id
int64 39
7.86M
| section
stringlengths 0
4.51M
| length
int64 0
50.1k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
7,858,158 |
## Organisation
A Luftwaffe *Geschwader* (wing formation) was the largest homogenous flying formation. It typically was made up of three groups (*gruppen*). Each group contained approximately 30 to 40 aircraft in three squadrons (*staffeln*). A *Jagdgeschwader* could field 90 to 120 fighter aircraft. In some cases a wing could be given a fourth *gruppe*. Each wing had a *Geschwaderkommodore* (wing commander) supported by three *Gruppenkommandeur* (Group Commanders). Each squadron was commanded by a *Staffelkapitän* (squadron leader). The *staffel* contained approximately 12 to 15 aircraft. The identification in records was different depending on the type of formation. A *gruppe* was referred to in roman numerals, for example I./JG 26, while *staffeln* were described with their number (1./JG 26). The wing could be subordinated to a *Fliegerkorps*, *Fliegerdivision* or *Jagddivision* (Flying Corps, Division and Fighter Division) all of which were subordinated to *Luftflotten* (Air Fleets). The use of *Fliegerdivision* became redundant and the description *Fliegerkorps* supplanted it until the use of *Jagddivision* later in the war.
### Formation
*Jagdgeschwader* 26 was one of the earliest fighter units of the Luftwaffe. Its creation began in early 1937. A plan dated 14 March 1936 by Hermann Göring, at the time *Reichsminister der Luftfahrt* (Minister of Aviation) and *Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe* (Commander in Chief of the Luftwaffe), foresaw the creation of two light fighter groups in *Luftkreis* IV, a territorial Luftwaffe unit with its headquarters in Münster. Göring had planned for these two groups, initially organized under the designation *Jagdgeschwader* 234 (JG 234--234th Fighter Wing), to become operational on 1 April 1937.
I. *Gruppe* of JG 234 was created from the redesignation of III. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 134 on 15 March 1937 at Cologne Butzweilerhof Airfield. Its first commander was *Hauptmann* Walter Grabmann, who handed over command to *Major* Gotthard Handrick on 11 September 1938. The *Gruppe* was initially referred to I.(*leichte Jäger*) *Gruppe* and was equipped with the Heinkel He 51 B and started receiving the first Messerschmitt Bf 109 B series in May 1938. In parallel, II. *Gruppe* of JG 234 was formed in Düsseldorf. This *Gruppe* had numerous commanders during its creation phase, *Major* Werner Rentsch (15 March -- May 1937), *Major* Werner Nielsen (May -- 31 July 1937), *Oberstleutnant* Eduard Ritter von Schleich (1 August 1937 -- 30 September 1938), *Hauptmann* Werner Palm (1 October 1938 -- 27 June 1939) and *Hauptmann* Herwig Knüppel, who took command on 28 June 1939.
The *Geschwaderstab* (headquarters unit) was formed on 1 November 1938 in Düsseldorf and placed under the command of *Oberst* Eduard Ritter von Schleich. On this day, the *Geschwader* was renamed to *Jagdgeschwader* 132 (JG 132--132nd Fighter Wing) and was subordinated to *Luftgaukommando* IV (Air District Command). Also, on this day, I. and II. *Gruppe* of JG 234 were placed under the command of JG 132 and were then referred to as I. and II. *Gruppe* of JG 132. The *Geschwaderstab* was equipped with the Bf 109 D-1. On 8 December 1938, JG 132 was given the unit name \"Schlageter\", named after Albert Leo Schlageter. Schlageter was former member of the *Freikorps* who was executed by the French for sabotage and then became a martyr cultivated by the Nazi Party.
On 1 May 1939, the unit was named *Jagdgeschwader* 26 \"Schlageter\". One practical result of being a \"named\" unit was that for propaganda, if not necessarily operational, reasons, the wing was always among the first to receive new equipment; by January 1939 the *Jagdgeschwader* had received the newer Bf 109 E-1 which was highest performing fighter aircraft in the world at the time. I. *Gruppe* was commanded by Gotthard Handrick. Handrick served in *Jagdgruppe* 88 (J/88), Condor Legion, during the Spanish Civil War. *Hauptmann* Werner Palm commanded II. *Gruppe*, while III. *Gruppe*, formed 23 days into the war, was placed under Major Ernst Freiherr von Berg.
| 635 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 1 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
On 25 August 1939, I. *Gruppe* was ordered from Cologne to Bonn-Odendorf, across the Rhine in the Eifel while II. *Gruppe* moved from Düsseldorf to Bönninghardt. On 1 September 1939, the German Wehrmacht began the Invasion of Poland, beginning World War II. JG 26 was ordered to protect the western German border and industrial regions. Pilots spent time patrolling the airspace, in training or waiting at readiness in cockpits. The wing suffered its first fatality when an Unteroffizier pilot, Josef Schubauer, 2. *Staffel*, was killed in an accident. 10. *Staffel* became a night fighter unit under the command of Johannes Steinhoff, but was equipped with obsolete Bf 109 Ds and Arado Ar 68 fighters. 7., 8. and 9. *Staffel* were formed to staff the *gruppe*; Gerhard Schöpfel was the first leader of 9./JG 26. JG 26 claimed a first victory on 28 September, when a Curtiss P-36 Hawk from Groupe de Chasse II/5 encountered 2./JG 26 escorting a Henschel Hs 126 reconnaissance aircraft. The battle ended in the two Bf 109s being brought down with no loss to the French Air Force unit. By 30 September 1939, III. *Gruppe* had received its full complement of Bf 109s. The wing now had 129 day fighters, with fourteen Bf 109 Ds and six Ar 68s in the night fighter *staffel*. Walter Kienitz was replaced as III. *Gruppe* commander by *Major* Ernst Freiherr von Berg on 31 October, while on 7 November Joachim Müncheberg claimed the last victory during the \"Phoney War\" over a No. 56 Squadron RAF Bristol Blenheim bomber. The night fighter unit 10.(Nacht)/JG 26 fought in the Battle of the Heligoland Bight under Carl-Alfred Schumacher. Steinhoff was also in the battle; the German unit claimed six (three confirmed) for one pilot drowned. On New Years Day 1940, JG 26 began replacing the Bf 109 E-1 with the E-3, which had more powerful MG FF cannon armament in the wings, though not all *staffeln* had replaced the E-1 until autumn, 1940. On 10 February 1940 I. *Gruppe* was assigned to *Jagdgeschwader* 51 (JG 51---51st Fighter Wing) but remained under JG 26 administration. It did not return to JG 26 until June 1940. To maintain it as a three *gruppen* wing, JG 26 took operational control of *gruppen* from other wings. From 1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940, JG 26 lost one pilot killed in action, one interned in the Netherlands, three killed in accidents and one wounded in action. The pilots were credited with four confirmed and four unconfirmed victories.
| 425 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 2 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### France and the Low Countries {#france_and_the_low_countries}
JG 26 was assigned to *Jagdfliegerführer* 2, a fighter command within Luftflotte 2. JG 26 was tasked with supporting Army Group B in the Battle of the Netherlands and Battle of Belgium, which encouraged the French Army and British Army into the Low Countries while Army Group A outflanked them through lower Belgium and Luxembourg, north of the Maginot Line. JG 51, *Jagdgeschwader* 27 (JG 27---27th Fighter Wing) and *Zerstörergeschwader* 26 (ZG 26---26th Destroyer Wing) provided air superiority support. II. and III. *Gruppen* operated over the Netherlands in the first days, with the attached III. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 3 (JG 3---3rd Fighter Wing). I. *Gruppe* joined them, under the command of JG 51. Stab/JG 26 had four Bf 109s on strength (three operational), I. *Gruppe* 44 (35), II. *Gruppe* 47 (36) and III. *Gruppe* 42 (22), based at Dortmund, Bonninghardt, Dortmund and Essen respectively.
Fall Gelb opened on 10 May 1940. JG 26 flew cover for the invasion of the Netherlands and Battle of the Hague. JG 26 operated in the vicinity of Amsterdam. One Bf 109 was lost in combat with a Fokker D.XXI, several others were reported damaged. Eight Dutch aircraft, some from 2-1 and 1--2, *Java*, Royal Dutch Air Force, were claimed shot down. The Allied armies enacted their Dyle Plan into Belgium on 11 May, screened by three groups of French fighters, four Hawker Hurricane squadrons from the RAF Advanced Air Striking Force, supported by elements of No. 11 Group RAF in England. III. *Gruppe* claimed five P-36s from GC I/4 without loss; the French lost their commander and another killed, one captured, two wounded and several damaged fighters. JG 26 pilots were given credit for eight destroyed near Antwerp. The following day, no reported contact was made with any enemy aircraft. Stab, III. *Gruppe* and III./JG 3 moved near the Dutch border at Mönchengladbach and II. *Gruppe* to Uerdingen. RAF Fighter Command made contact with the Luftwaffe for the first time on 13 May, against JG 26. Supermarine Spitfires from No. 66 Squadron RAF and Boulton Paul Defiants from No. 264 Squadron RAF. Seven Spitfires and one Defiant were claimed; one Spitfire and five Defiants were lost. Two Dutch and two French aircraft, one from GC III/3, were also claimed in the Rotterdam and Dordrecht areas. The cost was to 1./JG 26, which suffered two pilots killed and another temporarily captured. On 14 May, JG 26 was busy supporting German advances at the Battle of Gembloux. III. *Gruppe* engaged in air combat destroying a section of four Hurricanes from No. 504 Squadron RAF as the decisive Battle of Sedan occurred further south. The Dutch capitulated that day, permitting I. *Gruppe* to join the main battle. The group moved to Eindhoven a day later. Over the 15--17 May a further eight victory claims were granted to JG 26 pilots in battles over Lille, Seclin and Tournai, Mons and Overijse. From 18 May, it supported Army Group A\'s drive to the English Channel. II. *Gruppe* was credited with 12 enemy aircraft on the day in the Cambrai Douai area. Two out of six claims were confirmed the following day but lost commanding officer Herwig Knüppel killed. Two fighters from No. 253 Squadron RAF are known to have fallen in combat with JG 26. III. *Gruppe* moved to Beauvechain near Brussels while the recently attached III./JG 27 moved to Sint Truiden. I. *Gruppe*, under JG 51, transferred to Antwerp 23 May.
The breakthrough at Sedan on 13 May permitted the Panzer Divisions to reach the English Channel on 20 May. On 14 May, the French and AASF bombers sent strong bomber formations against the bridges at Sedan to prevent the German crossings. They suffered heavy losses, in what became known as \"the day of the fighters\" in the Luftwaffe. II. *Gruppe* located to Neerhespen-Landed on 18 May, but had moved further forward to operate over Dunkirk from 24 May, as the battle for the port began against the encircled Allied armies. The Luftwaffe fighter wings usually patrolled in *gruppe* strength of 40 aircraft, meeting squadrons of RAF fighters numbering only a dozen; the largest tactical unit at the time. On this day II. *Gruppe* took advantage and destroyed three No. 74 Squadron RAF Spitfires attacking German bombers without loss. The following day, Stab/JG 26, with an attached *gruppe* from II. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 2 (JG 2---2nd Fighter Wing) moved to Quevaucamps, northwest of Mons, Belgium, some distance from the Channel ports. III./JG 26 moved to Chievres as the attached III./JG 3 moved to Mauriaux. From 24 to 28 May, JG 26 pilots were credited with 13 victories with six unconfirmed. Their opponents on the last date were from 213, 229 and 242.The following morning Fighter Command fielded the largest single patrol when Hurricanes from 229 and 242 Squadrons, covered by Spitfires from 64 and 610. The British formations were too far apart which allowed two *gruppen* of JG 26 and III./JG 3 to attack them from higher altitudes. In thirty minutes, ten British fighters were shot down while the Junkers Ju 87 \"Stukas\" made a successful attack on Dunkirk shipping. II./JG 27 moved to Brussels on 30 May and by the following morning, JG 26 controlled all three of its *gruppen* plus three attached *gruppen* making it a six-group wing. On 31 May, JG 26 pilots were given credit for nine fighters destroyed; since the 10 May seven of the wings pilots had been killed, seven wounded and four captured (one later released). All but three fell in aerial combat. The penultimate day of combat over Dunkirk on 1 June saw JG 26 claim five for no loss; within twenty four hours seven claims were granted after a large air battle over Dunkirk. Fighter Command reported the loss of 18 in total on the first and 11 on the second in combat with fighter, heavy fighter and bomber formations.
Fall Gelb ended, and the final phase of the Battle of France began with Fall Rot. On 3 June the attached *gruppen* were detached, leaving JG 26 with its own *gruppen*. On this date all three flew as fighter escort for Operation Paula, a strategic bombing operation against 242 airfields, aircraft factories and industrial centres. Stab, I. and II. *Gruppen* JG 26 claimed three French fighters for one loss; the pilot was released in June. The French had concentrated their fighter aircraft power around the capital but targets proved elusive for the Germans. The operation was a failure militarily. The entire wing moved to an airfield near Le Touquet to support Army Group B and its advance across the Somme from 4 June. The following morning Hauptmann Adolf Galland took command of III. *Gruppe* from JG 26. The appointment would prove to be a significant event in the *geschwader* history. On 7 June Fighter Command sent meagre reinforcements to Rouen. 43 and 601 were engaged and lost four of their number on the way in, and on the return flight lost three Hurricanes (pilots safe) to III./JG 26 on the way out. It cost the Germans two pilots killed and one wounded. From the 3 to 7 June only three of the 10 claims submitted by JG 26 were accepted by the Luftwaffe. Galland\'s command and I. *Gruppe* flew escort missions on the 8 June. Three of Galland\'s pilots were lost; two were killed and a third, Klaus Mietusch, a future senior officer, survived a crash behind French lines, was shot by a French civilian and captured. He returned to Germany after his release in June. Only four from 10 claims were permitted to stand. Near Rouen on the 9th, III. *Gruppe* lost one Bf 109 but accounted for seven Caudron C.714s from GC I/145; the Polish unit lost three men killed. JG 26 began moving to airfields near Paris on 13 June (it fell on 14 June). Of the 13 claims made over five days from 9 to 14 June, all were credited and all but four were against British opponents. I. *Gruppe* moved to Saint-Remy-sous-Barbuise, near Paris on 17 June, and the rest to Vélizy -- Villacoublay Air Base. Handrick was given command of JG 26 on 24 June, two days after the Armistice of 22 June 1940. From 1 to 26 June cost JG 26 10 killed in action, two killed in accidents, four temporarily captured and six wounded. JG 26 were credited with the destruction of 160 Allied aircraft in the campaign. III. *Gruppe* was transferred to Doberitz to protect the Berlin victory celebration.
| 1,431 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 3 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Battle of Britain {#battle_of_britain}
The capitulation of the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Denmark and Norway in mid-1940 left the United Kingdom facing hostile coastlines from Norway to the Bay of Biscay. In the west, the Battle of the Atlantic was taking place. Winston Churchill rejected Adolf Hitler\'s overtures for a peace settlement and the Nazi leadership resolved to invade Britain as a last resort. Operation Sea Lion could not begin until air superiority over the Channel and Southern England was achieved, at the least. *\[\[Oberkommando der Luftwaffe\]\]* ordered attacks on British shipping in the English Channel as a prelude to a full-scale offensive against Fighter Command and its infrastructure, in July 1940. The intention was to draw out Fighter Commandand deplete it in dogfights over the Channel while blocking the Channel to British shipping. The Germans referred to this phase, of what became the Battle of Britain, as the *\[\[Kanalkampf\]\]*.
Stab and I. *Gruppe* returned to France on 15 July at Audembert, near Calais, a former grain field. It redeployed to *Jagdfliegerführer* 2 once again under the command of *Luftflotte* 2, though the date they became operational is unknown. Some ground crews did not reach France until August. Re-equipment with the more heavily armed and armoured Bf 109 E-4 was incomplete and many E-1s remained on charge. The pilots of JG 26 believed that a campaign against the United Kingdom would end in a swift victory. II. and III. *Gruppen* were based at Marquise, Pas-de-Calais and Caffiers respectively. II. *Gruppe* led by Karl Ebbighausen had 35 Bf 109s operational from 39 and Galland 38 from 40 serviceable. All four aircraft of the *Stabstaffel* Bf 109s were combat ready and I. *Gruppe* had 34 from 38 operational.
JG 26 took part in its first action on 24 July and lost two pilots. *\[\[Oberleutnant\]\]* Werner Bartels, technical officer, was captured wounded but repatriated in a prisoner-exchange in 1943 and later worked on the Messerschmitt Me 262 project. The losses came as a shock and reinforced Galland\'s view that the campaign would not be easy. Four victory claims were accepted in July for three men killed and one captured. The Channel battles continued into August. On day one, Galland was awarded the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross by Albert Kesselring and JG 26 was stood down for a week until sufficient strength could be built for *\[\[Adlertag\]\]* (Eagle Day).
From 1 to 11 August, two Bf 109s were lost and one pilot was killed; three claims were granted to III. *Gruppe*. In the action of 8 August above Convoy Peewi the *gruppe* and II./JG 51 claiming eight Spitfires (three were lost). The Germans suffered one casualty and the British claimed nine; JG 26 were credited with two and one unconfirmed. Fighter Command credited JG 51 with two of the losses and JG 26 just one. On 12 August, II. *Gruppe* claimed a first victory of the battle, while the wing destroyed nine fighters for one pilot killed and another captured.
Adlertag began on 13 August and cost JG 26 one fighter, though the attacks were a failure. Apparently a dozen Bf 109s from II. *Gruppe* got lost and force-landed in France after running out of fuel. On 14 August a newcomer pilot was wounded and captured but was repatriated in 1943 to serve in the ground staff. The battle involved over 200 aircraft, as all three *gruppen* escorted Ju 87s from II./StG 1 and IV./LG 1. II. *Gruppe* suffered on loss and claimed two in action with 32 Squadron; III. *Gruppe* engaged 615 Squadron and claimed six (actual losses were three). JG 26 fought in the actions on 15 August, called Black Thursday in the *Luftwaffe* due to the severity of the losses.
Keith Park, Air Officer Commanding 11 Group, ignored powerful fighter patrols intended to clear the sky before the bombers. Galland\'s *Gruppe* ran into 64 Squadron and depleted their fuel and ammunition and were not in a position to assist the Dornier Do 17s of *Kampfgeschwader* 2 (KG 2---2nd Bomber Wing). Without fighter escorts the bombers were forced to abandon the mission. KG 3, escorted by other fighter units damaged the airfields at Rochester and RAF Hornchurch; JG 26 made 13 claims but 8 remained unconfirmed. Twenty four hours later, Ebbighausen was killed in action with 266 Squadron, though the RAF Squadron was destroyed (losing six)\<!Is this the squadron destroyed or a flight?\--\> when an unidentified Bf 109 unit intervened. JG 26 served in the 18 August battles now known as The Hardest Day, claiming nine for the loss of two pilots.
Both sides were grounded by poor weather for several days and on 22 August 1940, Hermann Göring, commander-in-chief of the *Luftwaffe*, dissatisfied with his wing commanders and feeling that younger and more aggressive leaders were needed for the battle, replaced eight *Geschwaderkommodore*. Handrick was replaced by Galland who agreed with Göring that the sole measure of success in a fighter leader was the number of aircraft shot down. Galland began weeding out those he deemed unfit and promoting those he saw as able; Schöpfel and Müncheberg were among those promoted to command *Staffeln*. From 22 to 30 August, JG 26 were credited with 23 fighters for two killed, two captured and one wounded. On the final day of August, 15 fighters were destroyed for two killed and three captured. In the first week of September, the battles against the airfields died down, as OKL changed tactics. In the first six days, JG 26 were credited with 21 fighters destroyed for the loss of two dead and three prisoners. With Hitler\'s approval, the *Luftwaffe* began to attack military objectives in London.
The climax of the campaign was later called Battle of Britain Day. JG 26 fought in the main dogfights, accounting for three fighters according to post-war research. From 7 September, German fighter units were ordered to fly as close escort, which brought Galland into dispute with Göring whose loss of confidence in the fighter arm had as much to do with the switch of strategy to bombing London. To Göring the fighter patrols, free of bomber escort, had not been as successful as the pilots claimed. Henceforth, fighter units no longer had free rein to exploit the qualities of the Bf 109 in flying high and making diving attacks. Flying closer to the bombers forced the German fighters to engage in manoeuvre battles with the Spitfire, which was superior to the Bf 109 in this respect due to its lighter wing loading. In a much-publicised conversation, Galland claimed that in a meeting with Göring and Werner Mölders he requested a Spitfire for his wing if that was how they were to fight. Galland had to settle for some Bf 109 E-4/Ns, JG 26 being the only unit to fly the type. The Daimler-Benz DB 601N required 96 Octane fuel rather than the standard 87 Octane and was in short supply; the DB 601N had a short production run. The decision to attack London placed the Bf 109 at the limit of its range. Galland remarked that a drop tank could have increased flying time by 30 or 40 minutes.
In September tiredness and a decline in morale began to affect the fighter pilots. The *Luftwaffe* lacked sufficient pilots and aircraft to maintain a constant presence over England. Commanders demanded three to four sorties per day by the most experienced men. By the end of September, Galland noticed that \"the stamina of the superbly trained and experienced original \[cadre of pilots\] was down to a point where operational efficiency was being impaired\". Göring\'s interference with tactics without regard for the situation, the capabilities of German aircraft, rapid adaptation to German tactics by the British and the poorer quality of pilot replacements to JG 26 put a greater burden on the dwindling number of veteran pilots. This situation led to a conflict between the two significant psychological needs of the fighter pilots: confidence in their aircraft and tactics.
| 1,333 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 4 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Battle of Britain {#battle_of_britain}
Galland found a partial solution to Göring\'s order to maintain close escort by developing a flexible escort system that allowed his pilots constantly to change altitude, airspeed, direction and distance to the bombers during close-escort operations. The results were better and acceptable to his pilots; by the end of the Battle of Britain, JG 26 had gained a reputation as one of only two fighter wings that performed escort duties with consistently low losses to the bombers. The worst day for JG 26 in the battle was 30 September when it lost four pilots for seven victory claims. Fighter bomber (*Jabo\]\]*) operations became prominent in October and November as the bombers turned to night bombing (The Blitz) with London the main target. On 20 October 1940, in *Unternehmen Opernball* (Operation Opera), *jabos* flew in support of a 300-aircraft mission against Fighter Command targets.
