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# Kargaly
## Main Types of Mining {#main_types_of_mining}
The first type of mining utilizes shafts or sinkings, spaces that stretch, either vertically or sloping (from 90 to 60 degree of declivity), into the sandstone and crag rock, which is covered by a layer of argillaceous soil \[fig. 6\]. These shafts lead directly to the ore and ventilate the underground shafts and facilitate the delivery of minerals and rocks to the surface. At present the majority of them are filled with collapsed clue rock and detritus, others have been destroyed by the dump from later excavations.
The second type occurs as galleries, or drifts (headings). This form of mining utilizes horizontal or nearly horizontal (slightly declined) shafts for ore extraction from sandstone or crag. Drifts and galleries are the most widespread type of mining form in Kargaly. The form and size of the galleries is not fixed, but flexible depending on the composition of the ore layers and the different characteristics of the deposit. These criteria are assessed by the miners during underground and surface gophering for copper minerals. This variability explains the changes in form and size of galleries, which often have no regular geometric profile and no strict direction. The predominance of the so-called nest, or lens accumulations of copper minerals in Kargaly led to the appearance of huge underground halls derived from galleries. Their ceilings are twenty meters high and are connected to other galleries and drifts. In some cases they were blind underground headings (strecks). Prospecting or trial pits are laid into the loam surface layer for the clearing of subsoil and are created in order to search for traces of copper minerals. The copper deposits are usually surrounded by residue of argillaceous soil and sandy loam.
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# Kargaly
## Other Traces Accompanying Mine-workings {#other_traces_accompanying_mine_workings}
Collapses are landslides of rocky or loamy roof which occur either under shallow (5--15 m) mountainous workings of the horizontal or declined galleries type, or beneath large underground workings in the form of huge halls. Collapses should be treated as traces of previous underground work and may serve as markers of mining on the surface. The size of collapses differs greatly, from 2 to 70 m in diameter, and from 1 to 30 m deep. For this type of trace there is an absence of residue, though gaps in the latest residues can be seen. Because of this, verification of true collapses is rather difficult.
Rock disposals or dumps are the most common and characteristic traces of mining. They are usually situated near the mouth of galleries or mines, but can also be found further away, stretching onto the sides of ravines for hundreds of meters, sometimes even a kilometer or more. During the general assessment of traces, dumps are not treated independently because they are usually parts of the shafts, galleries, quarries, or other mining works. Having occurred in different periods, these dumps were often superimposed not only on top of each other, but also upon the openings of ancient vertical and horizontal shafts. As a result, a chaotic distribution of residue is left on the surface of the earth.
Certain characteristics of the form and content of the dumps can provide evidence for a chronological dating from as early as the Bronze Age and to as late as the 18th to 19th centuries. The most ancient dump consisted of crushed ore-bearing rock mixed with crushed rich malachite and azurite rock. These Bronze Age rock disposals, so-called dry ore concentrations, are similar to those of ancient times. In the 18th century Russian industrialists used ancient dumps, rich in copper minerals, as a source of malachite and azurite.
The later rock disposals, large mounds of wasted sandstone slabs and blocks, are noticeably different from their predecessors. In comparison to the ancient dumps, they are poor in copper minerals and are located near the deeper excavations from the modern era. During the later exploitations of Kargaly, the miners often combined empty headings and sinkings of ancient or previously created shafts and drifts, sometimes filling them completely.
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# Kargaly
## Stages in Exploitation and Discovery {#stages_in_exploitation_and_discovery}
Kargaly was studied by a team led by Evgenij Chernykh starting in 1989.`{{r|WOB|p=22}}`{=mediawiki} The late discovery of the complex by archaeologists is odd, considering early knowledge of its existence. Ancient mines in Kargaly were the first of their kind mentioned in scientific literature in Russia. In 1762, just after the beginning of its exploitation by Russian industrialists, the Russian scholar of local history, P. I. Rychkov from Orenburg, published the book " Topography of Orenburg Province", which included a chapter on the ancient mines of Kargaly. During the more than two hundred years since the book\'s publication, no archaeologists have visited or even conducted a cursory investigation of this unique complex. What is even more amazing about this neglect is that this complex is situated in the southern Urals near a large administrative center.
The first theory on the beginnings of mining at Kargaly during the Early Bronze Age was developed more than thirty-five years ago. The ideas presented were based on the results from a series of spectral analyses of metal objects from burials of the Pit-grave and Poltavka (Yamno-Poltavka) community of the southern Urals and Volga regions. In terms of chemical composition, analysis of pure copper belonging to group of copper-bearing sandstone, indicates Kargaly as a possible source. It was only after the systematic field research of the Kargaly archaeological expedition from 1990 to 1999 that the latest developments in the history of the exploitations of Kargaly were revealed.
Three rather disparate chronological periods are evident. The earliest evidence for mining metallurgical production at Kargaly was connected with representatives of s.c. Yamno-Poltavka archaeological community and dates back to the second half of the IVth mill.BCE. Production of their manufacturing focuses corresponded completely to the morphological and technological standards of the Circumpontic metallurgical province. In Kargaly's operation was the long interruption in six centuries (2500-1900). The second and much more active period begins and extended up to 15/14 cent. BCE. This period was close connected with the standards of the Eurasian metallurgical province. Next very long interruption prolonged during the three thousand years -- up to the New Age. In the 1740s, Russian merchants and manufacturers bought vast territories from the local Bashkir population, including that of Kargaly, at an incredibly low price. Bashkirs, the nominal owners of these territories, were not aware of the value of this land, upon which they tended their herds.
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# Kargaly
## The Early Bronze Age Discoveries at Kargaly {#the_early_bronze_age_discoveries_at_kargaly}
Judging from the materials available, Kargaly mines were discovered by the Yamno-Poltavka community, a nomadic population of the stockbreeders. Numerous tribes of this community occupied vast territories in Eastern Europe, from the southern Urals to the Carpathian foothills, adjacent to the middle Danube steppe in Pannonia. The nomadic lifestyle of many cultures in the northern zone of this extensive territory, formerly of the Circumpontic Metallurgical Province, is evidenced in the thousands of burial kurgans and complete absence of settlement remains. Excavations of the big open cast on one of the lots of the Kargaly complex (the hill of the ancient settlement Gorny) exhibited connections to the early groups of pastoral tribes who inhabited the southern Urals region of Kargaly. Radiocarbon calibrated dates showed that the miners could have begun their quest for this place no later than the fourth to third millennium ВСЕ. Much was yielded from excavation of the burial of a youth \[fig. 7\] in the very center of the Kargaly mining field, a site occupied by the kurgan cemetery of Pershin. Included in the finds were a casting mould of an early type shaft-hole axe and a copper flat axe dated to the Early Bronze Age. Radiocarbon calibrated dates place the burial between 2900-2700 ВСЕ Finally, the wide distribution of copper products made from Kargaly ores of the Early and Middle Bronze Ages found in the area between the Volga and the Urals shows the significant impact of Kargaly on the development of cultures inhabiting this region. Copper ores from Kargaly were also found among the artifact inventories of rich contemporaneous kurgan burials of the tribal chiefs in Volga basin.
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# Kargaly
## Archaeological Evidence from the Late Bronze Age {#archaeological_evidence_from_the_late_bronze_age}
Although extraction of copper ores began at Kargaly in the Early Bronze Age, it was not until the Late Bronze Age or the second phase of Late Bronze Age that metallurgical activity reached its peak. The main deposits of the upper horizon in the Kargaly ore field had already been discovered in the first half and middle of the second millennium ВСЕ (Late Bronze Age), which is supported by 18th-century archival materials. The most significant archaeological remains uncovered by our expedition were in the Late Bronze Age Gorny settlement of the pastoral Srubnaya archaeological community. Gorny is a settlement of ancient miners and metallurgists, situated on the top of the promontory hill and surrounded by thousands of traces of mine production \[fig. 8\]. Simultaneously, the life of the local population and different stages in the mining-metallurgical cycle seem to have been compressed in time and space. What is more, everyday life, including mining, ore concentrating, casting, molding, and forging of tools, was combined with sacred rituals. Exceptionally uncomfortable living and working conditions prompt questions, as the dwellings were situated on top of a hill, a place characterized by intense cold in winter and heat in summer, as well as by an absence of water. This irrational phenomenon must be considered in light of the sacred beliefs of the population.
Isolated groups of miners and metallurgists whose professional skills were highly developed, lived and worked in Gorny for a long period of time. Their occupation alone dictated a kind of social and professional isolation unknown to other groups within the Srubnaya community. Remaining evidence leaves no doubt that alongside ore extraction, the large amount of copper was melted here for the casting of tools \[fig. 9\]. These processes were profoundly influenced by the ecological situation in Kargaly. Pyrometallurgical operations were limited by poor wood resources, which explains the fact that most of the copper in Kargaly was used for the production of heavy mining tools. In addition, extracted ores became important in wide commercial and exchange operations. All ore exchanges, and sometimes copper trade, were directed predominantly towards the west. Evidence for copper casting from ores mined at Kargaly was found in many settlements of the Srubnaya community, reaching as far as the Volga basin.
Staggering giant zooarchaeological materials from Gorny \[fig. 10\] substantiates material for independent research. Extermination of the stock herd there was so profound that some zooarchaeologists reject the possibility that local ancient miners owned and regularly bred them. Considering this evidence, it can be concluded that the livestock was used as an exchange product for the ore and metal produced in Kargaly. It should not be assumed that all stock herds were used for consumption. Ethnographic materials provide evidence for the unbelievable mass slaughtering of animals during rituals accompanying mining and metallurgical processes. It appears that the majority of animals were slaughtered according to the beliefs of Kargaly masters. Many complexes were found in Gorny which contained multiple large sacrificial pits. These pits were filled with specially chosen and arranged bones, particularly those of the lower jaws and ribs of animals.
All aspects of the everyday life and work of the Kargaly professionals were saturated in ritual. Gorny, in particular, exhibits various and consistent manifestations of these rituals. Numerous oracle bones were discovered, most likely those of the miners, representative of their difficult and dangerous work.
Exceptionally peculiar magical rituals accompanied the activity of Kargaly metallurgists. As evident from ethnographic parallels, archaic masters related the process of molding and casting metal to the act of giving birth. The existence of this new object was possible only through the process of copulation between feminine and masculine essences. For this reason, masculine and feminine symbols were created before the construction of foundation ditches for casting yards as well as for the pits of the large central hearths.
## Kargaly in the New Age {#kargaly_in_the_new_age}
Kargaly have been again opened in the third time in 1740th years, thanks to uncountable traces of workings out of the Bronze Age. All copper ore mining was conducted up to the end of 19th centuries in the area of ancient ore developments. The extracted minerals went on the north, to mountain areas of Southern Urals Mountains rich with the different forests. The nearest metallurgical works where Kargaly copper ore melted, have defended from this mining complex approximately on 180--200 km; the most remote -- to 500 km. During third period tens of million tons of extracted Kargaly's ore delivered to these distant metallurgical plants by the horse cartage. According to archival documents, for all time of operation Kargaly for a late (third) phase it has been melted not less than 126,000 tons of high-quality copper. By the turn of the 20th century, mining of ores in Kargaly complex has definitively finished
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# Huainan Mining Group
**Huainan Coal Mining Group** (`{{zh|s=淮南矿业集团}}`{=mediawiki}) is a coal mining company based in Huainan, Anhui, China, and is involved in bituminous and anthracite coal mining, washing, and sales, as well as other industries such as real estate and civil engineering. Previously known as the Huainan Mining Bureau, the company changed to its current name in 1998.
## Company developments {#company_developments}
Huainan Mining gained approval for a new coal project from the National Energy Administration in Bojianghaizi County, Inner Mongolia, in 2015. The coal mine is estimated to yield 3 million tonnes per year, after a total investment into the project of about 2.804 billion yuan (\$448.6 million).
In December 2016, China Construction Bank, the country\'s second biggest lender, signed a 30 billion yuan debt-for-equity framework agreement with Huainan Mining Group, to be provided over a five-year term. The agreement included the provision of financial services by CCB, including investment banking and settlement services
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# Nuestro Pan Diario
***Nuestro Pan Diario*** (Spanish, \'Our Daily Bread\') is a devotional publication by the RBC Ministries. It is available in more than 35 languages, and is a Christian Devotional with one of the highest circulations in the world. Since its first publication in 1956, *Nuestro Pan Diario* has been teaching generations of Christians about the Bible and what it means to lead a Christian life.
Every day of the year has a biblical passage, next to an appropriate story. The publication also includes biblical verses to read so that one can read the Bible in a single year
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# Jhadupudi
**Jhadupudi** is a small village in Kanchili mandal of Srikakulam District in Andhra Pradesh. It is located in between the small towns Sompeta and Ichchapuram.
## Geography
Jhadupudi is located at 19.0333 N 84.6167 E. It has an average elevation of 42 meters (141 feet).
## Demographics
census, the demographic details of Jadupudi village is as follows:
- Total Population: 2,625 in 617 Households
- Male Population: 1,180 and Female Population: 1,445
- Children Under 6-years of age: 440 (Boys - 218 and Girls - 222)
- Total Literates: 1,184
## Transport
Jhadupudi railway station is situated on Khurda Road--Visakhapatnam section, part of the Howrah-Chennai main line under Khurda Road railway division of East Coast Railway zone
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# Kailuan Group
The **Kailuan (Group) Co., Ltd.** (`{{zh|s=开滦(集团)有限责任公司}}`{=mediawiki}) is a major Chinese coal mining company. The Chinese Engineering and Mining Company was its predecessor.
In 2009, Kailuan Group planned to build a coal reserve base on the northeast coast to store 50 million tonnes of the fossil fuel. As one of the world\'s largest coal consumers and producers, it has set up four to six coal reserve bases, each with a storage capacity of more than 20 million tonnes, in eastern Shandong province to help cope with future supply shocks. The base planned by Kailuan would be located in the Caofeidian area of Hebei province and would cost an estimated 2 billion yuan (\$294 million). No timeframe has been provided.
The state-run coal mining group is the parent of Kailuan Energy Chemical (`{{SSE|600997}}`{=mediawiki}).
In 2012, Kailuan Group announced a 30% stake in a joint venture steel project with Jingtang United Iron & Steel from Tanggang. However, the deal collapsed
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# De Schreeuw
***De Schreeuw*** (*The Scream*) is a sculpture in the Oosterpark in Amsterdam that commemorates the assassinated Dutch film-maker Theo van Gogh. The monument was designed by Jeroen Henneman as a symbol of freedom of speech.
## Background
Theo van Gogh was assassinated on 2 November 2004 in the Linnaeusstraat in Amsterdam, just a few steps away from the Oosterpark. The assassin was Mohammed Bouyeri. In 2007 Henneman created the sculpture as symbol of freedom of speech.
## History
The 4.5 m high heat-blasted stainless steel statue is in the form of a stylized profile of a face that screams on one side and has a closed mouth on the other. The work shows the tension and complexity of the theme of freedom of expression and how Van Gogh was silenced.
The designer, Jeroen Henneman, said on the occasion of the unveiling that he hopes the image will remind passers-by of the moment of the murder; \"to Theo van Gogh, who cries out for mercy
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# Blackwell, Worcestershire
**Blackwell** is a village located in the North-East of Worcestershire and comes under the jurisdiction of Lickey and Blackwell Parish Council. Nearby large towns include Barnt Green and Bromsgrove. Worcester and Birmingham are also influential. The village had a station on the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway, at the summit of the Lickey Incline, however this closed in 1965.
## Background
The village has two churches, St Catherine\'s and the Methodist church (the latter having been bought by a glass company in the 21st Century) and now a private residence. In 2003/4, St Catherine\'s had the extension of \"The wheel\" added to it where meetings are held, etc.
The village has one shop that used to be a post office.
The Blackwell club was established in 1904 and has moved around the village throughout that time.
Blackwell has an active Scout Group (1st Blackwell), part of Bromsgrove District Scouts.
## Blackwell Music Festival {#blackwell_music_festival}
Each year, the village holds its own music festival, usually on the first Saturday in September. Showcasing a variety of acts and a wide range of styles, the all day festival was initially held in the grounds of Hunters Hill College. In 2021, the event moved to The Football Field on Linthurst Road, Blackwell, opposite Dale Hill.
## Outdoor Activity Centre {#outdoor_activity_centre}
Blackwell Court is predominantly a children\'s centre with Scouting at its centre. Owned by the Scout Association County of Birmingham. Blackwell Adventure is a fully equipped outdoor activity centre covering 50 acres of parkland and is located within five minutes of the M42 and M5. They have indoor accommodation including a Manor House, stable bunk house and tented villages as well as many camping grounds to suit all both at Blackwell Court and their second site at Pikes Pool. Some of the activities include 240 metre Zip wire, 3G swing, high ropes, climbing walls, kayaking plus loads more. They also have an additional 50 acres of land at Pikes Pool
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# Jamul, Durg
**Jamul** is a town and a nagar palika in Durg district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh.
## Geography
Jamul is located at 21.25 N 81.4 E. It has an average elevation of 297 metres (974 feet).
## Demographics
India census, Jamul had a population of 21,633. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Jamul has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 59%. In Jamul, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age
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# Night Riders (1981 film)
***Night Riders*** (Slovak: Noční jazdci or Czech: Noční jezdci) is a 1981 Czechoslovak film.
## Cast
- Radoslav Brzobohatý as Halva
- Michal Dočolomanský as Marek Orban
- Leopold Haverl as Babušek
- Jozef Adamovič as Imro Jakuvec
- Karol Čálik as Paľo Šebo-Macúch
## Synopsis
Shortly after World War I and the creation of the First Czechoslovak Republic, two war veterans are confronted in a small village in the north of Slovakia bordering Poland. The village is home to one of the veterans, Marek Orban (Michal Dočolomanský). As it is isolated and lacks job opportunities, he persuades the inhabitants to emigrate to America. The villagers have to sell all the cattle to be able to buy the boat tickets, but it still is not enough. Marek Orban has to smuggle horses to Poland.
The other veteran, customs officer Halva (Radoslav Brzobohatý), arrives from Prague to protect the borders and the law of the new republic. Both men of honor and principle, they are led to conflict which results in a death of villagers and customs officers. The absurdity of this tragedy is underlined at the end of the film when the border is moved, the village becomes a part of Poland and in the background Marek Orban can be seen smuggling horses from Poland to Poland
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# Rachel Barrell
**Rachel Barrell** (born 1980) is a British stage performer and singer known best for playing Christine, the female lead in the West End production of *The Phantom of the Opera*, from September 2004 until October 2006. She played the role opposite long-running London Phantoms, John Owen-Jones, and Earl Carpenter. She also performed for the show\'s 18th and 20th anniversaries.
In February 2007 she played young Sally in a special charity performance of *Follies*. Rachel has also previously performed in the musicals *Thoroughly Modern Millie*, *Beauty and the Beast*, and Sweeney Todd. She also runs a dance school in Hertfordshire.
She currently runs a youth theatre company in Hertfordshire called "spotlight", along with her husband
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# Commerce Place (Edmonton)
**Commerce Place** is an office and retail complex in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The complex\'s skyscraper stands at 125 m or 27 storeys tall and was completed in 1990. Commerce Place has a small selection of shops in the main levels of the mall and is connected to Edmonton City Centre and Manulife Place by pedway.
Commerce Place is also home to the Edmonton Consular Post, a satellite of the Italian Consulate in Vancouver.
## History
In December 1986, Toronto-based developer Olympia and York revealed that they had acquired property north of Jasper Avenue and south of Manulife Place between 101 and 102 Street. The following year, Olympia and York announced plans for an 1.35 million square foot project, then called **CityCentre**, in downtown Edmonton that would consist of twin skyscrapers and a shopping mall. The project would be built in phases with 1.2 million square foot in office space and 150,000 square foot of retail space planned. Construction of phase one began in fall 1987 with the 27-storey skyscraper opening in January 1990. The complex\'s shopping mall was originally scheduled to open in the spring of 1990. However, due to the lack of tenants, its opening was repeatedly delayed and ultimately postponed until the fall of 1991. In 1992, Olympia and York went bankrupt and in June 1993 sold the complex to Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. Plans for phase two, which would had incorporated the CIBC branch at the corner of 101 Street and Jasper Avenue into the complex and constructing a second skyscraper, were put on hold indefinitely due to a downturn of the commercial real estate market at the time. The complex was renamed Commerce Place in January 1994
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# Dimitrios Tofalos
**Dimitrios Tofalos** (*Δημήτριος Τόφαλος*, April 14, 1884 in Patras, Greece -- November 15, 1966) was a Greek weightlifter. He was a member of both Gymnastiki Etaireia Patron and Panachaikos Gymnastikos syllogos, that merged in 1923 to become Panachaiki Gymnastiki Enosi. Arguably the greatest weightlifter of the early 20th century, he won the gold medal in the 1906 Intercalated Games, setting a world record that lasted until 1914. Dimitrios Tofalos Arena is named after him.
## Early years {#early_years}
Tofalos\' herculean strength was obvious from his childhood. Everybody talked about his physical abilities, and for some time he was considered a child prodigy, since he survived a very serious accident. He was playing around a railway station, when a wagon came down on him and almost smashed his arm. He was taken to the hospital, where the doctors declared that his arm should be amputated. Tofalos\' father opposed to it and finally proved to be right. His son recovered, but as a result of the accident one of his arms was shorter than the other. His physical defect did not stop him from becoming one of the greatest Greek athletes of all time.
## 1906 Intercalated Games {#intercalated_games}
Unable to take part in the 1904 Summer Olympics due to a disease, he competed at the 1906 Intercalated Games, where he took part in the two-days weightlifting competition with both hands. On the first day the gold winner was not decided yet, so the next day two weightlifters fought each other for the gold medal; Tofalos and Austrian giant Josef Steinbach. Both of them lifted 136.5 kg very easily. They then had to lift 142.5 kg, but both Tofalos and Steinbach failed on their 1st attempt. The Greek champion broke his own world record by lifting the weight on his third attempt, whereas the Austrian athlete with a rushed and rather anxious move failed without even managing to bring the bar close to his knees. Tofalos won the gold medal, while fans were cheering him frantically. His record lasted until 1914.
## In the USA and comeback {#in_the_usa_and_comeback}
In 1910, Tofalos travelled to the United States for financial reasons. He worked as a professional wrestler and became famous for his persistence rather than his strength. There were many reports about Tofalos for a long time, when he refused to give up a game after a crushing arm-lock by the American World Heavyweight Wrestling Champion Frank Gotch, who always forced his competitor to give up. His persistence cost Tofalos three months in the hospital, but that incident contributed to his legend.
After retiring, he spent many years of his life being the manager of Jim Londos, a professional wrestler who was one of the most popular stars wrestling offered during the Great Depression. He eventually went back to his native Patras in 1952, where he spent the last three years of his life. The municipality of Patras honored him by naming a newly built arena after him in 1995.
## Gallery
<File:Dimitrios> Tofalos (no. 872) & Josef Steinbach (no. 700) at the 1906 Summer Olympics weightlifting competition.jpg\| Dimitrios Tofalos (no. 700) behind Steinbach (no. 872) at the 1906 Intercalated Games. <File:G.E.P>. 1901.jpg\|Tofalos with his co-athletes of G.E. Patras. <File:Pale> de spor Patras Dimitris Tofalos.jpg\|Dimitrios Tofalos Arena
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# Huaibei Mining Group
**Huaibei Coal Mining Group** (`{{zh|s=淮北矿业(集团)}}`{=mediawiki}) is a state-owned coal mining company based in Huaibei, Anhui, China. It was founded in 1958
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# Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research
The **Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research** (**IVIC**; *Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas*) is a scientific research institute and graduate training center in Venezuela founded by government decree on February 9, 1959. It has its origins in the **Venezuelan Institute of Neurology and Brain Research** (**IVNIC**; *label=none*), which Humberto Fernandez-Moran founded in 1955.
The center has the Marcel Roche Library, recognized in 1996 by UNESCO as being \"the best Regional Library for Science and Technology\".
The headquarters of the IVIC is located near San Antonio de los Altos, in Altos de Pipe, Miranda State. The grounds cover 832-acre headquarters, where are the scientific and academic facilities, residences for researchers, students and staff, storeroom, dining, administration and service area, library, etc. Within this area there are some pockets of tropical cloud forest and a couple of streams. IVIC is currently in the process of regionalization, of which there have been two sub-regional headquarters in Mérida and Zulia states.
Also have a Scientific Research Station near Higuerote, Miranda State.
Sergio Arias Cazorla and his colleagues, who worked as human geneticists in the institute, discovered Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciónes Científicas syndrome.
