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# 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division (United States)
## History
### Global War on Terrorism {#global_war_on_terrorism}
Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, elements of the division, including its special troops battalion and the 1-87th Infantry and 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment (4--31 Infantry), deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in late 2001. These forces remained in the country until mid-2002, fighting to secure remote areas of the country and participating in operations such as Operation Anaconda, the Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif, and the Battle of Qala-i-Jangi. The division also participated in fighting in the Shahi Khot Valley in 2002. Upon the return of the battalions, they were welcomed home and praised by President Bush. In 2003, elements of the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division returned to Afghanistan to support US forces operating in the western region of the country.
Upon the return of the division headquarters and 1st Brigade, the 10th Mountain Division began the process of transformation into a modular division. On 16 September 2004, the division headquarters finished its transformation. The 1st Brigade became the 1st Brigade Combat Team, while the 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division was activated for the first time. In January 2005, the 4th Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division was activated at Fort Polk, Louisiana. 2nd Brigade Combat Team would not be transformed until September 2005, pending a deployment to Iraq.
In late 2004, 2nd Brigade Combat Team was deployed to Iraq supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 2nd Brigade Combat Team undertook combat operations in Baghdad including the Green Zone and Ahub Grab prison camp, returning to the US in late 2005. Around that time, the 1st Brigade Combat Team deployed back to Iraq, staying in the country until 2006. In August 2006, 2nd Brigade Combat Team began a 15-month deployment to Iraq.
The 1st Brigade Combat Team and the 2nd Brigade Combat Team were scheduled to deploy to Iraq in fall 2009, as a part of the 2009--2010 rotation to Iraq. As of summer 2009, it was one of only a few brigades in the U.S. Army to be deployed 40 months or more in support of the War on Terrorism.
In 2015, about 1,200 members of the 2nd Brigade Combat Team deployed to southern Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission. It was the brigade\'s fourth deployment to Afghanistan
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# Edmund Rice Administration Wing
The **Edmund Rice Administration Wing**, commonly known as **The Castle**, is a heritage listed building located on Mount Henry Road in Salter Point and the focal point of the Aquinas College Campus. Built in 1937, the Castle was the first building completed on the campus. The building is owned by the Christian Brothers as part of the Aquinas College property.
## History
The Castle was designed by Cavanagh and Cavanagh, and built over several stages; the tower and south wing were first to be completed in 1937. The north wing, anticipated in the original plans, was designed by Henderson & Thompson and completed in 1967. Deliberate efforts were made to design the north wing to echo the style, form and established materials of the original south wing, presenting visually, a three-storey façade, which cleverly conceal what is actually a four-storey building.
The Castle was funded largely by donations and from money obtained from the sale of some of the original 234 acre purchased by the Christian Brothers in 1928.
The Castle was heritage listed by the Heritage Council of Western Australia on 1 May 1989.
## Gallery
Image:Geoff Robins Picture AC 1937.jpg\|Artist\'s impression of Aquinas College (1937) Image:ERAW 1949 temp buildings.jpg\|Administration wing with temporary boarding accommodation (1949) Image:ERAW Castle Tower 1952.jpg\|The tower of the castle (1952) Image:Edmund Rice Wing 1954
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# 1847 in Ireland
Events from the year **1847 in Ireland**.
## Events
- Ongoing -- Great Famine. This summer\'s potato crop is free from blight, but inadequate due to small area sown. The British Relief Association is founded and raises money throughout England, the United States and Australia, with the help of the \"Queen\'s Letters\", two letters from Queen Victoria appealing for money to relieve the distress in Ireland. A group of Native American Choctaw is among those contributing to the relief effort. The Central Relief Committee of the Society of Friends (Quakers) also assists, but there are claims of \"Souperism\" (the provision of food in combination with proselytization) by other Protestant sectarian groups.
- 13 January -- Irish Confederation established.
- February--September -- soup kitchens system established under the Temporary Relief Act (\"Soup Kitchen\" or \"Burgoyne\'s\" Act); famine at its height.
- 24 March (starting 12 midday) -- National Day of Fast and Humiliation for the Great Famine is held across the UK by royal proclamation.
- 12 April -- the Massachusetts Donation of 1847 arrives at Cork on USS *Jamestown*.
- 28 April -- the brig *Exmouth* carrying emigrants from Derry bound for Quebec is wrecked off Islay with only three survivors from more than 250 on board.
- May -- typhus epidemic of 1847 among Irish emigrants arriving by ship in Canada.
- 15 May -- death of political campaigner Daniel O\'Connell, \"The Emancipator\", of cerebral softening in Genoa while on a pilgrimage to Rome at the age of 71. His heart is buried in Sant\'Agata dei Goti, at this time chapel of the Irish College in Rome, and his body in Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin, beneath a round tower.
- June -- Poor Law Amendment Act. From August, the permanent Poor Law becomes responsible for providing relief of the destitute.
- 26 August -- 1847 United Kingdom general election concludes with Repeal Association candidates receiving a majority of Irish votes, but the American Charles MacTavish\'s election in Dundalk will be overturned on appeal.
- Summer -- extension of Courtown pier, the first application for such a structure of Alexander Mitchell\'s screw-pile foundations.
- December -- John Mitchel breaks away from *The Nation*.
- Robert Holmes publishes *The Case of Ireland Stated*, proposing repeal of the Acts of Union 1800.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- March -- Anthony Trollope\'s first novel, *The Macdermots of Ballycloran*, largely written at Drumsna between September 1843 and June 1845 and with a contemporary Irish setting, is published in London.
- Charles Lever\'s novel *The Knight of Gwynne, a tale of the time of the Union* is published serially in London.
- Publishers Simms & McIntyre of Belfast introduce their Parlour Library of fiction reprints.
## Births
- 30 May -- Alice Stopford Green, nationalist, historian and journalist (died 1929).
- 31 May -- William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie, shipbuilder and businessman (died 1924).
- 17 June -- Arthur Godley, 1st Baron Kilbracken, civil servant, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for India (died 1932).
- 15 July -- J. J. Clancy, Member of Parliament, barrister and journalist (born 1928).
- 28 August -- Norman Garstin, artist (died 1926).
- 20 September -- Michael Cusack, founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association (died 1906).
- 9 October -- John Coleman, United States Marine, recipient of Medal of Honor for his actions in 1871 during the Korean Expedition (died 1897).
- 8 November -- Bram Stoker, writer and author of *Dracula* (died 1912).
- 10 November -- Edward Guinness, 1st Earl of Iveagh, philanthropist and businessman (died 1927).
- 15 November -- James O\'Neill, actor, father of the American playwright Eugene O\'Neill (died 1920).
- 12 December -- John O\'Kane Murray, physician and author (died 1885).
Full date unknown
:\*Denis Kearney, politician in America (died 1907).
:\*Sydney Mary Thompson, geologist and botanist (died 1923).
## Deaths
- 11 February -- Andrew Clarke, soldier, Governor of Western Australia (born 1793).
- February -- Michael John Brenan, priest and ecclesiastical historian (born 1780).
- April -- Thomas Barnwall Martin, soldier, landowner and politician (born 1784).
- 15 May -- Daniel O\'Connell, politician, campaigner for Catholic emancipation and Repeal of the Union (born 1775).
- 7 August -- James Daly, 1st Baron Dunsandle and Clanconal, politician (born 1782).
- 10 September -- Richard Henry Wilde, lawyer and Congressman in USA (born 1789).
- 14 September -- Sir John Burke, 2nd Baronet, soldier and politician (born 1782).
Full date unknown
:\*James Hope, United Irishmen leader who fought in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and 1803 rebellion (born 1764)
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# Lola Martinez (broadcaster)
**Lola Martinez** is a weather anchor on CNN International. She was born in Barcelona, grew up in England and is based at the CNN Center in Atlanta. Martinez studied English and Spanish Literature at the University of Barcelona. She received her master\'s degree in Theater, Speech and Film from the University of South Carolina.
Martinez joined CNN after anchoring weather forecasts in both English and Spanish for The Weather Channel
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# 1833 in Ireland
Events from the year **1833 in Ireland**.
## Events
- 29 July -- Nathaniel Sneyd is shot in the head by a madman on Westmoreland Street, Dublin. He dies from his injuries two days later.
- August -- Mount Melleray Abbey in the Knockmealdown Mountains is founded, the first Cistercian foundation in Ireland in modern times.
- 10 August -- major fire in stores of The Custom House, Dublin, sets River Liffey aflame.
- 14 August -- Church Temporalities Act 1833 suppresses ten bishoprics in the Church of Ireland, with dioceses to be merged as sees fall vacant, and provides for abolition of Vestry Assessment.
- 28 August -- the school which will evolve into Castleknock College is opened in Dublin by the Vincentian community.
- Katherine Sophia Kane\'s *The Irish Flora* is published anonymously.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- Early -- Gustavus Vaughan Brooke, aged 14, makes his stage debut, at the Dublin Theatre, playing William Tell.
## Births
- 21 January -- Joseph Prosser, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sevastopol, Crimea (died 1869).
- 8 February -- Launt Thompson, sculptor (died 1894).
- 4 May -- Michael N. Nolan, U.S. Representative from New York, mayor of Albany (died 1905).
- 29 May -- William Hare, 3rd Earl of Listowel, peer and Liberal politician (died 1924).
- 4 June -- Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, soldier (died 1913).
- 17 July -- Hugh Talbot Burgoyne, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 in the Sea of Azov, Crimea (died 1870).
- 3 November -- William Knox Leet, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1879 at Inhlobana, Zululand, South Africa (died 1898).
- 7 November -- William Temple, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1863 at Rangiriri, New Zealand (died 1919).
- Sir Theobald Hubert Burke, 13th Baronet (died 1909).
- Henry James O\'Farrell, would-be assassin (executed 1868 in Australia).
## Deaths
- 28 March -- William Thompson, political and philosophical writer and social reformer (born 1775).
- 3 May -- Nicholas Tuite MacCarthy, Jesuit preacher (born 1769).
- 31 July -- Nathaniel Sneyd, politician, landowner and businessman.
## In fiction {#in_fiction}
- Brian Friel\'s play *Translations* (premiered 1980) is set in County Donegal in 1833
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# Khwaja Du Koh District
**Khwaja Du Koh** (*خواجه دوکوه*) is a district of Jowzjan province, Afghanistan, situated in the Karakum Desert. It borders Faryab province to the west, Khamyab District to the north, Mingajik District to the east and Sheberghan District to the south. In 2006, the population was 23,900. The district capital is Khwaja du koh, and is located in the southern part of the district
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# 1829 in Ireland
Events from the year **1829 in Ireland**.
## Events
- 13 April -- the Roman Catholic Relief Act, granting Catholic emancipation, becomes law, thanks to Daniel O\'Connell and the Catholic Association. Roman Catholics are eligible to sit in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and in the judiciary. However, Forty Shilling Freeholders are disenfranchised by raising the value of the property qualification to vote in county constituencies to ten pounds.
- 6 May -- new Roman Catholic Newry Cathedral dedicated.
- 12 July -- Orange Institution parades in Belfast are banned, leading to demonstrations and serious rioting in Belfast. This spreads to County Armagh and County Tyrone, lasting several days and resulting in at least 20 deaths.
- Congregational Union of Ireland founded.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- Irish sculptor John Hogan in Rome carves the first version of *The Dead Christ*.
- Gerald Griffin\'s novel *The Collegians* is published.
## Births
- 7 January -- James Hinks, dog breeder (died 1878).
- 16 February -- Matthew Cooke, economic entomologist in California (died 1887).
- 26 March -- Thomas Kingsmill Abbott, scholar and educator (died 1913).
- 6 April -- Anna Haslam, née Fisher, women\'s rights activist, suffragist (died 1922).
- 6 May -- Margaret Anna Cusack, religious sister (died 1899).
- 10 May -- John Joseph Hogan, first Bishop of the Dioceses of Saint Joseph, Missouri and Kansas City, Missouri (died 1913).
- 15 May -- Alexander Martin Sullivan, journalist, politician and lawyer (died 1884).
- 29 May -- Thomas Henry Burke, Permanent Under Secretary at the Irish Office, assassinated in the Phoenix Park Murders (died 1882).
- 3 August -- Henry Benedict Medlicott, geologist (died 1905).
- 5 August -- William Coffey, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sebastopol, the Crimea (died 1875).
- 20 November -- Charles Graham Halpine, journalist, editor and author (died 1868).
- 29 December -- Ulick Joseph Bourke, scholar and writer who founded the Gaelic Union (died 1887).
Full date unknown
:\*Garrett Byrne, Irish nationalist and MP (died 1897).
:\*William Henry Lynn, architect (died 1915).
## Deaths
- 28 January (hanged in Edinburgh) -- William Burke, murderer (born 1792).
- 14 March -- Francis Johnston, architect (born 1760).
- 21 April -- William Edgeworth, civil engineer (born 1794?).
- June -- James Magauran, Roman Catholic Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise (born 1769/71).
- 8 October -- Patrick Kelly, Roman Catholic Bishop of Waterford and Lismore (born 1779).
- December -- St George Daly, lawyer (born 1758).
- Jeremiah Joseph Callanan, poet and teacher (born 1795)
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# Orde van den Prince
The **Orde van den Prince** or **Order of the Prince** is a Flemish-Dutch society for the promotion of the language and culture of the Dutch-speaking Low Countries (Flanders and Netherlands). Each month members meet on fixed locations, except during summer.
## History
The organization was founded in November 1955, by the lawyer Guido van Gheluwe from Kortrijk. The name of the society is derived from William the Silent. He was chosen because of his role in the history of the Netherlands and its tolerance (relative to the standards of his time). The logo of the Orde van den Prince is the capital letter P, surrounded by the words *Amicitia* (friendship) and *Tolerantia* (tolerance).
The organization shows a steady increase in membership and now consists of 93 departments: 54 in Flanders, 4 in Wallonia, 29 in the Netherlands and 6 in other countries. Membership, currently almost 3,000, is by invitation only
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# 1838 in Ireland
Events from the year **1838 in Ireland**.
## Events
- 4--22 April -- the paddle steamer SS *Sirius* (1837) makes the Transatlantic Crossing to New York from Cork in eighteen days, though not using steam continuously.
- 15 August -- following a year of widespread hunger the government institutes relief work and reduces the tithe rent for the poor by the Poor Law and Tithe Acts.
- Foundation of a temperance society in Cork known as the Knights of Father Mathew by Theobald Mathew, a capuchin friar.
## Births
- January -- Richard W. Dowling, victorious commander at the Second Battle of Sabine Pass in the American Civil War (died 1867).
- 2 February -- Nathaniel Burslem, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1860 at the Taku Forts, China (died 1865).
- 13 February -- Michael Sullivan, physician, professor and politician in Canada (died 1915).
- 26 March -- William Edward Hartpole Lecky, historian (died 1903 in England).
- 3 June -- Daniel O\'Reilly, U.S. Representative from New York (died 1911).
- 5 July -- William Robinson, gardener (died 1935).
- 8 July -- Colonel John Burke, soldier in America (died 1914).
- 28 July -- Augustus Nicholas Burke, artist (died 1891).
- 24 August -- James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn, politician and diplomat (died 1913).
- 11 September -- John Ireland, third bishop and first Archbishop of Saint Paul, Minnesota (died 1918).
- 18 September -- Sir Thomas Drew, architect, first designer of St Anne\'s Cathedral (died 1910).
- 1 November -- Anthony Traill, provost of Trinity College Dublin (died 1914).
- 18 December -- Michael Thomas Stenson, politician in Canada (died 1912).
Full date unknown
:\*James Gildea, soldier and philanthropist, founded the Soldiers\', Sailors\' and Airmen\'s Families Association (died 1920).
:\*John Philip Nolan, soldier, landowner and politician (died 1912).
:\*Dudley Stagpoole, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1863 near Poutoko in Taranaki, New Zealand (died 1911).
## Deaths
- Amhlaoibh Ó Súilleabháin, author, teacher, draper and politician (born 1780)
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# Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord (cardinal)
**Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord** (1301 -- 17 January 1364) was a French cardinal, from one of the most aristocratic families in Périgord, south-west France. Hélie was born at Périgueux, third son of Elias VII, Count of Périgord, and Brunissende of Foix, daughter of Roger Bernard III, comte de Foix. His elder brothers were Archambaud (IV), who inherited the County, and Roger-Bernard (who married Eleanor, daughter of Bouchard, Comte de Vendôme); his younger brother was Fortanier, and his sisters were Agnes (who married John of Sicily Duke of Durazzo and de Gravina in 1321), Jeanne (who married Ponce, Seigneur de Castillon), Marguerite (who married Éméric de Lautrec), and Rosemburge (who married Jacques de Lavie, grand-nephew of Pope John XXII). As a third son Hélie was destined for an ecclesiastical career. His brother, Roger Bernard, too, had an ecclesiastical career, becoming Canon of Lyon. But then, the eldest son died, and Roger-Bernard became the Count of Périgord. Hélie became a major figure in the Avignon papacy, and also a diplomat engaged in the negotiations of the Hundred Years\' War, having friendships in both English and French royal families. In his last months he had been appointed Papal Legate for a crusade against the Turks.
## Bishoprics
In 1308, at the age of six, Hélie was granted a Canonry in Agen, for which Pope Clement V granted him special dispensation. He was probably educated at first in the local school of the cathedral of Périgueux, but in 1320 he was granted permission by Pope John XXII to study Civil Law for five years, even though he was *primicerius* in the Church of Metz. He may have studied at Toulouse, though there is no direct evidence. Early in his career Hélie became Abbot Commendatory of the Abbey of Chancelade in the diocese of Périgueux, with which the family had long been connected. At the age of twenty-three Hélie de Talleyrand, who was already Canon of Périgueux and Archdeacon of Richmond in the Church of Lincoln, was appointed Bishop of Limoges, which was approved by Pope John XXII on 10 October 1324. He held the diocese until 1328. It appears, however, that he was never consecrated during his years as bishop of Limoges. If he had been consecrated, as Zacour points out, he would have had to resign his other benefices, which might have proved financially disadvantageous.
Then, on 4 January 1328 his translation to the diocese of Auxerre was approved. It is said that he was consecrated bishop by Pope John XXII himself. In 1330 Bishop de Talleyrand founded the Chartreuse de Vauclaire. This was allegedly at the command of the King of France, in reparation for outrages committed against a Franciscan convent on the outskirts of Périgueux by Talleyrand\'s eldest brother Archambeau, Count of Périgord, at the time of their mother\'s funeral in October 1324. Talleyrand held the diocese of Auxerre until he became a cardinal in 1331. His successor was approved on 24 January 1332.
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# Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord (cardinal)
## Cardinal
In a Consistory held for the promotion of cardinals on 25 May 1331, Pope John XXII appointed one and only one cardinal, Hélie de Talleyrand, as a Cardinal-Priest. This was at the request of King Philip VI of France, on the recommendation of Étienne de Mornay, Maître des Comptes and former Chancellor. The appointment caused a good deal of friction between the King and the Pope. Philip had asked for two cardinals, which the Pope was quite unwilling to grant. Though he did elevate Talleyrand, Pope John sent off a tart letter to the King on 25 May, the day after he had approved the promotion. He pointed out that the College of Cardinals was already well supplied with the talents required by the Church. Moreover, the Papacy had not been deaf to the requests of the French kings. Of the twenty current cardinals, thirteen were subjects of the King of France. Nonetheless, with the consent of those cardinals (or perhaps one should say \'pressure from\'), he had agreed to promote Bishop Talleyrand. The Pope\'s complaints seem to have fallen on deaf ears, for the royal family were again begging for more cardinals in September. This time, on 26 September, the Pope wrote to Queen Joanna. He reminded the Queen of the rules observed in the Roman Curia. Appointments were never made in private, only in open Consistory, with votes of the current cardinals heard; appointments were made only for good reason, when the number of cardinals had fallen too low, or when there was an insufficiency in talent in theology or Canon Law, neither of which was the case at the present moment. In fact the number of cardinals was excessively high, and there was talent aplenty. She should also consider that there were now sixteen cardinals of French extraction, and only six Italians. He therefore refused the royal request. The pressure continued, however, and on 20 December 1331 yet another French cardinal, Pierre Bertrand, was appointed.
Of the two names put forward, Talleyrand was the less undesirable choice. He was smart, he had studied the law, and he was a relative by marriage of the Pope. This may also explain the Pope\'s indulgence in allowing Talleyrand to keep the diocese of Auxerre until 22 July 1332, to finance his move to Avignon.
He signed at least two papal bulls on 25 May and 22 June, but not with the name of a titular church, indicating that one had not yet been assigned. When one was assigned, he became the Cardinal-Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli. He made his official appearance in Avignon in the third week of July 1331, at which time there was a banquet with the Pope and Cardinals in his honor.
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# Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord (cardinal)
## Cardinal
### Death of John XXII and Conclave of 1334 {#death_of_john_xxii_and_conclave_of_1334}
Pope John XXII died on Sunday 4 December 1334. The day before, the Pope had a bedside meeting with the Cardinals in Avignon; his successor provides a list of the twenty cardinals, including Talleyrand de Périgord, who were present. Four cardinals were not present, Napoleone Orsini and Giovanni Gaetano Orsini among them. It was at this meeting that the Pope recanted his notions about the beatific vision, which had so unsettled Christendom.
The Conclave opened on 13 December 1334. The early discussions were not about a particular candidate, but about the need to extract a promise from all the candidates that the new Pope would move the Roman Curia back to Rome. John XXII had made promises in that direction, and his failure, with one excuse after another, seriously angered the senior Italian cardinal, Napoleone Orsini. Cardinal Napoleone therefore led a group of cardinals who were demanding a return to Rome. Cardinal Hélie de Talleyrand led a group of French cardinals who were just as determined to keep the Curia in Avignon. According to Giovanni Villani, the cardinals led by Talleyrand thought that they had found a pope in Cardinal Jean-Raymond de Comminges. But when he was approached and asked to take the oath that was being demanded, he refused. Finally, on 20 December 1334, a sufficient number of votes was accumulated by the Cistercian Cardinal Jacques Fournier, who became Pope Benedict XII.
In 1336 King Philip VI of France was in Avignon, and a crusade was agreed on. Four cardinals took the cross on that occasion: Annibaldo di Ceccano, Hélie de Talleyrand, Gauscelin de Jean Duèse, and Bertrand du Pouget. None of them ever made the trip. In the summer of 1340, the King authorized the two parties in a dispute between the Count of Foix and the Monastery of Lézat to choose their own arbitrators; one of those chosen was Cardinal de Talleyrand.
Talleyrand had been assigned by Pope Benedict XII, probably in 1341, as Auditor to hear the case of Lampredius, Bishop of Trau, who refused to cooperate with the proceedings. Talleyrand declared him contumacious and suspended him from office. But then Pope Benedict died. The new pope, Clement VI, supported Talleyrand, however, and renewed the suspension, authorizing the Subdeacon of Trau, Desa Andreae, to assume the spiritual and temporal direction of the diocese.
In 1346, Cardinal de Talleyrand negotiated the purchase of the castle of Albarupe ([Auberoche](http://visites.aquitaine.fr/chateau-d-auberoche)) in Périgord from the Duke and Duchess of Brittany, which had belonged to their nephew the Count of Limoges but which had been occupied by enemies of the king by stealth and betrayal. The Duke and Duchess were eager to see the Castle in responsible hands, and so they sold it to the brother of the Count of Périgord.
In 1347, Cardinal de Talleyrand founded the Chapel of S. Antoine in the Cathedral of Saint Front de Périgueux. It was to be served by twelve chaplains, appointed by the Cathedral Chapter on the recommendation of the Counts of Périgord. The action was approved by Pope Clement VI in a bull of 26 June 1347. In his Testament he left the chaplains 150 gold florins.
On 4 November 1348 Pope Clement VI promoted Cardinal de Talleyrand to be Cardinal-Bishop of Albano (1348-1364), and, in 1361 seniority made him Dean of the College of Cardinals (1361-1364), following the death of Cardinal Pierre de Pratis (des Près).
### Conclave of 1352 {#conclave_of_1352}
Pope Clement died in Avignon on 6 December 1352. The Conclave to elect his successor opened on Sunday 16 December 1352 in the Apostolic Palace in Avignon, with twenty-six cardinals in attendance, including Hélie de Talleyrand and his enemy, Guy de Boulogne. At mid-morning on 18 December they elected Cardinal Étienne Aubert, who took the name Innocent VI. He was crowned on 30 December 1352.
## Benefices
A list of Talleyrand\'s benefices has been worked out through the scholarly efforts of Norman Zacour, which includes a large number of Canonries and Prebends. In addition to what Zacour has listed, it may be stated that Talleyrand was Canon of Gerona.
From 1320 to 1323 Hélie de Talleyrand served as Archdeacon of London. From 1322 to 1328 he was Archdeacon of Richmond, from 1342 to 1345 Dean of York, and from 1357 to 1359 Archdeacon of Suffolk. He is also known to have held Whitchurch in the diocese of Canterbury as persona (parson), and was Prebend of Thame in the Church of Lincoln, in 1345.
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# Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord (cardinal)
## Peacemaker
Cardinal Talleyrand and Cardinal Nicola Capocci were sent to France to attempt to negotiate a peace between France and England. They were in Paris just before the Battle of Poitiers on 19 September 1356. In the first week of October 1356 Pope Innocent VI wrote to Edward, Prince of Wales, the Black Prince, commending his generous conduct to King John II of France, who had been captured in the battle. In a separate letter the Pope asked the Prince to confer with Cardinal de Talleyrand and Cardinal Nicola Capocci in the interests of peace. Despite the need for a peace, the Pope sent Cardinal Talleyrand as part of the delegation which travelled to Metz at Christmas time, for the Imperial Diet, to witness the promulgation of the famous Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV. In the following year, after intense negotiations, the papal negotiators travelled to London for a conference with King Edward. They arrived on 2 July 1347, and were received by the King. Negotiations continued, but no solution was reached. In 1348 the two cardinals arranged a treaty between Charles King of Navarre and Charles Duke of Normandy.
## Patronage
He was also a literary patron, promoting the writing of the 1336 travels of William of Boldensele, whose real name was Otto de Nyenhusen. In his prefatory letter, written from Avignon on St. Michael\'s Day 1337, before his return to his monastery, Guilelmus writes, \"And now it is fitting for me to stay for a few days more at my Lord Talleyrand de Perigord\'s in the Curia at Avignon, because my lord had graciously taken great pleasure from my arrival\... I am sending you my little book which I put together at the insistence of my lord Cardinal\....\" He stayed more than a year.
Talleyrand also corresponded with Petrarch. He was detested, however, by the Florentine chronicler, Giovanni Villani, who was a Guelph and a republican.
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# Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord (cardinal)
## Later years {#later_years}
In 1359 Cardinal de Talleyrand was again appointed Legate to the Kings of France and England, and when he was returning to Avignon, he was the subject of a plot to attack and rob him while he was passing through the diocese of Langres. He himself was not taken, since he delayed his trip along the way, but his baggage was taken and plundered. He wrote a letter, ordering all the bishops of France to excommunicate the malefactors.
In 1359 Cardinal de Talleyrand, Cardinal Audouin Aubert, and Cardinal Raymond de Canilhac were appointed by Pope Innocent VI as assessors in a dispute between the Master of the Order of S. John of Jerusalem and the Castellan of Emposta. Assessors were judges appointed by the Pope in cases which came to the Roman Curia as part of the process of appeal; the assessors investigated and provided a judgment for the Pope\'s final review and implementation. They also investigated church elections to ensure that the person elected had been chosen in accordance with the rules of Canon Law and was a suitable person for the position.
Cardinal de Talleyrand drew up his Testament on 25 October 1360. He added a codicil on 16 January 1364, eleven days before his death, \"sound in mind, but sick in body\".
Cardinal de Talleyrand was at the height of his influence and power. In September 1362, after the death of Pope Innocent VI, the College of Cardinals was divided (according to Jean Froissart) into two factions, one supporting Guy of Boulogne and the other Hélie de Talleyrand. The two competitors were strong enough to ensure that the other could not be elected with the two-thirds majority required by Canon Law. In the end, the Cardinals had to go outside the College of Cardinals, and a compromise candidate was elected, Abbot Guillaume Grimoald of S. Vincent in Marseille, who was Legate of the Apostolic See in the Kingdom of Sicily, and was not present at the Conclave. He was not even a cardinal. The decision was taken perhaps on September 28, but it was not made public until the day after the arrival of Abbot Grimoald in Avignon, 31 October. After he had accepted election, Grimoald was proclaimed Pope Urban V. Shortly after the election, Cardinal Talleyrand is said to have remarked to one of his familiars, \"Now we have a pope. We honored other ones out of duty, but this one we have to fear and revere, because he is powerful in word and deed.\"
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# Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord (cardinal)
## Crusade and death {#crusade_and_death}
In May 1363, King John II of France wrote to Pope Urban, requesting that Cardinal de Talleyrand be sent on a legation to him. The Pope replied on 25 May, that the College of Cardinals did not think that it was appropriate for him to be sent just at that time, and so the Pope apologized for not being able to carry out the King\'s request. The request was sufficiently important that the Pope discussed it with the cardinals, and it is significant that he accepted their viewpoint. The reason for the request is unknown. Zacour conjectures that King John was finding opposition to the planned crusade, and wanted help; it is difficult to see how Talleyrand could have helped, or why the cardinals would refuse. Zacour also conjectures that the College of Cardinals did not authorize the mission because Talleyrand did not want it to, because he was more interested in his affairs in Naples; it is difficult to see how Talleyrand\'s influence could have outweighed that of King John and Pope Urban with the cardinals, especially in the matter of a crusade.