During the Battle of Britain, the *Geschwader* claimed 285 fighters shot down for the loss of 56 pilots, a ratio of 5:1. In the view of one analyst, JG 26s losses were fairly low, considering it had only four rest days from mid-August to the end of October. Galland ended the year one of the leading fighter pilots of the *Luftwaffe* and was given national attention by the Nazi propaganda machine. Individuals like Galland, Mölders and Helmut Wick were publicised, unlike the Air Ministry which deprecated emphasis on individuals. Wick was dead before the end of November and Mölders under a year later. Four fighter pilots of the wing claimed 31 per cent of the aircraft shot down. At the end of 1940, seven JG 26 members had been awarded the Knight\'s Cross.
| 286 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 5 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Malta, Balkans, North Africa {#malta_balkans_north_africa}
JG 26 played a brief role in the Siege of Malta and North African Campaign. On 22 January 1941, Müncheberg, leading 7. *Staffel* was informed by *Gruppenkommandeur* Schöpfel that he had to relocate to Sicily in support of X. Fliegerkorps, under the command of *General der Flieger* (General of the Flyers) Hans Geisler, for actions against the strategically important island of Malta. With the opening of a new front in North Africa in mid-1940, British air and sea forces based on the island could attack Axis ships transporting vital supplies and reinforcements from Europe to North Africa. To counter this threat the Luftwaffe and the *Regia Aeronautica* (Italian Royal Air Force) were tasked with bombing raids in an effort to neutralise the RAF defences and the ports. That day the unit and a 40-strong detachment of ground crews departed Wevelgem. They arrived at Gela on Sicily on 9 February 1941. The appearance of JG 26 over the island led to rising losses among the ageing Hurricane squadrons due to superior aircraft and experience. JG 26 had few, if any, losses. In March the unit claimed no less than 13 RAF fighters. The 7. *Staffel*, and elements of the support ground personnel, were relocated to Grottaglie airfield near Taranto in Apulia on 5 April 1941. 7/JG 26 flew in support of the German invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece on 6 April. In support of this invasion, the pilots attacked the airfield at Podgorica. The *staffel* destroyed three Yugoslav aircraft, but were back to operating from Malta by 8 April, until 31 May when based at Molaoi, Greece. On 14 June the *staffel* was ordered to North Africa to support the fight against Operation Battleaxe under the command of I. *Gruppe* of JG 27 from Gazala. 7./JG 26 achieved successes in Africa but during August--September the unit suffered serviceability problems. Ultra routinely reported on the unit\'s location and orders. On 24 September 1941 it left Africa, never to return. In the Battle of the Mediterranean, 7./JG 26 claimed 52 enemy aircraft but did not lose a single pilot.
| 357 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 6 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Channel Front {#channel_front}
The bulk of JG 26 remained on the Channel coast under the command of Luftflotte 3, where it operated uninterrupted for the next four years following the Battle of Britain. RAF Fighter Command and its new commanding officers Shoto Douglas and Trafford Leigh-Mallory wished to take the offensive into France and Belgium in 1941. Termed the \"lean towards France\", Leigh-Mallory, No. 11 Group RAF, began the Circus offensive in January 1941. The German-led invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa, in June 1941, provided a greater strategic rationale for applying pressure to the Luftwaffe in Western Europe. On 9 January 1941, Circus Number 1 was flown by 60 fighters over northern France. The Germans ignored them, using the same tactics as Keith Park in the Battle of Britain. RAF Bomber Command was shortly employed as bait to bring the Luftwaffe to battle. There were few high-value strategic targets in France and Belgium within range of escorting Spitfires. A follow-up Circus with small bomber formations and strong fighter escort began on 10 January as the policy\'s second element began. These were followed by \"Rodeo\" \[massed fighter sweeps\] and \"Ramrod\" operations \[standard fighter-escort for bombers\]. Mallory was revisiting Hugh Trenchard\'s World War I policy.
From 1941 through to 1942, JG 26 were fully occupied with defending German military targets in northern France and Belgium from RAF incursions. JG 26 defended airspace east of the Seine to the Dutch border, while JG 2 covered west of the demarcation line. JG 26 formally came under the command of Theo Osterkamp\'s *Jagdfliegerführer* 2. At the beginning of 1941 Galland had three experienced and successful *Gruppenkommandeur* under his command; Walter Adolph, Rolf Pingel and Schöpfel. Müncheberg and the recently arrived Josef Priller would be appointed to senior commands during the year after the loss of Pingel and Adolph in action and Galland to the high command. 1941 proved to be a successful period for JG 26 tactically. Galland and his *gruppen* could choose which RAF formations to engage, and when and how to engage them. In essence, the German and British units were fighting a reverse Battle of Britain. At the beginning of the year, JG 26 began converting to the Bf 109 F-2. The fighter was aerodynamically cleaner than the E variant, and could out perform the previous version considerably. The type was similar looking to the Spitfire V, entering service simultaneously and the two were comparable. The cannons were deleted from the wing; one cannon remained firing through the propeller hub, and two heavy machine guns remained fixed above the engine to fire through the propeller. I. and III. *Gruppe* began conversion at Dortmund and Bonn. Consequently, only III./JG 26 were equipped with the F by 28 June 1941---39 machines reported. By 27 September, I. *Gruppe* had the F-4 while II. *Gruppe* equipped with the Focke-Wulf Fw 190.
From January to June 1941, JG 2 and JG 26 were supported by other fighter wings. *Jagdgeschwader* 1 (JG 1---1st Fighter Wing), JG 51, *Jagdgeschwader* 52 (JG 52---52nd Fighter Wing), *Jagdgeschwader* 53 (JG 53---53rd Fighter Wing) and LG 2 were among those credited with successes against the Circus operations. From 9 to 21 June analysis attributes at least 18 specific Fighter Command losses to JG 26. On 22 June 1941, the German-led invasion of the Soviet Union left JG 2 and JG 26 the sole remaining fighter units in Western Europe. No. 2 Group RAF, Bomber Command, RAF Coastal Command supported by Fighter Command applied greater pressure in the West. Gustav Sprick and Galland downed two No. 145 Squadron RAF pilots on 18 June who became prisoner of war. Sprick was a Knight\'s Cross holder, but died in action just ten days later. On 10 July another Knight\'s Cross holder, Rolf Pingel, commanding II. *Gruppe* pursued a Short Stirling to the English coast, was hit and force-landed and promptly captured. His aircraft became the first Bf 109 F to be captured intact by the British. Fighter Command persisted with large-scale operations, but were suffering heavy casualties from the two German fighter wings. Eric Lock was among the casualties, posted missing on 3 August after strafing sortie (presumably ground-fire was the cause) and on 9 August Wing Commander Douglas Bader baled out and was captured. Galland entertained the famous pilot at JG 26 headquarters. The cause of Bader\'s capture occurred in the midst of combat with III. *Gruppe* commanded by Schöpfel. Galland, went through every report, even those of German pilots killed in the action, to determine Bader\'s victor. Each case was dismissed. RAF combat records indicate Bader may have been shot down by Flight Lieutenant \"Buck\" Casson of No. 616 Squadron RAF, who claimed a Bf 109 whose tail came off and the pilot `{{Not a typo|baled}}`{=mediawiki} out, before he himself was shot down and captured by Schöpfel. In the period 14 June--4 July Fighter Command lost 80 fighters and 62 pilots, while the two German wings lost 48 Bf 109s and 32 pilots; 2:1 in the Luftwaffe\'s favour.
The impact of Fighter Command\'s massive daylight operations were offset by the tactical deployment of German units which enjoyed radar-based guidance. They skilfully used this to outweigh their numerical inferiority. 32 Freya radar and 57 Würzburg radar sets were employed from Heligoland to the Bay of Biscay. Fighter Command flew 6,875 sorties from January to June and lost 112 aircraft---57 in June. From July to December this increased to 20,495 with 416 losses. The pressure grew on JG 2, allotted to *Jagdfliegerführer* 3, JG 1, assigned to *Jagdfliegerführer* 1 and JG 26. There were 4,385 \"alarmstarts\" in July 1941 and another 4,258 in August. September saw a reduction to 2,534 and to 2,553 in October before falling to 1,287. Nevertheless, the fighter wings still retained 430 fighters on 27 September 1941. August proved the costliest to the Luftwaffe in the second half of the year with 42 losses which fell to 18 in September and 15 in October. In September 1941 JG 26 began requipping with the Fw 190, and by year\'s end had mostly adopted the type. The Fw 190 A proved troublesome initially but soon proved formidable and superior to the Spitfire V. Walter Adolph became the first Fw 190 commander and pilot killed and he was replaced by Müncheberg at the head of II. *Gruppe*.
Fighter Command suffered badly in 1941. Losses were about 2 percent \[of aircraft per sortie\] while 2 Group Bomber Command suffered 7.68 percent casualties. From 14 June 1941, Fighter Command reported 411 fighters over the Channel; 14 on the last \"Circus\" of the year. The British claimed 731 German aircraft destroyed though only 103 German fighters were lost. A post-war survey concluded by the Air Ministry asserted that the RAF lost 2.5 pilots for every German fighter downed. The German *geschwader*, in contrast, destroyed four for every one they lost. Their percent remained at one percent. Among the most successful pilots to emerge were Josef Priller, who claimed 19 in 26 days from 16 June. On 5 December 1941 Galland was appointed *General der Jagdflieger* after the death of Mölders. Schöpfel replaced him.
| 1,193 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 7 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Channel Front {#channel_front}
thumb\|left\|upright=1.25\|Fw 190 of JG 26, 1942. 1942 began with Galland planning and executing the air superiority plan Operation Donnerkeil to support the Channel Dash, a redeployment of two Kriegsmarine battleships and one heavy cruiser to Germany from Brest, France. JG 1, JG 2 and JG 26 were involved in the surprise operation. Schöpfel led the JG 26 element of the operation over the Dover Strait personally at the head of III. *Gruppe*. Fighter Command and Fleet Air Arm forces were slow to react, but appeared just as JG 2 handed over responsibility to Schöpfel. Lieutenant Commander Eugene Esmonde, acting as Squadron Leader, No. 825 Squadron FAA took off with his Fairey Swordfish formation to attack the ships. Squadron Leader Brian Kingcome\'s No. 72 Squadron RAF offered their only protection but were overwhelmed by the German fighters. All the Swordfish were shot down and Esmonde was awarded the Victoria Cross. Only five of the original eighteen Swordfish crew survived. Fighter Command lost eight fighters in aerial combat---401 Squadron are known to have suffered on loss against JG 26; no loss or damage in 72 Squadron was listed. In March 1942, post-war analysis credits JG 26 with 27 Fighter Command fighters destroyed; though it sustained many more unattributed losses.
April 1942 continued with Fighter Command continuing the daylight offensive while Bomber Command stepped up the area bombing offensives by night. The American Eighth Air Force began operations escorted later in the year escorted by Spitfire Vs. The superiority of the Fw 190 over the Spitfire was evident to British. Air Vice Marshal Johnnie Johnson remarked \"Yes, the 190 was causing us real problems at this time. We could out-turn it, but you couldn\'t turn all day. As the number of 190s increased, so the depth of our penetrations decreased. They drove us back to the coast really.\". 48 specific Fighter Command losses have been linked to JG 26 in April 1942. Many more were lost in aerial combat with either JG 2 or JG 26 . Improving weather conditions and the Fw 190 brought more casualties in May and June. At least 46 Fighter Command fighters were lost in action with JG 26 in this period while a further seven fell in combat with both JG 2 and JG 26---many more losses remain unattributed. Over claiming was an issue; for the first nine days of May, JG 2 and JG 26 claimed 53 (31 and 22 respectively). Actual Fighter Command losses were 35. For the same period, the German fighter units lost six between them; the British claimed 18 destroyed and another 18 probably destroyed. Though the subject of overclaiming is polemical, the disparity between the reported losses on either side was significant. Nine Spitfires were lost for every two Fw 190 or Bf 109s that sustained irreparable combat damage up to mid-May.
A main change of command occurred when Joachim Müncheberg left II. *Gruppe* on 21 July 1942 and replaced by Conny Meyer. In August 1942 the British and Canadians carried out Operation Jubilee, a raid on Dieppe harbour. Fighter, Command and Coastal Commands supported the Commando landings with powerful air forces. The RAF did not succeed in forcing the Luftwaffe into a pitched-battle over the beachhead and Fighter Command in particular, suffered heavy casualties. The British claimed to have inflicted heavy casualties on the Luftwaffe, the balance sheet showed the reverse; Allied aircraft losses amounted to 106, including 88 RAF fighters (70 Spitfires were lost to all causes) and 18 bombers, against 48 Luftwaffe aircraft lost. Included in that total were 28 bombers, half of them Dornier Do 217s from KG 2. The two German *Jagdgeschwader* units had the following results: JG 2 lost 14 Fw 190s with eight pilots killed and JG 26 lost six Fw 190s with six pilots killed. The Spitfire Squadrons, 42 with Mark Vs, and only four with Mark IXs were tasked with close air support, fighter escort and air-superiority missions. The exact number of Spitfires lost to the Fw 190 *gruppen* is unknown. The *Luftwaffe* claimed 61 of the 106 RAF machines lost, which included all types: JG 2 claimed 40 and JG 26 claimed 21. Wing Commander Minden Blake was among the notable British casualties. the 130 Squadron leader was captured after being shot down by a Fw 190.
During the course of 1942 and 1943 JG 2 and JG 26 carried out \"Jabo\" operations in towns and coastal targets in England, and occasionally bombed London. At the beginning of 1943, SKG 10 had taken over these operations as JG 2 and JG 26 could no longer be spared for offensive operations. JG 26 were at a distinct disadvantage in comparison to JG 2 in \"Jabo\" operations. Its pilots had little experience and no dedicated *staffeln* when attacks began in earnest in March 1942. Those deemed unsuitable as fighter pilots, undisciplined or who had clashed with commanders were the first sent into 10. and 13. *Staffeln* which were to operate as fighter-bombers. The lack of training and enthusiasm in the 17 \"tip and run\" attacks contributed to the ineffectiveness on 10. *Staffel*. The imbalance of the raids was noticed by the British; Kent and Sussex being 10./JG 26s area of operations, while the experienced 13./JG 2 operated over Hampshire 49 times, though 10./JG 26s region was more heavily defended. The first certain fighter-bomber mission occurred on 7 March 1942. From 19 April to 18 June German records indicate 32 Jabo missions were flown by Bf 109 F-4s against a variety of targets. Fighter-bomber attacks by 10. *Staffel* lasted up until 5 February 1943. Five JG 26 Fw 190s were lost this way on 21 January 1943.
In 1942, JG 1, 2 and 26 began to experience a new opponent on the Channel Front. The United States Army Air Force (USAAF) Eighth Air Force began carrying out bombing operations over France and the Low Countries. The B-17 Flying Fortress quickly earned a reputation, almost immediately, of absorbing heavy damage and remaining airborne. In 1942, a typical interception of this type by Fw 190 pilots was difficult. The American bombers flew at altitudes in excess of 8,000 m, and lacking a super-charger, the Fw 190s struggled to reach altitudes even with considerable warning from American radio/signals traffic. At that altitude, Fw 190A-2s had only slight speed advantages over the B-17. The Revi gunsights were set for fighter, not anti-bomber combat, and set for a range of 100 m. The large bombers loomed in quickly long before the German fighters had reached effective range encouraging premature firing. The psychological impact of the massed-firepower of American bombers encouraged inexperienced German pilots to break off too soon from the classic stern-attack position to cause any damage. This anxiety among green pilots heightened through the use of the .50 calibre guns on American aircraft. They out-ranged the MG 151/20 cannon and MG 17 machine gun on German fighters, and in a slow-closing chase the German pilot often had to sit through several minutes of American gunfire before they got within effective firing range of their own armament. American gunners saturated the air with tracers to disrupt or ward off attacks. In response, Galland organised a test group to experiment with air-to-air rockets and heavy calibre cannon to remedy the situation.
For the Luftwaffe, the winter of 1942-43 was spent increasing the engine and firepower of their fighters. Weights rose, and engine power had to follow to keep pace. In order to increase compression ratios in their engines, and unable to do so through the use of high-strength alloys and high-octane fuel lacking in Germany, engineers opted for chemical enhancements. The Bf 109G-1 high-altitude fighter, powered by the DB 605A was given the GM-1 injection. The Fw 190A-3 was introduced with improved BMW 801D-2 engines providing more power. The Fw 190A-4 and Bf 109G-4 soon followed, with improved radios and homing devices. At their preferred altitudes -- below 20,000 ft for the 190 and the reverse for the 109 -each of these types was a match for the Spitfire IX. Most of the fighters arriving at JG 2 and JG 26 bases in late 1942 were Bf 109s. The Fw 190 was in short supply, and given the multi-role function of the Fw 190 the Channel Front wings were to scheduled to revert to Bf 109s to permit the Fw 190 to move to priority theatres -- a move encouraged by the Fw 190s lack of performance above 7,500 m (25,000 ft) where US bombers operated.
| 1,425 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 8 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Channel Front {#channel_front}
In contrast, the Bf 109 was a superb dogfighter and above 9,000 m was in its element. In the spring, 1943, I/JG 2 and II/JG 26 were flying Bf 109s and Fw 190s. Operationally at *gruppe* level this was not efficient and it was decided for these units to retain their Fw 190s; and did so until the end of the war. The Bf 109 and Fw 190 were used to complement each other in the coming battles. The Fw 190s armament, considered effective against all enemies, was used against bombers more frequently, while the high-flying Bf 109s engaged escorting fighters. The Bf 109G-4 was "up-gunned" as well to the Bf 109G-6, with two MG 131 machine guns replacing the MG 17, and supplementing the MG 151/20 cannon in the nose. The MW 50 (water-methanol) additive increased lower altitude performance but the increase in weight reduced manoeuvrability. German pilots were critical of the Bf 109s fragility, but praised the Fw 190s strong construction; the latter type remained the preference among western theatre pilots.
| 182 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 9 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Eastern Front {#eastern_front}
The news JG 26 was ordered to be ordered onto the Eastern Front in January 1943 was greeted with enthusiasm. The perception of the pilots was that the Red Air Force, in qualitative terms, was weaker and victories, a prerequisite to awards and promotions, easier to obtain. JG 26 was ordered to replace JG 54 in Luftflotte 1, supporting Army Group North in maintaining the Siege of Leningrad. The move would be staged by *gruppen* and *staffeln* with key personnel and equipment. All other crews and maintenance devices remained on the bases. The move was ordered as the Red Army began Operation Iskra and scored a victory by establishing a land link to the city. Only 6 miles wide, every point was covered by German artillery, and although Army Group North sealed the penetration by 18 January 1943, it could not eliminate it. Conversely, the Soviets could not widen it through further offensives which ended on 1 April.
Fighting broke out near III./JG 54\'s base on Lake Ilmen in February when the Soviets began to eliminate German forces from the Demyansk pocket. The decision was made to replace III./JG 54 with I./JG 26 first. The intended swap of the wings never took place. While I. *Gruppe* went east to support Army Group Centre on the Moscow sector, 7 *staffel* was detached again, and sent to the Leningrad front until late June 1943 as part of I./JG 54. I/JG 26 returned to France after four months of operations.
On 5 and 7 March I. *Gruppe* claimed 21 Soviet aircraft in total and from 9 to 14 March claimed another eight. During this period, the German army carried out Operation Büffel, a series of local withdrawals in the Battles of Rzhev. The authorised strength of the *gruppe* was 40 aircraft and pilots. The quarterly report on 31 March stated that 48 pilots were present, 35 available for duty. It had 35 Fw 190s, but only 24 were operational. In the late spring operated form Dno until 6 May. I. *Gruppe* moved to Smolensk on 9 May and participated in the build-up for the Battle of Kursk. It was involved in Operation *Carmen*, a series of bombing attacks on Kursk rail targets on 2 June. Johannes Seifert relinquished command of the *gruppe* and was replaced by Fritz Losigkeit. The group returned to Germany soon afterwards and was not involved in the Kursk battle.
7./JG 26 added their dozen Fw 190s to the 40 from I./JG 54. In this sector they were opposed by 1,200 aircraft of the 13th Air Army and 14th Air Army. Klaus Mietusch commanded the *staffel*. According to one account, Mietusch cared little for his men as individuals, and judged them solely on their performance in the air. The leader hardly ever spoke to non-commissioned officer. Mietusch was ordered to take command of III. *Gruppe* on 29 June after the death of the previous commander and left within twenty four hours. The *staffel* left the Soviet Union on 10 July for Cuxhaven to join III. *Gruppe* which had been moved to Germany to reinforce those defending Germany from the US Eighth Air Force. But the time of their departure, two pilots had been killed in action, one in an accident, one wounded and one captured on the Eastern Front. While the *staffel* claimed 63 Soviet aircraft, like I. *Gruppe*, it made no impression on the course of the air war.
| 579 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 10 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Western Front and Defence of the Reich {#western_front_and_defence_of_the_reich}
The air war changed considerably in the first months of 1943. Fighter Command continued its offensive over Northwest Europe with growing numbers of the Spitfire IX ending the performance superiority of the Fw 190 A. Bomber Command\'s area offensives began in earnest with the Battle of the Ruhr and attack on Hamburg and the US Eighth Air Force, operational since mid-1942, was in sufficient strength to strike into Germany in January 1943 beginning the Combined Bomber Offensive, which began to grind down Luftwaffe strength. In North Africa, the Axis collapsed in May, having expended enormous manpower and material strength to hold African and Mediterranean positions while providing US forces with invaluable experience and intelligence on the quality of their enemy. The same month, Black May in U-boat campaign ensured the German navy could no longer alter the course of the war. On the Eastern Front, the defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad and the failure of Operation Blue denied Hitler victory and forced a continuation of the war which compelled the Luftwaffe to fight multiple enemies with inferior resources. From this point, the Luftwaffe, unprepared to fight a war of attrition over Germany, was gradually forced away from the peripheries of German-occupied Europe to defend the homeland. JG 26 was among those fighter wings that switched to reinforce the home defence, which became Luftflotte Reich, and back to the Channel Front when required. The Luftflotte 3 operations staff reported in April 1943, the main defensive effort was against USAAF daylight raids
From September to December 1942 JG 26 come into contract with the US Eighth Air Force with growing frequency. One of the earliest collaborations between the RAF and United States Army Air Force (USAAF) was Operation Oyster on 6 December 1942. JG 26 engaged the American element of the raid, which acted as a diversion. Only one victory was achieved at the cost of two pilots. Galland placed pressure on Schöpfel to increase the rate of successful interceptions. The general demanded head-on and in rear attacks, in formation, then to end the attack above, not below the bombers, where a pilot could find himself alone. The psychological impact of the US bombers\' return fire encouraged German pilots to break off and attacks were rarely carried out exactly as Galland prescribed. JG 26 faced the first major American attack into Europe against Lille on 9 October. III. *Gruppe* shot down four bombers, the worst single American loss at the time. The US bombers claimed 56 fighters destroyed, 26 probably destroyed and 20 damaged. President Franklin Roosevelt quoted the figures in a radio broadcast, which amused the German unit for it had suffered a single casualty. Nevertheless, some early raids were not intercepted at all, earning JG 26 the wrath of Göring and Galland. Galland was concerned at the perceived timidity of the fighter pilots and visited Schöpfel several times to assure himself that his former command had not declined in quality.