## Organization
It is composed of the worker staff, the \"rank\" (scientific) staff, the administrative staff (secretaries, dean, etc.) and students
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# Marine Firemen's Union
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Infobox union
|name = Marine Firemen's Union
|location_country = [[United States]]
|affiliation = [[Seafarers International Union of North America]] [[AFL–CIO]]
|members = 516 (2023)
|full_name = Pacific Coast Marine Firemen, Oilers, Watertenders and Wipers Association
|native_name =
|image = File:MFOW SHIELD 1.jpg
|founded = October 1883
|dissolved =
|merged =
|headquarters = [[San Francisco, CA]]
|key_people = Anthony Poplawski, President
|website = [http://www.mfoww.org/ www.mfoww.org]
|footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki}
The **Pacific Coast Marine Firemen, Oilers, Watertenders and Wipers Association** (MFOW), commonly referred to as the **Marine Firemen\'s Union**, is an American labor union of mariners working aboard U.S. flag vessels. The Marine Firemen\'s Union is an affiliate union of the Seafarers International Union of North America AFL--CIO.
The union was formed in San Francisco, California in October, 1883, by \"firemen on coal-burning steamers.\"
## Strikes
In June 1886, the union led a strike against the Oceanic Steamship Company.
In 1901, the union participated in a San Francisco strike of over 20,000 men to oppose an open shop initiative by employers.
On May 1, 1906, the union participated in a successful strike for better wages and working conditions. The strike lasted until November 1906.
In 1921, faced with threats including a 15 percent reduction in wages, loss of overtime pay, a reduction from three to two watches, the union joined a national strike. The strike was unsuccessful, and by the end of the year unlicensed American mariners were being replaced by subsistence-wage foreign crews.
On May 16, 1934, the union joined the West Coast longshoremen\'s strike of 1934. Lasting 83 days, it led to the unionization of all of the West Coast ports of the United States. The San Francisco general strike, along with the 1934 Toledo Auto-Lite Strike led by the American Workers Party and the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934, were important catalysts for the rise of industrial unionism in the 1930s.
West Coast sailors walked off their ships in support of the International Longshoremen\'s Association longshoremen, leaving more than 50 ships idle in the San Francisco harbor. In clashes with the police between July 3 and July 5, 1934, three picketers were killed and \"scores were injured.\" During negotiations to end the strike, the sailors received concessions such a three-watch system, pay increases, and better living conditions.
In 1936, all the Pacific Maritime Federation unions banded together to strike for wages, working conditions, and a union-controlled hiring hall. The strike was successful.
The union participated in a 1948 West Coast strike that included the longshoremen. The strike lasted for four months with neither side clearly victorious.
On March 16, 1962, the union called a strike and on April 11, 1962, under the Taft--Hartley Act, a federal injunction was issued to stop the strike. After lengthy court battles, an agreement was reached, with the union gaining numerous concessions, including \"overtime in port, pension benefits, wages, vacation, and welfare benefits.\"
## Building in San Francisco {#building_in_san_francisco}
The building currently housing the union, built in 1957, is located at 240 2nd St. in San Francisco, California. The bas-relief sculpture on the front was made by Olof Carl Malmquist, a sculptor who contributed to the Golden Gate International Exposition
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# Peer Health Exchange
**Peer Health Exchange** is a 501(c)(3) health education organization based in Oakland, California. The organization trains college student volunteers to teach skills-based health education in public high schools in low-income communities that lack comprehensive health education. The vision of Peer Health Exchange is that, one day, all teens will have the knowledge and skills to make healthy decisions, advancing health equity for teens in under-resourced communities.
As of June 2021, the organization has nine communities with active volunteers, including Boston, New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco Bay Area, Denver, Dallas, Detroit and Stockton.
Peer Health Exchange partners with Headspace (company) to provide a Mental health platform for US teens for free.
## Background
Peer Health Exchange (PHE) works to provide this education in public high schools, specifically about sexual and health education. Their goal is to prevent growing trends in adolescents engaging in risky or harmful behavior in sexual and personal spheres of their lives.
## History
In 1999, six graduates from Yale University began going into underfunded and understaffed public high schools in New Haven, Connecticut, to teach health workshops. The founding members of this New Haven group, (which now reaches ten New Haven public schools with over 100 volunteers) established Peer Health Exchange, Inc in 2003. They brought their program to New York City first, training over 150 volunteers from Barnard College, Columbia University, and New York University and reaching 1300 low-income high school students that would otherwise have not received any health education in school. In 2006, PHE launched a program in Boston, training college students from Boston University and Harvard College. In the 2006--2007 school year, PHE trained more than 270 volunteers in Boston and New York City and reached 1,600 high school students. The program has also been extended into Chicago, Illinois, training college students from DePaul University, University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and University of Illinois Chicago Campus. To further its impact, in July 2007, PHE initiated a five-year growth plan to deepen impact in current cities and spread throughout the country to new sites, including Mills College, University of Southern California, California State University Northridge, St. Mary\'s College of California, and University of California, Berkeley. In 2018, the biggest site is New York City reaching high schools in all five boroughs and long standing college chapters include CUNY schools such as Hunter College, City College, Brooklyn College, Queens College, LaGuardia Community College, York College, and College of Staten Island.
In order to provide teenagers with knowledge of sexual and health education, PHE works with public high schools where much of the student body is living at or below the poverty threshold and is at a higher risk for health issues like teenage pregnancy or obesity.
The volunteers are recruited and chosen from surrounding colleges and then trained in the PHE curriculum which includes 12 standardized health workshops highlighting issues like: substance abuse, nutrition, and sexual health. They are often students including public service in many areas of their life and 90% of past volunteers express that PHE affected their career goals after college. Using the slightly older students as peers, PHE offers the benefits of peer education while using traditional methods of instruction. The volunteers speak to the students in ways relevant to their everyday lives and can serve as role models demonstrating healthy behavior. The high school students are encouraged to articulate their values and goals while learning basic, accurate health information. They are encouraged to explore the way the media and their peers perceive and act towards issues of health. Part of the PHE curriculum is to help the students practice their communication skills as well as risk evaluation, prevention, decision-making through role-playing resembling true to life situations.
Peer Health Exchange hopes that their volunteers will help teenagers protect their bodies and lives while providing them with the knowledge and skills. Their hope is that they can apply the skills learned in PHE workshops outside of the classroom by making informed decisions. Their ultimate goal is to keep the students in---and excelling in---school, in the workforce, staying away from risky behavior, and building on a healthy future.
In 2021, Peer Health Exchange launched *Selfsea*, an app that provides first-person videos of young people talking about mental health, sex, and body image.
In May 2022, Peer Health Exchange partnered with Brightline to develop teen-focused materials for its platform and mobile app.
## Funding
In 2019, the organization received \$4,891,613 in contributions and grants and reported a total revenue of \$5,436,085. Total expenses in 2019 was \$9,909,111
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# E. D. Feehan Catholic High School
**E. D. Feehan Catholic High School** is a Catholic high school on the west side of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, in the neighbourhood known as Westmount. It is operated by Greater Saskatoon Catholic Schools. It was the only Catholic high school on the city\'s west end until 2008 when Bethlehem High School, located in the Blairmore Urban Centre, opened its doors.
## History
The school is named in honour of Edward Daniel Feehan, the first superintendent of education of St. Paul R.C.S.S.D. No. 20 in the city of Saskatoon. He was also the first principal of St. Mary School, the first school in the division. As of 2019, Feehan is one of only two non-religious figures (the other being Governor General Georges Vanier) to have a school in the Saskatoon Catholic school system named after them; all other schools in the system are named for either religious leaders, saints, place names, or descriptive terms.
E. D. Feehan offers several courses for students in grades from nine to twelve, such as the standard educational programs, woodworking, cooking, and computer classes. It also offers opportunities in career pathways focused on residential home construction and health care. The school also is known for its volunteer work with participants of the Special Olympics program along with its alternative program for students with special needs.
Its feeder schools are St. Edward School, École St. Gerard School, St. John School, St. Mary\'s Wellness & Education Centre, St. Maria Goretti Community School and St. Michael Community School.
E.D. Feehan CHS celebrated its 50th year celebration in education and excellence during the 2017--2018 school year.
## Sports
The school athletic teams are the \"Trojans\" for the boys and the \"Troys\" for the girls. The school colours are royal blue and gold
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# 2007–08 UEFA Cup
The **2007--08 UEFA Cup** was the 37th edition of the UEFA Cup, UEFA\'s former second-tier club football tournament. The final was played at the City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester, England on 14 May 2008 between Rangers of Scotland and Zenit Saint Petersburg of Russia. Zenit won the match 2--0, with goals from Igor Denisov and Konstantin Zyryanov, to claim their first UEFA Cup title. The first qualifying games were played on 19 July 2007 and the main tournament commenced on 20 September 2007. A total of 157 football clubs took part in the tournament (including its qualifying rounds).
Each European football nation is represented by a different number of its associate clubs, depending on the UEFA coefficients. Budućnost Podgorica and Rudar Pljevlja were the first teams from Montenegro to enter the competition.
The semi-final between Zenit and Bayern Munich was alleged to have been fixed. Both clubs denied the allegations, and the UEFA probe found no wrongdoing on either part.
Sevilla could not defend their title as they automatically qualified for the 2007--08 UEFA Champions League and also reached the knockout stage.
The tournament\'s top scorers were Pavel Pogrebnyak of Zenit Saint Petersburg and Luca Toni of Bayern Munich, each with 10 goals.
## Association team allocation {#association_team_allocation}
A total of 157 teams from all 53 UEFA member associations participated in the 2007--08 UEFA Cup. The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients was used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:
- Associations 1--6 and 16--21 each had three teams qualify.
- Associations 7--8 each had four teams qualify.
- Associations 9--15 and 22--53 (except Liechtenstein, San Marino and Andorra) each had two teams qualify.
- Liechtenstein (as they organized only a domestic cup and no domestic league), San Marino and Andorra had only one team that qualified.
Moreover, the following teams also qualified for the competition:
- 24 teams eliminated from the 2007--08 UEFA Champions League were transferred to the UEFA Cup.
- 11 teams advancing from the 2007 UEFA Intertoto Cup were transferred to the UEFA Cup.
- 3 associations had one additional team qualify via the UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking.
### Association ranking {#association_ranking}
For the 2007--08 UEFA Cup, the associations were allocated places according to their 2006 UEFA country coefficients, which took into account their performance in European competitions from 2001--02 to 2005--06.
Apart from the allocation based on the country coefficients, associations could have additional teams participating in the UEFA Cup, as noted below:
- -- Additional teams transferred from the UEFA Champions League
- -- Additional teams transferred from the UEFA Intertoto Cup
- -- Additional berth via Fair Play ranking
+-------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Rank Association Coeff. Teams Notes | Rank Association Coeff. Teams Notes | Rank Association Coeff. Teams Notes |
| ------ ------------- -------- ------- ------- | ------ ------------- -------- ------- ------- | ------ ------------- -------- ------- ------- |
| 1 72.748 3 | 19 20.975 3 | 37 4.832 2 |
| 2 66.731 | 20 20.375 | 38 4.500 1 |
| 3 63.486 | 21 19.999 | 39 4.415 2 |
| 4 50.781 | 22 18.500 2 | 40 4.331 |
| 5 48.364 | 23 16.950 | 41 3.665 |
| 6 44.041 | 24 14.665 | 42 2.998 |
| 7 41.331 4 | 25 14.083 | 43 2.665 |
| 8 32.081 | 26 13.249 | 44 2.665 |
| 9 31.833 2 | 27 12.332 | 45 2.332 |
| 10 31.457 | 28 10.165 | 46 2.332 |
| 11 30.375 | 29 10.165 | 47 1.999 |
| 12 30.250 | 30 8.165 | 48 1.832 |
| 13 26.600 | 31 7.373 | 49 1.666 |
| 14 26.575 | 32 7.164 | 50 1.665 |
| 15 26.166 | 33 6.832 | 51 0.000 1 |
| 16 25.875 3 | 34 6.331 | 52 0.000 |
| 17 24.290 | 35 5.832 | 53 0.000 2 |
| 18 21.541 | 36 5.331 | |
+-------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
: **Association ranking for 2007--08 UEFA Cup**
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# 2007–08 UEFA Cup
## Association team allocation {#association_team_allocation}
### Distribution
The following was the access list for this season.
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Round | Teams entering in this round | Teams advancing from the previous round | Teams transferred from Champions League or Intertoto Cup |
+==========================+===========================================================================================================+=====================================================+==================================================================+
| First qualifying round\ | - 33 domestic cup winners from associations 21--53 | | |
| (74 teams) | - 32 domestic league runners-up from associations 19--53 (except Liechtenstein, San Marino and Andorra) | | |
| | - 6 domestic league third-placed teams from associations 16--21 | | |
| | - 3 teams which qualified via Fair Play ranking | | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Second qualifying round\ | - 6 domestic cup winners from associations 15--20 | - 37 winners from the first qualifying round | - 11 winners from UEFA Intertoto Cup third round |
| (64 teams) | - 3 domestic league runners-up from associations 16--18 | | |
| | - 7 domestic league third-placed teams from associations 9--15 | | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| First round\ | - 14 domestic cup winners from associations 1--14 | - 32 winners from the second qualifying round | - 16 losers from Champions League third qualifying round |
| (80 teams) | - 2 domestic league third-placed teams from associations 7--8 | | |
| | - 5 domestic league fourth-placed teams from associations 4--8 | | |
| | - 8 domestic league fifth-placed teams from associations 1--8 (league cup winners for France) | | |
| | - 3 domestic league sixth-placed teams from associations 1--3 (league cup winners for England) | | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Group stage\ | | - 40 winners from the first round | |
| (40 teams) | | | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Knockout stage\ | | - 8 group winners from the group stage | - 8 group third-placed teams from Champions League group stage |
| (32 teams) | | - 8 group runners-up from the group stage | |
| | | - 8 group third-placed teams from the group stage | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
: Access list for 2007--08 UEFA Cup
Due to the UEFA Cup title holder (Sevilla) qualifying for the Champions League via their domestic league, the following changes to the access list were made:
- The cup winners of association 14 (Czech Republic) entered the UEFA Cup first round instead of the second qualifying round.
- The cup winners of association 19 and 20 (Norway and Austria) entered the UEFA Cup second qualifying round instead of the first qualifying round.
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# 2007–08 UEFA Cup
## Association team allocation {#association_team_allocation}
### Teams
The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round:
- CW: Domestic cup winners
- CR: Domestic cup runners-up
- 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.: League position of the previous season
- LC: League cup winners
- PO: End-of-season UEFA Cup play-offs winners
- IC: Intertoto Cup third round winners
- FP: Qualified via Fair Play ranking
- CL: Transferred from the Champions League
- Q3: Losers from the third qualifying round
- GS: Third-placed teams from the group stage
Round of 32
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Marseille `{{small|([[2007–08 UEFA Champions League|CL GS]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Werder Bremen `{{small|([[2007–08 UEFA Champions League|CL GS]])}}`{=mediawiki}
First round
Villarreal `{{small|([[2006–07 La Liga|5th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Zaragoza `{{small|([[2006–07 La Liga|6th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Getafe `{{small|([[2006–07 Copa del Rey|CR]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Palermo `{{small|([[2006–07 Serie A|5th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Fiorentina `{{small|([[2006–07 Serie A|6th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Empoli `{{small|([[2006–07 Serie A|7th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Tottenham Hotspur `{{small|([[2006–07 FA Premier League|5th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Everton `{{small|([[2006–07 FA Premier League|6th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Bolton Wanderers `{{small|([[2006–07 FA Premier League|7th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Sochaux `{{small|([[2006–07 Coupe de France|CW]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Rennes `{{small|([[2006–07 Ligue 1|4th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Bordeaux `{{small|([[2006–07 Coupe de la Ligue|LC]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Second qualifying round
Zenit Saint Petersburg `{{small|([[2006 Russian Premier League|4th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
CFR Cluj `{{small|([[2006–07 Liga I|3rd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Dunfermline Athletic `{{small|([[2006–07 Scottish Cup|CR]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Standard Liège `{{small|([[2006–07 Belgian First Division|3rd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk `{{small|([[2006–07 Vyshcha Liha|4th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Jablonec `{{small|([[2006–07 Czech Cup|CR]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Galatasaray `{{small|([[2006–07 Süper Lig|3rd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
First qualifying round
Young Boys `{{small|([[2006–07 Swiss Super League|4th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Litex Lovech `{{small|([[2006–07 A Group|4th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Maccabi Tel Aviv `{{small|([[2006–07 Israeli Premier League|3rd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Brann `{{small|([[2006 Tippeligaen|2nd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Vålerenga `{{small|([[2006 Tippeligaen|3rd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Ried `{{small|([[2006–07 Austrian Football Bundesliga|2nd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Mattersburg `{{small|([[2006–07 Austrian Football Bundesliga|3rd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Partizan `{{small|([[2006–07 Serbian SuperLiga|2nd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Vojvodina `{{small|([[2006–07 Serbian SuperLiga|3rd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Bežanija `{{small|([[2006–07 Serbian SuperLiga|4th]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Groclin Grodzisk Wielkopolski `{{small|([[2006–07 Polish Cup|CW]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Bełchatów `{{small|([[2006–07 Ekstraklasa|2nd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Odense `{{small|([[2006–07 Danish Cup|CW]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Midtjylland `{{small|([[2006–07 Danish Superliga|2nd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Honvéd `{{small|([[2006–07 Magyar Kupa|CW]])}}`{=mediawiki}
MTK Budapest `{{small|([[2006–07 Nemzeti Bajnokság I|2nd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Hajduk Split `{{small|([[2006–07 Croatian First Football League|2nd]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Slaven Belupo `{{small|([[2006–07 Croatian Football Cup|CR]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Helsingborgs IF `{{small|([[2006 Svenska Cupen|CW]])}}`{=mediawiki}
Notes
## Round and draw dates {#round_and_draw_dates}
Phase Round Draw date First leg Second leg
---------------- ------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------- -------------------
Qualifying First qualifying round 29 June 2007 19 July 2007 2 August 2007
Second qualifying round 3 August 2007 16 August 2007 30 August 2007
First round 31 August 2007 20 September 2007 4 October 2007
Group stage Matchday 1 9 October 2007 25 October 2007
Matchday 2 8 November 2007
Matchday 3 29 November 2007
Matchday 4 5--6 December 2007
Matchday 5 19--20 December 2007
Knockout stage Round of 32 21 December 2007 13--14 February 2008 21 February 2008
Round of 16 6 March 2008 12--13 March 2008
Quarter-finals 14 March 2008 3 April 2008 10 April 2008
Semi-finals 24 April 2008 1 May 2008
Final 14 May 2008 at City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester
: Schedule for 2007--08 UEFA Cup
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# 2007–08 UEFA Cup
## Qualifying rounds {#qualifying_rounds}
### First qualifying round {#first_qualifying_round}
{{#lst:2007--08 UEFA Cup qualifying rounds\|Q1}}
### Second qualifying round {#second_qualifying_round}
{{#lst:2007--08 UEFA Cup qualifying rounds\|Q2}}
## First round {#first_round}
{{#lst:2007--08 UEFA Cup first round\|R1}}
## Group stage {#group_stage}
The draw, which was conducted by UEFA\'s director of professional football Giorgio Marchetti and Michele Centenaro, UEFA\'s head of club competitions, was held on Tuesday, 9 October 2007 at 12:00 CET in Nyon, Switzerland.
The top three teams (highlighted in green) of each group qualified for the next round. Based on paragraph 6.06 in the UEFA regulations for the current season, if two or more teams were equal on points on completion of all the group matches, the following criteria were applied to determine the rankings:
1. superior goal difference from all group matches played;
2. higher number of goals scored in all group matches played;
3. higher number of goals scored away in all group matches played;
4. higher number of wins;
5. higher number of away wins;
6. higher number of coefficient points accumulated by the club in question, as well as its association, over the previous five seasons (see paragraph 8.03 of the UEFA regulations).
### Group A {#group_a}
### Group B {#group_b}
### Group C {#group_c}
### Group D {#group_d}
### Group E {#group_e}
### Group F {#group_f}
### Group G {#group_g}
### Group H {#group_h}
## Knockout stage {#knockout_stage}
All of the rounds in the final phase are two-legged, except for the final. In the event of aggregate scores being equal after normal time in the second leg, the winning team will be that which scored more goals on their away leg: if the scores in the two matches were identical, extra time is played. The away goals rule also applies if scores are equal at the end of extra time. If there are no goals scored in extra time, the tie is decided on a penalty shoot out. The team first out of the hat in each tie plays the first leg of their tie at home, and the second leg away
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# Forton Lake
**Forton Lake** is a tidal creek located in the town of Gosport, Hampshire. A small area of the lake is within the grounds of St Vincent College. The locality is the subject of a painting by Martin Snape, which hangs in Gosport Town Hall. The Lake itself is resident to local fish species, including shoal bass and pollack.
## Archaeology
Forton Lake is home to around thirty wrecked vessels of varying type, the majority of which arrived at the lake in the twentieth century. Among these are a Second World War motor minesweeper, MMS *293*, which served in the Royal Navy with the Expeditionary Force of the Allied Naval Commander-in-Chief in 1944, and a former Gosport ferry named *Vadne*, which was built in 1939 and ferried passengers at Portsmouth Harbour from 1939 to 1943 and from 1946 to 1965.
Forton Lake was the subject of a brief archaeological survey in 1997, and more recently the focus of the Forton Lake Archaeology Project, organised by the Nautical Archaeology Society and Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology, from 2006 to 2008. This project involved local residents in attempting to uncover the heritage that had lain undiscovered at the lake. Fieldwork for another archaeology project, the Forton Lake Archaeology Project 2009, was completed over the period of four months from June through to September.
Forton Lake is known to have been in use since the early Saxon times, and its use has been continuous. Many of the wrecks located in the lake would have been used by the Royal Navy as barges or for transporting munitions and other goods; others, such as *Vadne*, would have served the general public on a daily basis.
The east end of Forton Lake, as it becomes Portsmouth Harbour, is home to a footbridge built in 2000 as part of the Millennium Project, which sought to modernise the Gosport waterfront in celebration and anticipation of the year 2000
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# Fumio (illustrator)
is a Japanese illustrator from Osaka Prefecture who works on the art for adult visual novels. He has worked for several different visual novel companies, such as Front Wing, Jaleco, Circus, F&C, and Key.
## Games illustrated {#games_illustrated}
- *Crank In*
- *Grisaia no Kajitsu*
- *Hoshiuta*
- *Hoshiuta: Starlight Serenade*
- *Pia Carrot G.O
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| 0 |
10,124,990 |
# Phon Na Kaeo district
**Phon Na Kaeo** (*โพนนาแก้ว*, `{{IPA|th|pʰōːn nāː kɛ̂ːw|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) of Sakon Nakhon province, northeast Thailand.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was created on 1 April 1991, when the four *tambons* Ban Phon, Na Kaeo, Na Tong Watthana, and Ban Paen were split off from Mueang Sakon Nakhon district. It was upgraded to a full district on 5 December 1996.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise) Khok Si Suphan, Mueang Sakon Nakhon and Kusuman of Sakon Nakhon Province, Pla Pak, Huai Phueng and Wang Yang of Nakhon Phanom province.
## Administration
The district is divided into five sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 48 villages (*mubans*). There are no municipal (*thesaban*) areas, and a further five tambon administrative organizations.
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- ------------------ ----------- ---------- --------
1\. Ban Phon บ้านโพน 8 6,378
2\. Na Kaeo นาแก้ว 12 10,848
3\. Na Tong Watthana นาตงวัฒนา 11 6,553
4\. Ban Paen บ้านแป้น 10 6,957
5\
| 168 |
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| 0 |
10,125,050 |
# Peter Buckley (boxer)
**Peter Buckley** (born 9 March 1969) is a retired English journeyman boxer who competed from 1989 to 2008. Although he most notably fought around the Featherweight division, he competed at a number of weight divisions up and down on either side.
## Pro career {#pro_career}
Buckley turned pro in October 1989, when he fought Alan Baldwin from Brixham at the Colosseum, Stafford, West Midlands, England, it was a close fight which ended in a draw.
Buckley lost 256 of his 300 contests, which is the second most in boxing history behind Reggie Strickland. Throughout his career he fought a number of quality world champions and British champions including Duke McKenzie, Naseem Hamed, Acelino Freitas, Jason Cook, Paul Ingle, Patrick Mullings, Dean Pithie, Jason Booth, Michael Brodie, Scott Harrison, Michael Gomez, Johnny Bredahl, Gavin Rees, John Murray, Bradley Pryce, Derry Mathews, Lee Meager, Dave Stewart, Gary Woolcombe, Lee Selby and Kell Brook.
Buckley, who never fought for a major title, was honoured with a special ringwalk and presentation before his 200th fight in April 2003 at the MEN Arena in Manchester. He then proceeded to lose a decision to Baz Carey.
Buckley finished his professional career with his 300th and last fight on 31 October 2008 where he scored a 4-round points decision victory over Matin Mohammed (0--1--1) in Birmingham. After the fight, Peter was awarded a small trophy and a special belt to mark his achievement.
Peter had won a few regional titles, the vacant BBBofC Midlands area Super featherweight and Super Bantamweight titles when his record was at 16--9--4 (2KO) against Mark Bates (super featherweight) and 20--44--5 (5KO) respectively. Perhaps his career peak was at 17--10--4 (3KO) before losing to future CBC, and EBU champion and WBU challenger Johnny Armour
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# Trupti Patel
**Trupti Patel** is a qualified British pharmacist from Maidenhead in Berkshire, England, who was acquitted in 2003 of murdering three of her children, Amar (5 September 1997 -- 10 December 1997), Jamie (21 June 1999 -- 6 July 1999), and Mia (14 May 2001 -- 5 June 2001).