On 23 August 1363, in the Cathedral of S. Front de Périgord, Boson de Talleyrand, Seigneur de Grignols et de Chalais, swore fealty to the Prince of Wales in his capacity as Duke of Aquitaine.
In 1363, King John II of France and Peter I, the King of Cyprus, came to Avignon, and it was decided that there should be a war against the Turks. The Pope, Urban V held a special ceremony on Holy Saturday, 1363, and bestowed the crusader\'s cross on the two kings, and on Cardinal Talleyrand as well. John II was appointed Rector and Captain General of the expedition. Cardinal de Talleyrand was appointed Apostolic Legate for the expedition, but he died on 17 January 1364, before the expedition could set out. King John returned to prison in England and died in London on 8 April 1364.
Cardinal de Talleyrand\'s Testament stated that he wished to be buried in the Cathedral of Saint-Front in Périgueux, but, if he died at Avignon or its neighborhood, he wished to lie in state in the House of the Franciscans in Avignon, and then he wished his body to be transferred to Saint-Front. There is today no sign of his place of burial.
## Legacy: the Collège de Périgord {#legacy_the_collège_de_périgord}
On 5 October 1375 Pope Gregory XI granted faculties to Cardinals Pierre de Salue de Monteruc and Jean de Cros to proceed with the organization and founding of the Collège de Périgord at Toulouse, for which Cardinal Talleyrand had provided in his Testament. As Pope Gregory ordered, based on Talleyrand\'s wishes, there were to be twenty students who were to be poor clerics; they were to be provided with four chaplains, and were to be served by seven domestics. Ten of the clerics were to study Civil Law, and ten were to study Canon Law. Ten of the students were to be chosen from the diocese of Périgueux, the other ten from elsewhere. They were chosen by the Count of Périgueux, and if he did not fill a vacancy within three months, the choice was to be made by the Chancellor of the University of Toulouse. Every candidate was subject to approval by the Chancellor and by a majority of the current students. The students could stay in the college from twelve to fifteen years, according to the statutes of the University of Toulouse for a doctorate in Law. The chaplains were chosen by the students. More than 34,000 livres tournois were invested on behalf of the College by the Cardinal\'s executors.
## In fiction {#in_fiction}
Cardinal Talleyrand is the protagonist of Maurice Druon\'s 1977 novel, *The King Without a Kingdom* *(Quand un Roi perd la France* in French*),* the final installment of *The Accursed Kings* series. The book is framed as Cardinal Talleyrand writing a letter to his nephew narrating his trip to mediate between the French and English before the Battle of Poitiers. He is portrayed as being conflicted between his admiration for the French crown but personal disdain for the weak King John and his grudging respect and apprehension of the formidable King and Prince Edward. He believes that if England were to take the role that France usually holds as the preeminent power of Europe, King Edward will distance his country from the church.
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# Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord (cardinal)
## Books and articles {#books_and_articles}
-
- \[1313-1333\]
- \[1333-1356\]
- \[1356-1396\]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- \[contains a biography of Cardinal de Talleyrand, 150 pp.\]
-
-
- Zacour, Norman P. (1956). *Petrarch and Talleyrand*, Speculum, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Oct., 1956), pp. 683--703
- Zacour, Norman P. (1960). *Talleyrand: The Cardinal of Perigord (1301-1364)*, *Transactions of the American Philosophical Society*, new ser., v. 50, pt. 7
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# 1813 in Ireland
Events from the year **1813 in Ireland**.
## Events
- 26 July -- Battle of Garvagh, County Londonderry: Four hundred Catholic Ribbonmen attempt to destroy a tavern in Garvagh where the Orange Lodge meet and are repelled by Protestants with muskets. This was commemorated in the song \"The Battle of Garvagh\".
- 10 September -- the largest meteorite ever to fall on the British Isles lands at Adare, County Limerick. Now held in the Limerick Museum
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- \"*Poetical Attempts* by Hugh Porter, a County of Down weaver\" published in Belfast.
- *[The Patron, or The Festival of Saint Kevin at the Seven Churches, Glendalough](https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/the-patron-the-festival-of-saint-kevin-at-the-seven-churches-glendalough-117823)* painted by Joseph Peacock.
## Births
- 6 January -- Charles Lanyon, architect (born in England; died 1889).
- 3 February -- Thomas Mellon, entrepreneur, lawyer, and judge founder of Mellon Bank (died 1908).
- 2 June -- Daniel Pollen, politician, ninth Premier of New Zealand (died 1876).
- 7 June -- Sir Thomas Burke, 3rd Baronet, landowner and politician (died 1875).
- 6 September -- Isaac Butt, Irish Conservative Party MP and founder of the Home Rule League (died 1879).
- 10 November -- Patrick Duggan, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clonfert (died 1896).
- 14 November -- Benjamin Lett, bomber and arsonist in America and Canada (died 1858).
- 19 December -- Thomas Andrews, chemist and physicist (died 1885).
- Undated
- Margaret Haughery, baker and philanthropist in New Orleans (died 1882).
- John Skipton Mulvany, architect (died 1870).
## Deaths
- 28 May -- Edmund Garvey, painter (born 1740).
- 18 August -- Friedrich Bridgetower, composer and cellist, brother of George Bridgetower, in Newry.
- Autumn -- Henrietta Battier, poet, satirist and actress (born c. 1751)
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# Expressionism (theatre)
**Expressionism** was a movement in drama and theatre that principally developed in Germany in the early decades of the 20th century. It was then popularized in the United States, Spain, China, the U.K., and all around the world. Similar to the broader movement of Expressionism in the arts, Expressionist theatre utilized theatrical elements and scenery with exaggeration and distortion to deliver strong feelings and ideas to audiences.
## History
The early Expressionist theatrical and dramatic movement in Germany had Dionysian, Hellenistic, and Nietzsche philosophy influences. It was impacted by the likes of German poet August Stramm and Swedish playwright August Strindberg. *Murderer, the Hope of Women* by Oskar Kokoschka, written in 1907 and first performed in Vienna in 1909, was the first fully expressionist drama. Expressionism was then explored and evolved in Germany by a multitude of playwrights, the most famous of which being Georg Kaiser, whose first successful play, *The Burghers of Calais*, was written in 1913 and first performed in 1917. Another highly influential German Expressionist playwright was Ernst Toller who had his first successful play, *Transformation*, premier in Berlin in 1919. These German playwrights and many others explored and evolved expressionist theatre and drama until the movement faded in popularity throughout Germany by 1924. In the 1920s theatrical expressionism became very popular in the United States among audiences and artists alike. Eugene O\'Neill, although widely known for his realist dramas, was the first playwright in the United States to experience success with an expressionist piece. O\'Neill\'s *The Hairy Ape* was the first fully expressionist play written by an American playwright, it premiered in 1922. Elmer Rice gained notoriety shortly after with the premier of his expressionist play *The Adding Machine* in 1923. These playwrights and many others within the United States went on to write quite successful expressionist plays including Lajos Egri\'s *Rapid Transit (play)*, first premiering in 1927, and Sophie Treadwell\'s *Machinal*, first premiering in 1928. Expressionism in theatre and drama has also experienced success in China and Spain. Notably, *The Wilderness (play)* by Cao Yu and *Yama Zhao* by Hong Shen were frequently produced in the 1920s and 1930s in China. Expressionism in Chinese theatre has recently experienced a resurgence in popularity since the 1980s. In Spain Ramon Valle-lnclan\'s *Esperpento*, which was first produced in 1925, was very similar to German expressionist plays of the same decade.
## Theatrical elements {#theatrical_elements}
The most defining characteristics of Expressionism in the theatrical context were the emphasis on uncovering intense emotions and the failure of societal systems that have been overlooked. Commonly, Expressionist theatre critiqued the government, big business, the military, family structures, and sexism. Expressionism shifted emphasis from the text of pieces to the physical performance and highlighted the director\'s role in creating a vehicle to deliver theirs and the playwright\'s thoughts and feelings to audiences. This shift also reflected a greater faith in audiences\' ability to receive a playwright\'s message on their own without complete textual guidance. In early German expressionist theatre, the protagonists often represented variations on the New Man, one who was neither too meek or too headstrong, who was intelligent, and who was unafraid to act on their morals. Structurally, Expressionism in theatre was often characterized by episodic scenes or station dramas (Stationendramen) which were modeled after the Stations of the Cross. *Machinal* by Sophie Treadwell utilized nine episodes to tell the story of Helen Jones instead of scenes. Expressionist theatre also commonly adopted very general or simple names for the characters in the plays, like A Man, Woman, or in *The Adding Machine*, \"Mr. Zero\"
## Design characteristics {#design_characteristics}
Expressionist theatre had very different scenic design compared to the theatrical movements that came before it like naturalism and romanticism. Set pieces and props were typically used sparingly with much more emphasis on creating striking sound and light design. When scenery was used, it was typically very symbolic and was a purposeful exaggeration or understatement of the setting. Expressionist scenic design focus was more on aiding in the delivery of a scene\'s meaning versus a mere representation of setting. Emil Pirchan, Ludwig Sievert, and Ernst Stern were very influential expressionist scenic designers
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# Chile–Turkey relations
**Chile--Turkey relations** (*Las relaciones Chile-Turquía*; *Şili-Türkiye ilişkileri*) are foreign relations between Chile and Turkey. Chile was the first country in Latin America which recognized Turkey with the Friendship Treaty, on January 30, 1926. In Santiago, there can be found the Turkish Republic Square, Atatürk College and Atatürk monument.
In 1930 the Turkish Embassy in Chile opened as the Turks rewarded the Chileans for formally recognizing their country in 1926. The Chilean embassy in Turkey opened in 1941.
In addition Turkey includes a Chile Square in Ankara inaugurated on September 18, 1970 that contains the Bernardo O\'Higgins Monument. The Pablo Neruda square in Turkey was inaugurated in 2007.
## Presidential visits {#presidential_visits}
Guest Host Place of visit Date of visit
-------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------
President Süleyman Demirel President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle La Moneda Palace, Santiago April 6, 1995
President Ricardo Lagos President Ahmet Necdet Sezer Çankaya Köşkü, Ankara October 12, 2004
President Sebastián Piñera President Abdullah Gül Çankaya Köşkü, Ankara November 20, 2012
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan President Sebastián Piñera La Moneda Palace, Santiago January 31, 2016
## Embassy of Turkey in Santiago {#embassy_of_turkey_in_santiago}
The Embassy of Turkey in Santiago is the diplomatic mission of Turkey to Chile. The incumbent ambassador is Gülcan Akoğuz. The embassy also hosts offices of representatives and attachés from Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Trade and Turkish Armed Forces. The relations between Turkey and Chile goes back to the opening of the Turkish Embassy in Santiago in 2 August 1930. The inaugural envoy was Chargé d\'Affaires Talat Kayaalp. According to a TV program titled 5N1K (CNN Türk), about 1,000 Turkish citizens live in Chile
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# 1875 in Ireland
Events from the year **1875 in Ireland**.
## Events
- May -- Ballymena, Cushendall and Red Bay Railway (3 ft gauge) opens with services between Ballymena and Retreat, County Antrim.
- 22 June -- Thomas Croke is appointed Archbishop of Cashel in succession to Patrick Leahy. Previously Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Auckland in New Zealand, he will hold the office until his death in 1902.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- 13 April -- The Theatre Royal, Cork closes down for good.
## Sport
- 15 February -- The Ireland national rugby union team plays its first international match, a 7-0 defeat by England.
- 6 August -- Scottish football team Hibernian F.C. is founded by Irishmen in Edinburgh.
## Births
- 8 February -- Valentine O\'Hara, author and authority on Russia and the Baltic States (died 1945).
- 14 March -- Patrick McLane, Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania (died 1946).
- 10 April -- Joseph McGuinness, Sinn Féin MP and TD, member of the 1st Dáil (died 1922).
- 17 April -- John Brunskill, cricketer (died 1940).
- 18 April -- Katherine Thurston, née Katherine Cecil Madden, novelist (died 1911).
- 22 April -- Michael Joseph O\'Rahilly, The O\'Rahilly, republican (killed during Easter Rising 1916).
- 28 May -- Denis O\'Donnell, entrepreneur (died 1933)
- 24 June -- Forrest Reid, novelist and literary critic (died 1947)
- 5 July -- Lawrence Bulger, international rugby union player (died 1928).
- 7 August -- Kate Meyrick, née Nason, nightclub owner in London (died 1933 in England).
- 29 August -- Robert Forde, Antarctic explorer (died 1959).
- 12 September -- George Edward Pugin Meldon, cricketer (died 1950).
- 9 November -- Hugh Lane, founder of Dublin\'s Municipal Gallery of Modern Art (died on `{{RMS|Lusitania}}`{=mediawiki} 1915).
## Deaths
- 21 January -- Sir Alexander McDonnell, 1st Baronet, lawyer, civil servant and commissioner of national education in Ireland (born 1794).
- 26 January -- Patrick Leahy, Archbishop of Cashel (born 1806).
- 20 March -- John Mitchel, nationalist activist, solicitor and journalist (born 1815).
- 29 April -- William Nash, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1858 at Lucknow, India (born 1824).
- 13 May -- John Willoughby Crawford, politician and third Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (born 1817).
- 15 May -- James O\'Reilly, lawyer and politician in Canada (born 1823).
- 25 May -- Rose La Touche, muse of John Ruskin (born 1848).
- 3 June -- Patrick Graham, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1857 at Lucknow, India (born 1837).
- 3 June -- Miles Gerard Keon, journalist, novelist, colonial secretary and lecturer (born 1821).
- 13 July -- William Coffey, soldier, recipient of the Victoria Cross for gallantry in 1855 at Sebastopol, the Crimea (born 1829).
- 22 September -- Charles Bianconi, Italian-born carriage proprietor (born 1786).
- 24 October -- Reverend William Hickey, writer and philanthropist (born 1787).
- 9 December -- Sir Thomas Burke, 3rd Baronet, landowner and politician (born 1813).
- 27 December -- Henry Hamilton O\'Hara \"Mad O\'hara\", \"The Mad Squire of Craigbilly\" (born 1820)
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# Stephan R. Epstein
**Stephan R. Epstein** (15 March 1960 -- 3 February 2007), known as \"Larry\", was a British economic historian, and a professor at the London School of Economics.
Brought up in Switzerland, he studied at the University of Siena, and later received a PhD from the University of Cambridge. In 1992 he was made a lecturer in economic history at the LSE, by 1997 he had been appointed reader, and in 2001 professor.
Epstein\'s PhD thesis was on economic development and social transformation in late medieval Sicily. Later he expanded his research to a greater European scale, with his 2000 book *Freedom and Growth*, where he explored the interaction between state formation and economic development. For this work he won the Ranki Prize for a book on European economic history in 2001. Epstein also worked on the history of technology, and on the influence of guilds on technological development in medieval Europe
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# 1708 in Ireland
Events from the year **1708 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: Anne
## Events
- March 11 -- the scholar Dr. Thomas Milles is appointed Church of Ireland Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, in which office he will serve until his death in 1740 (consecrated April 18 in St Patrick\'s Cathedral, Dublin).
- March 25 -- a registry of deeds begins operation in Ireland.
- The original wooden Belfast Castle, the home of Sir Arthur Chichester, baron of Belfast, is burned down.
- An act of Parliament`{{Which|date=August 2012}}`{=mediawiki} is passed, dividing the parish of St. Nicholas Without, Dublin, and giving part of it the denomination of St. Luke\'s.
## Births
- January 7 (in England) -- George Stone, Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland) (d. 1764)
- July 13 (baptised in England) -- Richard Robinson, 1st Baron Rokeby, Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland) and benefactor (d. 1794)
- July 19 -- Philip Francis, clergyman and translator (d. 1773)
- Risteárd Buidhe Kirwan, soldier and duellist (d. 1779)
## Deaths
- Sir Ulick Burke, 3rd Baronet, landowner and politician.
- Francis Makemie, clergyman, considered to be the founder of Presbyterianism in United States of America (b
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# Becky Schmitz
**Becky Schmitz** is an Iowa politician. She was the Iowa State Senator from the 45th District, serving from 2007 till 2011. She was elected to the Jefferson County Board of Supervisors in November 2012. She assumed office January 1, 2013 for a 4-year term.
Schmitz served on several committees in the Iowa Senate - the Economic Growth committee; the Education committee; the Government Oversight committee; the State Government committee; the Ways and Means committee; and the Human Resources committee, where she was vice chair.
Schmitz was elected in 2006 with 10,326 votes (50%), defeating Republican opponent David Miller
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# Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
The **Max Planck Institute for Medical Research** in Heidelberg, Germany, is a facility of the Max Planck Society for basic medical research. Since its foundation, six Nobel Prize laureates worked at the Institute: Otto Fritz Meyerhof (Physiology), Richard Kuhn (Chemistry), Walther Bothe (Physics), André Michel Lwoff (Physiology or Medicine), Rudolf Mößbauer (Physics), Bert Sakmann (Physiology or Medicine) and Stefan W. Hell (Chemistry).
## History
The institute was founded in 1927 by Ludolf von Krehl as the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research, opened in 1930, and re-founded as a Max Planck Institute in 1948. Its original goal was to apply the methods of Physics and Chemistry to basic medical research, e.g. radiation therapy for cancer treatment, and it included departments of Chemistry, Physiology, and Biophysics. In the 1960s, new developments in biology were reflected with the establishment of the Department of Molecular Biology. Toward the end of the 1980s and during the 1990s, investigations began into the specific functions of muscle and nerve cells. New departments were established in Cell Physiology (1989--2008), Molecular Cell Research (1992--1999), Molecular Neurobiology (1995), Biomedical Optics (1999) and Biomolecular Mechanisms (2002). The independent junior research groups for Ion Channel Structure (1997--2003) and Developmental Genetics of the Nervous System (1999--2005) were also founded.
## The present {#the_present}
The institute currently has four departments: Biomolecular Mechanisms (Ilme Schlichting), Chemical Biology (Kai Johnsson), Cellular Biophysics (Joachim Spatz) and Optical Nanoscopy (Stefan W. Hell). With the appointment of three new directors in the last few years, the institute has experienced a major reorientation. The new, central topic of research is to observe in real time and manipulate the complex dynamics of the interactions between macromolecules in the living cell, in health and disease. The four departments work in complementary areas: the determination of atomic structures (Ilme Schlichting), optical nanoscopy (Stefan Hell), design of new reporter molecules (Kai Johnson) and cellular material research and biophysics (Joachim Spatz). This institute-wide project involves developing tools for biomedical research.
## Departments
### Biomolecular Mechanisms {#biomolecular_mechanisms}
In the general excitement of a time when three-dimensional protein structures of whole genomes are being determined automatically, it is often forgotten that a structure in itself does not tell one how the molecule works or folds.
### Chemical Biology {#chemical_biology}
The Department of Chemical Biology focusses on the visualization and manipulation of biological activities in live cells. The in vivo localization and quantification of protein activities, metabolites and other important parameters has become a central quest in biology, but the majority of cellular processes remain invisible, to date.
### Cellular Biophysics {#cellular_biophysics}
The primary scientific goal of the department is to develop technologies, based on physics, chemistry and materials science, for unraveling fundamental problems in cellular science, biomedical science and the engineering of life-like materials. For example, the department fundamentally investigates the organization and decision-making processes of cell collectives and organoids as well as the assembly and function of synthetic cells, designer immune cells and tissues.
### Optical Nanoscopy {#optical_nanoscopy}
The Department of Optical Nanoscopy is focused on conceiving, exploring, validating and applying optical microscopy methods with resolution far beyond the classical diffraction limit. The primary scientific direction of this new department is to push the performance of nano-optical molecular analysis in (living) cells and tissues.
## Research and working groups {#research_and_working_groups}
In May 2023, there were 9 research groups:
- Group Thomas Barends (Nitrogen biology)
- Group R. Bruce Doak (structural biology)
- Group Tatiana Domratcheva (Computational Photobiology)
- Group Matthias Fischer (Viruses of protists)
- Group Inaam Nakchbandi (matrix and extracellular matrix receptors in disease)
- Group Jochen Reinstein (virus capsids)
- Group Rolf Sprengel (molecular neurobiology)
- Group Kerstin Göpfrich (bioengineering)
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# Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
## Emeritus groups {#emeritus_groups}
### Emeritus Group Biophysics {#emeritus_group_biophysics}
The Emeritus Group on Biophysics (led by Prof. Dr. Kenneth C. Holmes) focuses on structures of actin and myosin at atomic resolution.
## Facilities
### Light Microscopy {#light_microscopy}
The Light microscopy Facility of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research aims to provide Institute members and guests \"low threshold\" access to sophisticated microscopy and data analysis equipment, to provide support and training related to sample preparation, data recording and analysis and to stimulate communication and exchange of experience.
### Library
The library of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research is a reference library containing specialized scientific literature. It serves teaching and research in the fields of life sciences, chemistry, biology and physics. The opening time for external users are from Monday to Friday:
- 09:00 am to 12:00 am
- 02:00 pm to 04:00 pm
For members of the institute, it is open 24 hours a day.
## Research schools (IMPRS) {#research_schools_imprs}
### IMPRS for Quantum Dynamics in Physics, Chemistry and Biology {#imprs_for_quantum_dynamics_in_physics_chemistry_and_biology}
The *IMPRS for Quantum Dynamics in Physics, Chemistry and Biology* is a joint initiative of the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Ruprecht Karls University, the German Cancer Research Center, the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (all in Heidelberg), and the Heavy Ion Research Center (GSI) in Darmstadt.
## Geotag/Coordinates
Coordinates for the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg: 49 24 43.76 N 8 40 31
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# Pentacle (magazine)
***Pentacle*** is a Neopagan magazine that began publication in February 2002. It was created by Marion Pearce and Jon Randall. It is a quarterly magazine published on the dates of the old festivals of Imbolc, Beltaine, Lammas and Samhain, and has a worldwide distribution of 2,500. It was conceived to provide an independent voice for today\'s Pagan, those not wanting to be told what to believe by the two main organisation-backed pagan magazines`{{specify|date=January 2020}}`{=mediawiki} of the time.
*Pentacle* has published articles on folklore, ritual, magic, archaeology. Articles have covered many aspects of pagan traditions, including `{{linktext|heathen}}`{=mediawiki}, Druidry, and other classical and modern traditions. The magazine has also included announcements of workshops, conferences, moots, festivals, activities, training, groups and exchange magazines. Most of the articles have been once again aimed at the beginner/intermediate level reader, often written by the Pagan community and readership, whose members cover many levels of expertise. Furthermore, it has contained a large amount of pagan and visionary art throughout, supporting all levels and abilities.
## History
Marion Pearce, the first editor (now the publisher) has included art, animal welfare and poetry. She has also included many articles on archaeology and historical folk practices. She stood down as editor in 2006 to allow the magazine to grow internationally.
The subsequent editor, Jon Randall, further expanded the remit of the magazine to include herbalism, counseling and science-backed therapies. This was achieved through a more rigorous academic methodology, contrasted by a more hands-on approach to Paganism as a religion and life choice. His style was more hard-hitting than the previous editor, and he tended to \"call it as he saw it\", leading to the inclusion of more in-depth articles that challenged and stretched the readership.
As of January 2010, Jon Randall resigned from his position as designer and editor.
In the meantime, Marion Pearce took over the reins again as editor. There has been a new forum and Facebook page, where readers can contribute ideas for the kind of content they would like to see included. The relaunched magazine has been described there in the following manner:
> Back will be the informative articles, with wide ranging pagan and archaeological news, poetry, and classified sections, all illustrated in full colour by high class art work. Back too will be a regular environmental feature. There will also be a new regular feature on sacred sites throughout the UK. All you need to know about the pagan community in the UK - in one magazine.
*Pentacle* has supported the PaganDash initiative to have Paganism counted in the UK Census 2011
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# Rusty Kruger
**Rusty Kruger** (born March 26, 1975) is a Canadian retired lacrosse player in the National Lacrosse League and a current assistant coach with the Buffalo Bandits
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# Hippotion celerio
***Hippotion celerio***, the **vine hawk-moth** or **silver-striped hawk-moth**, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of *Systema Naturae*.
## Distribution
It is found in Africa and central and southern Asia of India, Sri Lanka and, as a migrant in southern Europe and Australia.
## Description
The forewing is typically 28 - long.
Hippotion celerio MHNT CUT 2010 0 73 Noumea male dorsal.jpg\|`{{center|male}}`{=mediawiki} Hippotion celerio MHNT CUT 2010 0 73 Noumea male ventral.jpg\|`{{center|male underside}}`{=mediawiki} Hippotion celerio MHNT CUT 2010 0 73 Malaysia female dorsal.jpg\|`{{center|female}}`{=mediawiki} Hippotion celerio MHNT CUT 2010 0 73 Malaysia female ventral.jpg\|`{{center|female underside}}`{=mediawiki}
### Colouring and marks {#colouring_and_marks}
The body and forewing of the adult moth are green and ochre. They have silvery white dots and streaks, with a silvery band running obliquely on the forewing. The hindwing is red near its lower angle (tornus) to pinkish over other parts of the wing. It is crossed by a black bar and black veins. There is greater variation. In f. *pallida* Tutt the ground coloration is a pale terracotta ground; in f. *rosea* Closs, the wings have a red suffusion; in f. *brunnea* Tutt, the suffusion is deep brown. In f. *augustei* Trimoul, the black markings cover the entire wings; in f. *luecki* Closs, all silver markings are absent and in f. *sieberti* Closs, the forewing oblique stripe is yellowish, not silver.
## Similar species {#similar_species}
- *Hippotion osiris* larger size and lacks the black venation on the hindwing.
- *Hippotion aporodes* may be only a very dark subspecies of *celerio* - in this form, the silvery streak on the forewing is not present but other markings are intensified. In addition, the hindwing is mainly brownish.
## Biology
### Larva
Larvae could be green, yellowish green or even brown. They have a dark broken mid-dorsal line and a creamy dorso-lateral line from the fifth segment to the horn. The head is round, and usually a dull green colour. The larva has a horn which is usually long and straight. There is a large yellow and green eyespot on the third segment and a smaller one on the fourth segment.
Larvae typically feed on the leaves of plants such as the grape vine, *Cissus*, *Impatiens* and the *Arum* lily
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# Maythil Radhakrishnan
**Maythil Radhakrishnan** aka **Rad Maythil** is an all-rounder in Malayalam literature, who writes poetry and fiction as well as non-fiction. He was chosen for the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions in 2016 which he refused.
## Biography
Maythil graduated in Economics from the University of Kerala in 1968. For the next eight years, he researched insect ethology, while working as a freelance journalist.
From 1976 to 1984 he worked in Kuwait for a Norwegian shipping firm as EDP Coordinator. For the next three years, he ran his own computer aided design and drafting center in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. Since 1987, except for a four-year stint as Editor for Youth Express of The New Indian Express (then The Indian Express) group, at Thiruvananthapuram and Chennai, Maythil has spent his time mostly in writing; on occasions working as a freelance journalist, quizmaster and a web developer.
He writes popular columns in The Sunday Express (*Zebra Crossing*, now available online as a social network created by the author) and in Madhyamam Weekly (*Moonnu Vara* a.k.a. *Three Stripes*).
Presently, he lives in Thiruvananthapuram. He is a widower and has a daughter named June and a son named Julian.
## Writing
Maythil\'s first novel, *Sooryavamsam*, published in 1970, announced the arrival of a major talent in Malayalam literature. Four novels and many stories and poems later, his is still a fresh voice. His oeuvre reflects the whole gamut of unrelated experience---from computers to insects---that he had acquired. The essence of his writing is summed up by K. Satchidanandan in the following words:
> There are very few in Indian fiction who can compare with this author in artistic innovation, intellectual subtlety and original perception of things and of life. The three novellas here represent all that is newest in Indian fiction.
Maythil was awarded the 2015 annual award for his contributions to Malayalam literature by Kerala Sahitya Akademi in 2016 which he refused, citing his distrust in academies
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# Al Schottelkotte
**Albert Joseph \"Al\" Schottelkotte** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɒ|t|əl|k|ɒ|t|i}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|SHOT|əl-kot-ee}}`{=mediawiki}; March 19, 1927 -- December 25, 1996) was an American news anchor and reporter for Cincinnati\'s WCPO-TV for 27 years, rising through the executive ranks at WCPO and later the Scripps Howard Foundation until his death in December 1996.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Schottelkotte grew up in the western Cincinnati suburb of Cheviot. His news career began on his 16th birthday in 1943 while a sophomore in high school. During the height of World War II he was hired as a copy boy for *The Cincinnati Enquirer*. One month later he was promoted to general assignment reporter, making Schottelkotte the youngest journalist at that time for any major American newspaper. He ultimately attended three high schools, including St. Xavier, but left without graduating to focus on journalism.
