look after her children. While on a visit to the Levuka, on the island of Ovalau, she met and married Latchman Naidu and moved to Koro island. Naidu had set up a small business in Koro, buying and selling tobacco and trading in other small goods. Relations between Narain and his stepfather were not always good, so when he was sent to hospital in Levuka for a knee ailment, he stayed on at his recently married sister\'s place. Narain was ten years old then and started attending the local mission school. Through the wife of the local dentist who had connections with the school, Narain was able to get employment in the surgery. When the dentist moved to Suva, Narain went with them and for two years worked full-time at their home as houseboy and at the surgery.
After two years in Suva his stepfather took him back to Koro, and he was put to work on a European\'s estate. When the owner was taken ill, Sathi was given charge of the estate. His mother died during the same year aged only 36.
## Return to Suva {#return_to_suva}
The recurring knee problem gave Narain the chance to return to Suva for treatment. He found employment as carpenter in the Colonial Government. When his younger brother also came to Suva for medical treatment, the two moved into a house in Toorak, where Narain started building small artifacts for his neighbours. Soon, word of his carpentry skills spread and he was kept busy making household furniture. In no time at all he was carrying out extensions to houses and even building new houses. He married 14-year-old Rukhmani, while in Toorak.
## As a businessman {#as_a_businessman}
After five years, working for the Government, he decided to set up his own business. He rented a building in Toorak and started building residential buildings and shops. As his business expanded, he moved to a new premises in Walu Bay. His big break came when he won the tender to build the Fiji Museum in 1953. Soon afterwards, he won other major contracts. By this time he had expanded so much that he was able to register his company as a limited liability company in December 1953.
## Savusavu
He saw the opportunity and bought a 210 acre copra plantation in Savusavu from William Edmund Willoughby-Tottenham, despite opposition from other European planters. As Savusavu expanded, he saw the need for and established a school, named Khemendra Bharatya School, after his son. He also donated land for a park, known as Narain Park.
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# Sathi Narain
## Union Club {#union_club}
In 1946, Narain joined the Union Club, the only multi-racial club of its type in Suva. There he met some of the then and future leaders of Fiji, including Ratu Sukuna, Ratu Mara and Ratu Edward Cakobau. His fluency in the Fijian language and these initial contacts introduced him to other Fijian leaders such as Ratu Penaia Ganilau and Ratu George Cakobau. At the Union Club he was given the title of *Tui Koro* (Chief of Koro). In 1955, it came as no surprise when Narain Construction was awarded the contract to build the Native Land Trust Board building in Suva.
## Political involvement {#political_involvement}
In 1956, Narain stood for the Suva City Council elections and won. In 1959 he accepted the nomination as an Indian nominated member to the Legislative Council. In his maiden speech he spoke about ways of assisting low wage earners, by giving them income tax deductions for medical expenses. When the Nausori Sugar Mill closed in 1959, he asked for assistance to be given in the form of income tax deductions for capital expenditure by farmers to change from sugar to other types of cultivation. He proposed assistance to coconut farmers by asking for tax not to be levied on the planting of coconuts but on the proceeds from the sale of copra.
## Expanding business {#expanding_business}
From 1960 onwards the Narain Construction business expanded greatly and spread to all parts of Fiji. He acquired the established engineering firm of Bish Limited in 1960, a branch was opened in Lautoka and he was the first to build town houses in Suva. He won other major contracts: 480 housing units for the Housing Authority, a new hospital in Suva, Travelodge Hotel in Savusavu and the Narain Towers, a fifteen-storey, 72-unit complex in Suva. He even went into the shipping business but was not successful in it.
## Later life {#later_life}
His wife had been institutionalised for a long time, and in 1969 Narain remarried. In 1970 on Fiji\'s independence, he was awarded the title of the Member of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), for which he travelled to London to receive the award from the Queen. In 1980 he received his knighthood and was Knighted by Princess Anne during the Tenth Independence Anniversary celebrations. In 1986, he had moved to Brisbane for rest and to be closer to his children but the coup in Fiji in 1987, made this move permanent. A few years later he was diagnosed with cirrhosis of the lever and died in Brisbane on 19 October 1989
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# Unistalda
**Unistalda** is a municipality of the western part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 1,995 (2022 census) in an area of 602.39 km². Its elevation is 361 m. It is located west of the state capital of Porto Alegre and northeast of Alegrete
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# Dave Hill (American football)
**David Harris Hill** (February 1, 1941 -- March 14, 2022) was an American professional football player. He is a member of the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame, inducted in 2011, and a member of the Kansas City Chiefs Hall of Honor, inducted in 1997.
Hill was born in Lanett, Alabama and attended Lanett High School. He graduated in 1959 and attended Auburn University along with fellow Lanett High School alumnus, Bobby Hunt. Hunt played quarterback and defensive back while Hill played offensive and defensive line.
A 24th round draft choice in 1963 for the American Football League (AFL)\'s Kansas City Chiefs, he wore jersey number 73. Hill went on to play 149 games in all with the Chiefs, the fourth most ever by a Kansas City offensive lineman. At one point, he did not miss a game for nine straight seasons.
He started for the Chiefs at right tackle in Super Bowl I and Super Bowl IV, earning two AFL Championship rings and a World Championship ring, and playing in the first (Super Bowl I) and last (Super Bowl IV) World Championships between the champions of the AFL and the NFL. In Super Bowl IV, he handled well one of the best defensive ends of that era, Carl Eller, a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as the Chiefs rushed for 151 yards that day, for their first Super Bowl victory. Their second would not come until Super Bowl LIV, exactly fifty years later.
Hill died on March 14, 2022, at the age of 81
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# Tholu bommalata
***Tholu bommalata*** is the shadow puppet theatre tradition of the state of Andhra Pradesh in India with roots dating back to 3rd century BCE. Its performers are part of a group of wandering entertainers and peddlers who pass through villages during the course of a year and offer to sing ballads, tell fortunes, sell amulets, perform acrobatics, charm snakes, weave fishnets, tattoo local people and mend pots. *Tholu bommalata* has a history of consistent royal patronage. It is the ancestor of Wayang, the Indonesian puppet theatre play which has been a staple of Indonesian tourism and designated by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.`{{Refn|name=Ind|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayang {{!}} Indonesian theatre |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/wayang |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en |quote=Developed before the 10th century, the form had origins in the tholu bommalata, the leather puppets of southern India. The art of shadow puppetry probably spread to Java with the spread of Hinduism.}}`{=mediawiki}
}}
This ancient custom, which for centuries before radio, film, and television provided knowledge of Hindu epics and local folk tales, not to mention news, spread to the most remote corners of the Indian subcontinent. The puppeteers comprise some of the various entertainers who perform all night and usually reenact various stories from Hindu epics such as the *Ramayana* and *Mahabharata*.
## Etymology
*Tholu bommalata* literally means \"the dance of leather puppets\" (*tholu* -- \"leather\", *bomma -- \"*puppet/doll\" and *aata* -- \"play/dance\"). It is also translated as \"the play of leather dolls\" or \"the dance of leather dolls\".
Tolu Bommalattam, also known as \"Bommalattam\" or \"Tolpava Koothu,\" is a traditional shadow puppetry art form that has its roots in Tamil Nadu, India. It is a highly stylized and intricate form of storytelling using leather puppets. The term \"Tolu\" means leather, and \"Bommalattam\" means puppetry in Tamil.
## History
Andhra history records that shadow puppetry was in vogue during the Satavahana period (2nd century BCE--2nd century CE). Art critics opine that the puppetry spread from Andhra to Indonesia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, Burma. Wayang, the Indonesian puppet theatre play which has been a staple of Indonesian tourism and designated by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, has its origins in *Tholu bommalata*.`{{Refn|name=Ind}}`{=mediawiki} Some of the shadow plays are improvised based on *Ranganatha Ramayanamu* (c. 1300 CE).
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# Tholu bommalata
## Tholu Bommalaata {#tholu_bommalaata}
The performance begins with a series of sung invocations and a line of ornate, strikingly stylized puppets pinned in overlapping fashion onto the sides of the screen. The puppets are mounted in the middle on a palm stem, extended to form a handle used to move the body of the puppet. Their articulated arms are moved with detachable sticks that have a small piece of string with a peg at the end, which slip into holes on the hands. Generally, one puppeteer manipulates all three sticks of a single puppet, holding the central handle stick in one hand and two arm-control sticks in the other. Often two to three puppeteers operate puppets on the screen at the same time, each one delivering the lines for his or her own puppet.
As the players manipulate the puppets, placing them on the screen and then moving them away, they create the illusion of the figures suddenly materializing and then fading out. They also cause the figures to walk, sway, hop, and fly through the air. They can swivel a dancer\'s detachable head and manipulate her hands while keeping her hips swaying to create a remarkable illusion of twirling.
The puppeteers accompany all the character\'s speeches with animated movement of the arms and hands, which they can flip over to create a three-dimensional effect. The swaying of freely dangling legs also adds to the feeling of animation. When several puppets are stationary on the screen at the same time, they can be pinned to the screen with date palm thorns. A puppet can be rapidly pinned with one or two of the long, thin thorns passed through perforations in a headdress or shoulder ornaments. Such puppets are still able to engage in animated conversation by means of the sticks moving their hands. Characters that engage in rough fighting, such as the monkey king Hanuman or the jesters, are often held from the hip, enabling them to be moved with greater control than by the central stick alone.
Every few minutes throughout the performance, the action will be broken by the episodes of broad comic relief from the jesters speaking in a slangy, quirky style and engaging in slapstick antics. Some of these depend on puns or risqué allusions. Except for certain commonly used expletives, their language is not obscene, though sequences may be bawdy to a degree not observed in other popular forms of entertainment.
Interspersed with spoken dialogue, verse passages in literary Telugu and even Sanskrit are sung with instrumental accompaniment. These occur especially in contexts of heightened emotion or important events, rather like the arias in European operas. The players serve as their own musicians and all members of the troupe know the music that accompanies the various passages.
### Musical instruments {#musical_instruments}
The musical instruments consist of a harmonium, a portable keyboard organ that sometimes serves only as a drone; a long, two-headed South Indian drum with tapering ends (mrudangam); strings of bells worn on the ankles and wrists; and pairs of finger cymbals. A wooden shoe with stilts is used to keep its wearer above the mud during the rainy season, and can be struck against schoolchildren\'s seating planks to create dramatic clacking and banging sound effects for fight scenes.
The singing style and the conventions of vocal delivery that accompany *tholu bommalata* closely resemble the form of singing from an old-fashioned drama genre known as *Satyabhamakalapam*. Accompanied only by the drum and finger cymbals, the player sings raising his hand up to one ear, as if to listen to what he is singing.
### Puppets and cinema {#puppets_and_cinema}
Comparisons of shadow plays to movies can be informative. The shadow play was an ingenious technology of animating pictures, developed centuries before the advent of the motion picture industry. Here was a method of enabling four or five people to bring a hundred or more colorful mythological characters to life in the most remote village, all accompanied by virtuoso singing, contagious rhythms, and dramatic sound effects. The characters\' costumes were elaborate, with swirling sashes and ornate necklaces and garlands, all cut to let points of light glisten in intricate patterns.
### Puppet making {#puppet_making}
Three types of skins have been used to manufacture puppets: antelope, spotted deer and goat. Antelope skins are reserved for making a limited number of auspicious characters, such as the gods and epic heroes. Deer skin, noted for its strength and resistance to rough handling, is employed in the figures of the warrior Bhima and the ten-headed demon king Ravana. All other puppets are typically made from goat skin, readily available locally. Most puppets are made from a single skin, though some require more. At least four skins are necessary for Ravana -- one for his body, one for his legs, and one to make each set of five arms. The puppets are made from \'nonviolent leather\', that is the skin of animals that died a natural death is used rather than slaughtering animals for their skin.
## Current state of affairs {#current_state_of_affairs}
The shadow play has been only one set of techniques for dramatizing the vastly rich Hindu epics. It has now been superseded by motion pictures and television, which have reinvigorated the epics for the electronic age. But the shadow play was a brilliant innovation, one whose visual artifacts hold clues to the history of South Asian art and drama and deserve to be preserved for the delight of generations to come
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# Vuelta por un Chile Líder
The **Vuelta Ciclista Por Un Chile Líder** (Vuelta Líder) was an elite men\'s professional road bicycle racing stage race held annually in Chile. The Vuelta Líder was created in 1997 by Líder, the largest supermarket chain in Chile, and was sanctioned by the Chilean Cycling Federation (*Federación Ciclista de Chile*). The last race was held in 2007. The Vuelta Líder was one of the largest cycling races in Chile. When the UCI Continental Circuits were created in 2005, the Vuelta Ciclista Por Un Chile Líder was added to the UCI America Tour schedule
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# Joyful (Ayo album)
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# Tim Grunhard
**Timothy Gerard Grunhard** (born May 17, 1968) is an American football coach and former center. A second-round draft choice in the 1990 NFL draft for the Kansas City Chiefs, Grunhard went on to play 169 games with Kansas City, the fourth most ever by a Chiefs offensive lineman.
## College career {#college_career}
Grunhard grew up in Chicago, Illinois and attended St. Laurence High School in Burbank. He later moved to South Bend, Indiana where he later played on some of Notre Dame\'s most successful teams. He started every game in 1988 when the Irish went undefeated and won the national championship. That season included victories over 3 otherwise undefeated teams: West Virginia in the Fiesta Bowl, USC in a #1 vs. #2 showdown on the final weekend of the regular season, and the 31--30 win over Miami at Notre Dame Stadium that is considered one of the greatest college football games ever played.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Grunhard was a second round draft pick of the Kansas City Chiefs in 1990. He was an anchor for the Chiefs\' teams of the 1990s, alongside Dave Szott. During that time, he started 164 games for the Chiefs, which ranks third in franchise history. Grunhard made his first and only appearance in the Pro Bowl following the 1999 NFL season after Denver Broncos center Tom Nalen was forced to miss the game due to injury.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Bishop Miege (first stint) {#bishop_miege_first_stint}
Grunhard became the head coach of the Bishop Miege High School football team, a Roman Catholic private high school in Roeland Park, Kansas, in 2006. He taught theology. In his first season as coach in 2006, the varsity team finished with a record of 3--6. The team won five straight district titles and the 2009 4A state title in Grunhard\'s six years of coaching.
### Kansas
In 2012, Grunhard was hired as the offensive line coach at Kansas. In December 2013, he left his position at the University of Kansas in order to be closer to his family in Kansas City.
### Bishop Miege (second stint) {#bishop_miege_second_stint}
Grunhard returned to Bishop Miege high school as the offensive line coach in 2014.
## Broadcasting
Grunhard had a radio show that was on from 9:00 to 11:00 on weekday mornings on KCSP sports radio from October 2003 till he was let go in December 2007. He first did the show with Holden Kushner, and later Doug Franz, but was hosting by himself when released from his contract. His broadcasting career began in 2001 on WHB\'s \"Crunch Time,\" with co-hosts Bill Maas and Frank Boal.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Grunhard\'s son, Colin, plays center for Kansas. His brother Daniel Charles \"Dan\" Grunhard played minor league baseball, as high as Triple A.Daughter Cailey qualified for the Olympic trials and held swim records at the University of Notre Dame in the butterfly
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# Electoral district of Sherbrooke
**Sherbrooke** was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian colony (and state from 1901) of New South Wales, existing from 1894 until 1913. It included Blacktown and Baulkham Hills. It was named after Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke.
## Members for Sherbrooke {#members_for_sherbrooke}
Member Party
-------- -------------------- -------
\| Jacob Garrard
\| Broughton O\'Conor
\|
\|
\| John Hunt
## History
Multi-member constituencies were abolished in the 1893 redistribution, resulting in the creation of 76 new districts, including Sherbrooke. Sherbrooke consisted of the north western part of the four member district of Central Cumberland, a south eastern part of the single member district of The Hawkesbury and an eastern part of the single member district of The Nepean.
Sherbrooke was expanded to include part of The Hawkesbury and parts of the abolished districts of The Nepean and Ryde and Willoughby as a result of the 1903 New South Wales referendum which reduced the number of members of the Legislative Assembly from 125 to 90. The district was abolished in 1913
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# Dougall Parkway
**Dougall Parkway** is a municipal expressway in Windsor, Ontario. The expressway acts as an extension of Dougall Avenue and serves traffic heading towards the Windsor city-centre and the Detroit--Windsor tunnel. The road is named for former mayor of Windsor James Dougall.
## Route description {#route_description}
Dougall Parkway is a short 1.6 km controlled-access highway that begins after connecting ramps split off of Highway 401. From the split, the expressway travels in a west-northwest direction having interchanges with 6th Concession Road and Howard Avenue. It is at the intersection when the expressway passes under Howard Avenue where it transitions into Dougall Avenue.
## History
Dougall Parkway was constructed as one of the two western forks of Highway 401 in the mid-1950s, connecting Highway 401 with Highway 3B (Howard Avenue). Somewhat confusingly, Dougall Parkway was officially numbered as Highway 401 along with the other leg of the fork, with Dougall Parkway being the north leg. In 2008 to 2010, as part of the reconstruction of the section of Highway 401 from Dougall Parkway to Provincial Road, the Dougall Parkway split with Highway 401 was reconfigured, replacing a one-lane 1950s-era underpass tunnel with a modern high-speed flyover ramp
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# Dualla, County Tipperary
**Dualla** (`{{Irish place name|Dumha Aille}}`{=mediawiki}) is a village in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is located near Cashel on the R691 road. Its modern name derives from the Irish *Dumha Aille*, meaning \'mound of the cliff\'. Dualla National School began educating pupils in May 1861 and officially opened a new school in June 2012.
(There is a local \'Big House\' known as *Dually* and the settlement is marked as **Dually** on roadmaps. However all local signage refers to the place as Dualla; as do the local council and residents).
## Sport
The local GAA team is Boherlahan--Dualla GAA.
## Events
The village hosts an annual agricultural event, the Dualla Show, every August. The show attracts thousands of visitors and includes a tractor-pulling contest. Another show held locally is the Dualla Thrashing.
## People
- Charles Bianconi (1786--1875) died at *Longfield House* in nearby Boherlahan
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# Ilia Volok
**Ilia Andriyovych Volok** (*translit=Illya Andriyovych Volokh*; *Илья Андреевич Волох*; (born 22 November 1964) is a Ukrainian actor, based in the United States. He has appeared in over 170 films, television series, and video games since his debut in 1994.
## Early life {#early_life}
Volok was born in Kyiv. Prior to his acting career, he was a member of the Soviet national rowing team, finishing third place in the Men's Pair at the 1982 World Rowing Junior Championships, and later becoming Ukrainian national champion.
He studied at the Moscow Art Theatre School under Alexander Kalyagin. He worked as a professional stage actor in Russia, before emigrating to the United States at the age of 26, in 1990. He initially supplemented his income by working in a cemetery.
## Career
Volok has appeared in more than 90 films and television programs. He starred as Vladimir Krasin in *Air Force One* and portrayed Master Org in *Power Rangers Wild Force*. Additionally, he has had recurring roles in *General Hospital* and *The Young and the Restless*. He guest starred in an episode of *Friends* in which reference was made to *Air Force One* without mentioning him as one of its actors.
Volok frequently performs on stage. He co-wrote, co-created, and starred as the title character in the comedy play *Fakov in America*. He plays a leading part in *Cat\'s Paw*, an Actors Studio project. In *Diary of a Madman* by short story writer Nikolai Gogol. The character Vladimir Kamarivsky in the Electronic Arts video game *Battlefield 3* is modeled after and voiced by Volok. Volok also plays and voices the character Vladislav \"Vlad\" Kozak in the Overkill Software video game Payday 2.
He won the 2013 LA Weekly Theater Award for Best Solo Performance for his role in *Diary of a Madman*.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Volok splits his time between Los Angeles and Paris. He is married to an American woman.
Volok is fluent in Ukrainian, Russian, English, and proficient in several other languages.
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# Ilia Volok
## Filmography
- 1994 *Hail Caesar* as Wlad
- 1995 *Midnight Man* as Slav
- 1996 *Police Story 4: First Strike* as Russian Group #9
- 1996 *Executive Decision* as Chechen Thug
- 1997 *Air Force One* as Vladimir Krasin
- 1997 *U Turn* as Sergi
- 1997 *Plan B* as \"Flash\"
- 1998 *Best of the Best 4: Without Warning* as Ilia
- 1999 *One Man\'s Hero* as Daniel Grzbalski
- 1999 *Kolobos* \"Faceless\"
- 2000 *Night All Day* as Karloff
- 2000 *Camera Obscura* as Taxi Driver
- 2000 *Friends* as The Dry Cleaner
- 2000 *Shadow Hours* as Russian
- 2000 *Between Christmas and New Year\'s* as Ilia
- 2001 *Monkeybone* as Rasputin
- 2001 *Swordfish* as Gabriel\'s Crew
- 2001 *The Quickie* as Slava
- 2002 *Power Rangers Wild Force* (TV Series) as Reincarnated Master Org / Dr. Viktor Adler
- 2002 *Firefly* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Marco
- 2002 *Boris* (Short) as Yuri
- 2002 *Judging Amy* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Trajan Popovici
- 2002 *Six Feet Under* (TV Series, 2 episodes) as Yuri
- 2003 *The King of Queens* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Andrei
- 2003 *Monk* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Nikolai Petroff
- 2003 *Spinning Boris* as Elvis Impersonator
- 2004 *The D.A.* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Davonovich
- 2003-2005 *Alias* (TV Series, 2 episodes) as Ushek San\'ko
- 2005 *Commander in Chief* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Dmitri Kharkov
- 2006 *The Unit* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Deputy Grubo
- 2006 *CSI: NY* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Gabe
- 2006 *Domestic Import* as Sasha
- 2006 *Company Town* (TV Movie) as Yuri
- 2007 *The Young and the Restless* (TV Series) as Milan
- 2007 *The Wedding Bells* (TV Series, 1 episode) as \"Wolfie\"
- 2007 *Burn Notice* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Jan Haseck
- 2007 *The Red Chalk* (Short) as Young Stalin
- 2007 *Charlie Wilson\'s War* as Russian Helicopter Pilot
- 2008 *1%* (TV) as Russian Ranger #1
- 2008 *Las Vegas* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Rudy Vinovich
- 2008 *Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull* as Russian Suit #2
- 2008 *Primo* as Egor Denko
- 2008 *Identity Crisis* as Drunken Russian
- 2008 *La-La Loco Baby* as Kazimir
- 2008 *The Curious Case of Benjamin Button* as Russian Interpreter
- 2008 *Worst Week* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Vanya
- 2008 \'\'General Hospital (TV Series) as Andrei Karpov
- 2009 *Hired Gun* as Yegor
- 2009 *Without a Trace* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Yuri
- 2009 *The Soloist* as Harry Barnoff
- 2009 *Rogue Warrior* (Video Game) as Russian 1
- 2010 *Treasure of the Black Jaguar* as Gregor
- 2010 *Cielito Lindo* as Borowski
- 2011 *The Bad Penny* as Terry Rubelev
- 2011 *Water for Elephants* as Mr. Jankowski
- 2011 *Abduction* as \"Sweater\"
- 2011 *Battlefield 3* (Video Game) as Vladimir Kamarivsky (voice)
- 2011 *Mission: Impossible -- Ghost Protocol* as \"The Fog\"
- 2012 *Femme Fatales* (TV Series, 1 episode) as Dimitri \"Uzi\" Olesky
- 2013 *G.I. Joe: Retaliation* as Russian Leader
- 2013 *The Immigrant* as Wojtek Bistricky
- 2013 *Payday 2* (Video Game) as Vlad
- 2014 *Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.* (TV Series) as Vladimir
- 2014 *The Last Ship* (TV Series) as Dmitri Belenko
- 2014 *Pawn Sacrifice* as KGB Guy
- 2015 *How to Be a Gangster in America* as Dimitri
- 2016 *Taking Liberty* as Boss
- 2017 *Finding Mother* as Uncle Borya
- 2017 *Prey* (Video Game) as Luka Golubkin (voice)
- 2018 *Hunter Killer* as Captain Vlade Sutrev
- 2019 *Magnum P.I
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# Bartlettina sordida
***Bartlettina sordida***, the **purple torch** or **blue mist flower**, is a flowering plant which is endemic to cloud forest habitats in Mexico. It was formerly classified in the genus *Eupatorium*.
## Description
The plant is an evergreen, erect shrub, growing to 8 ft tall and 4 ft wide.
*Bartlettina sordida* has reddish-purple branches clothed in slightly rough, dark green leaves with prominent venation and paler undersides. The leaves are very large, up to 10 inches (25 cm) longs and 8 inches (20 cm) wide.
The inflorescence is a terminal corymbose panicle, 20--30 cm across. The large clusters of scented flowers appear in spring, mauve to lilac to magenta-blue in color. The clusters have a bursting fireworks appearance. The seed has a fluffy pappus and is easily dispersed by wind.
## Cultivation
*Bartlettina sordida* is cultivated as an ornamental plant for use in gardens and parks. They are pollinator plants, attractive to butterflies.
The plant prefers bright dappled shade, and moist, well draining soils high in organic matter. The plant is frost tender below 25/30 °F (1/3 °C). Propagation is via seed, or semihardwood cuttings taken in autumn and winter or from prunings taken after flowering in late spring.
The species has escaped from garden in parts of Australia, and can become weed and invasive species in compatible habitats where there is ample moisture.
<File:Eupatorium> sordidum.jpg <File:Bartlettina> sordida 3
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# List of roads in Hamilton, Ontario
This is a **List of streets in Hamilton, Ontario**, many of which were named after the Loyalist families who arrived to Hamilton after the British lost the American Revolutionary War. These names include Hess, Hughson, Herkimer, Land, Beasley, Gage, Doan, Davis, Mills, Carpenter, and Brant. The Loyalists were the pioneers of Hamilton and area.
Many of the street names in Hamilton have changed over the years. James Street south of King was called Jarvis, Jackson Street was Maiden Lane, John Street was Mountain Street, Main Street east of James was Brougham Street, Hunter Street east of James was called Peel Street, Charlton Avenue West was Anderson Street, Charlton Avenue was Hannah Street, Park Street was Bond Street, Bay Street South was Bowry Street, Cannon Street was known as Henry Street, Barton Street West was Concession and Upper James Street on the mountain was known as Caledonia Road.
## Lower City (below Escarpment) {#lower_city_below_escarpment}
- 50 Road
- Aberdeen Avenue, named after Lord Aberdeen (John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair) and Lady Aberdeen (Ishbel Hamilton-Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair) who both lived in Hamilton on Bay Street South (1890--1898) with their four children. They presided over the opening of the Hamilton Public Library on September 16, 1890. Lord Aberdeen was appointed Governor General of Canada in 1893.
- Augusta Street, portion between Catharine Street and Ferguson Avenue was originally known as O\'Reilly Street.
- Barton Street, In the early days, a part of current-day Hamilton was known as Barton township, named after a township in Lincoln County, England.
- Bay Street, derives its name from its proximity to Hamilton Harbour, which was once Burlington Bay.
- Beach Boulevard.
- Burlington Street, original name was Industrial Road. It derives its name from its proximity to Hamilton Harbour, which used to be called Burlington Bay.
- Cannon Street, was originally called Henry Street. The section between Bay and James Streets was called Miles Street. The origins of the Cannon street name is unknown.
- Caroline Street, named after one of Peter Hess\'s daughters.
- Catharine Street, named after Nathaniel Hughson\'s daughter. (Hughson was one of the city founders of Hamilton). Other streets in the city were named after him and his family members. Hughson, Rebecca (wife) and James (son).
- Centennial Parkway
- Charlton Avenue, named after Benjamin Ernest Charlton, (1835--1901), teacher, manufacturer, politician and mayor of Hamilton. Charlton Avenue was originally named Hannah Street.
- Cochrane Road, road that leads to King\'s Forest Park from the Queenston Traffic Circle.
- Cootes Drive, named linked to Cootes Paradise for which the road travels through
- Dundurn Street, originated with Sir Allan MacNab who named his home Dundurn Castle and its landscaped grounds Dundurn Park after his family\'s ancestral home in Dundurn, Perthshire, Scotland. Originally Dundurn Street, South of King Street West was known as Garth Street up to 1913. Dundurn derives from two Gaelic words frequently incorrectly cited as meaning \"the fort on the water.\" Dundurn correctly derives from the Gaelic words *Dùn Dórn* (pl. *Dùn Dùirn*) meaning \"fort of the fist\" due to the fact that it was located on top of a hill shaped like a fist.
- Ferguson Avenue, site of the historic Ferguson train station. Ferguson Avenue south of Main Street used to be called Cherry Street. Street named for settler Peter Ferguson
- Fruitland Road
- Gage Avenue, and Upper Gage Avenue are named after James Gage, a lumber merchant and his uncle William Gage, a farmer. Together James and William owned a farm that was the site of the Battle of Stoney Creek during the War of 1812. The wounded were treated inside their home and they were both awarded compensation for it by the government.