## Early life {#early_life}
Patel was born into a family of Punjabis who had moved from India to England. She spent her childhood in Lancashire, and attended grammar school. She attended King\'s College London, where she gained a B.Sc. in pharmacy. Around this time, she met her future husband, Jayant, a qualified electrical engineer who later worked as a business analyst for British Telecom. They were married within seven months, and their first child, a girl, was born in 1995.
## Charges and trial {#charges_and_trial}
Their second child, a boy, died unexpectedly at the age of two months, in December 1997. Eighteen months later, another boy died aged just 15 days. Autopsies yielded no explanations for the deaths, but a daughter who died at the age of 22 days in June 2001 was found to have four broken ribs. A police investigation was started, which led to Patel\'s arrest in May 2002. She was charged with the murder of the three children.
The case, which was heard at Reading Crown Court, was one of a number of famous court cases in Britain in which mothers who reported more than one cot death were accused of murder. It was one of a number of cases in which evidence was given by Roy Meadow, a controversial pediatrician whose testimony helped to convict Sally Clark, Angela Cannings, and Donna Anthony of murdering their babies. Meadow\'s claim that the likelihood of two babies dying from natural causes in the same family was one in 73 million prompted the Royal Statistical Society to write a letter of complaint to the Lord Chancellor, stating that the figure had \"no statistical basis\"; other experts said that when genetic and environmental factors were taken into account, the figure was closer to one in 200.
Meadow, giving evidence for the prosecution, listed four indications of Patel\'s guilt. One was the injuries suffered by the third child to die. Patel\'s explanation was that the rib fractures had resulted from attempts at resuscitation. The second and third points were that the children had undergone several medical examinations, and all had been well until shortly before their deaths. The fourth point was that three consecutive children had died, and that, according to Meadow, \"in general, sudden and unexpected death does not run in families.\"
One of the defence witnesses was genetics specialist Professor Michael Patton, who testified that several cot deaths in the same family could be caused by an undiscovered genetic defect, and that the chances of experiencing more than one cot death could be as high as one in twenty. The court heard evidence that Patel\'s maternal grandmother lost five children in infancy, but that her remaining seven children were \"alive and well\".
By the time the case came to court, Meadow\'s claims about the likelihood of a second cot death in the same family had been largely discredited. Clark\'s conviction for the murder of her sons had been overturned some months earlier, and Cannings\'s guilt was disputed by many. After the trial started, two key prosecution witnesses, both of whom examined Mia\'s body and disputed Patel\'s claim that the fractured ribs were caused by attempts at resuscitation, said that they were no longer sure. Professor Rupert Risdon, a paediatric pathologist, wrote to the judge saying that he had found evidence of rib fractures caused by resuscitation in three children that he had examined in the previous month alone, and Nathaniel Carey, a Home Office pathologist, said he could \"no longer state categorically that the rib fractures were not due to resuscitation.\"
## Acquittal
On 11 June 2003, Patel was acquitted. She announced shortly after her acquittal that her husband would have a vasectomy, as they were unwilling to take the risk of having another child. A court order imposed on her after the death of Mia in 2001, requiring her to be supervised when with her remaining daughter, was being reassessed by social services in light of her acquittal
| 711 |
Trupti Patel
| 0 |
10,125,106 |
# Abraham ben Jacob Cansino
**Abraham ben Jacob Cansino (Cancino)** was a seventeenth-century Spanish-Jewish poet. He is the author of *Aguddat Ezob* (A Bunch of Hyssop), a collection of poems and rhetorical compositions, in three parts, praised very highly by Isaac Cansino and David Abu al-Khair. Abraham Cansino was once arrested by the Spanish authorities for having in his possession copies of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. His son was also taken, and both were sent to Murcia, Spain, where they were treated like prisoners for a time, and fined; the copies of the Talmud were confiscated. His friends and relatives wrote poems of consolation to him; to these he replied from Murcia.
There is also an Abraham Cansino, an authority mentioned in the Machzor Oran as writing, in the name of the Jewish community of Oran, to the communities of Algiers in 1661, of Jerusalem in 1663, and of Hebron in 1668. In 1679 he lived in Livorno, Italy, where he received a letter from Tunis. This Abraham Cansino may be identified with Abraham Cansino, rabbi and preacher, brother of Isaac Cansino of whom Wolf speaks (*Bibl. Hebr.* iii., Nos. 143b, 1101, and 1265c). Meyer Kayserling mentions an Abraham Cansino who was rabbi at Livorno in 1685, and evidently refers to the same person. Luzzatto thinks that this Abraham Cansino is not to be identified with the poet of the same name.
Another Abraham Cansino was an authority mentioned in the Machzor Oran as living at Livorno in 1709. As he is not addressed by the titles usually given to rabbis, Luzzatto thinks that he was not a rabbi, and therefore not to be identified with either of the above. The epitaph of an Abraham Cansino written by Jacob Sasportas is given in the Machzor Oran, but furnishes no indication of the place or date of its writing.
Mention is also made of an Abraham Cansino, author of the epitaph on David Francis, who died about 1696
| 328 |
Abraham ben Jacob Cansino
| 0 |
10,125,114 |
# Bartholomew J. Eustace
**Bartholomew Joseph Eustace** (October 9, 1887 -- December 11, 1956) was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as the first bishop of the Diocese of Camden in New Jersey from 1938 until his death.
## Biography
### Early life {#early_life}
Bartholomew Eustace was born October 9, 1887, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City. He was the elder of two sons of Bartholomew Ambrose and Elizabeth (née Nolan) Eustace, both natives of Ireland. His father worked as a bookkeeper.
Eustace graduated from St. Francis Xavier College in 1910. He then began his studies for the priesthood at St. Joseph\'s Seminary in Yonkers. He won a scholarship to Rome, where he completed his theological studies at the Pontifical North American College and earned a doctorate in theology.
### Priesthood
While studying in Rome, Eustace was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of New York on November 1, 1914, by Bishop Alessio Ascalesi. Upon his return to New York the following summer, Eustace was appointed an assistant pastor at Blessed Sacrament Parish in New Rochelle. He remained there for one year before joining the faculty of St. Joseph\'s Seminary in 1916 as professor of philosophy and liturgy. During World War I, Eustace also served as a chaplain at the Pelham Bay Naval Training Station in New York City.
At St. Joseph\'s, Eustace earned a reputation as a liturgical scholar, publishing an English translation of Pope Benedict XIII\'s *Memoriale Rituum* in 1935 and often serving as master of ceremonies to Cardinal Patrick Hayes. Among his students was James McIntyre, who would become a cardinal in 1953. Eustace remained at the seminary for 21 years, until he was appointed pastor at Blessed Sacrament Parish in New Rochelle in September 1937.
### Bishop of Camden {#bishop_of_camden}
On December 16, 1937, Eustace was appointed the first bishop of the newly established Diocese of Camden by Pope Pius XI. He received his episcopal consecration on March 25, 1938, from Cardinal Hayes, with Bishops Edward Kelly and Stephen Donahue serving as co-consecrators, at St. Patrick\'s Cathedral in New York City. More than 3,000 guests attended his consecration, including former New York Governor Al Smith, former New York City Mayor John P. O\'Brien, and Eustace\'s elderly mother. Following his arrival in Camden, Eustace said he believed his mother \"was just a little proud of me, now that I am a bishop.\" Eustace took formal charge of the Diocese of Camden on May 4, 1938, when he was installed at Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception.
The new diocese, comprising six counties and 2,700 square miles in South Jersey, then contained 100,000 Catholics, 86 priests, 49 parishes, and 35 Catholic schools. Over the course of Eustace\'s 18 years as bishop, the Catholic population and the number of priests in the diocese more than doubled. He founded 31 parishes, 25 missions, 50 churches, 20 convents, 22 elementary schools, and four high schools.
Two of the parishes that Eustace founded were established specifically for African-American Catholics --- St. Monica\'s in Atlantic City (the first new parish during his tenure) and St. Bartholomew\'s in Camden. When St. Bartholomew\'s fell into financial difficulties, Eustace recruited Eddie Cantor to give a benefit performance in 1950. He also erected Our Lady of Fatima Parish for Spanish-speaking Catholics. Eustace established Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital at Camden in 1950 and Mercy Hospital at Sea Isle City, New Jersey, in 1953, as well as the Angelus Convalescent Home at Wildwood, New Jersey, and St. Mary\'s Home for the Aged at Haddonfield, New Jersey.
Eustace was diagnosed with diabetes in 1941 and had three heart attacks between 1950 and 1955.
### Death
He was diagnosed with bladder cancer in September 1956, after which he became confined to his residence in Haddonfield. He died there on December 11, 1956, at age 69.
His funeral Mass was celebrated by his former student, Cardinal McIntyre of Los Angeles.
## Legacy
Bishop Eustace Preparatory School, a coeducational private high school in Pennsauken Township, New Jersey, is named in his honor
| 677 |
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| 0 |
10,125,116 |
# Hits FM (Nepal)
**Hits FM** (Nepali: हिट्स एफएम) is a radio station based in Kathmandu, Nepal. It is a subsidiary of Hits Nepal Pvt. Ltd., which was established in January 1996. It went on air in April 1996 and is currently available 24 hours a day on 91.2 MHz. Its philosophy is to hire presenters who are \"fresh\" - thus ensuring originality and also the ability to shape the presenters in accordance to overall goals and objectives of Hits Nepal Pvt. Ltd.
Hits FM maintains a weekly music chart. The most followed charts are Hits Xpress (Bollywood songs), Megatops Chart (English songs), and Hits Countdown (Nepali songs).
It is one of the most listened-to FM stations in the country, with one of the highest-rated shows. It is ranked among the top 40 radio stations in the World (Asia, Africa, Australia, South America) by UK and Irish Radio Stations broadcasting on the Internet.
## History
Hits FM was established by its parent company Hits Nepal Pvt. Ltd with the vision -*\"To become the best form of entertainment media in Nepal\"*. Hits FM began its operation in April 1996, in their permanent office based in New Baneshwor, Kathmandu. Hits FM has completed 24 years in the Nepalese Music Sector as a quality music provider in digital media.
## Radio presenters {#radio_presenters}
Hits FM currently has more than 40 radio presenters. A few of the notable radio presenters of Hits FM are: Mandira Dhungel, Kala Subba, Bipra Acharya, Supriya Pradhan, Arjun Ghimire, and Binu Khadga.
## Annual Hits FM Music Awards {#annual_hits_fm_music_awards}
Hits FM began awarding artists of Nepali Music Industry since 1998. It is one of the prestigious Music of Nepal awards, along with Image FM Music Awards, in Nepali music industry. Nepali musicians like 1974 AD, Nabin K Bhattarai, Yash Kumar, Robin and the New Revolution, Nima Rumba and Prashna Shakya have been awarded for their contributions to the Nepali Music Industry.
## Genres
Hits FM airs various English, Hindi, Nepali songs in major regions of Nepal. The genres of music played by the station are;
- Pop
- Classic Rock
- Modern Rock
- Jazz
- Blues
- Rap/ Reggae/ Hip Hop/ Dance
- Nepali pop, rock, modern, film soundtracks, folk, bhajans, classics
- Hindi Pop, Film Soundtracks, ghazals, bhajans
- Eastern Classical Music (Instrumental)
## Advertisement policies {#advertisement_policies}
The commercial advertisements in Hits FM are rated according to peak listening time. It is rated in five different categories, namely; Diamond, Platinum, Gold, Silver and Brass
| 417 |
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| 0 |
10,125,130 |
# Sayuri Ishikawa
is a Japanese enka singer who made her professional debut in 1973. With a career nearing five decades, she is one of the most-recognized and successful enka singers in history.
Ishikawa is a popular contestant on the annual NHK *Kōhaku Uta Gassen* broadcast. Up till 2017, she has been invited to perform 40 times since 1977, the year she released her biggest hit, \"Tsugaru Kaikyo-Fuyugeshiki\". To date, she holds the record for the most appearances in the *NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen* for a female artist. She has released over 100 albums (including compilation albums) and more than 120 singles, of which a few were not enka, but rock and jazz music instead. Another of her biggest hits, \"Amagi-goe\", which was released in 1986, won her many awards, and many believe`{{who|date=January 2019}}`{=mediawiki} that it was this song that made her an icon as an A-list enka singer.
Ishikawa appears in the Wim Wenders film \"Perfect Days\", which won the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 2023 Cannes Film Festival.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Ishikawa grew up during enka\'s heyday and went with her mother and grandmother to see Chiyoko Shimakura\'s performance. \"I loved singing,\" she recalls. Ishikawa won a singing contest in 1972 when she was only 14 years old and released her first single \"Kakurenbo\" the next year. She finished her high school but didn\'t go to university, entering show business instead. Her biggest hit, \"Tsugaru Kaikyō Fuyugeshiki\", was released in 1977.
Major league baseball player Ichiro Suzuki of the Seattle Mariners chose Sayuri Ishikawa\'s \"Amagi-goe\" as an at-bat walk-up song in 2008 along with Misia\'s \"Ishin Denshin\" and \"Royal Chocolate Flush\". Ishikawa re-recorded this song with Marty Friedman for Ichiro.
In 2010, Ishikawa released a rare, non-enka single, *Baby Baby*, a duet with rock singer Tamio Okuda.
In 2015, Ishikawa recorded \"Chanto Iwanakya Aisanai\", the ending theme of the *Lupin the 3rd Part IV* anime.
In July 2017, Tokyo Olympics 2020 organizers kicked off the countdown celebration to the Olympics by releasing a promotional theme song along with a summer dance. The song, with which the organizer aimed to promote Japanese summer festivals, is a new version of \"Tokyo Gorin Ondo,\" the theme song for the 1964 Summer Olympics, but with updated lyrics. It is performed by Ishikawa, alongside Yūzō Kayama and Takehara Pistol (ja).
On May 20, 2019, it was announced that Ishikawa would be awarded the 2019 Spring Purple Ribbon Medal of Honours (令和元年春の紫綬褒章) for her accomplishments.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Ishikawa married Kenji Baba in 1981, but the couple divorced in 1989. Their daughter, Saori, was born in 1984.
## NHK *Kōhaku Uta Gassen* appearances {#nhk_kōhaku_uta_gassen_appearances}
Ishikawa\'s first *Kōhaku Uta Gassen* appearance was in 1977, four years after her debut and following the hit of her signature song \"Tsugaru Kaikyō Fuyugeshiki\".
2017 marked her 40th appearance in total, and 36th consecutive year in the ever popular annual event, which is a record for a female artist.
She missed the 34th edition in 1983 as she was heavily pregnant, though she did attend the show and appeared as a guest, cheering the red (female) group
| 524 |
Sayuri Ishikawa
| 0 |
10,125,133 |
# 1736 in Ireland
Events from the year **1736 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George II
## Events
- March 17 -- act of the Parliament of Ireland for rebuilding Saint Finbar\'s Cathedral and erecting a workhouse in Cork.
- March 18 -- the House of Commons of Ireland passes resolutions condemning the tithe of agistment on pasturage for dry and barren cattle.
- April 17 -- Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, lays the foundation stone for an obelisk commemorating the Battle of the Boyne (1690) at Oldbridge, County Meath.
- June -- publication in London of *S--t contra omnes: an Irish miscellany* containing the first printing of Jonathan Swift\'s satire on the Parliament of Ireland, \"A character, panegyric, and description of the Legion Club\".
- June 19 -- Charles Cobbe, at this time Church of Ireland Bishop of Kildare, purchases the Newbridge Estate in County Kildare.
- July 27 -- riots in east London protesting at Irish immigrants to England providing cheap labour.
- October 6 -- James Hamilton begins publication of the *Dublin Daily Advertiser*.
- James Gallagher, Roman Catholic Bishop of Raphoe, publishes *Sixteen Irish Sermons, in an easy and familiar stile, on useful and necessary subjects, in English characters, as being the more familiar to the generality of our Irish clergy* in Dublin.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- Paul becomes the first of the Swiss Lafranchini brothers to come to Ireland where he produces rococo stucco work for the architect Richard Cassels.
## Births
- October -- Boyle Roche, politician (d. 1807)
- John Alexander, nonconformist minister and writer (d. 1765)
- Robert Jephson, soldier, politician and dramatist (d. 1803)
## Deaths
- March 10 -- William Cosby, British royal governor of New York (b
| 296 |
1736 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,125,147 |
# 1981 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The **1981 IAAF World Cross Country Championships** was held in Madrid, Spain, at the Hipódromo de la Zarzuela on March 28, 1981. A report on the event was given in the *Glasgow Herald*.
Complete results for men, junior men, women, medallists, and the results of British athletes were published.
## Medallists
+----------------+
| **Individual** |
+----------------+
| Senior men\ |
| (12 km) |
+----------------+
| Junior men\ |
| (7.25 km) |
+----------------+
| Senior women\ |
| (4.41 km) |
+----------------+
| **Team** |
+----------------+
| Senior men |
+----------------+
| Junior men |
+----------------+
| Senior women |
+----------------+
## Race results {#race_results}
### Senior men\'s race (12 km) {#senior_mens_race_12_km}
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| Rank | Athlete | Country | Time |
+=================+=====================+=========+=======+
| | Craig Virgin | | 35:05 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| | Mohammed Kedir | | 35:07 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| | Fernando Mamede | | 35:09 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 4 | Julian Goater | | 35:13 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 5 | Antonio Prieto | | 35:18 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 6 | Rob de Castella | | 35:20 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 7 | Girma Berhanu | | 35:22 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 8 | Thom Hunt | | 35:23 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 9 | Alex Hagelsteens | | 35:24 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 10 | Pierre Levisse | | 35:26 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 11 | Rod Dixon | | 35:30 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 12 | El Hachami Abdenouz | | 35:34 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| Full results | | | |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
: Individual race
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Rank | Team | Points |
+==============+=================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+========+
| | \ | 81 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Mohammed Kedir \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 2 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Girma Berhanu \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 7 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Dereje Nedi \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 13 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Kebede Balcha \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 14 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Miruts Yifter \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 15 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Eshetu Tura \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 30 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Hana Girma) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (32) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Tolossa Kotu) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (75) \|} | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 114 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Craig Virgin \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 1 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Thom Hunt \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 8 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Mark Nenow \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 17 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Bill Donakowski \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 18 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Bruce Bickford \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 19 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| George Malley \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 51 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Daniel Dillon) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (63) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Mike McGuire) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (80) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Mark Muggleton) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (103) \|} | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 220 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Jackson Ruto \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 22 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Peter Koech \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 24 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Alfred Nyasani \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 25 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Sammy Mogene \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 36 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Wilson Musonik \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 56 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Some Muge \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 57 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Joseph Kiptum) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (68) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Adriano Musonye) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (147) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (John Rotich) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (200) \|} | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 4 | | 254 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 5 | | 255 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 6 | | 312 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 7 | | 350 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 8 | | 377 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Full results | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
: Teams
- Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result
| 602 |
1981 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
| 0 |
10,125,147 |
# 1981 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
## Race results {#race_results}
### Junior men\'s race (7.25 km) {#junior_mens_race_7.25_km}
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| Rank | Athlete | Country | Time |
+=================+===================+=========+=======+
| | Mohammed Chouri | | 22:04 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| | Yevgeniy Zherebin | | 22:06 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| | Keith Brantly | | 22:07 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 4 | George Nicholas | | 22:08 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 5 | Paul Davies-Hale | | 22:19 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 6 | John Butler | | 22:21 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 7 | Vincent Rousseau | | 22:23 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 8 | Salvatore Antibo | | 22:29 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 9 | Francesco Panetta | | 22:32 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 10 | Chris Hamilton | | 22:32 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 11 | Jonathan Richards | | 22:33 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 12 | Dave Reid | | 22:37 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| Full results | | | |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
: Individual race
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Rank | Team | Points |
+==============+=============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+========+
| | \ | 23 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Keith Brantly \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 3 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| George Nicholas \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 4 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| John Butler \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 6 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Chris Hamilton \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 10 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Peter Warner) \|\| align=\"right\" style=\"border:0\" \| (22) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Michael Pyeatt) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (23) \|} | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 61 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Paul Davies-Hale \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 5 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Jonathan Richards \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 11 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Mark King \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 20 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Christian Bloor \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 25 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Philip Dixon) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (51) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Neil Rimmer) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (88) \|} | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 66 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Dave Reid \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 12 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Chris Brewster \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 14 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Paul McCloy \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 16 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Allen Hugli \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 24 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Marc Olesen) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (39) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Mark Orzel) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (63) \|} | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 4 | | 80 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 5 | | 118 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 6 | | 130 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 7 | | 135 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 8 | | 137 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Full results | | |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
: Teams
- Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result
| 427 |
1981 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
| 1 |
10,125,147 |
# 1981 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
## Race results {#race_results}
### Senior women\'s race (4.41 km) {#senior_womens_race_4.41_km}
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| Rank | Athlete | Country | Time |
+=================+=====================+=========+=======+
| | Grete Waitz | | 14:07 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| | Jan Merrill | | 14:22 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| | Yelena Sipatova | | 14:22 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 4 | Agnese Possamai | | 14:25 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 5 | Tatyana Sychova | | 14:25 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 6 | Betty Springs | | 14:28 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 7 | Svetlana Ulmasova | | 14:28 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 8 | Debbie Scott | | 14:31 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 9 | Tatyana Pozdnyakova | | 14:34 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 10 | Asunción Sinobas | | 14:38 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 11 | Dorthe Rasmussen | | 14:39 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| 12 | Dianne Zorn | | 14:39 |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
| Full results | | | |
+-----------------+---------------------+---------+-------+
: Individual race
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Rank | Team | Points |
+==============+========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+========+
| | \ | 24 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Yelena Sipatova \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 3 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Tatyana Sychova \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 5 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Svetlana Ulmasova \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 7 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Tatyana Pozdnyakova \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 9 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Irina Bondarchuk) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (21) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Giana Romanova) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (32) \|} | |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 36 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Jan Merrill \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 2 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Betty Springs \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 6 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Julie Shea \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 13 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Mary Shea \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 15 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Brenda Webb) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (30) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Francie Larrieu) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (36) \|} | |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 89 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Agnese Possamai \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 4 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Cristina Tomasini \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 23 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Silvana Cruciata \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 29 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Alba Milana \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 33 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Nadia Dandolo) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (46) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Marina Loddo) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (49) \|} | |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 4 | | 90 |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 5 | | 96 |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 6 | | 106 |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 7 | | 123 |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 8 | | 167 |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Full results | | |
+--------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
: Teams
- Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result
## Medal table (unofficial) {#medal_table_unofficial}
- Note: Totals include both individual and team medals, with medals in the team competition counting as one medal.
| 450 |
1981 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
| 2 |
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# 1981 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
## Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 460 athletes from 39 countries. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published
| 31 |
1981 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
| 3 |
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# Khok Si Suphan district
**Khok Si Suphan** (*โคกศรีสุพรรณ*, `{{IPA|th|kʰôːk sǐː sù.pʰān|pron}}`{=mediawiki}, *โคกสีสุพรรณ*, `{{IPA|tts|kʰôːk sǐː su᷇.pʰân|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) of Sakon Nakhon province, northeast Thailand.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was created on 5 May 1981, when the three *tambons* Tong Khop, Lao Phon Kho, and Dan Muang Kham were split off from Mueang Sakon Nakhon district. It was upgraded to a full district on 9 May 1992.
## Geography
Neighbouring districts are (from the south clockwise) Tao Ngoi, Mueang Sakon Nakhon and Phon Na Kaeo of Sakon Nakhon Province, Wang Yang and Na Kae of Nakhon Phanom province.
## Demographics
The people of Khok Si Suphan are predominantly of Phu Thai and Nyaw ethnicity.
## Administration
The district is divided into four sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 52 villages (*mubans*). There are no municipal (*thesaban*) areas, and a further four tambon administrative organizations.
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- ---------------- ----------- ---------- --------
1\. Tong Khop ตองโขบ 17 12,273
2\. Lao Phon Kho เหล่าโพนค้อ 11 5,769
3\. Dan Muang Kham ด่านม่วงคำ 11 7,029
4\
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| 0 |
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# Ray Agnew
**Ray Mitchell Agnew Jr.** (born December 9, 1967) is an American professional football executive and former player who is the assistant general manager for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He served as the director of pro personnel with the Los Angeles Rams from 2017 to 2020.
Agnew played college football as a defensive tackle for the NC State Wolfpack and was selected 10th overall by the New England Patriots in 1990 NFL draft. He played 11 seasons in the NFL for the Patriots, New York Giants, and St. Louis Rams.
## Early life and college {#early_life_and_college}
Agnew was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina where he attended and played football for Carver High School. During his senior year, he was voted the defensive most valuable player after recording 70 tackles and 10 sacks in only seven games. Agnew then played college football and majored in history at North Carolina State University.