In January 1943 Schöpfel handed command of JG 26 to Josef Priller. The first months of 1943 were not intensive in combat terms for JG 26; one author described them as \"The Last Pause\". On 27 January 1943, the weather conditions finally allowed for an attack on German soil and the US Eighth Air Force bombed Wilhelmshaven. From June to July 1943, the pace of aerial fighting increased. The Eighth Air Force began \"Blitz Week\" to signal its intention to fulfill the Pointblank directive. The appearance of the P-47 Thunderbolt presented a new longer-range threat to the Luftwaffe. The US fighter was heavily armed and had a powerful engine with a super-charger, and performed well at high altitudes. However, lacking drop tanks its range was little better than the Spitfire. With drop tanks, both aircraft could reach the German-Dutch border in 1943; the external tanks were only fourth on the Eighth Air Force\'s list of priorities. Pressurised drop-tanks were used in a raid on Emden on 27 September 1943, the first time US fighter escorts had made the flight over Germany. The P-47 was not as maneuverable at lower levels than German fighters but could out-dive the Bf 109 and Fw 190. The introduction of paddle blade propellers and water-injection improved the climb and acceleration making the fighter an equal of German fighters, and well suited for the coming battles. JG 26\'s tactics against the P-47 were summarised by *Oberleutnant* Hans Hartigs, whose comments were captured on tape in his bugged cell in England in late 1944:
> If attacked, we should draw the P-47s to a lower altitude (3,000 m) by diving, then turn about suddenly. The P-47s will overshoot; if they try to turn, they will lose speed and are vulnerable. The P-47 should zoom-climb and dive again. If we get into a turning combat, a P-47 can often get us on the first turn. If the Fw 190 climbs slightly in the turn (below 5,000 m) it will gain on the P-47.
Early model P-47 pilots practiced the dive and zoom at high altitude. Robert S. Johnson advocated a Barrel roll move, opposite to the arc of the turn, when pursued in a conventional turn if an enemy sat behind a P-47. This usually placed a P-47 behind its enemy. JG 26 claimed 44 American and British Commonwealth aircraft in June. JG 26 lost eight killed in action, one in an accident, one wounded in an accident and 10 others wounded in action. July costed the wing eight killed in action, five in accidents and nine wounded. On 13 August, III./JG 26 replaced IIII./JG 54 at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Two days later, the British began Operation Starkey. Airfields in the Pas de Calais were bombed but only two *Geschwaderstab* Fw 190s were damaged. JG 26 made 15 claims from 31 July to 15 August, 11 of which were accepted; most of the claims were B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers. From 9 to 15 August the wing suffered another three killed in action and four wounded. On 17 August 1943, I. *Gruppe* were scrambled by Walter Grabmann, a pre-war JG 26 group commander, and then Jafü-Holland, from Woensdrecht to combat the Schweinfurt--Regensburg mission. Several *gruppen* made contact with the bombers. 16 claims were confirmed by the German side to their pilots for five killed and six wounded. Among the notable fatalities was Major Wilhelm-Ferdinand Galland, brother of Adolf Galland, who fell in combat with the US 56th Fighter Group. The 353rd Fighter Group, three RAF squadrons and bomber crews accounted for the others. Karl Borris\' I *Gruppe* made contact with the bombers and elements of 3./JG 26 attacked while Spitfires were present, losing two. After the Spitfires turned back, I. *Gruppe* was able to stay with the B-17s for much longer, though they were only able to account for four. Klaus Mietusch and III. *Gruppe* employed similar tactics, waiting for the US escorts to leave before beginning a 30-minute attack near Aachen claiming four but losing one and three more Bf 109s damaged against the unescorted bombers.
Twelve days later, Adolf Glunz became the only non-commissioned officer to receive the Knight\'s Cross---he and Wilhelm-Ferdinand Galland were the only members to receive it in 1943.
| 1,211 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 11 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Western Front and Defence of the Reich {#western_front_and_defence_of_the_reich}
The Second Raid on Schweinfurt in October 1943 was a victory for the defending Luftwaffe. The cost of this victory remained high in fighters and pilots. II. *Gruppe* fought against the US escorts, and III. *Gruppe* was held in reserve at Lille, but was unable to intercept the returning disorganised bomber stream because it was not given the location of it. JG 2 was able to claim only nine bombers over the Somme, the other B-17s escaped in the growing cumulus. The victory ended deep American raids until February 1944. The Eighth targeted installations along the German coast in the intervening period with an average strength of 380 heavy bombers and eight fighter groups; on 6 November 1943 the Lockheed P-38 Lightning US 55th Fighter Group and seven other US fighter groups supported a raid on Wilhelmshaven. II./JG 3 and III./JG 1 broke up one group of P-47s, but others completed the defence of the bombers. III. *Gruppe*, JG 26, loaned JG 3 experienced Bf 109 pilots to fill its ranks because of losses.
During the year, JG 26 lost Johannes Seifert, Seifert and Friedrich Geißhardt killed in action; all of them group commanders. In 1943, the wing claim-to-loss ratio was 4:1 which suggested a favourable combat performance. However, there were signs Allied operations were wearing it down. The 158 pilots killed or wounded during the year, was double that of 1942 and equivalent to an annual attrition rate of 100 percent. The strength of the wing was 50 percent of authorised strength; but only two thirds of that total were operational. It had 68 fighters on 31 December; all Bf 109 G-6s and Fw 190 A-6s. Of the 185 pilots, 107 were available, the remainder were on leave, convalescing, or considered not ready for combat. At least 84 of RAF Fighter Command\'s losses during 1943 have been attributed to JG 26.
The temporary victory ended in February 1944 with Big Week, part of Operation Argument. The American-led operation was a series of attacks against German fighter production. All three *gruppen* were involved in the defensive effort. By 25 February, the strength of II. and III. *Gruppen* were so low that they were ordered to parallel the bomber stream and attack only unescorted bombers on that day. I. *Gruppe*, the strongest in JG 26, did succeed in downing four B-26 Marauder medium bombers which accompanied every mission. The American operations were successful, if overstated in the damage done to German production, but air superiority in daylight had passed irrevocably to the Allies. This month had seen the introduction into the air war of the North American P-51 Mustang. The fighter eventually had the range and performance to escort US bombers to the target and back which supplemented the drop-tank fitted P-47s and P-38s. American tactics soon changed from protecting the US bombers to patrolling fixed boxes of airspace. American fighter pilots were free to hunt German fighters; bombers that missed their rendezvous were left to fend for themselves. This marked a more aggressive use of VIII Fighter Command. The RAF 2nd Tactical Air Force was also released from escort duty---the Spitfires were now authorised to seek out the Luftwaffe while the bombers softened up the invasion coast in preparation for Operation Overlord. JG 26 was credited with 56 Allied aircraft in January but lost 19 killed and six wounded. 45 were credited in February for 18 killed and 17 wounded. On 6 March the Americans attacked Berlin; JG 26 claimed seven American and one British aircraft in combat with the main and diversionary forces for one loss. Two days later the Americans struck again; III. *Gruppe* reached the bombers but were engaged by US fighters. Two pilots were killed and one wounded against the P-47s. JG 26 pilots were given credit for nine American aircraft. On 16 March this *gruppe* attempted to intercept returning US bombers over France but the coordinated action with JG 2 failed. Three bombers were claimed but lost five killed and four wounded. On 31 March, the Eighth was placed under Dwight D Eisenhower\'s command for the invasion and the Combined Bomber Offensive was suspended.
In June 1944, JG 2 and JG 26 was to form the nucleus of the 5. *Jagddivision* (5th Fighter Division) in the II. *Jagdkorps* (Fighter Corps). The fighter forces expected an invasion in the Pas de Calais, where they were based. The wing had replaced its losses and was in a much improved condition from previous months. I. and II. *Gruppe* were equipped entirely with the Fw 190 A-8, which retained powerful armament, a further fuel tank to improve ranger, and engine modifications, such the GM-1 for improved high-altitude performance. III. *Gruppe* retained the ageing Bf 109 G-6, which was an effective dogfighter, but lacked the speed to initiate or escape combat---experienced pilots could use its turn-climb qualities but inexperienced pilots proved easy targets in this type. On 6 June the Normandy landings began. *Geschwaderkommodore* Priller and his wingman were the only two pilots to attack the beaches; in this case Sword Beach. The following day, all three *gruppen* flew strafing attacks against Allied infantry from \"dawn to dusk\". III. *Gruppe* arrived at Guyancourt and Villacoublay, the two best equipped airfields in the region. II. *Gruppe* flew to Cormeilles. III./JG 54 reinforced JG 26. The unit came under the administrative control of the wing but was never formally attached. From 3 to 7 June JG 26 claimed 12 confirmed victories against five killed and two wounded. JG 26\'s pilots were given confirmed credit for 50 destroyed and five probably destroyed in June over Normandy---many more claims were made but it is unknown whether they were granted to pilots. The known cost of the fighting for the month was 32 pilots killed, 21 wounded and one captured.
JG 26 pilots were utilised as close air support units. The wing was known to have flown attacks with rockets in the Saint-Lô area against American tank and motor convoys as well as Avranches on 1 August. On 28 July the German army recognised the American point of effort near Saint-Lo. III. *Gruppe* was ordered to Creil to support III./JG 2 in rocket attacks on 28 July. The mission to Avranches was successful in that it incurred no casualties. II. *Jagdkorps* had been ordered to keep attacking that sector. Main targets were tanks and motor traffic. I. and III. *Gruppen* supported Operation Lüttich on 7 August, but the mission failed due to insufficient forces. II. *Gruppe* was one of four rebuilt *gruppen* returned to France on 8 August and arrived at Guyancourt four days later. Over the course of 8 and 9 August JG 26 lost three pilots killed and two wounded in combat with US fighters from the 359th Fighter Group and 373d Fighter Group. The situation in Normandy was critical for the Wehrmacht the Waffen-SS. I. *Gruppe* and III./JG 54 rested for two days to recover, but III. *Gruppe* flew over the Falaise Pocket and incurred casualties. On 13 August, all units engaged in rocket-missions were ordered to cease operations. Their aircraft had to fly at more than 30 minutes on emergency power boost and required replacement. The order did not rescind the close support operations. From 15 August JG 26 still flew strafing missions against US armoured formations between Alençon and Le Mans. II *Gruppe* fought its first major battle since its return on this date. Emil Lang led 34 Fw 190s on a familiarisation flight for new pilots in the Paris area. Three P-47s and two Fw 190s were destroyed. Ground attack operations continued to late August. As the Falaise pocket closed, trapping large German forces, JG 26 lost nine pilots killed and two wounded in a single action with the US 315th Fighter Squadron. The German pilots were given credit for five destroyed against various US fighter units including two from the 315th. On 28 August the German fighter forces moved eastward toward Germany. Only JG 26s three *gruppen* and II./JG 53 remained operational. Göring rescinded his earlier orders that leaders and commanders fly only with large formations because he feared that they were taking advantage of it. Staffelkapitans were to fly one mission per day every time his unit flew 3 or 4 sorties a day. Each group commander had to fly one mission per two days, and each wing commander one per three days.
| 1,410 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 12 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Final battles to VE Day {#final_battles_to_ve_day}
The German collapse in France and Belgium resulted in a rapid Allied advance into western Netherlands and to the German border. Logistics slowed the Allied forces and their advanced stalled as German resistance stiffened and the German army began to recover from the defeat at Falaise. In September 1944, JG 26 lost two experienced group commanders, Klaus Mietusch and Emil Lang on 3rd and 17th. On the last date, British, Canadian, Polish and American forces began Operation Market Garden under the command of Bernard Law Montgomery. JG 26 was the nearest positioned German fighter wing and responded to the paratrooper landings. The German pilots could not reach the transports for they were protected by powerful formations of Allied fighters, mainly by the US Ninth Air Force. Mietusch was killed on this first day of the operation. German forces were unable to prevent Allied forces from penetrating into Germany. On 12 October 1944, JG 26 flew against the Eighth Air Force alone as weather grounded the remainder of the Luftwaffe. Priller led 57 Fw 190s into action. Allied radio interceptors listened as he cursed his pilots for not forming up correctly. II. and III. *Gruppen* pulled ahead of Stab and I. *Gruppe*. They were attacked from above by US fighters from the 56th and 78th Fighter Groups losing three pilots while Priller claimed his 101st victory over an isolated 357th Fighter Group P-51. The name of the pilot appeared on Priller\'s claim documents. The American was easy to identify for he was the only US aircraft shot down over Germany that day. The rest broke through to the bomber stream only for the US 364th Fighter Group to pounce on them. The inexperienced Fw 190 pilots lost five of their number before escaping. III. *Gruppe* flew further west of Hamburg, but ran into P-51s losing another five fighters, two killed and one wounded. Their attackers were from the US 363d Fighter Squadron, 357th Fighter Group led by Chuck Yeager. ULTRA followed JG 26s movements. Their analysts remarked that the tactical fighters---fighters for frontline patrol---were inexperienced in making effective time in assembly and attacking escorted US heavy bomber formations. It regarded the German effort on this occasion as \"poor.\" The Luftwaffe did not attempt to intercept a single Eighth Air Force raid again for the duration of October 1944.
In November 1944, the Luftwaffe exhibited a façade of air supremacy, yet superior numbers did not transfer into quality. On the second day of this month, Luftflotte Reich experienced the worst single daily loss of the entire war to date. The US Eighth Air Force lost 40 bombers and 16 fighters in the running battles, some to anti-aircraft artillery---3.6 and 1.8 respectively \[the Germans claimed 82\]. All while losing 120 fighters, 70 pilots killed or missing and 28 wounded. On 21st another 62 were killed or wounded, then on 26th 87 pilots were killed or posted missing---on 27 November another 51. Hitler was furious, bemoaned the impotence of the fighter force and the materials and labour used to produce it. Galland\'s \"Great Blow\"---the use of the entire fighter force in one massive strike against American bomber streams---would not take place. Hitler did not trust the Luftwaffe\'s ability to secure a decisive result, and preferred to use what remained of it to support a land offensive in the west. Hitler gambled the last substance of the Waffen-SS and Panzer Divisions on the Ardennes Offensive, an effort to capture Antwerp and split the Americans and British Commonwealth forces militarily, in the hopes of improving Germany\'s dire situation. On 24 November, Stab and I./JG 26 moved from bases at Greven, a grass airfield near Münster to Fürstenau. Both remained there until March 1945. I. *Gruppe*, commanded by Karl Borris since mid-1943, began receiving the Fw 190 D-9. Some 63 fighters of this type were received in the latter half of December 1944. II. *Gruppe* moved to Reinsehlen from Kirchhellen north of Soltau. There, the Fw 190 A-8 and A-9s were replaced by 55 Fw 190 D-9s. The *gruppe* was given to Anton Hackl, an able fighter pilot with 166 aerial victories to his credit. III. *Gruppe* was based at Plantlünne at the end of November. JG 26 was to take part in the last major offensive of the Wehrmacht in Western Europe. ULTRA intercepted messages to III. *Gruppe* ordering it move from Nordhorn, regardless of whether it could equip with GM-1 or not. ULTRA listened to the urgent Luftwaffe messages which belied a German build-up.
The offensive began on 16 December 1944. The Luftwaffe succeeded in challenging Allied air superiority for the first time since 1943 on 17 December. The achievement lay not in shooting down more aircraft than they lost, but forcing the US fighter-bombers, P-47s and P-38s, to engage in aerial combat before dropping their ordnance on German ground forces, thereby relieving the pressure on the army and Waffen SS. Göring, held in disgrace by Hitler, was once again permitted to attend daily military conferences; he was even invited to tea with Hitler for a week, until 23 December. The price to German fighter pilots, however, was high on 17 December; 55 killed and missing, 24 wounded. The fuel crisis in Germany compounded the Luftwaffe\'s problems, and on 23 December Göring ordered all non-essential transport to be immobilised to save fuel. JG 26, unlike many other *jagdgeschwader* retained a sizeable cadre of experienced pilots and enjoyed higher morale more than some other units. In the Battle of St. Vith, P-38s of the 428th Fighter Squadron, 474th Fighter Group, began strafing German motor columns, destroying seven trucks. I. *Gruppe* engaged the P-38s, which had claimed seven German fighters around Trier and attacked trains in the Bitburg area. Four US fighters were downed at no cost---the four Fw 190s the Americans claimed were probably from JG 2, as JG 26 reported no losses. On 23 December JG 2 contributed to the strong Luftwaffe effort to maintain aerial cover for German ground forces on this day; though air superiority was not achieved, the Luftwaffe was still contesting it by nightfall. I. *Gruppe* committed 23 Fw 190s to cover Army Group B; the *gruppe* fought its way through American aircraft flying over its airfield before engaging B-26 Marauders. Five German fighters were lost in combat with P-47s and two B-26s were claimed destroyed.
The good news dried up for Göring. The Allied strategic air forces were operational again, drawing the Luftwaffe in, and denying the Germans to counter Allied operations over the front. He scuttled back to Karinhall for his last wartime Christmas. JG 26 claimed 12 Allied aircraft destroyed, but none are known to have been allowed to stand; the status of the claims are either unknown or unconfirmed. Five JG 26 were killed in action, one wounded while two more were wounded in accidents. On Christmas Eve, II. *Gruppe* scrambled to intercept US Eighth Air Force heavy bombers attacking *Jagdgeschwader* 4, *Jagdgeschwader* 11 and JG 2s airfields. They were repulsed by the escorts, but destroyed five P-47s for four fighters and three pilots; one possibly fired on in error by the supporting JG 27. I. *Gruppe* also intercepted but their first mission in the Fw 190 D-9s was a disaster for them. Of the 18 sent up, eight aborted due to engine trouble, another went after a US artillery spotter plane, while the remaining nine engaged a formation of 60 B-17s and their strong P-38 escort near Liège. One American fighter was lost for four German. Allied units lost 44 bombers and 12 fighters on another day of heavy air fighting for 125 German fighter claimed destroyed. 85 German pilots were killed or captured on 24 December. Two were *gruppen* commanders and five *staffel* leaders were among them. A further 21 were wounded. On Boxing Day the war diary of II. *Jagdkorps* reported that three I. *Gruppe* pilots had been killed and two captured for one victory claimed---it reported II./JG 1 suffered the heaviest losses. JG 26 fought over the battlefront near St. Vith on 27 December. On 1 January 1945, JG 26 flew in the airfield attacks for Operation Bodenplatte. Their target was Brussels-Evere. Four pilots were wounded, 12 killed, seven captured. 11 fighters were purportedly shot down in error by German ground-fire. Four fighter pilots were shot down and survived unhurt. Only II. and III./JG 26 hit Evere. Between 44 and 52 Fw 190s from these units took off. II. and III./JG 26 knocked out the flak towers and destroyed anything combustible: hangars, trucks, fuel dumps and aircraft. 127 Wing RCAF lost one Spitfire in the air and 11 on the ground; 11 vehicles were damaged and one was destroyed. A total of 60--61 Allied aircraft were destroyed at Evere. A large number of transports were located there and attracted the attention of German pilots, which left many more Spitfires undamaged. Given the number of Spitfires on the field, the Canadian wing suffered \"low\" losses. The Canadian wing commander---Johnnie Johnson---blamed the poor marksmanship of German pilots for failing to achieve further success.
| 1,520 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 13 |
7,858,158 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Final battles to VE Day {#final_battles_to_ve_day}
From 2 January 1945, fuel stocks permitting, JG 26 was ordered into the air on every day until wars end. It was ordered to support the armies in the field \[close air support\] and it would never engage the heavy bombers of the US Eighth Air Force again. Ten days later, the Red Army began the Vistula--Oder Offensive and all bar three wings were sent to the Eastern Front; JG 26 remained to defend northern Germany, with JG 27, JG 2 and JG 53 in the extreme south. From the 4 to 14 January 1945, 16 pilots were killed on operations, and five wounded, including Wilhelm Mayer who was awarded a posthumous Knight\'s Cross. In January 1945, JG 26 lost 31 pilots killed in action, three in accidents, eight captured, and at least 14 severely injured. III./JG 54, a fourth *gruppe* in all but name, lost 15 pilots killed in only two missions. JG 26 resisted Operation Clarion, mainly carried out by the US Ninth Air Force, and over the course of 22 to 24 February suffered the loss of three dead and three wounded. The battered III./JG 54, which had lost at least 50 Fw 190s since December 1944, officially joined JG 26 as its IV. *Gruppe*. On 25 February, three claims \[status unknown\] were made in exchange for seven killed and one wounded---one in action with 41 Squadron Spitfires the rest in action with the US 36th Fighter Group. The entire wing flew against fighter-bombers supporting the American advance on München Gladbach on 28 February. The 197-victory pilot *Hauptmann* Walter Krupinski, commanding III *Gruppe* since 27 September 1944, led the mission which resulted in five claims for the loss of two killed in action with RAF and US fighters; a further three were killed in accidents and two were wounded. Operations of this kind were tried again on 1 March, but nine pilots were killed in action with the US 366th Fighter Group and US 406th Fighter Group; 10 American fighters were claimed, but whether these were granted to pilots as a victory is unknown.