- Governor\'s Road,
- Gray Road
- Green Road
- Herkimer Street, named after Mary Herkimer, the daughter of United Empire Loyalist Johan Host Herkimer. Mary Herkimer married Robert Hamilton of Queenston and thereby became the stepmother of John George Hamilton, the founder of the city of Hamilton, Ontario. When George Hamilton was building the city that bears his name in the early 1800s, he named one of the new streets Herkimer Street in her honor.\[1\]
- Hess Street, named after Peter Hess, (1779--1855), farmer, landowner. Peter Street in Hamilton also named after him as well as Caroline Street named after one of his daughters. also the site of Hess Village.
- Hughson Street, named after Nathaniel Hughson, (1755--1837), farmer, hotel owner, and Loyalist who moved to Canada following the American Revolution, one of the city founders. Other streets in the city were named after his family members: James, Rebecca and Catharine.
- Hunter Street, named after Peter Hunter Hamilton, (1800--1857), landowner and businessman, and half brother of city founder George Hamilton. Originally, sections of Hunter Street were called William Street after King William IV and Peel Street after the British PM, Sir Robert Peel.
- Jackson Street, named after Edward Jackson, (1799--1872), tinware manufacturer. Originally Jackson Street was called Tyburn Street and later Maiden Lane. It is now named after Edward Jackson.
- James Street, named after one of Nathaniel Hughson\'s sons. Hughson was one of the founders of Hamilton along with George Hamilton and James Durand. Originally, James Street was called Lake Road because it was the road that led to Lake Ontario to the north. It was then renamed Jarvis Street after city founder George Hamilton\'s wife (Maria Jarvis) and then finally changed to its present-day James. James Hughson (1797-1849)
- John Street, originally known as Mountain Road and named for early settler family
- Kenilworth Avenue
- King Street (Hamilton), follows the path of an old Indian Trail and was named after King George III.
- King Street (Dundas),
- King William Street named for William IV of the United Kingdom
- Lake Avenue, the hub of early Stoney Creek was the intersection of Lake Avenue and King Street.
- Locke Street. Originally called Lock Street by 1870 the spelling was standardized to Locke. North of King Street West was known as Railway Street because it ran to the Great Western Railway yards.
- MacNab Street, named after Allan McNab, (1798--1862), Sir. Allan Napier McNab soldier, lawyer, businessman, knight and former Prime Minister of Upper Canada.
- Main Street, originally called Court Street, after the first courthouse that stood on it. It is now called Main Street because it formed the main concession line of Barton Township.
- Nash Road
- Ottawa Street, commercial portion also known as Hamilton\'s Textile District.
- Parkdale Avenue
- Quigley Road
- Queen Street, named after Queen Caroline of Brunswick, wife of King George IV.
- Queenston Road, the original \"Hamilton & Queenston Provincial Highway\", no. 8.
- Sherman Avenue, originally called Shearman Avenue which was named after the first land assessor of the district, nothing more is known of Shearman. Later the name was changed to Sherman Avenue after brothers Clifton Sherman, (1872--1955) and Frank Sherman, (1887--1967), who founded Dominion Foundries and Steel (later Dofasco) in 1912.
- Victoria Avenue, named after Queen Victoria.
- Wentworth Street, named after Sir John Wentworth, lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, from 1792 to 1808.
- Wellington Street, originally Wellington Street was called Lovers\' Lane.
- Wilson Street (Hamilton), Wilson Street between James Street and Mary Street was originally called Gore Street after the District of Gore. Wilson Street was named after Hugh B. Wilson, a local landowner who opened a survey on the street.
- Woodward Avenue,
- York Boulevard, was part of the military road that connected the chain stations lying between Kingston and the Niagara River, this road was the main route to York (Toronto). As a result, it became known as York Street. In 1976, the road was closed for construction, widened and renamed York Boulevard November 29, 1976.
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# List of roads in Hamilton, Ontario
## Mountain (Escarpment) {#mountain_escarpment}
- Airport Road
- Concession Street, the oldest settlement area on Hamilton Mountain and once an African-American neighbourhood settled by escaped slaves from the United States who came to the area along the Underground Railroad. Originally known as Stone Road and changed to Concession Street in 1909, it was a separate community from the lower city and known as Mount Hamilton. By 1891 land north of Concession Street were annexed by the city and were serviced with water, sewers and sidewalks. Aberdeen Avenue in the Lower City was originally known as Concession Street.
- Dartnall Road
- Dickenson Road, named after John Dickenson, politician and co-founder of Cataract Power Company who first brought electricity from DeCew Falls to Hamilton. Dickenson\'s great grandson Herb Dickenson played for the New York Rangers in the NHL.
- Fennell Avenue, named after Joseph Fennell, (1835--1919), Anglican priest.
- Fiddlers Green Road, named after a legend of a group of fiddlers that would gather nearby Fiddler\'s Green Inn with their violins for music and dancing.
- Gage Avenue and Upper Gage Avenue are named after James Gage, a lumber merchant and his uncle William Gage, a farmer. Together James and William had a farm that was the site of the Battle of Stoney Creek during the War of 1812. The wounded were treated inside their homes and they were both awarded compensation for it by the government.
- Garner Road, named after William B. Garner who operated a blacksmith shop on the intersection with Southcote Road.
- Garth Street
- Glancaster Road
- Golf Links Road
- Greenhill Avenue
- Highland Park
- Limeridge Road, named after a limestone ridge that can be seen today in the rock cuts running parallel to the Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway.
- Mohawk Road, the road follows the route of the Great Trail, a network of footpaths created by Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking First Nations peoples prior to the arrival of Europe colonists in North America.
- Mount Albion Road
- Mountain Brow Boulevard
- Mud Street, the name originates from the 18th century and was descriptive of the road\'s condition.
- Nebo Road
- Ridge Road
- Rymal Road, named after William Rymal, (1759--1852), farmer and one of earliest settlers on the Hamilton mountain.
- Sanatorium Road,
- Scenic Drive,
- Stone Church Road, named after the Barton Stone Church on the corner of Upper James Street.
- Trinity Church Road
- Twenty Road, takes its name from Twenty Mile Creek in the northwest part of Glanbrook.
- Upper Centennial Parkway
- Upper James Street, (see James Street), Originally called Caledonia Road because it led to Caledonia, Ontario
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# Catathrenia
**Catathrenia** or **nocturnal groaning** is a sleep-related breathing disorder, consisting of end-inspiratory apnea (breath holding) and expiratory groaning during sleep. It describes a rare condition characterized by monotonous, irregular groans while sleeping. Catathrenia begins with a deep inspiration. The person with catathrenia holds his or her breath against a closed glottis, similar to the Valsalva maneuver. Expiration can be slow and accompanied by sound caused by vibration of the vocal cords or a simple rapid exhalation. Despite a slower breathing rate, no oxygen desaturation usually occurs. The moaning sound is usually not noticed by the person producing the sound, but it can be extremely disturbing to sleep partners. It appears more often during expiration REM sleep than in NREM sleep.
Catathrenia is distinct from both somniloquy (sleep talking) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The sound is produced during exhalation, as opposed to snoring, which occurs during inhalation.
## Etymology
Catathrenia (from the Greek kata, meaning "below", and threnia, meaning "to lament").
## Classification
Catathrenia has been defined as a parasomnia in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders Diagnostic and Coding Manual (ICSD-2), but there is debate about its classification. Importantly, in the latest version of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3), catathrenia has been included in the category of respiratory disorders, and thus it has been removed from the parasomnia category, as it was in the second version of the manual. Nevertheless, a debate about the nature and classification of the disorder still exists.
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
Catathrenia itself is not considered life-threatening.
Bed partners generally report hearing the person take a deep breath, hold it, then slowly exhale; often with a high-pitched squeak or groaning sound.
### Common characteristics in reported cases {#common_characteristics_in_reported_cases}
There are reported characteristics that are shared among patients with catathrenia. The main characteristics are:
- Vocal sound: Sounds are usually a short or long vocalisation of the same letter (mainly an \[a\], \[e\], \[o\] sound or something in between). Contrary to snoring which has only formants, catathrenia has also harmonics and show more regular and similar patterns between nights.
- Onset of groanings: Groanings tend to begin in childhood, adolescence or early adulthood. The ICSD-2 established the age of onset ranging from 5 to 36 years.
- Consistency from night to night.
- Appearing during expiration: The sounds show up exclusively on expiration and are interrupted during inspiration.
- Unawareness of the problem: Patients usually sleep normally despite the sounds and the effort to breathe. However, bed partners and entourage are on one hand disturbed by the emitted noises during their sleep and on the other hand concerned about the pathological meaning of the disease. The latter highlights the importance of reassuring entourage about the benignity of the disease.
- No predisposing factors: No clear predisposing factors or aetiology have been demonstrated.
- The duration of the groaning sound varies from two to 49 s.
There are a few other similarities amongst people with catathrenia that have not yet been studied properly:
- Many people with catathrenia mention that they also have some form of stress or anxiety in their lives.
- People with catathrenia themselves do not feel like they are experiencing a sleep apnea; the breath-holding appears to be controlled through the unconscious. Oxygen desaturation during a catathrenia episode is usually negligible.
- Many took part in sports activities during teens and twenties some which required breath-holding which included many types of sports such as swimming and even weight lifting. They find a certain level of comfort in breath-holding, and often do it while awake.
- Observations have been made of instances of breath holding during daily activities that require concentration.
- Some people with catathrenia recalled having lucid or stress dreams during their catathrenia episodes during their sleep.
- Some people with catathrenia complain of having a painful chest upon waking from sleep.
Certain side effects include sore throat, fatigue, and dizziness.
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# Catathrenia
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
### Discrepancies among reported cases {#discrepancies_among_reported_cases}
- Sound duration: The duration of the sound varies among patients. While the ISCD-2 established limits between 2 and 49 s, authors have described other ranges including short duration as of 0.5 s. Review of reported cases indicates two types of patients whose produced sound can either be short lasting (0.5 to 1.5 s) or longer lasting (2 to 20 s). Nonetheless, it is not clear if the sounds are in fact single long noises fragmented by brief expirations.
- Sound intensity: Patients show a large variability in sound intensity ranging from 40 dB to 120 dB. In addition, sounds can also be long and soft as well as short and loud.
- Onset time of the noise during the night: The ISCD-2 established latency of noises after falling asleep ranging from 2 to 6 h. However, in some published cases the onset time of the noises is reported as being shorter (3 min ).
- Association with respiratory disorders.
- Response to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment: The response to CPAP treatment partly depends on respiratory disorders. Patients with respiratory dysrhythmia may show poor to no improvements. CPAP in combination with drugs may also obtain unsatisfactory results. For other patients there is an excellent response to CPAP treatment (e.g., for young women patients with catathrenia over a 5-year period, patient with OSA and pulmonary hypertension, and others ).
- Predominance of REM or NREM: Catathrenia typically, sometimes even exclusively, occurs during REM sleep, although it may also occur to a lesser degree during NREM sleep. The predominance of REM or NREM sleep during which noises occurs varies from patient to patient. For some cases, a REM predominance has been reported whereas it is the opposite for others. Other reports indicated that sounds may occur at any time during sleep.
## Epidemiology
It was in 1983 when the first case of catathrenia was described. The disorder is especially rare and many sleep specialists and otolaryngologists are still unfamiliar with this atypical sleep pattern. Catathrenia must be distinguished from moaning during epileptic seizures, central sleep apnea, sleep-related laryngospasm, snoring, and stridor. Since polysomnography alone is insufficient to correctly distinguish catathrenia from central sleep apnea, a video-polysomnography with audio recording is necessary to diagnose catathrenia and avoid mistakes. Despite the fact that the incidence of catathrenia might be underestimated due to misdiagnoses, an institution in Norway has found an incidence of 4 out of 1,004 (0.4%) among patients with sleep and/or wake problems over a 1-year period. A previous study in Japan found an incidence of 25 out of 15,052 (0.17%) among patients with sleep and/or wake problems over a 10-year period.
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# Catathrenia
## Management
Sleeping in a more upright position seems to lessen catathrenia (as well as sleep apnea). Performing regular aerobic exercise, where steady breathing is necessary (running, cycling etc.) may lessen catathrenia. Strength exercise, on the other hand, may worsen catathrenia because of the tendency to hold one\'s breath while exercising. Yoga and/or meditation focused on steady and regular breathing may lessen catathrenia.
Some evidence indicates that continuous positive airway pressure can be an effective treatment for catathrenia: in a study, the subject using CPAP significantly decreased the sounds typically produced because of the disorder, which almost disappeared.
## Cause
The exact cause of catathrenia is still unknown; there is debate on whether the cause is physical or neurological.
## Other nocturnal vocalisation {#other_nocturnal_vocalisation}
Multiple studies have described nocturnal vocalisation among animals and have also reported some cases in humans, especially in patients with Parkinson\'s disease. The nocturnal vocalisation can be groaning, moaning, or different sounds produced while asleep, the most encountered being catathrenia and sleep talking
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# Matanzas, Chile
**Matanzas** is a coastal village famous for its beach, located in the commune of Navidad in the O\'Higgins Region of Chile.
## Location
Matanzas is located in the north west of Cardenal Caro Province, O\'Higgins Region, and forms part of the commune of Navidad, Chile. Is located 160 kilometres south of Santiago and 58 kilometres north of Pichilemu.
## History
Matanzas was a famous harbour during the time of the colonization of Chile, and was the place where part of the Spanish army responsible for the occupation of Chile's Zona Central disembarked. The place was also frequented by pirates. The name \"Matanzas\" (Spanish for "slaughter" or "killing") comes from the sea lion hunting and processing industry, which were used to provide oil and other goods.
A local story tells of a visit from Sir Francis Drake, who disembarked and was well received in Matanzas. Another tells of a sunken Spanish galleon out off the coast.
## Matanzas as a tourist destination {#matanzas_as_a_tourist_destination}
The beach at Matanzas is known for its fine grey sand and year-round windy weather, making it an ideal place to practice surfing, boogyboarding, stand up paddling, windsurfing and kitesurfing. Matanzas is also known for its rich fauna. The islets of Lobos and Pajaros provide a nesting ground for several bird species and the English scientist Charles Darwin discovered 31 species around Matanzas in his 1846 analysis of the Navidad Formation. The area includes many species of molluscs that were last reviewed extensively by Philippi (1887).
There are basic services in Matanzas such as a school, hotels, cabins for rent and camp sites. Local industry is dominated by the farming of agriculture and livestock. Matanzas is growing as a tourist destination. With the expansion of the \"Surazo\" Hotel & Restaurant, many wealthy Chileans come here on the weekend
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# Epiretinal membrane
**Epiretinal membrane** or **macular pucker** is a disease of the eye in response to changes in the vitreous humor or more rarely, diabetes. Sometimes, as a result of immune system response to protect the retina, cells converge in the macular area as the vitreous ages and pulls away in posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).
PVD can create minor damage to the retina, stimulating exudate, inflammation, and leucocyte response. These cells can form a transparent layer gradually and, like all scar tissue, tighten to create tension on the retina which may bulge and pucker, or even cause swelling or macular edema. Often this results in distortions of vision that are clearly visible as bowing and blurring when looking at lines on chart paper (or an Amsler grid) within the macular area, or central 1.0 degree of visual arc.
Usually it occurs in one eye first, and may cause binocular diplopia or double vision if the image from one eye is too different from the image of the other eye. The distortions can make objects look different in size (usually larger = macropsia), especially in the central portion of the visual field, creating a localized or field-dependent aniseikonia that cannot be fully corrected optically with glasses. Partial correction often improves the binocular vision considerably though.
In the young (under 50 years of age), these cells occasionally pull free and disintegrate on their own; but in the majority of those affected (over 60 years of age) the condition is permanent. The underlying photoreceptor cells, rod cells and cone cells, are usually not damaged unless the membrane becomes quite thick and hard; so usually there is no macular degeneration.
## Cause
The source of the cells in epiretinal membranes (ERM) has been found to comprise glial cells, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, and collagen cells. These cells are found in varying proportions. Those from retinal breaks, previous retinal detachments, or cryopexy are composed mainly of dispersed RPE cells, while cells of glial origin predominate in idiopathic pathology. Laminocytes are the fundamental cell type in idiopathic ERMs. These cells are frequently found in small and dispersed numbers in eyes containing a PVD. The presence of retinal pigment cells invariably indicates proliferative retinopathy and is only seen in association with a retinal detachment or tear.
The incidence of associated PVD ranges from 75 to 93%, and PVD is present in virtually all eyes with retinal breaks or retinal detachments and subsequent ERM formation. PVD can lead to retinal breaks that may liberate RPE cells that initiate membrane formation. Small breaks in the internal limiting membrane (ILM) after PVD also may provide retinal astrocytes access to the vitreous cavity, where they may subsequently proliferate. Many ERMs also have ILM fragments that may be peeled separately. Finally, vitreous hemorrhage, inflammation, or both associated with a PVD also may stimulate ERM formation.
Both sexes appear to be affected equally frequently.
## Diagnosis
Epiretinal membrane is typically diagnosed by appearance with optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula. Features include a thickening of the nerve fiber layer and a serrated appearance to the surface of the retina just beneath a thickened layer of glial tissue at the retinal-vitreous interface.
## Prevention
There is no good evidence for any preventive actions, since it appears this is a natural response to aging changes in the vitreous. It has been estimated that Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) occurs in over 75 percent of the population over age 65, that PVD is essentially a harmless condition (although with some disturbing symptoms), and that it does not normally threaten sight.
However, since epiretinal membrane appears to be a protective response to PVD, where inflammation, exudative fluid, and scar tissue is formed, it is possible that NSAIDs may reduce the inflammation response.
Usually there are flashing-light experiences and the emergence of floaters in the eye that herald changes in the vitreous before the epiretinal membrane forms.
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# Epiretinal membrane
## Treatment
Surgeons can remove or peel the membrane through the sclera and improve vision by 2 or more Snellen lines. Usually the vitreous is replaced at the same time with clear (BSS) fluid, in a vitrectomy. Surgery is not usually recommended unless the distortions are severe enough to interfere with daily living.
For severe epiretinal membrane, surgery may be recommended; however, there are the usual hazards of surgery, infections, and a possibility of retinal detachment. More common complications are high intraocular pressure, bleeding in the eye, and cataracts, which are the most frequent complication of vitrectomy surgery. Many patients will develop a cataract within the first few years after surgery. In fact, the visual distortions and diplopia created by cataracts may sometimes be confused with epiretinal membrane.
## Epidemiology
This ocular pathology was first described by Iwanoff in 1865, and it has been shown to occur in about 7% of the population. It can occur more frequently in the older population with postmortem studies showing it in 2% of those aged 50 years and 20% in those aged 75 years.
## Culture
In 1996, Spalding Gray (June 5, 1941 -- ca. January 10, 2004), an American actor, screenwriter, and playwright, released *Gray\'s Anatomy*, a film monologue describing his experiences dealing with a macular pucker and his decision to undergo surgery.
In the 2011 film *Paul*, Ruth had epiretinal membrane complicated by macular edema in her left vitreous cavity
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# Today's Business
***Today\'s Business*** is an American business news television program that aired on CNBC in the early morning, 5--7 am ET timeslot, hosted for the end of its run by Liz Claman and Bob Sellers. In January 2002, New York Post mentions producers are taking away this programme with expanded hour. Finally, it was replaced by *Wake Up Call* on Feb 4, 2002. The show covered news that was expect to affect the stock market trading day ahead and overnight business news in Asia. It listed as CNBC's second most-watched program.
## *Today\'s Business* anchors {#todays_business_anchors}
- Felicia Taylor and Susie Gharib (1994(?)-1998(?))
- Bob Sellers and Bonnie Behrand (*Today\'s Business: Early Edition*, 1999)
- Tom Costello and Sydnie Kohara (1999)
- Bob Sellers and Liz Claman (2000--2002)
## *Today\'s Business: Early Edition* {#todays_business_early_edition}
In 1999, *Today\'s Business: Early Edition* was added on weekdays from 5--6 am ET on CNBC. It was hosted by Bob Sellers and Bonnie Behrand, which expanded the whole *Today\'s Business* block to 3 hours.
*Today\'s Business: Early Edition* provided frequent round-ups of key business and general news stories, along with sports updates. Regular segments included \"Wake Up with Jay\", highlights from Jay Leno\'s *Tonight Show* monologue, and live weather reports from Chief Meteorologist Joe Witte.
## CNBC Europe edition {#cnbc_europe_edition}
A business news television program also titled *Today\'s Business* aired on CNBC Europe from 6--7 am CET (5--6 am WET) between January 2001 and March 2007. It was originally based on the CNBC U.S. morning version of *Today\'s Business*.
The European *Today\'s Business* was presented by Steve Sedgwick from 2006 through the end of the program\'s run in 2007. Earlier presenters of the program were Simon Hobbs (2001--2003), Serena Al-Awa (2003), and Guy Johnson (2003--2006). The executive producer of morning programming is Harry Fuller.
Segments on the program included a review of the previous day\'s business, a news headlines round-up, as well as early results from the market. The program also linked up with CNBC Asia for continuing coverage of the Asian session.
The program was renamed from *Today\'s Business Europe* in May 2003. While the title was only slightly altered, the program was reduced from two hours to one (with the then-titled CNBC *Europe Squawk Box* gaining an hour). While *Today\'s Business Europe* had been presented in front of CNBC Europe\'s video wall, the new program, initially co-anchored by Guy Johnson and Serena Al-Awa, was presented from behind a desk.
The program ended its run on March 23, 2007 and was replaced on March 26, 2007 by a new show, *Capital Connection*, co-anchored by Maura Fogarty at CNBC Asia in Singapore and Sedgwick in London
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# G. Michael Purdy
**Graham Michael \"Mike\" Purdy** is a British geophysicist and oceanographer who specializes in marine seismology. He retired as the Executive Vice President for Research at Columbia University on 1 January 2020. Previously, he was the Director of Columbia\'s Lamont--Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO). Currently, he is a Professor Emeritus of Earth and Environmental Sciences.
## Education
Purdy received a B.S. with honors in 1969 and an M.S. in 1970 from Imperial College of the University of London, then received a PhD in marine geophysics from the University of Cambridge in 1974.
## Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution {#woods_hole_oceanographic_institution}
After leaving Cambridge, Purdy joined WHOI in 1974 as a Post Doctoral Scholar. In 1991, he became Chairman of the Department of Geology and Geophysics (G&G), a position he held until leaving WHOI in 1995 for the NSF.
## National Science Foundation {#national_science_foundation}
From 1995 to 2000, Purdy served as the Director of the Division of Ocean Sciences in the Geosciences Directorate of the NSF. He oversaw a breadth of research activities, including the international Ocean Drilling Program and the foundation-wide Life in Extreme Environments (LExEn) initiative, which he established in 1997 [1](https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/nsf97126/nsf97126.pdf).
## Lamont--Doherty Earth Observatory {#lamontdoherty_earth_observatory}
At LDEO, Purdy has worked to further the department\'s role in The Earth Institute at Columbia University, an inter-departmental research institute founded in 1995 to address the complex social, economic, and environmental implications of the earth sciences. LDEO is the largest component of this alliance, and Purdy has taken an interest in interdisciplinary approaches to the traditional earth science work of the department. For example, he began the Director's Series on the Science of Diversity, bringing researchers in the social sciences to LDEO to speak on issues such as gender differences in scientific research productivity. He has dedicated particular attention to the problem of climate change, particularly as highlighted by the work of fellow LDEO scientist Wally Broecker.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
- Maurice Ewing Medal (American Geophysical Union, U.S
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# Unsere Lieder
***Unsere Lieder*** (*Our Songs*) is the twenty-fifth studio album released by German Schlager group Die Flippers. This was the first Flippers\' album that was produced only by Uwe Busse. It was certified Gold.`{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Germany|type=album|artist=Die Flippers|title=Unsere Lieder}}`{=mediawiki}
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Ein Herz auf reisen\" (\"A Traveling Heart\")
2. \"Hab ich Dich verloren\" (\"Have I Lost You\")
3. \"Bleib mir treu ich komm wieder\" (\"Stay True to Me, I\'m Coming Back\")
4. \"Mama Lucia\"
5. \"Ein Traum fliegt zu Dir\" (\"A Dream Flies to You\")
6. \"Wellen, Wind und Schöne Mädchen\" (\"Waves, Wind and Beautiful Girls\")
7. \"Sag einfach ich liebe Dich\" (\"Just Say I Love You\")
8. \"Lass mein Herz nie mehr weinen\" (\"Never Let My Heart Cry Again\")
9. \"Heut ist die Nacht der tausend Rosen\" (\"Today Is the Night of a Thousand Roses\")
10. \"Sommer, Sonne, Zärtlichkeit\" (\"Summer, Sun, Tenderness\")
11. \"Rosen der Liebe\" (\"Roses of Love\")
12. \"Sehnsucht nach Dir\" (\"Longing for You\")
13. \"Ich bin so allein\" (\"I Am So Alone\")
14
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# Vaipur
**Vaipur** is a village located on the banks of the Manimala River, in the Pathanamthitta District of Kerala, India. It is part of the Ranni constituency
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# Jewish reactions to intelligent design
The **reaction of Jewish leaders and organizations to intelligent design** has been primarily concerned with responding to proposals to include intelligent design in public school curricula as a rival scientific hypothesis to modern evolutionary theory.
Intelligent design is an argument for the existence of God, based on the premise that \"certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection.\" Proponents claim that their hypothesis is scientific, and that it challenges the dominant scientific model of evolution. This has been dismissed by scientific opposition as pseudoscience, and in the 2005 *Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District* federal court case, United States District Judge John E. Jones III ruled that intelligent design is not science and is essentially religious in nature.
Scholar Noah J. Efron wrote in 2014:
## Jewish organizations {#jewish_organizations}
A number of Jewish organizations have fought against the inclusion of intelligent design in the public school curriculum, generally on the basis that to teach intelligent design in public schools would be a violation of the separation of church and state.