## NFL career {#nfl_career}
He was drafted by the New England Patriots with the tenth pick of the first round of the 1990 NFL draft. Agnew played for the Patriots for five years before going to the New York Giants. After spending three years with the Giants he went to the St. Louis Rams where he played for three years. Agnew retired after the 2000 season.
## Executive career {#executive_career}
In 2017, Agnew was promoted to director of pro personnel for the Los Angeles Rams.
On January 27, 2021, Agnew was named the assistant general manager of the Detroit Lions.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Three of Agnew\'s sons are active in the game of football. Ray Agnew III is a pro scout for the New York Jets and is a former fullback in the National Football League. Agnew\'s son, Malcolm, is the current running backs coach at Sacramento State, and Keenan is a defensive tackle at Southern Illinois
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| 0 |
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# Morgan (band)
**Morgan** was an English progressive rock band, formed and disbanded in the early 1970s.
## History
Featuring former Smile member Tim Staffell on vocals and guitar, Bob Sapsed of Springfield Park on bass, Maurice Bacon on drums and (the band\'s namesake) Morgan Fisher on keyboards, Morgan formed in 1971. The group was born from the joint Morgan Fisher--Maurice Bacon band Love Affair, a highly successful soul-pop band (#1 UK hit, \"Everlasting Love\" in 1968) that transmogrified into the band L.A., a fusion group who combined pop sensibilities with an underground progressive rock approach.
Morgan formed shortly after L.A. lapsed, with the band deciding to discard all pop leanings and launch headlong into composing keyboard-driven progressive rock epics. They sequestered themselves in the newly constructed RCA Studios in Rome, home to the then-cutting edge of recording technology (16-track studios were still considered an extravagant rarity). The profusion of unusual musical instruments in the studio heavily influenced Morgan\'s on-record soundscape; a 1930 Neo-Bechstein electric piano, harpsichord, marimba, celeste, timpani, tubular bells, and first-generation synthesizers (such as the British VCS3) all united to aid in the crafting of a unique and ground-breaking musical direction.
The band were fans of Yes, Pink Floyd, The Nice and King Crimson, with their progressive approach much influenced by those artists. The group\'s modus operandi had Fisher composing all the music whilst Staffell focused on the lyrics; their joint efforts steered the band towards science-fiction imagery and concept albums. Their first album, entitled *Nova Solis*, contained four songs, and concluded with the side-length eponymous title track, the chronicle of a galactic journeyman lamenting the destruction of the Earth. The album\'s sales were largely disappointing.
Morgan had signed a two-album deal with RCA, and in 1973 embarked on the recording of their second (and ultimately final) album, originally titled \"Brown Out.\" The name of the album was later changed when it became apparent that the band intended to include an insert of the themselves mooning the casual record buyer. Thus \"Brown Out\" became *The Sleeper Wakes.* Due their feeling that the music was too complex and left-field, RCA opted not to release *The Sleeper Wakes.* It was eventually released in the U.S. in 1976 by Import Records, who maintained the original title.
In the wake of these problems the group disbanded, and the members went their separate ways. Staffell went on to craft models for the *Thomas the Tank Engine* children\'s TV series and, more recently, founded the funk band aMIGO; whilst Fisher continued performing, first (briefly) with Third Ear Band then Mott the Hoople and later recording as a solo artist. Maurice Bacon went on to play drums with John Otway and later to manage him and other artists. Bob Sapsed was killed in a road accident in 1986.
Staffell\'s previous band Smile replaced him with Freddie Mercury and went on to massive global success as Queen, who supported Mott the Hoople on their early UK/US tours in 1974. Fisher later played keyboards with Queen on their 1982 Hot Space tour.
\"The Sleeper Wakes\" was first released (using that title) in the UK in 1978 by the new independent label Cherry Red Records -- it was their very first album release. Morgan Fisher went on to craft several other groundbreaking albums for that label, including \"Hybrid Kids,\" \"Slow Music,\" and the 1980 cult classic \"Miniatures\" (a collection of 51 one-minute tracks by a variety of cutting-edge artists).
Both Morgan albums were released on CD in 1999/2000 by Angel Air Records and also in Japan on local record labels. \"Nova Solis\" was re-issued again on CD in 2009 by Esoteric Recordings, testifying to the staying power of this adventurous music
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# William Conner
**William Conner** (December 10, 1777 -- August 28, 1855) was an American trader, interpreter, military scout, community leader, entrepreneur, and politician. Although Conner initially established himself as a fur trader on the Michigan and Indiana frontiers, his business interests later expanded to include ownership of Indiana farms, mills, distilleries, and mercantile shops. He was also a land speculator. Conner served the American forces in several capacities during the War of 1812, and as an interpreter and witness at several treaty negotiations with Native American tribes that resulted in their removal from Indiana and established the state\'s geographical boundaries.
Conner founded Hamilton County, Indiana, and Noblesville, its seat of government. In addition, he established the nearby towns of Alexandria in Madison County and Strawtown in Hamilton County. Conner also served three non-consecutive terms as a state representative in the Indiana General Assembly between 1829 and 1837, and was a charter member of the Indiana Historical Society, established in 1830. Conner\'s brick home in Hamilton County has been restored and preserved as part of the Conner Prairie Interactive History Park, a living history museum in Fishers, Indiana, that is named for him and located on his former property.
## Early life {#early_life}
William Conner, the third son of Richard and Margaret (Boyer) Conner, was born on December 10, 1777. Richard Conner (1718--1807), born in Maryland, was a trader and tavern operator; Margaret Conner was a former white captive of the Shawnee, whom Richard ransomed for \$200 and a promise to give their first-born son to the tribe so that they could marry. Richard and Margaret Conner spent the early years of their marriage living among the Shawnee in Ohio, where their first son, James, was born in 1771 and delivered to the Shawnee as agreed. Ongoing conflicts along the frontier forced the Conner family to leave the area. They traveled with Moravian missionaries and their Delaware (Lenape) and Shawnee converts to christianity. While still living in Ohio, James was ransomed from the Shawnee and returned to his parents. The Conner\'s second and third sons, John (1775--1826) and William, were also born in Ohio. (Sources disagree on whether William\'s birthplace was the Moravian settlement in Lichtenau in Coshocton County or at Schoenbrunn in what is now Tuscarawas County, Ohio.)
During the American Revolutionary War, the Conners joined a group of Moravians and their Native American followers in their British-forced removal to what became the state of Michigan. The Moravian missionaries and their followers returned to Ohio, but the Conner family remained at what was later named Macomb County, Michigan. Before his death in 1807 at the age of eighty-nine, Richard established a successful trading post in Michigan and acquired more than 400 acre of land in the area. Although the Conner brothers received land from their father, by 1795 William was also trading with Native Americans around Saginaw Bay.
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# William Conner
## Career
From his arrival in what became central Indiana in 1800 to the end of his life in 1855, William Conner was actively involved in the area\'s settlement and development, including founding Hamilton County, Indiana, platting the town of Noblesville in 1823, and donating land in the new town to establish it as the county\'s seat of government. Conner was also a trader, interpreter, and liaison on treaty negotiations with the Native Americans. Beginning in the 1820s, Conner used the wealth he had amassed from his ties to trading and the land cession treaties with Native Americans to become a landowner and successful business entrepreneur during Indiana\'s pioneer era.
### Trader and interpreter {#trader_and_interpreter}
After the American Revolutionary War, Conner joined his older brother, John, in what later became the state of Indiana. Arriving in 1800, they worked as agents for Angus Mackintosh, a Canadian fur trader, and become officially licensed traders in 1801. The Conner brothers settled among the Delaware along the west fork of the White River in present-day central Indiana, and married the Delaware women. In 1802 William married Mekinges (born in 1789), the daughter of the Delaware chief Kikthawenund, also known as William Anderson. At the time of their marriage, William would have been 24 or 25 years old; Mekinges would have been 12 or 13 years old. Chief Anderson was the namesake of present-day Anderson, Indiana. William and Mekinges Conner had six children and settled on 200 acre of prairie land along the White River, where Conner built a log cabin that doubled as their home and a trading post. He also engaged in farming. The property remained Conner\'s home for thirty-five years. His brother, John, who settled near Cedar Grove, a white settlement in Indiana\'s Whitewater Valley area in 1803, acted as an intermediary to facilitate the sale of fur pelts and skins that William sent him. John also supplied trade goods and liquor for his brother\'s trading post customers.
In addition to operating a trading post, Conner and his business partner, William Marshall, profited from the land-cession treaties with the Native Americans and their removal from central Indiana. In 1811, during the War of 1812, Conner began serving in several capacities as a \"soldier, scout, interpreter, and spy.\" He also helped make sure that the Delaware remained loyal to the Americans. In addition, Conner accompanied William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, to the Battle of the Mississinewa in 1812 and was present at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. Conner was among those who helped identify the mutilated body of Tecumseh, who was killed in the battle. Conner continued to serve as an interpreter for the federal government during treaty negotiations after the war. The treaties ceded Native American lands to the federal government and removed the Native Americans living to reservation lands west of the Mississippi River.
Conner was involved in eight treaty negotiations, including service as an interpreter and liaison during the Treaty of St. Mary\'s negotiations in 1818. Under the terms of the treaty, the Delaware ceded their lands in central Indiana to the federal government in exchange for lands west of the Mississippi River, reimbursement for improvements made to their Indiana property, and annuity payments. The treaty was signed on October 3, 1818, and set the terms for the removal of the White River Delaware from Indiana, including Conner\'s wife, Mekinges, and their six children. Conner helped the treaty negotiators determine what the Native Americans would accept in exchange for their lands and urged the Native American leaders to agree to the treaty terms. In addition, Conner profited from the Native Americans\' removal by providing them with supplies for their journey west.
It is not known if Conner intended to move west with his Delaware family after the Treaty of Saint Mary\'s was signed. \"As early as 1818\" Conner had filed a petition \"to secure legal right to his land.\" In February 1820, six months before the Delaware removal from Indiana to reservation land west of the Mississippi River, Conner filed a petition that requested permission to remain on his land in Indiana and indicated that he would raise his Delaware family there, but the petition was tabled. As his family prepared to move west, Conner divided assets with Marshall, his business partner who decided to move west with the Delaware, and supplied his own family with horses and goods for the journey. (Conner provided Mekinges with sixty horses as her share of the trading business.) Conner accompanied Mekinges and their six children on the first day of their journey before leaving them to continue their trek west with the Delaware. He left no record to explain his decision to remain in Indiana.
### Landowner and community leader {#landowner_and_community_leader}
Conner used the wealth he amassed from his trading post and payments he received from his government service to re-establish himself in the white community of Hamilton County, Indiana. Three months after his Delaware family\'s departure, Conner married seventeen-year-old Elizabeth Chapman, the step-daughter of John Finch, a recent settler. Chapman was \"possibly the only young, eligible white woman in the area.\" William and Elizabeth Conner had ten children over the next twenty-five years. One of his sons was Alexander H. Conner who was a lawyer and politician.
Beginning in the 1820s, Conner was a leader of community-building efforts in central Indiana and helped to facilitate its settlement. In 1822 Conner, his Delaware wife, Mekinges, and their heirs, were granted title in common to their Indiana homestead, although his Delaware wife and children no longer lived there. In 1823 Conner began the construction of a brick residence near the site of the family\'s log cabin on an estimated 1000 acre of land. The new home, where he resided with his second wife, Elizabeth, and their children, overlooked the White River and became a gathering place for various activities of the growing community. The Conner home became a stopover for travelers, a mail stop, and a meeting place for the newly established Hamilton County government.
With cash reserves from his earlier work as a trader and involvement in Native American treaty negotiations, Conner acquired multiple landholdings in central Indiana. He also became a land speculator, sometimes joining with others to acquire land that was subsequently sold at a high profit to new settlers. Conner and Josiah Polk platted Noblesville in 1823. The men also donated land in their new town for county government buildings that helped to secure its selection as the Hamilton County seat of government. Conner was also the founder of Strawtown, also in Hamilton County, and Alexandria in Madison County. In addition to his farming and livestock interests, Conner owned or invested in several stores, mills, and a distillery.
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# William Conner
## Career
### Politician
Conner was involved in local and state politics. He supported the Whig Party\'s policies and his political friends such as Jonathan Jennings, James Noble, and James B. Ray, among others. Conner served as Hamilton County\'s first treasurer. He also served three non-consecutive terms in the Indiana General Assembly in 1829-1830, 1831--1832, and 1836-1837. His interest in politics were motivated by business interests. Conner lobbied in support of internal improvements, such as new roads or the authorization of other public works that would benefit his business ventures.
### Other interests {#other_interests}
Around 1834 Conner became an agent for the Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis Railroad. His other civic interests included service as an interpreter for treaty negotiations with the Miami people in 1826 and the Potawatomi in 1832, as well as a guide for the Indiana militia as it prepared to participate in the Black Hawk War. (The war ended before the troops joined the fight.) Conner also became a charter member of the Indiana Historical Society, established in 1830.
## Later years {#later_years}
In 1837, at 60 years old, Conner moved his family to Noblesville, where he continued to oversee his varied business and agricultural interests. By the time of the move, Conner owned about 4000 acre of land in Hamilton County.
In his later years Conner continued to acquire land, invest in new business ventures, and increase his personal wealth. He also became a local authority on the area\'s history, especially its frontier and pioneer eras, and was known for his knowledge of Native American life.
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# William Conner
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Conner died on August 28, 1855, at the age of seventy-seven. He left a large estate, but no last will and testament. As a result, his heirs had to settle the issue of ownership of his land in the local courts, which disallowed Conner\'s Delaware heirs their claims to a share of his wealth. Conner was buried in Crownland Cemetery in Noblesville, Indiana. His widow, Elizabeth, moved to Indianapolis in 1864; she resided at 472 North East Street until her death in 1892. Little information has been reported about Conner\'s first wife, Mekinges, after she left Indiana in 1820.
Conner\'s legacy is linked to the important trading relations that he and his brother, John, established with the Native Americans along the west fork of the White River in the early 1800s. After living among the Delaware for nearly twenty years and serving as an agent, liaison, and interpreter, Conner made a personal fortune from this relationship that he expanded into further success as a landowner, merchant, and business entrepreneur.
Conner\'s wealth and influence led to his role as a central Indiana community-builder and founder of Hamilton County, Indiana. Conner and Josiah F. Polk platted the town of Noblesville in 1823 and helped established it as the seat of Hamilton County government. Conner also founded Strawtown in Hamilton County and Alexandria in Madison County. In addition to his influence on the development of central Indiana, Conner\'s best-known legacy is his restored former homestead in Hamilton County, Indiana.
## William Conner\'s house {#william_conners_house}
In 1823, Conner built a two-story Federal style brick house on the terrace edge of the west fork of the White River, about 4 mi south of Noblesville, in Hamilton County, Indiana. It is believed to be one of the first brick buildings built in central Indiana. Seven of William and Elizabeth Conner\'s ten children were born in the home. In addition, the Conner house was used as the meeting place for the Hamilton County commissioners and other county officials, as well as a circuit court and a postal office during the county\'s early days.
Conner lived in the house until 1837, but William and Elizabeth Conner\'s children and their families or their tenants continued to reside in the house until ownership pass outside the family in 1871. (In the 1860s, Conner\'s Delaware children were unsuccessful in gaining title to their family\'s Indiana land.)
Indianapolis pharmaceutical executive Eli Lilly Jr. purchased the Conner home and farm in 1934 and immediately began work to stabilize and restore the severely deteriorated house. Local architect Robert Frost Daggett and contractor Charles Latham supervised the stabilization and restoration work, as well as the addition of a new, six-columned porch overlooking the White River. (The porch was removed in a later renovation.) Lilly donated the house and farm to Earlham College in 1963 and the property became part of the Conner Prairie Interactive History Park. The Conner home, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, has undergone subsequent restoration to enhance its representation of an 1820s-era house and is open to Conner Prairie visitors
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# 1980 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The **1980 IAAF World Cross Country Championships** was held in Paris, France, at the Hippodrome de Longchamp on March 9, 1980. A report on the event was given in the Evening Times.
Complete results for men, junior men, women, medallists, and the results of British athletes were published.
## Medallists
+----------------+
| **Individual** |
+----------------+
| Senior men\ |
| (12.58 km) |
+----------------+
| Junior men\ |
| (7.41 km) |
+----------------+
| Senior women\ |
| (4.82 km) |
+----------------+
| **Team** |
+----------------+
| Senior men |
+----------------+
| Junior men |
+----------------+
| Senior women |
+----------------+
## Race results {#race_results}
### Senior men\'s race (12.58 km) {#senior_mens_race_12.58_km}
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| Rank | Athlete | Country | Time |
+=================+======================+=========+=======+
| | Craig Virgin | | 37:01 |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| | Hans-Jürgen Orthmann | | 37:02 |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| | Nick Rose | | 37:05 |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| 4 | Léon Schots | | 37:11 |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| 5 | John Robson | | 37:20 |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| 6 | Aleksandr Antipov | | 37:21 |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| 7 | Leonid Moseyev | | 37:21 |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| 8 | Antonio Prieto | | 37:21 |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| 9 | Steve Jones | | 37:23 |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| 10 | Bernie Ford | | 37:25 |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| 11 | Karel Lismont | | 37:27 |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| 12 | Daniel Dillon | | 37:28 |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
| Full results | | | |
+-----------------+----------------------+---------+-------+
: Individual race
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Rank | Team | Points |
+==============+===============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+========+
| | \ | 100 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Nick Rose \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 3 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Bernie Ford \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 10 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Barry Smith \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 14 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Steve Kenyon \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 17 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Nick Lees \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 19 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Graham Tuck \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 37 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Hugh Jones) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (40) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Nick Brawn) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (64) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Barry Knight) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (92) \|} | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 163 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Craig Virgin \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 1 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Daniel Dillon \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 12 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Kenneth Martin \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 23 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Steve Plasencia \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 36 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Don Clary \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 43 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Mark Anderson \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 48 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Duncan Macdonald) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (104) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Jon Sinclair) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (116) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Guy Arbogast) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (DNF) \|} | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 175 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Léon Schots \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 4 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Karel Lismont \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 11 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Alex Hagelsteens \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 21 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Eddy de Pauw \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 38 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Frank Grillaert \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 44 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Roger de Vogel \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 57 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Johan Geirnaert) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (107) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Willy Polleunis) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (DNF) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Robert Lismont) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (DNF) \|} | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 4 | | 184 |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 5 | | 246 |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 6 | | 251 |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 7 | | 312 |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 8 | | 324 |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Full results | | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
: Teams
- Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result
| 610 |
1980 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
| 0 |
10,125,286 |
# 1980 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
## Race results {#race_results}
### Junior men\'s race (7.41 km) {#junior_mens_race_7.41_km}
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| Rank | Athlete | Country | Time |
+=================+==================+=========+=======+
| | Jorge García | | 22:17 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| | Valeriy Gryaznov | | 22:23 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| | Ed Eyestone | | 22:27 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 4 | Denis Stark | | 22:34 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 5 | Tom Downs | | 22:34 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 6 | Sergey Kiselyov | | 22:36 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 7 | Ildar Denikeyev | | 22:38 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 8 | Guy Léfèvre | | 22:41 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 9 | Andrea Prassedi | | 22:47 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 10 | Paul Davies-Hale | | 22:52 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 11 | William Graham | | 22:53 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 12 | Gary Huckwell | | 22:58 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| Full results | | | |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
: Individual race
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Rank | Team | Points |
+==============+==========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+========+
| | \ | 50 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Valeriy Gryaznov \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 2 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Sergey Kiselyov \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 6 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Ildar Denikeyev \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 7 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Sergey Mishin \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 35 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Dmitriy Ditlashok) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (52) \|} | |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 75 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Ed Eyestone \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 3 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Tom Downs \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 5 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| William Graham \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 11 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Eric Sappenfield \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 56 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Daniel Caprioglio) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (82) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Farron Fields) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (88) \|} | |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 79 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Jorge García \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 1 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| José Fernández \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 20 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Miguel Rubio \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 24 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Julio Perez \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 34 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Pedro Garin) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (51) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Francisco Erneta) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (61) \|} | |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 4 | | 86 |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 5 | | 89 |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 6 | | 90 |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 7 | | 101 |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 8 | | 136 |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Full results | | |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
: Teams
- Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result
| 417 |
1980 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
| 1 |
10,125,286 |
# 1980 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
## Race results {#race_results}
### Senior women\'s race (4.82 km) {#senior_womens_race_4.82_km}
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| Rank | Athlete | Country | Time |
+=================+====================+=========+=======+
| | Grete Waitz | | 15:05 |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| | Irina Bondarchuk | | 15:49 |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| | Yelena Chernysheva | | 15:52 |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| 4 | Giana Romanova | | 15:53 |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| 5 | Jan Merrill | | 15:57 |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| 6 | Svetlana Ulmasova | | 16:00 |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| 7 | Penny Forse | | 16:04 |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| 8 | Ellen Wessinghage | | 16:05 |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| 9 | Kath Binns | | 16:06 |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| 10 | Margaret Groos | | 16:09 |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| 11 | Raisa Smekhnova | | 16:09 |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| 12 | Cristina Tomasini | | 16:10 |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
| Full results | | | |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------+-------+
: Individual race
+--------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Rank | Team | Points |
+==============+=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+========+
| | \ | 15 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Irina Bondarchuk \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 2 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Yelena Chernysheva \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 3 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Giana Romanova \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 4 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Svetlana Ulmasova \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 6 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Raisa Smekhnova) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (11) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Tatyana Sychova) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (45) \|} | |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 49 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Penny Forse \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 7 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Kath Binns \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 9 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Sandra Arthurton \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 14 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Ruth Smeeth \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 19 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Regina Joyce) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (30) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Angela Mason) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (80) \|} | |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 49 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Jan Merrill \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 5 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Margaret Groos \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 10 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Julie Shea \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 13 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Brenda Webb \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 21 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Joan Benoit) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (26) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Ellison Goodall) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (35) \|} | |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 4 | | 71 |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 5 | | 101 |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 6 | | 110 |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 7 | | 132 |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 8 | | 174 |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Full results | | |
+--------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
: Teams
- Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result
## Medal table (unofficial) {#medal_table_unofficial}
- Note: Totals include both individual and team medals, with medals in the team competition counting as one medal.
| 450 |
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| 2 |
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# 1980 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
## Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 381 athletes from 28 countries. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published
| 31 |
1980 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
| 3 |
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# Sainte-Orse
**Sainte-Orse** (`{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃.t‿ɔʁs}}`{=mediawiki}; *Senta Orsa*) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. The church of Saint Ursus (*Saint Ours*) dates from the 11th-12th century. The castle dates from the 15th-16th century.
## Population
## Village history {#village_history}
The first written reference of the town is the village church, \"Sancta Ursa\" recorded in the year 1072. The \"Cassini map\" of France between 1756 and 1789, shows the village under the name of \"\'Saint Orse\"\', and during the revolutionary period of the National Convention (1792-1795), the name was \"Orse-le-Pierreux\".
## Landmarks
A number of historic buildings are located in the town:
- Church of Saint-Ours, 11th or 12th century Romanesque Church with a 19th-century bell tower. It is listed as a historical monument since 1970.
- Several Merovingian sarcophagi.
- The Church also preserves a relic of Pope John Paul II (a piece of the belt of the former Pontiff).
- Château de Sainte-Orse, 15th and 16th centuries.
- La Salle gentilhommiere, 18th century, today a school.
- 18th century Manor of La Faye.
- Château de Laudonie Den of Peyre-brune
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# 1680 in Ireland
Events from the year **1680 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: Charles II
## Events
- 29 April -- construction of the Royal Hospital Kilmainham in Dublin as a home for retired soldiers begins to the design of Sir William Robinson.
- 23 July--24 July -- trial of Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, at Dundalk for conspiracy in the supposed \"Popish Plot\" ends without indictment and on 24 October he is transferred to London.
- English antiquarian Thomas Dingley tours Ireland.
- Edmund Borlase\'s *The History of the execrable Irish Rebellion* is published.
## Arts and literature {#arts_and_literature}
- The poem-book *Leabhar Cloinne Aodha Buidhe* is transcribed by Ruairí Ó hUiginn of Sligo at the command of Cormac Ó Neill.
## Births
- 4 October -- Giles Alington, 4th Baron Alington (d.1691)
\*;Full date unknown
\*:\*Richard Cantillon, economic theorist (d.1734)
\*:\*Bernard MacMahon, Roman Catholic Bishop of Clogher, later Archbishop of Armagh (d.1747)
\*:\*Approximate date -- Cathal Buí Mac Giolla Ghunna, poet (d.1756)
## Deaths
- 30 July -- Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory, soldier and politician (b.1634)
- 23 August -- Thomas Blood, soldier, tried to steal the Crown Jewels of England from the Tower of London in 1671 (b.1618)
- September or October -- William Steele, Lord Chancellor of Ireland (b.1610)
- c\. 15 November -- Peter Talbot, imprisoned Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland (b
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# Dog toy
Toys specifically marketed for dogs to play with come in many varieties, including dog bones, puppy toys, balls, tug toys, training aids, squeaky toys, discs and frisbees, plush toys, and sticks.