In 1950, he began a two-year stint in the Army, serving in Korea giving lectures on current affairs. This experience, upon his return to Cincinnati, led to Schottelkotte\'s being hired by WSAI radio to anchor their evening newscast. He returned to the *Enquirer* and became a full-time columnist with his \"Talk of the Town\" column, which lasted several years.
## Television career {#television_career}
Ten years after WCPO-TV went on the air in 1949, general manager Mort Watters encouraged Schottelkotte to move to television, giving him the task of organizing the station\'s first news department, consisting of editor Marvin Arth, photographer Frank Jones, and Schottelkotte himself as news director and anchor for their 11 p.m. newscast. For a time, Schottelkotte continued to write for the *Enquirer*, but by 1961 he had abandoned print journalism to focus on broadcasting.
Schottelkotte\'s tireless work ethic, paired with his terse and prudent on-air delivery made him synonymous with Cincinnati television news, and easily earned him the nickname \"The Voice of Cincinnati\". Within one year of becoming news anchor at Channel 9, Schottelkotte supplanted WLWT\'s Peter Grant as the number one news anchor in Cincinnati. Schottelkotte\'s newscasts, which would bear his name, consistently led in TV ratings from 1960 to 1982, with shares sometimes leading all of the competing Cincinnati newscasts combined. He was unseated as Cincinnati\'s news leader in 1982 by WKRC-TV\'s anchor, Nick Clooney, a long-time talk show favorite in Cincinnati and father of actor George Clooney.
For many years Schottelkotte anchored the news six days a week (Sunday through Friday), making him far and away the most visible news anchor in Cincinnati. Over time, he took to beginning each newscast with a precis of the day\'s headlines, and then ending with his signature signoff: \"That\'s it for now. So until tomorrow, may it all be good news\... to you.\"
### Innovations
Schottelkotte contributed to numerous pioneering facets of local news:
- The *Spotlight Report*, which he created for radio in 1953. He brought it to television and continued it until he ended his broadcast career in 1994.
- He spearheaded the expansion of WCPO\'s newscasts to a half-hour (from 15 minutes) and created newscast slots at 6 p.m. and even a \"noon report\" broadcast, which he himself anchored until 1967 (at the time a newscast at noon was rare in television news).
- Schottelkotte relied heavily on visuals, believing they drew more attention to a given story and away from Schottelkotte himself. The WCPO news staff had acquired a library of over 50,000 pieces of film footage and countless slides of noted personalities and local landmarks.
- By 1967, Schottelkotte was promoted to general manager of Scripps Howard\'s fledgling news division. Under his management, WCPO operated the Newsbird, one of the first news helicopters in the U.S.
- Schottelkotte was credited with the creation or co-creation of several local programs, both news and non-news oriented.
Eric Land, a longtime reporter at WCPO, later said that he modeled the fast-paced format at WIAT in Birmingham, Alabama, on Schottelkotte\'s newscasts when he became the station\'s general manager.
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# Al Schottelkotte
## Television career {#television_career}
### Notable appearances {#notable_appearances}
Schottelkotte became so popular that he appeared in *Gunsmoke* as a bailiff in the episode \"Old Man\", which aired October 10, 1964, and also made a cameo radio broadcast as himself (even mentioning WCPO\'s call letters) in the January 6, 1966 \"Not Guilty\" episode of *Gilligan\'s Island*.
In 1973, when the Rembrandt painting \"Portrait of an Old Woman\" was stolen from the Taft Museum, a local man having found the painting called Schottelkotte personally and produced the portrait to him live on an 11 o\'clock newscast; the painting was confirmed to be genuine by then-museum committee chairman John Warrington.
In May 1976, Schottelkotte interviewed President Gerald R. Ford at the White House.
During a 1977 newscast, an intruder barged into the studio shouting as Schottelkotte began narrating a film report. He punched the prowler with one hand while muting his microphone with the other so viewers could not hear it. The intruder fled and Schottelkotte, unperturbed, continued with the newscast.
In the early morning of October 15, 1980, WCPO and most of its news staff became part of a major news story when gunman James Hoskins seized control of WCPO\'s newsroom taking nine hostages including reporter Elaine Green and her cameraman. During a taped interview with Green, Hoskins stated he and his girlfriend (whom he admitted to killing right before seizing the newsroom) planned to cause deadly chaos in Cincinnati. After voicing his displeasure with local authority, Hoskins agreed to let the hostages go, and the eight-hour standoff ended when Hoskins killed himself while on the phone with SWAT negotiators. Schottelkotte ran special newscasts from WCPO\'s parking lot throughout the morning.
#### Other
In 1983 Schottelkotte made an unusual cameo in Dan Barr\'s music video, \"Bus Full of Nuns\" lip-synching the chorus while sitting at a nondescript anchor desk.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
- **February 1971** -- Became vice president of news for Scripps Howard Broadcasting (the youngest vice president in Scripps-Howard history)
- **May 1977** -- Recipient of the Governor\'s Award For Career Achievement by the regional chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences
- **October 1981** -- Promoted to senior vice president of Scripps Howard Broadcasting
- **August 1982** -- Named station manager of WCPO-TV
- **June 1990** -- Selected as one of five charter members of the Cincinnati Journalism Hall of Fame, Cincinnati chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists
- **December 1985** -- Named Scripps Howard Foundation president
- **December 1996** -- Named chairman of the Scripps Howard Foundation (three weeks before his death).
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# Al Schottelkotte
## Later years {#later_years}
In June 1982, after being unseated by WKRC as the number one newscast in Cincinnati, Schottelkotte announced that he would step down as anchor of the 11 p.m. news. He continued as anchor for the 6 p.m. news for four more years before anchoring his final newscast in August 1986. He continued doing the *Spotlight Report* until 1994.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Born in the Cincinnati suburb of Cheviot to Dutch parents, Schottelkotte was reared in the Roman Catholic faith. He married his first wife, Virginia Gleason, in July 1951 and had 12 children, six sons and six daughters. The marriage ended in divorce.
His second wife, one-time WCPO reporter Elaine Green, won a Peabody award in 1981 for her interview with gunman James Hoskins during the October 1980 hostage situation in WCPO\'s newsroom. By this marriage, Schottelkotte had two stepchildren.
## Death
Schottelkotte died of cancer on December 25, 1996, aged 69, at his Lawrenceburg, Indiana home. He was survived by his 12 children and two stepchildren, as well as his first and second wives, and several other relatives
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# G.I. Joe vs. Cobra
**G.I. Joe vs. Cobra** is the G.I. Joe toy line series that ran from 2002 to 2005. The toy line was produced by Hasbro.
## Overview
The series represented the first major relaunch of the G.I. Joe franchise since 1996\'s G.I. Joe Extreme. Story and theme-wise, it was a continuation of the *G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero* series. *G.I. Joe vs. Cobra* was preceded by a limited run Toys R Us exclusive line that made use of previous molds for production of G.I. Joe action figures in 1997 and 1998, as well as the 2000-2001 \"Real American Hero Collection\" 2-packs, which were available at mass retail.
Despite having no major G.I. Joe toy releases, Devil\'s Due Publishing managed to acquire the license to produce new G.I. Joe comic books. The new comics\' success and the media attention it spawned fueled renewed interest in G.I. Joe, and led to the production of a new line of toys featuring both old and new characters. New sculptures and body architecture were utilized for the line.
The *G.I. Joe vs. Cobra* line ran for three years, before being phased out and replaced with the successor line G.I. Joe: Sigma 6. In that time, it was supported by the new comic series and two direct-to-video animated movies. It was also supplemented by several Toys R Us and convention exclusives. Each year of the line's release centered on a different theme on the G.I. Joe/Cobra conflict. During the new sculpt era, Hasbro launched G.I. Joe. com that has G. I vs. Cobra games.
### G.I. Joe vs. Cobra {#g.i._joe_vs._cobra}
Released in 2002, G.I. Joe vs. Cobra was borne out of the success of Devil's Due's G.I. Joe comics. The series brought back classic characters, as well as introduced new ones. For the first time, there was a theme to the toy line, this one focusing on the rivalries between members of the G.I. Joe Team and Cobra. The action figures were sold in two-packs carrying a G.I. Joe and a Cobra character. The file cards that came with them explained how their rivalry with each other began. The first wave of figures utilize T-crotch tooling similar to Hasbro\'s own *Star Wars* toyline, but the next wave brought back the classic O-ring to new molds, with some of the Wave 1 figures being retooled to accommodate the O-ring.
The switch from T-crotch to O-ring resulted in a slight delay in the release of Wave 2. To compensate for this, Hasbro issued a Wave 1.5 consisting of repainted figure molds from the original *A Real American Hero* line that included characters such as General Tomahawk (a renamed Hawk due to trademark lost) and the Headman (who was rewritten as a Cobra agent).
Figures released from Wave 2 and onward all included \"Sound Attack\" accessories, which contained sound chips that could be plugged-in into certain vehicles (such as the Night Attack Chopper) and play sound effects based on the weapon. The Sound Attack gimmick was abandoned during the final wave of the *Spy Troops* sub-line released the following year.
A series of animated commercials produced by Reel FX Creative Studios aired in 2002 to promote the new line of figures. The first commercial featured narration by Don LaFontaine.
### Spy Troops {#spy_troops}
The toyline was re-titled as *G.I. Joe vs. Cobra: Spy Troops* for the second year. The *G.I. Joe* logo that has been used on the packaging for the *A Real American Hero* line since 1982 was replaced with the logo from the original 12-inch figure series, which depicted the face of the original Action Soldier figure above the \"J\". Most of the G.I. Joe vehicles released during the *Spy Troops* sub-line used this logo.
The plot involved G.I. Joe and Cobra in espionage against each other via various disguises. Each two-pack featured either Joe with a Cobra disguise or a Cobra with a Joe disguise, or one figure with a camouflage coat to blend into the background. On the back of the box was the mission relating to the two characters.
There was a direct-to-video animated movie, *G.I. Joe: Spy Troops* released towards the end of the line. The line began to incorporate some of the characters from the comics, such as Kamakura and Crosshair.
### Valor vs. Venom {#valor_vs._venom}
*G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom* was the third and final series in the G.I. Joe vs. Cobra line. The \"vs. Cobra\" part of the title was dropped and the *G.I. Joe* logo was reverted to the *A Real American Hero* version. The central plot involved Cobra creating animal/human hybrid soldiers dubbed Venom Troopers (or V-Troops) via a mutagenic chemical known as Venom. G.I. Joe counters with advanced technology.
Again, like Spy Troops, it was supported by a direct-to-video film, *G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom*. Some figures from this series were also available in single packs. The line was geared more towards children, by featuring the return of \"Action Attack\".
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# G.I. Joe vs. Cobra
## Sub-lines {#sub_lines}
### 1:6 scale figures {#scale_figures}
In addition to the standard 1:18 scale, *G.I. Joe vs. Cobra* characters were also released in a 1:6 scale similar to the *Hall of Fame* sub-line that was sold during the later years of the original *A Real American Hero* line between 1991 and 1995. Some of the 12-inch figures released in 2002 (namely Heavy Duty, Grunt, Dusty and Firefly) were actually holdovers from the short-lived *Double Duty* line sold in late 2001, which featured reversible clothing and transformable accessories.
### Built to Rule {#built_to_rule}
**Built to Rule** was a building blocks toyline from Hasbro that was marketed as \"Action Building Sets\". These sets were released from 2003 to 2005. All sets came with one set of building blocks which could be built into a full sized vehicle, and one specially designed 3 3/4 G.I. Joe figure. The forearms and the calves of the figures sport places where blocks could be attached. The 2003 Built To Rule followed the *G.I. Joe: Spy Troops* story line.
### Direct To Consumer/Toys \"R\" Us Exclusive line {#direct_to_consumertoys_r_us_exclusive_line}
With the cancellation of the Valor vs Venom series Hasbro released a new series simply titled \"G.I. JOE: A Real American Hero\". Unlike most of the previous G.I. JOE vs Cobra/Valor vs Venom series, these figures were released alone on a single card. Each wave of figures had three Joe agents, one named Cobra agent and two Cobra troops.
Figures from this series were initially only available from Hasbro.Com or other online toy shops. Because of this and to differentiate this series from the original Real American Hero line from the 80s and 90s fans dubbed it \"Direct To Consumer\" or \"DTC\". Later this series was also made available as a Toys \"R\" Us exclusive. The figures in this series were made from the same construction as the previous G.I. JOE vs Cobra/Valor vs Venom series and as such are seen as the most recent G.I. Joe vs. Cobra Line and a continuation of the G.I. JOE vs Cobra line, as fans expecting a new G.I. Joe vs. Cobra Line of Figures with a sequel to Valor vs Venom. The line incorporated molds from the unreleased \"G.I. JOE Robot Rebellion\" Line that was set to be launched during 2005, however it was put on hiatus and replaced by Sigma 6. DTC Wave 4 was cancelled and later released as G.I. Joe Club Exclusive. In 2011 the G.I. Joe Club released a 25th Anniversary style DTC Barrel Roll.
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# G.I. Joe vs. Cobra
## Comics
The *G.I. Joe vs. Cobra* did not have a comic book publication that directly supported it. The Devil\'s Due series that began publication a year before its launch was simply a continuation of the original Marvel series and was not intended to be a tie-in to the toy line\'s subsequent revival. As a result, the comics\' creative team did not have the same pressure from Hasbro in tying up the comics with the toy line. However, several characters and designs from the toy line did manage to be incorporated into the comics and vice versa.
Starting with the second wave in 2002, carded figures included pamphlets that featured a mini-comic on one side and a product catalog on the other. All the mini-comics were written by Larry Hama, with the exception of \"Valor vs. Venom: Part 1\", which is attributed to Devil\'s Due Publishing with no particular writers credited, and the final comic, \"Ninja Battles\", which has no writing credits.
1. Bombs Bursting in the Air!!
2. Ninja Showdown
3. Chief Torpedo vs. Burn Out
4. Roadblock Gets Heavy
5. Tanks for Nothing
6. Face 2 Face
7. Valor vs. Venom: Part 1
8. Valor vs. Venom: Part 2: Dawn of the V-Troops
9. Secret Base
10. Cold Front
11
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# Ramsgate Maritime Museum
**Ramsgate Maritime Museum** (or **Clock House Museum**) is a museum in Ramsgate, Kent, England, that describes the maritime history of East Kent. The museum is situated in the Clock House on the quayside of the Royal Harbour at Ramsgate.
Ramsgate Maritime Museum was run by the Steam Museum Trust, a registered charity from 2012 to 2023, when the lease was returned to Thanet District Council. The museum closed in 2021 for a major refurbishment of the Clock House building, and is expected to reopen in 2026 as a museum and heritage hub for the town.
## Buildings
The Clock House was built in 1817 by Benjamen Wyatt and George Louch. It was later altered by John Rennie and is now designated as a Grade II\* listed building.
## Exhibits
Before closure in 2021, there were four permanent galleries covering the development of the harbour, navigation, fishing, lifeboats and shipwrecks. A fifth exhibition space houses a 17th-century 32-pounder demi-cannon raised from the wreck of HMS *Stirling Castle*. A number of artefacts come from the nearby Goodwin Sands which is responsible for numerous shipwrecks.
Exhibits include two museum ships: the 1946 steam tug *Cervia* and *Sundowner*, a 1912 Dunkirk little ship
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# 2007 Buffalo Bills season
The **2007 Buffalo Bills season** was the 38th season for the team in the National Football League (NFL) and their 48th season overall.
The Bills finished their 2007 season with a record of 7--9 and tied their 7--9 record in 2006, but failed to qualify for the playoffs, and continues a playoff appearance drought since the 1999--2000 season. The 8-year playoff drought became the longest such stretch in team history.
The opening game of the season was notable in that tight end Kevin Everett was injured on a kickoff. Everett sustained a fracture and dislocation of his cervical spine that his doctors characterized as \"life-threatening\" the day after the injury, and stated it was likely to leave him with permanent neurological impairment. However, on September 11, 2007, Everett showed significant movement in his arms and legs, which led doctors to speculate that he might eventually be able to walk again. Indeed, Everett walked in public for the first time at Ralph Wilson Stadium before the home finale against the New York Giants on December 23, 2007.
## Coaching staff {#coaching_staff}
Head coach Dick Jauron entered second year with the Bills, joined by Offensive Coordinator Steve Fairchild and Defensive Coordinator Perry Fewell.
## Offseason
### NFL draft {#nfl_draft}
The Bills did experience varying degrees of success with their first three draft picks in the 2007 Draft. Running back Marshawn Lynch made the AFC\'s Pro Bowl squad in 2008; his career in Buffalo, however, was often marred by off-field issues. Paul Posluzny was a solid defender for the Bills for four seasons. Quarterback Trent Edwards became the Bills\' starting quarterback in Week 3 of 2007, when starter J. P. Losman was injured by the New England Patriots\' Vince Wilfork. When healthy, Edwards was the Buffalo\'s starting quarterback, until he was waived early in the 2010 season after a dismal start, in favor of Bills backup quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick.
## Roster
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# 2007 Buffalo Bills season
## Schedule
### Preseason
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Recap
------ ------ -------------------- -------------- -------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
1 New Orleans Saints **W** 13--10 1--0 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](https://www.espn.co.uk/nfl/game/_/gameId/270810018)
2 Atlanta Falcons **L** 10--13 1--1 Ralph Wilson Stadium [Recap](https://www.espn.co.uk/nfl/game/_/gameId/270817002)
3 Tennessee Titans **L** 17--28 1--2 Ralph Wilson Stadium [Recap](https://www.espn.co.uk/nfl/game/_/gameId/270824002)
4 Detroit Lions **W** 16--13 2--2 Ford Field [Recap](https://www.espn.co.uk/nfl/game/_/gameId/270830008)
### Regular season {#regular_season}
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Recap
------ -------------- ----------------------------- -------------- -------- -------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 September 9 Denver Broncos **L** 14--15 0--1 Ralph Wilson Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200709090buf.htm)
2 September 16 at Pittsburgh Steelers **L** 3--26 0--2 Heinz Field [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200709160pit.htm)
3 September 23 at **New England Patriots** **L** 7--38 0--3 Gillette Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200709230nwe.htm)
4 September 30 **New York Jets** **W** 17--14 1--3 Ralph Wilson Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200709300buf.htm)
5 Dallas Cowboys **L** 24--25 1--4 Ralph Wilson Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200710080buf.htm)
6 *Bye*
7 October 21 Baltimore Ravens **W** 19--14 2--4 Ralph Wilson Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200710210buf.htm)
8 October 28 at **New York Jets** **W** 13--3 3--4 Giants Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200710280nyj.htm)
9 November 4 Cincinnati Bengals **W** 33--21 4--4 Ralph Wilson Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200711040buf.htm)
10 November 11 at **Miami Dolphins** **W** 13--10 5--4 Dolphin Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200711110mia.htm)
11 November 18 **New England Patriots** **L** 10--56 5--5 Ralph Wilson Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200711180buf.htm)
12 November 25 at Jacksonville Jaguars **L** 14--36 5--6 Jacksonville Municipal Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200711250jax.htm)
13 December 2 at Washington Redskins **W** 17--16 6--6 FedExField [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712020was.htm)
14 December 9 **Miami Dolphins** **W** 38--17 7--6 Ralph Wilson Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712090buf.htm)
15 December 16 at Cleveland Browns **L** 0--8 7--7 Cleveland Browns Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712160cle.htm)
16 December 23 New York Giants **L** 21--38 7--8 Ralph Wilson Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712230buf.htm)
17 December 30 at Philadelphia Eagles **L** 9--17 7--9 Lincoln Financial Field [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712300phi.htm)
**Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text.
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# 2007 Buffalo Bills season
## Game summaries {#game_summaries}
### Week 1: vs. Denver Broncos {#week_1_vs._denver_broncos}
The Bills began their 2007 campaign at home against the Denver Broncos. In the first quarter, the Bills struck first with WR/PR Roscoe Parrish returning a punt 74 yards for a touchdown. Then, near the end of the period, the Broncos got on the board with kicker Jason Elam getting a 21-yard field goal. Denver went on to get the only score of the second quarter, as Elam kicked a 48-yard field goal.
On the opening kickoff for the second half, a scary injury occurred to Bills TE Kevin Everett, as he suffered a cervical spine injury. He was carted off the field, and was rushed to Millard Fillmore Gates Hospital for an emergency surgery. It was due to the fastest application of cold ever applied to an injured spine that gave Everett a chance to walk again despite the initial grim prognosis.
In the third quarter, Buffalo struck again as rookie RB Marshawn Lynch got a 23-yard TD run. Afterwards, the Broncos pulled within two as QB Jay Cutler completed a 5-yard TD pass to WR Brandon Marshall (followed by a failed 2-Point Conversion). Near the end of the fourth quarter, Cutler drove his team into field goal range and with no timeouts left, Denver\'s special teams came on and Elam kicked the game-winning 42-yard field goal with no time left on the clock.
With the shocking loss, the Bills began the season at 0--1.
### Week 2: at Pittsburgh Steelers {#week_2_at_pittsburgh_steelers}
Hoping to rebound from a last-second home loss to the Broncos, the Bills (with TE Kevin Everett on the mind) went to Heinz Field for their Week 2 match-up against the throwback-clad Pittsburgh Steelers. In the first half, the Bills struggled on offense while their defense only allowed three Jeff Reed field goal (a 34-yard field goal in the first quarter, along with a 28-yard and a 39-yard field goal). In the third quarter, Buffalo got their only score of the game as kicker Rian Lindell nailed a 24-yard field goal. For the rest of the game, the Steelers dominated, with QB Ben Roethlisberger completing a 1-yard TD pass to TE Matt Spaeth later in the period, along with RB Willie Parker getting an 11-yard TD run in the fourth quarter.
With the loss, the Bills fell to 0--2.
<File:Ben> Roethlisberger throwback.jpg\|Buffalo on defense (1 of 3) <File:Ben> Roethlisberger passing.jpg\|Buffalo on defense (2 of 3) <File:Ben> Roethlisberger pass 2007.jpg\|Buffalo on defense (3 of 3) <File:Ben> Roethlisberger 2007.jpg\|Pittsburgh QB Ben Roethlisberger
### Week 3: at New England Patriots {#week_3_at_new_england_patriots}
Trying to snap a two-game skid, the Bills flew to Gillette Stadium for a Week 3 divisional fight with the New England Patriots. In the first quarter, QB J. P. Losman was immediately injured on the first offensive play of the game. He finished the series, but ended up on the bench for the rest of the game. After New England took the lead with kicker Stephen Gostkowski\'s 24-yard field goal, rookie QB Trent Edwards played the rest of the game for Buffalo. The Bills got their only score of the game as RB Marshawn Lynch got an 8-yard TD run, and a Rian Lindell extra point put the Bills ahead surprisingly 7--3. However, in the second quarter, the Patriots were able to open up their running game when Bills rookie standout Paul Posluszny was lost due to a broken arm. This left passing lanes open, and for the rest of the game, the Patriots dominated. QB Tom Brady\'s 8-yard TD pass to TE Benjamin Watson and a 3-yard TD pass to WR Randy Moss made it 17--7 at the half. In the third quarter, New England continued its conquest with Brady\'s 4-yard TD pass to WR Jabar Gaffney and RB Sammy Morris\' 4-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, the Patriots ended the day with Brady and Moss hooking up with each other again on a 45-yard TD pass.
With their third-straight loss, the Bills fell to 0--3.
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# 2007 Buffalo Bills season
## Game summaries {#game_summaries}
### Week 4 vs. Jets {#week_4_vs._jets}
There were many factors that made the Bills underdogs before Week 4- an 0--3 start coming off of a demoralizing loss to the New England Patriots, a starting quarterback in Trent Edwards who was starting his very first NFL game, numerous defensive injuries of starters, and an opponent in the New York Jets that had just gotten its first win over the Miami Dolphins. Things started off well for the Bills as Edwards led the offense down into Jets territory, but a Robert Royal fumble caused by Jonathan Vilma ended a promising drive. The Jets could not get any sort of momentum from the turnover, and were forced to punt.
In the second quarter, things heated up as the Bills once again managed to gain several first downs, only to see the Jets force another turnover as a deep ball by Edwards meant for Lee Evans was intercepted by Andre Dyson. Three events late in the first half led to a flurry of big plays- Bills safety Donte Whitner tackled Jets RB Leon Washington inbounds to keep the clock running, quarterback Chad Pennington faked a spike and completed a pass to put the Jets in field goal range with a couple of seconds left, and Jets kicker Mike Nugent clanged the ball off the right upright, leaving the game scoreless at the half.
The second half saw the Bills take the lead on a 10-yard run by Marshawn Lynch, his second of the year. It was all set up by Edwards going 4 for 4 on the drive. The Jets tied it at 7 on an inspired drive by Pennington, who found Laveranues Coles in the end zone for a touchdown.
The fourth quarter saw the Bills take advantage of the Jets when reserve defensive back Jabari Greer intercepted Pennington. The Bills cashed in as Edwards found reserve tight end Michael Gaines on a bootleg 4th down play at the Jets 1-yard line, and once again the Bills got more points when kicker Rian Lindell kicked a 46-yard field goal to make it 17--7. The Jets came right back with points of their own as Leon Washington rambled in to cut the lead to 17--14. After a Buffalo punt with less than 2 minutes remaining, the Jets failed to score as a forced pass by Pennington with 6 seconds left ended up in the acrobatic arms of Terrence McGee, preserving the 17--14 victory. The Bills took over second place in the AFC East at 1--3 because of the win, while the Jets fell to 1--3.
### Week 5: vs. Dallas Cowboys {#week_5_vs._dallas_cowboys}
Coming off their divisional home win over the Jets, the Bills stayed at home, donned their throwback uniforms, and played their first home Monday Night football game in 13 years against the undefeated Dallas Cowboys. In the first quarter, Buffalo got off to a fast start with DB George Wilson returning an interception 25-yard for a touchdown, along with the only score of the period. In the second quarter, the Cowboys tied the game with QB Tony Romo completing a 22-yard TD pass to TE Jason Witten. Afterwards, Buffalo increased its lead with kicker Rian Lindell getting a 24-yard field goal, along with DE Chris Kelsay intercepting a Romo pass in the endzone for a touchdown. Dallas ended the half with kicker Nick Folk getting a 47-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, Dallas drew closer with Folk kicking a 29-yard field goal. The Bills immediately responded with CB Terrence McGee returning a kickoff 102 yards for a touchdown. The Bills led 24--13 until 3:46 left in the fourth quarter, when the Cowboys got within 8 points with Folk getting a 37-yard field goal. From there, things began to look grim for Buffalo as a Trent Edwards interception eventually turned into Romo\'s 4-yard TD pass to WR Patrick Crayton. The two-point conversion was no good, but Dallas got a successful onside kick. With only 3 seconds left, Folk came out for a 53-yard field goal. The first try was good, yet it was negated with Head Coach Dick Jauron calling time out (repeating a move done by both the Denver Broncos in week 2 and the Oakland Raiders in week 3). However, the technique that worked for Denver and Oakland for this year failed as Folk got the game-winning 53-yard field goal as time ran out, despite the Bills defense getting 6 turnovers from Romo (5 interceptions and 1 fumble).
With the heart-breaking loss, the Bills entered their bye week at 1--4.
### Week 7: vs. Baltimore Ravens {#week_7_vs._baltimore_ravens}
Coming off their bye week, the Bills stayed at home for a fierce Week 7 intraconference duel with the Baltimore Ravens. This match-up was notable for RB Willis McGahee heading back to Buffalo to play against his former team.
In the first quarter, the Bills got the first blood with kicker Rian Lindell getting a 29-yard field goal for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, Buffalo increased its lead with Lindell nailing a 26-yard and a 35-yard field goal. In the third quarter, the Ravens began to climb back into the game with McGahee getting a 46-yard TD run. The Bills responded with Lindell getting a 41-yard field goal, along with McGahee\'s successor, RB Marshawn Lynch, getting a 1-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, Baltimore drew closer as QB Kyle Boller completed a 15-yard TD pass to WR Derrick Mason. Buffalo managed to hold on for the victory.
With the win, the Bills improved to 2--4.
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# 2007 Buffalo Bills season
## Game summaries {#game_summaries}
### Week 8: at New York Jets {#week_8_at_new_york_jets}
Coming off their impressive home win over the Ravens, the Bills flew to The Meadowlands for an AFC East rematch with the New York Jets. In the first quarter, Buffalo busted out early with kicker Rian Lindell getting a 30-yard field goal for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, New York tied the game with kicker Mike Nugent getting a 27-yard field goal for the only score of the period.
During a scoreless third quarter, the Bills\' starting QB (rookie Trent Edwards-14/21 for 130 yards and 1 interception) had to leave the game with a sprained right wrist, forcing a fully healed J. P. Losman into the game. In the fourth quarter, Buffalo took control with Lindell nailing a 40-yard field goal, along with Losman\'s 85-yard TD pass to WR Lee Evans.
With the win, not only did Buffalo improve to 3--4, but they also swept the Jets for the first time since 1997.
### Week 9: vs. Cincinnati Bengals {#week_9_vs._cincinnati_bengals}
Coming off a season-sweeping road win over the Jets, the Bills went home for a Week 9 intraconference duel with the Cincinnati Bengals. with rookie QB Trent Edwards out for a sore right wrist, J. P. Losman got the chance to reclaim his starting job.