In 2005, Jeffrey Sinensky, general counsel for the American Jewish Committee, praised the court ruling in *Kitzmiller v. Dover School District*. Sinensky stated: \"Intelligent design is not a scientifically accepted theory, but a religious theory similar to creationism, which has no place in the science classroom of a public school. Any discussion of creationism or intelligent design would be more appropriate in a history or comparative religion class, as opposed to a science curriculum.\"
According to the Anti-Defamation League, \"The U.S. Constitution guarantees the rights of Americans to believe the religious theories of creation (as well as other theories) but it does not permit religious theories to be taught in public school science classes. This distinction makes sense, and is ultimately good for religion, because it leaves religious instruction to properly trained clergy and to parents (where religious education properly belongs), it keeps government out of religious controversies, and it ensures that public school classrooms remain hospitable to an ethnically diverse, religiously pluralistic country.\"
In a survey of doctors conducted under the auspices of the Jewish Theological Seminary, 83 percent of Jewish doctors agreed with the statement that intelligent design is \"a religiously inspired pseudo-science\" rather than a \"legitimate scientific speculation\"
To Rabbi Brad Hirschfield, vice president the National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership (CLAL), an interdenominational Jewish organization, the intelligent design theorists themselves have unscientific goals. \"Excluding those Darwinians who understand their position to be a proof against the existence of a creator --- itself a kind of fundamentalist position --- the primary interest of evolutionary biology is the deepening of our understanding of life, regardless of the theological implications. The premise of intelligent design theory is that it can provide evidence that confirms the existence of a specific kind of creator. If it failed to do so, then not only would the theory be wrong, but the proponents of it would see themselves as having failed in their pursuit of knowledge and in their attempt to confirm what they already believe.\"
## Reform Judaism {#reform_judaism}
In 2005, the 68th General Assembly of the Union for Reform Judaism passed a resolution, *The Politicization of Science in the United States*, in which it opposed the teaching of intelligent design in the schools: \"Intelligent design proponents are increasingly, and with success, seeking to use public schools to advance this concept, suggesting that \'intelligent design\' holds scientific merit equal to the theory of evolution. The overwhelming majority of the scientific community, which supports theories that are testable by experiment or observation, oppose treating intelligent design, which is neither, as scientific theory.\"
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# Jewish reactions to intelligent design
## Conservative Judaism {#conservative_judaism}
According to Jeffrey H. Tigay, writing in *Conservative Judaism* (the official publication of the Conservative movement), \"a literal reading of the Bible, on which \"creation science\" implicitly insists, misses the point of the Bible itself, which seems uninterested in literal interpretation. Like poetry and certain kinds of prose, which sometimes speak in metaphors and symbols, the Bible as a whole does not intend these stories to be taken literally.\"
Rabbis have often expressed this opinion even while distinguishing their own theistic views of life from those of Darwinism. For example, to Rabbi Michael Schwab, a pulpit rabbi in the Conservative movement, \"What Darwin sees as random, we see as the miraculous and natural unfolding of God's subtle and beautiful plan.\" However, Schwab disagrees with the intelligent design movement\'s claim, that the existence of God can be proven as \"a practical scientific theory that has equal evidence in science as evolution.\" Schwab writes, \"We cannot prove God's existence through science any more than we can prove that there is an afterlife in that manner. God\'s existence is not subject to empirical data, there is no experiment to be done in this matter of which the results can be replicated in the future.\"
Rabbi Steven Morgen, the rabbi of congregation Beth Yeshurun, a Conservative synagogue in Houston, Texas, asked his congregation, \"So why do I, as a Rabbi, object to having our schools teach "intelligent design" as part of the science curriculum when they teach the theory of evolution? Because it is not science. The scientific method of discovering \"truth\" involves developing an assumption (or hypothesis), and then attempting to prove or disprove that assumption by experiment and/or observation. There is no experiment we can create that will prove or disprove that an Intelligent Designer interfered in the natural progression of life on earth to create different organs or species of animals.\"
Morgan goes on to explain his own beliefs. \"Can I describe how God was involved in this process? No. Can I *prove* that God was involved in this process? No. As I said, our beliefs are not science. They are not provable. But I believe that God was involved because even if we can explain scientifically how all this might have happened through the evolutionary process, it is *still* a miraculous world to me, and so I believe that whatever we discover scientifically to be \"the way it happened\" is how God *made* it happen. I believe that God not only created the Universe in this way, but that God continues to exist in our lives whenever we recognize God's presence. God cares deeply about us and is there for us when we call upon our Creator.\"
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# Jewish reactions to intelligent design
## Orthodox Judaism {#orthodox_judaism}
### Modern Orthodox {#modern_orthodox}
Many leaders of Modern Orthodox Judaism expressed similar views about intelligent design. For example, Rabbi Dr. Tzvi Hersh Weinreb, the executive Vice President of the Orthodox Union told the daily *Haaretz*, \"Intelligent Design calls to our attention the amazing complexity of the universe. That is descriptive science and should be part of all courses in biology and chemistry. However, the conclusion that such complexity is proof positive of a Creator, as Judaism or other religions understand such a creator, is faith, not science, and as such has no place in the curricula of the public schools in the United States, where separation of Church from State is a fundamental national premise.\" Weinreb continued, \"In a religious school, particularly in a Jewish school, I would advocate that evolution as understood by the scientific establishment be taught in courses of science, and that Intelligent Design be taught in courses of Jewish thought.\"
But there was some dissent at the Sixth Miami International Conference on Torah and Science, held in Miami, Florida, in December 2005. Moshe Tendler, an influential Orthodox rabbi and a professor of biology at Yeshiva University, urged his Orthodox scientific colleagues to examine the theory of intelligent design. Tendler attacked the idea that complex life could flow from \"random evolution.\" The following morning, an intelligent design proponent, William Dembski (a Professor of Philosophy at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary and an evangelical Christian), sought to present evidence of design in nature. These addresses prompted a storm of protest from scientists at the conference, who besieged Dembski with so many questions that the next speaker on the agenda was unable to follow him.
Journalist Mariah Blake reported that scientists who attended the conference, most of them observant Orthodox Jews, were generally critical of intelligent design. Nathan Aviezar, who teaches physics at Bar Ilan University in Israel commented, \"The whole enterprise of science is to explain life without invoking supernatural explanations. Intelligent design is not science, it\'s religion, and it shouldn\'t be taught in science class.\" However, local Orthodox Jewish high school students, bussed in to observe the conference, were more receptive.
Nathan Katz, one of the conference organizers, commented that the enthusiasm some Orthodox Jews express for intelligent design reflects a growing alliance between traditional Jews and evangelical Christians. The two groups have found themselves on the same side of many culture war battles, and evangelicals have offered significant financial support for Israel. Katz explained, this has made Orthodox Jews \"willing to listen to evangelicals on other issues.\"
#### The anthropic principle {#the_anthropic_principle}
Nathan Aviezar, an Orthodox Jewish scientist, has promoted an alternative perspective within Orthodox Jewry on how God is involved in creation, the anthropic principle. \"Unlike intelligent design, the anthropic principle operates within the framework of science. In other words, the anthropic principle does not claim that science is insufficient to explain the physical universe.\"
#### The theological problems of intelligent design {#the_theological_problems_of_intelligent_design}
Natan Slifkin, in his work The Challenge of Creation, condemns the intelligent design community as presenting a theologically problematic perspective of God, and which, is thus, surreptitiously very dangerous to religion. Those who promote it as parallel to religion, he asserts, do not truly understand it.
Slifkin criticizes intelligent design\'s advocacy of teaching their perspective in biology classes, wondering why no one claims that God\'s hand should be taught in other secular classes, such as history, physics or geology. He asserts that the intelligent design movement is inordinately concerned with portraying God as \"in control\" when it comes to things that cannot be easily explained by science, such as the bacterial flagellum and the blood-clotting system, but that he is not in control in respect to things which *can* be explained by scientific theory, such as planetary motion and the formation of the world.
Slifkin challenges Johnson\'s statement that \"God will have to retreat out of the cosmos,\" because he asserts that a \"complete explanation of the celestial bodies by astronomy, or an explanation of the formation of the mountains by geology, or of rain via meteorology, does not paint God out of the picture, but instead means that He works through science,\" something that Johnson denies.
Slifkin concluded by emphasizing that intelligent design is no friend of religion, in that it \"denies the role of God in 99% of the universe\...and implies that He was only able to engineer processes that would accomplish 99% of His objectives. Postulating the intelligent design of organisms means postulating the unintelligent design of natural law
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# Matt Walbeck
**Matthew Lovick Walbeck** (born October 2, 1969) is an American former professional baseball catcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for five different teams, primarily in the American League, from 1993 to 2003. He served as third base coach for the Texas Rangers in 2008.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### The draft and the minor leagues {#the_draft_and_the_minor_leagues}
Standing at 5 ft tall and weighing 190 lb, Walbeck was selected by the Chicago Cubs 192nd overall (eighth round) in the 1987 MLB draft. Although his professional career started off very well---he hit .314 in 51 games in 1987---he eventually leveled out and become an average hitter. He was not much of a power hitter, nor did he consistently hit for a high average. His best minor-league season was perhaps 1992, when he hit .301 with seven home runs and 42 RBI. He did try stealing bases seven times that year, but was caught each time.
### The Major Leagues {#the_major_leagues}
Walbeck made his Major League debut on April 7, 1993, at the age of 23 against the Atlanta Braves. His rookie season would not be very successful; he hit only .200 in 30 at-bats that season. Walbeck hit the first home run of his career that season, off José DeLeón on April 18.
### To the Twins {#to_the_twins}
On November 24, 1993, the Cubs traded Walbeck (with Dave Stevens) to the Twins for pitcher Willie Banks.
Although his 1993 stats were fairly unimpressive, Walbeck was the Twins\' primary catcher in `{{mlby|1994}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{mlby|1995}}`{=mediawiki}. In 338 at-bats with the Twins in 1994, he hit .204. On April 27 of that year, he caught Scott Erickson\'s no-hitter. His batting average was better in 1995; he hit .257 in 393 at-bats. He began the season as the team\'s starter in `{{mlby|1996}}`{=mediawiki}, but hit only .223 in 65 games and was replaced by Greg Myers as the starter.
### Onto the Tigers, Part 1 {#onto_the_tigers_part_1}
On December 11, 1996, the Twins traded Walbeck to the Tigers for minor leaguer Brent Stentz. Although Raul Casanova was the everyday starter, Walbeck did see a fair amount of playing time in `{{mlby|1997}}`{=mediawiki}. In 47 games, he hit .277 with three home runs. He also spent 17 games in the minors, where he hit .305 in 59 at-bats.
### Off to the Angels {#off_to_the_angels}
On November 20, 1997, the Tigers traded Walbeck with Phil Nevin to the Angels for minor leaguer Nick Skuse.
Mostly used as the team\'s starter in `{{mlby|1998}}`{=mediawiki}, Walbeck hit .257 with a career high six home runs (a total that would be matched in `{{mlby|2000}}`{=mediawiki}).
He appeared in 107 games in `{{mlby|1999}}`{=mediawiki}, averaging three at-bats a game while platooning with Bengie Molina and Steve Decker. Walbeck hit only .240 in 1999.
In 47 games in `{{mlby|2000}}`{=mediawiki}, he hit only .199 in 146 at-bats, and lost his starting job to Molina. After the season, Walbeck was granted free-agency.
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# Matt Walbeck
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Back to the minors {#back_to_the_minors}
Walbeck-who was signed by the Cincinnati Reds and then purchased by the Phillies in June 2001, playing a total of 107 games in the minors that season. He appeared in only one game for the Phillies in 2001, as a pinch hitter for pitcher Vicente Padilla.
After 2001, he was again granted free agency and signed by the San Diego Padres. Before he could appear in a single regular season game with the Padres, though, he was traded back to the Tigers, on March 22, 2002. He was sent with Damian Jackson for Javier Cardona and minor leaguer Rich Gomez.
He played in 27 games for the Tigers in `{{mlby|2002}}`{=mediawiki}, batting .235 in 85 at-bats. He spent 21 games in the minors that year, hitting only .213. After the season, he was granted free agency from the Tigers, only to be re-signed by them before the 2003 season.
2003 was Walbeck\'s final season. In 138 games for the Tigers, he hit a career-low .174 (although he did hit .417 in four games in the minors that year). He played his final game against one of his former teams-the Twins-on September 28, 2003. He replaced A. J. Hinch as a defensive substitution in that game. On September 23 of that year, he had appeared in his final at-bat-he struck out. His final hit, a two-run home run, came on August 8 off pitcher Kenny Rogers.
Overall, he hit .233 with 28 home runs and 208 RBI in his 11-year career. He stole 13 bases and was caught 12 times. In 2109 at-bats (682 games), he walked 133 times and struck out 343 times. Of all catchers with at least 2000 plate appearances from 1990 to 2009, he had the worst career OPS (on-base plus slugging percentage).
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
After his retirement in 2003, the Detroit Tigers offered him the manager position of their low Class A affiliate, the West Michigan Whitecaps. In his first year, he guided the Whitecaps to the 2004 Midwest League title. The Whitecaps would again win the Midwest League championship in 2006. After the 2006 season, Walbeck left West Michigan to fill the vacant manager position with the Tigers\' Class AA affiliate, the Erie SeaWolves, where he was named EL Manager of the Year. *Baseball America* named Walbeck the 2007 Minor League Manager of the Year, spanning all minor league levels. Additional accolades include 2006 Midwest League Manager of the Year, and *Baseball America* \"Best Tools\" Manager in 2005 and 2006.
On November 7, 2007, Walbeck was hired by the Texas Rangers to be their third base coach . In addition to those duties, Walbeck also handled the catchers and coordinated spring training activities. Walbeck was fired at the end of the 2008 season.
On December 19, 2008, Walbeck landed back in the minors, managing the Eastern League Altoona Curve. In 2010, Walbeck\'s Curve won the EL championship, and he was again named EL Manager of the Year, but the Pirates fired him after the playoffs.
Walbeck was hired to manage the Rome Braves, the class-A affiliate of the Atlanta Braves for the 2011 season, but was fired on July 7, 2011, after compiling one of the worst records in the minor leagues.
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# Matt Walbeck
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Walbeck is married to his wife Stephenie and have three children together, son Luke, and daughters Olivia and Tatum. Walbeck\'s daughter Olivia crowned Miss Oklahoma USA in 2023
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# Tamar Yellin
**Tamar Yellin** (born 1963) is an English author and teacher who lives in Yorkshire. Her first novel, *The Genizah at the House of Shepher*, won the 2007 Sami Rohr Prize for Jewish Literature.
## Biography
Tamar Yellin was born and raised in Leeds. Her father was a third-generation native of Jerusalem; his father was Yitzhak Yaakov Yellin (1885--1964), one of the pioneers of the Hebrew language press in Palestine. Her mother was the daughter of a Polish immigrant to England.
Yellin attended the Leeds Girls\' High School. She studied biblical and modern Hebrew language and Arabic language at the University of Oxford.
She spent 13 years writing her first novel, *The Genizah at the House of Shepher* (2005), and took two years to find a publisher. This was followed by a collection of 13 short stories, *Kafka in Brontëland* (2006) and another novel, *Tales of the Ten Lost Tribes* (2008). She also writes fiction for magazines, including *The London Magazine* and the *Jewish Quarterly*, and has published stories in two anthologies, *The Slow Mirror and Other Stories: New Fiction by Jewish Writers* (1996) and *Mordecai\'s First Brush with Love: New Stories by Jewish Women in Britain* (2004).
Yellin is a teacher for the Interfaith Education Center, in which capacity she speaks to non-Jewish schoolchildren about Jewish religious practices.
## Writing style {#writing_style}
Yellin incorporates much of her own personal history in her work. The plot for her first novel, *The Genizah at the House of Shepher* was based on her family\'s discovery of historic notes on the Aleppo Codex in the attic of their home.
## Prizes
- 2007 Sami Rohr Prize for Jewish Literature, for *The Genizah at the House of Shepher*. The prize money was \$100,000.
- 2007 Reform Judaism Prize for Jewish Fiction, for her short-story collection, *Kafka in Bronteland*
- 2006 Harold U
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# VfL Germania 1894
**VfL Germania 1894** is a German association football club from the city of Frankfurt am Main. The club is notable as one of the Founding Clubs of the DFB (Deutscher Fussball Bund or German Football Association) in Leipzig in 1900.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## History
Germania was established 26 August 1894 as the first football club in the city and early on (1904) also formed an ice hockey department. In October 1897 the club helped found the Verbandes Süddeutscher Fußballvereine (Federation of South German Football Teams) and board member Fritz Seidenfaden served a term as head of the organization. Germania was also part of a local city circuit known as the Frankfurter Association Bund which existed at about the same time and included four other sides: Frankfurter Kicker and Viktoria 1899 -- who would later go on to form Eintracht Frankfurt -- Bockenheimer FC Germania 1899, and FC Nordend. They captured that league\'s first championship and enjoyed other successes including the 1904 Main Gau championship and a second-place finish in an international tournament staged at the World\'s Fair at Liège, Belgium the following year.
Germania established its own ground in 1906 where they played until the site was developed for housing. From 1910 to 1913, the club played in the Nordkreis-Liga (I), with limited success. In 1913 they joined gymnastics club *Frankfurter Turnverein 1860* as that association\'s football department in an arrangement that helped the footballers develop and maintain a new home ground where the nation final would be contested in 1920 between 1. FC Nürnberg and Spvgg Fürth before 30,000 spectators. In the early 1920s, the club played in the Kreisliga Nordmain, winning the title there in 1921--22.
A group of local clubs including 1.FC Sachsenhausen 03, Hellas 07, and Amicitia 1911 merged in 1922 to become VfL Sachsenhausen 03 which would in turn become part of Germania in 1933. In the period following World War I the team was very active in international friendlies playing notable sides such as perennial Hungarian title holders MTK Budapest, Switzerland\'s BSC Young Boys, Wiener AC out of Vienna, Austria, and Turkish champions Galatasaray. They also hosted important German clubs such as VfB Leipzig and made a visit to Sweden where they played the national side. The club became independent of Frankfurter TV in 1923, but stayed on friendly terms with them, continuing to make use of TV\'s ground.
After the rise to power of the Third Reich, Germania, like most other organizations in the country, was subjected to manipulation as the Nazis worked to spread their ideas. In 1933 the club was forced into a union with VfL Sachsenhausen 03 to become VfL Germania 1894 and then put in place a right-thinking chairman. Through this period the play of the footballers improved and they moved up through the various levels of local competition until eventually making an appearance in the Gauliga Südwest (Staffel Mainhessen), one of a number of top flight divisions established in a re-organization of German football under the Reich in 1933. Their turn in first division play was short-lived, however, and they quickly backslid after a poor showing.
Following World War II occupying Allied authorities dissolved all organizations in the country, including sports and football associations, but allowed their re-establishment beginning in mid-1945: 1. FC Germania 1894 Frankfurt was the first club to re-gain its license within the American occupation zone in September that year. The club spent the 1946--47 season in the second-division Landesliga Hessen before returning to more local competition. The association re-assumed the name VfL Germania 1894 in 1947 as they went about the business of re-establishing the various sports departments that made up the club.
The footballers spent the next decades playing on the local circuit until winning their way to the Landesliga Hessen-Süd (IV) in 1993 where they played as a lower table side until being relegated in 1997. Today the team plays in the Kreisliga-A Frankfurt (IX). The sports club also has a bowling department
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# Thomas Coke, 3rd Earl of Leicester
**Thomas William Coke, 3rd Earl of Leicester** `{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCVO|CMG|TD}}`{=mediawiki} (20 July 1848 -- 19 November 1941), known as **Viscount Coke** until 1909, was a British peer and soldier.
## Biography
Leicester was the eldest son of Thomas Coke, 2nd Earl of Leicester, by his first wife Juliana (née Whitbread).
He was a Colonel in the 2nd Battalion of the Scots Guards and served in Egypt in 1882, and at Suakin in 1885. Having retired from the regular army, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel in command of the Norfolk Artillery Militia on 21 February 1894. Following the outbreak of the Second Boer War in late 1899, the militia regiment was embodied in May 1900, and around 100 men were sent to South Africa under the command of Lord Coke. After peace was declared in May 1902, they left Cape Town on board the `{{SS|Walmer Castle||6}}`{=mediawiki} in late June, and arrived at Southampton the following month. For his service in the war, he was mentioned in despatches (including the final despatch by Lord Kitchener dated 23 June 1902), and was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the October 1902 South African Honours list. In January 1903 he was appointed an Aide-de-Camp for Militia to the King.
He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) in 1908.
Lord Leicester held the position of Lord-Lieutenant of Norfolk from 1906 to 1929. He succeeded his father to the earldom and Holkham Hall in 1909.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Lord Leicester married the Hon. Alice Emily White, daughter of Luke White, 2nd Baron Annaly, on 26 August 1879. They had five children:
- Thomas William Coke, 4th Earl of Leicester (9 July 1880 -- 21 August 1949)
- Lieutenant Hon. Arthur George Coke (6 April 1882 -- 21 May 1915), killed in action whilst serving with the Royal Naval Air Service. He is commemorated on the Helles Memorial at Gallipoli. Father of Anthony Coke, 6th Earl of Leicester.
- Lady Marjory Alice Coke (1884 -- 24 December 1946), married Sir North Dalrymple-Hamilton
- Hon. Roger Coke, AFC (28 December 1886 -- 14 October 1960), an officer in the Royal Air Force.
- Lady Alexandra Marie Bridget Coke (1891--1984), married David Ogilvy, 12th Earl of Airlie in 1910
Alice Coke, Countess of Leicester was later appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire. She died in 1936. Lord Leicester survived her by five years and died in November 1941, aged 93. He was succeeded the earldom by his eldest son Thomas
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# Gökçeada District
**Gökçeada District** is a district of the Çanakkale Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town of Gökçeada. Its area is 282 km2, and its population is 10,377 (2021).
The district consists of the island of Imbros (Turkish: Gökçeada), the largest island in Turkey. The mayor of Gökçeada municipality is Ünal Çetin (İYİ). The district governor (*kaymakam*) is Serhat Doğan.
## Composition
There is one municipality in Gökçeada District:
- Gökçeada
There are 9 villages in Gökçeada District:
- Bademli
- Dereköy
- Eşelek
- Kaleköy
- Şirinköy
- Tepeköy
- Uğurlu
- Yenibademli
- Zeytinliköy
## Gallery
Image:Gökçeada-Town-1967.jpg\|Gökçeada 1967 Image:View_of_artificial_lake_from_Tepeköy_village,\_Gökçeada,\_Turkey\_-\_20050713.jpg\|Zeytinli Image:Gokceada_zeytinli_barbayorga_3.JPG\|Zeytinli Image:George_Drewry_and_Wilfred_Malleson.jpg\|Three Royal Navy midshipmen, George Drewry, Wilfred Malleson and Greg Russell, having a picnic on Imbros during the Battle of Gallipoli Image:Armed students in Gökçeada 1967
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# Kasauli Brewery and Distillery
**Kasauli Brewery and Distillery** (formerly a brewery and presently a distillery since 1835), at Kasauli in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh state of India, was established in late 1920s during the British Raj by Edward Abraham Dyer. It started producing Asia\'s first beer brand, the *\"Lion Beer\"*, and India\'s first single malt whisky, the *\"\"Solan No. 1\"*. Both of these brands are still in production. After the swap of brewery at Kasauli to Solan distillery and vice versa in 1835, presently *Lion beer* is produced at Solan and *Solan No.1* whisky is produced at the Kasauli distillery using some of the original equipment including the copper pot still. The production of *Lion beer* was moved 25 km east to Solan Brewery at Solan, due to water scarcity, after civilian Kasauli hill station resort town came up around the brewery. Lion beer was originally an *India Pale Ale* (IPA), but the beer style was changed to *lager* in 1960s.
Mohan Meakin, the present owner of Kasauli and Solan breweries and distilleries, has several liquor brands including *Old Monk* rum; whiskies including *Solan No. 1*, *Diplomat Deluxe*, *Colonel\'s Special*, *Black Knight*, and *Summer Hall*; gins such as *London Dry*; and *Kaplanski* vodka, all produced at various production facilities across India.
Kasauli Brewery, with its bar and brewery both open to public till 7 pm, is 9.3 km west from Sonwara railway station on the Kalka--Shimla railway - one of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Mountain railways of India. Kasauli is located 50 km northeast from Panchkula, 60 km northeast from Chandigarh, 77 km southwest from Shimla - all of which lie on the NH-5. National capital New Delhi is 320 km south. Nearest airports are Chandigarh Airport, Shimla Airport and Delhi IGI Airport.
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# Kasauli Brewery and Distillery
## History
### Dyer Brewery {#dyer_brewery}
#### Establishment of Kasauli brewery {#establishment_of_kasauli_brewery}
In the late 1820s, Edward Abraham Dyer, father of Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer of Jallianwala Bagh massacre, moved from England to set up the first brewery in India (later incorporated as Dyer Breweries in 1855) at Kasauli in the Himalayas.
Edward Abraham Dyer brought with him, brewing and distillation equipment from England and Scotland, which came by sailing ship as far up the Yamuna-Ganges rivers as possible, before being loaded onto ox drawn carts and taken up to the Himalayas via the Grand Trunk Road route to Shimla. Later in 1842, a small cantonment of British Indian Army at Kasauli was established by the British colonial rulers.
Edward Dyer selected the location of his brewer due to the fine springwater available there and because the climate at this altitude was similar to the climate of Scotland. His stated ambition was *\"to produce a malt whisky as fine as Scotch whisky,\"* albeit from much higher highlands. Another reason for this location was that there was a ready market of British troops and civilians in Shimla and elsewhere in Punjab for his products.
#### Brewery and distillery swap at Kasauli and Solan {#brewery_and_distillery_swap_at_kasauli_and_solan}
In 1835, the brewery was moved to nearby Solan, close to the British summer capital Shimla, as there was an abundant supply of fresh springwater there. The Kasauli brewery site was converted to a distillery, which Mohan Meakin Ltd. still operates. After the town of Kasauli was established and began using much of the springwater, the brewery was dismantled and moved to nearby Solan where it still operates today. However, the distillery remains at Kasauli and is the oldest operating distillery in Asia and one of the oldest whisky making distilleries in continuous operation anywhere in the world.
Since 1835, Kasauli Brewery is continuously producing the *Solan No 1*, earlier produced at Solan Brewery, which is India\'s first single malt whisky and the only malt whisky still produced in Himalayas. Since then, Solan Brewery is continuously producing the *Lion beer*, earlier produced at Kasauli Brewery, which is Asia\'s first beer brand.
#### Expansion and incorporation of business {#expansion_and_incorporation_of_business}
Dyer set up more breweries at Shimla, Murree (Murree Brewery), Rawalpindi, Mandalay and Quetta and acquired interests in the Ootacamund Brewery (South India).
In 1855, Edward Dyer incorporated his company it as the Dyer Breweries, following the full establishment of British East India Company rule over the Punjab with the annexation of Punjab in 1849 which brought this area under British law which included the incorporation of companies. Later, more breweries were built across India, Burma and Sri Lanka, and added to it.
By 1882, the company had 12 breweries in India, including one in Rangoon.
#### Sale of Shimla and Solan breweries to Meakin {#sale_of_shimla_and_solan_breweries_to_meakin}
In 1887, another british entrepreneur H. G. Meakin who had moved to India, bought old Shimla and Solan Breweries from Edward Dyer and added more at Ranikhet, Dalhousie, Chakrata, Darjeeling, Kirkee and Nuwara Eliya (Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon).
### Dyer-Meakin merger {#dyer_meakin_merger}
After the First World War, the Meakin and Dyer breweries merged and, in 1937, when Burma was separated from India, the company was restructured with its Indian assets as Dyer Meakin Breweries, a public company on the London Stock Exchange.
### Dyer-Meakin\'s acquisition by Mohan {#dyer_meakins_acquisition_by_mohan}
In 1949 following independence, Narendra Nath Mohan raised funds and travelled to London, where he bought a majority stake in Dyer Meakin Breweries and acquired all the assets of Dyer Meakin Breweries in India. He built new breweries at Lucknow, Ghaziabad and Khopoli (near Mumbai) and few more breweries across India. The company was restructured and renamed as Dyer Meakin Breweries. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange.
### Present status of Mohan Meakin Breweries {#present_status_of_mohan_meakin_breweries}
In 1967, the company name was changed to *Mohan Meakin Breweries*. Kasauli and Solan breweries, along with other breweries, presently continue to be owned by the Mohan Meakin.
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# Kasauli Brewery and Distillery
## Products
### Lion beer (at Kasauli 1820s-1835, at Solan since 1835) {#lion_beer_at_kasauli_1820s_1835_at_solan_since_1835}
*Lion Beer*, is Asia\'s first *beer brand* still continuously in production since 1820s, initially at Kasauli Brewery and since 1835 at Solan Brewery, first as India Pale Ale (IPA) till 1960 and as lager beer thereafter. Lion\'s popularity with the British during the heyday of the empire led to the start-up of other Lion beers around the world, in New Zealand, South Africa and elsewhere. Lion beer produced in Sri Lanka remains the number-one brand in Sri Lanka, where Mohan Meakin had introduced it in the 1884s through their Ceylon brewery.
In 1820s, Lion Beer was Asia\'s first *beer brand* when its production first started with establishment of India\'s first european style brewery at Kasauli. It which was an India Pale Ale (IPA) in great demand by the thirsty British administrators and troops stationed in the sweltering heat of India. Lion was much appreciated as a beer, and one famous poster featured a satisfied British Tommy declaring, \"as good as back home!\".
In 1835, the production of Lion beer and the brewery at Kasauli was shifted to Solan near Shimla, and distillery at Solan was shifted to Kasauli.
From 1840s until the 1960s, Lion remained the number one beer in India for over a century. After this, another Mohan Meakin brand, Golden Eagle, took the number one place until the 1980s, when Kingfisher became number one. Lion was originally an India Pale Ale (IPA) but the beer style was changed in the 1960s to a lager.
In the 1960s, Lion beer\'s style was changed from India Pale Ale (IPA) to lager after sales had declined.
By 2001, Lion beer sales had declined substantially and Lion was only available to the Indian Army through the Canteen Services Department (CSD). Mohan Meakin then entrusted the marketing of its original beer to International Breweries Pvt. Ltd. The brand has since been relaunched in the north Indian market. With a new label design and marketing campaign, Lion has established itself once more in the civilian market and is now expanding into markets across India.
### Solan No.1 whisky (at Solan 1820s-1835, at Kasauli since 1835) {#solan_no.1_whisky_at_solan_1820s_1835_at_kasauli_since_1835}
*Solan No.1 whisky*, is one of the first single malt whiskies which is still in production since 1820s, albeit in a different form. It was initially produced at Solan distillery owned by Dyer. In 1835, its production was moved to Kasauli brewery when swapped distillery at Solan Brewery was moved to Kasauli as a swap due to shortage of springwater for beer production at Kasauli.In 1835, Dyer and Meakin merged, in 1887 Dyer sold the Solan Brewery to Meakin. It is still in production at Kasauli Brewery using some of the original equipment including the copper pot still. Historically, the main whisky brand made by the Kasauli distillery was a well regarded malt whisky named \"Solan No. 1\" named after the nearby town of Solan. It remains the only malt whisky made in the Himalayas.