Dog toys serve different purposes. Puppies, for instance, need toys they can chew on when they are teething because their gums and jaws become very sore and chewing on things provides them relief. Playing with different toys also encourages exercise, which benefits the dogs\' overall health, stimulates their minds, discourages problem behavior resulting from boredom and excess energy, and promotes dental health.
There is a wide variety of dog toys on the market that are designed for different purposes and depending on the dog\'s characteristics such as size, activity level, chewing habits, and play style.
## Multifunctional
Some toys can serve multiple functions for dogs to interact with, combining common play behaviors into a single toy. Some can adapt to other toys and objects, and be combined by the dog owner to create new toys for dogs to play with. Whereas a hard ball is not well-suited for chewing, and a plush toy is difficult to throw, wrapping the ball in a plush exterior creates a toy that can be thrown and chewed on. Such toys may provide more entertainment value for dogs and their owners.
## Distraction toys {#distraction_toys}
These toys can be useful for extremely active dogs who need mental stimulation as well as physical exercise. Some examples are food delivery toys, Kongs stuffed with dog food, frozen peanut butter and/or treats, chew challenge toys, and puzzle toys.
## Bones
The term \"bones\" can include animal bones as well as manufactured bones and dental bones. Animal bones offer a lot of chewing potential but the true nutritional benefits are derived from the soft tissues attached to the bone such as meat, cartilage, fat and connective tissue, not from the bones themselves. There are dangers associated with animal bones, including broken teeth and possible ingestion of large fragments of bone which can cause serious injury or death.
## Latex and rubber {#latex_and_rubber}
Latex and rubber dog toys are great for dog entertainment. With these kind of toys, dogs that are aggressive chewers have a safe way to satisfy their biting instincts. These toys also help keep dogs\' gums and teeth clean and healthy. In general, hard rubber bones and other latex dog toys help improve dogs\' overall oral hygiene.
<File:Blue> dog bone toy.JPG\|Blue bone-shaped toy manufactured in China <File:Maggie> the Golden-Lab mix with a dog toy.jpg\|Labrador retriever mix with rubber squeaky toy resembling a baby\'s pacifier
## Sticks
Dogs often enjoy gnawing on small tree branches and pinecones. Sticks can also be thrown for the dog to retrieve but this is not recommended due to potential health problems that can develop, including punctures in the mouth. Dog owners should consult their veterinarians if they have any doubts over whether a toy is safe.
## Balls
Balls of all shapes and sizes help keep dogs active and fit. They are a great way to play, and exercise a dog at the same time.
## Safety
Dog toys are not safe if small pieces can be chewed or pulled off as these could be swallowed by the dog. The toy should also be adequate for the dog, taking into consideration their size and activity levels.
When choosing a dog toy, it is important that pet owners choose those made with non-toxic materials. Dog owners should avoid giving their dogs objects with small parts that could be chewed off and ingested (such as cooked chicken bones)
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# 1691 in Ireland
## Incumbent
- Monarch: William III and Mary II
## Events
- 12 July -- Williamite War in Ireland: Battle of Aughrim in County Galway: Protestant Williamite forces led by Godert de Ginkell decisively defeat Jacobites under the Marquis de St Ruth (who is killed).
- 22 July -- surrender and treaty of Galway.
- August--October -- Williamite War in Ireland: Siege of Limerick.
- 3 October -- Treaty of Limerick ends the Williamite War. Its terms are immediately broken by the English.
- 22 December -- the Flight of the Wild Geese begins, as Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan leads 19,000 Irish soldiers on ships to France, Spain and onwards to join the armies of Europe.
- Sir William Petty\'s *Political Anatomy of Ireland* (written 1672) is first published, posthumously in Dublin.
## Births
- Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill, an Irish language poet, in Churchtown, County Cork.
## Deaths
- August -- Claud Hamilton, 4th Earl of Abercorn, Jacobite and soldier, fought at the Battle of the Boyne (b. 1659)
- 18 September -- Giles Alington, 4th Baron Alington (b. 1680)
- 30 December -- Robert Boyle, natural philosopher (b. 1627)
\*;Full date unknown
\*:\*James Lally, landowner and politician
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# Derek Doyle
**Derek Doyle** (born 30 April 1986) is an Irish former footballer.
## Career
Doyle was born in Dublin, and began his senior career with University College Dublin A.F.C. on a soccer scholarship. He made his debut for the Students as a 19-year-old coming on as a second-half substitute during a 1--1 league draw against Shelbourne on 3 June 2005 at Belfield Park and he scored his first goal against the same opposition at the same venue the following season on 22 April 2006. Doyle earned a reputation as an attacking midfielder contributing 11 goals and numerous assists during his spell at Belfield Park before a leg-break in a league fixture against Sligo Rovers in 2007 curtailed that season. He also won two successive Dr. Tony O\'Neill Under 21 League titles with UCD in both 2004 and 2005. After 4 years with the Belfield club, Doyle departed UCD who were at the foot of the Premier Division table midway through the 2008 season to join First Division title contenders Dundalk. Doyle made his Dundalk debut as second-half substitute against Wexford Youths at Oriel Park on 31 July 2008 in a 1--0 victory for the Lilywhites. He scored his first Dundalk goal in a 2--2 away draw to Athlone Town at Lissywollen on 8 September 2008. Doyle\'s move to Dundalk turned out to be an astute move as he contributed 3 goals in 11 appearances as the Lilywhites dramatically took the First Division title on the final night of the season.
Despite Dundalk\'s success in securing the First Division title and promotion to the Premier Division, Doyle was one of 19 first team players not offered a new contract for Dundalk\'s 2009 campaign. It was not long before Doyle found himself a new club, he signed for Shelbourne on 23 December 2008 aiming to win his second successive First Division title for 2009. Doyle made his Shelbourne debut on 6 March 2009 as a second-half substitute during a 2--1 victory over Wexford Youths at Tolka Park. He scored his first Shelbourne goal on 24 April 2009 during a 2--0 league victory over Athlone Town at Tolka Park. Doyle made a total of 27 competitive appearances for Shelbourne in 2009, scoring 3 goals as Shelbourne finished First Division runners-up. He parted company with Shelbourne at the end of 2009 and he subsequently linked up with his former UCD manager Pete Mahon at St. Patrick\'s Athletic for the 2010 Premier Division season. Derek scored a hat-trick against Galway United FC in a 4--2 win for the supersaints on 2 July 2010 as the saints came from 2--1 down to win. In the 2011 season he started the season well chipping in with goals from the left wing. On 7 July 2011 Doyle scored the winner in their Europa League game against Íþróttabandalag Vestmannaeyja with a close range header. Doyle also scored in their next Europa League qualifier against FC Shakhter Karagandy
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# David Levin (singer)
**David L. Levin** is an American author and singer-songwriter who has recorded with such artists as Bradley Joseph. He started his career as keyboardist for the band Patriot and later released four albums as a solo artist. His first release, *Heaven*, features Paul Peterson on bass. His third album, *Stepping on My Hat,* drew favorable comparisons to artists such as Sting and a number of pop and rock influences from the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Levin has co-authored three books including *QBQ! The Question Behind the Question,* which has sold over a million copies. He authored the book *Don\'t Just Talk, Be Heard!* and is a professional speaker on business communication, leadership, and personal development.
## Early life, career {#early_life_career}
David Levin began playing music and working with computers at a young age. He joined his first rock band in 1975 while still in high school, a band named Pegasus. In 1976 he took several classes at University of Montana while still in high school, where he studied computers, math and music. He later joined Patriot, formerly named John Thoennes and the All American Band and toured with them through 1985. He then founded The David Levin Band, which disbanded in 1987. Several years later he joined The Screaming Yahoos as guitar player and lead singer. From 1987 to 1994 he waited tables in Minneapolis, and also had his own audio production company from 1992 to 1999. He used a recording studio in his basement to do work for both musicians and professional speakers. He became founder and CEO of Day Eleven, Inc in 1992.
## Writing and speaking career {#writing_and_speaking_career}
In 1995 Levin began working with John G. Miller as a speaking coach and writing partner. He began speaking with the company QBQ! in 1998. In 1999 he helped John Miller co-write the book *Personal Accountability,* and he later helped Miller co-write *QBQ! The Question Behind the Question,* which has sold over a million copies, as well as *Outstanding! 47 Ways to Make Your Organization Exceptional* and *Flipping the Switch.* Levin has also authored *Don\'t Just Talk, Be Heard!* and regularly speaks at corporate functions and to business-people about communication and effective leadership.
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# David Levin (singer)
## Music career {#music_career}
In 1983, while still in Patriot, David made a demo recording of original music with producer and Canadian Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee Domenic Troiano. The Screaming Yahoos released a self-titled EP in 1995, produced by Nashville artist John Beland and Australian producer Brian Cadd. Levin\'s first solo album was released in 1997 on his Day Eleven label. *Heaven* features David Barry (guitar), Paul Peterson (bass), and Rick Barron (co-writer and background vocals), and has a rock and pop style. Also in 1997, he contributed vocals to the album *Rapture* by Bradley Joseph. Levin\'s second album, *Zuni,* was released in 2002 on Day Eleven. The acoustic album \"reflected his time on the Zuni Indian Reservation\" in New Mexico, where he lived from 1999 to 2002. His song \"Second Wind\" was covered by Australian artist Dave Ritter.
### *Stepping on My Hat* (2004) {#stepping_on_my_hat_2004}
His third album, *Stepping on My Hat,* was released on October 27, 2004, and received positive reviews. Two songs from the album; \"Demolition Boy\" and \"Blood and Feathers\" --- were honored in the 2004 Great American Song Contest.
Reception
*Caffeine Magazine* gave the album 4/5 stars and called it a \"tasteful record with interesting lyrics.\" *MusicCritic.ca* gave it 3.5/5 stars, calling it \"an experiment in late 1970s/early 1980s inspired pop rock. The songs here make for minimalist pop rock, yet with their densely layered instrumentation the songs are melodically accessible and complex enough to warrant multiple listens.\"
According to one review, \"Levin\'s lyrics are equal parts wit and gravity which he underscores with an appropriate soundtrack of wild abandon or somber reflection.\" His music drew comparisons to early Police, Peter Gabriel, and the Gin Blossoms. Another review stated \"The guitar work is utterly amazing, with licks that every soft-rocker aims to create,\" and again drew comparisons to Sting, Fastball, XTC, and Train.
The *Copper Press* stated that \"David Levin\'s work runs in a stream with the best of Peter Gabriel as well as the late Kevin Gilbert and Gilbert\'s partner in the ill-fated but brilliant Toy Matinee, Patrick Leonard\...it\'s refreshing to hear a writer capable of weaving substantive lyrics and music together and balancing depth and levity with honesty and grace.\" Also, \"The music has the jaunty bounce of some of the best early-80s pop, when ska beats were first meeting punks' three-chords. Levin's voice adds warmth to the inherent good humor conveyed by many of the songs words.\" and he \"channels the early years of The Police, burnishing the first seven tracks with astute songwriting and deft musicality.\"
### *Criminal* (2008) {#criminal_2008}
He released his fourth album, *Criminal,* in 2008. Levin performed essentially all parts on the album, including vocals, songwriting, guitar, manipulating a synthesizer and other tasks, with some musician-friends adding \"touches of percussion and keyboards.\"
According to the *Minnesota Post*, \"After the release of 2005\'s *Stepping on My Hat,* critics were nearly unanimous about the resemblance between Levin\'s music and that of the Police.\" Levin stated \"I just don\'t like being so transparently unoriginal. I\'d like to think they\'re an influence, but not \[that I was doing\] an impersonation. I did take a harder look at my material\...I started to realize that as hard as I had worked \[on the first three CDs\], I could\'ve worked harder in raising the bar. Not letting any passage in a song go by and thinking, \'Oh, maybe I could have done that a little better.\' \"
*The Minnesota Post* states \"The CD is instead a glimpse at Levin through some other voices. His \"Jet Boy,\" a song about his 3-year-old son, is buoyant guitar rock conjuring up echoes of Robert Palmer, while Elton John reverberates in the title track, and the synth-bop of \"Evil Genius\" (a song about a young Karl Rove svengali-type) might well take you all the way back to new wave and the 1980s.\"
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He met his wife, Margaret, waiting tables in Minneapolis in the late 1980s, and together they have two children, Peter and Frances. Since 2010 they have lived in Viroqua, Wisconsin. He also has an older son, Aaron, from a previous relationship. His hobbies include running, skiing, and flying
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# Cheb Sahraoui
**Cheb Sahraoui** (born Mohamed Sahraoui, Oran, Algeria, 1 April 1961) is an Algerian raï musician, the first raï singer to tour North America and the first to incorporate electronic synthesizers into his arrangements.
## Early life {#early_life}
As a pianist, he studied music at the conservatory of music in Oran, and launched his musical career by singing raï classics and Beatles tunes in the city\'s nightclubs. He released his first hit, \"Ana Mahlali Noum\", in 1978.
## Career
In 1983, he married singer Fadela Zalmat, known as Chaba Fadela, and the pair began recording as a duo. Their first record together, \"N\'sel Fik\", became an international hit, and was followed by further record successes and tours, including tours of the USA in 1990 and 1993. While in New York they recorded the album *Walli* with producer and multi-instrumentalist Bill Laswell. They relocated from Algeria to France in 1994.
In the late 1997, Sahraoui and Fadela separated. Sahraoui\'s debut solo album, *Un Homme Libre (A Free Man)*, was released in 2000
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# Rolonda
***Rolonda*** is an American first-run syndicated talk show that was hosted by Rolonda Watts. The show ran for four seasons from January 17, 1994, to May 18, 1997. It was produced by Watts Works Productions in association with King World Productions, and was also distributed by King World.
## Production
### Conception and development {#conception_and_development}
The program served as a replacement in the majority of the markets carrying the show at launch for *The Les Brown Show*, a daytime talk show that debuted on September 6, 1993, and which went on hiatus in December 1993 due to low ratings, ending its run on January 14, 1994, the Friday before *Rolonda*\'s debut. Prior to hosting the show, Watts served as a senior correspondent and weekend anchor for the syndicated daytime newsmagazine series *Inside Edition*, which was also produced by King World.
### Topic selection {#topic_selection}
The show featured celebrity interviews, such as with Tonya Harding
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# Tao Ngoi district
**Tao Ngoi** (*เต่างอย*, `{{IPA|th|tàw ŋɔ̄ːj|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *เต่างอย*, `{{IPA|tts|táw ŋɔ̂ːj|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) of Sakon Nakhon province, northeast Thailand.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was created on 1 September 1978, when the two *tambons*, Tao Ngoi and Bueng Thawai, were split off from Mueang Sakon Nakhon district. It was upgraded to a full district on 19 July 1991.
The district\'s name in the Isan language means \'floating turtle\'. It is said that 400 years ago, the Thai people and Lao people were at war. When the Lao were defeated, they migrated south to the Pung River. Turtles, a symbol of fertility, were abundant there. Thus the settlement was named for their presence. A giant turtle statue named *Phaya Tao Ngoi* (พญาเต่างอย; lit: \'turtle lord\') was erected in the park behind the district office. In 2017, the popular female *luk thung* singer Jintara Poonlarp released the song, \"Tao Ngoi\", bringing increased publicity to the story and the district.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the west clockwise) Phu Phan, Mueang Sakon Nakhon and Khok Si Suphan of Sakon Nakhon Province, Na Kae of Nakhon Phanom province, Dong Luang of Mukdahan province, and Na Khu of Kalasin province.
## Administration
The district is divided into four sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 32 villages (*mubans*). There are no municipal (*thesaban*) areas, and a further four tambon administrative organizations.
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- -------------- ----------- ---------- -------
1\. Tao Ngoi เต่างอย 7 5,619
2\. Bueng Thawai บึงทวาย 10 5,131
3\. Na Tan นาตาล 7 5,363
4\. Chan Phen จันทร์เพ็ญ 8 6,930
## Economy
Tao Ngoi is the center of tomato production and processing in Thailand. A \"tomato belt\" of some 30,000 rai are planted in the area. In 1982, the Doi Kham Food Products Co. built a food processing factory in the district. The factory buys 18,000-25,000 tonnes of tomatoes from farmers each year. The Tao Ngoi plant generated revenues of 150 million baht in 2017. Revenue is expected to grow to 200 million baht in 2018
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# Mapping cone (homological algebra)
In homological algebra, the **mapping cone** is a construction on a map of chain complexes inspired by the analogous construction in topology. In the theory of triangulated categories it is a kind of combined kernel and cokernel: if the chain complexes take their terms in an abelian category, so that we can talk about cohomology, then the cone of a map *f* being acyclic means that the map is a quasi-isomorphism; if we pass to the derived category of complexes, this means that *f* is an isomorphism there, which recalls the familiar property of maps of groups, modules over a ring, or elements of an arbitrary abelian category that if the kernel and cokernel both vanish, then the map is an isomorphism. If we are working in a t-category, then in fact the cone furnishes both the kernel and cokernel of maps between objects of its core.
## Definition
The cone may be defined in the category of cochain complexes over any additive category (i.e., a category whose morphisms form abelian groups and in which we may construct a direct sum of any two objects). Let $A, B$ be two complexes, with differentials $d_A, d_B;$ i.e.,
$$A = \dots \to A^{n - 1} \xrightarrow{d_A^{n - 1}} A^n \xrightarrow{d_A^n} A^{n + 1} \to \cdots$$ and likewise for $B.$
For a map of complexes $f : A \to B,$ we define the cone, often denoted by $\operatorname{Cone}(f)$ or $C(f),$ to be the following complex:
$$C(f) = A[1] \oplus B = \dots \to A^n \oplus B^{n - 1} \to A^{n + 1} \oplus B^n \to A^{n + 2} \oplus B^{n + 1} \to \cdots$$ on terms, with differential
$$d_{C(f)} = \begin{pmatrix} d_{A[1]} & 0 \\ f[1] & d_B \end{pmatrix}$$ (acting as though on column vectors). Here $A[1]$ is the complex with $A[1]^n=A^{n + 1}$ and $d^n_{A[1]}=-d^{n + 1}_{A}$. Note that the differential on $C(f)$ is different from the natural differential on $A[1] \oplus B$, and that some authors use a different sign convention.
Thus, if for example our complexes are of abelian groups, the differential would act as
$$\begin{array}{ccl}
d^n_{C(f)}(a^{n + 1}, b^n) &=& \begin{pmatrix} d^n_{A[1]} & 0 \\ f[1]^n & d^n_B \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} a^{n + 1} \\ b^n \end{pmatrix} \\
&=& \begin{pmatrix} - d^{n + 1}_A & 0 \\ f^{n + 1} & d^n_B \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} a^{n + 1} \\ b^n \end{pmatrix} \\
&=& \begin{pmatrix} - d^{n + 1}_A (a^{n + 1}) \\ f^{n + 1}(a^{n + 1}) + d^n_B(b^n) \end{pmatrix}\\
&=& \left(- d^{n + 1}_A (a^{n + 1}), f^{n + 1}(a^{n + 1}) + d^n_B(b^n)\right).
\end{array}$$
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# Mapping cone (homological algebra)
## Properties
Suppose now that we are working over an abelian category, so that the homology of a complex is defined. The main use of the cone is to identify quasi-isomorphisms: if the cone is acyclic, then the map is a quasi-isomorphism. To see this, we use the existence of a triangle
$$A \xrightarrow{f} B \to C(f) \to A[1]$$
where the maps $B \to C(f), C(f) \to A[1]$ are given by the direct summands (see Homotopy category of chain complexes). Since this is a triangle, it gives rise to a long exact sequence on homology groups:
$$\dots \to H_{i - 1}(C(f)) \to H_i(A) \xrightarrow{f^*} H_i(B) \to H_i(C(f)) \to \cdots$$ and if $C(f)$ is acyclic then by definition, the outer terms above are zero. Since the sequence is exact, this means that $f^*$ induces an isomorphism on all homology groups, and hence (again by definition) is a quasi-isomorphism.
This fact recalls the usual alternative characterization of isomorphisms in an abelian category as those maps whose kernel and cokernel both vanish. This appearance of a cone as a combined kernel and cokernel is not accidental; in fact, under certain circumstances the cone literally embodies both. Say for example that we are working over an abelian category and $A, B$ have only one nonzero term in degree 0:
$$A = \dots \to 0 \to A_0 \to 0 \to \cdots,$$
$$B = \dots \to 0 \to B_0 \to 0 \to \cdots,$$ and therefore $f \colon A \to B$ is just $f_0 \colon A_0 \to B_0$ (as a map of objects of the underlying abelian category). Then the cone is just
$$C(f) = \dots \to 0 \to \underset{[-1]}{A_0} \xrightarrow{f_0} \underset{[0]}{B_0} \to 0 \to \cdots.$$ (Underset text indicates the degree of each term.) The homology of this complex is then
$$H_{-1}(C(f)) = \operatorname{ker}(f_0),$$
$$H_0(C(f)) = \operatorname{coker}(f_0),$$
$$H_i(C(f)) = 0 \text{ for } i \neq -1, 0.\$$ This is not an accident and in fact occurs in every t-category.
## Mapping cylinder {#mapping_cylinder}
A related notion is the **mapping cylinder**: let $f\colon A \to B$ be a morphism of chain complexes, let further $g \colon \operatorname{Cone}(f)[-1] \to A$ be the natural map. The mapping cylinder of *f* is by definition the mapping cone of *g*.
## Topological inspiration {#topological_inspiration}
This complex is called the cone in analogy to the mapping cone (topology) of a continuous map of topological spaces $\phi : X \rightarrow Y$: the complex of singular chains of the topological cone $cone(\phi)$ is homotopy equivalent to the cone (in the chain-complex-sense) of the induced map of singular chains of *X* to *Y*. The mapping cylinder of a map of complexes is similarly related to the mapping cylinder of continuous maps
| 450 |
Mapping cone (homological algebra)
| 1 |
10,125,403 |
# 1641 in Ireland
Events from the year **1641 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: Charles I
## Events
- The breakdown of English power prompts widespread attacks by the dispossessed Irish population on the English and Scottish settlers. Ardfert and Dromore Cathedrals are burned down,`{{unreliable source?|date=February 2015}}`{=mediawiki} Castle Roche ruined and the model town around Dunluce Castle destroyed.
- October 23 -- the Irish Rebellion of 1641 enjoys rapid success in Ulster, with Felim O\'Neill of Kinard taking several forts, claiming to be acting in the King\'s name, but Hugh Og MacMahon and Connor Maguire, who were to seize Dublin Castle, are arrested due to an informer.
- October 24 -- the Proclamation of Dungannon is issued, justifying the rebellion and proclaiming Catholic loyalty to Charles I.
- November 12 -- the Parliament of England votes to send an army to Ireland to counter the rebellion.
- November 29 -- Battle of Julianstown: Felim O'Neill routs a force of Government soldiers.
- December
- Rebel forces under Felim O\'Neill begin the siege of Drogheda.
- William Bedell, Church of Ireland Bishop of Kilmore, with other refugees is imprisoned and tortured by rebels at Cloughoughter Castle.
- Cootehall comes into the possession of the Englishman, Chidley Coote, nephew of the first Earl of Mountrath
| 214 |
1641 in Ireland
| 0 |
10,125,431 |
# 1979 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
The **1979 IAAF World Cross Country Championships** was held in Limerick, Ireland, at the Greenpark Racecourse on 25 March 1979. A report on the event was given in the Glasgow Herald.
Complete results for men, junior men, women, medallists, and the results of British athletes were published.