In the first quarter, Buffalo drew first blood with Losman completing an 8-yard TD pass to WR Lee Evans that was initially ruled incomplete. The Bengals responded with QB Carson Palmer completing a 15-yard TD pass to WR T. J. Houshmandzadeh. In the second quarter, the Bills went back into the lead with kicker Rian Lindell getting a 23-yard field goal. However, Cincinnati immediately responded with WR/KR Glenn Holt returning the kickoff 100 yards for a touchdown. Buffalo ended the half with Lindell kicking a 21-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, the Bills went back to work with Lindell getting a 21-yard field goal. However, the Bengals answered with Palmer completing a 1-yard TD pass to FB Jeremi Johnson. In the fourth quarter, Buffalo began its final assault with Lindell nailing a 38-yard field goal. Afterwards, rookie RB Marshawn Lynch was a key player as he threw an 8-yard TD pass to TE Robert Royal on a trick play, along with getting his best run of the year with a 56-yard TD run.
With the win, not only did the Bills improve to 4--4, but they have won three-straight games for the first time since 2004.
Losman ended the day completing 24 out of 34 passes for 295 yards with a touchdown and an interception. Meanwhile, Lynch finally managed to get not only his first 100-yard game, but also his first 150-yard game. He ended the day with 29 carries for 153 yards and a touchdown, along with his touchdown pass.
### Week 10: at Miami Dolphins {#week_10_at_miami_dolphins}
Coming off an impressive home win over the Bengals, the Bills flew to Dolphin Stadium for an AFC East duel with the winless Miami Dolphins. In the first quarter, Buffalo trailed early as Dolphins kicker Jay Feely managed to get a 38-yard field goal for the only score of the half. In the third quarter, the Bills began their comeback as DE Chris Kelsay sacked Miami QB Cleo Lemon in the endzone for a safety. However, the Dolphins respond with Lemon getting a 5-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, Buffalo took control as rookie RB Marshawn Lynch got a 3-yard TD run, along with getting a 2-point conversion run to tie the game. Later in the game, kicker Rian Lindell sealed Miami\'s fate as he nailed the game-winning 34-yard field goal.
With their fourth-straight win, the Bills improved to 5--4, while Miami remains winless at 0--9.
This win gave Buffalo their first four-game winning streak for the first time since 2004.
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# 2007 Buffalo Bills season
## Game summaries {#game_summaries}
### Week 11: vs. New England Patriots {#week_11_vs._new_england_patriots}
Coming off their close victory over the winless Dolphins, the Bills went home to play the 9--0 New England Patriots, coming off their bye week. The game had just started when Randall Gay picked off J. P. Losman, which led to the Patriots first touchdown, a 6-yard run up the middle by Laurence Maroney. After a Brian Moorman punt, the Patriots scored again, this time on a 43-yard pass from Tom Brady to Randy Moss, with Moss\' touchdown breaking the record for most touchdowns by a Patriots receiver in a single season. However, the Bills answered with a 47-yard touchdown pass of their own from Losman to Roscoe Parrish, to cut the lead to 14--7, which was the score at the end of the first quarter.
However, on the first play of the 2nd quarter, Brady hit Moss again for a touchdown from 16 yards out to give them a two score lead again. Seven minutes later, Brady threw his third touchdown of the game, again to Moss. Moss and Brady hooked up for one final touchdown in the first half when Brady hit Moss with only ten seconds left in the first half, giving the Patriots a 35--7 lead at the half.
In the second half, the Patriots added to their lead when, on a 4th down from the 6, Brady hit Benjamin Watson to put the Patriots over 40 points for the fourth time in 2007. The Bills could only muster up a 52-yard field goal by Rian Lindell.
In the 4th quarter, with Maroney out of the game, Kyle Eckel scored a 1-yard touchdown to cap off their final touchdown drive of the night. A minute after the score, Ellis Hobbs recovered a Buffalo fumble and scored from 35-yards out to finish the scoring at 56--10, a season-high for the Patriots, and the most points scored by a road team since 1976, when the Atlanta Falcons put up 62 on the New Orleans Saints. Matt Cassel relieved Brady and finished off the rout for the Patriots. At game\'s end, New England went over 400 points scored on the season.
With the loss, Buffalo fell to 5--5.
### Week 12: at Jacksonville Jaguars {#week_12_at_jacksonville_jaguars}
Hoping to rebound from their humiliating home loss to the Patriots, the Bills flew to Jacksonville Municipal Stadium for a Week 12 duel with the Jacksonville Jaguars. For QB J. P. Losman, he was playing to keep his starting job.
In the first quarter, Buffalo trailed early as Jaguars RB Fred Taylor got a 50-yard TD run, along with kicker Josh Scobee getting a 46-yard field goal. In the second quarter, Jacksonville increased its lead with Scobee kicking a 33-yard field goal. The Bills managed to get on the board with Losman\'s 10-yard TD pass to RB Anthony Thomas. The Jaguars ended the half with Scobee getting a 22-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, Jacksonville increased its lead with Scobee kicking a 23-yard field goal. Buffalo managed to respond with WR Roscoe Parrish getting a 24-yard TD run on a reverse. However, in the fourth quarter, the Jaguars took control for the rest of the game as Scobee nailed a 20-yard field goal, QB David Garrard completing a 59-yard TD pass to WR Reggie Williams, and RB Maurice Jones-Drew getting a 17-yard TD run.
With the loss, the Bills fell to 5--6.
### Week 13: at Washington Redskins {#week_13_at_washington_redskins}
Trying to snap a two-game losing skid, the Bills flew to FedExField for a Week 13 interconference duel with an emotionally charged Washington Redskins. Before the kickoff, the stadium held a memorial service for Sean Taylor, as well as all players across the NFL wearing a #21 sticker on the back of their helmets.
Due to the recent poor play of QB J. P. Losman, rookie QB Trent Edwards once again got the start.
In the first quarter, Buffalo trailed early as Redskins kicker Shaun Suisham managed to get a 27-yard field goal for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, the Bills continued to trail as Suisham kicked a 28-yard field goal. Afterwards, Buffalo got on the board as LB Angelo Crowell sacked Washington QB Jason Campbell in his own endzone for a safety. The Redskins ended the half with Suisham getting a 33-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, the Bills started to reply as kicker Rian Lindell got a 38-yard field goal, yet Washington replied with RB Clinton Portis getting a 3-yard TD run. Buffalo closed out the period with Lindell kicking a 43-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, Buffalo drew closer as Lindell kicked a 24-yarder, followed by a 33-yard field goal. On the Bills final drive, Lindell managed to set up for a 51-yard field goal. The first try was good, but Redskins Head Coach Joe Gibbs called time out. After the first time out, Gibbs tried to call a second time out, which led to them getting called for unsportsmanlike conduct and the Bills moved 15 yards closer to the end zone, which reduced Lindell\'s field goal to 36 yards. In the end, Lindell managed to nail the game-winning 36-yard field goal, squeaking a last second win in the dying seconds of the game.
With the win, Buffalo snapped a two-game losing streak and improved to 6--6.
### Week 14: vs. Miami Dolphins {#week_14_vs._miami_dolphins}
Coming off their road win over the Redskins, the Bills went home, donned their throwbacks again, and played a Week 14 AFC East rematch with the still-winless Miami Dolphins. In the first quarter, Buffalo drew first blood with rookie QB Trent Edwards completing a 13-yard TD pass and a 28-yard TD pass to TE Robert Royal. Afterwards, the Bills continued their early pounding as Safety George Wilson returned a fumble 20 yards for a touchdown. The Dolphins got on the board with RB Samkon Gado getting a 12-yard TD run, yet Buffalo answered with kicker Rian Lindell getting a 51-yard field goal, setting a new Buffalo Bills record for 18 consecutive field goals (beating Steve Christie\'s old record of 17; Lindell later missed wide left from 46 yards away). In the second quarter, the Bills continued their domination with Edwards completing a 9-yard TD pass to WR Lee Evans for the only score of the period.
In the third quarter, Miami tried to rally as Gado got a 20-yard TD run, while kicker Jay Feely nailed a 41-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, Buffalo put the game away as Edwards hooked up with Evans again on a 70-yard TD pass to secure a season sweep.
With the win, the Bills improved to 7--6.
Buffalo\'s 24 first-quarter points became their most since 1992.
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# 2007 Buffalo Bills season
## Game summaries {#game_summaries}
### Week 15: at Cleveland Browns {#week_15_at_cleveland_browns}
Coming off their dominating win over the Dolphins, the Bills flew to Cleveland Browns Stadium for a Week 15 intraconference duel with the Cleveland Browns in a race for the wild card. The game was played under horrible weather conditions with heavy lake effect snow falling throughout the game making it difficult for either team to move the ball offensively. In the first quarter, Buffalo trailed early as Browns kicker Phil Dawson managed to get a 35-yard field goal for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, the Bills continued to trail as LS Ryan Neill\'s snap to Punter Brian Moorman went over Moorman\'s head, causing him to kick the ball through his endzone for a Cleveland safety. Later, the Browns increased their lead with Dawson just managing to nail a 49-yard field goal. Near the end of the game, Buffalo managed to get deep into Cleveland territory. However, the Browns\' defense proved to be too much to overcome.
With their first shutout loss since 2003, not only did the Bills fall to 7--7, but it also knocked them out of the playoff race.
### Week 16: vs. New York Giants {#week_16_vs._new_york_giants}
Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Browns, the Bills went home for their last home game of the season as they hosted a Week 16 interconference duel against the New York Giants. In the first quarter, Buffalo got off to a fast start as rookie QB Trent Edwards completed a 3-yard TD pass to TE Michael Gaines and a 4-yard TD pass to WR Lee Evans. In the second quarter, the Giants took the lead with RB Brandon Jacobs getting a 6-yard and a 43-yard TD run, along with kicker Lawrence Tynes getting a 42-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, the Bills regained the lead with rookie RB Marshawn Lynch getting a 3-yard TD run for the only score of the period. However, in the fourth quarter, New York pulled away as LB Kawika Mitchell returning an interception 30 yards for a touchdown, RB Ahmad Bradshaw getting an 88-yard TD run, and CB Corey Webster returning an interception 34 yards for a touchdown.
With the loss, Buffalo fell to 7--8.
### Week 17: at Philadelphia Eagles {#week_17_at_philadelphia_eagles}
Hoping to end their season on a high note, the Bills flew to Lincoln Financial Field for a Week 17 interconference duel with the Philadelphia Eagles. In the first quarter, Buffalo trailed early as Eagles QB Donovan McNabb completed a 2-yard TD pass to TE Brent Celek for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, Buffalo got on the board with kicker Rian Lindell getting a 29-yard field goal. Philadelphia ended the half with kicker David Akers getting a 38-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, the Bills replied with Lindell kicking a 23-yard field goal. However, the Eagles increased their lead with WR Kevin Curtis recovering a fumble in the endzone for a touchdown. Buffalo answered with Lindell nailing a 22-yard field goal, but Philadelphia held on for the rest of the game.
With the loss, Buffalo ended its season at 7--9, tying its record from last season
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# Fuel fraction
In aerospace engineering, an aircraft\'s **fuel fraction**, **fuel weight fraction**, or a spacecraft\'s **propellant fraction**, is the weight of the fuel or propellant divided by the gross take-off weight of the craft (including propellant):
$$\ \zeta = \frac{\Delta W}{W_1}$$
The fractional result of this mathematical division is often expressed as a percent. For aircraft with external drop tanks, the term **internal fuel fraction** is used to exclude the weight of external tanks and fuel.
Fuel fraction is a key parameter in determining an aircraft\'s range, the distance it can fly without refueling. Breguet's aircraft range equation describes the relationship of range with airspeed, lift-to-drag ratio, specific fuel consumption, and the part of the total fuel fraction available for cruise, also known as the **cruise fuel fraction**, or **cruise fuel weight fraction**.
In this context, the Breguet range is proportional to $-\ln(1-\ \zeta)$
## Fighter aircraft {#fighter_aircraft}
At today's state of the art for jet fighter aircraft, fuel fractions of 29 percent and below typically yield subcruisers; 33 percent provides a quasi--supercruiser; and 35 percent and above are needed for useful supercruising missions. The U.S. F-22 Raptor's fuel fraction is 29 percent, Eurofighter is 31 percent, both similar to those of the subcruising F-4 Phantom II, F-15 Eagle and the Russian Mikoyan MiG-29 \"Fulcrum\". The Russian supersonic interceptor, the Mikoyan MiG-31 \"Foxhound\", has a fuel fraction of over 45 percent. The Panavia Tornado had a relatively low internal fuel fraction of 26 percent, and frequently carried drop tanks.
## Civilian Aircraft {#civilian_aircraft}
Airliners have a fuel fraction of less than half their takeoff weight, between 26% for medium-haul to 45% for long-haul.
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Model | \(t\) | \(t\) | OEW\ | Fuel\ | Fuel\ | Payload\ | Payload\ |
| | | | Fraction | capacity (t) | fraction | Max. (t) | fraction |
+=============================+=======+====================+===================================+==============+===================================+==========+==================================+
| Airbus A380 | 575.0 | {{#expr:369-84}}.0 | {{#expr:285/575\*100round1}}% | 254.0 | {{#expr:254/575\*100round1}}% | 84.0 | {{#expr:84/575\*100round1}}% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Boeing 777-300ER | 351.5 | 167.8 | {{#expr:167.8/351.5\*100round1}}% | 145.5 | {{#expr:145.5/351.5\*100round1}}% | 69.9 | {{#expr:69.9/351.5\*100round1}}% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Boeing 777F | 347.8 | 144.4 | 41.5% | 145.5 | 41.8% | 102.9 | 29.6% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Boeing 777-200LR | 347.5 | 145.2 | {{#expr:145.2/347.5\*100round1}}% | 145.5 | {{#expr:145.5/347.5\*100round1}}% | 64.0 | {{#expr:64.0/347.5\*100round1}}% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Boeing 767-300F | 186.9 | 86.1 | 46.1% | 73.4 | 39.3% | 54.0 | 28.9% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Airbus A350-1000 | 322.0 | 155.0 | 48.1% | 124.7 | 38.7% | 67.3 | 20.9% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Airbus A350-900 | 283.0 | 142.4 | 50.3% | 110.5 | 39.0% | 53.3 | 18.8% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Airbus A350F | 319.0 | 131.7 | 41.3% | 131.7 | 41.3% | 111.0 | 34.8% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Boeing 787-9 | 254.7 | 128.8 | 50.6% | 101.5 | 39.9% | 52.6 | {{#expr:52.6/254\*100round1}}% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Airbus A330-300 | 242.0 | 129.4 | 53.5% | 109.2 | {{#expr:109.2/242\*100round1}}% | 45.6 | 18.8% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Airbus A330-200 | 242 | 120.6 | 49.8% | 109.2 | {{#expr:109.2/242\*100round1}}% | 49.4 | 20.4% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Airbus A330-200F | 233 | 109.4 | 47.0% | 109.2 | 46.9% | 68.6 | 29.4% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Boeing 787-8 | 227.9 | 120.0 | {{#expr:120/227.9\*100round1}}% | 101.3 | {{#expr:101.3/227.9\*100round1}}% | 41.1 | 18.0% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Airbus A320ceo | 79 | {{#expr:64.3-20}} | {{#expr:44.3/79\*100round1}}% | 23.3 | {{#expr:23.3/79\*100round1}}% | 20 | {{#expr:20/79\*100round1}}% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Boeing 737-800 | 79 | 41.4 | {{#expr:41.4/79\*100round1}}% | 20.9 | {{#expr:20.9/79\*100round1}}% | 21.3 | {{#expr:21.3/79\*100round1}}% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Bombardier CS300 | 70.9 | 37.1 | 52.3% | 17.3 | 24.4% | 18.7 | 26.4% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Bombardier CS100 | 63.1 | 35.2 | 55.3% | 17.5 | 27.7% | 15.1 | 23.9% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| McDonnell Douglas MD-11F | 286.0 | 112.7 | 39.4% | 117.4 | 41.0% | 92.0 | 32.2% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Ilyushin IL-76TD-90VD | 195.0 | 92.5 | 47.4% | 90.0 | 46.2% | 50.0 | 25.6% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Boeing 747-8F | 447.7 | 197.1 | 44.0% | 181.6 | 40.6% | 132.6 | 29.6% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Concorde | 185.1 | 78.7 | 42.5% | 95.7 | 51.7% | 12.7 | 6.9% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
| Virgin Atlantic Globalflyer | 10.1 | 1.6 | 16.1% | 8.4 | 82.9% | 0.1 | 1.0% |
+-----------------------------+-------+--------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+-----------------------------------+----------+----------------------------------+
## General aviation {#general_aviation}
The Rutan Voyager took off on its 1986 around-the-world flight at 72 percent, the highest figure ever at the time. Steve Fossett\'s Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer could attain a fuel fraction of nearly 83 percent, meaning that it carried more than five times its empty weight in fuel
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# Alexis Enam
**Alexis Enam Mendomo** (born November 25, 1986) is a Cameroonian football midfielder
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# Parâng Mountains
The **Parâng Mountains** (`{{IPA|ro|paˈrɨŋɡ}}`{=mediawiki}; *Páring-hegység*) are one of the highest mountain ridges in Romania and Southern Carpathians, with the highest peak, Parângu Mare, reaching 2,519 m.
## Description
The Parâng Mountains are located in the south-western part of the Central-Meridional Carpathians. They are the tallest mountains from the local Parâng-Cindrel mountain group and the second largest mountains in the Romanian Carpathians after the Făgăraș Mountains. They are situated between the Șureanu Mountains (north), Latoriței Mountains (north-east), Căpățânii Mountains (east), Vâlcan Mountains (west) and the Petroșani Depression in the north-west. Located south and east of the city of Petroșani, the Parâng Mountains form the eastern barrier of the Jiu Valley (a plateau 100 kilometers long from east to west and 70-80 kilometers wide from north to south).
## Geology
The Parâng Mountains consist predominantly of crystalline rocks, peripherally covered with patches of sediments from the Paleozoic, Mesozoic (massive limestone, conglomerates) and Cenozoic eras, mixed with large areas of granite outcrops. On the southern slope, sedimentary rocks from the Mesozoic era can be found, more exactly massive limestone from the Jurassic period. The newest rocks are found on the southern frame of the mountains and in the north-west, where it is bordered by the Petrosani Depression. The nature of the rocks favored the emergence of bulk, rounded ridges, separated by deep valleys. The mountains present an overall asymmetry, with the northern front more steepen, with short ridges, while the southern facade is less inclined and with longer ridge. Especially in the southern part, the slopes are composed of several steps.
## Climate
### Temperatures
The general layout of the main ridge on a west--east axis and its altitudes of over 2000m makes the Parâng mountains an orographic dam in the way of the air masses that flow on the north to north-west and south to south-west directions. Also, the asymmetry of the main ridge, with the steep side to the north, leads to the receiving of different amounts of heat and moisture, more on the southern side. The sun shines approximately 1800--2000 hours/year, the highest temperatures being recorded in July and August. The average annual temperature is 6 °C at the bottom of the mountain and 0 °C at altitudes around 1800m. Above 2000m, the average temperature is below 0 °C. The difference between the recorded average temperatures of the southern and northern slopes is around 1-2 °C.
### Precipitations
The average annual rainfall is between 900 and 1200mm. The most abundant rainfall is recorded around the altitude of 1600m to 1800m. June is the month with the highest precipitations, 110mm at the bottom of the mountain and 160mm at altitudes over 1500m. It snows on average 90 days per year above the altitude of 1500m. The first snow comes during the first half of October, while the last one during the first half of May (above 1500m) or late April at lower altitudes. At high altitudes the snow is present on average for 200 days each year. The thickness of the snow layer depends on the weather conditions, the exposure of the slopes to the winds, exposure to the sun, snowfall etc. At over 1500m, the average thickness is greater than 1m.
### Wind
The wind intensity is high all around the year. Above 2000m, the westers winds are dominant, while below this threshold, the wind direction and intensity are influenced by the mountain relief. Above 2000m, the average wind speed is 8--10 m/s. During the cold season, the wind speed may reach 15 m/s and above on some ridges.
## Flora
In close connection with the relief characteristics of the Parâng mountains, the vegetation is clearly shaped into three layers. The first layer is the broadleaf forest, which starts from the bottom of the mountains and goes as high as 1200m (northern slope) and 1400m (southern slope). They are made up of pedunculate oak, European hornbeam, silver birch and, the most common, but mostly spread on the southern slope, the European beech. The second layer mostly extended on the northern and western slopes, between 1000m and 1750m, and is composed of norway spruce forests and, locally, european silver fir. In the Parâng mountains, the tree line is situated between 1600m and 1800m. Above this limit are located the subalpine and Alpine grasslands. The vegetation here is made up of krummholz trees, such as swiss pine, european larch, mountain pine and net-leaved willow, but also mountain cranberry, green alder and bilberry. Also common are grass family members, such as bentgrass, tufted fescue and highland rush. On limestone rich areas, edelweiss can be found.
| 765 |
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# Parâng Mountains
## Fauna
The southern Charpatians fauna is characteristic also to the Parâng mountains. Among mammals, the grey wolf, fox, wild boar, brown bear, eurasian lynx and red deer can be found.
## Image gallery {#image_gallery}
Image:Parang mountain Gauri peak 1.jpg\|`{{center|[[Găuri peak]]}}`{=mediawiki} Image:Parang mountain image 2.jpg\|`{{center|[[Parângu Mare]] peak view from Găuri peak}}`{=mediawiki} Image:Parang mountain Piatra Taiata peak 1.jpg\|`{{center|Northern view of the [[Coasta lui Rus]] peak}}`{=mediawiki} Image:Parang mountain Coasta lui Rus peak 2.jpg\|`{{center|Western view of the [[Coasta lui Rus]] peak}}`{=mediawiki} Image:Parang mountain Gheresu Lake 1.jpg\|`{{center|Ghereșu [[glacier lake]]}}`{=mediawiki} Image:Parang mountain image 3.jpg\|`{{center|[[Parângu Mare]] peak}}`{=mediawiki} Image:Parang mountain Carja peak 1.jpg\|`{{center|[[Cârja]] (2405m), second highest peak}}`{=mediawiki} Image:Parang mountain ridge 1
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| 1 |
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# Adam Charles Gustave Desmazures
**Adam-Charles-Gustave Desmazures** (1818--1891), also known as **Abbé Desmazures**, was an author and Catholic priest, active in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Desmazures arrived in Montreal in 1851, where he became vicar of Notre-Dame de Montréal Basilica and of Saint-Jacques, and helped organize a reading group. He was later priest of St. Sulpice.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- *Souvenirs de la Terre-Sainte: Moueurs et usages des tribes arabes nomades de la Syrie au temps présent*, Paris: imprim. de Pillet aîné, 1845.
- *Le Canada en 1868*, Paris: E. Belin, \[1868?\].
- *Eglise de St-François d\'Assise*, Montréal: Institut des artisans, 1870.
- *Entretien sur les arts industriels*, Montréal: Institut des artisans, 1870.
- *Souvenirs de la persévérance de Montréal*, Montréal: \[s.n.\], 1872.
- *Explication des peintures de la chapelle Nazareth*, Montréal: Eusèbe Senécal, imprimeur-éditeur, \[1872?\].
- *M. Faillon, prêtre de St. Sulpice: sa vie et ses oeuvres*, Montréal: Bibliothèque paroissiale, 1879.
- *Mr. E. Picard prêtre de Saint-Sulpice*, E. Sénécal, 1886.
- *Colbert et le Canada*, Saint-Cloud: Vve E. Belin et fils, 1889.
- *M. Flavien Martineau, prêtre de St. Sulpice: esquisse biographique*, Montréal: Impr. de J. Lovell, 1889.
- *Cours d\'archéologie: les Indes, l\'Egypte, l\'Assyrie, la Palestine*, Montréal: \[s.n.\], 1890.
- *Histoire du Chevalier d\'Iberville, 1663-1706*, Montréal: J.M. Valois, 1890
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# Bilaspur, Gautam Buddh Nagar
Bilaspur}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox settlement
| name Munendra Kandere = Dankaur station bala
| native_name = Munendera Kandere
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|24|20|N|77|37|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
| established_title = <!-- Established -->
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 144
| population_total = 7478
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|accessdate=4 January 2019|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] -->
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki} **Bilaspur** is a town and a nagar panchayat in Gautam Buddha Nagar district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.This town is 400 years old and was once a collection center of revenue. Monuments continue to be constructed in the town by Pashtun & British citizens.
## Demographics
India census, Bilaspur had a population of 15,500. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Bilaspur has an average literacy rate of 67%, lower than the national average of 70.5%; with male literacy of 58% and female literacy of 38%. 18% of the population is under 6 years of age
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# Athletics at the 1950 Central American and Caribbean Games
The **athletics competition in the 1950 Central American and Caribbean Games** were held in Guatemala City, Guatemala.
## Medal summary {#medal_summary}
### Men\'s events {#mens_events}
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| 100 metres | Rafael Fortún\ | 10.3Aw | Herb McKenley\ | 10.4Aw | Lloyd La Beach\ | 10.5Aw |
| | `{{flagcountry|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Panama}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| 200 metres | Herb McKenley\ | 20.9Aw | Rafael Fortún\ | 21.2Aw | Lloyd La Beach\ | 21.2Aw |
| | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Panama}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| 400 metres | Herb McKenley\ | 47.8A | George Rhoden\ | 48.3A | Cirilo McSween\ | 49.3A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Panama}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| 800 metres | George Rhoden\ | 1:59.4A | Frank Prince\ | 1:59.5A | Frank Rivera\ | 2:01.1A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Panama}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| 1500 metres | Frank Prince\ | 4:13.0A | Ken Hyland\ | 4:14.8A | Guillermo Rojas\ | 4:15.0A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Panama}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago|colonial}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Guatemala}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| 5000 metres | Francisco Hernández\ | 16:05.8A | Doroteo Flores\ | 16:10.6A | Isidoro Reséndiz\ | 16:24.7A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Mexico|1934}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Guatemala}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Mexico|1934}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| 10,000 metres | Luis Velásquez\ | 34:33.6A | Isidoro Reséndiz\ | 34:50.7A | Cruz Serrano\ | 34:52.5A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Guatemala}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Mexico|1934}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Mexico|1934}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| Half marathon | Luis Velásquez\ | 1:14:44A | Doroteo Flores\ | 1:15:41A | Gustavo Ramírez\ | 1:17:14A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Guatemala}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Guatemala}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Colombia}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| 110 metres hurdles | Julio Sabater\ | 14.9A | Samuel Anderson\ | 15.2A | Vicente Tavárez\ | 15.2A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Mexico|1934}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| 400 metres hurdles | Jaime Aparicio\ | 54.9A | Relín Sosa\ | 56.6A | Carlos Monges\ | 57.3A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Colombia}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Mexico|1934}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| 4 × 100 metres relay | \ | 41.5A | \ | 41.6A | \ | 42.0A |
| | Rafael Fortún\ | | George Rhoden\ | | Lloyd LaBeach\ | |
| | Jesús Farrés\ | | Lancelot Thompson\ | | Samuel LaBeach\ | |
| | Raúl Mazorra\ | | Leslie Laing\ | | Felipe Malcoln\ | |
| | Dioscórides Wilson | | Herb McKenley | | Cirilo McSween | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| 4 × 400 metres relay | \ | 3:17.2A | \ | 3:19.0A | \ | 3:19.0A |
| | Samuel LaBeach\ | | Hermes L. Riverí\ | | Benson Ford\ | |
| | Cirilo McSween\ | | Juan A. Sáez\ | | Leslie Laing\ | |
| | Frank Prince\ | | Ángel García\ | | Egbert McNeil\ | |
| | Lloyd LaBeach | | Evelio Planas | | George Rhoden | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| High jump | Gilberto Torres\ | 1.89A | Oswald Lyon\ | 1.89A | Benjamín Casado\ | 1.85A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| Pole vault | José Vincente\ | 4.10A | José Barbosa\ | 3.78A | José Fontanés\ | 3.63A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| Long jump | Francisco Castro\ | 7.01A | Benjamín Casado\ | 6.95A | Claudio Cabreja\ | 6.94A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| Triple jump | Reinaldo Salamo\ | 14.20A | Francisco Castro\ | 14.10A | Benjamín Casado\ | 13.57A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| Shot put | Israel Capavete\ | 13.78A | Eduardo Adriana\ | 13.67A | Gerardo de Villiers\ | 13.23A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Netherlands Antilles|1959}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| Discus throw | Eduardo Parera\ | 40.54A | Manuel Seoane\ | 38.88A | Juan Luyanda\ | 37.75A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| Hammer throw | Jaime Annexy\ | 45.87A | Vicente Lagoyete\ | 42.64A | Julio Bordás\ | 42.08A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Colombia}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| Javelin throw | Enrique Pizarro\ | 56.67A | Mario Salas\ | 55.74A | Emilio Romero\ | 55.57A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
| Pentathlon | Amador Terán\ | 2944A | Víctor Castañeda\ | 2779A | Enrique Salazar\ | 2560A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Mexico|1934}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|El Salvador}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Guatemala}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+----------+------------------------------------------------------------+----------+-------------------------------------------+----------+
### Women\'s events {#womens_events}
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+
| 50 metres | Hyacinth Walters\ | 6.7A | Cynthia Thompson\ | 6.8A | Graviola Ewing\ | 6.9A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Guatemala}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+
| 100 metres | Hyacinth Walters\ | 12.3A | Cynthia Thompson\ | 12.4A | Graviola Ewing\ | 12.5A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Guatemala}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+
| 80 metres hurdles | Karleen Searchwell\ | 12.1Aw | Vinton Beckett\ | 12.5Aw | Kathleen Russell\ | 12.6Aw |
| | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+
| 4 × 100 m relay | \ | 48.9A | \ | 52.0A | \ | 52.2A |
| | Kathleen Russell\ | | Elia Bolaños\ | | Esther Villalón\ | |
| | Karleen Searchwell\ | | María C. Resinos\ | | Elia Galván\ | |
| | Hyacinth Walters\ | | Judith Andrade\ | | Concepción Sánchez\ | |
| | Cynthia Thompson | | Graviola Ewing | | Teresa Bobadilla | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+
| High jump | Vinton Beckett\ | 1.61A | Carmen Phipps\ | 1.59A | Lili Schluter\ | 1.30A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Jamaica|1906}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Mexico|1934}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+
| Discus throw | Concepción Villanueva\ | 33.96A | Alejandrina Herrera\ | 31.78A | Ana Campos\ | 30.91A |
| | `{{flagcountry|Mexico|1934}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|Cuba|1902}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{flagcountry|El Salvador}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+--------------------------------------------+--------+
| Javelin throw | Judith Caballero\ | 36.20A | Berta Chiú\ | 34.33A | Ana Campos\ | 33
| 1,063 |
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| 0 |
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# Ma Nishtana
`{{JewishMusic}}`{=mediawiki} **Ma Nishtana** (*מה נשתנה*) is a section at the beginning of the Passover Haggadah known as **The** **Four Kushiyot**, **The Four Questions** or \"Why is this night different from all other nights?\", traditionally asked via song by the youngest capable child attending Passover Seder.