Till 1980s, Solan No. 1 was the best selling Indian whisky for over a century. Presently it faces stiff competition from the much larger rivals, which are largely flavoured Indian-made foreign liquor rums distilled from sugar cane juice sold as whisky.
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# Kasauli Brewery and Distillery
## Gallery
Kasauli Brewery 03.jpg\| Kasauli Brewery 02.jpg\| Kasauli Brewery 04.jpg\| Kasauli Brewery 05
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# Dunnville Secondary School
**Dunnville Secondary School** is a public high school in Dunnville, Ontario, Canada, part of the Grand Erie District School Board. The school accommodates students from Haldimand County between the ages of 14 and 21. `{{As of|2016|01}}`{=mediawiki}, the school had 562 students
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# Andrew Parkinson (soccer)
**Andrew Parkinson** (born May 5, 1959) is a retired American soccer forward/midfielder born in Johannesburg, South Africa who spent time playing in both South Africa and England before immigrating to the U.S. where he played five seasons in the North American Soccer League, two in Major Indoor Soccer League and one in the American Soccer League. Parkinson earned two caps with the U.S. national team in 1984.
## Early career {#early_career}
Parkinson, a native of Johannesburg, South Africa played professional soccer for Highlands Park in his native South Africa winning the league title and earning a league medal with Highlands Park in 1977 at 18 years of age. In February 1978, Parkinson flew to England where he tried out with English First Division club Newcastle United. Parkinson was granted a work permit since he was a South African citizen and signed on 27 February 1978 for Newcastle United at 18 years of age and debuted three days later for Newcastle United against Manchester United in the English first division. As fate would have it, the following week Parkinson, in just his second game for Newcastle United, suffered a broken ankle from a late tackle by a Leeds United defender which sidelined Parkinson for the rest of the 1978 season. Parkinson played two seasons 1978/1979 in England for Newcastle United under manager Bill McGarry. Due to a lack of playing time at Newcastle United Parkinson opted to be a free agent at the end of the 1979 season and accepted an offer from Peterborough United. He then signed in June 1979 for lower-division club Peterborough United where he played 13 games, scoring 7 goals halfway through the 1979--1980 season. In December 1979 Parkinson left Peterborough United and in February 1980 Andrew Parkinson was sold to the Philadelphia Fury of the North American Soccer League during the 1979/80 season.
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# Andrew Parkinson (soccer)
## Move to U.S. {#move_to_u.s.}
In 1980, Parkinson then moved to the United States where he signed with the Philadelphia Fury of the North American Soccer League (NASL). Once again, he played a single season before the Fury was relocated to Montreal becoming the Montreal Manic. Parkinson had a successful two seasons with the Montreal Manic scoring the first two goals for the new franchise in the first game of the season winning 2 - 1 against the Toronto Blizzard and leading them to the playoffs and was one of the leading goal scorers once again. During this time, Parkinson received his U.S. citizenship. In 1983, the U.S. Soccer Federation, in coordination with the NASL, entered the U.S. national team, known as Team America, into the NASL as a league franchise. The team drew on U.S. citizens playing in the NASL, Major Indoor Soccer League and American Soccer League. Parkinson turned down a new contract offer from the Montreal Manic for the 1983 season becoming a free agent and signing for the Ft Lauderdale Strikers instead, playing in the opening seasons first two indoor matches for Fort Lauderdale in the 1983 indoor NASL before being recruited and signing with Team America. When Team America finished the 1983 season in the struggling NASL the team disbanded with Parkinson being the leading goal scorer with 12 goals. The New York Cosmos acquired Parkinson from Team America when Team America disbanded and he played for the New York Cosmos during the 1983--84 NASL indoor season and the 1984 outdoor season. At the end of the season, the NASL collapsed and the Cosmos jumped to the Major Indoor Soccer League. He began the indoor MISL season with the Cosmos then moved to the Chicago Sting in March 1985. In the fall of 1985, Parkinson signed with the Tacoma Stars indoor of the MISL during the 1985--1986 season. Andrew Parkinson retired from the beautiful game in 1986 and had a very successful 37 year business career as a General Manager with Porsche in the Automobile business.
## National team {#national_team}
In 1984, Parkinson earned his two caps with the U.S. national team playing against the then World Cup champions Italy and Trinidad and Tobago.
## Retirement
Andrew Parkinson retired from the Automobile business on 31 August 2022 as a General Manager for Porsche of Orlando and lives in Florida with his wife and family including nine grandchildren
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# Fat Bastard
Fat Bastard Burrito}} `{{Infobox character
| name = Fat Bastard
| series = [[Austin Powers]]
| image = fat bastard.jpeg
| caption = Mike Myers as Fat Bastard in ''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' (2002)
| first = ''[[Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me]]'' (1999)
| last = ''[[Austin Powers in Goldmember]]'' (2002)
| creator = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mike Myers]]
* [[Michael McCullers]]
}}
| portrayer = Mike Myers
| occupation = {{Plainlist|
* Henchman
* Sumo wrestler
}}
| species = Human
| gender = Male
| affiliation = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British Army (1938-present).svg}} [[British Army]]
* [[File:Scots Guards Badge.jpg|top|20px]] [[Scots Guards]]
| nationality = [[Scotland|Scottish]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Fat Bastard** is a fictional character appearing in the second and third films of the *Austin Powers* series: *Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me* and *Austin Powers in Goldmember*. A morbidly obese henchman hailing from Clydebank, Scotland, Fat Bastard serves Dr. Evil in his quest to destroy Austin Powers. The character is portrayed by series creator Mike Myers.
Fat Bastard is noted for his foul temper, his emotional monologues that culminate in flatulence, his vulgar, crude manners, and his unusual diet. These go as far as to include a cannibalistic taste for human infants and people with dwarfism, whom he calls \"the *other*, other white meat\". In *Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me*, he boasts that he once ate a baby, and tries to refuse Dr. Evil\'s money for his services in exchange for getting to eat Mini-Me. Despite this, his extreme size and weight (1 tonne, according to Dr. Evil) endows him with massive strength. He exhibits his physical prowess while working as a sumo wrestler in *Goldmember*.
Fat Bastard speaks with a thick Scottish accent, which Myers based on his Scottish family members. Myers had previsouly used the same Scottish accent to potrary Charlie Mackenzie in So I Married An Axe Murderer, and would later use a similar voice to portray Shrek in the *Shrek* franchise.
The character utilizes many tropes associated with negative stereotypes of fat people, namely that they are greedy, obsessed with eating, possibly cannibalistic, and grotesque.
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# Fat Bastard
## Appearances
### *Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me* {#austin_powers_the_spy_who_shagged_me}
Fat Bastard had stolen Austin\'s mojo in 1969, as he is a guard in the facility, and has knocked out the other guards using bagpipes that spray gas, leaving Austin impotent in 1999. After seducing and sleeping with Fat Bastard, secret agent---and Austin\'s ally---Felicity Shagwell (Heather Graham) places a homing device in his rectum. During this time with Felicity, Fat Bastard is also eating a whole chicken while in bed with her. However, the device is ineffective, lost and left in a toilet before he returns to Dr. Evil\'s island. However, traces of rare vegetables are found in a stool sample, enabling the island to be tracked down. Fat Bastard often declares himself \"dead sexy\", but he is really hiding his true feelings of rejection from society. During an assassination attempt against Austin and Felicity in 1999, Fat Bastard dresses as a package delivery man and literally breaks in through the front door. When Felicity asks if he is happy, Fat Bastard has an emotional breakdown, tearfully confessing \"I eat because I\'m unhappy, and I\'m unhappy because I eat. It\'s a vicious cycle. Now if you\'ll excuse me, there\'s someone I need to get in touch with and forgive. Myself.\" He then farts, which makes Austin and Felicity disgusted. Fat Bastard is slightly embarrassed and says \"Sorry, I farted. It\'s a long road ahead\". He then changes his mind and decides to kill them both anyway. Before he can, Felicity incapacitates him by kicking him in the genitals. He groans and calls his scrotum \"the mommy daddy button\"; she tells him she did it for insulting her sexual prowess and he faints, shaking the whole room in the process.
### *Austin Powers in Goldmember* {#austin_powers_in_goldmember}
In the next film, Fat Bastard retires from being a henchman and relocates to Japan. There, he becomes a sumo wrestler and, despite trying to go straight, he still carries out the occasional job for Dr. Evil. During his bathroom time, Foxxy Cleopatra and Austin sneak in using a disguise and catch him. Austin starts shouting to him \"You really are a Fat Bastard\"; to which he replies \"You know that hurts my feelings. I\'ve tried going on a diet, you know\". Fat Bastard then says he did the Zone diet, stating that \"carbs are the enemy\", though the Zone diet promotes equal amounts of carbs and protein and Fat Bastard probably meant the Atkins diet, which emphasizes low carbs. After tearfully telling Austin and Foxxy that he\'s happy as a sumo wrestler, he farts. Austin asks him if he soiled himself. Fat Bastard replies \"maybe\" and laughs. He then jokes about how it sounded wet and smells it. He is disgusted by how it smells, stating it smells like \"Carrots and throw up\".
By the end of *Austin Powers in Goldmember*, he has lost his excessive weight, crediting it to the Subway diet, even citing Jared Fogle as a hero. However, he points out that he still has a lot of excess skin, further noting the resemblance of his neck to a vagina. On the film audio commentary, Mike Myers says that Fat Bastard probably will not stay thin (as \"Thin Bastard\", as he called him) and would most likely return to his overweight state.
## Censorship
In reviews for the movie in the newspapers, film critic Roger Ebert referred to him as *\"We can\'t even say his name!\"*, while others called him *\"Obese Illegitimate Child\"*.
The mass retail action figures sold of the character had the name \"Fat Man\" on the box, even though the patch on his blazer clearly displayed \"FB\". Specialty stores such as comic book shops had figures in packaging which referred to him as \"Fat Bastard\", however
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# Smithfield High School
**Smithfield High School** is a public high school located in Smithfield, Virginia in Isle of Wight County, south of Newport News and the James River. It is part of the Isle of Wight County Public Schools and graduated its first class in 1906. The school\'s current facility opened in 1980. Athletic teams compete in the Virginia High School League\'s AA Bay Rivers District in Region I. Smithfield High School is also fully accredited school by the Virginia Board of Education and is also part of the program \'No Child Left Behind.\'
## History
Prior to the integration of public schools in 1968, only white students attended Smithfield High. From 1928 to 1968, black students were educated at Isle of Wight Training School, which was renamed Westside High School in 1960. Most of Smithfield High\'s original facility was razed in the 1990s, however its gymnasium remains intact and was mildly remodeled to become part of the Luter Family YMCA in 1995 located on James Street in downtown Smithfield. The Smithfield Public Library now sits where the original high school\'s classrooms once stood.
## Notable Achievements {#notable_achievements}
- The debate team won the 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 Virginia High School League 4A State Championship
- ARMY JROTC, won 1st place at state competitions in 2010, and holds the Honor Unit w/ distinction award.
- The wrestling team won District/Conference titles in 2009 & 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017.
```{=html}
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```
- The Boys Varsity Basketball team won the 2021 Class 4 State Championship
- The Boys Varsity Soccer team won the 2021 Class 4 State Championship
## Growth and Enrollment {#growth_and_enrollment}
Enrollment has grown substantially over the last 20 years. Graduating classes averaged around 100 students in the 1980s, and averaged 125 in the early 1990s. By 2007, the graduating classes had exceeded 250. By 2019, the graduating classes had exceeded 350 students.
## Feeder Patterns {#feeder_patterns}
The following schools feed students into Smithfield High School:
Carrollton Elementary, PreK - 3rd.
Hardy Elementary, PreK - 4th
Westside Elementary, 4th - 6th.
Smithfield Middle School, 7th - 8th.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Reggie Langhorne, NFL player for the Indianapolis Colts and Cleveland Browns
- Dyrell Roberts, college football player for Virginia Tech Hokies and current WR coach of the ECU Pirates.
- Willie Drew, college football defensive back for the Virginia State Trojans
- Chris Pierce Jr
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# Equinox Publishing (Jakarta)
**Equinox Publishing** is a Jakarta-based publisher of books.
## History
Equinox was launched on the vernal equinox, 21 March 2000 at the Shangri-La Hotel in Jakarta. Its aim was to publish \"fiction, non-fiction, and luxury illustrated and specially-commissioned works\". Its first book was a coffee-table book, *KRETEK: The Culture and Heritage of Indonesia\'s Clove Cigarettes* by Mark Hanusz.
The firm has also published three works by Indonesia\'s renowned fiction writer, Pramoedya Ananta Toer.
On 21 March 2007, Equinox Publishing released a series of out-of-print books using print on demand technology. Two of these titles were related to the rise of the Communist movement in Indonesia, and were blocked by Indonesia\'s Department of Customs and Excise. However, during the launch, Indonesian Attorney General Abdul Rahman Saleh gave the publisher verbal permission for the books to be distributed in Indonesia
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# Imagawayaki
is a *wagashi* (Japanese dessert) often found at Japanese festivals as well as outside Japan, in countries such as Taiwan and South Korea. It is made of batter in a special pan (similar to a waffle iron but without the honeycomb pattern and instead resembles an \"oban\" which was the old Japanese coin used during the second half of the 16th century until the 19th century), and filled with sweet azuki bean paste, although it is becoming increasingly popular to use a wider variety of fillings such as vanilla custard, different fruit custards and preserves, curry, different meat and vegetable fillings, potato and mayonnaise. `{{transliteration|ja|Imagawayaki}}`{=mediawiki} are similar to `{{transliteration|ja|[[dorayaki]]}}`{=mediawiki}, but the latter are two separate pancakes sandwiched around the filling after cooking, and are often served cold.
were first sold near the Kanda\'s Imagawabashi Bridge during the An\'ei era (1772--1781) of the Edo period (1603--1867). The name `{{transliteration|ja|imagawayaki}}`{=mediawiki} originates from this time.
## Various names {#various_names}
`{{transliteration|ja|Imagawayaki}}`{=mediawiki} have been known by various names throughout different eras. Names also vary regionally, and some varieties sold only in certain stores have their own names.
- -- It was named in 1960 by a confectionery equipment manufacturer in Matsuyama, and currently the most widespread name outside of Kantō region.
- or `{{nihongo||回転饅頭|Kaiten [[manju (food)|manjū]]}}`{=mediawiki} -- Kansai and Kyūshū region. `{{nihongo||回転|kaiten}}`{=mediawiki} means \"rotation,\" i.e., derived from the process to bake it.
-
- or `{{nihongo||太鼓饅頭|Taiko manjū}}`{=mediawiki} - western Japan especially Kansai and Kyūshū region
- \- Named after `{{nihongo||義士|gishi|loyal retainer}}`{=mediawiki}, the Forty-seven rōnin.
-
-
-
-
- \- Hiroshima Prefecture
- or `{{nihongo||フーマン|Fū man}}`{=mediawiki} - Okayama Prefecture
- -- some of northern Tōhoku region and Hokkaidō, and different from the `{{transliteration|ja|[[oyaki]]}}`{=mediawiki} of Nagano Prefecture.
### By store or company {#by_store_or_company}
- -- Produced by Gozasōrō Inc, established in 1950 in Himeji. It means \"thank you for the purchase\" in an archaic style.
- -- Produced by Sawai Honpo Inc in Ehime Prefecture. It originates in Higiri jizō near the Matsuyama Station.
- -- Produced by the Fuji Ice shop in Nagano Prefecture.
- \- Produced by Ajiman Co., Ltd. in Yamagata Prefecture.
- \- Produced by Hōraku manjū Ltd. in Kumamoto Prefecture. It features the use of honey.
### Historical and inactive {#historical_and_inactive}
- -- in the song on the occasion of the revival after the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923, is mentioned that `{{transliteration|ja|imagawayaki}}`{=mediawiki} was renamed `{{transliteration|ja|fukkōyaki}}`{=mediawiki}.
### Fictitious
- -- a coined name by an anonymous poster from the Japanese message board Futaba Channel in June 2021 that has since become an Internet meme.
## Taiwan
were introduced to Taiwan during the period of Japanese rule in Taiwan and are now a traditional snack in Taiwan. They are commonly called wheelcakes (`{{zh|t=車輪餅|p=chēlún bǐng}}`{=mediawiki}). However, some of the older generation may directly use the Japanese term `{{nihongo||太鼓饅頭|taiko manjū}}`{=mediawiki}.
## South Korea {#south_korea}
are known as *오방떡* (`{{transliteration|ko|obang tteok}}`{=mediawiki}) or *홍두병* (*紅豆餅*/`{{transliteration|ko|hongdu byeong}}`{=mediawiki}) in South Korea.
## Malaysia
are known as *tokiwado* in Malaysia.
## Philippines
The Filipino counterpart, locally known as \"Japanese cakes\", are similar to `{{transliteration|ja|imagawayaki}}`{=mediawiki} but of a smaller serving size and are usually filled with cheese slices. This inexpensive snack is commonly found sold on special tricycle carts that have a built-in custom-made circular cooking mold. Other fillings are also available with sweet (strawberry, chocolate) and savory (ham and cheese) fillings
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# Benoît Potier
**Benoît Potier** (`{{IPA|fr|bənwa potje}}`{=mediawiki}; born 3 September 1957) is a French businessman who was CEO of the French multinational industrial gas company Air Liquide from 2006 to 2022, and is now chairman.
## Education
Potier graduated with an engineer\'s degree from École Centrale Paris in 1979. Potier also attended the executive training program of the Wharton International Forum and the INSEAD Advanced Management program.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Potier joined Air Liquide in 1981 as a Research and Development engineer. After working as a Project Manager in the Engineering and Construction Division, he was made Vice-President of Energy Development in the Large Industries business line. In 1993, he became Director of Strategy & Organization and, in 1994, was put in charge of the Chemicals, Metal & Steel, Oil and Energy Markets. He was made an Executive Vice-President of Air Liquide in 1995 with additional responsibilities over the Engineering & Construction Division and the Large Industries operations in Europe. Benoît Potier was appointed Senior Executive Vice-President in 1997. He was appointed to the Board of Directors in 2000 and became Chairman of the Management Board in November 2001. Potier was chairman and chief executive officer of Air Liquide from 2006 to 2022. He has been holding the office of Chairman of the Board of Directors of Air Liquide since June 1, 2022.
## Other activities {#other_activities}
### Corporate boards {#corporate_boards}
- Temasek Holdings, Member of the European Advisory Panel (since 2022)
- Siemens, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2018)
- Unilever, Member of the Board (since 1 January 2025)
\[<https://www.unilever.com/files/unilever-annual-report-and-accounts-2024.pdf>
### Non-profit organizations {#non_profit_organizations}
- CentraleSupélec, Member of the Board
- Association Nationale des Societes par Actions (ANSA), Member of the Board
- Association Française des Entreprises Privées (AFEP), Member of the Board
- Cercle de l'Industrie, Member of the Board
- INSEAD, Member of the French Board
- La Fabrique de l'Industrie, Member of the Board
- European Roundtable of Industrialists (ERT), Vice-chairman
## Recognition
Potier has been awarded with France\'s Knight of the French Legion of honour \"Chevalier de la Légion d\'Honneur\" and with the distinction of \"Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite\" in 2006
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# Shame on You (Indigo Girls song)
\"**Shame on You**\" is a single from the Indigo Girls album *Shaming of the Sun* released in 1997. The song\'s lyrics celebrate Chicano culture (\"I go down to Chicano city park/cause it makes me feel so fine\") and strongly criticize efforts against illegal immigration as being racist (\"The white folks like to pretend it\'s not/but their music\'s in the air\") and hypocritical (\"They say we be looking for illegal immigrants/can we check your car/I say you know it\'s funny I think we were on the same boat/back in 1694\").
Steve Earle sings backup and plays harmonica on the song.
The song was inspired by filmmaker David Zeiger\'s documentary *Displaced in the New South*
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# Better Angels (novel)
***Better Angels*** is a science fiction novel by Howard V. Hendrix first published in 1999.
Better Angels is a prequel to Hendrix\'s earlier novels *Lightpath* and *Standing Wave*, filling in history about how the characters in those novels came to be who they are.
## Title
In the novel, \"Better angels\" is a phrase used by agents of the organization Tetragrammatron to describe what they hope to make humanity into. Tetragrammatron is concerned with ensuring humanity\'s survival by creating a machine/human transcendences, turning humans into \"better angels\". The phrase itself comes from the closing of Abraham Lincoln\'s first inaugural address, in which he said that, despite the rising conflict in the United States, the shared history of Americans would \"yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.\"
## Release details {#release_details}
- 1999, United States of America, Penguin Putnam Inc. `{{ISBN|0-441-00652-3}}`{=mediawiki}, Pub date 15 October 1999, Hardback
- 2000, United States of America, Penguin Putnam Inc
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# Saleh Ould Hanenna
**Saleh Ould Hanenna** (born on September 20, 1965) is a former Mauritanian soldier and political figure.
Saleh Ould Hanenna served in the Mauritanian Army and rose to the rank of Major before being officially dismissed in 2000.
In June 2003, he led an attempted coup, aiming to overthrow President Maaouya Ould Sid\'Ahmed Taya. He commanded a rebel section of the Army during two days of heavy fighting in Nouakchott which caused the death of dozens of people. With the complete failure of the coup, Ould Hanenna initially escaped capture, and formed an opposition group called the \"Knights of Change\" with former officer Mohamed Ould Cheikhna, but he was captured and arrested on October 9, 2004.
The Government of Mauritania accused Saleh Ould Hanenna of attempting to organize coups on two further occasions, in August and September 2004, with the alleged backing of Libya and Burkina Faso. A death sentence was initially recommended at his subsequent trial, but he was instead given life imprisonment at the conclusion of the trial on February 3, 2005.
In August 2005, Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall led a successful coup in the country that ousted President Maaouya Ould Sid\'Ahmed Taya. The Military Council for Justice and Democracy (CMJD) which subsequently took charge of the government released Ould Hanenna in a general amnesty in early September.
On January 9, 2007, Ould Hanenna, the president of the Mauritanian Union for Change (HATEM), was unanimously chosen by that party\'s executive committee as its candidate in the March 2007 presidential election. He took sixth position in the poll, with 7.65% of the votes cast, and subsequently backed Ahmed Ould Daddah for the second round.
Ould Hanenna served as President of the Coordination of Democratic Opposition, a political coalition made up of parties opposed to General Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz led government in Mauritania
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# Giovanni Battista Boazio
**Giovanni Battista Boazio** or **Battista Boazio** (fl. 1588 -- 1606) was an Italian draftsman and cartographer. He mapped Sir Francis Drake\'s voyage to the West Indies and America.
He spent a long period working in England, and made a map of Ireland that was then used in the *Theatrum Orbis Terrarum*. He was sponsored by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex to draw a map illustrating the Capture of Cadiz, which was engraved by Thomas Cockson. Other cartographic drawings includes Cartagena de las Indias, Santo Domingo in the island of Hispaniola, Saint Augustine, Florida and the Cape Verdean island of Santiago, the Santiago engraving was one of the first to depict of that of any island in Cape Verde
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# Justin Najmy
**Justin Najmy**, BA (April 23, 1898 -- June 11, 1968) was a Syrian prelate who served as the first Eparch of Newton in the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 1966 to 1968. He served for two years before his death at age 70. He was a member of the Basilian Aleppian Order.
## Biography
Justin Abraham Najmy was born on April 23, 1898. He joined the Basilian Aleppian Order, studied at the seminary at Deir-ech-Chir and at the Propaganda Fidei, and was ordained a priest in Rome on December 25, 1926.
Moving to the United States, he served as pastor of St. Basil the Great Church in Central Falls, Rhode Island, before his appointment as apostolic exarch by Pope Paul VI on January 27, 1966. The appointment of Najmy as exarch at first drew protest from the Melkite patriarch Maximos IV, because he and the Synod of the Melkite Church had chosen a different candidate, and the appointment, decided by the Sacred Congregation for the Eastern Churches, made the new Exarch subject to the Holy See, and only responsible to the Patriarch and the Synod in liturgical matters.
On May 29, 1966, in a ceremony at the Cathedral of the Holy Cross in Boston, Najmy was consecrated a bishop by Athanasios Toutoungi, archbishop of Aleppo, his former seminary colleague, and received the title of titular bishop of Augustopolis-in-Phrygia. The following month he was formally enthroned as exarch. He established his episcopal see at the Church of the Annunciation in suburban Boston, which became the cathedral for the newly created Apostolic Exarchate of United States of America, Faithful of the Oriental Rite (Melkite).
In the wake of the Six-Day War in June 1967, Najmy welcomed the bishops of Middle Eastern churches in the United States for a meeting in Boston. Bishops of the Antiochian Orthodox Church, the Maronite Catholic Church, and from Armenian and Syrian churches attended.
Bishop Najmy did not serve as exarch for long. He died of a heart attack on June 11, 1968, and was succeeded by Joseph Tawil. He is buried at the parish cemetery of St. Basil the Great in Cumberland, Rhode Island
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# Anton Antonov-Ovseenko
`{{family name hatnote|Vladimirovich|Antonov-Ovseenko|lang=Eastern Slavic}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name = Anton Vladimirovich Antonov-Ovseenko
| native_name = Антон Владимирович Антонов-Овсеенко
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|2|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Soviet Russia]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2013|7|9|1920|2|23|df=y}}
| death_place = Moscow, [[Russia]]
| occupation = Writer and historian
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| alma_mater = [[Moscow State Pedagogical Institute]]
| signature =
| relatives = [[Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko]] (father)
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Anton Vladimirovich Antonov-Ovseenko** (*Анто́н Влади́мирович Анто́нов-Овсе́енко*; 23 February 1920 -- 9 July 2013) was a Russian historian and writer.
Born on 23 February 1920, he was the son of the Bolshevik military leader Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko who commanded the assault on the Winter Palace. In 1923 he signed the declaration of 46. In 1935, he joined the historical faculty of the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. In 1938, he was expelled from Komsomol and the institute wherein, however, he was reinstated in the same year.
He was arrested in 1940 and spent 13 years in labor camps.
Antonov-Ovseenko is best known for his biography of Lavrentiy Beria and he also wrote several books.
Antonov-Ovseenko operated a state museum on the Gulag, for which the Moscow administration provided a building in August 2001.
When he died in 2013, he was still working two full days a week to continue documenting what he called \"the evils of the Soviet era\" and to help with plans for a new, larger space
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# List of compositions by Karlheinz Stockhausen
A **list of compositions by Karlheinz Stockhausen** (alphabetical by title---a link to a chronological list is given at the end).