Fuel reserves had built up permitting a full-strength mission on 13 March. Morale remained reasonably high in JG 26. ULTRA intercepts picked up a request from the 14 *Fliegerdivision* on 25 March requesting volunteers for conversion onto the Messerschmitt Me 262. 58 pilots from KG 30, 49 from JG 27 and 36 from NSGr 20 did so; only 14 from JG 26 volunteered indicating a willingness to remain with their unit. A further order was passed down to accept only pilots with the Knight\'s Cross or German Cross in Gold for jet training. From 1 April the Western Allied invasion of Germany was gathering momentum. Allied armies had broken through the German lines and were surging across Germany akin to their campaign in France in 1944. JG 26 was ordered to conduct reconnaissance, since the German army had no frontlines, intelligence on Allied movements, or close support operations against road traffic. I. *Gruppe* moved to Delmenhorst on day two, while form the 3 April, II. *Gruppe* and its Fw 190 Ds received bombs and bomb racks; from this point they were a purely ground-attack *gruppe*. On 7 April, I., II. and III. *Gruppen* flew 30 ground-attack sorties. IV. *Gruppe* was scattered across several airfields, but was ordered officially to Stade. The following day JG 26 conducted a general withdrawal toward Hamburg as the Americans advanced through Hannover toward Berlin. JG 26 carried out s small number of attacks against them, and on the British Army as it neared Bremen. On 9 April IV. *Gruppe* was disbanded at Stade, and handed its aircraft to I. and II. *Gruppen* who had no more than 35 Fw 190s between them. On 19 April the wing managed to fly 35 sorties and the following day Hans Dortenmann became the last member of JG 26 awarded the Knight\'s Cross. On 24 April his unit flew against the Red Air Force over Oranienburg, claiming three Soviet fighters without loss. I. *Gruppe* withdrew to Klein Kummerfeld on 28 April.
In an unusual mission, on 26 April 1945, 12 Fw 190s from JG 26 under the command of Hans Dortenmann escorted *Generaloberst* Robert Ritter von Greim and test pilot *Flugkapitän* Hanna Reitsch from Rechlin--Lärz Airfield to Gatow Airport. The two were on a journey to meet Hitler in the *Führerbunker*. During the meeting, Hitler promoted von Greim to *Generalfeldmarschall* (field marshal) and appointed him Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe. Dortenmann was involved in the last mission of the war, when he led nine Fw 190s on a \"free hunt\", combat air patrol, to the Kiel canal on 4 May. The German surrender at Lüneburg Heath the same day, precluded any further military operations. JG 26 was ordered to Norway on 5 May, but Karl Borris argued with commanding officer Franz Götz that weather made the transfer impossible. On 7 May *Leutnant* Hermann Gern became the last of approximately 30,000 Wehrmacht serviceman shot for dereliction of duty for returning home without orders. VE Day occurred the following morning. Götz surrendered JG 26 to the British at Flensburg.
| 866 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 14 |
7,858,158 |
## Commanding officers {#commanding_officers}
### *Geschwaderkommodore*
On 1 November 1938, the *Geschwaderstab* of JG 132 was recreated from elements of JG 234 which then became JG 26 on 1 May 1939.
------------------------------------------- ------------------ ---- -----------------
{{\*}}*Oberst* Eduard Ritter von Schleich 1 November 1938 -- 9 December 1939
{{\*}}*Major* Hans-Hugo Witt 14 December 1939 -- 23 June 1940
{{\*}}*Major* Gotthard Handrick 24 June 1940 -- 21 August 1940
{{\*}}*Oberstleutnant* Adolf Galland 22 August 1940 -- 5 December 1941
{{\*}}*Major* Gerhard Schöpfel 6 December 1941 -- 10 January 1943
{{\*}}*Oberst* Josef Priller 11 January 1943 -- 27 January 1945
{{\*}}*Major* Franz Götz 28 January 1945 -- 7 May 1945
------------------------------------------- ------------------ ---- -----------------
### Gruppenkommandeure
### I. *Gruppe* of JG 26 {#i._gruppe_of_jg_26}
--------------------------------------- ------------------ ---- ----------------------------------
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Oskar Dinort 20 February 1936 -- 15 March 1937
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Walter Grabmann 16 March 1937 -- 10 May 1938
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Karl-Heinz Leesmann 11 May 1938 -- 12 July 1938
{{\*}}*Major* Gotthard Handrick 13 July 1938 -- 23 June 1940
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Kurt Fischer 24 June 1940 -- 21 August 1940
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Rolf Pingel 22 August -- 10 July 1941
{{\*}}*Major* Johannes Seifert 11 July 1941 -- 31 May 1943`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Fritz Losigkeit 1 June 1943 -- 22 June 1943
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Karl Borris 23 June 1943 -- 14 May 1944
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Hermann Staiger 15 May 1944 -- 31 July 1944
{{\*}}*Major* Karl Borris 1 August 1944 -- 7 May 1945
--------------------------------------- ------------------ ---- ----------------------------------
### II. *Gruppe* of JG 26 {#ii._gruppe_of_jg_26}
------------------------------------------ ------------------- ---- ----------------------------------------
{{\*}}*Major* Eduard Ritter von Schleich 15 May 1937 -- 31 October 1938
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Werner Palm 1 November 1938 -- 27 June 1939
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Herwig Knüppel 28 June 1939 -- 19 May 1940
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Karl Ebbighausen 20 May 1940 -- 31 May 1940
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Erich Noack 1 June 1940 -- 24 July 1940
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Karl Ebbighausen 25 July 1940 -- 16 August 1940`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Erich Bode 17 August 1940 -- 3 October 1940
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Walter Adolph 4 October 1940 -- 18 September 1941`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Joachim Müncheberg 19 September 1941 -- 21 July 1942
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Conny Meyer 22 July 1942 -- 2 January 1943
{{\*}}*Major* Wilhelm-Ferdinand Galland 3 January 1943 -- 17 August 1943`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Johannes Naumann 18 August 1943 -- 8 September 1943
{{\*}}*Oberleutnant* Johannes Seifert 9 September 1943 -- 25 November 1943`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Major* Wilhelm Gäth 26 November 1943 -- 1 March 1944
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Johannes Naumann 2 March 1944 -- 28 June 1944
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Emil Lang 29 June 1944 -- 3 September 1944`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Georg-Peter Eder 4 September 1944 -- 8 October 1944
{{\*}}*Major* Anton Hackl 9 October 1944 -- 29 January 1945
{{\*}}*Oberleutnant* Waldemar Radener 30 January 1945 -- 22 February 1945
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Paul Schauder 23 February 1945 -- 1 May 1945
------------------------------------------ ------------------- ---- ----------------------------------------
### III. *Gruppe* of JG 26 {#iii._gruppe_of_jg_26}
--------------------------------------- ------------------- ---- ----------------------------------------
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Walter Kienitz 23 September 1939 -- 31 October 1939
{{\*}}*Major* Ernst Freiherr von Berg 1 November 1939 -- 5 June 1940
{{\*}}*Major* Adolf Galland 6 June 1940 -- 20 August 1940
{{\*}}*Major* Gerhard Schöpfel 21 August 1940 -- 5 December 1941
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Josef Priller 6 December 1941 -- 10 January 1943
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Friedrich Geißhardt 11 January 1943 -- 6 April 1943`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Kurt Ruppert 7 April 1943 -- 13 June 1943
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Rolf Hermichen 15 June 1943 -- 4 July 1943
{{\*}}*Major* Klaus Mietusch 5 July 1943 -- 17 September 1944`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Paul Schauder 18 September 1944 -- 26 September 1944
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Walter Krupinski 27 September 1944 -- 25 March 1945
--------------------------------------- ------------------- ---- ----------------------------------------
### IV. *Gruppe* of JG 26 {#iv
| 588 |
Jagdgeschwader 26
| 15 |
7,858,193 |
**Mhlumeni** is a town in eastern Eswatini on the border with Mozambique. It lies in the Lubombo Mountains about 40 kilometres north-east of Siteki in Lubombo District. Mhlumeni is tourist attraction as it hosts the Mbuluzi Game Reserve
| 38 |
Mhlumeni
| 0 |
7,858,204 |
The **Dioxin Reassessment Report** refers to the United States Environmental Protection Agency\'s scientific reassessment of the health effects of exposure to dioxins. It began in April 1991, and in 1994 was published for public review. In 1995 the Science Advisory Board (SAB) reviewed it, concluding that three chapters (eight, nine and a new chapter) be subject to independent peer review. This involved a 2003 review of the reassessment by the Interagency Working Group on Dioxin (Dioxin IWG), who recommended a further review by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). This review by the NAS began in November 2004, and was expected to end by June 2006. As of 2012, the review is ongoing
| 113 |
Dioxin Reassessment Report
| 0 |
7,858,205 |
Tabat, Iran}}`{{Refimprove
| date = September 2016
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Tabat** was chieftain of the Jarawa Berbers of the Aures Mountains during the mid-7th century. He was the father of the Berber queen and warlord Dihya
| 34 |
Tabat
| 0 |
7,858,248 |
***Jagdgeschwader* 53 (JG 53)** was a Luftwaffe fighter-wing of World War II. It operated in Western Europe and in the Mediterranean. *Jagdgeschwader* 53 - or as it was better known, the \"Pik As\" *(Ace of Spades)* Geschwader - was one of the oldest German fighter units of World War II with its origins going back to 1937. JG 53 flew the various models of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 throughout World War II. `{{TOC limit}}`{=mediawiki}
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Invasion of France; Battle of Britain {#invasion_of_france_battle_of_britain}
The *Geschwader* commenced its wartime operations with a high proportion of its personnel experienced ex-Condor Legion pilots including Werner Mölders. On 14 May 1940, JG 53 claimed some 43 victories in one day. The Battle of France thus saw the Geschwader score heavily during May and June 1940, with some 275 claims against *Armee de l\'Air* and Royal Air Force forces. While JG 53 was making a reputation for itself during the Battle of Britain, according to RAF Air Ministry intelligence summary no. 60, *Reichsmarschall* Hermann Göring was informed that Major Hans-Jürgen von Cramon-Taubadel\'s wife was Jewish. Göring then ordered the whole of *Stabschwarm*/JG 53 to remove the \"Pik As\" emblem from their planes, and replace it with a red stripe around the engine cowling as punishment. All of Stab./JG 53\'s planes immediately were stripped of their \"Pik As\" insignia, and soon after the whole of the Stab./JG 53 had also stripped the swastikas off the tails of their planes in protest.
### Invasion of the Soviet Union {#invasion_of_the_soviet_union}
In April 1941 the *Geschwader* then transferred to the Eastern Front for Operation Barbarossa. Under the control of *Luftflotte 2* commanded by Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, the Geschwader, now equipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109F, flew operations from Warsaw-Bielany. On 31 July 1941 JG 53 shot down its 1,000th aircraft. In the period 22 June 1941 -- 5 December 1941 JG 53 claimed to destroy 762 Soviet aircraft, losing 35 in aerial combat, and two on the ground.
### Mediterranean theatre {#mediterranean_theatre}
Later in the year JG 53 moved to bases in Sicily for operations against Malta (though elements also served in the Netherlands from July to November 1941). The III. Gruppe was transferred to North Africa for a short time in December 1941 while the rest of JG 53 was eventually moved to Comiso in Sicily for operations against Malta, which ended in May 1942. In the summer of 1942, II./JG 53 operated from the island of Pantelleria for operations over Malta and as escort missions for attacks on British supply convoys.
In May 1942 after the termination of the German air offensive against the British island fortress of Malta in the face of a strong defence bolstered by Supermarine Spitfires the \"Pik As\" Geschwader was split up, with its three Gruppen scattered over three theatres of operation. III./JG 53 again saw service in North Africa supporting Rommel\'s planned advance on Cairo. Stab and II./JG 53 which were left behind on Sicily after the end of the \"Malta Blitz\" in May for service over the central Mediterranean, and I./JG 53 was moved to the Eastern front, where it was to take part in the German summer offensive in the southern sector aimed at Stalingrad and the Caucasus.
| 544 |
Jagdgeschwader 53
| 0 |
7,858,248 |
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Battle of Stalingrad {#battle_of_stalingrad}
Together with the JG 3 and JG 52, plus Stab and II./JG 77, I./JG 53 was deployed in Luftflotte 4\'s 8th Air Corps to support Operation Blau. During the period May--September 1942 in the Eastern Front, I./JG 53 claimed 918 victories. It suffered the loss of 34 Bf 109s, 18 pilots killed in action and nine wounded.
During the Battle of Stalingrad, the I./JG 53 faced stiff resistance of the Soviet VVS and PVO both in the air and the ground, and several of the unit\'s aces were shot down, wounded, captured or killed.
- 30 June 1942: A Yak-1 fighter shot down *Leutnant* Joachim Louis\'s Messerschmitt Bf 109, who bailed out and became a POW. Louis had then 22 victories to his credit.
- 8 July 1942: Wilhelm Crinius (then an *Unteroffizier* with 12 air victories) was shot down by flak over Voronezh at 08:50.
- 6 August 1942: *Leutnant* Hans Röhrig (flying Bf 109G-2 W.Nr 13480) is forced to bail out by a Yak-1 fighter, apparently flown by Soviet ace *Starshiy Leytenant* Mikhail Baranov (183 IAP, 269 IAD). At that time Röhrig had under his belt eight out of the 75 victories he would be credited with. Baranov subsequently would shoot down the Ju 87D-3 of *Unteroffizier* Herbert Oswald (2./StG 2), one of the Stukas the I. *Gruppe* was escorting.
- 19 August 1942: Walter Zellot\'s Bf 109 was shot-up by a Soviet fighter, probably the Yak-1 flown by future ace Boris M. Vasilyev (929 IAP).
- 7 September 1942: While escorting a Fw.189A-1 of 4.(H)/10, 10-victories ace *Feldwebel* Wilhelm Budke was caught by surprise by Soviet Yak-7B ace Amet-khan Sultan (4 IAP), and had to bail out of his Bf 109 G-2 W.Nr. 13680. Amet-Khan\'s comrade ace Ivan Stepanenko shot up the Fw 189, which was damaged beyond repair (65%) and was scrapped.
- 8 September 1942: 38-victories ace *Oberfeldwebel* Hans Kornatz was downed and injured in air combat, probably by Spanish Yak-1 pilot José Pascual Santamaría (788 IAP, 102 IAD PVO), who shot down three Bf 109 that day, but was also forced to bail out and died when his parachute failed to open.
- 9 September 1942: 60-kills ace *Leutnant* Alfred Franke (flying a Bf 109, 2./JG 53) was downed in air combat by Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik pilot Pavel S. Vinogradov (694 IAP, 228 ShAD) and was killed in the crash.
- 10 September 1942: three I./JG 53 pilots were killed or wounded over Stalingrad: *Unteroffizier* Heinrich Wöhrle (10 victories, WIA), *Feldwebel* Franz Hagedorn (37 victories, killed by another Il-2 Shturmovik) and *Leutnant* Walter Zellot (86 victories), who was shot down and killed by flak.
- 13 September 1942: While escorting Ju 88s, 11-victories ace *Unteroffizier* Erwin Meier (2./JG 53) jumped the Yak-1 of female pilot Raisa Belyaeva. However, he was surprised by another Yak-1 flown by future leading female ace Lydia Litvyak and had to bail out of his flaming Bf 109 G-2. He became a POW.
### North Africa {#north_africa}
On 1 November 1942, Hauptmann \"Tutti\" Müller was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of I./JG 53 and led the unit back to the Mediterranean theater. By November 1942 the entire wing was again concentrated on Sicily for an offensive against Malta, an abortive and short-lived blitz foiled by the defenders. During its 1942 operations over North Africa, Sicily and Malta JG 53 had claimed a total of 388 aircraft shot down. Hauptmann Gerhard Michalski claimed 25 over Malta. With the Allied invasion of French North Africa in November, the Geschwader again found its components separated.
### \"Defense of the Reich\" {#defense_of_the_reich}
II./JG 53 was withdrawn from Italy in October 1943, and was the first squadron of the unit to be employed in the Defense of the Reich operations, stationed near Vienna from October 1943 to March 1944, before moving to south Western Germany. The winter of 1943/44 saw bitter fighting over Italy.
II./JG 53 was the sole squadron employed against the Allied Operation Overlord on 6 June 1944. The Luftwaffe fighter units in France suffered catastrophic losses, and II./JG 53 was no exception. In just one month of operations, the squadron reported 42 aircraft lost through enemy action, 18 in accidents, 20 abandoned and a further 20 through other causes; approximately 200% of its operational strength.
III./JG 53 also returned from Italy in June 1944 and after a short period refitting was active in operations against the Allied forces. When the Allies launched Operation Market Garden, both II. and III./JG53 took part. A new IV. Gruppe was added in the autumn of 1944.
I./JG53 was later moved to Romania to protect the oilfields of Ploiești and also saw further action in Hungary in late 1944 and early 1945 against the Red Army. It retreated into Czechoslovakia and Austria and was disbanded in April 1945. The rest of the unit was disbanded days before VE Day.
| 819 |
Jagdgeschwader 53
| 1 |
7,858,248 |
## Commanding officers {#commanding_officers}
### Geschwaderkommodore
----------------------------------------------- ----------------- ---- -------------------
{{\*}}*Oberst* Bruno Löerzer 15 March 1937 -- 31 March 1938
{{\*}}*Oberstleutnant* Werner Junck 1 April 1938 -- 30 September 1939
{{\*}}*Major* Hans Klein 1 October 1939 -- 31 December 1939
{{\*}}*Major* Hans-Jürgen von Cramon-Taubadel 1 January 1940 -- 30 September 1940
{{\*}}*Oberst* Günther Freiherr von Maltzahn 9 October 1940 -- 4 October 1943
{{\*}}*Major* Friedrich-Karl Müller (acting) October 1943
{{\*}}*Major* Kurt Ubben (acting) October 1943 -- November 1943
{{\*}}*Oberstleutnant* Helmut Bennemann 9 November 1943 -- 27 April 1945
----------------------------------------------- ----------------- ---- -------------------
### Gruppenkommandeure
**I./JG 53**
-------------------------------------------- ------------------ ---- --------------------------------------
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Lothar von Janson 1 May 1939 -- 30 June 1940
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Albert Blumensaat 1 July 1940 -- 25 August 1940
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Hans-Karl Mayer 1 September 1940 -- 17 October 1940`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Hans-Heinrich Brustellin October 1940 -- 1 May 1941
{{\*}}*Oberleutnant* Wilfried Balfanz 1 June 1941 -- 24 June 1941`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Franz von Werra July 1941 -- 25 October 1941`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Ignaz Prestele (acting) August 1941 -- September 1941
{{\*}}*Major* Herbert Kaminski 1 November 1941 -- 24 July 1942
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Walter Spies August 1942 -- October 1942
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Friedrich-Karl Müller November 1942 -- 14 February 1944
{{\*}}*Major* Jürgen Harder 15 February 1944 -- January 1945
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Wolfgang Ernst (acting) January 1945 -- February 1945
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Erich Hartmann (acting) February 1945 -- 15 February 1945
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Helmut Lipfert 15 February 1945 -- 17 April 1945
-------------------------------------------- ------------------ ---- --------------------------------------
**II./JG 53**
------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---- -----------------------------------
{{\*}}*Major* Hubert Merhart von Bernegg 1 May 1939 -- 19 August 1939
{{\*}}*Major* Günther Freiherr von Maltzahn 19 August 1939 -- 8 October 1940
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Heinz Bretnütz 9 October 1940 -- 27 June 1941`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Walter Spies June 1941 -- July 1942
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Gerhard Michalski July 1942 -- 23 April 1944
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Hans-Jürgen Westphal (acting) 19 June 1943 -- July 1943
{{\*}}*Major* Karl-Heinz Schnell (acting) July 1943 -- 28 September 1943
{{\*}}*Major* Julius Meimberg 24 April 1944 -- 30 April 1945
------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---- -----------------------------------
**III./JG 53**
------------------------------------------- ----------------- ---- -------------------------------------
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Werner Mölders 3 October 1939 -- 5 June 1940
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Rolf Pingel (acting) June 1940 -- 20 June 1940
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Harro Harder July 1940 -- 12 August 1940`{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki}
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Wolf-Dietrich Wilcke 13 August 1940 -- 18 May 1942
{{\*}}*Major* Erich Gerlitz May 1942 -- October 1942
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Franz Götz October 1942 -- 17 January 1945
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Siegfried Luckenbach 18 January 1945 -- 2 May 1945
{{\*}}*Hauptmann* Wolfgang Ernst (acting) April 1945 -- 2 May 1945
------------------------------------------- ----------------- ---- -------------------------------------
**IV
| 416 |
Jagdgeschwader 53
| 2 |
7,858,290 |
**Simunye** is a sugar mill town on the lowveld in eastern Eswatini. Almost all of the residents of the town work for the Royal Eswatini Sugar Corporation\'s sugar mill located nearby.
The town is located about 30 km south of the border crossing to South Africa (the border crossing is known as Bordergate on the Eswatini side and Mananga on the South African side) and about 20 km from the border crossing to Mozambique (known as Lomahashaon the Eswatini side and Namaacha on the Mozambique side).
It lies slightly west of the Lubombo Mountains, about 55 km north-east of Siteki. The town is geographically only about 22 km north-west of Mhlumeni on the eastern border, but because of the mountain range it is probably faster 100 km by road detouring southwards through Siteki.
## Sport
The town is home to the Royal Leopards F.C. RSSC United FC is a football club that was the result of the merger between Mhlume United and Simunye FC.
## Schools
The town which is an RESC Estate town, has a number of schools and pre-schools. Thembelisha Preparatory School is the only private Primary school. There are two Government-aided primary schools, Ngomane primary school and Lusoti Primary school. Likewise, there are two High Schools, Ngomane High School and Lusoti High School. The Lusoti schools are right within the village, whilst the Ngomane schools are 23 km away
| 232 |
Simunye
| 0 |
7,858,314 |
**Jason Crookes** (born ) is an English rugby league footballer who plays as a `{{rlp|ce}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{rlp|wg}}`{=mediawiki}er for the Sheffield Eagles in the Championship.
## Background
Crookes was born in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England.
## Bradford
Crookes played junior rugby for Newsome in Huddersfield before signing for the Bradford Bulls in 2007. He was loaned out to Widnes Vikings for the 2008 season.