## Medallists
+----------------+
| **Individual** |
+----------------+
| Senior men\ |
| (12 km) |
+----------------+
| Junior men\ |
| (7.36 km) |
+----------------+
| Senior women\ |
| (5.04 km) |
+----------------+
| **Team** |
+----------------+
| Senior men |
+----------------+
| Junior men |
+----------------+
| Senior women |
+----------------+
## Race results {#race_results}
### Senior men\'s race (12 km) {#senior_mens_race_12_km}
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| Rank | Athlete | Country | Time |
+=================+========================+=========+=======+
| | John Treacy | | 37:20 |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| | Bronisław Malinowski | | 37:29 |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| | Aleksandr Antipov | | 37:30 |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| 4 | Tony Simmons | | 37:38 |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| 5 | Léon Schots | | 37:42 |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| 6 | Vlastimil Zwiefelhofer | | 37:45 |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| 7 | Steve Jones | | 37:46 |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| 8 | Frank Zimmermann | | 37:48 |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| 9 | Julian Goater | | 37:53 |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| 10 | Nat Muir | | 38:01 |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| 11 | Danny McDaid | | 38:02 |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| 12 | Bogusław Mamiński | | 38:04 |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
| Full results | | | |
+-----------------+------------------------+---------+-------+
: Individual race
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Rank | Team | Points |
+==============+=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+========+
| | \ | 119 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Julian Goater \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 9 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Mike McLeod \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 14 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Andy Holden \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 20 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Nick Rose \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 21 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Bernie Ford \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 22 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Nick Lees \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 33 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Roy Bailey) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (37) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Ken Newton) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (73) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Barry Smith) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (89) \|} | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 198 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| John Treacy \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 1 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Danny McDaid \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 11 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Gerry Deegan \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 43 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Mick O\'Shea \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 46 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Donie Walsh \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 47 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Tony Brien \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 50 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Eamonn Coghlan) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (70) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Ray Treacy) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (79) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Eddie Leddy) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (127) \|} | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 210 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Aleksandr Antipov \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 3 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Leonid Moseyev \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 18 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Yuriy Mikhailov \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 35 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Enn Sellik \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 38 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Aleksandr Fedotkin \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 48 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Vladimir Merkushin \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 68 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Valeriy Abramov) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (75) \|} | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 4 | | 211 |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 5 | | 231 |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 6 | | 233 |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 7 | | 320 |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 8 | | 341 |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Full results | | |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
: Teams
- Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result
| 589 |
1979 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
| 0 |
10,125,431 |
# 1979 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
## Race results {#race_results}
### Junior men\'s race (7.36 km) {#junior_mens_race_7.36_km}
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| Rank | Athlete | Country | Time |
+=================+==================+=========+=======+
| | Eddy de Pauw | | 23:02 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| | Steve Binns | | 23:09 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| | Ildar Denikeyev | | 23:20 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 4 | Jeff Nelson | | 23:22 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 5 | Ian Clarke | | 23:29 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 6 | Roberto Antiga | | 23:31 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 7 | Faisal Touzri | | 23:32 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 8 | Jorge García | | 23:33 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 9 | Ezequiel Canario | | 23:34 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 10 | Ian Campbell | | 23:35 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 11 | Alastair Douglas | | 23:36 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| 12 | Jim Hill | | 23:37 |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
| Full results | | | |
+-----------------+------------------+---------+-------+
: Individual race
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Rank | Team | Points |
+==============+==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+========+
| | \ | 57 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Jorge García \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 8 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Pedro Garin \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 14 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Valentin Rodríguez \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 17 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| José Maestra \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 18 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (José Manuel Boix) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (37) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Jordi Castelló) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (72) \|} | |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 74 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Steve Binns \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 2 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Colin Moore \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 15 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Geoff Turnbull \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 27 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Dave Lewis \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 30 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Steve Cram) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (36) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Sean Connolly) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (64) \|} | |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 75 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Ildar Denikeyev \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 3 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Sergey Kiselyov \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 16 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Vladimir Bezlepkin \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 25 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Abdurachman Ibragimov \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 31 \|} | |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 4 | | 90 |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 5 | | 101 |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 6 | | 101 |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 7 | | 106 |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 8 | | 125 |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Full results | | |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
: Teams
- Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result
| 410 |
1979 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
| 1 |
10,125,431 |
# 1979 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
## Race results {#race_results}
### Senior women\'s race (5.04 km) {#senior_womens_race_5.04_km}
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| Rank | Athlete | Country | Time |
+=================+===================+=========+=======+
| | Grete Waitz | | 16:48 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| | Raisa Smekhnova | | 17:14 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| | Ellison Goodall | | 17:18 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 4 | Ellen Wessinghage | | 17:23 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 5 | Svetlana Ulmasova | | 17:25 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 6 | Mary Purcell | | 17:26 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 7 | Jan Merrill | | 17:33 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 8 | Julie Shea | | 17:41 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 9 | Ann Ford | | 17:42 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 10 | Cristina Tomasini | | 17:46 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 11 | Margaret Groos | | 17:47 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| 12 | Giana Romanova | | 17:48 |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
| Full results | | | |
+-----------------+-------------------+---------+-------+
: Individual race
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Rank | Team | Points |
+==============+====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+========+
| | \ | 29 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Ellison Goodall \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 3 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Jan Merrill \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 7 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Julie Shea \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 8 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Margaret Groos \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 11 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Jennifer White) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (19) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Julie Brown) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (36) \|} | |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 48 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Raisa Smekhnova \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 2 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Svetlana Ulmasova \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 5 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Giana Romanova \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 12 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Raisa Belusova \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 29 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Raisa Sadreydinova) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (53) \|} | |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| | \ | 68 |
| | {\| width=100% \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Ann Ford \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 9 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Penny Yule \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 15 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Paula Fudge \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 17 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| Regina Joyce \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| 27 \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Glynis Penny) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (32) \|- \|align=left style=\"border:0\"\| (Ruth Smeeth) \|\| align=right style=\"border:0\"\| (42) \|} | |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 4 | | 101 |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 5 | | 107 |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 6 | | 134 |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 7 | | 136 |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| 8 | | 141 |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| Full results | | |
+--------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
: Teams
- Note: Athletes in parentheses did not score for the team result
## Medal table (unofficial) {#medal_table_unofficial}
- Note: Totals include both individual and team medals, with medals in the team competition counting as one medal.
| 441 |
1979 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
| 2 |
10,125,431 |
# 1979 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
## Participation
An unofficial count yields the participation of 383 athletes from 27 countries. This is in agreement with the official numbers as published
| 31 |
1979 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
| 3 |
10,125,475 |
# Paul Byrne (footballer, born 1986)
**Paul Byrne** (born 19 May 1986) is an Irish footballer who last played as a forward for League of Ireland Premier Division club Shelbourne.
## Career
### UCD
Byrne began his League of Ireland career with UCD on a sports scholarship in 2004 following his spell in schoolboy football with Cherry Orchard. After making an impressive impact with UCD\'s Under 21 side, Byrne was promoted to UCD\'s first team towards the end of their 2004 First Division campaign where he scored 3 goals in 4 appearances helping UCD to promotion. A series of injuries restricted Byrne to limited appearances for UCD over the 2005 and 2006 seasons but an injury-free run in 2007 saw Byrne score 7 goals in all competitions for the Students. In his spell with UCD, Byrne was one of a select few who won the Under-21 league championship on three occasions in 2004, 2005 and 2007.
### Sporting Fingal/Bray Wanderers {#sporting_fingalbray_wanderers}
Byrne departed UCD mid-way through the 2008 season to join First Division side Sporting Fingal. Byrne made 16 appearances in all competitions scoring 2 goals helping Fingal to 3rd place finish in their inaugural season of League of Ireland football. As Sporting Fingal moved in a direction to full-time football, Byrne parted company with the club and he returned to the Premier Division in 2009 with Bray Wanderers. Despite a frustrating season in front of goal with just 3 goals, Byrne remained an ever present figure in the Seagulls starting XI making 28 appearances in all competitions. Bray were relegated from the Premier Division following a promotion/relegation play-off defeat to his most recent club Sporting Fingal.
### St. Patrick\'s Athletic/Monagahan United {#st._patricks_athleticmonagahan_united}
Byrne followed his former UCD manager Pete Mahon to St. Patrick\'s Athletic for 2010 Premier Division season. A number of impressive displays saw Byrne help St. Pats\' to a title challenge and a Setanta Sports Cup final before injury limited his appearances in the 2nd half of the season. Byrne departed St. Patrick\'s Athletic at the end of the 2010 season to relocate to Australia. In Australia he linked up with former League of Ireland Player Brian Shelley at Victoria club Ballarat Red Devils. Byrne decided to return to Ireland mid-season and joined up with First Division title challengers Monaghan United. He was restricted to substitute appearances as Monaghan secured promotion back to the Premier Division.
### Shelbourne
Byrne joined newly promoted Premier Division club Shelbourne on 9 February 2012 for the 2012 campaign.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
*Correct as of 10 October 2012.*
Club Season League League FAI Cup League Cup
------------------------- -------- ------------------ -------- ------ --------- ------ ------------
Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
UCD 2004 First Division 4 3 0 0 0
2005 Premier Division 5 1 0 0 0
2006 Premier Division 14 2 3 0 1
2007 Premier Division 19 7 2 0 0
2008 Premier Division 15 3 0 0 0
Total 57 16 5 0 1
Sporting Fingal 2008 First Division 14 2 2 0 0
Total 14 2 2 0 0
Bray Wanderers 2009 Premier Division 24 2 2 1 0
Total 24 2 2 1 0
St
| 531 |
Paul Byrne (footballer, born 1986)
| 0 |
10,125,481 |
# 1963 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
**29th New York Film Critics Circle Awards**\
January 18, 1964\
(announced December 30, 1963)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Tom Jones**
The **29th New York Film Critics Circle Awards**, honored the best filmmaking of 1963.
## Winners
- **Best Film:**
- ***Tom Jones***
- **Best Actor:**
- Albert Finney - *Tom Jones*
- **Best Actress:**
- Patricia Neal - *Hud*
- **Best Director:**
- Tony Richardson - *Tom Jones*
- **Best Screenplay:**
- Irving Ravetch and Harriet Frank, Jr
| 83 |
1963 New York Film Critics Circle Awards
| 0 |
10,125,483 |
# Oswald Bastable
**Oswald Bastable** is a fictional character created by Michael Moorcock. He is the protagonist in *The Warlord of the Air*, *The Land Leviathan*, and *The Steel Tsar*, and appears in other stories.
## Origin in Nesbit\'s Oswald Bastable {#origin_in_nesbits_oswald_bastable}
E. (Edith) Nesbit created a character named Oswald Bastable and his five siblings in the 1890s and featured them in numerous children\'s adventure stories narrated by Oswald. (These stories were completely separate from Nesbit\'s other children\'s fantasy adventures, *Five Children and It* and its sequels.) Many Bastable stories were first published in magazines as standalone pieces, not as parts of serialized novels, but they were later compiled into three episodic novels, *The Story of the Treasure Seekers* (1899), *The Wouldbegoods* (1901), and *New Treasure Seekers* (1904). Four more Bastable stories are in the collection *Oswald Bastable and Others* (1905).
Moorcock stated on the forums of his website that his use of the name \"Oswald Bastable\" was not supposed to directly link his character with Nesbit\'s (i.e. to make his novels into sequels). Rather, he said that he was trying to connect with a particular \"Fabian \'liberal\' imperialism, still fundamentally paternalistic but well-meaning\" which he felt belonged to Nesbit\'s era. Edith Nesbit and her husband Hubert Bland had been among the founders and leading members of the Fabian Society. Its proclaimed aim was to eventually get to Socialism, but in a gradual non-revolutionary way. It can be said that in practice this made its members into proponents of a continued, reformed British Empire. Moorcock\'s Bastable books explore various variants on the theme of imperialism and colonialism: the British and other colonial empires persisting into the later 20th century, or conversely collapsing already in the early 1900s, and so on.
## Character biography {#character_biography}
The original character was born 15 August, as stated on page 201 of *The Wouldbegoods*. Oswald Bastable was Captain of the 53rd Lancers in British India, and one of four brothers. In Moorcock\'s work, Bastable is an opium user, with opium playing somewhat the same role for him that Stormbringer does for Elric in Moorcock\'s \"Elric Sequence\" novels.
## Other books and stories by Moorcock {#other_books_and_stories_by_moorcock}
- In *The English Assassin*, he is described as a renegade Englishman and chief of General O T Shaw\'s air force when he attended the Peace Conference Ball.
- In another work, he is the Captain of the airship carrying Captain Nye to meet the leader of an anarchist army camped in Glen Coe.
- In another, he encounters Jherek Carnelian and Mrs Amelia Underwood in the Silurian (or possibly Lower Devonian) and takes them to the Time Centre maintained in that period, and was seen by Jherek as a rival for his affections
| 454 |
Oswald Bastable
| 0 |
10,125,487 |
# Kohinoor Theatre
The **Kohinoor Theatre** (*কহিনুৰ থিয়েটাৰ*) is a mobile theatre group of the North-Eastern Indian state of Assam, founded by Sri Ratan Lahkar in 1976. Kohinoor Theatre has performed dramas based on Indian, Assamese culture and some works of Shakespeare. The theatre also brought the Atlantic Ocean on stage by performing the movie *Titanic*.
Kohinoor Theatre is the only Assamese mobile theatre group that has performed at New Delhi, Assam. The National School of Drama (NSD) invited the troupe to perform in New Delhi in the year 2010 for 3 days from 25 to 29 April.
## List of plays {#list_of_plays}
*List of Plays from 35th season (2010-11) is listed below*
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| Season | Play | Playwright | Starring |
+=========+===================================+=======================+===========================+
| 2010-11 | *Eta Nasta Lorar Galpa* | Hemanta Dutta | Nayan Nilim,\ |
| | | | Rimpi Das,\ |
| | | | Hiren Medhi,\ |
| | | | Dulumoni Deka etc. |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Kohinoor, Nohoi Mathu Eti heera* | Abhijeet Bhattacharya | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Rumal* | | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| 2011-12 | *Bhal Pau Buli Nokoba* | Abhijeet Bhattacharya | Barsha Rani Bishaya,\ |
| | | | Dibyajyoti Das,\ |
| | | | Franky,\ |
| | | | Hiren Medhi,\ |
| | | | Dulumoni Deka etc. |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Kopouphul* | | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Path* | Hemanta Dutta | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Titanic* | | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| 2012-13 | *Erabator Sur* | Abhijeet Bhattacharya | Tapan Das,\ |
| | | | Angoorlata,\ |
| | | | Tushar Pritam,\ |
| | | | Hiren Medhi,\ |
| | | | Dulumoni Deka etc. |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Jed* | | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Hiyar Epahi Gulap* | | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Hendur* | Hemanta Dutta | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| 2013-14 | *Devdas* | Abhijeet Bhattacharya | Tapan Das,\ |
| | | | Moonmi Phukan etc. |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Edin Tumi Ahibay* | | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Akakhor Dore Mon* | Hemanta Dutta | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| 2014-15 | *Moromor Jui* | Abhijeet Bhattacharya | Rajkumar,\ |
| | | | Moonmi Phukan,\ |
| | | | Chinmoy Kotoky etc. |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Footpathor Romeo* | | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Mukti* | Hemanta Dutta | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| 2015-16 | *DSP Durga* | Abhijeet Bhattacharya | Moytreyee Priyadarshini,\ |
| | | | Dibyajyoti Das,\ |
| | | | Mahesh Bora etc. |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Chakrabehu* | Hemanta Dutta | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Gupute Gupute* | Bhaskar Barman | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| 2016-17 | *Radha Ebar Hahi De* | Abhijeet Bhattacharya | Barsha Rani Bishaya,\ |
| | | | Kamal Reboti etc. |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Breaking News* | Rajdweep | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| 2017-18 | *Siyor* | Hemanta Dutta | Tehsin Akhtar,\ |
| | | | Arup Bora etc. |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Best of luck* | Rajdweep | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Relpothot Ejoni Suali* | Abhijeet Bhattacharya | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| 2018-19 | *Radhai Namane Badha* | Champak Sharma | Arup Bora |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Beporua Prem* | Rajdweep | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| | *Gurudakshina* | Abhijit Bhattacharya | |
+---------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------------+
| 2019-20 | *Droupadir Bastra Haran* | Champak Sharma | Debojit Mazumdar,\ |
| | | | Arup Baishya etc
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# Ruth Kutol
**Ruth Jepkoech Kutol** (born 16 May 1973) is a Kenyan long-distance and marathon runner. She won the 2000 Venice Marathon, 2003 Madrid, Venice and Dublin Marathons, 2007 Luxembourg Marathon, and 2010 Tallinn Marathon.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kutol is from Eldoret, Kenya. She has six sisters and two brothers, and also has 2 daughters.
## Career
Kutol won the Marseille-Cassis Classique Internationale in 1998, one second off the course record. At the 2000 World Cross Country Championships she finished tenth in the long race, while the Kenyan team of which Kutol was a part won the silver medal in the team competition.
In 2000, Kutol won the Venice Marathon, the first competitive marathon that she had run. In 2001, Kutol came second in a 5.65 km race in San Sebastián, Spain. In the same year, she came second in the Paris Marathon, losing in a sprint by one second to fellow Kenyan Florence Barsosio.
In 2003, Kutol won the Madrid and Venice Marathons. Later in the year, she won the Dublin Marathon in a record time of 2:27.22, which was over five minutes faster than her previous best. Her record time stood until 2010, when it was beaten by Russian Tatyana Aryasova. In 2004, Kutol won the Paris Half Marathon in a time of 1:11:13.
Kutol took a two-year break from competition in order to have a baby, and returned in 2007. In that year, she won the Luxembourg Marathon in a time of 2:41:26. In 2010, Kutol won the Tallinn Marathon. In 2011, she came third at the Kuala Lumpur Marathon. In 2012, she came 21st overall and second woman at the February Bangkok Marathon, which had been postponed from 2011 due to flooding
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# Srinivas Group of Institutions
**Srinivas Group of Institutions**, formerly **Srinivas Group of Colleges**, runs educational institutes in and around Mangaluru, Karnataka, India.
The Colleges are managed by **A. Shama Rao Foundation**, which is an Educational and Public Charitable Registered Trust. It was founded by Raghavendra Rao, an auditor by profession. The group offers multidisciplinary higher education through Srinivas University.
## Hotel Management {#hotel_management}
Srinivas College\' of Hotel Management was established in 1988.
It is one of the oldest institutes offering hotel management courses in India and is affiliated with Mangalore University leading to B.H.M. The college is located in Pandeshwar, Mangalore.
## Physiotherapy
Srinivas College of physiotherapy and Research Centre, Mangalore, started BPT in December 1993 in the cosmopolitan city of Mangalore, Karnataka.
**Affiliation & Recognitions**:
The college is affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore and Srinivas University and a member of Indian Association of Physiotherapists (IAP), which is a member of World Confederation of Physical Therapists (WCPT).
## Nursing
The group has an institute offering courses in nursing. A Shama Rao nursing school offers three and half years diploma in nursing. The college was started in 2003. The candidate desiring admission must have passed pre university course in science stream with biology as one of the subjects. The clinical facilities are in and around Mangalore city.
## Computer Application {#computer_application}
The Srinivas Institute of Management studies offers M.C.A course. The B.C.A course is offered by Srinivas College of Computer and Information Sciences. Both the colleges are affiliated to Srinivas University. The M.C.A as well as B.C.A courses are of three years duration. The minimum requirement of admission to B.C.A is 45% pass marks in a pre university course. MCA course is also offered by Srinivas Institute of Technology, Valachil, Mangalore. The college is affiliated to VTU Belgaum.
## Business Administration {#business_administration}
The Srinivas Institute of Management studies offers two-year full-time M.B.A course. The B.B.M course is offered by Srinivas First Grade College has a duration of three years. Both of these colleges are affiliated to Mangalore University. Srinivas Institute of Technology, Valachil also offers two-year full-time M.B.A course affiliated to VTU, Belagavi.
## Engineering
A four-year engineering course leading to Bachelor in Engineering degree (B.E) is offered by Srinivas Institute of Technology and Srinivas School of Engineering. Srinivas institute of technology is one of the few college in Karnataka to provide Marine engineering and Automobile engineering. Srinivas institute of technology is the first & only college in Mangalore region to build an electric ATV and to participate in Baja SAE India, team called Ebaja team SITE racing Mangaluru. And team has also have ranked 2nd-lightest vehicle built so far in India.
## Pharmacy
The Srinivas College of Pharmacy belongs to the Srinivas group of colleges. The college offers BPharma course of four-year duration. It is located at Valachil village near Mangalore. The first Batch of BPharma was out in 2008. Hence Srinivas College of Pharmacy would complete its 4 years in 2008. Master\'s degree in Pharmacy is now available for affordable fees.
## Allied Health Sciences {#allied_health_sciences}
The Srinivas University Institute of Allied Health Sciences offers a variety of undergraduate and postgraduate courses in allied health sciences. These courses are designed to prepare the students for careers in a variety of health care settings, including hospitals, clinics, and community health centers
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# Sinfonia Educational Foundation
The **Sinfonia Educational Foundation (SEF)** is the philanthropic arm of the Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Music Fraternity.
## SEF scholarships, grants, and programs {#sef_scholarships_grants_and_programs}
### Scholarships
- Sinfonia Educational Foundation (\$5,000, \$2,500)
```{=html}
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```
- James H. Patrenos Memorial Scholarship (\$1,000)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- W. Eldridge and Emily Lowe Scholarship (\$1,000)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Delta Iota Alumni Scholarship (\$500)
### Grants
- Travel Reimbursement Grants
- Chapter/Province Matching Grants
- Overseas Travel Grants
- Research Assistance Grants
### Programs
- Leadership Institute
- Sinfonia Winds
## History
SEF began in 1954 as the Sinfonia Foundation. Over its first 50 years, the SEF changed its direction several times. In many cases, the SEF\'s mission was much more oriented to promoting music in America, American artists, and American music professionals. In the 21st century, the SEF\'s mission has become much more oriented towards developing the leadership skills of collegiate members of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity. In 2003,SEF became the Sinfonia Educational Foundation.
In 2006, the Board of Trustees hired Matthew Garber, the SEF\'s first Director of Development, to increase the SEF endowment and expand its programs. Garber left SEF in January 2009. At that time the Foundation announced it wouldn\'t seek a replacement
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# Wichita (1955 film)
***Wichita*** is a 1955 American CinemaScope Western film directed by Jacques Tourneur and starring Joel McCrea as Wyatt Earp. The film won a Golden Globe Award for Best Outdoor Drama. The supporting cast features Vera Miles, Lloyd Bridges, Edgar Buchanan, Peter Graves, Jack Elam and Mae Clarke. The film\'s premiere was held in Wichita, Kansas, at The Wichita Theatre, 310 East Douglas, with the stars in attendance. Vera Miles had been Miss Kansas in 1948 and was third runner up in the Miss America pageant. The Hollywood Foreign Press Association awarded the film with \"Best Picture - Outdoor Drama\" in 1955.
It was mostly filmed in California, including in Thousand Oaks, CA.
## Plot
Former bison hunter and entrepreneur Wyatt Earp (Joel McCrea) arrives in the lawless cattle town of Wichita, Kansas. His skills as a gunfighter make him a perfect candidate for marshal but he refuses the job until he feels morally obligated to bring law and order to this wild town. His least popular move is to take away the guns of everyone in town, no matter how important. Only when town banker Sam McCoy (Walter Coy) is hit with a personal tragedy does Earp\'s no-guns edict begin to make sense.
## Cast
- Joel McCrea as Wyatt Earp
- Vera Miles as Laurie McCoy
- Lloyd Bridges as Gyp Clements
- Wallace Ford as Arthur Whiteside
- Edgar Buchanan as Doc Black
- Peter Graves as Morgan Earp
- Keith Larsen as Bat Masterson
- Carl Benton Reid as Mayor Andrew Hoke
- John Smith as Jim Earp
- Walter Coy as Sam McCoy
- Robert J. Wilke as Ben Thompson (as Robert Wilke)
- Jack Elam as Al
- Mae Clarke as Mrs
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# Seafarers' International Union of Canada
The **Seafarers International Union of Canada (SIU)** is a Canadian labour union representing seafarers working aboard Canadian flag vessels. The Seafarers' International Union of Canada is affiliated with the Seafarers' International Union of North America serving unlicensed sailors since 1938. The SIU has been representing seafarers working aboard vessels on the Great Lakes, St. Lawrence River, East Coast, West Coast and Arctic since 1954. SIU members have acquired the reputation of being amongst the best-trained and most qualified sailors in the world. The SIU represents thousands of qualified seafarers across Canada.
## Advocacy
In September 2015, the SIU filed 42 lawsuits alleging that the Government of Canada was issuing work permits to the foreign crews of hundreds of foreign ships engaging in shipping in Canadian waters, despite the availability of qualified Canadian seafarers to serve on these vessels, which is contravention of immigration laws. In July 2016, the SIU filed an additional 13 lawsuits with similar allegations, forcing the Government of Canada to admit that it improperly issued work permits to the foreign crew members of the *New England*, a Marshall Islands flagged oil tanker that engaged in shipping in Canada.
The Federal Court granted SIU\'s judicial review applications and set aside 11 work permits for the crew of the *New England*. The SIU was successful in reaching a settlement of the remaining outstanding 44 lawsuits with Employment and Social Development Canada.
In April 2017, then SIU Canada President, James Given, appeared as a witness to testify before the Standing Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade on their study of CETA.
In September 2017, SIU President James Given appeared as a witness to testify before the House Standing Committee on Transportation, Infrastructure and Communities on their study of Bill C-49, the T*ransportation Modernization Act*.
In September 2018, SIU President James Given appeared as a witness to testify before the House Standing Committee on Transportation, Infrastructure and Communities on their study of the *Canadian Transportation and Logistics Strategy (Trade Corridors).*
Early in 2017, President Given met with Mr. Steve Verheul from Global Affairs Canada, the former chief negotiator for CETA and Canada\'s chief negotiator for NAFTA. He also met trade officials as well as representatives from Transport Canada. In these productive meetings, President Given received assurance that changes under CETA will in no way allow EU shipowners to bypass the Temporary Foreign Workers Program, which would allow feeder services to operate between Montreal and Halifax. Foreign crew members onboard will have to obtain temporary foreign worker permits.