## A
- *Adieu*, for wind quintet (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn), Nr. 21 (1966)
- *Alphabet für Liège* (\"Alphabet for Liège\"), Nr. 36 (1972)
- *Am Himmel wandre ich* (\"In the Sky I Am Walking\", American Indian Songs), Nr. 36`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1972)
- *Amour*, 5 pieces for clarinet, Nr. 44 (1976)
- *Amour*, for flute, Nr. 44`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1976/81)
- \"Vier Sterne\" (\"Four Stars\") from *Amour*, for cello, Nr. 44`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} (1976/98)
- *Amour*, for saxophone, Nr. 44`{{frac|3|4}}`{=mediawiki} (1976/2003)
- *Atmen gibt das Leben* (\"Breathing Gives Life\"), choral opera with orchestra (or orchestra on tape), Nr. 39 (1974/77)
- *Aus den sieben Tagen* (\"From the Seven Days\"), 15 texts for intuitive music (performable separately), Nr. 26 (1968)
1. *Richtige Dauern* (\"Right Durations\"), for circa 4 players
2. *Unbegrenzt* (\"Unlimited\"), for ensemble
3. *Verbindung* (\"Connection\"), for ensemble
4. *Treffpunkt* (\"Meeting Point\"), for ensemble
5. *Nachtmusik* (\"Night Music\"), for ensemble
6. *Abwärts* (\"Downward\"), for ensemble
7. *Aufwärts* (\"Upward\"), for ensemble
8. *Oben und Unten* (\"Above and Below\"), theatre piece for a man, a woman, and a child, with 4 instrumentalists
9. *Intensität* (\"Intensity\"), for ensemble
10. *Setz die Segel zur Sonne* (\"Set Sail for the Sun\"), for ensemble
11. *Kommunion* (\"Communion\"), for ensemble
12. *Litanei* (\"Litany\"), for speaker or speaking choir \[Cf. *Litanei 97*, below\]
13. *Es* (\"It\"), for ensemble
14. *Goldstaub* (\"Gold Dust\"), for ensemble
15. *Ankunft* (\"Arrival\"), for speaker or speaking choir
- *Ave*, for basset horn and alto flute (1984--85)
## B
- *Balance*, for flute, English horn, and bass clarinet (2006--07). See: *Klang*: Seventh Hour
- *Bassetsu*, for basset-horn, 2. ex Nr. 70 (1997). Arranged from *Mittwoch aus Licht*, scene 4: *Michaelion*, Nr. 70
- *Bassetsu-Trio*, for basset horn, trumpet, and trombone, 3. ex Nr. 70 (1997). Arranged from *Mittwoch aus Licht*, scene 4: *Michaelion*
## C
- *Carré* (\"Square\"), for 4 choirs and orchestras, Nr. 10 (1959--60)
- Choral (\"Wer uns trug mit Schmerzen in dies Leben\" \[\"Who bore us with pain into this life\"\]), for a cappella choir, Nr. 1/9 (1950)
- *Chöre für Doris* (\"Choruses for Doris\"), for a cappella choir, Nr. ^1^/~11~ (1950)
- *Cosmic Pulses*, electronic music. See: *Klang*: Thirteenth Hour
## D
- *Dienstag aus Licht* (see: *Licht*, below)
- *Dr K--Sextett*, for flute, bass clarinet, percussionist (tubular chimes and vibraphone), piano, viola, and cello, Nr. 28 (1968--69)
- *Donnerstag aus Licht* (see: *Licht*, below)
- *Drachenkampf* (\"Dragon Fight\"), for trumpet, trombone, percussion and synthesizer player, 1. ex 50`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}, from *Festival*, scene 1 of act 3 (*Michaels Heimkehr*) of *Donnerstag aus Licht* (1980/87)
- *Drei Lieder* (\"Three Songs\"), for alto voice and chamber orchestra, Nr. ^1^/~10~ (1950)
## E
- *Entführung* (\"Abduction\"), for piccolo solo, or for soprano saxophone and electronic and concrete music, 1. ex Nr. 58`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki}, from Montag aus Licht (1986)
- *Erwachen* (\"Awakening\"), for soprano saxophone, trumpet, and cello (2007). See: *Klang*: Twelfth Hour
- *Elufa* for basset-horn, flute / electronic music ad lib., 9. ex Nr. 64 (1991)
- *Ensemble*, group-composition project, with twelve other composers, not assigned a work number (1967)
- *Etude*, musique concrète, Nr. `{{frac|1|5}}`{=mediawiki} (1952)
- *Europa-Gruss* (\"Europe Greeting\"), for winds and synthesizers, Nr. 72 (1992/2002)
- *Expo*, for 3 players or singers with 3 short-wave receivers, Nr. 31 (1969--70)
- *Electronic Music with Sound Scenes of Friday from Light*, (1991--94)
## F
- *Flautina*, for flute with piccolo and alto flute, ex Nr. 56`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1989)
- *Freia*, for flute ex 9`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} Nr. 64 (1991)
- *Formel* (\"Formula\"), for small orchestra, Nr. `{{frac|1|6}}`{=mediawiki} (1951)
- *Fresco*, for 4 orchestral groups, Nr. 29 (1969)
- *Freitag aus Licht* (see: *Licht*, below)
- *Freude* (\"Joy\"), for two harps. See: *Klang*: Second Hour
- *Für kommende Zeiten* (\"For Times to Come\"), 17 texts for intuitive music, Nr. 33 (1968--70)
1. *Übereinstimmung* (\"Unanimity\"), for ensemble
2. *Verlängerung* (\"Elongation\")
3. *Verkürzung* (\"Shortening\")
4. *Über die Grenze* (\"Across the Boundary\"), for small ensemble
5. *Kommunikation* (\"Communication\"), for small ensemble
6. *Intervall* (\"Interval\"), for piano four-hands
7. *Außerhalb* (\"Outside\'), for small ensemble
8. *Innerhalb* (\"Inside\"), for small ensemble
9. *Anhalt* (\"Halt\"), for small ensemble
10. *Schwingung* (\"Vibration\"), for ensemble
11. *Spektren* (\"Spectra\"), for small ensemble
12. *Wellen* (\"Waves\"), for ensemble
13. *Zugvogel* (\"Bird of Passage\"), for ensemble
14. *Vorahnung* (\"Presentiment\"), for 4--7 interpreters
15. *Japan*, for ensemble
16. *Wach* (\"Awake\"), for ensemble
17. *Ceylon*, for small ensemble
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# List of compositions by Karlheinz Stockhausen
## G
- *Gesang der Jünglinge* (\"Song of the Youths\"), electronic and concrete music, Nr. 8 (1955--56)
- *Geburts-Fest* (\"Festival of Birth\"), choir music with sound scenes for choir a cappella and tape, ex Nr. 56, from act 1 of *Montag aus Licht* (1987)
- *Glück* (\"Bliss\"), for oboe, English horn, and bassoon (2007). See: *Klang*: Eighth Hour
- *Gruppen* (\"Groups\"), for 3 orchestras, Nr. 6 (1955--57)
## H
- *Halt*, for trumpet in B-flat and double-bass (1978/83), from *Michaels Reise um die Erde*
- *Harlekin* (\"Harlequin\"), for clarinet, Nr. 42 (1975)
- *Der kleine Harlekin* (\"The Little Harlequin\"), for clarinet, Nr. 42`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1975)
- *Harmonien* (\"Harmonies\"), see: *Klang*: Fifth Hour
- *Helikopter-Streichquartett* (\"Helicopter String Quartet\"), for string quartet and 4 helicopters, Nr. 69 (1992--93) \[Scene 3 of *Mittwoch aus Licht*\]
- *Herbstmusik* (\"Autumn Music\"), musical theatre for 4 performers, Nr. 40 (1974)
- *Laub und Regen* (\"Leaves and Rain\"), duet for clarinet and viola, Nr. 40`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Himmelfahrt* (\"Ascension\"), see: *Klang*: First Hour
- *Himmels-Tür* (\"Heaven\'s Door\"), see: *Klang*: Fourth Hour
- *Hoffnung* (\"Hope\"), for violin, viola, and cello (2007). See: *Klang*: Ninth Hour
- *Hymnen* (\"Anthems\"), 4-channel electronic and concrete music, Nr. 22 (1966--67)
- *Hymnen*, electronic and concrete music with soloists, Nr. 22`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1966--67)
- *Hymnen*, (Third Region) with orchestra, Nr. 22`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} (1969)
## I
- *In Freundschaft* (\"In Friendship\"), for clarinet, Nr. 46 (1977)
- *In Freundschaft*, for flute, Nr. 46`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}
- *In Freundschaft*, for oboe, Nr. 46`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *In Freundschaft*, for bassoon, Nr. 46`{{frac|3|4}}`{=mediawiki}
- *In Freundschaft*, for bassett-horn or bass clarinet, Nr. 46^4^/~5~
- *In Freundschaft*, for violin, Nr. 46^5^/~6~
- *In Freundschaft*, for viola, Nr. 46^6^/~7~
- *In Freundschaft*, for violoncello or double bass, Nr. 46^7^/~8~
- *In Freundschaft*, for saxophone, Nr. 46^9^/~10~
- *In Freundschaft*, for trumpet in E-flat (with fourth-attachment), Nr. 46^10^/~11~
- *In Freundschaft*, for horn, Nr. 46^11^/~12~
- *In Freundschaft*, for trombone, Nr. 46^12^/~13~
- *In Freundschaft*, for tuba, Nr. 46^13^/~14~
- *In Freundschaft*, for recorder, Nr. 46^14^/~15~
- *Inori: Adorations for One or Two Soloists with Orchestra*, Nr. 38 (1973--74)
- *Vortrag über HU* (\"Lecture on HU\"), musical analysis of *Inori*, for a singer, Nr. 38`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1974)
## J
- *Jubiläum* (\"Jubilee\"), for orchestra, Nr. 45 (1977)
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# List of compositions by Karlheinz Stockhausen
## K
- *Katikati*, for flute, Nr. 85.2 *extra* (2006)
- *Der Kinderfänger* (The Pied Piper) with *Entführung* (Abduction), scenes 2 and 3 from *Evas Zauber* (act 3 of *Montag aus Licht*) (1986), two versions:
- Nr. 58 `{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki}, for alto flute with piccolo, children\'s choir, modern orchestra (3 synthesizer players, percussionist, and tape), with basset-horn *ad lib.*
- Nr. 58 `{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} *ossia*, as either a solo for alto flute with piccolo, two synthesizer players, one percussionist, and tape, or a solo for alto flute with piccolo and tape
- *Kinntanz* (\"Chin Dance\"), 10. ex Nr. 53, from *Luzifers Tanz*, scene 3 from *Samstag aus Licht* (1983), 2 versions:
- for euphonium, one percussionist, one synthesizer player (1 transmitter, 6 microphones, 2 × 2 loudspeakers, mixing desk and sound projectionist), or
- euphonium, one percussionist, alto trombone, tenor horns (or baritones), and tubas (1 transmitter, 6 microphones, 2 × 2 loudspeakers, mixing desk and sound projectionist)
- *Klang* (\"Sound\", the 24 Hours of the Day), Nr. 81--101 (2004--2007)
- First Hour: *Himmelfahrt* (Ascension), for organ (or synthesizer), soprano, and tenor, Nr. 81 (2004--05)
- Second Hour: *Freude* (Joy), for 2 harps, Nr. 82 (2005)
- Third Hour: *Natürliche Dauern 1--24* (Natural Durations 1--24), for piano, Nr. 83 (2005--06)
- Fourth Hour: *Himmels-Tur* (Heaven\'s Door), for a percussionist and a little girl, Nr. 84 (2005)
- Fifth Hour: *Harmonien* (Harmonies), Nr. 85, versions for:
- bass clarinet, Nr. 85.1 (2006)
- flute, Nr. 85.2 (2006)
- trumpet, Nr. 85.3 (2006)
- Sixth Hour: *Schönheit* (Beauty), for flute, bass clarinet, and trumpet, Nr. 86 (2006)
- Seventh Hour: *Balance*, for flute, English horn, and bass clarinet, Nr. 87 (2007)
- Eighth Hour: *Glück* (Bliss), for oboe, English horn, and bassoon, Nr. 88 (2007)
- Ninth Hour: *Hoffnung* (Hope), for violin, viola, and cello, Nr. 89 (2007)
- Tenth Hour: *Glanz* (Brilliance), for oboe, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, trombone, tuba, and viola, Nr. 90 (2007)
- Eleventh Hour: *Treue* (Fidelity), for E-flat clarinet, basset horn, and bass clarinet, Nr. 91 (2007)
- Twelfth Hour: *Erwachen* (Awakening), for soprano saxophone, trumpet, and cello, Nr. 92 (2007)
- Thirteenth Hour: *Cosmic Pulses*, electronic music, Nr. 93 (2006--07)
- Fourteenth Hour: *Havona*, for bass voice and electronic music, Nr. 94 (2007)
- Fifteenth Hour: *Orvonton*, for baritone and electronic music, Nr. 95 (2007)
- Sixteenth Hour: *Uversa*, for basset-horn and electronic music, Nr. 96 (2007)
- Seventeenth Hour: *Nebadon*, for horn and electronic music, Nr. 97 (2007)
- Eighteenth Hour: *Jerusem*, for tenor and electronic music, Nr. 98 (2007)
- Nineteenth Hour: *Urantia*, for soprano and electronic music, Nr. 99 (2007)
- Twentieth Hour: *Edentia*, for soprano saxophone and electronic music, Nr. 100 (2007)
- Twenty-first Hour: *Paradies* (Paradise), for flute and electronic music, Nr. 101 (2007)
- *Klavierstücke* (\"Piano Pieces\")
- *Klavierstücke I--IV*, Nr. 2 (1952)
- *Klavierstücke V--X*, Nr. 4 (1954--55/61)
- *Klavierstück XI*, Nr. 7 (1956)
- *Klavierstück XII*, ex Nr. 49`{{frac|3|4}}`{=mediawiki} (1979/83)
- *Klavierstück XIII*, Nr. 51`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1981)
- *Klavierstück XIV*, ex Nr. 57`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} (1984)
- *Synthi-Fou (Klavierstück XV)*, ex Nr. 61`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Klavierstück XVI*, Nr. 63`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1995)
- *Klavierstück XVII*, 7`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} ex Nr. 64 (1994/99)
- *Klavierstück XVIII*, Nr. 73`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} (2004)
- *Klavierstück XIX*, Nr. 80 (2001/2003)
- *Knabenduett* (\"Boys\' Duet\"), for 2 soprano saxophones, 2. ex Nr. 50`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}, from *Festival*, scene 1 of act 3 of *Donnerstag aus Licht* (1980)
- *Komet* (\"Comet\"), version for a percussionist, electronic and concrete music, sound projectionist, 7`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} ex Nr. 64 (1994/99)
- *Komet als Klavierstück XVII*, for electronic piano (synthesizer), electronic and concrete music, sound projectionist, 7`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} ex Nr. 64 (1994/99) (see: *Klavierstücke*)
- *Kontakte* (\"Contacts\"), for electronic sounds, Nr. 12 (1958--60)
- *Kontakte*, for electronic sounds, piano, and percussion, Nr. 12`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1958--60)
- *Originale* (\"Originals\"), musical theatre with *Kontakte*, Nr. 12`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} (1961)
- *Kontra-Punkte* (\"Counter-Points\"), for 10 instruments, Nr. 1 (1952--53)
- *Kreuzspiel* (\"Crossplay\"), for oboe, bass clarinet, piano, and 3 percussionists, Nr. 1/7 (1951)
- *Kurzwellen* (\"Short Waves\"), for 6 players with live electronics, plus sound director, Nr. 25 (1968)
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# List of compositions by Karlheinz Stockhausen
## L
- *Licht* (\"Light\"), Nr. 47--80 (1977--2003)
- *Jahreslauf* (\"Course of the Years\"), Nr. 47 (1977/91)
- *Donnerstag aus Licht* (\"Thursday from Light\"), opera in three acts, a greeting, and a farewell, Nr. 48--50 (1978--80)
- *Michaels Reise um die Erde* (\"Michael\'s Journey Round the Earth\"), Nr. 48 (1978)
- *Donnerstags-Gruß* (\"Thursday\'s Greeting\"), Nr. 48`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1978)
- *Michaels Jugend* (\"Michael\'s Youth\"), Nr. 49 (1978--79)
- *Kindheit* (\"Childhood\"), Nr. 49`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1979)
- *Mondeva*, Nr. 49`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} (1978--79)
- *Examen* (\"Examination\"), Nr. 49`{{frac|3|4}}`{=mediawiki} (1979)
- *Michaels Heimkehr* (\"Michael\'s Homecoming\"), Nr. 50 (1980)
- *Festival*, Nr. 50`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Vision*, Nr. 50`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Donnerstags-Abschied* (\"Thursday\'s Farewell\"), Nr. 50`{{frac|3|4}}`{=mediawiki} (1980)
- *Samstag aus Licht* (\"Saturday from Light\"), opera in a greeting and four scenes, Nr. 51--54 (1981--84)
- *Luzifers Traum* (\"Lucifer\'s Dream\"), Nr. 51 (1981)
- *Kathinkas Gesang als Luzifers Requiem* (\"Kathinka\'s Chant as Lucifer\'s Requiem\"), Nr. 52 (1982--83)
- *Luzifers Tanz* (\"Lucifer\'s Dance\"), Nr. 53 (1983)
- *Samstags-Gruss* (\"Saturday\'s Greeting\"), Nr. 53`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1984)
- *Luzifers Abschied* (\"Lucifer\'s Farewell\"), Nr. 54 (1982)
- *Montag aus Licht* (\"Monday from Light\"), opera in three acts, a greeting, and a farewell, Nr. 55--59 (1984--88)
- *Montags-Gruß* (*Evas-Gruss*), for multiple basset-horns and electronic keyboard instruments, Nr. 55 (1986/88)
- *Evas Erstgeburt*, Nr. 56 (1987)
- *Evas Zweitgeburt*, Nr. 57 (1984--87)
- *Evas Zauber*, Nr. 58 (1984--86)
- *Montags-Abschied*, Nr. 59 (1986/88)
- *Dienstag aus Licht*, opera in a greeting and two acts (with a farewell), Nr. 47, 60--61 (1977/87--91)
- *Dienstags-Gruß*, Nr. 60 (1987--88)
- *Jahreslauf vom Dienstag*, Nr. 47 (1977/91)
- *Invasion-Explosion mit Abschied*, Nr. 61 (1990--91)
- *Freitag aus Licht*, opera in a greeting, two acts, and a farewell, Nr. 62--64 (1991--94)
- *Freitags-Gruss* and *Freitags-Abschied* (concert title: *Weltraum* (\"Outer Space\"), electronic music, Nr. 62 (1991/92/94)
- *Paare vom Freitag*, Nr. 63 (1992/99)
- *Freitag-Versuchung*, Nr. 64 (1991--94)
- *Mittwoch aus Licht* (\"Wednesday from Light\"), opera in a greeting, four scenes, and a farewell, Nr. 65--71 (1995--98)
- *Mittwochs-Gruss* (\"Wednesday\'s Greeting\"), Nr. 65 (1998)
- *Welt-Parlament* (\"World Parliament\"), Nr. 66 (1995)
- *Orchester-Finalisten* (\"Orchestra Finalists\"), Nr. 68 (1995--96)
- *Helikopter-Streichquartett* (\"Helicopter String Quartet\"), Nr. 69 (1992--93)
- *Michaelion*, Nr. 70 (1997)
- *Mittwochs-Abschied* (\"Wednesday\'s Farewell\"), Nr. 71 (1996)
- *Sonntag aus Licht* (\"Sunday from Light\"), Nr. 75--80 (1998--2003)
- *Lichter-Wasser* (\"Lights-Waters\"), Nr. 75 (1998--99)
- *Engel-Prozessionen* (\"Angel Processions\"), Nr. 76 (2000)
- *Licht-Bilder* (\"Light-Pictures\"), Nr. 77 (2002)
- *Düfte-Zeichen* (\"Scents-Signs\"), Nr. 78 (2002)
- *Hoch-Zeiten* (\"High-Times\"), Nr. 79 (2001--2002)
- *Sonntags-Abschied* (\"Sunday\'s Farewell\"), Nr. 80 (2001/2003)
- *Licht-Ruf* (\"Light Call\"), for trumpet, basset horn, and trombone, or other instruments, Nr. 67 (1995)
- *Linker Augenbrauentanz* (\"Left-Eyebrow Dance\"), for flutes and basset horn(s), one percussionist, and one synthesizer player, 1. ex Nr. 53, from *Luzifers Tanz*, scene 3 of *Samstag aus Licht* (1983)
- *Linker Augentanz* (\"Left-Eye Dance\") for saxophones, synthesizer and percussion, 3. ex Nr. 53, from *Luzifers Tanz*, scene 3 of *Samstag aus Licht* (1983/90)
- *Litanei 97* (\"Litany 97\"), for choir with conductor, Nr. 74 (1997)
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# List of compositions by Karlheinz Stockhausen
## M
- *Mantra*, for 2 pianists (with wood blocks and antique cymbals) and electronics, Nr. 32 (1970)
- *Menschen, hört* (\"Mankind, Hear\"), for vocal sextet (SSATBB, with 6 microphones, 6 or 2 × 2 loudspeakers, mixing desk and sound projectionist), 4. ex Nr. 70, from *Michaelion*, scene 4 from *Mittwoch aus Licht* (1997)
- *Mikrophonie I*, for tamtam (2 players), 2 microphones, 2 filters with potentiometers, and 4 pair of loudspeakers, Nr. 15 (1964)
- *Mikrophonie II*, for 12 voices, Hammond organ (or synthesizer), 4 ring modulators, and tape, Nr. 17 (1965)
- *Mittwoch aus Licht* (see: *Licht*, above)
- *Mittwoch-Formel* (\"Wednesday Formula\"), Nr. 73`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}, for percussion trio (2004)
- *Mixtur* (\"Mixture\"), for orchestra, 4 sinewave generators, and 4 ring-modulators, Nr. 16 (1964)
- *Mixtur*, version for small orchestra, Nr. 16`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1964/67)
- *Mixtur 2003*, for 5 instrumental groups, 4 sinewave-generator players, 4 sound mixers with 4 ring modulators, and sound director, Nr. 16`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} (1964/67/2003)
- *Momente* (\"Moments\"), for soprano solo, 4 choirs, and 13 instrumentalists, Nr. 13 (1962--64/69)
- *Montag aus Licht* (see: *Licht*, above)
- *Musik für ein Haus*, group-composition project, with fourteen other composers, not assigned a work number (1968)
- *Musik im Bauch* (\"Music in the Belly\"), for 6 percussionists and music boxes, Nr. 41 (1975)
## N
- *Nasenflügeltanz* (\"Wing-of-the-Nose Dance\"), for solo percussionist, or for percussionist with a synthesizer player, 7. ex Nr. 53, from *Luzifers Tanz*, scene 3 of *Samstag aus Licht* (1983)
- *Natürliche Dauern* (\"Natural Durations\"), for piano. See: *Klang*: Third Hour
## O
- *Oberlippentanz* (\"Upper-Lip Dance\"), for piccolo trumpet, trombone or euphonium, 4 or 8 horns, 2 percussionists (with 2 transmitters, 10 microphones, 2 × 2 loudspeakers, mixing desk and sound projectionist), or as solo for piccolo trumpet 8. ex Nr. 53, cadenza from *Luzifers Tanz*, scene 3 from *Samstag aus Licht* (1983)
- *Oktophonie* (\"Octophony\"), electronic music of *Dienstag aus Licht*, 1. ex Nr. 61 (1990/91)
- *Originale* (\"Originals\"), musical theatre, Nr. 12`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} (1961) \[Cf. *Kontakte*, above\]
## P
- *Paare vom Freitag* (\"Couples of Friday\") with soprano, bass, electronic instruments (tape) Nr. 63 (1992/99)
- *Pietà*, for flugelhorn and electronic music, or for flugelhorn, soprano, and electronic music, Nr. 61`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}, from act 2 of *Dienstag aus Licht* (1990/91)
- *Plus-Minus*, 2 x 7 pages for realization, Nr. 14 (1963)
- *Pole* (\"Poles\"), for 2 players or singers with 2 short-wave radios, Nr. 30 (1969--70)
- *Prozession* (\"Procession\"), for 6 players with live electronics, Nr. 23 (1967)
- *Punkte* (\"Points\"), for orchestra, Nr. `{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1952/62/66/93)
## Q
- *Quitt* (\"Even\"), for alto flute, clarinet, and trumpet, 1. ex Nr. 59 (1989)
## R
- *Rechter Augenbrauentanz* (\"Right-Eyebrow Dance\"), for clarinets, bass clarinet(s), one percussionist, and one synthesizer player (with c. 8 microphones, 2 × 2 loudspeakers, mixing desk, and sound projectionist), 2. ex Nr. 53, from *Luzifers Tanz*, scene 3 of *Samstag aus Licht* (1983/2003)
- *Rechter Augentanz* (\"Right-Eye Dance\"), for oboes, cor anglais, bassoons, one percussionist, and one synthesizer player, 4. ex Nr. 53, from *Luzifers Tanz*, scene 3 of *Samstag aus Licht* (1983)
- *Rechter Backentanz* (\"Right-Cheek Dance\"), for trumpets, trombones, one percussionist, and one synthesizer player, 6. ex Nr. 53, from *Luzifers Tanz*, scene 3 of *Samstag aus Licht* (1983)
- *Refrain*, for piano (+ 3 woodblocks), vibraphone (+ 3 alpine cowbells and keyboard glockenspiel), and celesta (+ 3 antique cymbals), Nr. 11 (1959)
- *3 x Refrain 2000*, for sampler-celesta (+ 3 antique cymbals), piano (+ 3 woodblocks), vibraphone (+ 3 alpine cowbells and keyboard glockenspiel), and sound director, Nr. 11`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (2000)
- *Rotary* Wind Quintet, for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, and horn, Nr. 70`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1997)
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# List of compositions by Karlheinz Stockhausen
## S
- *Samstag aus Licht* (see: *Licht*, above)
- *Saxophon (aus Jahreslauf)*, for soprano saxophone and bongo, or soprano saxophone alone, 2. ex Nr. 47, (1977) from Dienstag aus Licht
- *Schlagtrio* (\"Percussive Trio\") \[originally *Schlagquartett*\], for piano and 2 x 3 \[originally 3 x 2\] timpani, Nr. `{{frac|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} (1952)
- *Schönheit* (\"Beauty\"), for flute, bass clarinet, and trumpet (2006--2007). See: *Klang*: Sixth Hour
- *Signale zur Invasion* (\"Signals to Invasion\"), for trombone and electronic music or for trombone alone, 2. ex Nr. 61, from Dienstag aus Licht (1992)
- *Sirius*, electronic music with trumpet, soprano, bass clarinet, and bass voice, Nr. 43 (1975--77)
- *Sirius*, electronic music alone, four versions:
- Spring version, 1. ex Nr. 43
- Summer version, 2. ex Nr. 43
- Fall version, 3. ex Nr. 43
- Winter version, 4. ex Nr. 43
- *Aries*, for trumpet and electronic music, Nr. 43`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1977/80)
- *Libra*, for bass clarinet and electronic music, Nr. 43`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} (1977)
- *Capricorn*, for bass and electronic music, Nr. 43`{{frac|3|4}}`{=mediawiki} (1977)
- *Solo*, for a melody instrument and feedback (live electronics with 4 technicians, 4 pair of loudspeakers), Nr. 19 (1965--66)
- Sonatine, for violin and piano, Nr. `{{frac|1|8}}`{=mediawiki} (1951)
- *Sonntag aus Licht* (see: *Licht*, above)
- *Spiel* (\"Play\"), for orchestra, Nr. `{{frac|1|4}}`{=mediawiki} (1952)
- *Spiral*, for a soloist with short-wave receiver and live electronics with sound director, Nr. 27 (1968)
- *Sternklang* (\"Star Sound\"), park music for five groups, Nr. 34 (1971)
- *Stimmung* (\"Tuning\"), for 6 vocalists, Nr. 24 (1968)
- *Stimmung* \"Paris Version\", for 6 vocalists, 6 microphones, 6 loudspeakers, and sound director, Nr. 24`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1968)
- *Stop*, for small orchestra in 6 groups, Nr. 18 (1965)
- *Stop*, \"Paris Version\", Nr. 18`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1969)
- *Stop und Start*, for 6 instrumental groups, Nr. 18`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} (2001)
- *Strahlen* (\"Rays\"), for a percussionist and ten-channel sound recording, Nr. 80`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (2002)
- *Studie I* (\"Study I\"), electronic music, Nr. 3/I (1953)
- *Studie II* (\"Study II\"), electronic music, Nr. 3/II (1954)
- *Sukat*, for alto flute and basset-horn, 2. ex Nr. 60 (1989)
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# List of compositions by Karlheinz Stockhausen
## T
- *Telemusik*, electronic and concrete music, Nr. 20 (1966)
- *Thinki*, for flute, 1. ex Nr. 70 (1997)
- *Tierkreis* (\"Zodiac\"), 12 melodies of the star signs, for a melody and/or chording instrument, Nr. 41`{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} (1974--75)
- *Tierkreis*, for high soprano or high tenor, Nr. 41`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Tierkreis*, for soprano or tenor, Nr. 41`{{frac|3|4}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Tierkreis*, for mezzo-soprano or alto or low tenor, Nr. 41`{{frac|4|5}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Tierkreis*, for baritone, Nr. 41`{{frac|5|6}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Tierkreis*, for bass, Nr. 41^6^/~7~
- *Tierkreis*, for chamber orchestra, Nr. 41 ^7^/~8~ (1974/77)
- *Tierkreis*, for clarinet and piano, Nr. 41 ^8^/~9~ (1974/81)
- *Tierkreis*, trio version, Nr. 41 ^9^/~10~ (1974/83)
- *Tierkreis*, 2003 version, for tenor or soprano and chordal instrument, Nr. 41 ^10^/~11~ (1974/2003)
- *Fünf Sternzeichen*, for orchestra, Nr. 41 ^11^/~12~ (1974/2004)
- *Fünf weitere Sternzeichen*, for orchestra, Nr. 41 ^12^/~13~ (1974/2007)
- *Taurus*, for bassoon, 1. ex Nr. 41 ^12^/~13~ (1974/2007)
- *Taurus-Quintett*, for tuba, trumpet, bassoon, horn, and trombone, 2. ex Nr. 41 ^12^/~13~ (1974/2007)
- *Trans*, for orchestra and tape, Nr. 35 (1971)
- *Traum-Formel* (\"Dream Formula\"), for basset-horn, Nr. 51`{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} (1981)
- *Treue* (\"Fidelity\"), for E`{{Music|flat}}`{=mediawiki} clarinet, basset horn, and bass clarinet (2007). See: *Klang*: Eleventh Hour
- *Trumpetent* (or *Trompetent*), for 4 trumpeters, Nr. 73 (1995)
- *Türin*, for door (German: *Tür*), rin, and speaker (versions in German and English), with electronics, Nr. 84 extra (2006)
- *Two Couples*, electronic and concrete music, Nr. 63 `{{frac|2|3}}`{=mediawiki} (1992/99)
## U
- *Unsichtbare Chöre* (\"Invisible Choirs\"), 16-channel recording of a cappella choir, for 8-channel playback, ex Nr. 79 (1979)
## V
- *Vibra-Elufa*, for vibraphone, 9`{{frac|3|4}}`{=mediawiki} ex Nr. 64 (2003)
## W
- *Weltraum* (\"Outer Space\"), electronic music, Nr. 62 (1991--92/94) see: *Licht*: *Freitags-Gruss* and *Freitags-Abschied*, above.