### 2009 season
Crookes made his Super League début against Hull in Round 5. His next appearance would be the win over local rivals Leeds Rhinos where he was on the subs bench and his final game in 2009 he again started at Centre against Wakefield Trinity Wildcats.
### 2010 season {#season_1}
Crookes appeared in all four pre-season friendlies.
Crookes first game of 2010 was against Wigan Warriors in place of the injured Rikki Sheriffe. He also played against Crusaders in the Magic Weekend. His next league appearance would be in Round 25 (St. Helens) then in Round 26 against Wakefield Trinity. He also played in the Challenge Cup tie against the Dewsbury Rams. At the end of the season Jason Crookes signed a new 2-year contract to stay with the Bradford Bulls.
### 2011 season {#season_2}
Crookes featured in three of the four pre-season games. He played against Halifax, Dewsbury and Keighley. Jason scored a try against Halifax. He was then sent on dual-registration with Championship side Sheffield Eagles.
Crookes appeared in six consecutive games from Round 15 (Salford City Reds) to Round 20 (Catalans Dragons). He hs not featured in any more league or cup games.
### 2012 season {#season_3}
Crookes featured in three of the four pre-season friendlies. He played against Castleford Tigers, Dewsbury and Hull. Jason scored a try against Castleford and another against Hull.
Jason featured in nine consecutive games from Round 1 (Catalans Dragons) to Round 9 (Hull). He was injured from Round 10--22 and Round 4--5 in the Challenge Cup. He featured in Round 24 (Hull Kingston Rovers) to Round 27 (Catalans Dragons). Crookes scored against Wigan (1 try), Warrington Wolves (1 try), Hull Kingston Rovers (4 tries) and Hull (1 try).
## Hull
On 19 September, Hull FC announced they had signed Crookes on a three-year deal.
### 2013 season {#season_4}
Crookes featured in three consecutive games from Round 1 (Leeds) to Round 3 (St Helens). Jason was injured from Round 4 to Round 7. Crookes featured in Round 8 (London Broncos). Jason played in Round 10 (Wakefield Trinity) and then again in Round 12 (Salford). He did not feature again until Round 18 (Catalans Dragons) to Round 19 (Castleford). Jason\'s next game was Round 25 (Salford) to Round 27 (St Helens). Jason featured in the playoffs against Catalans Dragons and Huddersfield Giants. Crookes also featured in the Challenge Cup against North Wales Crusaders, and in the Final against Wigan. He scored against the Bradford Bulls (1 try), St. Helens (1 try) and Wigan (3 tries).
### 2014 season {#season_5}
Crookes featured in Round 11 (Wakefield Trinity) to Round 13 (Hull Kingston Rovers). He was released from the final year of his contract at the end of the season
| 520 |
Jason Crookes
| 0 |
7,858,316 |
**Sir Robert MacLeod Hodgson**, `{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCMG|KBE}}`{=mediawiki} (25 February 1874 -- 18 October 1956) was a British diplomat and consul.
Hodgson was born in West Bromwich, Staffordshire, the son of the Reverend Robert Hodgson. He was educated at Radley College, near Abingdon in Oxfordshire, from 1887 to 1893, where he was a prefect, and Trinity College, Oxford, where he captained the University of Oxford hockey team and graduated with a pass degree in 1897.
He joined the Consular Service, working at the consulate in Algiers from 1901 to 1904 and becoming vice-consul at Marseille in 1904. In 1906, he was appointed commercial agent at Vladivostok and given the rank of vice-consul two years later and consul in 1911. He stayed in Vladivostok until 1919, when he was moved to Omsk as acting high commissioner to the anti-Bolshevik government. In November 1919, he was appointed commercial counsellor in Moscow. He married a Russian woman, Olga Bellavina, in 1920 and was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1920 New Year Honours. He became Chargé d\'affaires in 1924 following British official recognition of the communist government, but was recalled to Britain with the rest of the British diplomatic mission in 1927. He had been appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1925.
In 1928, he was appointed minister to Albania. He retired in August 1936, but in December 1937 returned to the Foreign Office as British agent to General Franco\'s government in Burgos, Spain. In December 1938, he was appointed chargé d\'affaires, but was surprisingly not appointed ambassador to Spain when full diplomatic relations were established in April 1939, perhaps because of his wife having been born in Russia. Instead, Sir Samuel Hoare was appointed ambassador. Once again retiring, Hodgson was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG).
From 1943 to 1945, he was chairman of the council of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, and from 1944 to 1945 an adviser to the Foreign Office on censorship.
On 9 October 1956, Hodgson tripped over the kerb and fell while crossing Sloane Street in Chelsea, fracturing his femur. This caused him to contract pneumonia and he died in hospital nine days later
| 378 |
Robert Hodgson (diplomat)
| 0 |
7,858,317 |
The **1977 Bandy World Championship** was the tenth Bandy World Championship and was contested by four men\'s bandy playing nations. The championship was played in Norway from 23 to 30 January 1977. The Soviet Union became champions
| 37 |
1977 Bandy World Championship
| 0 |
7,858,333 |
The **War Emergency Radio Service** (**WERS**) was a civil defense service in the United States from 1942 to 1945. It was replaced by the current Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES) system.
## History
When the United States entered the Second World War, the United States Congress had suspended all amateur radio activity throughout the country. WERS was established by the Federal Communications Commission in June 1942 at the insistence of the American Radio Relay League. WERS was to provide communications in connection with air raid protection, and communications during natural disasters. WERS licenses were given to communities, not to individuals; one of the requirements for individuals to participate in the WERS was to hold an Amateur radio license.
At the end of 1944, about five thousand radio transmitters operated under 250 licenses.`{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} WERS remained in operation through the end of the Second World War in 1945.
## Frequency bands {#frequency_bands}
WERS was authorized to operate on the following bands.
: {\|
! Band name ! Frequencies ! style=\"text-align:left;\" \| Notes \|- \| 2½ meters \| 112--116 MHz \| Sixteen channels at 200 kHz spacing. Subset of current aircraft band \|- \| 1¼ meters \| 219--225 MHz \| Nearly identical to current 1.25 meter amateur band \|- \| 70 cm band \| 400-401 MHz \| Now allocated to Earth-orbiting satellite operations \|- \|} Frequencies were required to be stable to within 0.1%; tighter frequency control would have required use of quartz crystals, which were in high demand at the time for military radio purposes. The intention of the service was for communications up to about 10 miles, so power was restricted to 25 watts. The Office of Civilian Defense recommended home-built equipment, using salvaged components from civilian receivers, so as not to require critical items not readily available during the war
| 303 |
War Emergency Radio Service
| 0 |
7,858,348 |
This is a **list of public art** on permanent public display in County Donegal, Ireland. The list applies only to works of public art accessible in a public space; it does not include artwork on display inside museums. Public art may include sculptures, statues, monuments, memorials, murals and mosaics
| 49 |
List of public art in County Donegal
| 0 |
7,858,358 |
**Reg Parnell Racing** was a privateer Formula One team during the 1950s and 1960s. The team was founded by ex-Formula One driver Reg Parnell after he retired from racing. It raced as Yeoman Credit Racing in 1961 and as the Bowmaker Racing Team in 1962. The team\'s best results were a pair of second places in the British Grand Prix and the German Grand Prix of `{{F1|1962}}`{=mediawiki}. John Surtees also took pole for the team at the 1962 Dutch Grand Prix.
## Formula One World Championship results {#formula_one_world_championship_results}
(key) (Results in **bold** indicate pole position; results in *italics* indicate fastest lap; † indicates shared drive.)
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Year</p></th>
<th><p>Chassis</p></th>
<th><p>Engine(s)</p></th>
<th><p>Tyres</p></th>
<th><p>Drivers</p></th>
<th><p>1</p></th>
<th><p>2</p></th>
<th><p>3</p></th>
<th><p>4</p></th>
<th><p>5</p></th>
<th><p>6</p></th>
<th><p>7</p></th>
<th><p>8</p></th>
<th><p>9</p></th>
<th><p>10</p></th>
<th><p>11</p></th>
<th><p>12</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"><p>Cooper T45<br />
Cooper T51</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"><p>Climax FPF 1.5 L4</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>500</p></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>GER</p></td>
<td><p>POR</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>USA</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Henry Taylor</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#CFCFFF;"><p>11</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Tim Parnell</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#FFCFCF;"><p>DNQ</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="3"><p>1961</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"><p>Cooper T53</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"><p>Climax FPF 1.5 L4</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>BEL</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>GER</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>USA</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>John Surtees</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>11</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>7</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Roy Salvadori</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>8</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>6</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>10</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>6</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="3"><p>1962</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"><p>Lola Mk4</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"><p>Climax FWMV 1.5 V8</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>BEL</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>GER</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>USA</p></td>
<td><p>RSA</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>John Surtees</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p><strong>Ret</strong></p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfdfdf;"><p>2</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Roy Salvadori</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNS</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="9"></td>
<td rowspan="9"><p>Lola Mk4A<br />
Lotus 24</p></td>
<td rowspan="9"><p>Climax FWMV 1.5 V8<br />
BRM P56 1.5 V8</p></td>
<td rowspan="9"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>BEL</p></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>GER</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>USA</p></td>
<td><p>MEX</p></td>
<td><p>RSA</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Chris Amon</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNS</p></td>
<td style="background:#EFCFFF;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#EFCFFF;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#CFCFFF;"><p>7</p></td>
<td style="background:#CFCFFF;"><p>7</p></td>
<td style="background:#EFCFFF;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNS</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#EFCFFF;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Maurice Trintignant</p></td>
<td style="background:#EFCFFF;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#CFCFFF;"><p>8</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Lucien Bianchi</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#EFCFFF;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Masten Gregory</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>11</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Mike Hailwood</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>8</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>10</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>John Campbell-Jones</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>13</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Rodger Ward</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Hap Sharp</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>7</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td rowspan="4"><p>Lotus 25<br />
Lotus 24</p></td>
<td rowspan="4"><p>BRM P56 1.5 V8<br />
Climax FWMV 1.5 V8‡</p></td>
<td rowspan="4"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>BEL</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>GER</p></td>
<td><p>AUT</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>USA</p></td>
<td><p>MEX</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Chris Amon</p></td>
<td style="background:#FFCFCF;"><p>DNQ</p></td>
<td style="background:#DFFFDF;"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>10</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>11</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>14</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Mike Hailwood</p></td>
<td style="background:#DFFFDF;"><p>6</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>12</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>8</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>8</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>8</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>16</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Peter Revson</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#000000; color:#ffffff"><p>DSQ</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNS</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td rowspan="7"><p>Lotus 25<br />
Lotus 33</p></td>
<td rowspan="7"><p>BRM P56 1.5 V8</p></td>
<td rowspan="7"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>RSA</p></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>BEL</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>GER</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>USA</p></td>
<td><p>MEX</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Tony Maggs</p></td>
<td style="background:#CFCFFF;"><p>11</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Richard Attwood</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>14</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>13</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>12</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>6</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>10</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Mike Hailwood</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Innes Ireland</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>13</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>10</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>9</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#FFFFFF;"><p>DNS</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Chris Amon</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Bob Bondurant</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"><p>Lotus 33<br />
Ferrari 246</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"><p>BRM P60 2.0 V8<br />
Ferrari 228 2.4 V6</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>BEL</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>GER</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>USA</p></td>
<td><p>MEX</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Mike Spence</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNS</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Giancarlo Baghetti</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>NC</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"><p>Lotus 25<br />
BRM P261<br />
BRM P83</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"><p>BRM P60 2.1 V8<br />
BRM P75 3.0 H16</p></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>RSA</p></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>BEL</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>GER</p></td>
<td><p>CAN</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>USA</p></td>
<td><p>MEX</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Piers Courage</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#ffffff;"><p>DNS</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Chris Irwin</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>7</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>7</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>7</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>BRM P126</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>BRM P101 3.0 V12</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>RSA</p></td>
<td><p>ESP</p></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>BEL</p></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>GER</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>CAN</p></td>
<td><p>USA</p></td>
<td><p>MEX</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Piers Courage</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>6</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>8</p></td>
<td style="background:#cfcfff;"><p>8</p></td>
<td style="background:#dfffdf;"><p>4</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#efcfff;"><p>Ret</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>BRM P126</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"><p>BRM P101 3.0 V12</p></td>
<td rowspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>RSA</p></td>
<td><p>ESP</p></td>
<td><p>MON</p></td>
<td><p>NED</p></td>
<td><p>FRA</p></td>
<td><p>GBR</p></td>
<td><p>GER</p></td>
<td><p>ITA</p></td>
<td><p>CAN</p></td>
<td><p>USA</p></td>
<td><p>MEX</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td style="text-align: left;"><p>Pedro Rodríguez</p></td>
<td style="background:#EFCFFF;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#EFCFFF;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td style="background:#EFCFFF;"><p>Ret</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
‡ At the 1964 Austrian Grand Prix Amon used a car borrowed from Team Lotus with Climax V8 engine
| 1,154 |
Reg Parnell Racing
| 0 |
7,858,367 |
**Yeoman Credit Racing** was a name used by two different Formula One motor racing teams in the early-1960s: the **British Racing Partnership** (1960); and **Reg Parnell Racing** (1961--62). The name was derived from commercial sponsorship arrangements, the first time that a Formula One racing team had changed their name in deference to sponsorship.
## Brief history {#brief_history}
The first team to benefit from this commercial relationship was the *British Racing Partnership*, run by Ken Gregory and Alfred Moss, who were sponsored by *Yeoman Credit Ltd.* from August 1959. Yeoman Credit was a finance company founded by Joseph Samengo-Turner in the mid-1950s. By 1959/60 the company was being run by Joseph\'s sons Paul, William and Fabian. With an expanding business in financing retail motor sales, the Samengo-Turner brothers were looking at new ways of advertising Yeoman Credit. This led to a meeting with Ken Gregory of the British Racing Partnership, which resulted in the formation of the first fully sponsored Formula One Grand Prix Team -- giving Yeoman Credit the opportunity to secure profile advertising in the press and on television.
Initially the team entered Formula Two, with only occasional Formula One races, but in `{{F1|1960}}`{=mediawiki} they made the step to concentrate on a three-car Formula One team running 1959 Cooper T51s, with mixed success. Unfortunately, during this time two of the team\'s drivers (Harry Schell and Chris Bristow) were killed while racing their cars.
In September 1960 the *Yeoman Credit Racing* identity and sponsorship funds were moved by the Samengo-Turner brothers to the newly formed *Reg Parnell Racing* team, as relations between BRP and Yeoman Credit had broken down. BRP had to find a new sponsor and sourced new funding from the United Dominions Trust, a competitor of Yeoman Credit in the financing of retail motor sales. The Yeoman Credit team continued, now in its new dark-blue-and-red liveried Cooper T53s, during `{{F1|1961}}`{=mediawiki}. Despite a good start to the season with John Surtees winning the Glover Trophy at Goodwood (the first 1.5 litre non-championship Formula One race), results did not come as expected.
### Bowmaker Racing {#bowmaker_racing}
For `{{F1|1962}}`{=mediawiki} the Yeoman Credit\'s parent company, *Bowmaker Limited*, decided that the team\'s name should be changed to *Bowmaker Racing*. The team decided to invest in a new car which was commissioned from Eric Broadley\'s Lola Cars company and was the first Formula One design to emerge from the Lola stable. However, Broadley\'s Lola Mk4 cars did not prove as competitive as had been hoped. Despite full works support from the Lola factory and pole position for their first race, the Dutch Grand Prix, Bowmaker withdrew their financial support before the start of the 1963 Formula One season. Reg Parnell Racing survived the loss of funds, and the death of owner Reg Parnell himself in 1964, and eventually merged with the British Racing Motors works team in the late 1960s
| 476 |
Yeoman Credit Racing
| 0 |
7,858,373 |
**Zenith Komarniski** (born August 13, 1978) is a Canadian former ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League for the Vancouver Canucks and the Columbus Blue Jackets.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
He played junior hockey for the Tri-City Americans of the Western Hockey League from 1994-1995 until early in the 1997--1998 season, when he was traded to the Spokane Chiefs. While at Tri-City, he was drafted in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft, 75th overall, by the Vancouver Canucks.
He began his professional playing career in the American Hockey League during the 1998-1999 season with the Syracuse Crunch, at that time the AHL affiliate of the Vancouver Canucks. He played most of the 1999-2000 season for Syracuse, but also appeared in 18 games for the Canucks. In his eighth game for the Canucks, he scored his first and only NHL goal on a shot from centre-ice against Patrick Roy of the Colorado Avalanche. He would not play another NHL game until the 2002--2003 season, spending the better part of three years on both the Kansas City Blades, the Canucks\' IHL affiliate before the league disbanded, and the Manitoba Moose of the AHL. Midway through the 2003--2004 season, he was traded from Vancouver to the Columbus Blue Jackets. He split the season between Manitoba and Syracuse, the AHL affiliate of the Blue Jackets. He also played two games with Columbus later in the year. During the 2004--2005 lockout season, he played at Syracuse, but signed in the off-season for the Calgary Flames, and played the 2005--2006 season in Omaha, the Flames\' AHL affiliate.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ -------------------------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1992--93 Fort Saskatchewan Rangers Bantam AAA AMBHL 29 4
1993--94 Fort Saskatchewan Rangers Bantam AAA AMBHL 32 12
1994--95 Tri-City Americans WHL 66 6
1995--96 Tri-City Americans WHL 42 5
1996--97 Tri-City Americans WHL 58 12
1997--98 Tri-City Americans WHL 3 0
1997--98 Spokane Chiefs WHL 43 7
1998--99 Syracuse Crunch AHL 58 9
1999--00 Vancouver Canucks NHL 18 1
1999--00 Syracuse Crunch AHL 42 4
2000--01 Kansas City Blades IHL 70 7
2001--02 Manitoba Moose AHL 77 5
2002--03 Vancouver Canucks NHL 1 0
2002--03 Manitoba Moose AHL 53 15
2003--04 Manitoba Moose AHL 10 0
2003--04 Columbus Blue Jackets NHL 2 0
2003--04 Syracuse Crunch AHL 54 2
2004--05 Syracuse Crunch AHL 62 3
2005--06 Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights AHL 68 6
2006--07 Lamont Bruins NCHL 10 5
2007--08 Stony Plain Eagles CHL 8 1
AHL totals 424 44
NHL totals 21 1
### International
Year Team Event GP G A Pts PIM
--------------- -------- ------- --- ---- --- --- ----- -----
1998 Canada WJC 7 0 0 0 26
Junior totals 7 0 0 0 26
## Awards
- Named to the WHL West First All-Star Team in 1997
| 476 |
Zenith Komarniski
| 0 |
7,858,391 |
**John Randall** (1750 -- June 12, 1826) was an architect, American Revolutionary War soldier and officer, and was an early 19th-century mayor of Annapolis, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. He was also the Collector of the Port of Annapolis, which included responsibility for fortifying the harbor.
## Early life {#early_life}
John Randall was born in 1750 in Westmoreland County, Virginia, now Richmond County, Virginia, to Thomas Randall and Jane (née Davis) Randall, daughter of a plantation owner. He was the youngest son of 14 children born to his parents. His father came to the colonies in the early 18th century and settled in what was then Westmoreland County, Virginia. Thomas was a large landowner, planter, Justice of the Peace for the Northern Neck of Virginia, and vestryman of North Farnham Parish.
Randall was educated by William Buckland in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in the 1760s. Buckland was a reputed architect and builder who \"designed some of the most celebrated many of the most celebrated colonial residences and public buildings in Virginia and Maryland.\"{{#tag:ref\|Warfield\'s \"The Founders of Anne Arundel\" book incorrectly spelled the architects name as Buckley, it\'s William Buckland\|group=\"nb\"}}
## Career
Randall owned a flour mill in Annapolis, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, and owned a schooner, trading between Annapolis & Baltimore. John\'s eldest son, John, was a partner with him in Randall & Sons.
Beginning in 1770 Randall worked as an architect in Annapolis and designed and constructed several notable colonial buildings. One of the houses Randall worked on was the Hammond-Harwood House. The lead architect for the house was William Buckland, Randall\'s teacher. He also worked with Buckland on Edward Lloyd IV\'s House beginning in 1772 and the Maryland State House.
After Randall\'s friend, James Monroe, became president (1817--1825), Monroe may have visited Randall\'s Middleton Tavern. The tavern, first opened in 1750 by Horatio Middleton, was known to be frequented by Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and other notable men from the Continental Congress.
### Military service {#military_service}
Regarding events leading up to the American Revolution, Randall signed protests against the British act of closing the port of Boston and refused to pay the British government and its subjects for debts due by the colonists.
It was said of Randall:
> He was an earnest upholder of the rights of the colonies in the years preceding the Revolution, but earnestly protested against the repudiation of debts due to the inhabitants of Great Britain, as by published signed protest of that day appear.
Randall served in the United States Army during the American Revolution. He was appointed by the Governor and Council of Maryland to be Commissary to the Maryland troops and then became an officer of the Maryland Line. Between 1778 and 1779 he became the State Clothier, Quartermaster, and Ensign in the 4th Maryland Regiment. He was then made colonel.{{#tag:ref\|The record for John Randall in the Sons of the American Revolution records do not mention that he made colonel during the Revolutionary War.\|group=\"nb\"}}
After the war and until his death in 1826, Randall was the Collector of the Port of Annapolis. He was appointed for the position by President George Washington. One of his duties, starting in 1794, was to create a fort for Annapolis. This resulted in the circular Fort Severn on Windmill Point and Fort Madison on the north side of the Severn, built to guard the port of Annapolis.
### Mayor of Annapolis {#mayor_of_annapolis}
Randall was elected mayor of Annapolis three times: 1813--1814, 1815--1816, and 1817--1818. He alternated his mayoral position with Nicholas Brewer from 1813 to 1819. In recognition for Randall\'s service as alderman, mayor and council member, it is believed that Randall Street in Annapolis was named for him.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
On January 7, 1783, John was married to Deborah Knapp in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Deborah, who had been born on May 3, 1763, in Cork, Ireland, was the daughter of William Knapp and Frances (née Cudmore) Knapp. They had fourteen children: Elizabeth Hamilton \"Eliza,\" Frances (wife of Peter Hagner), John, Daniel, Thomas, Henry Knapp, Richard, Anne, Henrietta Sanford, Alexander, and Burton.{{#tag:ref\|William, James, and Francis K were not listed in the Maryland State Archives biography for John Randall. Editor Clayton Colman Hall\'s biography of Randall states that 11 of the Randalls 15 children \"reached the age of majority.\" \|group=\"nb\"}} Daniel and Henry had noteworthy military and political careers. Alexander was a successful attorney, member of U.S. Congress and member of the Maryland Continental Congress. Burton was a physician and appointed United States Army Assistant Surgeon. Thomas had a noteworthy legal and military career; he was an attorney, judge, and United States Special Agent. Richard was a successful physician, founder of the American Colonization Society and Governor to Liberia.