## Presidents
Hal C. Banks
Leonard J
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# Carman Hall
**Carman Hall** is a dormitory located on Columbia University\'s Morningside Heights campus and currently houses first-year students from Columbia College as well as the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science.
## History
The building, originally named New Hall, broke ground in 1957 along with an adjacent student center called Ferris Booth Hall, which was later demolished to make way for Alfred Lerner Hall. The building was designed by Harvey Clarkson of Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, which designed the Empire State Building.
The building opened in 1959 to the all-male undergraduates of Columbia College. However, the aesthetics of the building along with other buildings constructed during Grayson L. Kirk\'s tenure was criticized by students, faculty, and critics alike, including Jacques Barzun, Andrew Dolkart, Barry Bergdoll, and Ada Louise Huxtable. Architecture critic Allan Temko noted that the building\'s long hallways and pattern of two double rooms with a shared bath resembled a "Victorian reformatory" and its lounge "a bus station with Muzak." In 1962, Temko again criticized Carman as \"dull and bureaucratic\... \[with\] skimpy and unimaginative detail.\" Dean of the Yale School of Architecture Robert A. M. Stern, who graduated from Columbia a year after the building\'s completion, wrote in an unpublished piece that \"\[Carman and Ferris Booth Halls\] are unfortunately mediocre in their conception.\"
After the building broke ground, a informal naming contest was organized by the *Columbia Daily Spectator*, with the \"serious\" category winner suggesting the building be named after dean Herbert Hawkes and the \"humorous\" category suggesting it to be named after Aaron Burr, as a counterpart to Hamilton Hall, at the opposite end of campus. However, neither name was endorsed by the university. As a placeholder, it was referred to as New Hall until it was finally named Carman Hall in 1965, in honor of Harry Carman, who served as dean of Columbia College from 1943 to 1950.
In November 2021, Carman Hall was evacuated after bomb threats surfaced on Twitter claiming that improvised explosives have been placed in the building.
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# Carman Hall
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
- George Stephanopoulos, chief anchor of ABC News
- Jonathan R. Cole, provost of Columbia University
- Art Garfunkel, musician
- Robert Kraft, billionaire businessman and philanthropist, owner of the New England Patriots
- Mike Massimino, astronaut
- Anna Paquin, actress
- David Denby, American film critic
- Stephen Donaldson, gay rights activist
- Eric Holder, 82nd United States Attorney General
- Chris Wiggins, chief data scientist at *The New York Times*
- Ezra Koenig, member of *Vampire Weekend*
- Eric Garcetti, mayor of Los Angeles
- Niles Eldredge, American paleontologist who proposed the theory of punctuated equilibrium
- Thomas de Zengotita, author and editor
- Robert Kolker, American author
- Olivier Knox, chief Washington correspondent for Sirius XM
- Christopher Dell, former United States Ambassador to Angola, Zimbabwe, Kosovo
- Rebekah Gee, former Secretary of the Louisiana Department of Health
- Ellen Gustafson, co-founder of FEED Projects
- Danielle Maged, American business executive with StubHub, Fox Networks Group, and Global Citizen
- Jonathan Lavine, co-managing partner of Bain Capital
- Harriet Ryan, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist
- Tom Kitt, Pulitzer Prize-winning composer and musician
- Deborah Waxman, president of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College
- Ed Harris, American actor
- Tim Kelly, mayor of Chattanooga, Tennessee
- Liesel Pritzker Simmons, American philanthropist and child actress
- Ruthzee Louijeune, at-large member of the Boston City Council
- Peter Mendelsund, graphic art designer, creative director of *The Atlantic*
- Robert S. Levine, scholar of English literature at the University of Maryland, College Park
- Brent Forrester, executive producer of *Space Force*, *The Office*, *King of the Hill*, writer of *The Simpsons*
- David S. Katz, historian at Brandeis University, formerly at Tel Aviv University, Israel
- Robert Dreyfuss, independent investigative journalist
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
The building frequently served as the residence of the protagonist in Paul Auster\'s works, including *4 3 2 1* and *Winter Journal*; in the latter he describes Carman as \"an austere environment, ugly and charmless, but nevertheless far better than the dungeonlike rooms to be found in the older dorms.\" A section of the Ben Coes novel, *First Strike,* was also set in the building. The building was also referenced in Christopher John Farley\'s young-adult novel, *Zero O\'Clock.*
In his memoir, *Photographs of My Father*, Paul Spike notes that \"not a trace of style ruins the ugly face of Carman Hall
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# Fintan Cullen
**Fintan Cullen** (born 3 January 1954) in Dublin, is an Irish academic, educator and writer. Cullen is a professor at the University of Nottingham.
## National Portrait Gallery Exhibit {#national_portrait_gallery_exhibit}
He and Roy Foster co-created the exhibit *Conquering England: Ireland in Victorian England*, which was in the National Portrait Gallery in London from 9 March 2005 to 19 June 2005. They also co-wrote a book that accompanied the exhibit. The name comes from G. B. Shaw\'s mordant observation that \"England had conquered Ireland, so there was nothing for it but to come over and conquer England.\"
The exhibition explored the diversity of the Irish in London and their influence in the visual arts, literature, theatre, journalism and politics. It featured portraits of Shaw, Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats and Charles Stewart Parnell. `{{quotation |''Conquering England'' also included painters, sculptors, politicians, journalists, theatrical entrepreneurs (including [[Bram Stoker]], the author of ''[[Dracula]]'') ... [t]he reign of [[Queen Victoria]] was characterized by a contentious and contradictory relationship between Ireland and Britain ... with the Parnellite Irish Parliamentary Party holding the balance of power at Westminster in the 1880s and Parnell himself being the focus of intense controversy ... [the] Irish were prominent in other spheres, notably medicine and the law, but the worlds of the visual arts, politics, literature and the stage retain the most vivid impression of Irish influence in Queen Victoria's reign ... [by] the end of the period, ... the Celtic craze and events such as the new [[Abbey Theatre]]'s visits to London ... coincided with the return of the cultural focus to Dublin, to an Ireland undergoing political radicalization and cultural renaissance
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# Sharla Cheung
use both this parameter and \|birth_date to display the person\'s date of birth, date of death, and age at death) \--\> \| death_place = \| occupation = Actress, film producer \| years_active = 1986--1995, 2002--present \| spouse = \| partner = \| children = \| parents = \| mother = \| father = \| relatives = \| family = \| module = `{{Infobox Chinese
| child=yes
| t = 張敏
| s = 张敏
| p = Zhāng Mǐn
| j = Zoeng1 Man5
}}`{=mediawiki} }} **Sharla Cheung Man** (born 7 February 1968) is a Hong Kong actress and film producer.
## Career
Cheung was discovered by Wong Jing, who cast her in her first film role in the 1986 film *The Magic Crystal*. She continued to work with the director on many of his productions in the early 1990s as well. Cheung gained popularity with the numerous films she starred in alongside Stephen Chow, in which she was frequently cast as Chow\'s love interest after winning the Miss Asia contest. They partnered for more than 10 films from 1988 to 1994, including *All for the Winner*, *God of Gamblers II*, *Fist of Fury 1991*, *Fight Back to School*, *Royal Tramp*, and *King of Beggars*. Another frequent co-star is Andy Lau, who appeared alongside Cheung in such films as *God of Gamblers*, *God of Gamblers II*, and *Lee Rock*.
Cheung finished from the acting school after middle school.
After an impressive body of work in the early 1990s (she starred in about 50 films between 1990 and 1995), Cheung became a film producer in 1995 with *Dream Lover* (starring Tony Leung Ka-fai and Wu Chien-lien). However, Cheung was unhappy with it and she remade the film as *Romantic Dream* (starring Cheung and Lau Ching-wan). Both versions opened in 1995. The films, however, were commercial failures, and Cheung then retired from the film industry to focus on various business interests.
Cheung made a comeback in acting in the early 2000s to star in several television series. She appeared in such TV series as *My Celebrity Boyfriend* (`{{zh|c=我的明星仔男友}}`{=mediawiki}) in 2003 and *Legend of the Book\'s Tower* (`{{zh|c=風滿樓}}`{=mediawiki}) in 2005 alongside Nicky Wu. In 2002, she portrayed Diaochan, one of the Four Beauties of ancient China, opposite Ray Lui, in the television series *Diao Chan* (`{{zh|c=貂蝉}}`{=mediawiki}).
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# Sharla Cheung
## Filmography (as actress) {#filmography_as_actress}
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
+======+=======================================================+======================================================+===============================================+
| 1986 | *The Magic Crystal* | Winnie Shen / 沈薇妮 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1987 | *The Romancing Star* | Man / 阿敏 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1988 | *Bet on Fire* 火舞風雲 | Min / 程敏 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1988 | *Faithfully Yours* | Ying / 阿英 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1989 | *Operation Pink Squad II* 猛鬼大廈 | Mun / 阿敏 | a.k.a. *Thunder Cops* |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1989 | *Dream of Desire* 花心夢裡人 | Sally Cheung | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1989 | *Little Cop* | Dark Skin | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1989 | *The Romancing Star III* | Auntie Man / 文文 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1989 | *God of Gamblers* | Janet | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1990 | *Swordsman* | Ren Yingying / 任盈盈 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1990 | *My Neighbours are Phantoms* 嘩鬼住正隔籬 | Siu Sin / 小倩 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1990 | *All for the Winner* | Yee Mong / 綺夢 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1990 | *Story of Kennedy Town* | Li / 麗 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1990 | *God of Gamblers II* | Dream Lo / 夢籮 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1991 | *Fist of Fury 1991* | Mandy Fok / 阿敏 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1991 | *Devil\'s Vindata* 妖魔道 | Mandy / 白敏兒 | a.k.a. *Devil\'s Vendetta* |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1991 | *A Chinese Legend* 追日 | Ching-er / 青兒 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1991 | *Fight Back to School* | Miss Ho | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1991 | *God of Gamblers III: Back to Shanghai* | Yee Mong / 綺夢 | cameo |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1991 | *Lee Rock* | Grace / 白月嫦 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1991 | *Lee Rock II* | Grace / 白月嫦 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1991 | *The Fatal Game* 毒豪 | | a.k.a. *Tricky Gambler* |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1991 | *Tiger Cage 3* | Suki Cheung | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1991 | *Dances with Dragon* | Moon / 陳月光 | a.k.a. *Dance with the Dragon* |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1991 | *Lover-at-Large*\ | Lily Lam / 林寶蓮 | |
| | 難得有情郎 | | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *Fist of Fury 1991 II* | Min (阿敏) / Yuen Chuen (婉君) | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *Truant Heroes* 逃學英雄傳 | Dreamy (Lam Moon) / 林夢想 | a.k.a. *Truant Hero* |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *Cheetah on Fire* | Peggy | a.k.a. *Fight to Survive* in the Philippines |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *Rhythm of Destiny* | Siu Hong / 小紅 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *Fight Back to School II* | Miss Ho | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *Royal Tramp* | Empress Dowager (太后) / Lone-er (龍兒) | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *Deadly Dream Woman* 女黑俠黃鶯 | Huang Ying / 黃鶯 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *It\'s Now or Never* 飛女正傳 | Rose (Ying) | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *Royal Tramp II* | Lone-er / 龍兒 | bit part |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *To Miss with Love* 逃學外傳 | Ms. Chang / 張敏 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *Call Girl \'92* 92應召女郎 | Carmen | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *Handsome Siblings* | Eva, Supreme Ruler of the Martial World / 移花官官主 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *Invincible* 戰龍在野 | | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | *King of Beggars* | Yu-shang / 如霜 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | *Fight Back to School III* | Man / 阿敏 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | *Legend of the Liquid Sword* | Jellyfish / 水母陰姬 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | *Last Hero in China* | Ti Yin-er / 鐵燕兒 | a.k.a. *Claws of Steel* |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | *Flying Dagger* | Big Bewitchement / 大風騷 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | *Holy Weapon* | Spider / 蜘蛛 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | *The Buddhist Spell* | Shen / 湘兒 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | *The Sword of Many Loves* | Purple Yuen / 袁紫衣 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | *Chez n\' Ham* 芝士火腿 | Fanny / 粉腸 | a.k.a. *Curry and Pepper 3* |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | *The Sword Stained with Royal Blood* | Ah Kau / 阿九 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | *Kung Fu Cult Master* | Yan So-So (殷素素) / Chao Min (趙敏) | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1994 | *Underground Judgement* 地下裁決 | Senny/Lisa | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1994 | *The Dragon Chronicles -- The Maidens* | Purple / 阿紫 | a.k.a. *Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils* |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1994 | *Hail the Judge* | Chi Siu-Lin / 戚秦氏 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1994 | *Crystal Fortune Run* 暴風眼 | Wind Yip / 葉風 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1994 | *God of Gambler\'s Return* | Wan Yau, Ko Chun\'s wife / 溫柔 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1995 | *Romantic Dream* 追女仔95之綺夢 | Mandy | also producer |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1995 | *Dragon Killer* 狂情殺手 | Lam Miu | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1995 | *Ten Brothers* 十兄弟 | Wai-leung / 慧娘 | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 1996 | *Back for Your Life* 索命 | | a.k.a. *Avenger* (復仇者) |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 2000 | *Zhanguo Hongyan Xi Shi* 戰國紅顏 西施 | Xi Shi / 西施 | TV series |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 2002 | *Diao Chan* 貂蝉 | Diao Chan / 貂蝉 | TV series |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 2003 | *The Two Individual Package Women* 兩個獨立包裝的女人 | Christy Cheung | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 2003 | *The Sixth Sense* 第六感 | Cheung Ying-yu (張影月) / Cheung Xin-yu (張星月) | |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 2003 | *Wo De Ming Xing Zai Nan You* 我的明星仔男友 | Li / 麗 | TV series --- a.k.a. *My Celebrity Boyfriend* |
+------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 2004 | *Cang Hai You Long* 沧海游龙 | Jin Zhu (金珠) / Xin Yonglian (辛咏莲) | TV series --- a.k.a
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# 1718 in Ireland
Events from the year **1718 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George I
## Events
- May 2 -- the scholar William Nicolson is appointed Bishop of Derry.
- May 10 -- the Roman Catholic Bishopric of Emly is united with the Archbishopric of Cashel.
- July--August -- the first ships carrying Scotch-Irish emigrants from Ulster to North America arrive in Boston, Massachusetts.
- October 28 -- Ashkenazi Jews lease the site for Ballybough Cemetery in Fairview, Dublin, Ireland\'s first Jewish cemetery.
- Jervis Street Hospital, is founded by six surgeons as the Charitable Infirmary in Cook Street, the first public voluntary hospital in the British Isles.
## Births
- March 2 -- John Gore, 1st Baron Annaly, politician and peer (d. 1784)
- Nano Nagle, founder of the Presentation Sisters (d. 1784)
## Deaths
- October 24 -- Thomas Parnell, clergyman and poet (b. 1679)
- 1716 or 1718 -- Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh, historian (b
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# Toronto ravine system
The **Toronto ravine system** is a distinctive feature of the city\'s geography, consisting of a network of deep ravines, which forms a large urban forest that runs through most of Toronto. The ravine system is the largest in any city in the world, with the *Ravine and Natural Feature Protection Bylaw* protecting approximately 110 km2 of public and privately-owned land. The ravine system has been presented as a central characteristic of the city, with the size of the ravine system leading Toronto to be described as \"a city within a park\".
The ravine system began to take shape approximately 12,000 years ago at the end of the Last Glacial Period when the glaciers that once covered Toronto retreated northeast and left valleys and rivers that eventually formed deep ravines. Due to the topography of the ravine system, limited urban development occurred within it until the mid-19th century. Limited development continued in the ravine system until the occurrence of Hurricane Hazel in 1954. The destruction caused by the hurricane led to a halt to major developments within the ravine system. The Toronto ravine system remains largely undeveloped, with most of its public lands having been designated as parkland.
More than two-thirds of the publicly owned portions of the ravine system are made up of forests, with the other portions being beaches, meadows, open water, successional lands, and wetlands. Although large portions of the ravine system remain undeveloped, parts of the ravine system are used for flood management, carbon sequestration, and recreational purposes by the city. In addition to its human uses, the ravine system also serves as a habitat and wildlife corridor for a large number of animals.
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# Toronto ravine system
## Origin
The Toronto ravine system originated approximately 12,000 years ago at the end of the Last Glacial Period, with rivers and valleys being formed in the wake of the retreating glaciers and the compressed land it left. Meltwater from the glacial deposit at the Oak Ridges Moraine, situated 30 km north of the city, flowed southeast towards Glacial Lake Iroquois, carving through nearly 100 m of soil, alluvial soft sand, gravel, and clay till to form the ravine valleys. Most of the meltwater flowed southeast along shallow ice-scrapped depressions towards the glacial lake, creating small ponds north of Toronto. However, the early Don and Humber rivers are notable exceptions, with these waterways flowing along the compacted channels of the former Laurentian River System, an ancient river system that was scoured and buried during the Last Glacial Period.
After the glacial ice had retreated north of the St. Lawrence Valley approximately 9,000 years ago, the water level of glacial Lake Iroquois began to recede. The drop in water levels saw new waterways formed as the water meandered through the former lakebed into the newly formed Lake Admiralty, with the two main branches of the Don River joined at the old shoreline of Lake Iroquois, and new streams having been formed. The new lake existed until approximately 8,000 years ago, when the Earth\'s crust around Quebec and northeastern Ontario began to rebound, having been previously depressed under the weight of the glacial ice that had since retreated from that area. Water levels in the lake gradually rose as the earth\'s crust near the lake\'s outlet to the Saint Lawrence River rebounded. Major plateaus in the system, such as the lower Don Valley, were formed during this period, as rising water levels from Lake Ontario pushed into the lower valley, and sediment washed down from the upper valley accumulated in the lower waterbed. The flooding of the lower ravine system also resulted in the formation of several spits, lagoons, and wetlands near Toronto\'s shoreline. Before the arrival of European settlers, the landscape from Lake Ontario to the Oak Ridge Moraine was dominated by forests of maple, beech, and hemlock trees, while its low-lying areas were made up of forests and shrub swamps, with extensive marches along the Toronto shoreline. A large number of the trees surrounding the Town of York were logged in the early 19th century, including many trees in the ravine system. However, portions of the ravine system saw limited human developments, with flood-prone areas of the ravine having prevented large-scale urban developments. As a result, the ravine system holds the largest collection of trees in the city that predates European colonization.
The ravine system also saw significant alterations as a result of human activity in the 19th and early 20th centuries, as several natural valleys were filled in, rivers rechannelled or buried entirely, and wetlands drained to facilitate new developments. The Don River was altered near the mouth of the river, with a concrete channel created to prevent the Port Lands from flooding. Creeks and ravines within downtown Toronto were also buried during this period, including Garrison and Taddle Creek. As a result of these changes, the Don River and a small portion of Taddle Creek were the only remaining waterways that flowed into Toronto Bay by the mid-20th century. The surviving portions of Toronto\'s ravine system primarily surround four waterways---the Don River, Highland Creek, Humber River, and the Rouge River---although smaller ravines can also be found along the other waterways of Toronto, including Etobicoke Creek and Mimico Creek.
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# Toronto ravine system
## Locations
The ravine system is situated on the north shore of Lake Ontario, straddling the Carolinian forest and the Great Lakes--St. Lawrence Lowlands. The landscape of the ravine system includes large river valleys and smaller creeks. Many of the larger waterways are surrounded by narrow steep-sided valleys, with the waterways having eroded the soft deposits around it to reveal large exposures of Ordovician rocks, many of these rocks visible along the stream banks. The ravine system forms a part of a larger network of ravines that extends towards the Oak Ridges Moraine, located north of Toronto. The largest ravines surround the rivers running south from the moraine towards Lake Ontario, the Don, Humber, and Rouge rivers. The present ravine system is a protected natural landform under the *Ravine and Natural Feature Protection Bylaw*. The bylaw defines a ravine as a distinct landform with a minimum of 2 m change in grade between \"the highest and lowest points of elevation,\" has vegetation cover, and has or once had water flowing through or adjacent to the landform. In addition to these landforms, buffer areas and some other environmentally significant areas are also covered under this act. In total, the act protects approximately 17 per cent of the land in the city, or about 11000 ha of land. The system contains at least 150 ravines, constituting the largest ravine system in any city in the world. The edge of the ravine system throughout the city collectively amounts to over 1200 km, ten times the length of the Toronto waterfront. The system is primarily surrounded by residential areas. Approximately 60 per cent of the protected land is publicly owned, whereas the remaining 40 per cent is held privately. Within this area there are 86 municipally-recognized \"Environmentally Significant Areas\" and 1,500 urban parks. Most of the ravine system remains in a naturalized state for flood control purposes, given the high variability in the water levels of the rivers and streams. More than two-thirds of the publicly-owned portions of the ravine system are forests, with its remaining portions being beaches, meadows, open water, successional lands, and wetlands. The ravine system accounts for approximately 36 per cent of the city\'s total tree cover.
Nearly the entire ravine system forms a part of the city\'s green space and natural heritage system, with municipal bylaws for those areas largely restricting human developments, with exceptions for compatible recreational and cultural facilities and essential public works. Legal ordinances that restrict developments within the ravine system include the *Ravine and Natural Feature Protection Bylaw*, which restricts the destruction of any tree in the system without a permit from the city, and TRCA Regulation 166/06, which prohibits any man-made alterations or filling of the ravine system\'s waterways or wetlands without a permit from the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA).
### Waterways
The Toronto ravine system forms a part of a larger regional watershed system that encompasses the Golden Horseshoe Greenbelt and the Oak Ridges Moraine. The ravine system contains seven watersheds, the Don River, Etobicoke Creek, Highland Creek, Humber River, Mimico Creek, Petticoat Creek, and the Rouge River. The Humber watershed is the largest of the seven watersheds, although the Don watershed constitutes the largest percentage of the city\'s land area, making up 32.5 per cent of the city. In total, there is approximately 371 km of watercourses that flow through the city and its ravine.
Most of the smaller creeks and streams are situated within the city limits of Toronto, although the source for the larger three rivers of the ravine system, the Don, Humber, and Rouge, originates from the Oak Ridges Moraine, a moraine located north of the city. The point where the Humber, Don, and Rouge River watersheds meet is near the intersection of Bathurst Street and Jefferson Sideroad at the Vaughan-Richmond Hill boundary. Many of the ravines that surround these waterways branch off into smaller ravines, winding through commercial, industrial, and residential neighbourhoods of the city. During the late summer, many of the smaller streams will slow to a trickle or even disappear completely. During the spring and after major storms, creeks in the ravine will often overflow their banks. The shape of streams within the ravine system is subject to constant change, with large storms causing the area to flood, and erosion to occur on river banks and meanders. In particular, waterways in narrow ravines, and straightened/rechannelled waterways are particularly susceptible to change due to erosion.
As a result of heavy urbanization around Black Creek, the water quality of the creek is considerably lower in comparison to the other watersheds of the ravine system.
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# Toronto ravine system
## Biodiversity
The ravine system holds the greatest variety of ecosystems, species and genetic diversity within the city. The variety in species is a result of the mosaic of ecosystems that exists within the system, including forests, wetlands, rivers and streams. The connected nature of these habitats helps support the extensive biodiversity within ravines.
### Fauna
The ravine system serves as a habitat for approximately 1,700 species of animals and plants, including many locally, regionally, and provincially sensitive species and species at risk. Approximately 90 per cent of animals that reside in Toronto inhabit the ravine system.
In addition to providing a habitat in an urban environment, the ravine system also acts as a wildlife corridor, permitting the animals that live within it to travel from one area of the city to another. The corridors are of particular importance for wild mammals, as they provide the only safe passage for them to traverse from one part of the city to another to find new mates and establish their own homes.
### Flora
The ravine system is one of the northernmost Carolinian forests found in North America, consisting of mixed woodlands and southern traces of the boreal forest. Around 1,000 plant species may be found in the ravine system, making up approximately 25 per cent of all plant species that can be found in Ontario.
Most flora that is native to the area, such as the oak, have the genetic diversity that makes them more adaptable and resilient to extreme climate events and pest infestations. Poison ivy and nettles are also abundant.
#### Invasive species {#invasive_species}
A decline in the quality of vegetation composition was observed between 2009 and 2019, with invasive plant species spreading throughout the ravine system.
In a 2018 study on the ravine system\'s ecology, at least one of 15 identified high-risk invasive plant species was found in 75 per cent of areas surveyed. The study also indicated that the native flora in the ravine system faced extirpation if action was not taken against the invasive flora, with certain invasive species such as the Norway maple seizing large portions of the ravine system by killing off native undergrowth and saplings. Norway maples were a species that out-competed native vegetation.
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# Toronto ravine system
## Human history {#human_history}
Several artifacts dating to the Archaic period in North America have been found in the ravine system. After the introduction of corn in southern Ontario circa 500 CE, the ancestral Wyandot peoples began to raise the crop by clearing the floodplains. By the 14th century, the area held several Wyandot and Petun communities around the Don, Humber, and Rouge drainage system. The large amount of timber needed to house these communities was typically extracted from nearby cedar swamps. However by the end of the 16th century, most of these communities had moved northward to other Petun and Huron communities around present-day Simcoe County.