- *Wochenkreis* (\"Cycle of the Week\"), for basset-horn and electronic keyboard instruments, 2. ex Nr. 57`{{frac|3|4}}`{=mediawiki} (1986/88)
## X
- *Xi*, for a melody instrument with microtones, 1. ex Nr. 55 (1986)
- *Xi*, version for basset horn, 2. ex Nr. 55 (1986)
- *Xi*, version for alto flute or flute, 3. ex Nr. 55 (1986)
## Y
- *Ylem*, for 19 players, Nr. 37 (1972)
- *Ypsilon*, for a melody instrument with microtones, 2. ex Nr. 59 (1989)
- *Ypsilon*, version for basset-horn, 3. ex Nr. 59 (1989)
- *Ypsilon*, version for flute, 4. ex Nr. 59 (1989)
## Z
- *Zeitmaße* (\"Time Measures\"), for oboe, flute, cor anglais, clarinet, and bassoon, Nr. 5 (1955--56)
- *Zungenspitzentanz* (\"Tip-of-the-Tongue Dance\") for piccolo flute, dancer (optional) 2 euphoniums or synthesizer, 1 percussionist (optional) (plus 1 transmitter, 5 microphones, 2 x 2 loudspeakers, mixing desk and sound projectionist), or as piccolo solo, 9. ex Nr. 53, from *Luzifers Tanz*, scene 3 of *Samstag aus Licht* (1983)
- *Zyklus* (\"Cycle\"), for a percussionist, Nr
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# Logperch
**Logperches** are a group of ray-finned fish in the genus *Percina* of the family Percidae.
There are 11 species of logperch, native to eastern parts of the US and Canada. The fish inhabit clear, gravelly streams and lakes. *Percina caprodes* is the most widespread of the species; some of the species with more restricted distribution are threatened in various ways. Due to their small size, the fish are not normally harvested for food. Habitat alteration and inappropriate land use practices are the most common population stressors.
## Characteristics
The logperch is commonly found as a baby and around 6 to in length, it has features like small black dots on the surface, elongated front fins, and a long skinny body, reaching a maximum size of about 18 cm and a maximum age of about 3 years.
## Species
- *Percina austroperca* -- Southern logperch
- *Percina bimaculata* -- Chesapeake logperch (often included in *P
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# 1934 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The **1934 International Lawn Tennis Challenge** was the 29th edition of what is now known as the **Davis Cup**. 10 teams would enter the Europe Zone (with 17 teams taking part in the qualifying rounds), while only 5 would enter the Americas Zone, 3 in North America and 2 in South America. Due to the large number of entries in Europe, a \"Qualifying Round\" system was introduced in order to better manage the number of teams competing. European teams which lost before the 1933 Europe Zone semifinals would play-off against each other for four spots in the 1934 Europe Zone main draw.
In the America Inter-Zonal Final the United States received a walkover due to Brazil\'s absence, while in the Europe Zone final Australia defeated Czechoslovakia. The United States defeated Australia in the Inter-Zonal play-off, but would fall to Great Britain in the Challenge Round. The final was played at the All England Club Centre Court in Wimbledon, London, England on 28--31 July.
## America Zone {#america_zone}
### North & Central America Zone {#north_central_america_zone}
### South America Zone {#south_america_zone}
### Americas Inter-Zonal Final {#americas_inter_zonal_final}
**United States vs. Brazil**
United States defeated Brazil by walkover.
## Europe Zone {#europe_zone}
### Qualifying round {#qualifying_round}
- , `{{davis|AUT}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{davis|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{davis|ITA|1861}}`{=mediawiki} advance to the 1934 Europe Zone main draw.
### Main Draw {#main_draw}
### Final
**Czechoslovakia vs. Australia** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=Czechoslovakia
|team2=Australia
|venue=[[Prague]], [[Czechoslovakia]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1934-EUR-M-TCH-AUS-01|title=Czechoslovakia v Australia|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref>
|date=13–15 July 1934
|surface=Clay
|score1=2
|score2=3
|R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[Roderich Menzel]] |10 |6 |8 | | |T2P1=[[Vivian McGrath]] |8 |2 |6 | | }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Ladislav Hecht \|4 \|2 \|2 \| \| \|T2P1=Jack Crawford \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Ladislav Hecht \|T1P2=Roderich Menzel \|4 \|3 \|4 \| \| \|T2P1=Jack Crawford \|T2P2=Adrian Quist \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Roderich Menzel \|6 \|6 \|2 \|8 \| \|T2P1=Jack Crawford \|4 \|4 \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Ladislav Hecht \|6 \|2 \|1 \|5 \| \|T2P1=Vivian McGrath \|3 \|6 \|6 \|7 \| }} }}
## Inter-Zonal Final {#inter_zonal_final}
**United States vs. Australia** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=United States |team1-var=1912
|team2=Australia
|venue=[[Centre Court]], [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club|All England Club]], [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], [[England]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1934-INZ-M-USA-AUS-01|title=United States v Australia|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref>
|date=21–25 July 1934
|surface=Grass
|score1=3
|score2=2
|R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[Frank Shields]] |1 |2 |10 | | |T2P1=[[Jack Crawford (tennis)|Jack Crawford]] |6 |6 |12 | | }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Sidney Wood \|5 \|4 \|6 \|7 \| \|T2P1=Vivian McGrath \|7 \|6 \|1 \|9 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=George Lott \|T1P2=Lester Stoefen \|6 \|6 \|2 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Jack Crawford \|T2P2=Adrian Quist \|4 \|4 \|6 \|4 \| }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Sidney Wood \|6 \|9 \|4 \|4 \|6 \|T2P1=Jack Crawford \|3 \|7 \|6 \|6 \|2 }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Frank Shields \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Vivian McGrath \|4 \|2 \|4 \| \| }} \|}}
## Challenge Round {#challenge_round}
**Great Britain vs. United States** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=Great Britain
|team2=United States |team2-var=1912
|venue=[[Centre Court]], [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club|All England Club]], [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], [[England]]<ref name="Challenge">{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1934-WG-CHR-GBR-USA-01|title=Great Britain v United States|publisher=daviscup
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# Saving Babies
***Saving Babies*** is an Australian medical documentary television series that screened on Network Ten from 15 February 2007 to 29 March 2007; airing seven episodes. The show was filmed at Sydney\'s Royal Hospital for Women and presented by former newsreader, Kim Watkins.
The show follows the stories of unwell newborn infants and their families as they go through numerous medical examinations and treatments. Each half-hour show follows three families and their stories while in the hospital. The program was broadcast on Thursday nights.
The shows presenter, Kim Watkins, has had her own experience with the Royal Hospital for Women after giving birth to premature twin girls.
## Spin-Off {#spin_off}
While the show did not eventually return for a second season, a spin-off series, *Saving Kids*, aired on Network Ten in 2008. Watkins did not reprise her role as host, with Damien Leith taking over
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# Bob Harris (sportscaster)
**Bob Harris** (August 22, 1942 -- June 12, 2024), known as the **Voice of the Blue Devils**, was an American sportscaster, best known as the play-by-play announcer for Duke University men\'s basketball and football teams. In his 40 seasons at Duke, Harris broadcast 456 consecutive Duke football games (2015) and 1,358 Duke basketball games (2016). His 1,980 game career includes 41 ACC men\'s basketball tournament games, 126 NCAA men\'s basketball tournament games in 35 trips, 13 Final Four appearances, 11 national championship games and 5 NCAA Champion titles.
Harris was inducted into the Stanly County Sports Hall of Fame in 1993. He was inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 2006. Harris was named the 2011 North Carolina Sportscaster of the Year by the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association, winning for the third time, following wins in 1988 and 1991. Harris said, \"I\'m a fan. A fan with a microphone.\" On June 25, 2016, Harris received the prestigious \"Order of the Long Leaf Pine\" award from NC Governor Pat McCrory for 40 years of service to the state.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Born on August 22, 1942, Harris grew up in Albemarle, North Carolina. Beginning in 1960, Harris attended North Carolina State University for two years before leaving college to work for Goodyear. He later returned to his hometown for a job selling insurance, where he began working part-time for WZKY, in 1967. Harris volunteered to provide coverage of local football for the station, which led to him being hired as a full-time sports announcer, as well as sports director for eight years.
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# Bob Harris (sportscaster)
## Broadcasting career {#broadcasting_career}
In 1975, Harris and his family relocated to Durham where Harris had been offered a sales job on WDNC. A week later, he was hosting a sports talk show. Eventually, he served as color commentator to then-Duke sportcaster, Add Penfield, broadcasting Duke football and basketball games. When Penfield experienced health problems, Harris filled in. Penfield retired in the spring of 1976, opening the door for Harris to become the \"Voice of the Blue Devils\" beginning with the 1976 football season.
Nationally, Harris was best known for his play-by-play of Christian Laettner\'s buzzer beater in Duke\'s victory over the University of Kentucky in the 1992 East Regional of the NCAA basketball tournament. ESPN considers the 1992 East Regional Final in Philadelphia the \"greatest college basketball game ever\" played. Harris\' description of \"The Shot\" from the radio broadcast is most often featured with the archival video footage, replacing that of the original television commentators: `{{cquote|They throw it the length of the floor... Laettner catches, comes down, dribbles.. Shoots. ''Scores!'' ... Christian Laettner has hit the bucket at the buzzer! The Blue Devils win it 104 to 103. Look out Minneapolis! Here come the Blue Devils!}}`{=mediawiki}
In December 2010, Harris published his autobiography, \"How Sweet It Is!: From the Cotton Mill to the Crows\' Nest\", recounting his storied career as the \"Voice of the Blue Devils\". He was courtside to witness all five of Duke\'s National Championship wins. Included with the book is an 80-minute CD that features some of Harris\' interviews, including Muhammad Ali and Red Skelton, along with famous radio calls like \"The Shot\".
The book, which Harris spent five years writing, was scheduled for a March 2010 release, but delayed until December. \"It was all set to be released, but then Duke won another national championship.\" Harris said, \"So I had to add another chapter for obvious reasons.\"
Harris was active in book signings, often for the benefit of charities. He participated in a \"red carpet book signing event\" for Pantry, Inc. as part of their \"Battle for Bean Street\" competition, with the prize being a \$20,000 corporate donation to the Duke Cancer Institute. Recently, Harris partnered with Kangeroo Express to host \"Salute Our Troops\", a fundraiser that raised \$2.5 million in support of military service men and women. Reflecting on the retirement of a fellow broadcaster, Harris had this to say: \"As long as my health is good and as long as my passion is still there for the games, the broadcasts and the kids, and as long as I\'m still doing the job that Duke needs and wants me to do, I really don\'t want to retire anytime soon because I have fun doing it\". Says, Harris, \"I don\'t want to rust away. I want to wear out.\"
On October 15, 2011, Harris celebrated his 400th consecutive Duke Football radio broadcast. \"It just means that the good Lord has given me good health for 36 plus years and enabled me to be there,\" says Harris. \"It was not something that I had as a goal. I\'m so happy that I\'ve got a job like mine and I get to do something that I love.\" During his football career, Harris worked with nine coaches, called plays for All-Americas and future NFL players. After 456 games, Harris maintains there is still an element of excitement to this work. \"A Saturday afternoon in Wallace Wade Stadium in late October is just as exciting to me as a Wednesday night in February in Cameron Indoor Stadium,\" says Harris.
On February 9, 2012, Harris\' call of a game between the University of North Carolina Tarheels and the Duke Blue Devils was said to rival his call of Laettner\'s \"shot\": `{{cquote|"Nine seconds left and Rivers comes front court… Rivers works to the right side, he'll try to step back with one second left…lets fly…''got it!'' The Blue Devils win it over North Carolina! 85-84! Oh my gosh! I do not believe this!"}}`{=mediawiki}
Harris called his 1,200th Duke Men\'s Basketball game on February 16, 2012, an exciting game with the team overcoming a twenty-point deficit to defeat Harris\' alma mater, North Carolina State, 78-73.
Harris advised young broadcasters: \"Don\'t try to be the next somebody. Be the best \"your name\" that you can be. Listen to all these other broadcasters, listen to the veterans to see how they do things, what they say, how they describe things\...I think sometimes the younger people get a little bit antsy. They wanna have it happen now, and it\'s not going to. You\'ve got to pay your dues.\"
Lewis Bowling, author and teacher at N.C. Central University and Duke University, declares that Harris is \"a favorite among fans, and Duke athletes through the years have looked to this affable man as a father figure and friend. With Bob Harris\' voice in Duke fans\' ears, many of us can say to him, \"How sweet it is!\".
Harris retired in 2017, and was diagnosed with Alzheimer\'s disease in his later years. He died in Durham on June 12, 2024
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# Tatiana Chuvaeva
**Tatiana Chuvaeva** (born 14 April 1983) is a Ukrainian former pairs skater. She competed with Viacheslav Chiliy and Dmytro Palamarchuk. With Palamarchuk, she was a two-time Ukrainian national champion and competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics, where they placed 16th. The partnership ended in 2003 with their retirement.
## Programs
(with Palamarchuk)
+-------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Season | Short program | Free skating |
+=============+===========================+=================================================+
| 2002--2003\ | - Habanera\ | - Scenes for a Night\'s Dream\ |
| | by Georges Bizet\ | by Genesis\ |
| | (modern version) | performed by The London Symphony Orchestra |
+-------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| 2000--2002\ | - Harlem Nocturne\ | - \"A Lover\'s Concerto\"\ |
| | by Earle Hagen | by Sandy Linzer |
| | - Samba\ | - Who Wants to Live Forever\ |
| | by R. Chiras\ | by Queen |
| | Max Greger Orchestra | - Moonlight Sonata\ |
| | | by Ludwig van Beethoven |
+-------------+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
## Competitive highlights {#competitive_highlights}
### With Palamarchuk {#with_palamarchuk}
**Results**
---------------------------
**International**
Event
Olympics
Worlds
Europeans
GP Lalique
GP Skate America
GP Skate Canada
GP Sparkassen Cup
Finlandia
Nebelhorn
**International: Junior**
Junior Worlds
**National**
Ukrainian Champ
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# Strawberry Shortcake: Pets on Parade
***Strawberry Shortcake: Pets on Parade*** is an American animated television special from 1982, made by Romeo Muller, Robert L. Rosen and Fred Wolf, and the third featuring the American Greetings character, Strawberry Shortcake.
## Synopsis
*Strawberry Shortcake: Pets on Parade* tells of Strawberryland\'s Second Annual Grand Old Petable Pet Show and Pet Parade. Strawberry and her cat, Custard, are its judges. The Purple Pieman and Sour Grapes try to enter their pets and frame her for cheating.
## Cast
Name Character Source
--------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ --------
Russi Taylor Strawberry Shortcake
Robert Ridgely Peculiar Purple Pieman
Joan Gerber{{#tag:ref\|Credited as Joanie Gerber.\|group=nb}} Soufflé the Skunk
Julie McWhirter Angel Cake / Custard
Romeo Muller Mr. Sun / Narrator
## Release
*Pets on Parade* premiered on April 9, 1982 in 100 U.S. cities. It aired on WCBS in New York City and on KTLA in Los Angeles. It was the last Strawberry Shortcake special Muller/Rosen produced.
## Reception
In the 1996 edition of Ballantine Books\' *Video Movie Guide*, Mick Martin and Marsha Porter gave the special two and a half stars out of four
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# The Syndicats
**The Syndicats** were an English beat band formed in September 1963 in North London with Thomas Ladd on vocals (post Johnny Lambs departure), Steve Howe on guitar and backing vocals, Kevin Driscoll on bass and backing vocals, Jeff Williams on organ and piano, and John \"Truelove\" Melton on drums. The latter was replaced by Paul Holm on their last single in 1965. This was Steve Howe\'s first group. When he left The Syndicats to join the band The In Crowd in November 1965 (which would later become Tomorrow), he was replaced by guitarist Ray Fenwick, who was subsequently replaced by Peter Banks. Banks went on to be the first guitarist in Yes, and was then replaced by Howe in 1970.
The Syndicats\' first single was released on 8 April 1964, a cover of Chuck Berry\'s \"Maybellene\" on the A side, and on the B side, a joint composition of Howe and Ladd, \"True to Me\". Their second single was another cover, a song by Willie Dixon, \"Howlin\' for My Baby\", with the B side being a song credited to the entire band, \"(Tell Me) What to Do\". Their third and final single, \"On the Horizon\", was a composition by Jerry Leiber & Mike Stoller on the A side and, on side B, \"Crawdaddy Simone\", a song by Fenwick and Williams. Fenwick plays the guitar solo in this song.
Many years later, Fenwick joined Steve Howe\'s Remedy live band for a 2004 tour (released on DVD in 2005). \"Crawdaddy Simone\" was covered by a British band called The Horrors on their eponymous EP released in 2006.
## Compilations
Steve Howe\'s 1994 *Mothballs* compilation of his early work contains seven tracks by The Syndicats, including the first two singles (A and B sides), \"Leave My Kitten Alone\" (a cover of the song by Little Willie John, Titus Turner and James McDougal), \"Don\'t Know What to Do\" by Howe himself, and \"On the Horizon\".
On Howe\'s 2016 compilation *Anthology 2: Groups & Collaborations*, there is \"Maybellene\" and \"On the Horizon\". Ray Fenwick also plays with Steve Howe on a previously unpublished song called \"Slim Pickings\", recorded in 2002, with the late Virgil Howe on drums.
## Singles
- \"Maybellene\" (Chuck Berry) / \"True to Me\" (Ladd/Howe) (8 April 1964, Columbia DB 7238)
- \"Howling for My Baby\" (Willie Dixon) / \"What To Do\" (Howe/Truelove/K. Driscoll/T
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# Terrorism in Kazakhstan
The threat of **terrorism in Kazakhstan** plays an increasingly important role in relations with the United States which in 2006 were at an all-time high. Kazakhstan has taken Uzbekistan\'s place as the favored partner in Central Asia for both Russia and the United States. Kazakhstan\'s counter-terrorism efforts resulted in the country\'s 94th ranking among 130 countries in the 2016 Global Terrorism Index published by the Institute of Economics and Peace. The higher the position on the ranking is, the bigger the impact of terrorism in the country. Kazakhstan\'s 94th place puts it in a group of countries with the lowest impact of terrorism.
## Banned terrorist organizations {#banned_terrorist_organizations}
On 12 October 2006 the Supreme Court approved a revised list of banned terrorist organizations and the Prosecutor General released the list. The terrorist organizations the government has banned are the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, Islamic Front of Kazakhstan, Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami, Jamaat of Central Asian Mujahedins, Islamic Party of Eastern Turkestan, Kurdistan Workers Party, Boz Kurt, Lashkar-e-Toiba, Social Reforms Society (in Kuwait), Asbat an-Ansar (in Israel), Al-Qaeda, Taliban, and the Muslim Brotherhood. When the Supreme Court initially added the JCMA and six other organizations to its list in March 2006, critics said that the Muslim Brotherhood and Lashkar-e-Toiba do not operate in Kazakhstan on a level sufficient to justify inclusion in the list. Saulebek Zhamkenuly, press secretary for the Prosecutor-General\'s Office, said, \"It doesn\'t mean all these organizations are active in Kazakhstan. The decision to ban them is a preventive measure. These organizations are considered as terrorist in the Russian Federation, the United States, Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Pakistan.\"
The Supreme Court added Aum Shinrikyo and the East Turkestan Liberation Organization to the list of banned terrorist organizations on 17 November 2006. Both organizations have members in Kazakhstan.
### Ties between designated terrorist organizations {#ties_between_designated_terrorist_organizations}
Hizb-ut-Tahrir is banned in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. The Kyrgyz government banned HuT after it declared a jihad against Kyrgyz police on 19 July 2006. Kyrgyz and Uzbek government officials say that there are ties between Hizb-ut-Tahrir, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, and the Islamic extremist group Akromiya. Kazakh Prosecutor-General Rashid Tusupbekov asked the Astana City Court to ban HuT because of its terrorist activities on 16 March 2005. Press secretary Zhamkenuly said it is \"very probable that Hizb ut-Tahrir has connections with the Taliban, Al-Qaeda, and other extremist groups. Therefore, under the Kazakh law banning extremism, we have every reason to outlaw Hizb ut-Tahrir\'s activities on Kazakh territory.\"
### Aum Shinrikyo and East Turkestan Liberation Organization {#aum_shinrikyo_and_east_turkestan_liberation_organization}
Askar Amerkhanov, deputy chief of staff of Kazakhstan\'s counterterrorism center, asked the Prosecutor-General\'s Office and the Supreme Court to add Aum Shinrikyo and the East Turkestan Liberation Organization to the list of banned terrorist organizations on 15 September 2006. Amerkhanov said the National Security Committee (KNB) prevented an Aum Shinrikyo cell from forming in Kyzylorda.
The Supreme Court added both organizations to the list on 17 November 2006.
### Al-Qaeda and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan {#al_qaeda_and_the_islamic_movement_of_uzbekistan}
From 28 March-1 April 2004 two suicide bombers set off bombs in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The bombings killed 47 people, 33 of whom were militants and 14 who were bystanders and policemen. The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, an organization affiliated with Al-Qaeda, and Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility. Uzbek President Islam Karimov claimed the perpetrators were ex-members of Hizb-ut-Tahrir.
The Uzbek security service\'s intelligence, according to *Pravda*, proves the involvement of Jamaat of Central Asian Mujahedins members. Tashkent police found a mobile phone used by the terrorists at the site of one of the bombings. The police later found that the terrorists had called associates in Kazakhstan. Police from both nations agreed to work together in investigating the bombing.
According to Tanya Costello, an analyst for Eurasia Group, the IMU has been nearly destroyed by the counter-terrorism efforts of the U.S., Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan.
While Al-Qaeda has never said it has a direct presence in Kazakhstan, journalists raised the issue in a press conference held in February 2004 following a meeting between U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and Kazakh Defense Minister Mukhtar Altynbayev. The Government of Pakistan had recently arrested Abdallah Tohtasinovich Magrupov, a suspected terrorist of Kazakh ethnicity, and his citizenship was unclear. Altynbayev expressed skepticism over the presence of Al-Qaeda members, saying the situation is \"seriously controlled by the special services.\"
### Hamas
The Union of Muslims of Kazakhstan invited Hamas leaders to Kazakhstan in 2006.
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# Terrorism in Kazakhstan
## Banned terrorist organizations {#banned_terrorist_organizations}
### Hizb-ut-Tahrir {#hizb_ut_tahrir}
Hizb-ut-Tahrir first appeared in Kazakhstan in the south in the 1990s. Beibut Saparaly, a cleric at the Astana-based Kaganat religious education center, said in March 2005 that the \"idea to create a caliphate is supported by many youth. Some years ago, we heard that Hizb ut-Tahrir had support in Shymkent and in Pavlodar. But lately, particularly after Qurban-Ayt, we learned that \[Hizb ut-Tahrir\] leaflets had been distributed in all mosques in the southern capital of Almaty.\" Kazakh police have arrested HuT members in southern Kazakhstan for several years, but the first arrests of members in northern Kazakhstan were in 2004. *Novoye Pokoleniye* has attributed the popularity of Hizb-ut-Tahrir to the social and economic conditions of the populace. One journalist wrote that illiteracy, poverty, and the \"proximity of trouble spots allow various types of \'teachers\' to act very freely there.\" Additionally, as \"one head cell is cut off,\" it is \"replaced by several new ones.\" The Kazakh government found the first Hizb-ut-Tahrir cell in Kentai in 2000. The HuT presence in Kazakhstan then spread in the country, primarily in southern Kazakhstan. Rashid Tusupbekov, the Prosecutor General, asked the Supreme Court to add Hizb ut-Tahrir to the list of banned terrorist organizations on 17 March 2005, citing its ties to Al-Qaeda and the Taliban.
Police arrested Kuanysh Bekzhanov, a 20-year-old student of law at the Humanitarian Institute, in November 2003 at Ordabasy square for distributing Hizb ut-Tahrir pamphlets. Upon a further search police uncovered 200 Hizb ut-Tahrir leaflets. Judge Adis Kerimshiyev of the Shymkent municipal court found Bekzhanov guilty on 4 August of violating part 2 of Article 164 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, \"agitation of social, ethnic, clan, racial, or religious animosity,\" and Article 337, \"creation or participation in the activities of illegal public associations.\" The court sentenced him to two years in prison.
Bombings in Uzbekistan in the spring and summer of 2004 killed more than 50 people. The Uzbek government attributed the bombings to HuT terrorists. Suspects said they were trained at a terrorist camp in Kazakhstan. The Kazakh government denied the allegation, but said the defendants had at one point lived in the Shymkent Oblast, which they reached by illegally crossing the border.
On 5 February 2005 police in Kentai, Kazakhstan found Hizb-ut-Tahrir books and leaflets in the attic of a resident\'s home. The books were written in Uzbek, Russian, and Kazakh. Police charged the resident with distributing extremist literature and encouraging religious strife. According to Marat Yermukanov of *Eurasia Daily Monitor*, \"reports say\" the resident \"bought these publications at the market\... to distribute the teachings of Hizb-ut-Tahrir\" in Kentai. Kentai is \"fertile ground\" for Hizb-ut-Tahrir because of the poor economy and the government\'s \"indifference to their woes.\" Yermukanov said that most police raids targeted HuT cells.
Three days later, on 8 February, Almaty police shut down an HuT printing facility, taking 12,400 leaflets and 53 booklets from an apartment building.
Hibratulla Doskaliyev, head of the South Kazakhstan Region interior department, criticized the government\'s handling of Hizb ut-Tahrir\'s growing popularity in August 2006. Doskaliyev said, \"This is a very serious issue and only 14 \[officers\] are dealing with it. This is totally insufficient.\" The department subsequently increased personnel monitoring Hizb ut-Tahrir activity.
Beksultan Sarsenov, first deputy head of the CIS Anti-Terrorist Center, said Hizb-ut-Tahrir and Uyghur nationalists were the greatest threats to Kazakhstan\'s security. Sarsenov said that a \"small group\" of religious bigots and nationalists \"think the country is only for Kazakhs\" and \"nationalist Russians who are convinced that they have the right to certain part of Kazakhstan\'s territory\" threaten Kazakhstan.
In December 2005 the KNB extradited Rustam Chagilov, a suspected terrorist, to Russia. KNB officials detained an ethnic Uzbek and alleged member of HuT in Taraz, South Kazakhstan in April 2006. The KNB accused him of organizing an HuT cell Qoqon, Uzbekistan and extradited him to Uzbekistan.
Kenzhenbulat Beknazarov, spokesman for the KNB announced on 22 December 2006 in Astana that an HuT cell-network active in multiple towns had been shut down. Beknazarov said, \"Computers, more than 25,000 pamphlets, some 70 copies of religious extremist books and advanced printing equipment were confiscated during our searches.\" Routes used to smuggle in extremist literature and foreign funding were also shut down.
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# Terrorism in Kazakhstan
## Banned terrorist organizations {#banned_terrorist_organizations}
### Jamaat of Central Asian Mujahedins {#jamaat_of_central_asian_mujahedins}
In 2004 National Security Committee (KNB) officials claimed they had shut down the Jamaat of Central Asian Mujahedins. However, in 2006, they again claimed to have foiled a terrorist plot orchestrated by JCAM members.
#### 2004
Vladimir Bozhko, first deputy chairman of Kazakhstan\'s National Security Committee (KNB), announced in a press conference on 11 November 2004 that the KNB had dismantled the Jamaat of Central Asian Mujahedins, arresting nine citizens of Kazakhstan and four of Uzbekistan. Police confiscated weapons, forged documents, a videotape of a speech given by Osama bin Laden, and what *Radio Free Europe* called \"extremist propaganda.\" Four women, trained as suicide bombers, were detained. The government discovered that JCAM recruited 50 citizens of Uzbekistan and 20 of Kazakhstan since mid-2002. JCAM is, like the IMU, affiliated with Al Qaeda.