The questions are included in the haggadah as part of the Maggid (מגיד) section.
## Origins
The questions originate in the Mishna, Pesachim 10:4, but are quoted differently in the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds. The Jerusalem Talmud only records three questions; why foods are dipped twice as opposed to once, why matzah is eaten, and why the meat sacrifice eaten is exclusively roasted. (The last question is a reference to the paschal sacrifice which was fire-roasted). The Babylonian Talmud quotes four questions; why matzah is eaten, why maror is eaten, why meat that is eaten is exclusively roasted, and why food is dipped twice. The version in the Jerusalem Talmud is also the one most commonly found in manuscripts. As the paschal sacrifice was not eaten after the destruction of the temple, the question about the meat was dropped. The Rambam and Saadia Gaon both add a new question to the liturgy to replace it: \"why do we recline on this night?\" Ultimately, the question of reclining was maintained, in part to create a parallelism between the number of questions and the other occurrences of the number four in the hagaddah.
Shmuel and Ze\'ev Safrai point out that many early versions of the Haggadah from Genizah manuscripts reflect the versions of the Jerusalem Talmud and other sources from the Land of Israel, including Ma Nishtana.
## Contemporary tunes {#contemporary_tunes}
Traditionally, *Ma Nishtana* is recited in the chant form called the major *lern-steiger* (\"study mode\" -- a chant used for reciting lessons from the Talmud or Mishnah). One of the current tunes widely used for the Ma Nishtana was written by Ephraim Abileah in 1936 as part of his oratorio \"Chag Ha-Cherut\".
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# Ma Nishtana
## Text
The following text is that which is recorded in the original printed Haggadah.
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| English | Transliteration | Hebrew |
+====================================================+========================================+================================+
| Why is this night different\ | Mah nishtanah, ha-laylah ha-zeh,\ | מַה נִּשְׁתַּנָּה, הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה\ |
| from all the other nights?; | mi-kol ha-leylot | מִכָּל הַלֵּילוֹת |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| That on all other nights we eat both\ | She-b\'khol ha-leylot \'anu \'okhlin\ | שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכְלִין\ |
| chametz and matzah,\ | chameytz u-matzah,\ | חָמֵץ וּמַצָּה\ |
| on this night, we eat only matzah? | ha-laylah ha-zeh, kulo matzah | הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה, כֻּלּוֹ מַצָּה |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| That on all other nights we eat\ | She-b\'khol ha-leylot \'anu \'okhlin\ | שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכְלִין\ |
| many vegetables,\ | sh\'ar y\'rakot,\ | שְׁאָר יְרָקוֹת\ |
| on this night, maror? | ha-laylah ha-zeh, maror | הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה, מָרוֹר |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| That on all other nights we do not\ | She-b\'khol ha-leylot \'eyn \'anu\ | שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אֵין אָנוּ\ |
| dip vegetables even once,\ | matbilin \'afilu pa\`am \'achat,\ | מַטְבִּילִין אֲפִילוּ פַּעַם אֶחָת\ |
| on this night, we dip twice? | ha-laylah ha-zeh, shtey p\`amim | הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה, שְׁתֵּי פְעָמִים |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| That on all other nights\ | She-b\'khol ha-leylot \'anu \'okhlin\ | שֶׁבְּכָל הַלֵּילוֹת אָנוּ אוֹכְלִין ושותין\ |
| some eat and drink sitting with others reclining,\ | ushotin beyn yoshvin u-veyn m\'subin,\ | בֵּין יוֹשְׁבִין וּבֵין מְסֻבִּין\ |
| but on this night, we are all reclining? | ha-laylah ha-zeh, kulanu m\'subin | הַלַּיְלָה הַזֶּה, כֻּלָּנוּ מְסֻבִּין |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| | | |
+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------+
### Alternate order {#alternate_order}
In the Ashkenazi tradition, the order is as follows: 1. Eating matzah 2. Eating bitter herbs 3. Dipping the food 4. Reclining. The Ashkenazi communities also omit the use of the word \"ushotin\", which means \"to drink\".
### History
A fifth question which is present in the mishnah has been removed by later authorities due to its inapplicability after the destruction of the Second Temple: `{{Quote|5. Why is it that on all other nights we eat meat either roasted, marinated, or cooked, but on this night it is entirely roasted?}}`{=mediawiki}
### Answers
The answers to the four questions (and the historic fifth question) are:
1. We eat only matzah because our ancestors could not wait for their breads to rise when they were fleeing slavery in Egypt, and so they were flat when they came out of the oven.
2. We eat only Maror, a bitter herb, to remind us of the bitterness of slavery that our ancestors endured while in Egypt.
3. The first dip, green vegetables in salt water, symbolizes the replacing of our tears with gratitude, and the second dip, Maror in Charoset, symbolizes the sweetening of our burden of bitterness and suffering.
4. We recline at the Seder table because in ancient times, a person who reclined at a meal was a free person, while slaves and servants stood.
5. We eat only roasted meat because that is how the Pesach/Passover lamb is prepared during sacrifice in the Temple at Jerusalem.
Some of these answers are stated over the course of the Seder.
## Contemporary use {#contemporary_use}
The four questions are traditionally asked by the youngest person at the table that is able to do so. Much of the seder is designed to fulfill the biblical obligation to tell the story to one\'s children, and many of the customs that have developed around the Four Questions are designed to pique a child\'s curiosity about what is happening in order to hold their attention
| 604 |
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# Ringfeder
**Ringfeder** name (pronounced in English `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɪ|ŋ|f|iː|d|ər}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|RING|fee|dər}}`{=mediawiki}) is a German brand based in Krefeld founded in 1922. The brand manufactures bolt couplings, hook couplings, drawbar eyes, underrun protections and accessories. Ringfeder is part of VBG Truck Equipment, one of the divisions in the VBG Group, a large international industrial group.
## Description
A bolt coupling device comprises a drawbar, a swivelable cast \"bell\" with a horizontal opening in the middle, a machined pin or \"bolt\", an automatic pin release mechanism, a safety locking device with actuating handle and a cushioned mounting plate. The design of the pin allows articulation of up to 70 degrees around the drawbar eye in the pitch and yaw directions. The coupling can also rotate through 360 degrees in roll.
## Mechanism
A Ringfeder is typically mounted to a specially designed and built crossmember on the rear of the vehicle. This could be on the rear of a ballast tractor, rigid truck, prime mover or trailer. This mount also includes air, electrical and, if necessary, hydraulic fittings.
Firstly, the vehicle is reversed up to the drawbar of the trailer/dolly, stopping short of hitting. The height of the drawbar is checked, and adjusted accordingly. The safety catch handle on the upper left of the Ringfeder is pulled out and turned 90 degrees, and then allowed to return into the upper detent on the shaft collar. This then allows the actuator handle on the right of the body to be lifted to the stop. This pulls the bolt upwards, and sets the automatic tripping function. The Ringfeder is now ready to be coupled.
The vehicle is reversed slowly until the drawbar eye enters the bell, tripping the bolt and closing the coupling. A check is made of the coupling to ensure full engagement, air lines and electrics hooked up and drawbar leg stowed.
## Uses
Ringfeders are used in nearly all aspects of world transport, the most common being large goods vehicles throughout Europe, and road trains in Australia. In the Americas a similar product is used, known as a \"pintle hook\" (a type of tow hitch). It is a must for a ballast tractor due to lack of a fifth wheel, making drawbar coupling the only option to connect hydraulic modular trailers (HMTs)
| 378 |
Ringfeder
| 0 |
10,121,878 |
# Symbiosis International School
**Symbiosis International School** is an International Baccalaureate school located in Pune, India, founded in 2005. It offers students a 12-year education, starting with Early Years 1-3 Programme, IB Primary Years Programme (PYP), IB Middle Years Programme (MYP), Cambridge IGCSE and IB Diploma Programme (DP). It is located in the north-east side of Pune city, in Viman Nagar. The school is built on a campus shared with Symbiosis International University. The two institutions share many facilities, such as a football pitch, basketball courts, first-aid facilities, and an amphitheatre.
The school is authorised by the \[International Baccalaureate Organisation\] to offer the IB Primary Years Programme, which is offered from kindergarten and grades I to V, and the IB Diploma Programme for grades XI and XII. SIS offers IB Middle Years Programme for grades VI through VIII, It is also a recognised centre for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education by Cambridge International Examinations, and students appear for IGCSE examinations at the end of grade X after a two-year preparation course beginning in grade IX
| 177 |
Symbiosis International School
| 0 |
10,121,885 |
# Sumner Lincoln Fairfield
**Sumner Lincoln Fairfield** (June 25, 1803 -- March 6, 1844) was an American poet, born in Warwick, Massachusetts to Dr. Abner Fairfield and Lucy Lincoln. From 1818 to 1820, he studied at Brown University, but he was compelled to leave after 2 years. He taught school in Georgia and South Carolina. In December 1825 he spent 4 months in England and when he returned he married Jane Frazee on September 20, 1826. Sumner had a very sensitive and melancholy personality and according to his wife Jane, \"His nature was haughty, unbending, and reserved; he could not brook personal or newspaper attacks. I have seen him writhe under mental pain even upon a criticism of a poem.\"
## Principal works {#principal_works}
- *The Battle of Borodino.* 1821
- *The Siege of Constantinople A Poem.* 1822
- *Memoirs of the Life of Mrs. Lucy Fairfield.* 1823
- *Poems.* 1823
- *Lays of Melpomene.* 1824
- *Mina A Dramatic Sketch, with Other Poems.* 1825
- *The Sisters of St. Clara.* 1825
- *The Passage of the Sea A Poem : with Other Pieces.* 1826
- *The Heir of the World, And Lesser Poems.* 1829
- *Abaddon, the Spirit of Destruction; And Other Poems.* 1830
- *The Last Night of Pompeii A Poem, and Lays and Legends.* 1832
- *The Poems and Prose Writings of Sumner Lincoln Fairfield In Two Volumes ; Vol. I
| 234 |
Sumner Lincoln Fairfield
| 0 |
10,121,898 |
# New Kent High School
**New Kent High School** is a public high school located in New Kent, Virginia, east of Richmond. Athletic teams compete in the Virginia High School League\'s Bay Rivers District in Group 3A.
The school relocated to a new facility for the 2008--2009 school year. Before that, it occupied the location of the current New Kent Middle School, and before that, that of the historic high school. The school is known as a state powerhouse in wrestling; their program won the Group 3A state title four years in a row, from 2019 to 2022, and was runner-up in 2023 and 2024. New Kent has also won seven consecutive regional wrestling championships as of 2024.
## Accreditation and rankings {#accreditation_and_rankings}
- New Kent High is fully accredited by the Virginia Department of Education and has been accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools since 1974
| 150 |
New Kent High School
| 0 |
10,121,906 |
# John Lambton (British Army officer)
General **John Lambton** (26 July 1710 -- 22 March 1794) of Harraton Hall, later of Lambton Castle, County Durham, was a senior officer in the British Army and a Member of Parliament.
## Life
Lambton was the fourth son of Ralph Lambton (c. 1651--1717) and educated at Westminster School.
He was commissioned as an ensign in the Coldstream Guards in 1732, then promoted to lieutenant in 1739, captain and lieutenant-colonel in 1746 and colonel of the 68th Foot in 1758, a position he held until his death. He was made a full general on 20 November 1782.
He was Member of Parliament for Durham City from 1762 to 1787.
He died on 22 March 1794.
## Family
He married Lady Susan Lyon (died 1769), daughter of Thomas Lyon, 8th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, in 1763. Their children included:
- William Henry Lambton of Lambton (1764--1797), who succeeded him as MP for Durham City and father of the First Earl of Durham
- Susan Mary Anne Lambton, who married John Wharton, MP
- Ralph John Lambton (c
| 183 |
John Lambton (British Army officer)
| 0 |
10,121,931 |
# Uładzimir Žyłka
**Uladzimir Zhylka** (*Уладзімір Жылка*; 27 May 1900, in Makaszy near Nesvizh, Russian Empire -- 1 March 1933) was a Belarusian poet.
He was an author of symbolistic love lyrical poetry and patriotic-independence related poems (*Na rostani*). He translated works of Adam Mickiewicz, Henrik Ibsen, and Charles Baudelaire.
In 1926, he emigrated to East Belarus, where he was arrested by the NKVD in 1930 as part of the Case of the Union of Liberation of Belarus and sentenced for 5 years to concentration camps in the Vyatka region. He died in 1933
| 94 |
Uładzimir Žyłka
| 0 |
10,121,969 |
# Parângu Mare
**Parângu Mare** (`{{IPA|ro|paˈrɨŋ̩ɡu ˈmare}}`{=mediawiki}, \"Big Parângu\") is a mountain peak in Romania. At 2519 m above sea level, it is the highest peak of the Parâng Mountains, located in the Parâng Mountains group of the Southern Carpathians. It straddles the border of the Romanian counties of Gorj and Hunedoara. It is the most prominent peak in Romania (2103 m), its parent mountain being Gerlachovský štít ((2655 m) in Slovakia
| 72 |
Parângu Mare
| 0 |
10,121,987 |
# Patan, Maharashtra
**Patan** is a census town in Satara district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.
## Geography
Patan is located at 17.37 N 73.9 E. It has an average elevation of 582 metres (1909 feet).
## Demographics
India census, Patan had a population of 11,619. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Patan had an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 83%, and female literacy was 73%, and 12% of the population was under 6 years of age.
Patan, (Patan T; 17° 20\' N, 73° 50\' E; RS Karad 24 m. SE; p. 3,630) on the Karad-Kumbharli road at the junction of the Koyna and Kera rivers about twenty-five miles south-west of Satara was formerly a sub-divisional headquarters. The town consists of two parts (i) Rampur and (ii) Patan.
## History
The Patankar family was originally in two branches, of which the elder branch alone flourished. The younger branch represented by Hanmantrav resided in Rampur. His mansion, a fine large house was completely destroyed by fire in 1874. Next to it on the south is the mansion of Sardar Nagojirav Patankar, a first-class sardar and honorary magistrate who exercised civil jurisdiction in his area. The mansion with strong high stone walls and ramparts and a gateway flanked by bastions, is well maintained. A rose and plantain garden has been laid out close to it. The Patankars were the deshmukhs under the Marathas of the whole surrounding district and had charge of Dategad fort three miles to the north-west. During the struggles between the Peshvas and the Pratinidhis they did pretty much what they pleased. The elder branch is one of the few prosperous Maratha families in the district. There is no historical mention of Patan. But title deeds show that the Bijapur kings had a well established rule here. The district was assigned to the Pratinidhi by Ram Raja but was wrested from him by the Peshva after the rebellion of Yemaji Shivdev Mutalik in 1750 \[ Grant Duff\'s Marathas Vol. I, 447.\]. It was not finally secured to the Peshva till the time of Bapu Gokhale. Throughout the eighteenth century both the authorities issued contradictory orders but the carrying out of these orders largely rested on the will of the Patankars alone.
## Town
The town has a number of public buildings including three primary schools, two for boys and one for girls, four high schools in which one is newly formed English medium school, one college, two training colleges, the Nagojirav Vachanalaya, a primary health centre with a family planning center and a maternity home, a District Local Board dispensary, District Judge\'s court and a number of other offices, Besides of this there is also a big sport complex, a drama hall, banking facilities, Cottage hospital, e.g. Block Development office, Mamlatdar\'s office, District Local Board office, Post and telegraph office, etc. There is an inspection bungalow and a bridge is built recently on the Kera river. A weekly bazar is held on every Monday. Now Laxmi temple garden has been developed by citizens of Patan. Brick-forming factories is major industry. Koyna Dam is near from this city and is major tourist attraction.
## Education
In Patan there are 4 high schools namely Dadasaheb Patanakar High school, Mane Deshmukh Vidyalaya, Salunkhe High School and last Kanya (Girls) High school. Recently`{{when?|date=June 2021}}`{=mediawiki} started Bhimrao Nagojirao Patankar formerly known as Nutan Marathi Shala for high school education.`{{clarify|Makes no sense|date=June 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
In Patan, There is only one College named Balasaheb Desai College under Koyna Education Sanstha
| 597 |
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| 0 |
10,121,997 |
# Eustoma russellianum
***Eustoma russellianum*** is a species of flowering plant in the gentian family. One of its previous binomial names was *Eustoma grandiflorum*. Common names include **showy prairie gentian**, **prairie gentian**, **Texas bluebells**, **Texas bluebell**, **bluebell**, and **Lisianthus**.
There is a cultivar, \'Bolero Deep Blue\'.
## Description
*Eustoma russellianum* has blue-green waxy leaves and showy bell shaped flowers in blue pink or white each borne singly on an upright plant. Depending on growing conditions it may present as an annual, biennial, or perennial plant.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
It is found primarily in the Great Plains region of North America, from Wyoming southeast to Nebraska, and south to Texas and Mexico. Due to its popularity and the frequency with which it is picked, it has been unable to naturally reseed itself in its native distribution.
It prefers moist, sandy soils and often grows near streams, creek-beds, moist meadows, and springs.
## Cultivation
Prairie gentian is a popular garden flower, and has been cultivated in Japan for over 70 years. Many varieties, including those with double petals, or a variety of colored flowers, have been developed. It is not often attempted in native wildflower gardens due to its high moisture requirements and short lifespan.
## Diseases
\
{\| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"clear\" ! colspan=2\| **Fungal diseases**\
\|- \|Botrytis blight \|\|*Botrytis cinerea* \|- \|Cercospora leaf spot \|\|*Cercospora eustomae* \|- \|Curvularia blotch \|\|*Curvularia* sp. \|- \|Downy mildew \|\|*Peronospora chlorae* \|- \|Fusarium stem rot \|\|*Fusarium solani*\
*Fusarium avenaceum* \|- \|Fusarium wilt \|\|*Fusarium oxysporum* \|- \|Phyllosticta leaf spot \|\|*Phyllosticta* sp. \|- \|Pythium root rot \|\|*Pythium* sp
| 261 |
Eustoma russellianum
| 0 |
10,122,006 |
# Irma Adelman
**Irma Glicman Adelman** (March 14, 1930 -- February 5, 2017) was a Romanian-American economist.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Adelman was born in Chernivtsi, Romania in March 1930. In 1939, fleeing the Nazi regime, she moved with her family to Palestine where she continued her education through high school.
After high school, in 1949, Adelman moved to the United States and attended the University of California, Berkeley, where she received her bachelor\'s degree in Business Administration in 1950, her Master\'s in economics in 1951, and her Ph.D. in economics in 1955.
## Career and research {#career_and_research}
Adelman began her career with a two-year stint as an instructor and assistant professor at her alma mater; in the 1958--1959 academic year, she was a visiting professor at Mills College. After that, she became an assistant professor at Stanford University, staying until 1962. That year, Adelman moved to Johns Hopkins University, where she was an associate professor until 1965, when she moved to Northwestern University. She left Northwestern for the University of Maryland in 1972 and stayed there until 1978. She was then a professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the Graduate School of the University of California, Berkeley from 1979 until her 1994 retirement.
Adelman is credited with having made important contributions in the field of development economics. Her studies included the effects of development on a country\'s economic and political structure, and she has also consulted for the United Nations Division of Industrial Development, the US Department of Agriculture Agency for International Development, and the World Bank.
Noted co-authors include Hollis B. Chenery, Cynthia Taft Morris and Sherman Robinson
| 276 |
Irma Adelman
| 0 |
10,122,014 |
# Agapio Racing Team
**Agapio Racing Team Oy** (also known as *Nordic Agapio*) was a Finnish dubbing company that dubbed a number of cartoons for VHS release and Finnish television, primarily MTV3 and Nelonen. They also did regular dubbing of many cartoon releases by Future Films. The company was criticised for a lack of immersion and professionalism. The company eventually disassembled in 2002 after their last dubbing effort, *Digimon Adventure*, was taken over by *Tuotantotalo Werne* following public outrage (Only for the last half of the second season being aired in its original language with Finnish subtitles).
The recording voice-level for the dubs were often low. Some foul language was also used in Digimon dubs. The actors were mostly teenagers with limited voice acting experience. The quality of the scripts has been criticised, though a former Agapio employee defended this by saying that the translations usually came from translators outside the studio and that they were unable to accommodate the quick turnaround times expected of them.
The company was disestablished after its Digimon dub for Nelonen. Agapio Racing Team cast is sometimes referred to as \"Digimon cast\" after their work on Digimon.
## Actors
- Pauli Talikka
- Eeva Penttilä
- Valtteri Korpela
- Antti Kainiemi
- Lauri Putkonen
- Oskari Paavonkallio
## List of dubs {#list_of_dubs}
- My Little Pony
- My Little Pony Tales
- Calimero & Friends (episodes 1-26)
- The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper
- The Legends of Treasure Island
- Flipper and Lopaka
- Ivanhoe the King\'s Knight
- The Care Bears
- Peter Pan & the Pirates
- Little Hippo
- Princess Sissi
- The Magic School Bus
- The Smurfs
- Digimon Adventure (episodes 1-26)
*My Little Pony* and *The Smurfs* had previously been dubbed by *Golden Voice*. The theme songs of *Flipper & Lopaka*, *Calimero*, and *Digimon* were both re-recorded for the Finnish version
| 313 |
Agapio Racing Team
| 0 |
10,122,016 |
# Patan, Madhya Pradesh
**Patan** is a town and a nagar panchayat in Jabalpur district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Patan is 30 km from Jabalpur on State Highway 37A which connects Damoh to Jabalpur.
## Geography
Patan is located at 22.53 N 79.42 E. It has an average elevation of 652 metres (2139 feet).Katangi is another city 25 km away from Patan
## Demographics
India census, Patan had a population of 13,215. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Patan has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 58%. In Patan, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.
## Economy
Agriculture is core of Patan\'s economy. Area surrounding Patan is very fertile and Patan is hub for Grains-Trading. Patan has Krishi-Upaj Mandi as well as many Grain-Traders who purchase grains mainly wheat, pulses, grams, soybean from farmers and supply to major Grain-Markets of India
| 166 |
Patan, Madhya Pradesh
| 0 |
10,122,032 |
# Open water swimming at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships
The **open water swimming** events at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships were held from 18 to 25 March, at St. Kilda Beach near Melbourne, Australia.
## Medal table {#medal_table}
- Record(\*)
## Medal summary {#medal_summary}
### Men
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Event** | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
| 5 km\ | \ | \ | \ |
| *details* | 56:49.6 | 56:50.7 | 56:56.6 |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
| 10 km\ | \ | \ | \ |
| *details* | 1:55:32.52 | 1:55:32.58 | 1:55:47.31 |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
| 25 km\ | \ | \ | \ |
| *details* | 5:16:45.55 | 5:18:36.80 | 5:19:23.23 |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
### Women
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
| **Event** | **Gold** | **Silver** | **Bronze** |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
| 5 km\ | \ | \ | \ |
| *details* | 1:00:41.3 | 1:00:43.6 | 1:00:47.6 |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
| 10 km\ | \ | \ | \ |
| *details* | 2:03:57.9 | 2:03:58.9 | 2:03:59.5 |
+-----------+------------+------------+------------+
| 25 km\ | \ | \ | \ |
| *details* | 5:37:11.66 | 5:39:39.62 | 5:39:51
| 189 |
Open water swimming at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships
| 0 |
10,122,050 |
# Storskrymten
**Storskrymten** is a 1985 m tall mountain in Norway. The top of the mountain is a tripoint for three counties and three municipalities: Oppdal Municipality (Trøndelag county), Sunndal Municipality (Møre og Romsdal county), and Lesja Municipality (Innlandet county). The nearest urban areas are the village of Sunndalsøra which is located about 42 km to the northwest, Dombås which is located about 32 km to the south, and Oppdal which is about 40 km to the northeast.
It is the highest mountain in Trøndelag county as well as the highest mountain in Sunndal municipality. Less than 2 km east of Storskrymten is the mountain *Litlskrymten* which means \"the little Skrymt\". It is located in the Dovrefjell mountains and it is inside the Dovrefjell--Sunndalsfjella National Park. The mountain Salhøa lies about 2.5 km to the southwest, along the Sunndal-Lesja municipal border. The mountain is surrounded by several other mountains including Salhøa and Grøvudalstinden to the west, Skuleggen to the southeast, and Svartdalskollen to the northeast.
## Name
The first element is `{{wikt-lang|no|stor}}`{=mediawiki} which means \"big\" and the last element is the finite form of *skrymt* which means \"uncanny thing\", \"fright\", or \"scare\" (the hillsides of the mountain are extremely steep).
Dovre-Oppdal-Lesja storskrymten 1985m IMG 9050.JPG\|alt=Barren mountains partially covered in snow\| Morgenlys over Storskrumten.jpg\|alt=Snow-covered mountains whose peaks are bathed in an orange glow\| Oppdal skulan Storskrymten 1985m IMG 9038.JPG\|alt=Rugged mountains of various elevations, the higher peaks and slopes featuring patches of snow\| Storskrymten Litlskrymten and Grytkollen
| 245 |
Storskrymten
| 0 |
10,122,069 |
# Trivial measure
In mathematics, specifically in measure theory, the **trivial measure** on any measurable space (*X*, Σ) is the measure *μ* which assigns zero measure to every measurable set: *μ*(*A*) = 0 for all *A* in Σ.
## Properties of the trivial measure {#properties_of_the_trivial_measure}
Let *μ* denote the trivial measure on some measurable space (*X*, Σ).
- A measure *ν* is the trivial measure *μ* if and only if *ν*(*X*) = 0.
- *μ* is an invariant measure (and hence a quasi-invariant measure) for any measurable function *f* : *X* → *X*.
Suppose that *X* is a topological space and that Σ is the Borel *σ*-algebra on *X*.
- *μ* trivially satisfies the condition to be a regular measure.
- *μ* is never a strictly positive measure, regardless of (*X*, Σ), since every measurable set has zero measure.
- Since *μ*(*X*) = 0, *μ* is always a finite measure, and hence a locally finite measure.
- If *X* is a Hausdorff topological space with its Borel *σ*-algebra, then *μ* trivially satisfies the condition to be a tight measure. Hence, *μ* is also a Radon measure. In fact, it is the vertex of the pointed cone of all non-negative Radon measures on *X*.
- If *X* is an infinite-dimensional Banach space with its Borel *σ*-algebra, then *μ* is the only measure on (*X*, Σ) that is locally finite and invariant under all translations of *X*. See the article There is no infinite-dimensional Lebesgue measure.
- If *X* is *n*-dimensional Euclidean space **R**^*n*^ with its usual *σ*-algebra and *n*-dimensional Lebesgue measure *λ*^*n*^, *μ* is a singular measure with respect to *λ*^*n*^: simply decompose **R**^*n*^ as *A* = **R**^*n*^ \\ {0} and *B* = {0} and observe that *μ*(*A*) = *λ*^*n*^(*B*) = 0
| 291 |
Trivial measure
| 0 |
10,122,075 |
# Shequida
**Gary Hall**, also known as **Shequida Hall** or mononymously as **Shequida**, is a Jamaican-American classically trained opera singer, songwriter, playwright, and drag artist.
He attended Juilliard, where he studied with noted bass-baritone Simon Estes.