Randall died on June 12, 1826. His wife Deborah died on December 18, 1852, in Annapolis, Maryland. They were buried in St Anne\'s Cemetery in Annapolis.
### Residence
In 1804 Randall purchased the Bordley House, then after known as the Bordley-Randall House or Randall House. The house is located between St. John\'s College and the Maryland State House on Randall Place. After his death, son Alexander inherited the house and his descendants owned the home for about 125 years
| 865 |
John Randall (Annapolis mayor)
| 0 |
7,858,425 |
The **bare area of the liver** (**nonperitoneal area**) is a large triangular area on the diaphragmatic surface of the liver. It is the only part of the liver with no peritoneal covering, although it is still covered by Glisson\'s capsule. It is attached directly to the diaphragm by loose connective tissue. The bare area of the liver is relevant to the portacaval anastomosis, encloses the right extraperitoneal subphrenic space, and can be a site of spread of infection from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity
## Structure
The bare area of the liver is found on the posterosuperior surface of the right lobe of the liver. This lies close to the thoracic diaphragm. It is the only part of the liver that has no peritoneal covering. It lies between the two layers of the coronary ligament, as well as the right triangular ligament. The coronary ligament represents reflections of the visceral peritoneum covering the liver onto the diaphragm.
The bare area of the liver is attached to the thoracic diaphragm by loose connective tissue. It touches the bottom surface of the diaphragm. It is also not covered in capsule.
## Clinical significance {#clinical_significance}
The bare area of the liver is clinically important because of the portacaval anastomosis. It is a site where infection can spread from the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity. It encloses the right extraperitoneal subphrenic space.
## History
The bare area of the liver may also be known as the nonperitoneal area.
## Additional images {#additional_images}
<File:Slide2CHA.JPG%7CBare> area of the liver.Diaphragmatic surface of liver
| 259 |
Bare area of the liver
| 0 |
7,858,453 |
**Scyllatoxin** (also **leiurotoxin I**) is a toxin, from the scorpion *Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus*, which blocks small-conductance Ca^2+^-activated K^+^ channels. It is named after Scylla, a sea monster from Greek mythology. Charybdotoxin is also found in the venom from the same species of scorpion, and is named after the sea monster Charybdis. In Greek mythology, Scylla and Charybdis lived on rocks on opposing sides of a narrow strait of water.
## Chemistry
Leiurotoxin I is a 31-residue peptide (sequence AFCNLRMCQLSCRSLGLLGKCIGDKCECVKH-NH2), with a helix and a short antiparallel β-sheet. This toxin is stabilized by disulfide bonds: Cys8-Cys26 and Cys12-Cys28 is bound to the β-sheet, while Cys3-Cys21 is bound to an N-terminal segment preceding the helix. Leiurotoxin adopts the ά/β motif. Especially the positively charged residues (Arg6 and Arg13, which are located in the ά helix) are important for the expression of toxin biological activities and for its receptor affinity.
## Target
Scyllatoxin is a blocker of small-conductance Ca^2+^-- activated K^+^ channels at 10^−13^--10^−11^ M concentrations in various cell types. This toxin shows similarity in its physiological activity and binding specificity to apamin, but both toxins show no structural similarity.
## Mode of action {#mode_of_action}
Scyllatoxin blocks the slow after-hyperpolarization that follows an action potential in some nerve cells.
## Toxicity
Scyllatoxin induces spontaneous contractions in guinea pig taenia coli muscle cells that have been relaxed with epinephrine
| 225 |
Scyllatoxin
| 0 |
7,858,456 |
**Erpr lútandi** was according to *Skáldatal* the court skald of the Swedish kings Eysteinn Beli and Björn at Haugi. There are no extant poems by Erpr.
*Skáldatal* tells that Erpr committed the crime of killing in a sanctuary. He avoided the death penalty by composing a *drápa* about Saurr konungshundr.
The *Landnámabók* adds that he had a daughter named Lopthœna who was the wife of Bragi Boddason, another skald of king Eysteinn Beli. Lopthœna and Bragi were ancestors of Gunnlaugr ormstunga
| 81 |
Erpr lútandi
| 0 |
7,858,459 |
The **1975 Bandy World Championship** was the ninth Bandy World Championship and was contested by four men\'s bandy playing nations. The championship was played in Finland from 25 January-2 February 1975. The Soviet Union became champions
| 36 |
1975 Bandy World Championship
| 0 |
7,858,517 |
**Maurotoxin** (abbreviated MTX) is a peptide toxin from the venom of the Tunisian chactoid scorpion *Scorpio maurus palmatus*, from which it was first isolated and from which the chemical gets its name. It acts by blocking several types of voltage-gated potassium channel.
## Chemistry
Maurotoxin is a peptide of 34 amino acids (sequence VSCTGSKDCYAPCRKQTGCPNAKCINKSCKCYGC) cross-linked by four disulfide bridges (Cys3-Cys24, Cys9-Cys29, Cys13-Cys19, Cys31-Cys34), with an atypical pattern of organization compared with other scorpion toxins; this unusual pairing of cysteine residues may be mediated by the presence of adjacent prolines. The peptide contains an alpha helix linked by two disulfide bridges to a two-stranded antiparallel beta sheet.
## Target
Scorpion toxins constitute the largest group of potassium (K^+^) channel blockers and are useful pharmacological probes to investigate ion channels and their functions.
Maurotoxin (MTX) blocks various K^+^ -channels:
- Apamin-sensitive small conductance Ca^2+^ - activated K^+^ channels (SK)
- Intermediate conductance Ca^2+^ - activated K^+^ channels (IK)
- Several types of voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3 and shaker B)
The structural and pharmacological features of MTX suggest that MTX belongs to a new class of natural K^+^ channel blockers structurally intermediate between the Na^+^ (60--70 residues and four disulfide bridges) and K^+^ channel scorpion toxin families (less than 40 residues and three disulfide bridges).
The intermediate conductance Ca^2+^-activated K^+^ (IK) channel is present in peripheral tissues, including secretory epithelia and blood cells. An important physiological role of the IK channel is to help maintain large electrical gradients for the sustained transport of ions such as Ca^2+^ that controls T lymphocyte (T cell) proliferation. Thus IK blockers could be potential immunosuppressants for the treatment of autoimmune disorders (such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis).
## Mode of action {#mode_of_action}
MTX occludes the pore region of various potassium channels (Kv1.2, IKCa1, Kv1.3) by establishing strong interactions between its lysine-23 residue and the glycine-tyrosine-glycine-aspartate (GYGD) motif of the channel. MTX thus blocks the channels by binding in the external vestibule of the pore to block the ion conduction pathway. Although Kv1.1, Kv1.2, and Kv1.3 have a very similar pore structure, they display different pharmacological sensitivity to MTX
| 357 |
Maurotoxin
| 0 |
7,858,524 |
**Pennsylvania\'s 26th congressional district** was one of Pennsylvania\'s districts of the United States House of Representatives.
## List of representatives {#list_of_representatives}
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Representative | Party | Years | Cong\ | District home | Note |
| | | | ress | | |
+=============================================================================+===============+=======================================+=======+===============+===================================================================+
| District established March 4, 1875 | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Democrat | March 4, 1875 -- March 3, 1877 | | | Elected in 1874.\ |
| **James Sheakley**\ | | | | | `{{Data missing<!--start+end-->|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
| `{{Small|([[Greenville, Pennsylvania|Greenville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | March 4, 1877 -- March 3, 1879 | | | Elected in 1876.\ |
| **John M. Thompson**\ | | | | | Not a candidate for renomination. |
| `{{Small|([[Butler, Pennsylvania|Butler]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | March 4, 1879 -- March 3, 1881 | | | Elected in 1878.\ |
| **Samuel B. Dick**\ | | | | | Not a candidate for reelection. |
| `{{Small|([[Meadville, Pennsylvania|Meadville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | March 4, 1881 -- March 3, 1885 | | | Elected in 1880.\ |
| **Samuel H. Miller**\ | | | | | Re-elected in 1882.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Mercer, Pennsylvania|Mercer]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Declined to be a candidate for renomination. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| **George W. Fleeger**\ | \| Republican | March 4, 1885 -- March 3, 1887 | | | Elected in 1884.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Butler, Pennsylvania|Butler]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | `{{dm|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Democrat | March 4, 1887 -- March 3, 1889 | | | Elected in 1886.\ |
| **Norman Hall**\ | | | | | `{{dm|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
| `{{Small|([[Sharon, Pennsylvania|Sharon]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | March 4, 1889 -- March 3, 1891 | | | Elected in 1888.\ |
| **William C. Culbertson**\ | | | | | Unsuccessful candidate for renomination. |
| `{{Small|([[Girard, Pennsylvania|Girard]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | March 4, 1891 -- March 3, 1893 | | | Elected in 1890.\ |
| **Matthew Griswold**\ | | | | | Not a candidate for renomination. |
| `{{Small|([[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Democrat | March 4, 1893 -- March 3, 1895 | | | Elected in 1892.\ |
| **Joseph C. Sibley**\ | | | | | Unsuccessful candidate for reelection. |
| `{{Small|([[Franklin, Pennsylvania|Franklin]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | March 4, 1895 -- March 3, 1897 | | | Elected in 1894.\ |
| **Matthew Griswold**\ | | | | | Not a candidate for renomination. |
| `{{Small|([[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | March 4, 1897 -- March 3, 1899 | | | Elected in 1896\ |
| **John C. Sturtevant**\ | | | | | Not a candidate for renomination. |
| `{{Small|([[Conneautville, Pennsylvania|Conneautville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Democrat | March 4, 1899 -- March 3, 1901 | | | Elected in 1898.\ |
| **Athelston Gaston**\ | | | | | Unsuccessful candidate for reelection |
| `{{Small|([[Meadville, Pennsylvania|Meadville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | March 4, 1901 -- March 3, 1903 | | | Elected in 1900.\ |
| **Arthur L. Bates**\ | | | | | Redistricted to the 25th district. |
| `{{Small|([[Meadville, Pennsylvania|Meadville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Democrat | March 4, 1903 -- March 3, 1905 | | | Elected in 1902.\ |
| **Joseph H. Shull**\ | | | | | Unsuccessful candidate for renomination. |
| `{{Small|([[Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania|Stroudsburg]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | March 4, 1905 -- March 3, 1907 | | | Elected in 1904.\ |
| **Gustav A. Schneebeli**\ | | | | | Unsuccessful candidate for reelection. |
| `{{Small|([[Nazareth, Pennsylvania|Nazareth]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Democrat | March 4, 1907 -- March 3, 1909 | | | Elected in 1906.\ |
| **J. Davis Brodhead**\ | | | | | Unsuccessful candidate for renomination. |
| `{{Small|([[South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania|South Bethlehem]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Democrat | March 4, 1909 -- March 3, 1915 | | | Elected in 1908.\ |
| **A. Mitchell Palmer**\ | | | | | Re-elected in 1910.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania|Stroudsburg]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 1912.\ |
| | | | | | Not a candidate for renomination |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Democrat | March 4, 1915 -- March 3, 1921 | | | Elected in 1914.\ |
| **Henry J. Steele**\ | | | | | Re-elected in 1916.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 1918\ |
| | | | | | Did not seek renomination. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | March 4, 1921 -- March 3, 1923 | | | Elected in 1920.\ |
| **William H. Kirkpatrick**\ | | | | | Unsuccessful candidate for reelection. |
| `{{Small|([[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | March 4, 1923 -- March 3, 1927 | | | Elected in 1922.\ |
| **Thomas W. Phillips, Jr.**\ | | | | | Re-elected in 1924.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Butler, Pennsylvania|Butler]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Did not seek renomination. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | March 4, 1927 -- January 3, 1935 | | | Elected in 1926.\ |
| **J. Howard Swick**\ | | | | | Re-elected in 1928.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania|Beaver Falls]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 1930.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1932.\ |
| | | | | | Unsuccessful candidate for reelection. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Democrat | January 3, 1935 -- January 3, 1939 | | | Elected in 1934.\ |
| **Charles R. Eckert**\ | | | | | Re-elected in 1936.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Beaver, Pennsylvania|Beaver]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Unsuccessful candidate for reelection. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | January 3, 1939 -- January 3, 1945 | | | Elected in 1938.\ |
| **Louis E. Graham**\ | | | | | Re-elected in 1940.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Beaver, Pennsylvania|Beaver]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 1942.\ |
| | | | | | Redistricted to the 25th district. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | January 3, 1945 -- January 3, 1949 | | | Redistricted from the 27th district and re-elected in 1944.\ |
| **Harve Tibbott**\ | | | | | Re-elected in 1946.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Ebensburg, Pennsylvania|Ebensburg]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Unsuccessful candidate for reelection. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \|Democratic | January 3, 1949 -- April 20, 1949 | | | Elected in 1948.\ |
| **Robert L. Coffey**\ | | | | | Died. |
| `{{Small|([[Johnstown, Pennsylvania|Johnstown]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Vacant* | | April 20, 1949-- September 13, 1949 | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Republican | September 13, 1949 -- January 3, 1953 | | | Elected to finish Coffey\'s term.\ |
| **John P. Saylor**\ | | | | | Re-elected in 1950.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Johnstown, Pennsylvania|Johnstown]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Redistricted to the 22nd district. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------------------------------+-------+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap align=left \| \ | \| Democrat | January 3, 1953 -- January 3, 1973 | | | Redistricted from the 24th district and re-elected in 1952.\ |
| **Thomas E. Morgan**\ | | | | | Re-elected in 1954.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Fredericktown, Pennsylvania|Fredericktown]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 1956.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1958.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1960.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1962.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1964.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1966.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1968.\ |
| | | | | | Re-elected in 1970.\ |
| | | | | | Redistricted to the 22nd district
| 1,509 |
Pennsylvania's 26th congressional district
| 0 |
7,858,525 |
**Lumbrein** is a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. The municipalities of Cumbel, Degen, Lumbrein, Morissen, Suraua, Vignogn, Vella, and Vrin merged on 1 January 2013 into the new municipality of Lumnezia.
## History
The Crestaulta hill near the hamlet of Surin was occupied since at least the early Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1700/1600 BC). However, Lumbrein is first mentioned about 850 as *in villa Lamarine* though this comes from a 16th-century copy of an earlier and now lost document. In 1231 it was mentioned as *de Lumarins*.
## Geography
Lumbrein had an area, `{{as of|2006|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, of 37.8 km2. Of this area, 47.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 23.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.5% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (27.6%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
The former municipality is located in the Lugnez sub-district of the Surselva district, though until 2000 it was part of the Glenner district. It is located in the upper Lugnez valley. It consists of the village of Lumbrein (at an elevation of 1405 m and the hamlets of St. Andriu, Nussaus on the road to Vrin and on the other side of the Glenner, Surin, Pruastg and Silgin (about 1245 m elevation). In 1750 the villages of Molina and Curtinatsch left Lumbrein and in 1900 Farglix left.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The municipal coat of arms is *Vert a Pale wavy Argent.*
## Demographics
Lumbrein had a population (as of 2011) of 363. `{{as of|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, 2.3% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -11.3%. Most of the population (`{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) speaks Romansh (89.5%), with German being second most common ( 8.3%) and Portuguese being third ( 0.8%).
, the gender distribution of the population was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. The age distribution, `{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, in Lumbrein is; 49 children or 12.3% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 57 teenagers or 14.3% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 30 people or 7.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 48 people or 12.0% are between 30 and 39, 54 people or 13.5% are between 40 and 49, and 46 people or 11.5% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 47 people or 11.8% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 42 people or 10.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 25 people or 6.3% who are between 80 and 89 there is 1 person who is between 90 and 99.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 63.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (16.3%), the FDP (14.5%) and the SP (5%).
In Lumbrein about 53% of the population (between age 25--64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).
Lumbrein has an unemployment rate of 0.66%. `{{as of|2005}}`{=mediawiki}, there were 62 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 29 businesses involved in this sector. 28 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 6 businesses in this sector. 45 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 16 businesses in this sector.
The historical population is given in the following table:
year population
------ ------------
1850 529
1900 531
1930 475
1950 584
2000 399
| 585 |
Lumbrein
| 0 |
7,858,525 |
## Heritage sites of national significance {#heritage_sites_of_national_significance}
The Crestaulta and Cresta Petschna (a Bronze Age settlement), the necropolis at Surin and the *double house* at number 30 are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance.
Crestaulta is a significant Bronze Age site on a hill about 300 m west of Surin. It was discovered in 1935 and excavated by Walo Burkart in 1935--38. Three settlement phases were discovered. The bottom layer dates from the early Bronze Age (ca. 2000-1700/1600 BC) and included a number of post holes for simple huts with some attached animal stalls. The hut was about 6.5 by. The second layer dates from the middle Bronze Age (1700/1600-1500/1400 BC) and consists of massive dry stone walls, however there are no clear house or other building foundations. This layer also includes numerous animal stalls, a small round \"cellar\", part of a kiln and fire pits. The upper layer is also from the middle Bronze Age (1500/1400-1300 BC) and includes an animal stall, a menhir or standing stone and a wooden floor. Additional excavations have discovered ceramic pots of a style that is now known as the *Inner-alpine Bronze Age culture* (*Inneralpinen Bronzezeit-Kultur*) or formerly as the *Crestaulta-Kultur*.
In the river Cresta Petschna, about 150 m from Crestaulta a cemetery or necropolis was discovered in 1947. It included at least 11 early Bronze Age graves. The items buried in the graves (sewing needles, pendants and arm rings) indicate that these were women\'s graves.
<File:Crestaulta> Hütten.JPG\|Buildings on the Crestaulta <File:Crestaulta> Keramik.jpg\|Ceramics from Crestaulta <File:Crestaulta> Keramik1.jpg\|Ceramics from Crestaulta <File:Crestaulta> Pfeilspitzen.jpg\|Spearheads from Crestaulta <File:Crestaulta> Stichwerkzeuge.jpg\|Needles from Crestaulta <File:Crestaulta> Plateau
| 268 |
Lumbrein
| 1 |
7,858,545 |
The **T-100** was a Soviet twin-turreted heavy tank prototype, designed in 1938--39 as a possible replacement for the T-35 heavy tank. The T-100 was designed by N. Barykov\'s OKMO design team at S.M. Kirov Factory No. 185 in Leningrad. The T-100 was originally conceived with three turrets and was eventually built with two. It was in competition with a similar design, the SMK, but neither was adopted and instead a single turret version of the SMK was ordered as the KV-1. All three prototypes were tested at the same time in the Battle of Summa during the Winter War with Finland.
## Development
The project was initiated by the Red Army\'s need to replace the aging five-turreted T-35 tank based on combat experience in the Spanish Civil War. One of the lessons the Red Army drew from this conflict was the need for heavy \'shell-proof\' armor on medium and heavy tanks. Although the T-35 was never used in Spain, its thin armor was vulnerable to the small towed antitank guns and gun-armed tanks encountered there by Soviet T-26 and BT tanks.
The T-100 was in direct competition against the very similar SMK heavy tank, by Lt-Colonel Josef Kotin\'s team at the Leningrad Kirovsky Factory. The original specification was for a five-turreted \"anti-tank gun destroyer\" which would resist 37--45 mm guns at any range and 76.2 mm artillery at 1,200 m. Both design teams objected to the antiquated multi-turreted design and the requirement was reduced to two turrets before serious design work began. Both tanks had some modern features, including thick, welded armor, radios and torsion bar suspension (another feature insisted upon by the design teams).
## Description
The T-100 tank had two turrets one in front of the other requiring a long chassis. The front turret, mounting a 45 mm anti-tank gun had a limited area of fire due to the second turret behind. The second turret, mounting a 76.2 mm gun, was set higher on top of the superstructure than the first and so able to turn a full 360 degrees. The multi-turret concept, usually a mix of cannon and machine gun turrets, had been common in the 1920s, with the British one-off Vickers A1E1 Independent influencing the Soviet T-35.
## Service history {#service_history}
The prototype T-100 tank was briefly tested alongside the other designs during the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939, but without success. It was never put into production, due to the archaic design concept, poor mobility and the availability of a far superior alternative, the KV series.
## Variants
SU-100Y -- In an attempt to rush into use a mechanized large howitzer capable of dealing with Finnish bunkers, one of the T-100s was converted into the SU-100Y self-propelled gun. It did not go into production, although the prototype was used in the defence of Moscow in 1941
| 472 |
T-100 tank
| 0 |
7,858,550 |
**Burnaby Heights**, often referred to as **The Heights**, is a residential neighbourhood in North Burnaby. British Columbia, Canada. It is bounded by Boundary Road to the west, Gamma Avenue to the east and Hastings Street to the south. Its northern edge facing the North Shore Mountains comes down rather steeply to the shores of Burrard Inlet.
Many community events, such as Hats Off Day, Halloween on the Heights and Light up the Heights are held annually.
## Heritage homes {#heritage_homes}
Burnaby Heights has a significant number of heritage houses.
<File:Cambridge_@_MacDonald_1.JPG%7CA> heritage house on Cambridge St. and MacDonald Ave. <File:Cambridge_@_MacDonald_2.JPG%7CA> heritage house on Cambridge St. and MacDonald Ave. <File:MacDonald_north_of_Cambridge.JPG%7CA> heritage house on MacDonald Ave. north of Cambridge St. <File:Cambridge_@_MacDonald_3.JPG%7CA> heritage house on Cambridge St. and MacDonald Ave. <File:Cambridge_@_MacDonald_4.JPG%7CA> heritage house on Cambridge St. and MacDonald Ave. <File:Trinity_@_Esmond.JPG%7CA> heritage house on Trinity St. and Esmond Ave. <File:Triumph_bt_Esmond_&_Boundary.JPG%7CA> heritage house on Triumph St. between Esmond Ave. and Boundary Rd. <File:A_pre-war_house_on_Trinity_at_Ingleton.JPG%7CA> pre-war house on Trinity St. near Ingleton Ave.