Zhakshybek Biimurzaev, headed JCAM\'s operations in Kazakhstan while Ahmad Bekmirzaev, headed operations in Uzbekistan. Both served in the IMU. Biimurzaev has been arrested by Uzbek police and the National Security Service of Kyrgyzstan. Uzbek police killed Bekmirzaev in a shoot-out near Tashkent on 30 March. Biimurzaev is reported as having said, \"This year there were three terror attacks in Tashkent in July. I organized them on the instruction of my amir Usman. Three Kazakh citizens took part in them. I was opposed to this, but the amir ordered it.\" Usman later ordered Biimurzaev to assassinate what *Radio Free Europe* referred to as a \"high-ranking Uzbek official.\"
Uzbek officials said Avaz Shoyusupov, a Kazakh citizen, is one of the suicide bombers who died in the 30 July attacks. Bekmirzaev\'s wife, Makhira Ibragimova, and Isa Eruov, Kazakh citizens, killed themselves in suicide bombing attacks in Uzbekistan in spring 2004. Police caught Aidos Usmonov, an Uzbek citizen and an aide of Biimurzaev, in Pavlodar, Kazakhstan. Usmonov had recently returned from Russia, where he allegedly recruited for JCAM. The Kazakh government extradited Uzbek terrorist suspects arrested in Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan.
*Deutsche Welle* and the Uzbek government reported that 15 suspects charged in relation to the Tashkent bombings were trained in terrorist camps in South Waziristan, Pakistan and in \"private apartments\" in Shymkent, and other cities, in Kazakhstan. Deputy Chairman Bozhko disagreed, saying \"there were no camps and bases for training terrorists on the territory of our country.\"
#### 2006 {#section_1}
President Nazarbayev on 18 April 2006 said the KNB needed to do more to protect the nation\'s security. Sergei Minenkov, National Security Committee member in charge of counter-terrorism, announced the day after that a KNB-Interior Ministry operation had prevented a major terrorist attack with assistance from the security services of an unnamed foreign nation and again shut down JCAM, calling it a \"criminal gang set up for terrorist activities.\" Some interpreted Minenkov\'s statements as a response to Nazarbayev\'s criticism.
Minenkov said the plot involved bombing the offices of security officials, government buildings, and public safety facilities. The ten suspects, who allegedly acted on instructions from a foreign nation, were charged with \'instigating religious strife\' and illegal possession of firearms.
When the operation took place, JCAM members were, according to *ISN Security Watch*, \"monitoring Kyrgyz political activities.\" 10 JCAM members in Almaty were arrested and police confiscated weapons and extremist books and tapes. The suspects were recruiting Kazakh citizens and establishing terror bases when they were arrested.
Minenkov said, \"Foreign ideologists of terrorism recommended attacking public places and strategically important infrastructure facilities\" in letters found by police. Seized documents included instructions on explosive construction and maps of targets. Serikbai Alibayev of For a Just Kazakhstan opposition coalition said, \"The National Security Committee\'s accusation against the opposition---that it could have joined the terrorist group---is nothing less than blame based on nothing. According to our laws and the constitution, law-enforcement agencies immediately should open a case against the National Security Committee and start an investigation. They should be brought to court for saying that---they are violating our constitution.\" Zauresh Battalova, also of For a Just Kazakhstan, said, \"The National Security Committee is a tool in the hands of the authorities. Today, the National Security Committee is following the authorities\' order to discredit those who really care about people in order to stop them. It\'s the National Security Committee that should be brought to justice. They have to answer for their activities, the activities of the special Arystan unit, and the deaths of Altynbek and Zamanbek. Problems cannot be solved by Dutbayev\'s resignation alone.\"
The KNB discovered and disrupted a terror cell in Stepnogorsk on 16 November. They arrested eleven Islamic terrorists, who were planning on carrying out attacks to create an Islamist republic in Central Asia. One of the terrorists shot at police officers as they broke up the cell. On 27 December the KNB broke up the \"Stepnogorsk zhamaat terrorist group,\" confiscating weapons and literature inciting terrorism. Members of the organization were planning on robbing businesses to fund assassinations of civil servants.
In January 2006 convicted JMCA terrorists were sentenced to prison terms ranging from eight to twenty-five years in prison.
#### 2011 {#section_2}
In July 2011, nine people suspected of involvement in the killing of two policeman in the northwestern Aktobe Province were killed in a firefight with policemen. A Kazakh special forces member was also killed.
The region has seen a rise in militant Islamic activity, although there are also grievances involving the police and economic issues.
The incident came a few weeks after the first suicide bombing in Kazakhstan in Aktobe. Rahimjan Makhatov blew himself up on May 17 inside the Aktobe offices of the National Security Committee, killing himself and injuring two others. Kazakh authorities said this was related to criminal activities rather than Islamic militancy.
In November 2011, 4 police officers and a security guard and another civilian were killed by a suicide bomber in the city of Taraz. The security guard was killed in an attack on an armoury where two guns were stolen, then militant killed two police officers with these weapons and then blew it when he was arrested killing another police officer.
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# Terrorism in Kazakhstan
## Banned terrorist organizations {#banned_terrorist_organizations}
### Tablighi Jamaat {#tablighi_jamaat}
Tablighi Jamaat, an Islamic missionary organization that is banned in Uzbekistan and has alleged ties to Al-Qaeda, is not considered a terrorist organization by the Government of Kazakhstan, but some members have been fined and deported for violating Kazakhstan\'s laws on missionary activity. Askar Amerkhanov, head of the National Security Committee Secret Police\'s Anti-terrorism Center, said, \"It is true that at first we did have suspicions that Tabligh was an extremist organisation. But having studied its teachings we have concluded that it is simply an Islamic missionary organisation. Tabligh\'s problem is that its supporters are preaching without having registered with the authorities.\" Kairat Tulesov, deputy head of the Justice Ministry\'s Religious Affairs Committee, said, \"Tabligh supporters simply have to observe Kazakh law and then they can pursue their activities without hindrance.\"
## Russian separatism {#russian_separatism}
In November 1999 the KNB arrested 22 people, 12 of whom were Russian citizens, in Öskemen for planning to overthrow the government and seized rifle cartridges and petrol bombs. On 8 June 2000 the Öskemen court sentenced 13 people, 11 Russians and 2 Kazakhs, convicted of planning to overthrow the local government and of illegal possession of weapons. The court sentenced the leader of the group, Vladimir Kazimirchuk, to 18-years imprisonment. Kazimirchuk allegedly planned to create an independent nation for ethnic Russians in eastern Kazakhstan.
Alexander Shushannikov, a member of Ust-Kamenogorsk municipal council, criticized the sentencing, saying the men were not sentenced for \"concrete actions. Their guilt was just their intentions.\" He called it a \"show trial.\"
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# Terrorism in Kazakhstan
## Almaty airplane bomb {#almaty_airplane_bomb}
An airport worker discovered a bomb in a plant in the baggage compartment of a Boeing 737 that flew from Moscow, Russia to Almaty, Kazakhstan while unloading baggage on 12 May 2005. The bomb, which at the time of discovery ticked and had wires. Security officials destroyed the package without incident.`{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2011}}`{=mediawiki}
## Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism {#global_initiative_to_combat_nuclear_terrorism}
Representatives from Australia, Britain, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey, and the United States met in Rabat, Morocco on 30--31 October 2006 to discuss the protection of nuclear materials and the prevention of theft by terrorists. One of the first steps of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism is to issue a statement of principles. Kazakhstan gave up its nuclear weapons after the fall of the Soviet Union under the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program. An anonymous U.S. official said the goal of the initiative is for participating states to \"build capacities to prevent the acquisition of sensitive materials by terrorist groups.\"
## Literature
The following extremist literature advocating terrorism has been confiscated in Kazakhstan:
- *An Open Letter to French President Jacques Chirac*
- *Evil Schemes of America*
- *Who is responsible for Tashkent blasts?*
## Cooperation with China {#cooperation_with_china}
Kazakhstan has consistently extradited Uyghur terrorist suspects to China and in 2006 participated in a large-scale, joint counter-terrorism drill.
### Chinese delegation visit {#chinese_delegation_visit}
Chinese President Hu Jintao led a 150-person delegation to Kazakhstan on 2 July 2005 after visiting Moscow, Russia for four days. The Chinese Government issued a press release saying the Chinese-Kazakh energy and security \"relationship deepens constantly.\" Upon arriving Hu met with President Nazarbayev in an official ceremony. They discussed anti-terrorism, energy, and transportation.
### Tian-Shan-1 2006 {#tian_shan_1_2006}
The governments of China and Kazakhstan held an anti-terror drill, known as the \"Tian-Shan-1-2006\" drill, from 24--26 August 2006, starting in Almaty, Kazakhstan and ending in Xinjiang, China through the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. The drill is the first time China and Kazakhstan have held anti-terrorism maneuvers. The Collective Security Treaty Organization held exercises in the Caspian Sea simultaneously.
The simulation lasted for three days and involved Kazakh forces from border patrol, the Interior Ministry, and the Emergency Situations Ministry, and Chinese law enforcement forces and security services. 700 police officials used armed helicopters and anti-riot vehicles to force the \'enemy\' into a narrow valley along the border of Kazakhstan and Xinjiang, China after rescuing \'hostages\'. About 100 observers from other SCO nation-members attended the exercises. The first day of exercises began in Almaty and ended in Yining, a city in Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. When officials of *Radio Free Europe* contacted the Foreign and Defense Ministries of both nations, inquiring about the exercises, Islam Dosmailuly, a spokesman for Kazakhstan\'s National Security Committee, told them he did not \"know if \[the exercises\] will \[take place\] or not. I\'m waiting for information. If \[the information\] gets here, we\'ll certainly comment on it. But, for now, I have no information.\" *Xinhua* reported that the policemen practiced freeing hostages.
Some analysts said the simulation practiced securing the Atasu-Alashankou pipeline, which sends petroleum from Kazakhstan to refineries in Xinjiang. Kazakhstan sends about 3.5 million tons through the pipeline annually and wants to increase output to 20 million tons.
Konstantin Syroyezhkin, a senior analyst at Kazakhstan\'s Strategic Studies and Research Institute, said \"there are many common threats and these are \[well-known\] already. There is drug trafficking, \[\[Illegal immigration\|\[illegal\] immigration\]\], and religious extremism and political extremism. There are a number of threats. And these are counter-terrorism exercises, \[against\] international terrorism. Why should they not hold them? Look, there\'s a mess in Afghanistan; there must be some mutual cooperation in that matter. And anyway, it is not the first time they have held such exercises. Last year, or before last year, it was organized as a planned maneuver, there is nothing suspicious about that.\" Kazakhstan has held joint counter-terrorism exercises with NATO under the Partnership for Peace program and the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Meng Hongwei, Chinese Vice-Minister of Public Security and commander of the Chinese troops for the drill, warned that the \"three evil forces\" of terrorism, separatism and extremism and increasing cross-border drug trafficking were affecting the region. Vice-Minister Hongwei said, \"the exercise will help establish the SCO\'s active role in maintaining regional security and stability.\" SCO nation-members plan to hold another series of anti-terrorism exercises in Russia in 2007. Vladimir Boshko, first vice-chairman of the Committee of the National Security of Kazakhstan, said the drill would improve anti-terror cooperation among SCO nation-members.
## Cooperation with India {#cooperation_with_india}
The Kazakh government condemned the 13 December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament saying terrorism is unjustifiable. President Nazarbayev and Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee reaffirmed this message by issuing a joint declaration on 12 February 2002, when Nazarbayev visited India for a state visit, stating that \"terrorism \[can\] not be justified in any form, for any cause or for any reason used as an excuse\... the fight against terrorism has to be global, comprehensive and sustained for the objective of total elimination of terrorism everywhere.\" They agreed to establish a bilateral joint working group on counter-terrorism and expressed support for the Karzai administration and an end to terrorism in Afghanistan. During Nazarbayev\'s five-day visit, the first since 1996, he met with President K. R. Narayanan, Vice President Krishan Kant and opposition leader Sonia Gandhi.
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# Terrorism in Kazakhstan
## Cooperation with international bodies {#cooperation_with_international_bodies}
### CICA Declaration on Eliminating Terrorism {#cica_declaration_on_eliminating_terrorism}
Officials from member state of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia met in the first CICA conference in Almaty in June 2002. On 4 June they issued a \"Declaration on Eliminating Terrorism and Promoting Dialogue among Civilizations.\" The Declaration condemns all acts of terrorism as \"direct violations of human rights\" and recognizes that \"all religions of the world reject violence and terrorism.\" It also expresses support for UN Security Council Resolution 1373.
### Combating money laundering and terrorism financing workshop {#combating_money_laundering_and_terrorism_financing_workshop}
The Kazakh government participated in a workshop on fighting money laundering and the financing of terrorism, along with officials, including legislators and police officers, from the Global Program against Money Laundering of the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Kyrgyzstan, Austria, Canada, Croatia, and the International Monetary Fund in 2002 from 30 September -- 1 October in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan and 2 October and 3 October in Astana, Kazakhstan. The workshop fulfilled part of an \"Action Plan\" agreed upon in December 2001 in a conference in Bishkek on security in Central Asia.
In Astana the Deputy Chairman of the Committee on National Security of Kazakhstan advocated passing a law prohibiting money laundering in Kazakhstan per the United Nations\' goal of banning money laundering in every country by 2003. Participants gave recommendations to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on changing legislation and bureaucracy to better fight illegal financing practices.
### International Conference on Peace and Harmony {#international_conference_on_peace_and_harmony}
Christian, Jewish, and Muslim leaders met with the President Nazarbayev, Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev, and Tajik President Emomali Rahmonov, and senior government officials from Azerbaijan, Afghanistan and Turkey, in Almaty on 13 February 2003 for the International Conference on Peace and Harmony. President Bush said in a 12 February letter to Nazarbayev, \"The United States strongly supports the Conference\'s objective of fostering peace and stability through dialogue among people of different nationalities and faiths. All peace-loving people share a deep interest in advancing religious liberty and tolerance, stemming hatred, and eliminating the threat of terrorism.\"
Over 70 Jewish leaders participated, including Malcolm Hoenlein, executive vice chairman, and Mortimer Zuckerman, chairman, of the Conference of Presidents of Major Jewish Organizations. Zuckerman expressed \"gratitude to all present for your fight against all forms of terrorism and extremism.\"
United States Senators Sam Brownback, Orrin Hatch, Mary Landrieu, and representatives Robert Wexler, Gary Ackerman, Henry Waxman, Joseph Pitts and others, signed separate letters of support for the conference, calling it \"critical to worldwide efforts to counter extremism.\" It sent \"a strong signal that the present and future course of the Muslim world will not be controlled by those that would propagate hate, fear and murder, such as Al Qaeda, but by those nations and people who respect and promote peace, tolerance and democracy.\" Participants in the conference established a permanent \"Forum for Peace and Stability,\" with headquarters in Kazakhstan. Nazarbayev said the Forum laid the \"foundation for creating a mechanism for permanent dialogue in the name of stability, security and peace in the 21st century. New realities require new approaches to thinking of new principles of solving the problems.\" President Rakhmonov said, \"The basis for the dialogue of civilizations lies in the unity of values preached by all religions. We must not allow attempts to pit civilizations against each other to succeed.\"
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# Terrorism in Kazakhstan
## Cooperation with international bodies {#cooperation_with_international_bodies}
### United Nations Terrorism Committee conference in Almaty {#united_nations_terrorism_committee_conference_in_almaty}
Officials from the United Nations Security Council\'s Counter-Terrorism Committee met in Almaty from 26--28 January 2005. The officials discussed terrorism, terrorism financing, money laundering, arms trafficking, illicit fund transfers, and fake charities in Central Eurasia. Andrei Denisov, the Russian ambassador to the United Nations, chaired the conference. On 26 January he said, \"the reality is that the threat of terrorism cannot be eradicated completely in the near future. It will continue to reproduce itself one way or the other. But nations can and should make every effort to limit the opportunities for this threat to realize itself, and this is what we are doing, and this is what we are going to discuss during our conference.\" He also said \"terrorism has deep roots in Central Asia.\" President Nazarbayev \'s said in his opening statement, \"Kazakhstan\'s national security is closely linked to the security of the Central Asian region. And security in Central Asia should be considered an integral component of security in \[Eurasia\]. The Central Asian region should be part of a Eurasian security system that is part of a global security system.\"
Boris Mylnikov, head of the CIS Antiterrorism Center, announced a list of terrorist organizations recognized by the CSTO and SCO. Human Rights Watch released an open letter to the CTC, calling on CTC nations to recognize the importance of respecting human rights while fighting terrorism. Rachel Denber, acting HRW director for Europe and Central Asia, expressed concerns about Human rights in Kazakhstan. HRW opposes the Kazakh government\'s extradition of Muslims to China because they may be sentenced to death.
## Cooperation with Russia {#cooperation_with_russia}
Yury Baluyevsky, First Deputy Defense Minister and Chief of the Russian General Staff, gave a speech to the chiefs of general staffs of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine in February 2006 prior to the fifteenth anniversary of the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. He called on them to cooperate in fighting against \"terrorism, cross-border crime and the drug mafia.\" The governments of Georgia, Moldova and Turkmenistan chose to not send representatives to the meeting.
At the same time Kazakhstan has extradited terrorist suspects to Russia. FSB and KNB agents caught Vakha Izmailov, suspected of involvement in the Beslan school attack and of other attacks in Ingushetia, in a joint operation in Kazakhstan. The Kazakh KNB then transferred him to the Russian FSB.
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# Terrorism in Kazakhstan
## Cooperation with Singapore {#cooperation_with_singapore}
Oral Mukhamedzhanov, Speaker of Kazakhstan\'s Lower House of Parliament, met with Singaporean President Sellapan Ramanathan on 31 October 2006. They discussed international terrorism and increasing cooperation between the two nations in counter-terrorism. Speaker Mukhamedzhanov visited Singapore after Singaporean Parliament Speaker Abdullah Tarmugi invited him.
## Cooperation with the United Arab Emirates {#cooperation_with_the_united_arab_emirates}
Askar Musinov, Kazakhstan\'s ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, met with Sayf Bin-Zayid al Nuhayyan, the Interior Minister of the UAE, on 29 November 2006. They discussed cooperation in fighting organized crime, drug trafficking, extradition of suspects, and terrorism.
## Cooperation with the United States {#cooperation_with_the_united_states}
Cooperation with the United States in regional counter-terrorism and the U.S.-led War in Iraq elicited praise from Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Senator Conrad Burns, Congressman Dennis Rehberg, and other U.S. government officials.
### Response to the September 11, 2001 attacks {#response_to_the_september_11_2001_attacks}
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev sent a message to United States President George W. Bush expressing \"indignation about terrorist acts that resulted in loss of numerous lives.\" The \"civilized community must unite and take effective measures to fight international terrorism. All the Kazakhstan people sympathize with the American people in their grief and mourn aver the tragedy.\"
Central Intelligence Agency officials met with Kazakhstan Security Council officials \"to take all the necessary measures to protect U.S. citizens staying in Kazakhstan\" in September 2001 following the attacks. KNB Chairman Marat Tazhin pledged the government would \"\[adopt\] tougher measures to deport illegal migrants \[in\] Kazakhstan.\"
According to the Center for Defense Information, the Kazakh government has been \"extremely supportive \[of\] the U.S.-led war against terrorism.\" The government offered the use of a major airport for Operation Enduring Freedom. Over 800 U.S. flights over Kazakh territory were approved and went ahead. CDI\'s profile of Kazakhstan credits security forces for \"step\[ing\] up efforts to protect U.S. government facilities and oil facilities with U.S. private investment\" and pledging to \"freeze the assets of terrorists identified on the U.S. designated terrorist asset-freeze list.\" The U.S. officially gave the Kazakh government USD \$52,893,000 million in 2002, \$47 million in 2003, and \$36.2 million in 2004. In addition, U.S. Government agencies spent \$92 million in assistance programs in Kazakhstan in 2003.
Three Kazakh citizens, Yaqub Abahanov, Abdulrahim Kerimbakiev, and Abdallah Tohtasinovich Magrupov, all born in Semey, Kazakhstan, are held in extrajudicial detention in the United States\' Guantanamo Bay detainment camp, in Cuba for alleged ties to the Taliban. Additionally, Uzbek citizen and Guantánamo prisoner Ilkham Turdbyavich Batayev\'s birthplace is Abaye, Kazakhstan.
In a speech given on 19 December 2001 at the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council during the Defence Ministers session, Mukhtar Altynbayev, the Kazakh Minister of Defense and General of the Kazakh Army, said the attacks \"demonstrated that international terrorism has no borders and represents a threat to all the world community.\" He reaffirmed Kazakhstan\'s will to fight terrorism and the need to \"punish\" terrorists and their sponsors. Addressing the possibility, raised by North Atlantic Treaty Organization experts,\" of using Kazakh airfields for counterterrorist operations, he said there were \"other practical issues under consideration,\" but that Kazakhstan would commit to providing humanitarian assistance to Afghans.
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# Terrorism in Kazakhstan
## Cooperation with the United States {#cooperation_with_the_united_states}
### United States air bases {#united_states_air_bases}
In 2002 a Chinese diplomat accused the United States Government of trying to secure a defunct air base, originally used by the Soviet Union specifically for theoretical military operations against China, near Semey in eastern Kazakhstan. A high-ranking Kazakh Defense Ministry official said the U.S. Government, as part of its anti-terrorism operations in Central Asia, had requested the use of military bases in Taraz and Taldykorgan. Ibragim Alibekov, a journalist for *Radio Free Europe*, characterized President Nursultan Nazarbayev\'s support for the \"anti-terrorism campaign\" as cautious and \"hesitant on the implementation of concrete cooperation measures.\" However, the National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry applauds Kazakhstan for playing \"a vital role in U.S.-led efforts to combat international terrorism.\" President Bush called Kazakhstan a \"strategic partner of the United States in Central Asia\" and said the United States wanted to expand anti-terrorism cooperation.
Alleged U.S. attempts to acquire bases were criticized by Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov, who said such actions were unjustifiable, and Russian State Duma Speaker Gennady Seleznev.
An anonymous expert within the Kazakh Defense Ministry said that \"of all the assistance \[Kazakhstan\] can offer towards military counter-terrorism operations---allowing use of our airfields, opening air corridors and sharing intelligence information---the last would be the least risky for Kazakhstan. Allowing the use of airfields means going into direct confrontation with the Taliban, and that is not a good scenario in our situation.\" An anonymous, high-ranking Foreign Ministry official said \"the influx of refugees\" created by U.S. airstrikes in Afghanistan \"is one problem, but the greater problem is that terrorists and militants might flee northward disguised as civilians.\" Professor Murat Abdirov, director of the International Relations Institute of Eurasian University, said, \"Kazakhstan cannot stay away from the international anti-terrorism coalition, but we should proceed with caution.\"
The Kazakh government did offer the use of a major airport for military operations, but three years later, with U.S. military operations against the Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan continuing, General John Abizaid, head of U.S. Central Command, said on 3 May 2005 that the United States did not \"expect to open a military base in Kazakhstan unless a tense situation emerges in the region, under which the Kazakh government requests the U.S. armed forces to do so.\"
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# Terrorism in Kazakhstan
## Cooperation with Uzbekistan {#cooperation_with_uzbekistan}
While the Uzbek government complained in 2004 that Islamic terrorists were training in southern Kazakhstan, an allegation the Kazakh government denied, cooperation between the two countries has been strong as both states face a common threat.
### Andijan massacre {#andijan_massacre}
Nazarbayev, while on a state visit to Uzbekistan, told Uzbek President Islam Karimov that the Uzbek government\'s actions in quelling unrest in the Uzbek city of Andijan on 12 and 13 May 2005 helped \"protect the peace of 26 million Uzbekistanis. A different outcome would have destabilized the region today.\" He said that because terrorists had taken over government buildings and prisons, Karimov could not respond to the unrest differently, and other governments had responded similarly in the past. The Uzbek government attributed the unrest to Islamic extremist groups recognized as terrorist organizations in Uzbekistan. The Uzbek government estimated 187 people, made up of 94 terrorists, 60 civilians, 31 policemen, and two others died, and 76 terrorists were injured. Human rights groups dispute the government\'s estimate, accusing Uzbek security forces of killing about 700 civilians.
#### Extradition of terrorist suspects {#extradition_of_terrorist_suspects}
On 5 July 2005 Human Rights Watch called upon the Kazakh government to refrain from handing over Lutfullo Shamsudinov, the Andijan representative for the Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan, then held in Almaty, to the Uzbek government. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees had given Shamsudinov refugee status and planned to resettle him when Kazakh authorities detained him on 4 July. Earlier that day President Karimov visited Kazakhstan along with other regional nations\' representatives as part of a Shanghai Cooperation Organisation meeting. The Uzbek government requested Shamsudinov\'s extradition, charging him with five criminal charges including premeditated murder. Holly Cartner, executive director of the Europe and Central Asia division of Human Rights Watch, said, \"Kazakhstan should step forward and protect this brave man. Instead of that, the authorities seem ready to hand over a refugee to be tortured, in blatant violation of international law.\" In response to statements made by a representative for the Almaty city prosecutor\'s office, in which the representative called Shamsudinov a terrorist, Cartner said, \"The terrorist accusation is a perversion of international concerns about terrorism and an attempt to block international support for Shamsudinov. In reality, he is someone who worked tirelessly towards the rule of law in Uzbekistan.\" Russia also deported an asylum seeker to Uzbekistan, Rustam Muminov, who Uzbek authorities accuse of involvement in the Andijan unrest and membership in a religious extremist organization, and Kyrgyzstan deported five Andijan-refugees---Jahongir Maqsudov, Yoqub Toshboev, Odiljon Rahimov, Rasuljon Pirmatov, and Fayoz Tojihalilov---to Uzbekistan in early August 2006.
In March 1998 the Uzbek government accused Obidkhon Qori Nazarov, an Imam, of religious extremism, terrorism, and membership in the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. Nazarov fled to Kazakhstan, leaving behind his wife, son, and three brothers, all of whom have been imprisoned or disappeared, though his wife has been released.
John MacLeod, a senior editor for the Institute for War and Peace Reporting who met Nazarov in 1996, disputed the charges. He said Nazarov is \"really a part of an earlier phase of events in Uzbekistan when the state religion was entirely in confrontation with independent Imams and Mullahs such as Obidkhon and a number of others.\" Rao said, \"If we had found him associated with terrorism or extremism we would have excluded him. We believe that he is a refugee needing an international protection. That\'s how we provided him the refugee status and protection.\"
The UNHCR gave Nazarov refugee status when he contacted them in November 2006. Nazarov, along with some members of his family, were flown out of Kazakhstan to a secret location in Western Europe on 16 March 2006. Rao said, \"The credit has to be given to the Kazakh authorities. Once we recognized \[Nazarov\] as a refugee, we informed them that he is under the protection of \[the\] UNHCR. So Kazakh authorities have honored their \... national obligation and let him stay in the country until the UNHCR organized the third-country settlement. And today, when he wanted to depart, the authorities let him leave the country.\"
### Security fence {#security_fence}
Kazakh border officials began building a 28 mi fence on the border with Uzbekistan on 19 October 2006. *The New York Times* reported that the fence will be \"eight-foot-high \[with\] barbed-wire\" and searchlights \"along heavily populated towns and cities on the southern ridge\" where drug smugglers operate. The area is a \"flash point in a larger regional struggle against Islamic militants.\"
The governments of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan first created national border guard forces in 1992 and January 1998 respectively, far earlier than other post-Soviet Union nations. The Kazakh government raised the force in status, ending the State Security Committee\'s control until the Committee regained control in 1998.
Other Central Asian nations have had border disputes in the past. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan had serious \"issues\" regarding their mutual border until May 2004. The Turkmen Foreign Ministry released a statement on 31 May saying disputes had been resolved.
Erik Roslyakov, second in command of Kazakhstan\'s southern border, said the fence will cover the Sariaghash and Maktaaral districts. Larisa Dmitriyuk, spokeswoman for Kazakhstan\'s border administration, said the border patrol\'s \"task will now be easier. We will be in a position to use our weapons, as it is the rule when one wants to catch \[trespassers\].\"
In addition to tightening security, Bruce Pannier of *Payvand* noted increased military spending to strengthen Kazakhstan\'s border with Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.