As the female character Shequida, he has been the USA Network\'s spokesperson for Latin America. From 1997 to 1998 he played Wendi Mercury on the daytime television show *One Life to Live*. He starred in Daron Hagen\'s *Vera of Las Vegas* for its world premier in 2003.
His off-Broadway show, *Opera for Dummies*, garnered a positive review in *The Boston Phoenix*, and was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award.
In 2008, Shequida appeared on the TV reality competition America\'s Got Talent, getting into the Top 40 for the third season, but was eliminated, later saying in an interview that the experience \"was very weird.\"
Shequida headlined in summer shows in Cherry Grove on Long Island in 2013 and 2014
| 155 |
Shequida
| 0 |
10,122,095 |
# 2007 New Orleans Saints season
The 2007 season was the New Orleans Saints\' 41st season in the National Football League (NFL), their 32nd playing home games at the Louisiana Superdome and their second under head coach Sean Payton. The team tried to improve upon its 10--6 record in 2006 and its third division title---the Saints\' first in the NFC South. Their other two division titles were in the NFC West, prior to the league\'s 2002 realignment. After opening up the pre-season in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game against the Pittsburgh Steelers on August 5, 2007, the Saints ended with a 3--2 pre-season record. The Saints opened the regular season with a nationally televised game against the defending Super Bowl XLI champion Indianapolis Colts, but ultimately had a disappointing season, finishing 2007 with a 7--9 record and were officially eliminated from postseason contention for the first time since 2005. The Saints also had no player make the Pro Bowl for the first time since their 1--15 1980 season.
## Offseason
### NFL draft {#nfl_draft}
## Personnel
### Staff
### Roster
## Preseason
### Schedule
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Recap
------ ----------- ------------------------- -------------- -------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HOF August 5 vs. Pittsburgh Steelers **L** 7--20 0--1 Fawcett Stadium `{{small|([[Canton, Ohio]])}}`{=mediawiki} [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2012080551/2012/PRE0/cardinals@saints)
1 August 10 Buffalo Bills **L** 10--13 0--2 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2012080953/2012/PRE1/saints@patriots)
2 August 18 Cincinnati Bengals **W** 27--19 1--2 Paul Brown Stadium [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2012081755/2012/PRE2/jaguars@saints)
3 August 23 at Kansas City Chiefs **W** 30--7 2--2 Arrowhead Stadium [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2012082554/2012/PRE3/texans@saints)
4 August 30 Miami Dolphins **W** 7--0 3--2 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2012083057/2012/PRE4/saints@titans)
## Regular season {#regular_season}
### Schedule {#schedule_1}
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Recap
------ -------------- ----------------------------- -------------- -------- ------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 September 6 at Indianapolis Colts **L** 10--41 0--1 RCA Dome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200709060clt.htm)
2 September 16 at **Tampa Bay Buccaneers** **L** 14--31 0--2 Raymond James Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200709160tam.htm)
3 Tennessee Titans **L** 14--31 0--3 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200709240nor.htm)
4 *Bye*
5 October 7 **Carolina Panthers** **L** 13--16 0--4 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200710070nor.htm)
6 October 14 at Seattle Seahawks **W** 28--17 1--4 Qwest Field [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200710140sea.htm)
7 October 21 **Atlanta Falcons** **W** 22--16 2--4 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200710210nor.htm)
8 October 28 at San Francisco 49ers **W** 31--10 3--4 Monster Park [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200710280sfo.htm)
9 November 4 Jacksonville Jaguars **W** 41--24 4--4 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200711040nor.htm)
10 November 11 St. Louis Rams **L** 29--37 4--5 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200711110nor.htm)
11 November 18 at Houston Texans **L** 10--23 4--6 Reliant Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200711180htx.htm)
12 November 25 at **Carolina Panthers** **W** 31--6 5--6 Bank of America Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200711250car.htm)
13 December 2 **Tampa Bay Buccaneers** **L** 23--27 5--7 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712020nor.htm)
14 December 10 at **Atlanta Falcons** **W** 34--14 6--7 Georgia Dome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712100atl.htm)
15 December 16 Arizona Cardinals **W** 31--24 7--7 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712160nor.htm)
16 December 23 Philadelphia Eagles **L** 23--38 7--8 Louisiana Superdome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712230nor.htm)
17 December 30 at Chicago Bears **L** 25--33 7--9 Soldier Field [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712300chi.htm)
## Standings
| 475 |
2007 New Orleans Saints season
| 0 |
10,122,095 |
# 2007 New Orleans Saints season
## Week-by-week results {#week_by_week_results}
### Week 1: at Indianapolis Colts {#week_1_at_indianapolis_colts}
#### Game summary {#game_summary}
The 2007 New Orleans Saints began their regular season in the annual Thursday night Kickoff game against the defending Super Bowl champion Indianapolis Colts. In the first quarter, New Orleans trailed early as Super Bowl XLI MVP Peyton Manning completed a 27-yard TD pass to WR Marvin Harrison for the score of the period. In the second quarter, the Saints managed to get their only touchdown of the game as DB Jason David (a former Colt) returned a fumble 55 yards to the endzone. Afterwards, New Orleans took the lead with kicker Olindo Mare getting a 34-yard field goal. Indianapolis tied the game prior to halftime with kicker Adam Vinatieri nailing a 33-yard field goal. In the second half, the Colts dominated the rest of the game. During the third quarter, RB Joseph Addai got a 2-yard TD run, while Manning hooked up with WR Reggie Wayne on a 29-yard TD pass. For the fourth quarter, Indianapolis wrapped up the game with Vinatieri getting a 33-yard field goal, Manning & Wayne hooking up with each other again on a 45-yard TD pass, and DB Matt Giordano returning an interception 83 yards for a touchdown.
With the loss, the Saints began the year at 0--1.
#### Scoring summary {#scoring_summary}
Q1 -- IND -- 1:36 -- 27-yard TD pass from Peyton Manning to Marvin Harrison (Adam Vinatieri kick) (IND 7--0)
Q2 -- NO -- 11:32 -- Jason David 55-yard fumble return TD (Olindo Mare kick) (7--7)
Q2 -- NO -- 6:30 -- Olindo Mare 34-yard FG (NO 10-7)
Q2 -- IND -- 0:45 -- Adam Vinatieri 33-yard FG (10--10)
Q3 -- IND -- 9:45 -- Joseph Addai 2-yard TD run (Vinatieri kick) (IND 17--10)
Q3 -- IND -- 6:11 -- 29-yard TD pass from Peyton Manning to Reggie Wayne (Vinatieri kick) (IND 24--10)
Q4 -- IND -- 14:12 -- Adam Vinatieri 33-yard FG (IND 27--10)
Q4 -- IND -- 10:05 -- 45-yard TD pass from Peyton Manning to Reggie Wayne (Vinatieri kick) (IND 34--10)
Q4 -- IND -- 0:55 -- Matt Giordano 83-yard interception return TD (Vinatieri kick) (IND 41--10)
### Week 2: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers {#week_2_at_tampa_bay_buccaneers}
#### Game summary {#game_summary_1}
Following their season-opening loss to the Colts, the Saints flew to Raymond James Stadium for an NFC South duel with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In the first quarter, New Orleans trailed early as Bucs RB Carnell \"Cadillac\" Williams got a 1-yard TD run for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, the Saints continued to struggle as Tampa Bay QB Jeff Garcia hooked up with WR Joey Galloway on a 69-yard TD pass and a 24-yard pass.
In the third quarter, the Buccaneers extended their lead with Williams getting another 1-yard TD run. Afterwards, New Orleans finally got on the board with FB Mike Karney getting a 1-yard TD run. However, in the fourth quarter, Tampa Bay closed out the game with kicker Matt Bryant\'s 27-yard field goal. The Saints got the final score of the game as QB Drew Brees completed a 4-yard TD pass to WR Marques Colston.
With the loss, the Saints fell to 0--2.
Scoring summary
-----------------
Q
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
### Week 3: vs. Tennessee Titans {#week_3_vs._tennessee_titans}
Trying to snap a two-game skid, the Saints played their Week 3 Monday night homeopener, as they played an interconference duel with the Tennessee Titans. In the first quarter, New Orleans\' struggles continued as Titans kicker Rob Bironas nailed a 33-yard field goal, while QB Vince Young completed a 35-yard TD pass to WR Brandon Jones. In the second quarter, the Saints managed to get the only score of the period as RB Reggie Bush got a 1-yard TD run. In the third quarter, New Orleans took the lead with Bush getting another 1-yard TD run. However, Tennessee regained the lead with RB LenDale White\'s 1-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, the Titans took over as Young completed a 3-yard TD pass to TE Bo Scaife, while DB Vincent Fuller ended the game with an interception return of 61 yards for a touchdown. In the game, QB Drew Brees was 29 of 45 for 225 yards with 4 interceptions (3 of them coming from LB Keith Bulluck).
With the loss, the Saints entered their Bye Week at 0--3.
Scoring summary
-----------------
Q
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
### Week 5: vs. Carolina Panthers {#week_5_vs._carolina_panthers}
#### Game summary {#game_summary_2}
Coming off their bye week and still in search of their first win of the year, the Saints stayed at home at played a Week 5 divisional duel with the Carolina Panthers. In the first quarter, New Orleans trailed early as Panthers kicker John Kasay got a 23-yard field goal. The Saints responded with kicker Olindo Mare getting a 25-yard field goal. In the second quarter, the Panthers retook the lead with Kasay\'s 35-yard field goal. New Orleans responded with Mare kicking a 28-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, the Saints took the lead with FB Mike Karney getting a 2-yard TD run for the only score of the period. However, in the fourth quarter, Carolina came back to win with QB David Carr completing a 17-yard TD pass to WR Steve Smith, along with Kasay\'s 52-yard field goal as time ran out.
With the loss, the Saints fell to their first 0--4 start since 1996.
| 918 |
2007 New Orleans Saints season
| 1 |
10,122,095 |
# 2007 New Orleans Saints season
## Week-by-week results {#week_by_week_results}
### Week 6: at Seattle Seahawks {#week_6_at_seattle_seahawks}
**Scoring summary:**
Q1 -- NO -- 12:38 -- Pierre Thomas 5-yard fumble return (Olindo Mare kick) \[NO 7-0 SEA\]
Q2 -- NO -- 14:28 -- Eric Johnson 3-yard pass from Drew Brees (Olindo Mare kick) (13--86, 7:04) \[NO 14-0 SEA\]
Q2 -- NO -- 5:18 -- Lance Moore 7-yard run (Olindo Mare kick) (6--66, 2:48) \[NO 21-0 SEA\]
Q2 -- SEA -- 2:16 -- Ben Obomanu 17-yard pass from Matt Hasselbeck (Josh Brown kick) (7--63 3:02) \[NO 21-7 SEA\]
Q2 -- NO -- 0:30 -- Marques Colston 2-yard pass from Drew Brees (Olindo Mare kick) (9--80 1:46) \[NO 28-7 SEA\]
Q2 -- SEA -- 0:02 -- Josh Brown 52-yard FG (4--38 0:28) \[NO 28-10 SEA\]
Q4 -- SEA -- 6:39 -- Nate Burleson 22-yard pass from Matt Hasselbeck (Josh Brown kick) (6--80 1:31) \[**NO 28-17 SEA**\]
### Week 7: vs. Atlanta Falcons {#week_7_vs._atlanta_falcons}
Coming off of their road win over the Seahawks, the Saints went home for a Week 7 divisional duel with the Atlanta Falcons. In the first quarter, New Orleans drew first blood as QB Drew Brees completed a 37-yard TD pass to WR Devery Henderson. The Falcons replied with former Saints kicker Morten Andersen getting a 38-yard field goal. In the second quarter, Atlanta took lead with Andersen kicking a 33-yard field goal, along with QB Byron Leftwich completing a 9-yard TD pass to WR Roddy White.
In the third quarter, New Orleans regained the lead with rookie RB Pierre Thomas getting a 24-yard TD run for the only score of the period. In the fourth quarter, the Falcons tried to rally as Andersen kicked a 21-yard field goal. The Saints sealed the win with Brees completing a 4-yard TD pass to RB Reggie Bush, with Bush getting the 2-point conversion on the ground.
With the win, New Orleans improved to 2--4.
### Week 8: at San Francisco 49ers {#week_8_at_san_francisco_49ers}
Coming off their divisional home win over the Falcons, the Saints flew to Monster Park for a Week 8 intraconference duel with the San Francisco 49ers. In the first quarter, New Orleans drew first blood with QB Drew Brees completing a 17-yard TD pass to WR Marques Colston, along with kicker Olindo Mare getting a 26-yard field goal. In the second quarter, the Saints continued their offensive revival with Brees completing a 2-yard TD pass to WR Terrance Copper, along with a 3-yard TD pass to Colston.
In the third quarter, the 49ers tried to come back as kicker Joe Nedney nailed a 29-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, New Orleans managed to put the game out of reach with Brees and Colston hooking up with each other one last time on a 15-yard TD pass. Afterwards, San Francisco\'s only response was by QB Alex Smith completing a 7-yard TD pass to TE Vernon Davis.
With the win, the Saints improved to 3--4.
### Week 9: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars {#week_9_vs._jacksonville_jaguars}
Coming off their road win over the 49ers, the Saints went home for a Week 9 interconference duel with the Jacksonville Jaguars. In the first quarter, New Orleans drew first blood as kicker Olindo Mare managed to get a 46-yard field goal, while RB Reggie Bush got a 1-yard TD run. The Jaguars responded with QB Quinn Gray completing an 80-yard TD pass to WR Reggie Williams, along with former Saints kicker John Carney getting a 30-yard field goal. New Orleans responded with QB Drew Brees completing a 2-yard TD pass to Bush. However, Jacksonville immediately answered as RB Maurice Jones-Drew returned a kickoff 100 yards for a touchdown to end the period. In the second quarter, the Saints regained the lead as Brees completed an 8-yard TD pass to WR Lance Moore for the only score of the period.
In the third quarter, New Orleans increased its lead with CB Mike McKenzie returning an interception 75 yards for a touchdown, while Brees completed a 4-yard TD pass to WR David Patten. In the fourth quarter, the Jaguars tried to come back as Gray completed a 15-yard TD pass to WR Dennis Northcutt. The Saints closed out the game with Mare nailing a 34-yard field goal.
With the win, New Orleans improved to 4--4.
### Week 10: vs. St. Louis Rams {#week_10_vs._st._louis_rams}
Coming off a 41--24 victory over the Jaguars, the Saints stayed home to face the winless St. Louis Rams. The Saints started the game with an impressive opening drive that culminated in a 7-yard burst by Reggie Bush to give the Saints an early 7--0 lead. However, Rams running back Stephen Jackson answered with a 1-yard run of his own to tie the game toward the end of the 1st quarter.
Midway through the 2nd quarter, tight end Randy McMichael gave the Rams a 14--7 lead on a 2-yard pass from Jackson. Jeff Wilkins made it a two-score game with a 49-yard field goal three minutes later. The Saints went to the locker room trailing 17--7.
In the 2nd half, Wilkins kicked his 2nd field goal of the game, a 21-yard attempt, to increase the lead to 13. Toward the end of the 3rd, Isaac Bruce caught a 9-yard pass by Marc Bulger to make it a 27--7 lead, putting the Saints in danger of losing their first game since early October.
Drew Bennett added to the St. Louis lead by catching a three-yard pass by Bulger to give Bulger his second touchdown of the game, and to give St. Louis a surprising 34--7 lead. Drew Brees and Billy Miller hooked up for a 1-yard pass with 11:36 left to cut the lead to 34--13. The Saints then converted a two-point conversion on a Bush run, to make it 34--15. Aaron Stecker then scored on a two-yard run with 4:42 remaining to cut it to 34--21. This time, however, they failed on the two-point conversion. With 1:55 left, a Wilkins field goal made it 37--21. The Saints scored another touchdown with 37 seconds left, but their attempt to recover the ball from an onside kick failed, and the Rams held on to defeat the Saints 37--29, giving the Rams their first victory in 2007 and dropping the Saints to 4--5.
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2007 New Orleans Saints season
| 2 |
10,122,095 |
# 2007 New Orleans Saints season
## Week-by-week results {#week_by_week_results}
### Week 11: at Houston Texans {#week_11_at_houston_texans}
Hoping to rebound from their loss to the Rams, the Saints flew to Reliant Stadium for a Week 11 interconference showdown with the Houston Texans.
In the first quarter, New Orleans got the early lead as kicker Olindo Mare managed to get a 52-yard field goal. However, the Texans took the lead with QB Matt Schaub completing a 73-yard TD pass to WR Andre Johnson. In the second quarter, the Saints regained the lead with QB Drew Brees completing a 6-yard TD pass to WR Devery Henderson. However, Houston retook the lead with Schaub completing a 10-yard TD pass to TE Joel Dreessen.
After a scoreless third quarter, the Texans sealed the win as kicker Kris Brown nailed a 36-yarder, a 53-yarder, and a 23-yard field goal.
With the loss, New Orleans fell to 4--6. So far, all 6 of their losses came when they committed at least 2 turnovers in a game.
### Week 12: at Carolina Panthers {#week_12_at_carolina_panthers}
Trying to snap a two-game losing skid, the Saints flew to Bank of America Stadium for a Week 12 NFC South rematch against the Carolina Panthers with second place on the line.
In the first quarter, New Orleans trailed early as Panthers kicker John Kasay managed to get a 45-yard field goal for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, the Saints took the lead with QB Drew Brees completing a 1-yard TD pass to TE Lance Moore, along with kicker Olindo Mare kicking a 46-yard field goal. Carolina ended the half as Kasay nailing a 29-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, New Orleans ran away with the game as Brees completed a 1-yard TD pass to WR Billy Miller, got an 8-yard TD run, and completed a 4-yard TD pass to WR Marques Colston.
With the win, the Saints improved to 5--6.
For Marques Colston, this marked his fifth-straight game of having at least 65 reception yards in one game.
### Week 13: vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers {#week_13_vs._tampa_bay_buccaneers}
Coming off their divisional road win over the Panthers, the Saints went home for a Week 13 NFC South rematch with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In the first quarter, New Orleans trailed early with Buccaneers kicker Matt Bryant getting a 27-yard field goal. Afterwards, the Saints took the lead with QB Drew Brees completing a 4-yard TD pass to WR Terrance Copper. In the second quarter, Tampa Bay regained the lead with QB Luke McCown completing a 1-yard TD pass to TE Anthony Becht, along with Bryant nailing a 31-yard field goal. Afterwards, New Orleans retook the lead with Brees completing a 45-yard TD pass to WR Devery Henderson.
In the third quarter, the Buccaneers regained the lead with RB Earnest Graham getting a 25-yard TD run. Later, the Saints retook the lead with CB Mike McKenzie returning an interception 53 yards for a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, New Orleans increased its lead with DE Will Smith taking McCown down in his endzone for a safety. However, an attempted double reverse resulted in a lost fumble. It allowed Tampa Bay to get into position for the win, as McCown completed a 4-yard TD pass to TE Jerramy Stevens.
With the loss, the Saints fell to 5--7.
### Week 14: at Atlanta Falcons {#week_14_at_atlanta_falcons}
Hoping to rebound from their divisional home loss to the Buccaneers, the Saints flew to the Georgia Dome for a Week 14 Monday Night NFC South rematch with the Atlanta Falcons. In the first quarter, New Orleans drew first blood as QB Drew Brees completed a 25-yard TD pass to WR David Patten. The Falcons responded with QB Chris Redman completing a 33-yard TD pass to WR Roddy White. In the second quarter, the Saints started to pull away as kicker Olindo Mare managed to get a 23-yard field goal, while Brees completed a 15-yard TD pass to WR Marques Colston.
In the third quarter, New Orleans pulled away as Brees hooked up with Colston again on a 2-yard TD pass, while Safety Roman Harper returned an interception 31 yards for a touchdown. In the fourth quarter, Atlanta got their last strike of the game as Redman completed a 13-yard TD pass to WR Michael Jenkins. The Saints wrapped up their victory with Mare nailing a 36-yard field goal.
With their second-straight season-sweeping win over the Falcons, New Orleans improved to 6--7.
### Week 15: vs. Arizona Cardinals {#week_15_vs._arizona_cardinals}
Coming off their Monday night divisional road win over the Falcons, the Saints went home for a Week 15 intraconference duel with the Arizona Cardinals. In the first quarter, New Orleans trialed early as Cardinals QB Kurt Warner completed a 1-yard TD pass to TE Troy Bienemann. The Saints responded with QB Drew Brees completing a 19-yard TD pass to WR Marques Colston. In the second quarter, New Orleans took the lead with RB Aaron Stecker getting a 1-yard TD run. Arizona tied the game with Warner completing an 18-yard TD pass to WR Larry Fitzgerald, yet the Saints regained the lead prior to halftime with Brees completing a 32-yard TD pass to WR David Patten.
In the third quarter, New Orleans increased its lead with Stecker getting a 6-yard TD run. The Cardinals responded with Warner completing a 3-yard TD pass to TE Ben Patrick. The Saints replied with kicker Martín Gramática getting a 31-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, Arizona tried to rally as kicker Neil Rackers nailed a 26-yard field goal. New Orleans\' defense held on for the victory.
With the win, the Saints improved to 7--7. At this point, Drew Brees had thrown 10 touchdowns and only 1 interception over the past four games.
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# 2007 New Orleans Saints season
## Week-by-week results {#week_by_week_results}
### Week 16: vs. Philadelphia Eagles {#week_16_vs._philadelphia_eagles}
Coming off the win against the Cardinals. The Saints stayed home for a Week 16 matchup against the Eagles, who they beat at home twice in the previous season, including in the playoffs. In the first quarter, the Eagles scored first as Kevin Curtis recovered a McNabb (38-yard run) fumble in the end zone putting Philly up 7--0, while the Saints responded with RB Aaron Stecker scoring 2 TD\'s (3-yard run & 1-yard run) to put the Saints up 14--7. The lead did not last long, as Eagles RB Correll Buckhalter scored a 20 yard TD run, following the Eagles\' next possession as McNabb completed a 30-yard TD pass to Reggie Brown as the Eagles went up 21--14 after both Gramatica and Akers traded field goals apiece in the 2nd quarter.
In the third quarter, the Eagles took advantage of the goal line stand and capped a 99-yard touchdown drive with McNabb completing a 9-yard touchdown pass to Greg Lewis. In the 4th quarter, the Saints tried to rally back with M. Gramatica kicking 35- and 26-yard field goals. The Eagles sealed the game with Kevin Curtis hauling in a 9-yard touchdown catch, allowing them to get the Saints back for the previous season.
With the loss, the Saints fell to 7--8 but barely kept their playoff hopes alive when the Washington Redskins defeated the Minnesota Vikings 32--21 Sunday night.
### Week 17: at Chicago Bears {#week_17_at_chicago_bears}
Coming off that home loss against the Eagles, the Saints in Week 17 travel to Soldier Field for a NFC Championship rematch from 2006 Conference against the Bears. New Orleans coming in this game needing a win and both losses by the Redskins & Vikings to clinch the final playoff spot in the NFC Playoff race. New Orleans trails right away in the 1st quarter as Bears K Robbie Gould connecting a 39-yard field goal, along with Kyle Orton completing a 19-yard pass to Mark Bradley for a 10--0 lead. As the Saints managed to get on the board in the second quarter with Drew Brees completing a 3-yard Touchdown pass to Marques Colston. The Bears continue to roll with Orton hooking a 9-yard TD to Bernard Berrian. New Orleans responds with Drew Brees connecting to M. Colston for a 21-yard touchdown reception. Both the Bears & Saints then closed out the first half with Orton completing a 55-yard TD pass to D. Hester, Along with Saints K Martin Gramatica kicks a 48-yard Field Goal.
In the third quarter the Saints continue to fall behind with Devin Hester returning a 64-yard punt for a touchdown. Then the Bears in the 4th quarter add on more points recording a Safety due to Jahri Evans being penalized in the end zone. While Drew Brees managed to hooked up to Pierre Thomas for an 11-yard touchdown strike (along with the 2 pt conversion). Afterwards the Saints failed to recover the onside kick allowing Chicago to preserve the win.
With the loss, the Saints fell to 7--9 and were eliminated from postseason contention
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10,122,096 |
# Fongen
or `{{native name|sma|'''Lopmesvaerie'''}}`{=mediawiki} is a mountain in Trøndelag county, Norway. The mountain sits along the tripoint border of Selbu Municipality, Tydal Municipality, and Meråker Municipality. The 1441 m summit is located inside the Skarvan and Roltdalen National Park. The nearest villages are Mebonden in Selbu Municipality, about 25 km to the southwest, Ås in Tydal Municipality, about 32 km to the southeast, and the village of Midtbygda in Meråker Municipality. The closest Norwegian Trekking Association cabin is Ramsjøhytta, several kilometers to the east of the summit.
## Name
The name is probably the finite form of *fong* which means \"pole\" (used in roundpole fence). It is common in Norway to compare the form of high and steep mountains with staffs, sticks, and poles
| 125 |
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| 0 |
10,122,126 |
# Electoral district of Central Cumberland
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``
| 26 |
Electoral district of Central Cumberland
| 0 |
10,122,135 |
# Chrome (Trace Adkins album)
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{{album chart|Billboard200|59|artist=Trace Adkins|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 29, 2020}}
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| 23 |
Chrome (Trace Adkins album)
| 0 |
10,122,182 |
# Fushun Mining Group
**Fushun Mining Group** (`{{zh|抚顺矿业集团有限责任公司}}`{=mediawiki}, FMG) is a large state-owned coal and oil shale company located in Fushun, Liaoning Province, China. The corporation consists of about 30 companies with about 28,000 employees. The main business includes coal mining and oil shale processing. According to figures released by FMG, this company is one of the world\'s largest shale oil producers.
## History
With the Japanese victory over Imperial Russia and signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth, the South Manchuria branch (from Changchun to Lüshun) of the China Far East Railway was transferred to Japanese control. South Manchuria Railway Company quickly expanded the system inherited from Russia to staggering proportions, one of their actions were developing coal mines at Fushun. Under the control of Japanese, Fushun area became a highly industrialized area via 30 years development. After World War II, Fushun Coal Mine of the South Manchuria Railway Company was taken over by the Kuomintang and Fushun Mining Administration Bureau was established by the Kuomintang Government in 1946. In 1948, Fushun Coal Mine went under control of the China Communist Party and became one of industrial centers for People\'s Republic of China.
## Operations
The corporation consists of about 30 companies with about 28,000 employees. Although FMG has so many sub-companies, most of profit is mainly from Laohutai Coal Mine, West Open Pit, East Open Pit and Oil Shale Plant. Other subsidiaries like transporting company, machinery factory and machine repairing factory are under deficit according to the financing report released by FMG in 2013.Since 2002, the development strategy of FMG is non-coal industry. Therefore, FMG invested heavily in non-coal industry such as shale oil retorting, paper making and oil processing.
### Coal mining {#coal_mining}
Fushun is known as \"the capital of coal\" for which once had great coal reserves. As a state-owned company, most of Fushun coal reserves are in the hands of FMG. FMG has three main coal mines including Laohutai Coal Mine, West Open Pit and East Open Pit. Due to the decline of coal reserve, the coal production has great decreasing for recent years compared with its history records. According to the information announced by FMG, West Open Pit will be closed in 2019 and Laohutai Coal Mine be closed in 2026. The main coal products for these three coal mines include blending coking coal and steam coal which are high quality coal for steel making. To confront this situation, the business focus is planned to be shift from coal mining industry to oil industry and paper making industry. Also according to the latest financing report, FMG have borrowed several billion RMB from several government banks to invest the oil processing industry and paper making industry. Moreover, FMG is also rich in coalbed methane resources that total around 8.9 e9m3. However, there is a great risk for FMG to run the non-coal business for whose management system is a very state-owned company style.
### Oil shale industry {#oil_shale_industry}
Commercial retorting of oil shale in FMG started in 1991 with an oil shale retorting plant being established at that year. Fushun Mining Group owns geological reserve of high grade oil shale about 3.5 billion tons, of which exploitable reserve is 920 million tons. Among them, East Open Pit has oil shale reserve about (760 million tons) and West Open Pit has (160 million tons). At the end of 2008, the company operated the largest oil shale plant in the world consisting eleven retorting units with 20 retorts in each unit, total 220 sets of Fushun-type retort. Annual oil shale processing capacity is designed to be 11 million tons of oil shale, and annual shale oil yields to be 330,000 tons. FMG is constructing the Alberta Taciuk processor (ATP) to treat small size oil shale (particulate oil shale) which can not be processed by Fushun retort. The 250 tonnes per hour ATP processor, scheduled to start operation at the end of 2010`{{update inline|date=April 2013}}`{=mediawiki}, is engineered and constructed by cement and mineral equipment supplier, Polysius AG of the ThyssenKrupp and uses technology developed by UMATAC Industrial Processes, a Canadian subsidiary of Polysius AG. It seems that ATP Project like a Gordian Knot for FMG as which lasts more than 8 years. An Australian company named Procom had been invited since September 2012 to help FMG for the commissioning of ATP Processor as Procom claimed that they had ATP Processor commissioning experience. Procom operated the first industrial ATP application in Gladstone, QLD Australia. In late August 2013 the first oil was produced from oil shale out of the ATP, but it is still very hard to have continuous running for ATP plant.