## Christmas on the Heights {#christmas_on_the_heights}
It has become an annual tradition to light up the local stretch of Hastings Street during the Christmas season. The lights are installed and maintained by the City of Burnaby and light up the heights from November to March each year.
<File:Christmas_in_the_Heights_1.JPG> <File:Christmas_in_the_Heights_2.JPG> <File:Christmas_in_the_Heights_3.JPG> <File:Christmas_in_the_Heights_4
| 216 |
Burnaby Heights
| 0 |
7,858,581 |
**Lillian Hoban** (May 18, 1925 -- July 17, 1998) was an American illustrator and children\'s writer best known for picture books created with her husband Russell Hoban. According to OCLC, she has published 326 works in 1,401 publications in 11 languages.
## Biography
Lillian Hoban born in Philadelphia and was the youngest of three sisters. She attended the Philadelphia High School for Girls. She was always interested in art and wanted to become an artist. At age 14, she started classes at the Graphic Sketch Club where she met her husband and collaborator Russell Hoban. She won a scholarship to the Philadelphia Museum School of Art, where she majored in Illustration. After getting married and settling in New York City, Hoban gave up art to study dance at the Hanya Holm School. She studied dance for ten years. She danced professionally and did choreography on a musical show called *Tropical Holiday* that aired live on Saturday nights when, according to Hoban, television was in its infancy. She also taught dance for a number of years. She dedicated herself to dancing until the birth of her second child, Abrom (Brom).^\[2\]^
The Hobans raised their four children, Phoebe, Brom, Julia and Esmé, in Norwalk, CT before moving to a woodsy two-and-a-half-acre property in Wilton, CT. The Hobans moved to London in 1969. But within a year, the marriage had become strained. Lillian and the children soon moved back to Wilton while Russell stayed in London and remarried in 1975. Lillian began writing her own stories upon returning to the United States. She based her tales on her experiences with her children and their neighborhood friends.^\[1\]^
Lillian Hoban died at Presbyterian Hospital in Manhattan in 1998 (aged 73) from heart failure.^\[1\]^
| 288 |
Lillian Hoban
| 0 |
7,858,581 |
## Early career as an illustrator for Russell Hoban {#early_career_as_an_illustrator_for_russell_hoban}
Her earliest and, perhaps, greatest collaboration was with her husband Russell in the 1960s and early 1970s. The centerpiece of this work was the *Frances* series written by Russell. The character of Frances was inspired by the Hoban\'s next door neighbors in Norwalk, CT whose daughter found multiple ways of putting off her bedtime.
### *Bedtime for Frances* {#bedtime_for_frances}
The first book in the series, *Bedtime for Frances*, was illustrated by Garth Williams. Mr. Hoban, who illustrated his first book by Harper himself, sought another illustrator for *Frances* because, as he explains, he could not do soft and cuddly. Ursula Nordstrom suggested Williams whose soft and furry animals seemed the perfect fit. Russell originally depicted Frances as a vole, but Williams suggested a badger. Nordstrom agreed persuading Russell that it would be too difficult to depict a likeable vole for children. The original illustrations of Frances as a vole can be found in the Lillian Hoban Collection at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.
### Other Frances books {#other_frances_books}
Lillian took over as illustrator with the second book in the series, *A Baby Sister for Frances*, and illustrated the rest. She was faithful to the badger image first established by Garth Williams but brought her own style and unique charm to the badger family. Hoban used expressive body postures and facial gestures to capture the emotions of the characters and give them an authentic, true to life quality. The Hobans used their eldest daughter Phoebe as the model for Frances.
### Themes and popularity of the Frances series {#themes_and_popularity_of_the_frances_series}
The theme that runs through all of the Frances books, and much of the Hobans\' collaboration, is that problems can be resolved with just a little bit of thought and creativity. The feeling of a close, supportive, and loving family that is depicted through the illustrations and stories, according to Russell, is one of the reasons that the books have met with such widespread approval of readers and professionals. Another reason the author cites for the popularity of the series is that, beginning with the second Frances book, the title character creates and sings songs to express her emotions. Tamar Mays, senior editor of Harper Collins Children\'s book division, cites the loving kindness of the parents, the universal childhood moments, and the strong individuality and creative imagination of the character of Frances as reasons why the books have remained so popular.
### I Can Read Frances books {#i_can_read_frances_books}
The strong sales of *A Bargain for Frances* in the I-Can-Read format, led to the republishing of many of the rest of the titles originally published as picture books in this easy to read format: *Bread and Jam for Frances* (2008), *Best Friends for Frances* (2009), *A Baby Sister for Frances* (2011) and *A Birthday for Frances* (2012). Both Russell and his daughter Phoebe helped in this conversion.
### Other Hoban collaborations {#other_hoban_collaborations}
In all, the Hobans collaborated on at least twenty-seven children\'s books between 1964 and 1972. Other standouts in the Lillian and Russell collaboration include the *Brute Family* books: *The Little Brute Family* (1966) and *The Stone Doll of Sister Brute* (1968). The books tell the humorous and heartwarming tale of a mean-spirited family that discovers the contagiousness of a good feeling and niceness. Both books were reprinted as Dell paperbacks and *The Little Brute Family* was republished by Farrar, Straus and Giroux in 2002. *Emmet Otter\'s Jug-Band Christmas*, based on the short story *The Gift of the Magi* by O. Henry told the story Emmett Otter and his widowed mother who enter a talent contest to earn money to buy each other Christmas gifts. The book won the Christopher Award in 1972. In 1977 the Jim Henson Company produced the television film adaptation and a musical stage adaption in 2008. *Emmet Otter\'s Jug-Band Christmas* marked the Hobans\' final collaborative effort.
| 654 |
Lillian Hoban
| 1 |
7,858,581 |
## Career 1967-1998 {#career_1967_1998}
### Arthur the Chimpanzee {#arthur_the_chimpanzee}
Lillian Hoban went on to find great success as an author and illustrator in the \"I-Can-Read\" books issued by Harper with early guidance from her long-time editor at Harper & Row, Ursula Nordstrom. Hoban explains that she did not set out to write an Easy Reader but simply wrote a story for children. Nordstrom loved the manuscript and fit it into the standard I-Can-Read format without changing a word. The Arthur series soon became wildly popular among children. Arthur the chimpanzee and his little sister Violet, explore many of the same trials and tribulations of childhood that she and her husband first explored with the Frances series. Hoban\'s first book in the series, *Arthur\'s Christmas Cookies* (1972)*,* came from listening to her children baking cookies in the kitchen. Her son, Brom, devised a scheme to bake clay cookies, decorate them, and sell them for ornaments around the neighborhood to make money to buy Christmas gifts. In the book, Arthur makes clay cookies by mistake and then decides to make ornaments. *Arthur\'s Honey Bear* (1974) was also inspired by Hoban\'s experience with her own children who, along with the neighborhood kids, began selling their toys to each other. The activity led to a 2:00 am phone call from a concerned father who offered fifty dollars for Scooby-Doo because his son could not sleep without his security toy. Other popular titles written by Lillian Hoban in the I-Can-Read format include the *Tilly the Mole* and *Mr. Pig* books.
### Riverside Kids series {#riverside_kids_series}
Hoban illustrated the Riverside Kids series written by Johanna Hurwitz that explores growing up in an apartment in the heart of New York City. These titles include *Busybody Nora*, *Superduper Teddy*, *Rip-Roaring Russell*, and *Elisa In The Middle*. The last Riverside Kids book she illustrated was *Ever-Clever Elisa* published in 1997.
### First Grade Friends series {#first_grade_friends_series}
Hoban was especially fond of the First Grade Friends series of books that she illustrated for Miriam Cohen. The series follows an entire classroom from pre-school to second grade. The first book in the series, *Will I Have a Friend* was published in 1967. Other titles in this series include *Best Friends*, *The New Teacher*, *Tough Jim*, and *Starring First Grade*. The last book in the series, and the only book that takes place in 2nd grade, was titled *The Real Skin Monster Mask*, and was published in 1990.
### Juvenile fiction {#juvenile_fiction}
Hoban briefly ventured into juvenile fiction with the publication of her one and only young adult novel, *I Met a Traveler,* in 1977. Inspired by a young Jewish girl she met while visiting Israel, the novel tells the story of an eleven-year-old girl from Connecticut taken to Jerusalem by her eccentric mother. Hoban had previously illustrated three other stories for older children, Mitchell F. Jayne\'s *The Forest in the Wind* (1966), Meindert Dejong\'s *The Easter Cat* (1971) and Russell Hoban\'s *The Mouse and His Child* (1967), the latter widely considered to be a classic.
| 504 |
Lillian Hoban
| 2 |
7,858,581 |
## Career 1967-1998 {#career_1967_1998}
### The 1980s {#the_1980s}
The 1980s marked Hoban\'s most productive period as she illustrated over forty books, the most of any decade. This included four more Arthur books, five books in the Riverside Kids series and eleven books authored by Miriam Cohen.
#### *Harry\'s Song* {#harrys_song}
Hoban kicked off this very dynamic period with a small picture book entitled *Harry\'s Song*, her ode to the arts. Picasso once said, \"The purpose of art is washing the dust of daily life off our souls.\" The book affirms that quote. It tells the story of Harry Rabbit who sits on a rock and sings his songs of summer under the darkening shadow of a fall day while the animals around him prepare for winter. One by one, the animals ridicule him for not helping his family in the practical duties of preparing for winter. The field mice call him a dreamer and dumb. Mr. Chipmunk calls him a funny little bunny. The brown bat calls him a bothersome, bumbling bunny and his mother\'s calls for him to come home as it is getting late. Harry continues his song under the thin moon. When Harry finally succumbs to his mother\'s pleadings and arrives at his house, his three brothers scold him for not bringing anything home. Harry corrects them. \"Yes I have,\" he says and sings his song to the delight of his loving mother who exclaims, \"How lovely! You\'ve brought home the perfect song of a summer day to carry us through the winter. You are a honey of a bunny!\"
#### *No, No Sammy Crow* {#no_no_sammy_crow}
Hoban returned to familiar themes in *No, No Sammy Crow* (1981), telling the humorous and touching story of little Sammy Crow who cannot stop carrying around his baby blanket. His caring mother encourages him to find a solution to his attachment. In classic Hoban fashion, Sammy finds a creative resolution as he gives up his blanket to help hatch his new baby sibling. In the original typed manuscript, the last page of the book is handwritten on the manuscript (possibly a last-minute inspiration) that reveals how Sammy Crow secretly kept a small piece of the soft blanket in his pocket that he "niced" with his two fingers while his sister praised him for giving up his blanket. This final touch is Hoban at her finest, tuned in so sensitively and empathetically with the feelings of a young child. The guilty expression of self-indulgence on Sammy\'s face in the illustration tells all.
#### Silly Tilly series {#silly_tilly_series}
In a departure from the themes of childhood she so often explored during her career, Hoban captured the endearing charm of an elderly woman who cannot seem to remember anything in the Silly Tilly books. One of the early drafts of the first book, *Silly Tilly and the Easter Bunny* (1987), was titled, *Lizzie Mole*. Later drafts show Grandma Mole lined out and replaced with Tillie Mole. The epithet Silly was added at some point before the final publication of the book. All three of the Silly Tilly books are set around the celebration of holidays, a fascination of Hoban\'s for much of her career that found their way into dozens of her books. In 1965 Hoban was commissioned, along with Robert Krauss and Anita Lobel, to create oversized posters for the various holidays to display in school libraries and classrooms. Hoban\'s posters included the following holidays: Halloween, Valentines, Christmas, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln (Robert Krauss illustrated the Easter poster and Anita Lobel, Thanksgiving). Holidays served as the basis of some of her very best work including her last Silly Tilly book, *Silly Tilly\'s Valentine*, that was published posthumously in December 1998, five months after her death.
#### Collaborations with her children {#collaborations_with_her_children}
Other notable books that Hoban illustrated during this period include collaborations with two of her children. The *Amy Loves* series written by her daughter Julia portrays a child\'s joy at experiencing the changing seasons. The books include *Amy Loves the Sun*, *Amy Loves the Wind*, *Amy Loves the Rain* and *Amy Loves the Snow*, all published in 1989. Julia and Lillian followed those books with *Buzby* the cat (1990), an amusing and delightful story of a cat seeking his place in the world. Hoban also collaborated with her oldest daughter Phoebe on two books, *Ready-Set-Robot!* (1982), alternately titled *The Messiest Robot in Zone One* in the Weekly Book Club edition, and a second book, the *Laziest Robot in Zone One* (1983). Both books explore childhood traits and lessons in a futuristic setting. Hoban\'s son Brom illustrated *The Sea-Thing Child* (1972) authored by his father, Russell Hoban. He also wrote and illustrated three children\'s books. Although she did not collaborate with Brom on any of these books, Hoban encouraged him to write from personal experience after reading some of his early attempts that included fantasy plots and monsters. His book, *October Fort* (1981), was based on his own experience as child building a fort in his backyard.
| 835 |
Lillian Hoban
| 3 |
7,858,581 |
## Artistic influence and philosophy {#artistic_influence_and_philosophy}
### Early home life {#early_home_life}
Being raised in a family that valued reading, Hoban\'s interest in books and illustration started at an early age. Her earliest memories were of reading books in the living room with her two older sisters that they had brought home from the library while her parents read in their easy chairs. Many Sunday mornings as a young child she spent alone at the top of the stairs drawing *Tillie the Toiler* from the Sunday comics. Hoban\'s first thoughts that she would enjoy inventing and listening to stories were attributed to her older sister Sarah who had a fertile imagination and loved to tell her stories.
### The Rittenhouse Square Library {#the_rittenhouse_square_library}
Hoban\'s parents also encouraged her interest in drawing by taking her to museums, buying her art supplies and eventually enrolling her in the Graphic Sketch Club. Hoban\'s interest in drawing was further encouraged by her teachers at school. From third grade on, every Thursday afternoon she went to a special drawing class with other children who had been selected from elementary schools around Philadelphia. Hoban also recalls spending a great deal of time in the children\'s book room at the Rittenhouse Square Library in Philadelphia where there was a long, low bench under the bookshelves that wrapped around the room. This design made it easy for a child to reach the books on the shelves and then sit on the bench to read. Hoban spent countless hours at that library reading books.
### Philosophy and technique {#philosophy_and_technique}
Hoban did not consider herself an expert draughtsman. The first step in her illustration of characters, she explains, is capturing expression. She explains that in preparing an illustration she will first practice making multiple expressions until she finds the one that best fits the character and situation. This process created many a humorous moment for her small children when they would sneak into her home studio and find their mother making faces in the mirror. Much of her early books were printed in two colors plus black. The illustrations were created through a tedious process known as three-color separation. She most often chose the primary colors of red and yellow. Through the overlay process, she was able to make purple (red over black), green (yellow over black), orange (yellow over red). Hoban was delighted when the books started to be published in full color and she used pastels, water colors, and colored pencils sometimes in the same picture. See *A Bargain for Frances,* 1970 (three color separation) and the same title reprinted in 1992 in full color. Language, however, is first and foremost for Hoban as an author. The sound of the words, the rhythm of the sentences must sound natural and pleasing to her ear and the ear of a child.
Lillian Hoban died at Presbyterian Hospital in Manhattan in 1998 (aged 73) from heart failure.^\[1\]^
| 486 |
Lillian Hoban
| 4 |
7,858,581 |
## Works
### Selected books for children {#selected_books_for_children}
Author and Illustrator
- *Arthur\'s Back to School Day*. HarperCollins. 1996
- *Arthur\'s Birthday Party*. HarperCollins. 1999
- *Arthur\'s Camp-Out*. HarperCollinsPublishers. 1993
- *Arthur\'s Christmas Cookies*. Harper & Row. 1972
- *Arthur\'s Funny Money*. Harper & Row. 1981
- *Arthur\'s Great Big Valentine*. HarperCollins. 1989
- *Arthur\'s Halloween Costume*. Harper & Row. 1984
- *Arthur\'s Honey Bear*. Harper & Row. 1974
- *Arthur\'s Loose Tooth.* Harper & Row. 1985
- *Arthur\'s Pen Pal*. Harper & Row. 1976
- *Arthur\'s Prize Reader*. Harper & Row. 1978
- *Big Little Lion*, Harper Festival. 1997
- *Big Little Otter*, Harper-Collins. 1997
- *Harry\'s Song*, Greenwillow. 1980
- *Here Come Raccoons!*, Holt-Rinehart-Winston. 1977
- *I Met a Traveler*, Harper and Row. 1977
- *It\'s Really Christmas*, Greenwillow. 1982
- *Joe & Betsy and the Dinosaurs*, Harper Collins. 1995
- *Mr. Pig and Family*, Harper and Row. 1980
- *Mr. Pig and Sonny Too*, Harper and Row. 1977
- *No, No, Sammy Crow*, Greenwillow. 1981
- *Silly Tilly and the Easter Bunny*. Harper & Row. 1987.
- *Silly Tilly\'s Thanksgiving Dinner*. Harper & Row. 1990.
- *Silly Tilly\'s Valentine*. HarperCollins. 1998.
- *Stick-in-the-Mud Turtle*, Morrow. 1977
- *The Case of the Two Masked Robbers*, Harper and Row. 1986
- *The Sugar Snow Spring*, Harper and Row. 1973
- *Turtle Spring*, Greenwillow/World\'s Work. 1978
Authored by Russell Hoban
- *A Baby Sister for Frances*, Harper and Row. 1964
- *A Bargain for Frances*, Harper and Row. 1970
- *A Birthday for Frances*, Harper and Row. 1968
- *Best Friends for Frances*, Harper and Row. 1969
- *Bread and Jam for Frances*, Harper and Row. 1964
- *Charlie the Tramp*, Scholastic. 1966
- *Egg Thoughts and Other Frances Songs*, Harper and Row. 1972
- *Emmet Otter\'s Jug-Band Christmas*, Parent\'s Magazine Press. 1971
- *Goodnight*, W.W. Norton inc.1966
- *Harvey\'s Hideout*, Parent\'s Magazine Press. 1969
- *Henry and the Monstrous Din*, World\'s Work. 1966
- *Herman the Loser*, Harper and Brothers. 1961
- *London Men and English Men*, Harper and Row. 1962
- *Nothing to Do*, Harper and Row. 1964
- *Save My Place*, W.W. Norton inc. 1967
- *Some Snow Said Hello*, Harper & Row. 1963
- *The Little Brute Family*, Macmillan. 1966
- *The Mole Family\'s Christmas*, Parent\'s Magazine Press. 1969
- *The Mouse and His Child*, Harper and Row. 1967
- *The Pedaling Man and Other Poems*, W.W. Norton inc. 1968
- *The Song in My Drum*, Harper and Brothers. 1962
- *The Sorely Trying Day*, Harper and Row. 1964
- *The Stone Doll of Sister Brute*. Macmillan. 1968
- *Tom and the Two Handles*, Harper and Row. 1965
- *Ugly Bird*, Macmillan. 1969
- *What Happened When Jack and Daisy Tried to Fool the Tooth Fairies*, Four Winds Press. 1965
Authored by Miriam Cohen
- *Bee My Valentine*, Greenwillow. 1978
- *Best Friends*, Macmillan. 1971
- *Don\'t Eat Too Much Turkey*, Greenwillow. 1987
- *First Grade Takes a Test*, Greenwillow. 1980
- *It\'s George*, Greenwillow. 1988
- *Jim Meets the Thing*, Greenwillow. 1981
- *Jim\'s Dog\'s Muffins*, Greenwillow. 1984
- *Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire!* Greenwillow. 1985
- *Lost in the Museum*, Greenwillow. 1979
- *No Good in Art*, Greenwillow. 1980
- *See You in Second Grade*, Greenwillow. 1989
- *See You Tomorrow*, Charles. Greenwillow. 1983
- *So What?* Greenwillow. 1982
- *Starring First Grade*, Greenwillow. 1985
- *The New Teacher,* Macmillan. 1972
- *The Real-Skin Monster Mask*, Greenwillow. 1990
- *Tough Jim*, Macmillan. 1974
- *When Will I Read*? Greenwillow. 1977
- *Will I Have a Friend?* Macmillan. 1967
Authored by Johanna Hurwitz
- *Busybody Nora*, William Morrow. 1990
- *\"E\" is for Elisa*, William Morrow. 1991
- *Elisa in the Middle*, William Morrow. 1995
- *Every-Clever Elisa*, William Morrow. 1997
- *Make Room for Elisa*, William Morrow. 1993
- *New Neighbors for Nora*, William Morrow. 1991
- *Nora and Mrs. Mind-Your-Own-Business*, William Morrow. 1991
- *Rip-Roaring Russell*, William Morrow. 1983
- *Russell and Elisa*, William Morrow. 1989
- *Russell Rides Again*, William Morrow. 1985
- *Russell Sprouts*, William Morrow. 1987
- *Superduper Teddy*, William Morrow. 1980
Authored by Marjorie Weinman Sharmat
- *Attila the Angry*, Holiday House. 1985
- *I Don\'t Care*, Macmillan. 1977
- *Say Hello, Vanessa*, Holiday House. 1979
- *Sophie and Gussie*, Macmillan. 1973
- *The Story of Bentley Beaver*, Harper and Row. 1984
- *The Trip and Other Sophie and Gussie Stories*, Macmillan. 1976
Co-authored with Phoebe Hoban
- *Ready-Set-Robot!,* Harper & Row. 1982
- *The Laziest Robot in Zone One,* Harper & Row
| 754 |
Lillian Hoban
| 5 |
7,858,611 |
**Emily Loizeau** (born 7 February 1975) is a French author, composer, and singer. Her debut album, released in 2006, was titled *L\'autre bout du monde* (\"The Other Side of the World\").
## Biography
Loizeau was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, near Paris, France. Her father, Pierre Loizeau, was French, and her mother, Eliza Hutchinson, was British. Her maternal grandparents were actress Peggy Ashcroft and barrister Jeremy Hutchinson.
Around 1980, when she was five years old, Loizeau began to learn piano. After studying classical music for many years, she turned to studying philosophy and then theatre in London, then worked assisting composer and stage manager Georges Aperghis.