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# Terrorism in Kazakhstan
## Criticism
*Nezavisimaya Gazeta* interviewed Vyacheslav Kasymov, director of the executive committee of the Regional Anti-terrorist Center of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and published the interview on 7 February. In the interview Kasymov accused the Kazakh government of giving refuge to terrorist organizations, specifically Saudi Binladin Group, which operated in Astana. In November 2004 the Supreme Court ruled against the company\'s claim to 7 square kilometres of land in Astana. The Kazakh Foreign Ministry issued a statement two days later, on 9 February, calling Kasymov\'s statements \"absolutely incompatible with the status of a head of the structure of a large international organization and casts a shadow of doubt on the reputation and position of the SCO in the contemporary world.\" The statement said the Kazakh government has signed 12 UN anti-terrorist conventions. The Kazakh Foreign Ministry has since characterized Kasymov\'s comments as \"inappropriate\" and \"totally deprived of the spirit of the basic documents of \[the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\]\" because \"There weren\'t and there are not any terrorists\' bases or camps on the soil of Kazakhstan.\"
The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and Human Rights Watch have criticized the Nazarbayev administration\'s policy of transferring terrorist suspects to neighboring countries, specifically Uzbekistan, where HRW says suspects face torture.
The strongest criticism of the Nazarbayev administration\'s counter-terrorism operations comes from Harout Semerdjian of the University of California, Los Angeles. Semerdjian accuses the government of engaging in \"semi-state terrorism\" through unlawful arrests of journalists, arson, and other attacks on the press. The U.S. embassy criticized an act of arson in Kazakhstan in May 2002
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# Newton Public Schools
**Newton Public Schools** is a school district in Newton, Massachusetts, United States. The district features four middle schools that lead into two high schools.
## Schools
The Newton Public Schools are organized into an elementary school (K--5), middle school (6--8), and high school (9--12) arrangement. There was a projected enrollment of 11,237 students for FY06.
Level Number of schools Student avg. Student: teacher goal
------------ ------------------- -------------- -----------------------
Elementary 15 333 27:1
Middle 4 633 17:1
High 2 1,858 16.1:1
## Primary schools {#primary_schools}
- Angier Elementary School
- Bowen Elementary School
- Burr Elementary School
- Cabot Elementary School
- Countryside Elementary School
- Franklin Elementary School
- Horace Mann Elementary School
- Lincoln-Eliot Elementary School
- Mason-Rice Elementary School
- Memorial Spaulding Elementary School
- Peirce Elementary School
- Underwood Elementary School
- Ward Elementary School
- Williams Elementary School
- Frank Zervas Elementary School
## Middle schools {#middle_schools}
- Charles E. Brown
- Oak Hill
- Bigelow
- F.A. Day
## High schools {#high_schools}
- Newton North High School
- Newton South High School
## Textbook controversy {#textbook_controversy}
In October 2011, a controversy occurred over the content of a textbook used in World History classes throughout the district which contained content that was allegedly anti-Semitic. The textbook was later removed from the curriculum.
## Superintendent plagiarism {#superintendent_plagiarism}
In July 2014, *The Lion\'s Roar*, the student newspaper of Newton South High School, accused Superintendent David Fleishman of using parts of a speech by Governor Deval Patrick without credit. The accusations were levied by two members of the class of 2014. After admitting that he had failed to cite the governor, the Newton School Committee fined Fleishman one week\'s pay of his \$250,000 salary.
On December 19, 2014 the Massachusetts Attorney General found that the Newton Public Schools and School Committee Chair Matthew Hills had committed eight violations of the state\'s Open Meeting Law in June and July 2014. The violations occurred in connection with the plagiarism by Newton Superintendent David Fleishman. No sanctions were imposed on Hills other than reviewing the law.
## Newton Teacher\'s Association Strike {#newton_teachers_association_strike}
On January 18, 2024, the Newton Teacher\'s Association announced that 98% of its membership had voted in favor of going on strike the following day. This comes after the roughly 2,000 members have been working without a new contract since August 2023. The strike started on January 19, 2024 and lasted until February 2, 2024, with students missing 11 days of school
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# 1981 European Cup final
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 38, column 1):
unexpected '!'
!scope=col width="25" | Round
^
``
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# Eye of the Storm (EP)
}} ***Eye of the Storm*** is the twelfth extended play by American hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. It was released on August 20, 2007, via Psychopathic Records. Recording sessions took place at The Fun House, The Lotus Pod and The Haunted Cabin Studios. Production was handled entirely by Mike E. Clark. It is composed of outtakes from the group\'s tenth studio album, *The Tempest*, which had been released exactly five months prior. Physical copies could be obtained only on Hatchetgear, then the official Psychopathic Records online webstore.
On March 4, 2024, a visual lyric video for \"High Rise\" was released.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
- Joseph \"Violent J\" Bruce -- lyrics, vocals
- Joseph \"Shaggy 2 Dope\" Utsler -- lyrics, vocals, scratches
- Martin \"Tino\" Gross -- additional drums (track 8)
- Mike E
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# Jimmy Crack Corn (Eminem song)
\"**Jimmy Crack Corn**\" is the second and final single taken from the Shady Records compilation album *Eminem Presents: The Re-Up*. The song features vocals from Eminem and 50 Cent, and the single version features vocals from Cashis, who also featured on \"You Don\'t Know\". \"Jimmy Crack Corn\" was the last single that Eminem released before his December 2007 drug overdose, in which he almost died, but it was recorded back in 2004.
## Background
The song did not receive an official release or chart in the United Kingdom or United States. The song peaked at number one on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart in the United States for two weeks, due to strong downloads from *The Re-Up*. The song also managed to chart on the Pop 100 peaking at No. 77, staying on the chart for two non-consecutive weeks. The song refers to Interscope chairman Jimmy Iovine, and it also mentions how Eminem allegedly had sexual relations with Mariah Carey. The single version of the song features vocals from Cashis in place of 50 Cent\'s vocals, but with no new Eminem verse.
## Critical response {#critical_response}
Robert Christgau was positive: \"the Em-50 duet \"Jimmy Crack Corn,\" an egocentric return to the rhythms of the visionary anti-George W. Bush \"Square Dance,\" comes as a relief (to the album itself).\" B. Love was positive towards lyrics: \"Jimmy Crack Corn,\" that steals the show though: \"you wanna talk shit? Let\'em talk shit/cause they talk shit/knowing deep down they just wanna squash it/cause no wants to walk around stepping in dog shit/and get doo doo on their shoe again as soon as they washed it/but their pride won\'t let\'em, inside\'s like go get\'em/and I\'m just like why you tryin\' to fight momentum/we just keep winnin\' by landslides oh and um/Shady Limited in any size yo demin\...meanwhile your minds on us like mine\'s on Mariah/and y\'all are just her you\'re all fuckin\' liars/but I\'ll just keep fucking you like I fucked her/right in the ass with K-Y, yes sir/so full of joy, boy am I absurd/even Chingy would tell you, that boy don\'t cuurr.\" Sputnik Music noted that Eminem puts out superb beats for this song. RapReviews called this song \"deadly funny duet.\" Dorian Lynskey wrote that On Jimmy Crack Corn, \"he Eminem leeringly revisits his alleged 2001 tryst with Mariah Carey (she denies they were ever involved.)\" PopMatters noted that this is one of the only tracks worthy enough to be on your mixtape, \"the 50 Cent duo complete with breathy beatbox intro.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
Digital download
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
12\" vinyl
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
Promotional CD single
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
Notes
- ^`{{note|a|[a]}}`{=mediawiki}^ signifies an additional producer
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# Joe Caffrey
**Joe Caffrey** (born 1966) is an English actor of theatre, television, and film.
## Biography
Caffrey was born in the shipbuilding town of Wallsend, Northumberland. His father had worked at Swan Hunter\'s Shipyards and both of his grandfathers were miners. Joe\'s grandfather, Ned Murray, was an active trade unionist and Labour Party politician as well as a district councilor. His mother, Lynne, is a councillor in Gateshead.
Caffrey chose to become an actor and was trained for three years at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. In 1984-85 he was also a member of the a cappella band, *The Workey Tickets*, who did several fund raising gigs, including a gig at the Albert Hall in London, for the striking miners and their families.
Caffrey first began performing theatre in London. He achieved West End stardom in Lee Hall\'s farce *Cooking with Elvis*. He had also several TV appearances in ITV and BBC productions and appeared in the Bridget Jones film, *The Edge of Reason* (2004).
He played Billy\'s older brother Tony in the original London cast of *Billy Elliot the Musical* and then returned to the show in December 2008, this time in the role of Jackie Elliot, Billy\'s father.
According to his own words, Caffrey is a huge fan of playwright Alan Plater. He says: \"When you get a writer of Alan\'s calibre saying \'I\'m going to write you a part in this\' you think \'Christ almighty, most actors would bite your hand off for that kind of chance.\'\"
Caffrey is associated with Live Theatre which is a small theatre on Newcastle\'s Quayside, which has nurtured actors that now perform in *The Pitmen Painters* who have progressed to London\'s West End and Broadway.
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| 0 |
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# Joe Caffrey
## Career
Joe Caffrey\'s career began at the age of 22 after leaving the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA).
### Joe\'s TV and film credits include {#joes_tv_and_film_credits_include}
- *Clay* (2008) BBC \.... Dennis Hagen
- *Doctors* BBC D.I. Matthew Squires (14 episodes, 2007)
- *Shreds* (2007) TV episode \.... D.I. Matthew Squires
- *Blind Drunk* (2007) TV episode \.... D.I. Matthew Squires
- *Lonely Hearts* (2007) TV episode \.... D.I. Matthew Squires
- *Invisible Touch* (2007) TV episode \.... D.I. Matthew Squires
- *Second Helpings* (2007) TV episode \.... D.I. Matthew Squires
- *Heartbeat* ITV Seth Mottram (1 episode, 2006)
- *This Happy Breed*
- *The Bill* ITV Ben Perkins (14 episodes, 2004-2005)
- 375 (2005) TV episode \.... Ben Perkins
- 374 (2005) TV episode \.... Ben Perkins
- 371 (2005) TV episode \.... Ben Perkins
- 352 (2005) TV episode \.... Ben Perkins
- 326 (2005) TV episode \.... Ben Perkins
- *Distant Shores* ITV Maurice (1 episode, 2005)
- *Byker Grove* BBC Paul / \... (10 episodes, 1990-1993 & 2004)
- Episode No. 16.15 (2004) TV episode \.... Alan Best
- Episode No. 16.13 (2004) TV episode \.... Alan Best
- Episode No. 16.12 (2004) TV episode \.... Alan Best
- Episode No. 16.9 (2004) TV episode \.... Alan Best
- Episode No. 4.18 (1992) TV episode \.... Paul
- *Attachments* \.... Matt (1 episode, 2000)
- *Money Shot*
- *The Last Musketeer* (2000) ITV \.... Joe Salter
- *Holby City* \.... Les (1 episode, 1999)
- *Search for the Hero* (1999) TV episode \.... Les
- *Badger* \.... Chef (1 episode, 1999)
- *It\'s a Jungle Out There* (1999) TV episode \.... Chef
- *Colour Blind* (1998) TV mini-series \.... Tony (unknown episodes)
\... aka Catherine Cookson\'s Colour Blind (UK: complete title)
- *Ain\'t Misbehavin*\' (1997) TV mini-series \.... Corporal Jennings (3 episodes)
- *Hetty Wainthropp Investigates* \.... Jake Vincent (1 episode, 1997)
- *Daughter of the Regiment* (1997) TV episode \.... Jake Vincent
- *Soldier Soldier* ITV\.... Fus Peter Shortland (1 episode, 1996)
- *Beast*
- *Fighting for Gemma* ITV (1993) \.... Russell
- *Spender* \.... Gene Hackett (1 episode, 1991)
- *Double Jeopardy*
### Film work includes {#film_work_includes}
- *In Fading Light* Amber Films/Film 4 (1989) \.... Yopper
- *Women in Tropical Places* Film 4 (1989) \.... Jerry
Joe has also been involved in writing and performing in some sketches for the charity event, *Sunday for Sammy* in 2006, 2008 and 2010.
## Theatre
- Cooking With Elvis (1998-2001) by Lee Hall - Live Theatre - Dad/Elvis
- We the People (2007) by Eric Schlosser - Shakespeare\'s Globe - Gerry
- *Love\'s Labour\'s Lost* (2007) - Shakespeare\'s Globe - Costard
- *Much Ado About Nothing* (2011) - Shakespeare\'s Globe - Borachio / Friar
In December 2008, Joe Caffrey rejoined the cast of Billy Elliot as Jackie Elliot, Billy\'s dad
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# Akashi Castle
is an Edo period Japanese castle located in the city of Akashi, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It was also known as `{{nihongo|'''Kiharu Castle'''|喜春城|Kiharu-jō}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{nihongo|'''Kinkō Castle'''|錦江城| Kinkō-jō}}`{=mediawiki}. Its ruins have been protected as a National Historic Site since 1957.
## History
Akashi Castle is located on Mount Akamatsu, a hill in central Akashi, to the north of Akashi Station. The site was the location of a burial mound which was believed to have been the grave of the Nara period poet Kakinomoto no Hitomaro. The location dominates the San\'yōdō highway connecting the Kinai region with western Japan and also the main route north to Tanba and Tango Provinces. It is also very near the coast of the Seto Inland Sea, overlooking the narrows to Awaji island. Considered by the Tokugawa shogunate to be a backup to Himeji Castle, it was the final line of defences for the Kansai region against any attack from the west.
The construction of the castle was by order of Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada from 1617 to 1619, who had assigned Ogasawara Tadazane to the area as *daimyō* of the newly created 100,000 *koku* Akashi Domain. Ogasawara Tadazane\'s father Ogasawara Hidemasa had married a granddaughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu and was *daimyō* of Matsumoto Domain. He was killed in action at the Siege of Osaka. It is claimed without clear documentary evidence that Miyamoto Musashi assisted in building the castle as a \"Construction Supervisor\", as it is recorded that he was in the service of Ogasawara Tadazane at the time.
The castle only took one year to complete, which was relatively fast for the time period. This was done so quickly as a result of the 1615 decree mandating castle per clan, so many castles in the area were dismantled and some materials and buildings were recycled for the construction of Akashi Castle. This included wood from Miki Castle, Takasago Castle, Edayoshi Castle, and Funage Castle and a number of buildings from Fushimi Castle and Funage Castle including *yagura* towers. Although no *tenshu* main tower was ever built, Akashi Castle became a large castle with 20 *yagura* and 27 gates. The Inner bailey had four three-story corner *yagura*, two of which have survived to the present.
The Ogawasawa clan were transferred to Kokura Domain in 1632, and afterwards the castle was ruled by a succession of *fudai daimyō* or *shimpan* clans. Akashi Castle underwent major repairs in 1739, and was largely demolished by the Meiji Government in 1874. The castle site became the Hyogo Prefectural Akashi Park. The castle suffered considerable damage in the 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake, with some collapsed stone walls and extensive damage to its *yagura* towers.
Akashi Castle was listed as one of Japan\'s Top 100 Castles by the Japan Castle Foundation in 2006.
The castle is a ten-minute walk from Akashi Station on the JR West San\'yō Main Line.
## Gallery
Akashijo1.jpg\|Layout map Akashijo99.JPG\|Section of wall and the Hitsujisaru Yagura Akashi Castle26n4592
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| 0 |
10,116,976 |
# Pueblo Grande de Nevada
**Pueblo Grande de Nevada**, (26 CK 2148), is a complex of villages located near Overton, Nevada, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
## Native American history {#native_american_history}
The site, also known as *Nevada\'s \"Lost City\"*, was founded by Basketmaker people about 300 A.D., and was later occupied by other groups and the Ancestral Pueblo until 1150 A.D. The site also shows signs of human occupation as early as 8000 BC.
Some of the houses in the Lost City had up to 20 rooms, with the largest having 174 rooms.
Artifacts from the site are housed in the Lost City Museum.
## Recent history {#recent_history}
In 1827, Jedediah Smith found various artifacts while exploring in the area.
John and Fay Perkins, when they heard that Governor James Scrugham was looking for such sites to develop for tourism in Nevada, brought this site to the public attention.
Mark Raymond Harrington was the first archaeologist to excavate at the site in 1924, by Scrugham\'s request.
The Lost City Museum (formerly known as the Boulder Dam Park Museum) was built by the National Park Service in 1935 to exhibit artifacts from Pueblo Grande de Nevada. The most developed sections of the pueblo is partially submerged under the Overton arm of Lake Mead, 5 mi south of Overton as a result of building Boulder Dam.
The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 8, 1982
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| 0 |
10,116,990 |
# Athittayawong
**Athittayawong** (*อาทิตยวงศ์*, `{{IAST|Ādityavaṅśa}}`{=mediawiki}; born 1618) was the shortest-reigning monarch of Ayutthaya, only for 36 days in 1629 and the last king of the Sukhothai dynasty.
Prince Athitayawong was the son of King Songtham and his principal wife. His elder brother, King Chetthathirat and his mother were executed in 1629 after Okya Siworawong (*ออกญาศรีวรวงศ์*) or Phraya Siworawong staged a coup.
## The Puppet King {#the_puppet_king}
The ten-year-old child prince was raised to the throne by Siworawong. However, Siworawong continued to administer the country as Chaophraya Kalahom. After about a month, the government servants complained that there were in fact two rulers in the country, Athittayawong and Siworawong administering as a king, which could cause future danger for the country. They persuaded Siworawong to ascend to the throne so there would be only one king as per custom. Athittayawong was dethroned and Siworawong assumed the title Somdet Phrachao Prasat Thong.
## Death
Athitayawong was executed at Wat Kok Phraya (*วัดโคกพระยา*) soon after being deposed, ending the Sukhothai dynasty. Siworawong ascended the throne as the first king of the Prasat Thong dynasty
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| 0 |
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# Hongneung Arboretum
**Hongneung Arboretum** (`{{Korean|hangul=홍릉수목원|hanja={{linktext|洪|陵|樹|木|園}}}}`{=mediawiki}) is an arboretum in Dongdaemun District, Seoul, served by Seoul Subway Line 6. The grounds are freely open to the public on weekend, but picnics are not allowed
| 34 |
Hongneung Arboretum
| 0 |
10,117,006 |
# Electoral district of Gloucester
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 8, column 43):
unexpected 'n'
{| class="wikitable" style='border-style: none none none none;'
^
``
| 25 |
Electoral district of Gloucester
| 0 |
10,117,015 |
# Joe Cook (actor)
**Joe Cook** (born **Joseph Lopez**; March 29, 1890 -- May 15, 1959) was an American vaudeville performer. He was a household name in the 1920s and 1930s as one of America\'s most popular entertainers, and he headlined at New York\'s famed Palace Theatre. After appearing on Broadway, he broke into radio.
## Early life {#early_life}
Joseph Lopez was born in Evansville, Indiana, in 1890. At age three, he and his six-year-old brother Leo were orphaned, when their father died rescuing a drowning boy and their mother died two months later. The brothers were adopted by a distant relative, Mrs. Anna Cook. They lived in the back of their grocery store at the corner of Fourth and Oak in Evansville.
## Career
Cook joined a circus in 1906, which propelled him to vaudeville, Broadway, and Hollywood. He and his brother Leo were billed as \"Joe Cook and Brother\". They were in vaudeville together from about 1909 to 1916.
Joe mastered many skills of the circus. As a magazine columnist reported: \"Engagements in small-time vaudeville, amusement parks, and tent shows followed rapidly. He never had a layoff. And he emerged as one of the biggest one-man shows on the vaudeville stage. Everyone yielded to the breathless spell of his very human antics. He could quietly, unsmilingly go through an incredible act of wire-walking, juggling, fiddling, or master yarn-spinning and bring down the house.\"
He combined his nonsensical comedy storytelling, complex inventions to perform absurdly simple or useless tasks, and playing piano, violin, and ukulele. The broad variety of his act led to his nickname -- \"One Man Vaudeville\". *New York Times* critic Brooks Atkinson once wrote, \"Next to Leonardo da Vinci, Joe Cook is the most versatile man known to recorded times.\" In 1930, noted columnist Walter Winchell wrote that \"Joe Cook is certainly one of the musical theatre\'s three geniuses. I can\'t at the moment think of the other two.\"
Joe Cook had enjoyed a very successful career in vaudeville (with three years in blackface) when his brother Leo died. Cook was desolate, and withdrew from show business and his professional friends and colleagues. He remained at his lakeside home in New Jersey with his wife, the former Helen Reynolds, and children. Showman Earl Carroll coaxed him out of retirement with a generous offer to star on Broadway in the *Earl Carroll Vanities* of 1923.
Cook often teamed with stooge and future restaurateur Dave Chasen, in such shows as *Rain or Shine*, *Fine and Dandy*`{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki}the first hit completely scored by a woman (Kay Swift)`{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki}and *Hold Your Horses*. Corey Ford, the co-author of the last-named musical, wrote: \"When I first saw Joe Cook in 1923, he was co-starring in *Earl Carroll\'s Vanities* with Peggy Hopkins Joyce, whom he used to refer to as \'that somewhat different virgin making her professional debut\'. I sat on the balcony and marveled at the bland deadpan expression, the slightly curved mouth, the easy flow of nonsense patter as he walked a tightrope or juggled Indian clubs while explaining to the audience why he would not imitate four Hawaiians.\" Cook\'s \"Four Hawaiians\" routine was his most famous; Joe explained that he was actually imitating only two Hawaiians. He \"could imitate four Hawaiians but did not wish to do so because that would put all the performers who could only imitate two Hawaiians out of work\". Cook appeared on stage with a ukulele in hand:
In the 1930s, Cook successfully transitioned into radio, as the host of two variety series and a frequent guest on many others.
## Films
Joe Cook made only two full-length movies and five short subjects. In 1930 Columbia Pictures hired him to star in the film version of *Rain or Shine*, which also featured Dave Chasen from the stage show, and was directed by a young Frank Capra.
In 1935, Earle W. Hammons of Educational Pictures needed a \"name\" comedian for that season\'s short-subject program and signed Cook, who starred in five two-reel comedies (and wrote the scripts for three) at Educational\'s New York studio. The first release, *Mr. Widget*, set the tone for the series; Cook adopted the name \"Joe Widget\" for his cheerfully silly character.
Cook\'s only other feature film, *Arizona Mahoney* (1936), is a western based on a Zane Grey story; the supporting cast included a young Larry \"Buster\" Crabbe.
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# Joe Cook (actor)
## Personal life {#personal_life}
From 1924 to 1941, he made his residence at Lake Hopatcong in New Jersey, which was then a popular resort. His house was named \"Sleepless Hollow\" for the many parties he gave and celebrities he entertained. One visitor, his librettist Donald Ogden Stewart, recalled in 1975 that \"Joe lived on a mad gag-infested estate in New Jersey which bewilderingly expressed his genius. On his three-hole golf course one drove off confidently into what looked like a fairway only to have one\'s ball rebound sharply over one\'s head from a huge rock that had been cunningly camouflaged. The last green was a golfer\'s paradise in that no matter where the ball landed it rolled obediently into the hole. Conditions inside the house were similarly deranged. The \'butler\' was one of the contortionists, acrobats, midgets, or other show-business people whom Joe had picked up his years in vaudeville. Mrs. Cook lived bravely in this cuckooland and struggled apologetically to bring some degree of common sense into the madhouse.\"
A 1935 report, however, refutes the calculated craziness of the Cook domicile: \"When Earl Carroll motored out to Lake Hopatcong, where Joe lives, he expected to talk into a telephone that squirted water in his face. He anticipated being made uncomfortable by any number of weird inventions and goofy contraptions, of which he had heard so much gossip. But when he yanked at the bell-pull of the paneled front door, a friendly porch light winked on above his head, and his friend led him into the serenity of a quiet house, where a huge log burned hospitably in an open grate.\"
\"The Cookhouse\" at Lake Hopatcong is not open to the public.
## Final years {#final_years}
Cook was diagnosed with Parkinson\'s disease in 1941, forcing him to retire from show business. He sold the lake house that year and moved to a more modest residence in New York State, where he resided until his death in 1959
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# Curtis Perry
**Curtis R. Perry** (born September 13, 1948) is an American former professional basketball player. Born in Washington, D.C., he attended Southwest Missouri State University (now known as Missouri State) and played at forward.
At Missouri State, Perry helped the team to a school record 28 consecutive wins.
Perry was selected by the San Diego Rockets in the third round of the 1970 NBA draft and by the Virginia Squires in the 1970 American Basketball Association Draft.
Perry played for the NBA\'s San Diego / Houston Rockets (1970--71), Milwaukee Bucks (1971--74) and Phoenix Suns (1974--78).
In his rookie season with San Diego in 1970--71, he was sent to the Northwest Travellers of the Continental Basketball Association in January 1971 and returned to the Rockets in March. He helped the Bucks win the 1971--72 and 1972--73 NBA Midwest Division titles, and the 1973--74 NBA Western Conference championship. He also helped the Phoenix Suns win the 1975--76 NBA Western Conference championship. On February 15, 1975, Perry scored 26 points and grabbed a career-high 22 rebounds in a 111--107 loss against the Atlanta Hawks. In the 1976 Finals, Perry was a key player in \"the greatest game ever played\" in NBA history.
In 8 NBA seasons, Perry played in 480 games and had 13,656 minutes played, a .455 field goal percentage (1,904 for 4,188), .699 free throw percentage (770 for 1,101), 4,239 rebounds, 906 assists, 1,670 personal fouls and 4,578 points. He averaged 9.5 points, 8.8 rebounds and 1.9 assists per game.
He was inducted into the Missouri State athletic Hall of Fame in 1980.
| 264 |
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| 0 |
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# Curtis Perry
## NBA career statistics {#nba_career_statistics}
### Regular season {#regular_season}
\|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1970--71 \| align=\"left\" \| San Diego \| 18 \|\| - \|\| 5.6 \|\| .438 \|\| - \|\| .550 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 0.3 \|\| - \|\| - \|\| 2.9 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1971--72 \| align=\"left\" \| Houston \| 25 \|\| - \|\| 14.2 \|\| .330 \|\| - \|\| .500 \|\| 4.9 \|\| 0.9 \|\| - \|\| - \|\| 3.5 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1971--72 \| align=\"left\" \| Milwaukee \| 50 \|\| - \|\| 29.4 \|\| .385 \|\| - \|\| .674 \|\| 9.4 \|\| 1.6 \|\| - \|\| - \|\| 7.0 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1972--73 \| align=\"left\" \| Milwaukee \| 67 \|\| - \|\| 31.3 \|\| .461 \|\| - \|\| .659 \|\| 9.6 \|\| 1.8 \|\| - \|\| - \|\| 9.1 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1973--74 \| align=\"left\" \| Milwaukee \| **81** \|\| - \|\| 29.5 \|\| .446 \|\| - \|\| .582 \|\| 8.7 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.3 \|\| **1.2** \|\| 9.0 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1974--75 \| align=\"left\" \| Phoenix \| 79 \|\| - \|\| **34.0** \|\| .477 \|\| - \|\| .719 \|\| **11.9** \|\| 2.4 \|\| **1.4** \|\| 1.0 \|\| **13.4** \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1975--76 \| align=\"left\" \| Phoenix \| 71 \|\| - \|\| 33.1 \|\| **.497** \|\| - \|\| .732 \|\| 9.6 \|\| **2.6** \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 13.3 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1976--77 \| align=\"left\" \| Phoenix \| 44 \|\| - \|\| 31.6 \|\| .432 \|\| - \|\| **.789** \|\| 9.0 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 10.7 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1977--78 \| align=\"left\" \| Phoenix \| 45 \|\| - \|\| 18.2 \|\| .453 \|\| - \|\| .785 \|\| 5.6 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 6.0 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" \| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"\| Career \| 480 \|\| - \|\| 28.5 \|\| .455 \|\| - \|\| .699 \|\| 8.8 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 9.5 \|}
### Playoffs
\|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1971--72 \| align=\"left\" \| Milwaukee \| 11 \|\| - \|\| 36.1 \|\| .473 \|\| - \|\| **.783** \|\| **12.8** \|\| 1.3 \|\| - \|\| - \|\| 9.5 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1972--73 \| align=\"left\" \| Milwaukee \| 6 \|\| - \|\| **39.7** \|\| .481 \|\| - \|\| .500 \|\| 11.5 \|\| **2.2** \|\| - \|\| - \|\| 8.8 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1973--74 \| align=\"left\" \| Milwaukee \| 16 \|\| - \|\| 18.5 \|\| **.500** \|\| - \|\| .583 \|\| 5.1 \|\| 0.8 \|\| **0.6** \|\| 0.1 \|\| 6.2 \|- \| align=\"left\" \| 1975--76 \| align=\"left\" \| Phoenix \| style=\"background:#cfecec;\" \| **19**\* \|\| - \|\| 32.4 \|\| .454 \|\| - \|\| .647 \|\| 7.7 \|\| 1.9 \|\| **0.6** \|\| **0.9** \|\| **12.7** \|- class=\"sortbottom\" \| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"2\"\| Career \| 52 \|\| - \|\| 29.7 \|\| .470 \|\| - \|\| .661 \|\| 8.4 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 9.6 \|}
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Perry is the father of former NBA player Byron Houston and has a daughter named Leslie Hardin. (1970)
| 500 |
Curtis Perry
| 1 |
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