## Management board {#management_board}
Currently, FMG president is Li Qing who was the former vice director of Liaoning Coal Mining Administration. However, the former president Yin Liang still have great influence on this company after he retired in 2012
| 812 |
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| 0 |
10,122,198 |
# 2007 San Francisco 49ers season
The **2007 San Francisco 49ers season** was the franchise\'s 62nd season, and 58th in the National Football League (NFL). They ended their season with a disappointing record of 5--11 in 2007, failing to improve upon their 7--9 record from 2006. The 49ers offense struggled all season long---starting quarterback Alex Smith injured his shoulder early in the season, and newly promoted offensive coordinator Jim Hostler was the subject of much scrutiny and criticism regarding his play calling. Hostler was fired following the season.
2007 is also noted for being defensive lineman Bryant Young\'s final season; the future Hall of Fame enshrinee was the last remaining member of San Francisco\'s Super Bowl XXIX championship team.
## Staff
## Offseason
### Free agency {#free_agency}
The 49ers addressed their problems in the secondary with the signing of veteran cornerback Nate Clements from the Buffalo Bills. The contract was worth \$80 million for 8 years, the largest contract given to a defensive player in NFL history. They also signed strong safety Michael Lewis from Philadelphia on the same day. Other key defensive pickups included linebackers Colby Bockwoldt and Tully Banta-Cain and nosetackle Aubrayo Franklin. The team also addressed its wide-receiver needs by signing former Denver Bronco and Atlanta Falcon, Ashley Lelie and Seattle Seahawk, Darrell Jackson. San Francisco also used the free agency period to extend Gore\'s contract to 4 years worth \$28 million, \$14 million of which is guaranteed.
### Draft
In the 2007 NFL draft, they addressed their need for an inside linebacker by picking Patrick Willis in the first round and also gave up their 2008 first round pick to the New England Patriots and selected 28 overall Offensive Tackle Joe Staley. In the 2nd round the 49ers traded their pick for the Colts\' number one pick in the 2008 NFL draft. On the second day of the NFL Draft, the San Francisco 49ers traded a 4th round pick for Seattle Seahawks leading receiver, Darrell Jackson.
## Roster
## Preseason
### Schedule
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Recap
------ ------ ----------------------- -------------- -------- ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Denver Broncos **L** 13--17 0--1 Monster Park [Recap](https://www.footballdb.com/teams/nfl/san-francisco-49ers/results/2007)
2 Oakland Raiders **W** 26--21 1--1 Monster Park [Recap](https://www.footballdb.com/teams/nfl/san-francisco-49ers/results/2007)
3 at Chicago Bears **L** 28--31 1--2 Soldier Field [Recap](https://www.footballdb.com/teams/nfl/san-francisco-49ers/results/2007)
4 at San Diego Chargers **L** 13--16 1--3 Qualcomm Stadium [Recap](https://www.footballdb.com/teams/nfl/san-francisco-49ers/results/2007)
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# 2007 San Francisco 49ers season
## Regular season {#regular_season}
### Schedule {#schedule_1}
Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Recap
---------------------------------------------------------- -------------- -------------------------- ------------------- -------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 **Arizona Cardinals** **W** 20--17 1--0 Monster Park [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200709100sfo.htm)
2 September 16 at **St. Louis Rams** **W** 17--16 2--0 Edward Jones Dome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200709160ram.htm)
3 September 23 at Pittsburgh Steelers **L** 16--37 2--1 Heinz Field [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200709230pit.htm)
4 September 30 **Seattle Seahawks** **L** 3--23 2--2 Monster Park [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200709300sfo.htm)
5 October 7 Baltimore Ravens **L** 7--9 2--3 Monster Park [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200710070sfo.htm)
6 *Bye*
7 October 21 at New York Giants **L** 15--33 2--4 Giants Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200710210nyg.htm)
8 October 28 New Orleans Saints **L** 10--31 2--5 Monster Park [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200710280sfo.htm)
9 November 4 at Atlanta Falcons **L** 16--20 2--6 Georgia Dome [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200711040atl.htm)
10 at **Seattle Seahawks** **L** 0--24 2--7 Qwest Field [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200711120sea.htm)
11 November 18 **St. Louis Rams** **L** 9--13 2--8 Monster Park [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200711180sfo.htm)
12 November 25 at **Arizona Cardinals** **W** 37--31 (OT) 3--8 University of Phoenix Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200711250crd.htm)
13 December 2 at Carolina Panthers **L** 14--31 3--9 Bank of America Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712020car.htm)
14 December 9 Minnesota Vikings **L** 7--27 3--10 Monster Park [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712090sfo.htm)
15 Cincinnati Bengals **W** 20--13 4--10 Monster Park [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712150sfo.htm)
16 December 23 Tampa Bay Buccaneers **W** 21--19 5--10 Monster Park [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712230sfo.htm)
17 December 30 at Cleveland Browns **L** 7--20 5--11 Cleveland Browns Stadium [Recap](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/200712300cle.htm)
**Note:** Intra-division opponents are in **bold** text.
### Game summaries {#game_summaries}
#### Week 1: vs. Arizona Cardinals {#week_1_vs._arizona_cardinals}
Dressed up in their throwback uniforms, the 49ers began their 2007 campaign against their NFC West rival, the Arizona Cardinals in the second game of the Monday Night Football doubleheader. In the first quarter, the Niners drew first blood as RB Frank Gore got a 6-yard TD run for the score of the period. However, in the second quarter, the Cardinals took the lead with kicker with Neil Rackers getting a 35-yard field goal and RB Edgerrin James getting a 7-yard TD run. San Francisco ended the half with kicker Joe Nedney getting a 33-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, the 49ers retook the lead with Nedney kicking a 30-yard field goal for the only score of the period. In the fourth quarter, Arizona jumped ahead with QB Matt Leinart completing a 5-yard TD pass to WR Anquan Boldin. With time running out late in the game, QB Alex Smith led the Niners on a last-minute drive that included a 20-yard run by Alex Smith and ended with WR Arnaz Battle getting a 1-yard TD run. The Cardinals had just enough time to try a late-game comeback, but San Francisco clinched the game with CB Shawntae Spencer getting an interception for the win. Matt Leinart\'s first and last passes in the game were both interceptions.
With the win, not only did the 49ers begin their year at 1--0, but Mike Nolan finally got his first win against Arizona as a head coach.
**Scoring summary**
Q1 -- **SF** -- 11:24 -- Frank Gore 6-yard TD run (Joe Nedney kick) (SF 7--0)
Q2 -- ARI -- 12:55 -- Neil Rackers 35-yard FG (SF 7--3)
Q2 -- ARI -- 9:15 -- Edgerrin James 7-yard TD run (Rackers kick) (ARI 10--7)
Q2 -- **SF** -- 3:40 -- Joe Nedney 33-yard FG (10--10)
Q3 -- **SF** -- 11:20 -- Joe Nedney 30-yard FG (SF 13--10)
Q4 -- ARI -- 6:46 -- 5-yard TD pass from Matt Leinart to Anquan Boldin (Rackers kick) (ARI 17--13)
Q4 -- **SF** -- 0:26 -- Arnaz Battle 1-yard TD run (Nedney kick) (**SF 20--17**)
#### Week 2: at St. Louis Rams {#week_2_at_st._louis_rams}
Coming off their divisional home win over the Cardinals, the 49ers flew to the Edward Jones Dome for a Week 2 divisional duel against their NFC West rival, the St. Louis Rams.
In the first quarter, the Niners trailed early as Rams QB Marc Bulger completed a 12-yard TD pass to WR Torry Holt for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, San Francisco tied the game with RB Frank Gore getting a 1-yard TD run. St. Louis took the halftime lead on a Jeff Wilkins 29-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, the 49ers took the lead with Gore breaking through a gang of tacklers for a 43-yard TD run, along with the only score of the period. In the fourth quarter, the Rams retook the lead with Wiklins getting a 53-yard field goal. Because a St. Louis goof-up on special teams, the Niners took the lead with kicker Joe Nedney getting a 40-yard field goal. Near the end the game, the Rams had one last chance to win the game, but Wilkins\' 56-yard field goal attempt fell about a yard short of the crossbar.
With the win, the 49ers improved to 2--0 for the first time since 1998.
**Scoring summary**
Q1 -- STL -- 6:04 -- 12-yard TD pass from Marc Bulger to Torry Holt (Wilkins kick) (STL 7--0)
Q2 -- SF -- 14:57 -- Frank Gore 1-yard TD run (Nedney kick) (7--7)
Q2 -- STL -- 9:04 -- Jeff Wilkins 27-yard FG (STL 10--7)
Q2 -- STL -- 1:51 -- Jeff Wilkins 29-yard FG (STL 13--7)
Q3 -- SF -- 2:43 -- Frank Gore 43-yard TD run (Nedney kick) (SF 14--13)
Q4 -- STL -- 10:04 -- Jeff Wilkins 53-yard FG (STL 16--14)
Q4 -- SF -- 3:23 -- Joe Nedney 40-yard FG **(SF 17--16)**
#### Week 3: at Pittsburgh Steelers {#week_3_at_pittsburgh_steelers}
**Game summary**
Coming off a fierce divisional road win over the Rams, the 49ers flew to Heinz Field for an interconference duel with the Pittsburgh Steelers. In the first quarter, the Niners struck first with kicker Joe Nedney getting a 32-yard field goal. The Steelers immediately responded with CB--RS Allen Rossum returning a kickoff 98 yards for a touchdown. San Francisco wrapped up the period with Nedney kicking a 22-yard field goal. In the second quarter, Pittsburgh increased its lead with QB Ben Roethlisberger completing a 9-yard TD pass to TE Jerame Tuman for the only score of the period.
In the third quarter, the Steelers increased its lead with kicker Jeff Reed nailing a 36-yard field goal. The Niners replied with Nedney kicking a 49-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, Pittsburgh took control with Reed getting a 49-yard and a 35-yard field goal, while CB Bryant McFadden returned an interception 50 yards for a touchdown. San Francisco got a touchdown as QB Alex Smith completed a 21-yard pass to WR Taylor Jacobs. Afterwards, the Steelers ended the game with RB Najeh Davenport getting a 39-yard TD run.
With the loss, the 49ers fell to 2--1.
**Scoring summary**
Q1 -- SF -- 9:24 -- Joe Nedney 32-yard FG (SF 3--0)
Q1 -- PIT -- 9:12 -- Allen Rossum 98-yard kickoff return (PIT 7--3)
Q1 -- SF -- 3:01 -- Joe Nedney 22-yard FG (PIT 7--6)
Q2 -- PIT -- 0:37 -- Jerame Tuman 9-yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger (Jeff Reed kick) (PIT 14--6)
Q3 -- PIT -- 9:41 -- Jeff Reed 36-yard FG (PIT 17--6)
Q3 -- SF -- 4:46 -- Joe Nedney 49-yard FG (PIT 17--9)
Q4 -- PIT -- 14:55 -- Jeff Reed 49-yard FG (PIT 20--9)
Q4 -- PIT -- 4:59 -- Jeff Reed 35-yard FG (PIT 23--9)
Q4 -- PIT -- 4:01 -- Bryant McFadden 50-yard interception return (Reed kick) (PIT 30--9)
Q4 -- SF -- 2:22 -- Taylor Jacobs 21-yard pass from Alex Smith (Nedney kick) (PIT 30--16)
Q4 -- PIT -- 1:51 -- Najeh Davenport 39-yard run (Nedney kick) **(PIT 37--16)**
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# 2007 San Francisco 49ers season
## Regular season {#regular_season}
### Game summaries {#game_summaries}
#### Week 4: vs. Seattle Seahawks {#week_4_vs._seattle_seahawks}
Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Steelers, the 49ers went home and played an NFC West battle with the Seattle Seahawks. In the first quarter, the Niners lost QB Alex Smith with a separated shoulder during a sack. Back-up QB Trent Dilfer took over for the rest of the game. In the second quarter, San Francisco\'s recent woes continued with Seahawks kicker Josh Brown getting a 23-yard field goal. Afterwards, Seattle began to pound away with QB Matt Hasselbeck completing a 17-yard TD pass to WR Bobby Engram, along with Brown kicking a 31-yard field goal.
In the third quarter, the Seahawks continued their domination as Hasselbeck completed a 14-yard TD pass to TE Marcus Pollard. The Niners got their only score of the game as kicker Joe Nedney got a 43-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, Seattle sealed San Francisco\'s doom with Brown nailing a 25-yard field goal.
With their second-straight loss, the 49ers fell to 2--2.
#### Week 5: vs. Baltimore Ravens {#week_5_vs._baltimore_ravens}
Trying to break a two-game skid, the 49ers stayed at home for a Week 5 interconference matchup with the Baltimore Ravens. With QB Alex Smith out with a shoulder injury, back-up Trent Dilfer was given the start against the team to which he helped deliver a Super Bowl title.
After a scoreless first quarter, the Ravens got the lead with kicker Matt Stover getting a 26-yard and a 32-yard field goal. In the third quarter, Baltimore increased its lead with Stover nailing a 49-yard field goal. The Niners came close to taking the lead with Dilfer completing a 49-yard TD pass to WR Arnaz Battle. With two minutes left in the fourth quarter, the 49ers had a chance to take the lead, but kicker Joe Nedney missed a 52-yard field goal and the Ravens ran out the clock.
With their third straight loss, the 49ers entered their bye week at 2--3.
#### Week 7: at New York Giants {#week_7_at_new_york_giants}
Trying to snap a three-game losing streak, the 49ers flew to Giants Stadium for a Week 7 brawl with the New York Giants. With QB Alex Smith still recovering from a shoulder injury, back-up Trent Dilfer once again got the start. In the first quarter, the Niners trailed early as Giants QB Eli Manning hooked up with WR Amani Toomer on a 4-yard TD pass (with a missed PAT) for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, San Francisco took the lead with Dilfer completing a 17-yard TD pass to WR Arnaz Battle. However, New York responded with RB Brandon Jacobs getting a 5-yard TD run, while kicker Lawrence Tynes nailed field goals of 29 and 39 yards.
In the third quarter, things got worse for the Niners as Giants DE Osi Umenyiora sacked Dilfer, causing a fumble, picked up the loose ball, and ran 75 yards for a touchdown. San Francisco managed to get a safety as FB Moran Norris blocked a punt, which went out of bounds in the end zone. In the fourth quarter, New York sealed its win with Manning completing a 2-yard TD pass to TE Jeremy Shockey. The Niners ended its day with Dilfer completing a 1-yard TD pass to WR Darrell Jackson (with a failed 2-point conversion).
With its fourth-straight loss, the 49ers fell to 2--4.
#### Week 8: vs. New Orleans Saints {#week_8_vs._new_orleans_saints}
Trying to snap a four-game skid, the 49ers went home for a Week 8 intraconference duel with the New Orleans Saints. QB Alex Smith (who was recovering from a separate right shoulder since Week 4) was healthy enough to get the start.
In the first quarter, San Francisco trailed early as Saints QB Drew Brees completed a 17-yard TD pass to WR Marques Colston, while kicker Olindo Mare nailed a 26-yard field goal. In the second quarter, the Niners\' struggles continued as Brees completed a 2-yard TD pass to WR Terrance Copper, along with completing a 3-yard TD pass to Colston. In the third quarter, San Francisco managed to get on the board with kicker Joe Nedney getting a 29-yard field goal for the only score of the period. In the fourth quarter, New Orleans wrapped up the win with Brees and Colston hooking up with each other again on a 15-yard TD pass. The Niners\' only response was Smith completing a 7-yard TD pass to TE Vernon Davis.
With their fifth-straight loss, the 49ers dropped to 2--5.
#### Week 9: at Atlanta Falcons {#week_9_at_atlanta_falcons}
Trying to break a five-game losing skid, the 49ers flew to the Georgia Dome for a Week 9 intraconference duel with the Atlanta Falcons. In the first quarter, the Niners struck first as RB Maurice Hicks got a 9-yard TD run. However, the Falcons answered with RB Warrick Dunn getting a 9-yard TD run. In the second quarter, San Francisco fell behind as Atlanta RB Ovie Mughelli got a 1-yard TD run for the only score of the period.
In the third quarter, the 49ers crept close as kicker Joe Nedney got a 49-yard and a 32-yard field goal. However, in the fourth quarter, the Falcons replied with kicker Morten Andersen getting a 33-yard field goal. Nedney and the Niners tried to close the gap as Nedney kicked a 22-yard field goal. Andersen\'s 27-yard field goal helped seal Atlanta\'s win.
With their sixth-straight loss, the 49ers dropped to 2--6.
#### Week 10: at Seattle Seahawks {#week_10_at_seattle_seahawks}
Trying to snap their six-game losing streak, the 49ers flew to Qwest Field for an NFC West rematch on Monday Night Football with the Seattle Seahawks. In the first quarter, the Niners trailed early as Seahawks QB Matt Hasselbeck completed a 1-yard TD pass to TE Will Heller, along with kicker Josh Brown. In the second quarter, San Francisco\'s struggles continued as RB Maurice Morris gave Seattle a 6-yard TD run for the only score of the period. After a scoreless third quarter, the Seahawks sealed the win and the season-sweep with Hasselbeck completing a 10-yard TD pass to WR D.J. Hackett.
With their seventh-straight loss, the 49ers fell to 2--7.
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# 2007 San Francisco 49ers season
## Regular season {#regular_season}
### Game summaries {#game_summaries}
#### Week 11: vs. St. Louis Rams {#week_11_vs._st._louis_rams}
Trying to break their seven-game losing skid, the 49ers went home, donned their throwback uniforms, and played their Week 11 NFC West rematch with the St. Louis Rams. In the first quarter, the Niners\' struggles continued as Rams QB Marc Bulger completed a 3-yard touchdown reception to WR Torry Holt. San Francisco managed to respond with kicker Joe Nedney 28-yard field goal. In the second quarter, St. Louis increased its lead with kicker Jeff Wilkins getting a 49-yard field goal for the only score of the period.
After a scoreless third quarter, the Rams sealed the win with Wilkins kicking a 35-yard field goal. The Niners tried to mount a comeback as Nedney nailed a 38-yard and a 46-yard field goal. However, on four-straight plays deep in St. Louis territory, four shots to the endzone resulted in 3 incompletions and an interception.
With their eighth-straight loss, the 49ers dropped to 2--8.
<File:Frank> Gore takes a handoff.jpg\|Frank Gore takes a handoff <File:Steven-Jackson-vs49ers-Nov-18-2007.jpg%7CRams> running back Steven Jackson at the 49ers <File:Frank> Gore up middle vs STL 2007-11-18.jpg\|Gore runs up the middle <File:Frank> Gore takes handoff from Trent Dilfer in 2007.jpg\|Trent Dilfer hands off to Gore <File:Jeff> Wilkins attempts kick.jpg\|Jeff Wilkins attempts a kick for the Rams <File:Michael> Lewis punt return vs Rams.jpg\|49ers punt return by Michael Lewis (wide receiver) <File:Marc> Bulger pass behind Brandon Moore.jpg\|Rams QB Marc Bulger attempts a pass behind Brandon Moore (linebacker) <File:49ers> Offense.jpg\|The 49ers on offense <File:2007> San Francisco 49ers offensive line.jpg\|49ers offensive line sets up
#### Week 12: at Arizona Cardinals {#week_12_at_arizona_cardinals}
Trying to snap an eight-game losing streak, the 49ers flew to the University of Phoenix Stadium for a Week 12 NFC West rematch with the Arizona Cardinals. In the first quarter, the Niners trailed early as Cardinals QB Kurt Warner completed a 28-yard TD pass to WR Larry Fitzgerald. San Francisco responded with QB Trent Dilfer completed a 2-yard TD pass to TE Vernon Davis. In the second quarter, the 49ers took the lead with kicker Joe Nedney getting a 19-yard field goal & RB Frank Gore getting an 11-yard TD run. However, Arizona regained the lead with RB Marcel Shipp getting a 1-yard TD run & Warner hooking up with Fitzgerald again on a 48-yard TD pass.
In the third quarter, the Niners retook the lead as Dilfer completed a 57-yard TD pass to WR Arnaz Battle for the only score of the period. In the fourth quarter, it was back-and-forth as Cardinals QB Tim Rattay (a former 49er) completed a 2-yard TD pass to TE Ben Patrick, while Gore managed to get a 35-yard TD run. Afterwards, Arizona ended regulation with kicker Neil Rackers getting a 19-yard TD field goal. In overtime, the ball went back and forth between the Cardinals and the 49ers. When the Cardinals had the ball, Kurt Warner threw the ball to WR Sean Morey who appeared to have a sure touchdown, but was run down by 49ers rookie linebacker Patrick Willis. Kicker Neil Rackers missed a field goal, and the 49ers got the ball back. After a three and out, punter Andy Lee pinned the Cardinals close to their own endzone. San Francisco lifted their demons with stripping Warner in his endzone and LB Tully Banta-Cain landed on it for the touchdown and the win.
With the win, not only did the 49ers improve to 3--8, it also snapped their dreaded eight-game losing streak. It also gave them a season-sweep over the Cardinals. It also improved their overtime record under head coach Mike Nolan to 3--0. With the victory, the 49ers improved to 2--0 against the Cardinals and 1--8 against everyone else this season.
#### Week 13: at Carolina Panthers {#week_13_at_carolina_panthers}
Coming off an impressive divisional road win over the Cardinals, the 49ers flew to Bank of America Stadium for a Week 13 intraconference game with the Carolina Panthers. In the first quarter, the Niners trailed early as Panthers kicker John Kasay nailing a 19-yard field goal for the only score of the period. In the second quarter, San Francisco continued to struggle as Carolina QB Vinny Testaverde completed a 5-yard to TE Dante Rosario, along with CB Richard Marshall returning an interception 67 yards for a touchdown.
In the third quarter, the Niners managed to get on the board with QB Trent Dilfer completing a 20-yard TD pass to WR Arnaz Battle and 21-yard TD pass to TE Delanie Walker. Afterwards, the Panthers replied with RB DeShaun Foster getting a 1-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, Carolina sealed the win with Testaverde completing a 1-yard TD pass to TE Jeff King.
With the loss, not only did the 49ers drop to 3--9, it guaranteed them their fifth consecutive losing season since San Francisco\'s last playoff appearance in 2002.
#### Week 14: vs. Minnesota Vikings {#week_14_vs._minnesota_vikings}
Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Panthers, the 49ers went home for a Week 14 duel with the Minnesota Vikings. In the first quarter, the Niners trailed early as Vikings DT Kevin Williams returned an interception 18 yards for a touchdown, while kicker Ryan Longwell managed to get a 48-yard field goal. In the second quarter, Minnesota sealed the win early as QB Tarvaris Jackson completed a 19-yard TD pass to WR Robert Ferguson, Longwell nailing a 46-yard field goal, and RB Chester Taylor getting an 84-yard TD run. In the third quarter, San Francisco got their only score of the game as QB Shaun Hill completed a 5-yard TD pass to WR Arnaz Battle.
With the loss, the 49ers fell to 3--10. The only positive from the game was that the Niners held rookie RB phenom Adrian Peterson to just 3 rushing yards on 14 carries.
Starting QB Trent Dilfer (7/19 for 45 yards and 1 interception) left the game in the second quarter with a head injury.
#### Week 15: vs. Cincinnati Bengals {#week_15_vs._cincinnati_bengals}
Trying to snap a two-game skid, the 49ers stayed at home for a Saturday night interconference battle with the Cincinnati Bengals. With QB Trent Dilfer out with an injury, back-up Shaun Hill made his first career start.
After a scoreless first quarter, the Niners drew first blood in the second quarter as Hill got a 3-yard TD run. However, the Bengals took the lead as kicker Shayne Graham made a 24-yard field goal, while QB Carson Palmer completed a 52-yard TD pass to WR Chris Henry. The Niners ended the half as Hill completed a 17-yard TD pass to TE Vernon Davis.
In the third quarter, San Francisco increased their lead with kicker Joe Nedney managing to get a 29-yard and a 38-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, Cincinnati tried to mount a comeback as Graham kicked a 35-yard field goal. The Niners\' defense held on for the victory.
With the win, the 49ers improved to 4--10. With the Rams\' loss to the Packers, the Niners now sit in 3rd place in the NFC West.
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# 2007 San Francisco 49ers season
## Regular season {#regular_season}
### Game summaries {#game_summaries}
#### Week 16: vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers {#week_16_vs._tampa_bay_buccaneers}
Rolling with the momentum from the previous week\'s upset, the 49ers took on the playoff-bound Buccaneers as their final home game of the season, and of perennial pro-bowler Bryant Young\'s career.
With the Buccaneers clinching their division in Week 15, and no improvement in their seed in sight, they treated it as a glorified exhibition game by resting the majority of their starters after the first few drives. Although it wasn\'t an important game in the standings for either team, the 49ers had their pride -- and maybe their head coach Mike Nolan\'s job -- on the line, and the Bucs wanted to make sure that their momentum and edge kept up as they entered the playoffs.
The game came down to a matter of inches, as the Buccaneers final touchdown with 80 seconds remaining led to a failed 2-point attempt at a tying score; receiver Michael Clayton caught the pass in the back of the end zone but half of his foot came down out of bounds.
#### Week 17: at Cleveland Browns {#week_17_at_cleveland_browns}
The 49ers finished the season with a loss, dropping to a final standings of 5--11.
The Browns became just the fifth team in history to miss the playoffs after coming away with 10 victories in the regular season.
The loss gave the 49ers the seventh pick in the 2008 NFL draft, which they owed to the New England Patriots
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# Florit
***Florit*** is a surname that originates in Languedoc (France). In the early 15th century, some of the cavaliers from Languedoc moved to Aragon and settled in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Spanish: \"Trae de azur y cisne de plata, linguado de gules, picado y membrado de oro. Jefe de oro, y yelmo de sable. Timbre de caballero: yelmo de acero terciado, adornado con rejillas y bordura de oro y forrado de gules. En su cirnera, penacho de plumas. Pendientes de la parte superior del yelmo y rodeado éste y la mitad alta del escudo, lambrequines que, como las plumas, son de los colores y metales del blasón, es decir: oro y plata, azur y sable.\"
The coat of arms is not the property of a whole surname, but only belongs to a specific family ennobled by the monarch. No one else, not even collateral relatives, are legally allowed to use it. However, non-ennobled people (from Menorca) can use it privately if it is modified to omit certain details reserved for the noble family, i.e., the shape of the heraldic shield, the helmet and its accessories. Also, the silver swan on the blue field can be moved inside a seal, a circle, an oval, a rectangle, a square, etc.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Ermenegildo Florit (1901--1985), Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
- Eugenio Florit (1903--1999), Cuban writer, essayist, literary critic, translator, radio actor and diplomat
- Francesc Alomar Florit (1928--1955), Spanish racing cyclist
- Jimena Florit, female cyclist from Argentina, specializing in competitive mountain biking
- Urbain de Florit de La Tour de Clamouze, French nobleman
- Maria Àngels Cardona i Florit (1940--1991), biologist, ecologist and botanist from Menorca, who worked mainly in Barcelona
- Jaime Alomar Florit (born 1937), Spanish road racing cyclist
- \[\[Luis Hector Florit Molina ( born 1944),from Argentina, CEO of ABC Tax Service, Florida
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| 0 |
10,122,223 |
# Weiler-Simmerberg
**Weiler-Simmerberg** is a market town in the Swabian Lindau district.
## Geography
Being located in the Westallgäu, the market town is bordering on the region of the Bregenz Forest, part of the Austrian administrative region of Vorarlberg. The *Hausbachklamm* belongs to the prominent landmarks and sights of Weiler-Simmerberg, as well as the *Enschenstein* and the *Wildrosenmoos*. Even though the landscape is rather mild, there are many very cliffy and steep rock faces due to the irregular bedding of sandstone and conglomerate.
### Parts of the municipality {#parts_of_the_municipality}
The area of Weiler-Simmerberg consists of the *\"Gemarkungen\"* Ellhofen, Simmerberg and Weiler im Allgäu.
The following districts belong to the market town of Weiler-Simmerberg:
+----------------+-----------------------+
| - Buchenbühl | - Riegen |
| - Dressen | - Rothach |
| - Ellhofen | - Ruppenmanklitz |
| - Hagelstein | - Schreckenmanklitz |
| - Hasenried | - Simmerberg |
| - Oberleute | - Untertrogen |
| - Obertrogen | - Weiler im Allgäu |
| - Rieder | - Weißen |
+----------------+-----------------------+
## History
The municipality celebrated the 1111th anniversary of its first mentioning in 2005. The market town of Weiler-Simmerberg had been seat of a higher and lower court before 1805 and belonged to the Austrian authority of Bregenz-Hohenegg. Since the signing of the peace treaties of Brünn und Preßburg in 1805, the town belongs to Bavaria. In the course of the administrative reforms in Bavaria, the contemporary municipality was formed by the *\"Gemeindeedikt\"* of 1818
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| 0 |
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# Greatest Hits Collection, Vol
| 5 |
Greatest Hits Collection, Vol. 1
| 0 |
10,122,228 |
# Storsylen
**Storsylen** is a mountain in Tydal Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. At 1762 m, Storsylen is the highest mountain in the Sylan mountain range. The mountain summit lies less than 100 m west of the national border with Sweden and about 8 km east of the lake Nesjøen. To climb the mountain from the south, the route is characterized as scrambling, from the north it is an easy hike.