The areas was later occupied by the Seneca in the 1600s, with early European explorers having noted the existence of a Seneca village on the Humber, and another on the Rouge rivers in the 1660s. The first Europeans to arrive in the area were primarily explorers, fur traders, and missionaries, with a French Sulpician mission established at the mouth of the Rouge River by 1669. From the 17th century to 19th century, the ravine system formed a part of the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail, a major canoe-and-portage route used by fur traders to reach the upper Great Lakes.
The first sawmill opened in Toronto at the Don River valley in 1795. Due to the limited lumber supply the British had during the Napoleonic Wars, and the abundance of old-growth pines in the ravine system, portions of the Rouge Valley were logged to support the Royal Navy\'s shipbuilding efforts. From the late-18th and 19th century, portions of the ravine system was logged for building materials, leaving few trees in Toronto that date to before the end of logging around 1850. From the late 18th to 20th century, clay was also extracted from the ravine system, with the first brickworks opened in the ravine system in 1796. The Don Valley Brick Works was major brickwork that served as a major quarry and source of building material for the city until 1984. Clay excavations at the Don Valley Brick Works have provided researchers with the best-known preserved interglacial record in northern North America.
Urban developments within the ravines were largely limited in the early 19th century, as the muddy glacial sediment that made up the ravine valley acted as a major obstacle to construction. However, the cleared portions of the ravine system saw several dump sites, farms, mills, and landscaped parks established in the 19th and 20th centuries. By the mid-19th century, the Don Valley gained a reputation as a \"space for undesirables,\" with residents of the city perceiving the ravine as an area that harboured and facilitated lawlessness. The perception of the ravine system during the mid-19th century led developers to build low-end neighbourhoods near the ravine system, an area situated on the periphery of 19th-century Toronto and near its industrial lands. During the late 19th century several wetlands and lagoons at the mouths of the Don River were infilled, as the shallowness of Ashbride\'s Marsh made the area optimal for redevelopment as the Port Lands. The Don River around the river\'s mouth was also straightened to attract shipping upriver. Some smaller waterways in Toronto were also buried during this period after public health officials prompted the municipal government to cover the smaller waterways being used by residents as a receptacle for trash and human waste. The city\'s sewage system and water filtration plant was also built into the ravine system during the late-19th century. Many of Toronto\'s storm drains continue to empty into the ravines, with large parts of the city\'s infrastructure still reliant on the ravine system to absorb and filter stormwater in case of overflow. By the mid-1950s, several plans had emerged to create public parks within the ravine system and protect the system from further human development. Developments in the ravine system were largely halted after Hurricane Hazel passed through Toronto in 1954, with the hurricane destroying many homes and leaving 1,868 families homeless. Many of the homes that were destroyed were situated in the rechannelled rivers and streams of the ravine system, areas already threatened by flooding from heavy rainfalls.
The TRCA was formed under the provincial *Conservation Authorities Act* as a result of Hurricane Hazel. The TRCA established several flood control and water management policies that saw major developments halted within the ravine system. This included creating a boundary to delineate the high water mark for the ravine\'s rivers, as well as a ban on construction within the boundary. The formation of the TRCA marked the ravine system as a volatile force that would be managed under an intensive set of developmental constraints. As a result, most of the existing ravine system from 1954 has been preserved, with the construction of the Don Valley Parkway being the only major exception. The municipal government proceeded with its plan to create several parks in the ravine system, although they were built further upstream, adjacent to the TRCA\'s designated reservoirs and watersheds. Efforts to restore the ravine system to its natural state were launched in the 1990s, with citizen task forces such as the Task Force to Bring Back the Don formed to help facilitate tree planting and wetland creation projects.
### 21st century {#st_century}
In 2002, the municipal government of Toronto enacted a bylaw to formally protect the ravine system from human development.
The ravines were also home to a considerable number of homeless people, some of them living in fairly elaborate temporary structures. In 2001, *The Globe and Mail* ran a three-part series titled \"The Outsiders\" tracing the life of the homeless residents of the ravines for nearly a year. It won a National Newspaper Award for best feature writing. During the 2000s, illegal dumping of garbage in the ravines became an issue for forestry officials in the city.
A report published in 2018 estimated that the ravine system provided the city with C\$822 million in eco-system services in 2017. Eco-services provided by the ravine include aesthetics, carbon sequestration, flood mitigation, the regulation of temperature and noise, and recreation. In the report, it was estimated that the ravine system is responsible for the sequestration of 14,542 tonnes of carbon per year.
Work on new bypass tunnels to capture combined sewer overflows and prevent their flow into the Don River and Lake Ontario was undertaken beginning in December 2019. The bypass tunnels will divert overflows to Ashbridges Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant for ultraviolet disinfection.
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# Toronto ravine system
## Recreational use {#recreational_use}
Although the ravines were designated as an open space that is publicly accessible, only small sections of it are dedicated as parkland and sanctioned for public use. The municipal government\'s official ravine strategy identifies the ravine system as areas that should be preserved in their natural state. As a result, recreational activities within the ravine system have been limited to passive recreational activities, including cycling, hiking, and cross-country skiing within the ravine\'s parks and trails. There exist approximately 1,500 urban parks within the ravine system. In addition to small local parks, larger urban parks that encompass large portions of the ravine system have also been established during the 2010s. In 2011, the federal government announced its intention to create a national park around the Rouge River watershed. To establish the national park, the land was transferred from the municipal governments of Toronto and the surrounding municipalities to Parks Canada, with Rouge National Urban Park formally established on 15 May 2015. As of July 2019, the park has incorporated 95 per cent of the 79.1 km2 of land committed to it by the municipal, provincial, and federal governments. The Don River Valley Park is another large park in the ravine system opened by the municipal government. The Don River Valley Park encompasses over 200 ha of the lower Don River valley from Pottery Road to Corktown Common. The creation of the Don River Valley Park formed a part of the larger Lower Don Master Plan, a plan to naturally restore the area.
In 2017, the city introduced new trail signage to provide information for the surrounding area, initially on the trails of the lower Don River. There were 924,486 hikers and 398,240 cyclists who used the trails in the Toronto ravine system in 2017. The heavy use of some trails remains an issue for conservation efforts, with these trails showing signs of accelerated erosion and disruption to wildlife.
Certain parts of the ravines are also known as gay cruising areas.
### Issues with access {#issues_with_access}
As the ravine system has a small number of formal entry points, it remains an area that few can engage with regularly and remains an \"unknown, and inaccessible place\" for many in the city. Access to some ravine parks remains limited to pedestrian traffic, most notably ravine parks where its boundary with the sidewalk and roadways has a slope greater than 45 per cent.
During the 1950s and 1960s, several high-rise communities were built at the periphery of the ravine system. However, these communities were not designed with direct access to the ravine system and were effectively cut off from them by multi-story parking at the base of the towers. As a result, these communities have largely failed to adopt the ravines as an amenity, despite their prominent visibility from homes.
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# Toronto ravine system
## In culture {#in_culture}
Toronto\'s ravines have been presented as central to Toronto\'s \"city within a park\" character. Architect Larry Richards describes Toronto as topographically being \"San Francisco turned upside down\" in reference to San Francisco\'s hilly terrain. Sandy M. Smith, a professor of urban forestry at the University of Toronto, has also remarked how the ravine system acts as the \"green veins of the city,\" defining the city landscape and shaping Toronto\'s road network, with roadways having to conform to the ravine\'s boundaries.
### Portrayal in the arts {#portrayal_in_the_arts}
The ravine system has helped to form a cultural identity for its constituents, as the ravines occupy the \"cultural and poetic imagination\" of Toronto-based artists and authors as a \"para-natural form of infrastructure\" beyond the city. It has been suggested that ravines are featured in several works set in Toronto because they are \"the chief characteristic of the local terrain\" and a \"topographical signature\" of the city. This includes literary works like Margaret Atwood\'s *Lady Oracle*, which depicts the ravines as a meeting place where the unruly dense wilderness collided with the tidy streets of suburban Toronto. Anne Michaels\' also describes Toronto as a \"city of ravines,\" in her novel *Fugitive Pieces*, describing the ravine system as a place where one could \"traverse the city beneath the streets, look up to the floating neighbourhoods, houses built in the treetops\". The unique topography of Toronto was one of the primary reasons Atom Egoyan chose to set his film *Chloe* in the city. According to Robert Fulford, because the ravines are a \"tangible (though often hidden) part of \[Toronto\'s\] surroundings and a persistent force in \[its\] civic imagination\", they form a \"shared subconscious of the municipality,\" and is therefore where most of the local literature is born from. Fulford also suggests the childhood experiences Toronto-based authors had with ravines resulted in their use as \"receptacles of the childhood experiences that they have repressed,\" and as a \"creative, liminal space in which the ambiguities of life can play out\". Fulford notes that for many Torontonians, the ravine system was typically their first glimpse of wilderness, representing for many residents a \"savage foreign place,\" and a \"republic of childhood,\" as parents would warn younger children of the \"evils\" that lurk within, while adolescents viewed the ravines as the only place where they can \"find freedom from the vigilant gaze of adults\".
However, the way local authors have portrayed the ravine system has changed over time. Several mid-20th century authors, including Atwood and Michael Ondaatje, have portrayed the ravines as a place to be feared, and as a wild place beyond the ecumene. However, authors in the late-20th century, including Anne Michaels and Catherine Bush, have portrayed the ravine system in a positive light, as a place of healing and sanctuary from civic life.
Other artists and authors that have highlighted the Toronto ravine system in their works include Morley Callaghan, Douglas Anthony Cooper, Ernest Hemingway, and Doris McCarthy
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# 1784 in Ireland
Events from the year **1784 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: George III
## Events
- 11 February -- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland chartered.
- 15 April -- the first ascent of a manned balloon in the British Isles takes place with a hot air balloon at Navan
- The Old Bushmills Distillery becomes an officially registered company
- The post of Postmasters General of Ireland established
- William Conyngham begins installation of a planned settlement on Rutland Island, County Donegal
- New Church of Ireland St. John\'s Cathedral, Cashel, completed
- The satirist John Williams is prosecuted for an attack on the Duke of Rutland\'s administration in the *Volunteers\' Journal* and flees the country
## Births
- 12 May -- James Sheridan Knowles, dramatist and actor (died 1862).
- 20 September -- Sir Richard John Griffith, 1st Baronet, geologist (died 1878).
Full date unknown
:\*Richard Church, soldier, military officer and general in the Greek Army (died 1873).
:\*Thomas Barnwall Martin, soldier, landowner and politician (died 1847).
## Deaths
- 3 April -- John Gore, 1st Baron Annaly, politician and peer (born 1718).
- 26 April -- Nano Nagle, founder of the Presentation Sisters (born 1718).
- 29 May -- George Barret, Sr., artist (born c.1730).
- Thomas Cooley, architect (born 1740 in England)
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# Archaeophyte
An **archaeophyte** is a plant species which is non-native to a geographical region, but which was an introduced species in \"ancient\" times, rather than being a modern introduction. Those arriving after are called neophytes.
The cut-off date is usually the beginning of the early modern period (turn of the 15th or 16th century). In Britain, archaeophytes are considered to be those species first introduced prior to the year 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World and the Columbian Exchange began.
## Background
Archaeophytes include numerous weed species the seeds of which have been found in archaeological excavations -- to which they had been brought by people (anthropochory), animals (zoochory) or the wind (anemochory).
In some cases, introduced species, whether archaeophytes or neophytes, may have been native species before the ice ages, which extirpated vast numbers of plant species. Central European archaeophytes almost all come from the Mediterranean region and the neighboring areas of Western Asia, as they were introduced into Central Europe with the beginning of agriculture and increasingly since Roman times. They therefore include many familiar plants such as cultivated apples, pears, plums, cereals such as wheat and barley as well as flowers and medicinal plants such as poppy, cornflower, real chamomile and corn.
Australia\'s collision with the Eurasian Plate led to additional South-east Asian plants entering the Australian flora like the *Lepidium* and *Chenopodioideae*. Moreover, Aboriginal Australian and New Guinean contact prior to rising sea levels that isolated Australia from New Guinea in the early Holocene may explain the presence of New Guinea domesticates such as taro (*Colocasia esculenta*) and bananas (*Musa acuminata*) in northern Australia. Assisted migrations may also be the reason why some rainforest plants from New Guinea entered northern Australia more than 10,000 years ago.
## Examples
Archaeophytes are often cultivated species, transported deliberately by humans, but are also often weeds of cultivation, spread accidentally with grain. Archaeophytes in the United Kingdom include sweet chestnut, wheat, field poppy, flixweed, red valerian, ground elders, soapwort, small toadflax, good king henry and cornflower
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# Umi Yukaba
is a Japanese song whose lyrics are based on a chōka poem by Ōtomo no Yakamochi in the *Man\'yōshū* (poem 4094), an eighth century anthology of Japanese poetry, set to music by Kiyoshi Nobutoki.
## History
The poem is part of Ōtomo no Yakamochi\'s famous long poem celebrating the imperial edict on the discovery of gold in Michinoku province (modern Tohoku ) in 749. The distant ancestors of the Ōtomo clan were known as masters of the royal Kume guard. The poem reflects their pledge to serve their sovereign.
\"Umi Yukaba\" later became popular among the military, especially with the Imperial Japanese Navy. As set to music in 1937 by `{{nihongo|[[Kiyoshi Nobutoki]]|信時 潔|Nobutoki Kiyoshi}}`{=mediawiki} it became popular during World War II, and was sang frequently by *kamikaze* pilots before takeoffs. After Japan surrendered in 1945, \"Umi Yukaba\" and other *gunka* were banned by the Allied occupation forces. With the ending of the occupation, the song has now been widely played across military circles in Japan, including performances by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.
Prior to Nobutoki's composition, the poem had been set to music in the trio section of the Gunkan kōshinkyoku.
## Lyrics
*Umi yukaba / Mizuku kabane /*\
*Yama yukaba / Kusa musu kabane/*\
*Ookimi no / he ni koso shiname /*\
*Kaerimi wa seji*
At sea be my body water-soaked,\
On land be it with grass overgrown.\
Let me die by the side of my Sovereign!\
Never will I look back. `{{col-break}}`{=mediawiki}
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
- *Umi Yukaba* is also the name of a 1983 Japanese film.
- \"Umi Yukaba\" is featured in the 1970 film, *Tora! Tora! Tora!*
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# Fundamental matrix (linear differential equation)
In mathematics, a **fundamental matrix** of a system of *n* homogeneous linear ordinary differential equations$\dot{\mathbf{x}}(t) = A(t) \mathbf{x}(t)$is a matrix-valued function $\Psi(t)$ whose columns are linearly independent solutions of the system. Then every solution to the system can be written as $\mathbf{x}(t) = \Psi(t) \mathbf{c}$, for some constant vector $\mathbf{c}$ (written as a column vector of height `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki}).
A matrix-valued function $\Psi$ is a fundamental matrix of $\dot{\mathbf{x}}(t) = A(t) \mathbf{x}(t)$ if and only if $\dot{\Psi}(t) = A(t) \Psi(t)$ and $\Psi$ is a non-singular matrix for all `{{nowrap|<math> t </math>.}}`{=mediawiki}
## Control theory {#control_theory}
The fundamental matrix is used to express the state-transition matrix, an essential component in the solution of a system of linear ordinary differential equations
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# Charoen Sin district
**Charoen Sin** (*เจริญศิลป์*, ) is a district (*amphoe*) of Sakon Nakhon province, northeast Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Ban Muang, Wanon Niwat and Sawang Daen Din of Sakon Nakhon Province, and Ban Dung of Udon Thani province.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) Charoen Sin was established on 15 February 1988, when five *tambons* were split off from Sawang Daen Din district. It was upgraded to a full district on 4 July 1994.
## Administration
The district is divided into five sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 52 villages (*mubans*). The sub-district municipality (*thesaban tambon*) Charoen Sin covers parts of *tambons* Charoen Sin and Thung Kae. There are a further five tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- ------------- ----------- ---------- --------
1\. Ban Lao บ้านเหล่า 13 11,571
2\. Charoen Sin เจริญศิลป์ 11 10,682
3\. Thung Kae ทุ่งแก 9 6,928
4\. Khok Sila โคกศิลา 8 4,830
5\
| 162 |
Charoen Sin district
| 0 |
10,125,632 |
# Turkish Islamic Jihad
The **Turkish Islamic Jihad** (TIJ) is an Islamic Jihad organization. The group has never publicly given a specific ideology, but their name implies a fundamentalist Islamic orientation. In their only public statement, the group claimed to oppose the efforts of both the United States and Egypt at the Madrid Conference of 1991, whom they accused of attempting to "divide up the Middle East.\" In 1992 the Turkish Islamic Jihad claimed responsibly for the murder of an Israeli diplomat and the bombing of an Istanbul synagogue. They are also believed to be responsibly for a series of murders against Turkish journalists.
## Background
Although they have not claimed an attack since 1996 the Turkish Islamic Jihad was mentioned in the Iranian press as late as 2000 as one of a number of groups continuing to \"carry out clandestine political and military activities.\" The group is thought to be inactive; however the Islamist movement continues to present a threat to Turkey. In Turkey in 1991 a car bomb occurred killing one US Air force sergeant and severely injured an Egyptian diplomat. In Aug. 19, 1991, a British executive with a Turkish-British insurance company was assassinated as he was riding in the Istanbul office elevator. Dev Sol and the Turkish wing of Islamic Jihad both claimed credit
| 218 |
Turkish Islamic Jihad
| 0 |
10,125,633 |
# Hans Place
**Hans Place** (usually pronounced `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|æ|n|z}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|HANZ|'}}`{=mediawiki}) is a garden square in the Knightsbridge district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London, immediately south of Harrods in SW1. It is named after Sir Hans Sloane, 1st Baronet, PRS (16 April 1660 -- 11 January 1753), physician and collector, notable for his bequest, which became the foundation of the British Museum.
## Architecture
Hans Place dates from the 1770s, when the architect Henry Holland leased 89 acre from Earl Cadogan and funded the building of his house by laying out a square which he sub-let in building plots. The octagonal shape of the square is thought to have been modelled on the Place Vendôme in Paris. Horwood\'s Maps of 1799 and 1813 confirm that, with the exception of Nos. 55--56, all of the lots had been developed by the first edition, and that the final two houses were complete by the second.
The houses were let on 99-year leases, and apart from modernisation from time to time, appear to have remained unchanged during this period. The 1862 Ordnance Survey, for example, shows that none of the houses had been extended over the gardens, and annual directories record good tenancies with no obvious gaps during which major works might have been undertaken. Most of the 18th-century houses in Hans Place were substantially rebuilt by Cadogan Estates when new leases were arranged in the late 19th century, adopting a style that became so closely associated with the district that Osbert Lancaster dubbed it \"Pont Street Dutch\".
During World War II, Hans Place received bomb damage and substantial repairs were required to many buildings, and where buildings were not repairable new development took place, particularly on the Pavilion Road side. Numbers 14, 16, 17--22 and 23--27 Hans Place are all Grade II listed for their architectural merit.
| 307 |
Hans Place
| 0 |
10,125,633 |
# Hans Place
## Notable residents and events {#notable_residents_and_events}
Jane Austen resided at 23 Hans Place. Letitia Elizabeth Landon, the poet L.E.L., lived and worked on the top floor of 22 Hans Place between 1826 and 1837. She was born at No. 25 in 1802.
26 Hans Place was home of Archibald Corbett, 1st Baron Rowallan and family including his daughter Hon .Elsie Cameron Corbett who became an ambulance driver in Serbia during World War I and was awarded medals by the British and Serbian governments.
22 Hans Place formed the headquarters of the 1921 Irish Treaty delegation. The delegates were Arthur Griffith, Robert Barton, and Michael Collins; Secretary to the delegation was Robert Erskine Childers, who was also Robert Barton\'s cousin and father of the fourth President of Ireland Erskine Hamilton Childers. At 11.15 PM on 5 December 1921, the delegates made the historic decision to recommend the treaty to the Dáil Éireann; the negotiations finally closed with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty at 2.20am on 6 December 1921.
Hans Place was the scene of a murder in 1983, when actor Peter Arne was battered to death in his flat, apparently by an Italian vagrant who committed suicide shortly afterwards.
In the south-east corner at 17 Hans Place is the \"Main School\" (boys and girls aged 10--13) and headmaster\'s office of the notable Hill House School, where Prince Charles was a pupil. This address had been the home of George Gribble and Norah Royds, where at least one of their notable children was born, namely Phillip Gribble, according to his 1964 autobiography *Off The Cuff*. (Other siblings include Phyllis, later Phyllis Fordham of Ashwell Bury; Vivien Gribble, the engraver and illustrator; Lesley, mother of Frederic Seebohm, Baron Seebohm; and Julian Royds Gribble, who won a VC at the end of World War I and died of influenza in a German prison of war camp.)
## Current
Hans Place now represents one of the most sought after residential addresses in Chelsea. International business executives, and the super-rich, are particularly attracted to Hans Place because it is the garden square with the closest proximity to Harrods, and the best shopping in Sloane Street, Chelsea, and Belgravia.
Hans Place enjoys some of the highest levels of street security in London, being situated close to two police facilities serving nearby embassies, luxury hotels, and shopping in Knightsbridge and Chelsea and all of the private security arrangements maintained by, and for, Harrods and its customers. The communal garden is 0.4346 ha in size and contains mature plane, chestnut, and lime trees, and various shrubs. The garden is listed Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. It is not open to the public
| 452 |
Hans Place
| 1 |
10,125,635 |
# Yimenashu Taye
**Yimenashu Taye** (born 1979) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner.
In 1998 she won the junior race at the World Cross Country Championships and won silver medals in the 1500 metres and 3000 metres at the World Junior Championships. At the African Championships the same year she won a bronze medal in 3000 m.
At the 2000 World Cross Country Championships she finished sixth in the short race, while the Ethiopian team of which Taye was a part won the silver medal in the team competition
| 88 |
Yimenashu Taye
| 0 |
10,125,655 |
# Chaba Fadela
**Chaba Fadela** (born Fadela Zalmat, 5 February 1962) is an Algerian raï musician and actress.
## Early life {#early_life}
Fadela was raised in a poor neighborhood in Oran, Algeria, and starred in the Algerian film *Djalti* at the age of 14. She launched her musical career as a singer in Boutiba S\'ghir\'s band and began recording with producer Rachid Baba Ahmed in the late 1970s. She was the first woman to defy the ban on women singing in clubs, and she quickly reached great success in Algeria.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
She met and married Cheb Sahraoui, and the pair began recording together as a duo, starting in 1983 with \"N\'sel Fik (You Are Mine)\", which became one of the first international raï hit records. An album, *You Are Mine*, was released by Mango/Island Records in 1988. Fadela and Sahraoui toured internationally and recorded widely in the 1980s, with further success. While in New York in 1993, they recorded the album *Walli* with producer and multi-instrumentalist Bill Laswell. They relocated from Algeria to France in 1994.
In the late 1990s, the professional and personal relationship between Fadela and Sahraoui broke down, and since then Fadela has continued to work as a solo singer
| 206 |
Chaba Fadela
| 0 |
10,125,687 |
# Hanyang 88
The **Type 88**, sometimes known as \"**Hanyang 88**\" or Hanyang Type 88 (`{{zh|c=漢陽八八式步槍|p= |l=}}`{=mediawiki}) and Hanyang Zao (Which means *Made in Hanyang*), is a Chinese-made bolt-action rifle, based on the German Gewehr 88. It was adopted by the Qing Dynasty towards the end of the 19th century and was used by multiple factions and formations like those in the Republic of China, until the end of the Chinese Civil War.
The name of the rifle is derived from Hanyang Arsenal, the main factory that produced this rifle.
The rifle was due to be replaced as the standard Chinese rifle by the Chiang Kai-shek rifle. However, manufacture of the new rifle never managed to match demand, and the Type 88 continued to be manufactured and to equip the National Revolutionary Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
## History
This firearm was a rifle directly patterned on the German Gewehr 88 and was initially fielded by the New Armies of the Qing Dynasty. From the start of production in 1895, the Type 88 was modified twice to improve performance in 1904 and in 1930. It served as one of the standard battle rifles used by the National Revolutionary Army from its founding in 1925 until the late 1940s, after the end of World War II.
Japanese forces in China captured large numbers of the Hanyang 88s and issued them to second-line units and collaborationist Chinese troops. It was also used by the Chinese Communists, who not only used it during the same time period, but also during the Korean War. Some were reportedly supplied to the Viet Minh.
Production of the rifle ceased in 1944, 1.1 million rifles having been produced.
Initially manufactured at Hanyang Arsenal, production was moved to the 21st Arsenal in Chongqing after Wuhan fell to Japanese forces in 1938. Further production halted when the Chiang Kai-Shek rifle was instead being produced in 1944.
When the rifles were used by the People\'s Liberation Army, they were either used by militia forces or were used as training/drill rifles.
As part of the Sino-Soviet split, China supplied surplus Hanyang 88s to the Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War.
| 360 |
Hanyang 88
| 0 |
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