## Name
The first element is `{{wikt-lang|no|stor}}`{=mediawiki} meaning \"big\" and the last element is the finite singular form of `{{wikt-lang|no|syl}}`{=mediawiki} which means \"awl\". `{{See also|Sylan}}`{=mediawiki}
## Media gallery {#media_gallery}
<File:Sylmassivet.JPG%7CView> towards south <File:Storsylen> 2.JPG\|Storsylen mountain <File:Storsylen-primærnivå.JPG%7CView> of Storsylen <File:Storsylen
| 110 |
Storsylen
| 0 |
10,122,233 |
# GRUR International
***GRUR International**-**Journal of European and International IP Law**\'\' (formerly***Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht, Internationaler Teil**\'\') is a monthly journal co-published in English by Verlag C.H. Beck and Oxford University Press. Founded in 1952 and owned by the German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (GRUR), since 1967 the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition has assumed the scientific direction of the journal. Originally published in the German language, GRUR International made the transition to English in 2020.
The journal covers worldwide developments in intellectual property and competition law. In addition to scientific articles, the journal also publishes decisions and leading cases from jurisdictions around the world, as well as editorials, opinions, reports, case notes, official statements and book reviews. The editors-in-chief are Reto M. Hilty and Josef Drexl (Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition). The total annual volume amounts to approximately 1,200 printed pages
| 149 |
GRUR International
| 0 |
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# Andreas Holmqvist
**Per Robert Andreas Holmqvist Pedersen** (born 23 July 1981) is a Swedish professional ice hockey coach and former player. He won gold at the 2006 World Championship, while representing Sweden national team.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Holmqvist made his debut in men\'s ice hockey in Sweden\'s second-division with Hammarby IF in 2000--01. He played for Linköpings HC, Frölunda HC and Djurgårdens IF in the Swedish Elitserien, interrupted by stints in the AHL and ECHL: From 2003 to 2005, he played for the Hamilton Bulldogs, Pensacola Ice Pilots and Springfield Falcons. In 2007 and 2010, Holmqvist made it to the SHL finals with Linköping and Djurgårdens IF respectively.
He signed with Kölner Haie in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL) in 2012. He reached the DEL finals with Köln in 2013 and 2014 and was named 2013 DEL Player of the Year. He announced his retirement towards the end of the 2014--15 season.
## International play {#international_play}
Holmqvist played nine games during the 2006 World Championships en route to winning gold. He also played for Sweden at the 2005--06, 2006--07 and 2007--08 Euro Hockey Tour.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
In September 2015, he was named assistant coach of Djurgårdens IF\'s women\'s team.
## Personal
He is the younger brother of fellow hockey player Michael Holmqvist.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ---------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1999--2000 Hammarby IF J20 33 8
2000--01 Hammarby IF Allsv 37 5
2001--02 Hammarby IF Allsv 42 11
2002--03 Linköpings HC SEL 43 4
2003--04 Hamilton Bulldogs AHL 4 0
2003--04 Pensacola Ice Pilots ECHL 63 4
2004--05 Springfield Falcons AHL 42 3
2005--06 Linköpings HC J20 1 0
2005--06 Linköpings HC SEL 46 6
2006--07 Linköpings HC SEL 49 7
2007--08 Frölunda HC SEL 49 3
2008--09 Frölunda HC SEL 7 1
2008--09 Djurgårdens IF SEL 35 5
2009--10 Djurgårdens IF SEL 51 3
2010--11 Djurgårdens IF SEL 48 12
2011--12 Djurgårdens IF SEL 40 5
2012--13 Kölner Haie DEL 49 11
2013--14 Kölner Haie DEL 35 3
2014--15 Kölner Haie DEL 32 2
2018--19 Boo HC 2 SWE.7 2 0
2018--19 Kalmar HC SWE
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# 1697 in Ireland
Events from the year **1697 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: William III
## Events
- September 25 -- Banishment Act, one of the penal laws, banishes all Roman Catholic ordinaries, including bishops, and regular clergy (members of religious institutions) from Ireland.
- October 27 -- a thunderstorm ignites the arsenal at Athlone Castle.
- Celbridge Abbey in County Kildare is built as a home by Bartholomew Van Homrigh, Lord Mayor of Dublin.
- Famine in the Scottish Borders leads to continued Scottish Presbyterian migration from Scotland to Ulster.
## Births
- September 16 -- St George Caulfeild, lawyer and member of the Irish House of Commons (d. 1778)
- December 27 -- Sollom Emlyn, legal writer (d. 1754)
- James Duchal, Presbyterian (d. 1761)
- William Ruxton, landowner and member of the Irish House of Commons (d. 1751)
- *approx. date* -- John Ryder, Archbishop of Tuam (Church of Ireland) (d. 1775)
## Deaths
- December 20 -- Sir Arthur Gore, 1st Baronet, soldier and politician (b. c.1640)
- Francis Burke, Franciscan
- William FitzMaurice, 20th Baron Kerry, peer (b
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# Oakwood High School, Rotherham
**Oakwood High School** is a coeducational secondary school with academy status in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England, which in 2022 had 1,052 students.
## History
Oakwood began life as two separate single-sex 11--18 secondary technical schools. Oakwood Technical High School for Boys, occupying what became the Oaklands end of the school building, opened on 8 September 1952 with 192 first-year students. In 1953, it was joined by Oakwood Technical High School for Girls in what became the Woodlands area of the building. The schools shared catering facilities, making the dining room the divide between the boys\' and girls\' schools.
The two technical schools were part of central Rotherham\'s tripartite system of secondary education. Students leaving primary school would take the Eleven plus exam. Those who showed strong academic ability would go to either Rotherham Grammar School if they were male or Rotherham Girls\' High School if they were female. Those showing an aptitude for technology would attend one of the Oakwood Technical High Schools. The remainder would attend South Grove Secondary Modern School or Spurley Hey Secondary Modern School. Rotherham was unusual in that it fully implemented the tripartite system; many areas did not build technical schools, making grammar schools or secondary modern schools the only options available.
In 1960, Rotherham scrapped technical schools. Therefore, the Oakwood schools dropped their \'Technical High\' tags and became known as Oakwood School for Boys and Oakwood School for Girls. The schools were now semi-comprehensive and took students from the immediate area, rather than those with an aptitude for technology from the whole of Rotherham. The top 12% of students, however, still went to the grammar schools.
In the mid-1960s, central Rotherham moved to a fully comprehensive system, with everyone attending their local school, which was now fully mixed in terms of both ability and gender. As a result of this, the Oakwood boys\' and girls\' schools amalgamated and became simply Oakwood School on 1 February 1967. As part of the reforms, the school lost its sixth form to the new Thomas Rotherham College, which occupies the former Rotherham Grammar School\'s buildings. There was much controversy about the loss of the sixth form and some staff resigned from the school as a result. Rotherham Girls\' High School also lost its sixth form and became Clifton Comprehensive School. South Grove and Spurley Hey secondary moderns, which were already 11--16 schools, also became comprehensives, though both have since closed.
The school was renamed Oakwood Comprehensive School in 1975. For many years, it had separate uniforms for boys and girls, though a single uniform was introduced in the 1970s.
In 1987, the neighbouring South Grove Comprehensive School closed, which extended Oakwood\'s catchment area further towards the town centre.
In 1991, the school shortened its name to become simply Oakwood School again (though the word \'Comprehensive\' remained in its official title) and introduced a more modern uniform consisting of shirts based on the new school colours of red and blue. A separate long-sleeved black shirt for Year 11s was introduced much later.
The school was awarded Technology College status in 2001 and changed its name to Oakwood Technology College on 1 September of that year. A new Science department, which looks out onto the main road, was completed in 2002.
The school introduced vertical tutorship in September 2005, with forms organised into five houses named after trees: Aspen, Beech, Larch, Rowan and Willow.
At the beginning of the school\'s 2012--2013 academic year on 25 June 2012, Oakwood Technology College rebranded itself Oakwood High School. The school\'s colours were changed from red and blue to blue and grey. In addition, a new school logo was introduced, dropping the oak tree that had been used for 21 years. A new uniform, consisting of grey (black for Year 11) jumpers/cardigans, white shirts and house ties, was also phased in. From September 2015, a black blazer was added to the uniform. The logo was updated slightly in summer 2019 to remove the stylised \'O\', which was sometimes mistaken for a \'C\'.
Starting in July 2013, all students were issued with an iPad mini to aid their learning.
On 1 December 2013, the school converted to academy status.
Oakwood was used as a filming location for the BBC adaptation of David Walliams\' *Billionaire Boy*, broadcast on New Year\'s Day 2016. The school was used as the set of Ruffington High School, with filming taking place in October 2015. Some of the school\'s students and staff played extras.
The school underwent a complete rebuild between January 2015 and July 2016 under the Government\'s Priority Schools Building Programme. (The school was previously set to be re-built under the Building Schools for the Future (BSF) programme between 2011 and 2013, but this was abandoned in 2010 when the Government cancelled the entire BSF scheme.) The new three-storey building opened in September 2016.
In preparation for the new building opening, the school switched from six 50-minute lessons a day to four 75-minute lessons a day. The house system was also overhauled, with the number of houses being reduced to four. The new houses are all named after local landmarks: Boston, Hoober, Keppel and Wentworth. As under the old house system, each house has its own tie.
## Charitable events {#charitable_events}
For the several years, Oakwood has raised funds for the BBC charity Children in Need. The school has been featured on regional news broadcasts and the BBC Children in Need show itself.
The school hosts an annual Children in Need Concert, in which students from Years 7-11, teachers and ex-students, showcase their talents, whether they lie in music, singing and dancing, dance or drama. Recently, performances have included Rotherham Ethnic Drumming, which originated from Oakwood\'s own African drumming group, the GCSE Drama and BTEC Performing Arts groups, and the \'Bondathon\', arranged and performed in 2007 by Year 11 students.
In addition to this, the school holds an afternoon of fund raising activities which include sponsorship, jumble sales, coffee mornings and cake sales.
Each year, the school raises several thousands of pounds, which all goes to Children in Need.
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# Oakwood High School, Rotherham
## Oakwood Real Ale and Music Festival {#oakwood_real_ale_and_music_festival}
From 1992 to 2010, the school hosted the Oakwood Real Ale and Music Festival, which took place in the February half-term each year. Money raised from the festival went directly to the school. In 2011, the festival moved to the Magna Science Adventure Centre and renamed the Rotherham Real Ale and Music Festival.
The festival was staffed by volunteers, including past and present members of the school\'s staff, former pupils, and local members of CAMRA.
## Feeder schools {#feeder_schools}
Oakwood\'s three associated primary schools are Sitwell Junior School, Broom Valley Community School and Canklow Woods Primary School.
In addition, the school receives a notable number of students from Herringthorpe Junior School, Whiston Junior and Infant School and a number of other schools around the central Rotherham area.
## Progression to further education {#progression_to_further_education}
As Oakwood does not have its own sixth form, the majority of Oakwood\'s students embark on their post-16 education at the neighbouring Thomas Rotherham College for academic courses or Rotherham College of Arts and Technology for vocational courses. A significant minority attend Wickersley School and Sports College\'s sixth form.
## Conversion to a Multi Academy Trust {#conversion_to_a_multi_academy_trust}
Oakwood High School was granted an Academy Order on 1 August 2013 and converted to Academy status for the Academic Year 2013/2014. In November 2013, Oakwood transitioned to a Multi Academy Trust, to enable it to expand and support other schools. The Multi Academy Trust was initially known as the Oakwood Learning Community In June 2014 one of its feeder schools, Sitwell Junior School, joined the Multi Academy Trust with David Naisbitt as the Accounting Officer. In February 2016 the Multi Academy Trust changed its name to Inspire Trust, echoing Oakwood\'s new strap-line \"Inspired to Achieve\". By October 2017, the Inspire Trust had grown further, with the addition of the Thomas Rotherham College, which dissolved the Corporation of Thomas Rotherham College, reopening as a 6th Form Academy, within the Inspire Trust family.
## Ofsted inspections {#ofsted_inspections}
Since the commencement of Ofsted inspections in September 1993, the school has undergone seven inspections:
Date of inspection Outcome Reference
----------------------- -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
25--?? September 1995 Very good
2--4 December 2002 Very good [Report](http://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/files/785963/urn/106949.pdf)`{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki}
27--28 September 2006 Satisfactory [Report](http://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/files/834809/urn/106949.pdf)`{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki}
2--3 December 2009 Satisfactory [Report](http://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/files/950405/urn/106949.pdf)`{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki}
18--19 December 2012 Good [Report](http://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/files/2163447/urn/106949.pdf)`{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki}
27 September 2016 Good [Report](https://files.ofsted.gov.uk/v1/file/2602627.pdf)
9--10 November 2021 Good [Report](https://files.ofsted.gov.uk/v1/file/50174185)
## Headteachers
Despite originally being two schools (and therefore having two headteachers) and being open for seven decades, Oakwood has only ever had six headteachers. The longest-serving headteacher, David Rigby, completed 19 years, while even the shortest-serving headteacher, David Naisbitt, amassed 13 years. The average tenure of an Oakwood headteacher is a few months over 16 years
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# 1679 in Ireland
Events from the year **1679 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: Charles II
## Events
- Lismore Cathedral (Church of Ireland) abandoned until 1749.
## Births
- September 11 -- Thomas Parnell, clergyman and poet (d.1718)
- Anthony Duane, businessman in America (d.1747)
## Deaths
- Sir George Hamilton, 1st Baronet of Donalong, soldier
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10,122,293 |
# Jawdat Ibrahim
**Jawdat Ibrahim** (*جودت ابراهيم*, *ג\'וודאת איברהים*) is an Israeli millionaire who has established a fund that gives scholarships to both Arab and Jewish university students, and has hosted informal peace talks between Israeli and Palestinian National Authority leaders at his popular Abu Ghosh restaurant. Ibrahim lived in Chicago for six years, but returned to Israel in 1992 after winning US\$17.5 million in the Illinois State Lottery.
In 2010, Ibrahim funded a project to reclaim the Guinness World Record for the world\'s largest hummus from Lebanon in the Israeli Arab town of Abu Ghosh. The world record breaking hummus weighed 4,090 kg. The new record was described by Israel\'s Army Radio as the Third Lebanon War
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10,122,303 |
# Comin' On Strong
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unexpected '{'
{{album chart|Billboard200|31|artist=Trace Adkins|rowheader=true|accessdate=November 8, 2020}}
^
``
| 22 |
Comin' On Strong
| 0 |
10,122,305 |
# Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht, Rechtsprechungs-Report
***Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht Rechtsprechungs-Report*** (**GRUR-RR**) is a monthly intellectual property law journal published in German. It comprises case law decisions \"supplementing the court rulings section\" of the main *Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht* (GRUR) journal. The first issue was published in 2001
| 48 |
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| 0 |
10,122,323 |
# 1673 in Ireland
Events from the year **1673 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: Charles II
## Events
- June -- Peter Talbot, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland, goes into exile.
- Parliament of England votes an annual *Regium Donum* to augment the stipends of Presbyterian clergy in Ireland.
- Michael Boyle begins construction of Blessington House in Blessington, County Wicklow.
## Births
- *date unknown* -- George Wade, British army officer (d. 1748)
## Deaths
- February 9 -- James Barry, 1st Baron Barry of Santry, lawyer (b. 1603)
- June 6 -- James Hamilton, British army officer (b. c
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# Kingdom (British TV series)
***Kingdom*** is a British television series produced by Parallel Film and Television Productions for the ITV network. It was created by Simon Wheeler and stars Stephen Fry as Peter Kingdom, a Norfolk solicitor who is coping with family, colleagues, and the strange locals who come to him for legal assistance. The series also starred Hermione Norris, Celia Imrie, Karl Davies, Phyllida Law and Tony Slattery.
The first series of six one-hour episodes was aired in 2007 and averaged six million viewers per week. Despite a mid-series ratings dip, the executive chairman of ITV praised the programme and ordered a second series, which was filmed in 2007 and broadcast in January and February 2008. Filming on the third series ran from July to September 2008 for broadcast from 7 June 2009.
Stephen Fry announced in October 2009 that ITV was cancelling the series, a fact later confirmed by the channel, which said that given tighter budgets, more expensive productions were being cut.
## Series synopses {#series_synopses}
The series follows Peter Kingdom, a small-town solicitor whose work revolves around cases brought by the eclectic and eccentric populace of Market Shipborough. The series retains a largely episodic format, where self-contained plots play out before the hour concludes, though a continuing storyline concerns the mysterious disappearance of Simon Kingdom, Peter\'s half-brother. The first episode reveals that he vanished at sea six months previously and that everybody who knew him (including Peter) assumed that he committed suicide. Each week there are further indications that he did not die, culminating in episode six when it is revealed that he had a relationship with a woman who become pregnant with his child after he had supposedly died. In the first series we are also introduced to Peter\'s half-sister, Beatrice, who slowly becomes an integral character in the series.
Simon returns in the second series and is charged with faking his own death. He is released from custody after Lyle, the trainee solicitor in Peter\'s practice, decides to use Simon\'s own money (possibly obtained illegally by Simon) to bail him, after Simon reveals he was actually attempting suicide. Beatrice learns that she is pregnant and she leaves Market Shipborough, until the baby is born in the last episode of the series. Lyle threatens to leave Kingdom & Kingdom when his mentor Peter begins to neglect him, but he changes his mind when Peter makes him a partner. In the final episode, a torrential storm hits Market Shipborough, flooding much of the town. While searching for his brother, who drove off the previous night, Peter encounters something unseen by the audience, which is revealed to be Simon\'s dead body in Series 3.
Series 3 focuses more on Peter\'s life, Beatrice and her new baby (Petra), Lyle, and Gloria, the receptionist. Toward the end of the series Peter begins to suffer from small blackouts. He has some minor tests done to find out the cause of the problem. It is revealed in the last episode that Peter has Type 2 diabetes. When Peter asks the doctor whether he should tell Beatrice and Petra to get checked out, the doctor revealed that diabetes isn\'t the only thing they discovered. In the final scenes Peter reveals that he has found out that he has no blood relation to Beatrice or Simon, and that therefore \"their\" father was not in fact *his* father.
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# Kingdom (British TV series)
## Characters
The characters are described by Wheeler as \"three families\"; Peter\'s relations, his colleagues, and the populace of Market Shipborough.
- **Peter Kingdom** (played by **Stephen Fry**) is a Cambridge-educated solicitor and one half of Kingdom & Kingdom, a law firm he ran with his father. Peter is respected and regarded as compassionate by the local community. Fry describes him as \"kind and empathetic\", \"on the side of the ordinary people\" and as being \"lonely and isolated\" and not revealing his true emotions. Phyllida Law describes Peter as \"into the community like one of those old French village priests\".
- **Beatrice Kingdom** (played by **Hermione Norris**) is Peter\'s half-sister, who arrives in the first episode after leaving rehabilitation. She is described by Wheeler as intended to be the \"ultimate annoying little sister\". By series two, she is successfully controlling her mental illness with medication and has become more responsible and reliable. Norris\'s second pregnancy (with her daughter, Hero) was worked into the series storyline; Beatrice is portrayed as promiscuous in the first series and takes several pregnancy tests in the second series, which all come up positive. Beatrice goes into labour in episode five of the second series and asks Simon to be present at the birth. The identity of Petra\'s father is initially not known, and Simon tells Peter he \"will totally flip\" when he finds out. It is later revealed her father is a local philandering judge. Petra is played by twin girls in the third series. Their mother answered a casting call for young twins in a local newspaper.
- **Lyle Anderson** (played by **Karl Davies**) is a trainee solicitor at Kingdom & Kingdom during the first series. At the end of the second series, he qualifies, and is offered and accepts a partnership in the practice. Lyle is a somewhat comic character often having bad luck, whether he misses out on a potential relationship or gets hit by a golf ball. The writers created a running joke for the character, where he gets injured in almost every episode, from falling in swimming pools, landing in dikes, having his feet set in concrete by developers or simply hit by falling crucifixes or golf balls..
- **Gloria Millington** (played by **Celia Imrie**) is a legal secretary who is recovering from the death of her husband a year before the first series. She has a young son (played by Angus Imrie, the actress\'s son) and is \"the sister he (Peter) deserved\" but never had. Gloria is antagonised by Beatrice during the first series, but the two become friends after a day out together.
- **Sidney Snell** (played by **Tony Slattery**) is a smelly local and a frequent client of Peter who often finds ways to sue the local council. Slattery described Snell as an \"everyman anti-hero\", with Wheeler calling him an \"unlikely guardian of Market Shipborough\" on account of his numerous attempts to stop building work. Snell develops a close friendship with the recently widowed Gloria in the first series. To emphasise his unwashed state, the wardrobe department rotated Snell\'s costume only once in the first series.
- **Aunt Auriel** (played by **Phyllida Law**) is Peter\'s aunt and confidante. She lives in a retirement home on a large country estate.
- **Nigel Pearson** (played by **John Thomson**) is introduced in the second series as the captain of Market Shipborough\'s cricket team. Peter investigates Nigel after discovering he has not honoured sponsorship contracts made with several local businesses. Nigel confides in Peter that his marriage is breaking down - his wife (played by Rachel Fielding) is having an affair with Simon, and he returns the money owed. Nigel returns as a regular cast member in the third series, now working as a relationship counsellor.
- **Simon Kingdom** (played by **Dominic Mafham**) was an unseen character (with the exception of some photographs) in the first series, with the final episode revealing that he had fled to Dublin, apparently to escape large debts. In the second series, he returns to Market Shipborough and is charged with faking his own death. Simon has a reputation as a ne\'er-do-well, and usually behaves in a self-centered and womanising manner. At the end of the second series, he disappears after fleeing from a Mafia-type gang during a storm. It is revealed at the start of series three that he now really is dead, with the opening scene showing Peter, Beatrice and Auriel standing at his grave.
Thomas Fisher plays Ted, a local yokel who is the landlord of the local pub and a friend of Sidney Snell. Gerard Horan plays DC Yelland, who is in charge of prosecuting the Simon Kingdom case but also sometimes appears on other matters. Both Ted and Yelland\'s roles are expanded in the second series. In the first series, Maryann Turner plays a recurring minor character referred to only as \"Mrs Thing\", whom Peter is constantly trying to avoid. Simon\'s pregnant partner, Honor O\'Sullivan (played by Kelly Campbell), is introduced in the final episode of the first series. By the second series she has given birth to baby Daniel and is living with Beatrice and Peter, where she develops an attraction to Lyle. She leaves after Simon returns.
Guest appearances in the first series are made by Richard Wilson (as Peter\'s old university tutor in episode four), Robert Bathurst (as a cross-dressing husband in episode five), Lynsey De Paul as Sheila Larsen, who drowns in her own swimming pool, Joss Ackland (as an Auschwitz survivor in episode six), and Rory Bremner (as a vicar, also in episode six). Bremner, known more for satire than acting, has joked that he played the vicar \"as\" Michael Howard and Rowan Williams and that his character\'s name was \"Jane\", due to an error in the script. Wilson returned for the second series, which also includes roles by Lucy Benjamin and Richard Briers, and Diana Quick. Local residents appear as background extras and in crowd scenes. Guest stars confirmed for the third series include Pippa Haywood, James and Oliver Phelps, June Whitfield, Peter Sallis, Colin Baker, Sandi Toksvig, Jack Dee, Miriam Margolyes, Adrian Scarborough, Sophie Winkleman, Anna Massey and Jaye Griffiths.
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# Kingdom (British TV series)
## Production
Wheeler spent two years developing the idea for the series before filming began in 2006 and proposed the Peter character as \"helping people more than doing the law\". The series was originally to be based around a probate solicitor, with the title *Where There\'s a Will*. Stephen Fry disapproved of the title and raised the point that it would be difficult to produce six scripts featuring his character dealing with probate issues. A series of six episodes was announced in June 2006.
The series is primarily a vehicle for Fry, and was his first television drama series for ITV since the conclusion of *Jeeves and Wooster* in 1993. Most of the main cast had worked with Fry before: Slattery had been in Footlights with Fry, and he and Law appeared with him in *Peter\'s Friends*; Imrie appeared in *Gormenghast* though the two did not share any scenes. Already being acquainted allowed the cast to appear more relaxed in front of the camera. Norris had not made any appearances with the rest of the cast beyond a credit with Imrie in *Hospital!*, a one-off Channel 5 comedy. However, she is married to Wheeler, and he had previously written for *Wire in the Blood*, in which she formerly starred. She took the role as a change of pace from the \"ice maiden\" characters she often portrays.
Location filming is primarily based in Swaffham. Filming of the first series began on 10 July 2006 and was scheduled for 12 weeks. Shooting also took place in nearby Hunstanton, Holkham, Thetford and Dereham. Beach and harbour scenes were shot at Wells, as well as the Lifeboat station being used for that of Market Shipborough. Fry recommended Swaffham to the producers, citing market towns as \"more revealing of what Britain is like than a city is.\" Locations used within Swaffham include Oakleigh House (as the offices of Kingdom and Kingdom) and the Greyhound pub (renamed \"The Startled Duck\"), among others. The producers noted that Oakleigh House was ideal for the offices as there was an \"authenticity\" of opening the door straight onto the market square, instead of a transition from studio to location footage.
First-series scenes featuring Fry driving an Alvis TE 21 were placed in jeopardy when the actor was caught speeding in May 2006. His counsel successfully postponed the hearing until December, allowing filming to resume unaffected (Fry was eventually banned from driving for six months). The first two episodes were directed by Robin Sheppard, the third and fourth by Metin Hüseyin and the final two by Sandy Johnson. A making-of special was filmed for the ITV3 *Behind the Scenes* strand and was broadcast on 27 May 2007, immediately following the end of episode six on ITV.
Filming of the second series was scheduled in two blocks: the first---directed by Andrew Grieve---ran from 2 July to 11 August and the second---directed by Edward Hall---from 20 August to 29 September. Shooting was again based in Swaffham. Norris took a break from filming in August to give birth to her daughter, returning to the set to complete her scenes in September.
Series 3 commenced filming in July 2008. Scenes were filmed on Holkham beach featuring the Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry, who have been based in nearby Watton. During September, scenes set in Stockport, Greater Manchester, were filmed in King\'s Lynn and Halifax. Shooting concluded at the end of the month. Edward Hall returned to direct three episodes.
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# Kingdom (British TV series)
## Reception
In a preview, *Radio Times* described it as \"Sunday night television at its cosiest\", though called the plot of episode one \"feeble\". Comments by *The Stage* echoed this, calling the storyline a \"run of the mill affair\", but praised the locations and referred to the series as a whole as \"nice\". Following the broadcast of the first episode *The Guardian* wrote that the series \"slips down as smoothly as a pint of Adnams\" and (with tongue in cheek) welcomed it as a change from \"loutish\" Michael Kitchen in \"relentlessly vulgar\" fellow Sunday-night drama *Foyle\'s War*. *The Times* had a negative view, awarding the episode one star out of five and criticising Stephen Fry for \"playing Stephen Fry\". The casting of the other characters was also criticised, though the costuming was wryly praised.
The programme received some criticism in Norfolk for its inaccurate depiction of local accents. Local journalist and broadcaster Keith Skipper told the *Eastern Daily Press*: \"If they are going to set these dramas in a specific location with locals and extras surely they should get the accent right otherwise it is self defeating.\" An ITV spokesman told the paper: \"We hired a professional dialect coach to help the actors achieve their Norfolk accent. The Norfolk accent is different in one area of Norfolk to another. What we are trying to achieve is something that resembles a Norfolk accent that cannot be pinned down.\" However, he failed to identify any area of Norfolk in which the accent contains a Mummerset \"r\".
ITV executive chairman Michael Grade was pleased with the series, describing it at a conference in June 2007 as having \"done well for \[ITV\]\" in the prestigious 9 p.m. slot.
Following Simon\'s reappearance in the second series, a writer on *The Herald* expressed disappointment that the air of mystery had gone from the programme; \"As the sage and saintly Peter, Stephen Fry no longer has any great detective-style fraternal conundrum to unravel, or agonise over.\" The fifth episode of Series 2 won the 9 p.m. slot with 5.4 million viewers and a 22% audience share, beating the BAFTA coverage on BBC One. The series has been compared to *Doc Martin*, another ITV series featuring a professional working in a rural town.
The ratings for the first episode of Series 3 were affected by a scheduling clash with the finale of *The Apprentice* on BBC One; the episode had 4.95 million viewers and a 19.1% audience share.
### \"The *Kingdom* effect\" {#the_kingdom_effect}
Filming of the series in Swaffham and surrounding areas gave a boost to the local economy, dubbed \"the *Kingdom* effect\" by producer Georgina Lowe. Businesses capitalised on the popularity of the series by offering guided tours of featured locations, as well as tourist merchandise such as \"*Kingdom* rock\" and postcards. Lowe gave a lecture to Swaffham\'s Iceni Partnership in 2007, in which she explained that the production team used local businesses \"for everything from equipment and scaffold rental to buying props, costumes, food and drink\". By the end of the filming of the second series, Parallel Productions had invested approximately £2.5 million into the local economy.
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