Loizeau cites Georges Brassens, Bob Dylan and The Beatles as her primary influences. Besides Bach and Franz Schubert, she also loves Renaud. She has also been influenced by Tom Waits, Nina Simone and Randy Newman.
At the end of 2001, at the age of 26, Loizeau began to perform at a small Parisian cabaret, which became for her a one-person cottage industry, printing flyers, doing publicity. She then began to collaborate with like-minded artists such as Vincent Segal, Franck Monnet, Nils Tavernier, Jean-Louis Foulquier. She signed with `{{Interlanguage link multi|Fargo Records|fr}}`{=mediawiki} at the age of 31 (their first French artist) and released her first album *L\'autre bout du monde.* She later performed at the Comedia, where she sold out for three weeks straight
| 227 |
Emily Loizeau
| 0 |
7,858,621 |
The **New Jersey Smoke-Free Air Act** is a comprehensive smoking ban that took effect in New Jersey on April 15, 2006. The law prohibits smoking in most workplaces as well as in indoor public areas. The Act has been amended a number of times including in 2009 to extend the ban to electronic smoking devices and in 2018 to extend the ban to public parks and beaches. A notable exception to the smoking ban is in casinos, but legislation to remove this exception is currently pending in the New Jersey Legislature. The New Jersey Smoke-Free Air Act also allows municipalities to enact their own restrictions on smoking.
## Enactment
The New Jersey Smoke-Free Air Act was introduced to the New Jersey Senate on October 14, 2004, by Senator John H. Adler and Senator Thomas H. Kean, Jr. The bill was passed by the New Jersey Senate on December 15, 2005, with a vote of 29 to 7 and by the New Jersey Assembly on January 9, 2006, with a vote of 64 to 12. The bill was signed into law by New Jersey Governor Richard Codey on January 15, 2006, with an effective date of April 15, 2006.
## Provisions
The primary goal of the bill was to prohibit smoking in indoor public places and workplaces to benefit the public interest. The Smoke-Free Air Act stated that separate sections for smoking and nonsmoking sections in workplaces and indoor public areas were not eliminating the health hazard to nonsmokers and banning smoking altogether in these areas was a necessary solution to this problem.
The bill proceeded to list all of the \"indoor public places\" and \"workplaces\" where smoking was banned, including, but not limited to:
- Commercial and office buildings, both private and state-owned.
- Public and private schools, both on the grounds of and in the buildings.
- Theaters, concert halls, public libraries, museums or art galleries.
- Restaurants and bars.
- Garages and other parking facilities.
- Public transportation vehicles, stations and platforms.
- Healthcare facilities and offices, childcare facilities.
- Sporting facilities, race tracks.
- Shopping malls and retail stores.
- Hotels, motels, and other overnight facilities.
- Apartment building lobbies, other public areas in private buildings, and all elevators other than private houses.
### Exemptions
The New Jersey Smoke-Free Air Act lists a number of exceptions to the smoking ban including:
- Cigar bars and lounges (entirely enclosed and ventilated) which make 15% of their income from tobacco. products and which were in existence and have not expanded or changed their locations since 2004.
- Tobacco retail establishments and areas they provide for smoking purposes.
- Tobacco businesses where the testing of a cigar or pipe tobacco is a necessary part of the business.
- Private homes, private residences, and private automobiles.
- Any casino facility that contains at least 150 slot machines, at least 10 table games, or some combination approved by the Casino Control Commission.
- Any casino facility that contains \"a simulcast counter and dedicated seating for at least 50 simulcast patrons or a simulcast operation and at least 10 table games.\"
- Up to 20% of the rooms in a hotel or motel.
### Signage requirements {#signage_requirements}
The bill requires anyone with control over indoor public places or workplaces to place signs at their entrance in order to be visible to the public, indicating that smoking is prohibited therein. The sign shall also state that violaters of this nonsmoking ban would be subject to a fine. In addition, in those areas where smoking is permitted, the person having control over these areas shall post a sign stating that smoking is permitted.
### Penalties
When a person is in violation of the New Jersey Smoke-Free Air Act, they are required by law to be given a warning by the person in control of the indoor public place or workplace. If the violator refuses to comply after they are given a warning, they are \"subject to a fine of not less than \$250 for the first offense, \$500 for the second offense, and \$1,000 for each subsequent offense.\"
An indoor public place or workplace that fails to comply with the New Jersey Smoke-Free Air Act shall receive written notice of their violation by the Department of Health and Senior Services or the local board of health. A person who fails to comply after being given a written notice is \"subject to a fine of not less than \$250 for the first offense, \$500 for the second offense, and \$1,000 for each subsequent offense.\" In addition to this penalty, a court may order the workplace or indoor public place to immediately comply with the provisions of the act.
The proceedings will be enforced in municipal court, providing that the \"violation has occurred within the territorial jurisdiction of the court.\"
| 803 |
Smoke-Free Air Act
| 0 |
7,858,621 |
## Later amendments {#later_amendments}
### Electronic smoking devices {#electronic_smoking_devices}
The New Jersey Smoke-Free Air Act was amended in 2009 to prohibit the use of electronic smoking devices in indoor public places and to disallow the selling of these devices to minors. The amendment was introduced on November 23, 2009, by Assemblywoman Connie Wagner, Assemblywoman Nancy F. Munoz, Assemblywoman, Joan M. Voss, Assemblyman Paul D. Moriarty and Assemblywoman Mary Pat Angelini. The amendment was signed into law by Governor Jon Corzine on January 11, 2010 and became effective on March 13, 2010. New Jersey became the first state in the nation to ban e-cigarettes in public places and workplaces.
The justification for the banning of electronic smoking devices from indoor public places and workplaces was that they have not been approved as to safety and efficacy by the FDA and they may pose unknown health risks to persons exposed to their smoke. In addition, the bill\'s comments stated that electronic cigarettes contain propylene glycol, which is used in antifreeze and is a known irritant when inhaled.
### Beaches and public parks {#beaches_and_public_parks}
New Jersey amended the Smoke-Free Air Act in 2018 to include a ban on smoking on all beaches in the state. The bill was introduced on May 10, 2018, by Senator Stephen M. Sweeney, Senator Vin Gopal, Senator Bob Smith, Assemblyman Vincent Mazzeo, Assemblyman Clinton Calabrese, Assemblywoman Valerie Vainieri Huttle, and Assemblyman Paul D. Moriarty. Another version of the amendment was ultimately approved on June 7, 2018, which added public parks to the prohibited smoking areas. Governor Phil Murphy signed the law into effect on July 20, 2018, and the law went into effect 180 days later on January 16, 2019.
The justification for the amended ban of both beaches and parks is that the prohibition helps to protect New Jersey\'s \"natural assets\" while reducing secondhand smoke exposure. The amendment exempted parking lots adjacent to beaches and public parks, as well as golf courses. Enforcement of the ban is left up to the local municipalities. Municipalities and local counties are able to designate 15 percent of the total area of the beach as a smoking section.
A further amendment to the New Jersey Smoke-Free Air Act was proposed by Assemblywoman Carol A. Murphy and Kevin J. Rooney on October 24, 2022, to prohibit smoking at additional outdoor areas. The proposed bill removes \"park or beach\" from the current act\'s text and replaces it with \"outdoor public place.\" The proposed bill expands on \"outdoor public place\" to include any \"race track facility, facility used for the holding of sporting events, amusement park\...any State, county or municipal-owned or leased park, forest, beach, boardwalk, recreational area, marina, historic site, burial site, natural area, or other State-owned or leased land.\" The bill also exempts adjacent parking lots from the ban. While it is unclear of the bills passage chances and it has not been scheduled for a vote, the amended bill does have some bi-partisan support.
### Casinos
Casinos were originally exempted from the New Jersey Smoke-Free Air Act, despite the inclusion of bars and restaurants in the ban. In New Jersey, the Atlantic City casinos provide a great deal of revenue to the state, and it was thought that this exemption was needed in order for the act to pass. The exemption received criticism from bar and restaurant groups as being discriminatory. Due to the exemption, casino workers are subjected to illnesses from secondhand smoke that their counterparts in bars and restaurants do not experience.
After years of lawmakers trying to outlaw casino smoking sections, lawmakers introduced a bill in 2022 that would ban smoking in casinos. Up until this time, as other states had banned smoking in their own casinos, smokers indulged in Atlantic City casinos. The law was introduced on February 7, 2022, by Assemblyman William F. Moon, Jr., Assemblyman Paul D. Moriarty, and Assemblyman Herb Conaway, Jr. and specifically deleted the exception for casinos in the original \"New Jersey Smoke-Free Air Act\" under section 5e. The amendment stated that the casino exemption needed to be rescinded due to the health effects that casino workers are experiencing due to secondhand smoke, including being at greater risk for lung and heart disease.
Many Atlantic City casino workers are hoping that the amendment passes. Numerous casino workers testified in front of state Assembly committees in March 2023 in favor of the amendment\'s passage. The bill has enough sponsors to likely pass if it were to reach a vote in the New Jersey Legislature, while Governor Murphy has said he will sign it into law if it reaches his desk. The bill has yet to come to a vote, however, and it is unclear whether it will come to a vote anytime in the near future.
| 793 |
Smoke-Free Air Act
| 1 |
7,858,621 |
## Local restrictions {#local_restrictions}
The bill allowed local municipalities to enact their own local restrictions on smoking. According to the CDC website, over 313 communities in New Jersey ban smoking in parks and recreational areas. The bill specifically allowed municipalities to \"provide restrictions on or prohibitions against smoking equivalent to, or greater than, those provided under this act.\"
The following regulations are some examples of restrictions that towns and counties have enacted following the New Jersey Smoke-Free Air Act\'s passage:
- Essex County banned smoking in any county-owned park in 2015.
- Bloomingdale, New Jersey enacted an ordinance making the local parks and recreation areas smoke free in 2016.
- Fort Lee, New Jersey passed an ordinance prohibiting smoking at outdoor restaurants and cafes in 2015, and another ordinance banning smoking at public parks in 2014.
- Wyckoff, New Jersey banned smoking in all municipal parks in 2013.
- Point Pleasant, New Jersey had already banned smoking on the boardwalk, beaches, and band shell area, but in 2022 it expanded that ban to the sidewalks and street ends adjacent to these areas.
The bill banned smoking in common areas of residential buildings, but many property managers decided to make their entire buildings smoke free after the bill went into effect
| 210 |
Smoke-Free Air Act
| 2 |
7,858,623 |
The 12653 / 12654 **Rockfort Express** is a Superfast Express overnight Express rail connecting Tiruchirappalli with Chennai Egmore via Villupuram in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This train serves as the main connectivity to the state capital Chennai city and Tiruchirappalli city along the route.
## Background and relevance {#background_and_relevance}
The eponymous train is named after the famous 12th-century fortress Rockfort temple in the heart of Tiruchirapalli. The train originally ran between Madras Egmore and Tiruchirappalli Junction on the \'Chord Line\'. Later, when the \'Main Line\' was closed for operations to facilitate gauge conversion projects, a part of this train was extended to Thanjavur Junction as Rockfort Link Express (6177A/ 6178A). It was further extended to Kumbakonam during the Mahamaham festival. The extended run was truncated effective September 2013. The entire formation now runs up to Tiruchirappalli Junction. Converted as Superfast Express from 08.06.2017 and Renumbered as (12653/12654).
This train originally had a signal-green livery, with a yellow stripe along the upper and lower part of windows. It later was changed to the standard VB Maroon-livery when it was run on the MG. On BG it ran with the Conventional ICF coaches and later it is converted to LHB rake.
## Rakes
The Rockfort Superfast Express is one of the very few prestigious trains in the Indian Railways to have coaches of all the six classes of Indian Railway. It was running with 22 LHB coaches including an AC First Class, AC 2-Tier, First class, AC 3-tier, Sleeper Class and General Sitting compartments. It is nicknamed as VIP Train since its inception, because it\'s one of the few trains in olden days of IR to have AC compartments and that many famous politicians and wealthy people patronise it. It is also nicknamed Sleep-killer train as this train reaches its destination in both directions in early hours of morning, as a result of speeding up of this train due to double electrified chord line. First Class coaches were removed in May 2014, as per railway policy. New LHB (Linke Hofmann Busch) coaches has been allotted for this train. The train runs with LHB coaches from 26 September 2016, due to this the Composition of the train has been changed to accommodate Generator cars with 22 coaches. Later due to greater demand of Unreserved coaches additional GS was added and now running with 22 same coaches, making it one of few LHB trains to run with 22 coaches. The train usually runs to full capacity.
## Coach composition {#coach_composition}
In total 22 coaches are there. It includes One AC First Class (1A), AC 2 Tier (2A), AC 3 Tier (3A), Sleeper Class (SL), Unreserved general sitting coach (UR) and End on Generators (EOG).
Loco 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
------ ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- -----
EOG GS GS GS S7 S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 A3 A2 A1 H1 EOG
## Maintenance
The Primary Maintenance of the coaches are managed at SSE/C&W/MDU, there is no Secondary maintenance required
| 539 |
Rockfort Express
| 0 |
7,858,670 |
**James Henry Roberts Cromwell** (June 4, 1896 -- March 19, 1990) was an American diplomat, candidate for the United States Senate, author, and one-time husband of Doris Duke, \"the richest girl in the world\". He was the United States Ambassador to Canada.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
He was born on June 4, 1896, in Manhattan, the son of Lucretia Bishop \"Eva\" Roberts and Oliver Eaton Cromwell. His sister Louise Cromwell Brooks was the first wife of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur and the third wife of the famous stage and film actor Lionel Atwill. He grew up in Philadelphia after his widowed mother married Edward T. Stotesbury in 1912 and moved there.
Cromwell\'s first wife was automotive company heiress Delphine Ione Dodge, the only daughter of Horace Dodge of Grosse Pointe, Michigan, one of the two co-founders of the Dodge Motor Company. They were married from June 17, 1920, until their divorce on September 28, 1928, and had one daughter, Christine Cromwell, in 1922.
On February 13, 1935, Cromwell married Doris Duke. Both supported Franklin Roosevelt and his New Deal. He published books to present his economic ideas and advocated tighter control of the Federal Reserve. In 1940, for 142 days, he was the United States Ambassador to Canada. He resigned to enter the election for U.S. Senator from New Jersey, a race he lost to incumbent Senator William Warren Barbour. After bitter and protracted legal proceedings Cromwell and Duke divorced on December 21, 1943. They had a daughter Arden Cromwell born July 11, 1940 who died a day later.
Cromwell was married to his third wife, Maxine MacFetridge, from April 24, 1948, until her death on July 7, 1968. Their daughter, Maxine Hope Cromwell (later Hopkins), was born in New York on November 17, 1948. Germaine Benjamin was Cromwell\'s fourth and last wife, from September 27, 1971, until her death in December 1986.
Cromwell died in the Marin Terrace retirement home in Mill Valley, California, at the age of 93.
## Books by Cromwell {#books_by_cromwell}
- *[The Voice of Young America](https://openlibrary.org/b/OL6286862M/voice_of_young_America)*, C. Scribner\'s sons, 1933
- *[In Defense of Capitalism](https://openlibrary.org/b/OL22155195M/In_defense_of_capitalism)*, C
| 354 |
James H. R. Cromwell
| 0 |
7,858,674 |
The **FAST protocol** (FIX Adapted for STreaming) is a technology standard developed by FIX Protocol Ltd., specifically aimed at optimizing data representation on the network. It is used to support high-throughput, low latency data communications between financial institutions.
In particular, it is a technology standard that offers significant compression capabilities for the transport of high-volume market data feeds and ultra low latency applications.
## History
### Timeline
- 2004 Market Data optimization Working Group ("mdowg") was formed
- 2005 Proof of Concept ("POC") project
- 2006 FAST 1.0 released
- 2007 FAST 1.1 released
- 2009 FAST 1.2 proposed
In November 2004, Mike Cormack (then CEO Archipelago Holding) spoke at the FPL (FIX Protocol Ltd) conference in New York regarding a call for action to meet the challenges of the increased market data volumes. The increasing volumes of market data were causing delays, preventing market data from reaching traders in a timely fashion, thus disrupting their ability to trade. The classic FIX tag value format was considered to be too verbose and had a high processing overhead. A working group was formed within FPL shortly after the conference.
## Current version of FAST {#current_version_of_fast}
The approved standard is currently at version 5.0, and is used in commercially available products. There are Open Source implementations of the Protocol available.
## Exchanges that have adopted FAST {#exchanges_that_have_adopted_fast}
- NYSE Archipelago
- CME Group (CME)
- International Securities Exchange (ISE)
- NasdaqOMX
- Eurex
- Xetra
- Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE Ltd, India)
- BATS
- ICAP
- OPRA
- B3
- Nordic Growth Market (NGM)
- Moscow Exchange (MOEX)
- Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE, China)
## Open source implementations {#open_source_implementations}
Source code for implementations of the FAST Specification are available from the following sources:
Description Language URL License Notes
------------------------------ ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------
FPL Reference Implementation C (not C++) <https://www.fixtrading.org/standards/fast/> W3C Software License. Not a complete implementation. Reference only.
FPL Reference Implementation C# <https://www.fixtrading.org/standards/fast/> W3C Software License. Not a complete implementation. Reference only.
OpenFAST Java <http://openfast.sourceforge.net/> Mozilla Public License Includes SCP 1.1
OpenFAST.NET C# [www.sourceforge.net/projects/openfastdotnet/](http://sourceforge.net/projects/openfastdotnet/) Mozilla Public License Includes SCP 1.1
QuickFAST C++ [<https://github.com/objectcomputing/quickfast>](https://github.com/objectcomputing/quickfast) New BSD License Includes C# (.NET) wrapper
goFAST Golang [www.github.com/co11ter/goFAST](https://github.com/co11ter/goFAST) Apache License 2.0 Not a complete implementation
| 370 |
FAST protocol
| 0 |
7,858,685 |
**South Suburban College** is a public community college in South Holland, Illinois. It has a second campus in Oak Forest, Illinois.
## History
South Suburban College was founded in 1927 as Thornton Junior College. At that time, the college was an extension of Thornton Township High School in Harvey, Illinois. The Illinois Community College Act of 1965 created Community College District 510 and enlarged the area served to include Thornton Township High Schools District 205, Thornton Fractional Township High School District 215, and Bremen High School District 228.
In 1969, the name was changed to Thornton Community College to emphasize the comprehensive mission of the college. The college moved into its existing main campus facilities in South Holland in 1972.
In June 1988, the college\'s board of trustees voted to change the name of the institution to South Suburban College to more accurately reflect the geographic location of the college. To serve the western portion of the district and provide opportunities for district residents to complete a four-year degree, the Oak Forest Center was opened in Oak Forest in 1992.
## Campus
The main campus is situated in South Holland, Illinois with a second campus, the Oak Forest Center located in Oak Forest, Illinois.
## Athletics
Men\'s Athletics
- Basketball
- Baseball
- Soccer
Women\'s Athletics
- Basketball
- Soccer
- Softball
- Volleyball
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Tom Baldwin - NFL player, New York Jets
- Tim Byrdak, Major League Baseball player
- Herb Coleman, American player of gridiron football
- Ruth Johnson Colvin, Founder of the non-profit *Literacy Volunteers of America, Inc.*, now called *ProLiteracy Worldwide* in Syracuse, New York in 1962
- King Von, Rapper
- Cliff Floyd, Major League Baseball player
- Rob Mackowiak, Major League Baseball player
- Ron Mahay, Major League Baseball player
- Julius Matos, Major League Baseball player
- Robert P. Regan, Illinois state representative and businessman
- R
| 318 |
South Suburban College
| 0 |
7,858,719 |
The **North Carolina Fund** was a series of experimental programs conceived at the request of North Carolina governor Terry Sanford, who was aided by the writer John Ehle. Its director, George Esser, was appointed in 1963. It was created as a non-profit corporation to operate for five years only, with a mandate to create experimental projects in education, health, job training, housing, and community development.
During the summers of 1964 and 1965, the North Carolina Volunteers Program created teams of African-American and white college students to work together and show that communities could be stronger if their members reached across lines of race and class to solve problems of poverty. At the core, it aimed to lessen minority poverty all across North Carolina and to further the cause of civil rights.
Also by example, the North Carolina Fund served as a model and catalyst for such national programs as Head Start, VISTA, and the Community Action movement.
## Creation
Feeling that his education program had spent most of his political capital in the legislature, North Carolina Governor Terry Sanford began seeking private support to fund anti-poverty efforts in the state. While traveling across the state to promote his education plan, Sanford came to be of the belief that much of the poverty in North Carolina was due to racial discrimination and the lack of economic opportunity for blacks. He thus concluded that any anti-poverty plan he created would have to address economic problems for both blacks and whites. In the summer of 1962 he met John Ehle, a novelist and professor whom he quickly took on as an adviser on public policy. With Ehle he met with leaders of the Ford Foundation, a private philanthropic organization, and discussed a variety of issues with them, including anti-poverty efforts. He also established contact with George Esser, an academic at UNC-Chapel Hill\'s Institute of Government, to ask him for potential uses of Ford Foundation funds in combating poverty. Sanford\'s aides organized a three-day tour of North Carolina in January 1963 for Ford Foundation leaders to convince them to fund an anti-poverty project. Sanford\'s attempts to devise a plan became increasingly urgent over the following months, as civil rights activists intensified their calls for racial equality and the prospects of a white backlash grew. He worked to secure the support of the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation and the Mary Reynolds Babcock Foundation, two smaller North Carolina philanthropic organizations, to bolster proposed grants from the Ford Foundation, and tapped the advice of John H. Wheeler, leader of the black business community in Durham. He also invited officials from the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to come to North Carolina to work on coordinating federal efforts with the state project.
In July 1963 the Ford Foundation committed \$7 million to support an anti-poverty project in North Carolina. With additional grants from the other foundations, on July 18 Sanford, Wheeler, Charlie Babcock (a board member of the Mary Reynolds Babcock Foundation), and C. A. McKnight (the editor of *The Charlotte Observer*) incorporated the North Carolina Fund. Its goals were to fight poverty and promote racial equality across the state. Since the North Carolina Fund was backed by private organizations and not financed by the state, it could be more flexible in addressing social issues while also avoiding political opposition from segregationists. Sanford was made chairman of the Fund\'s board. He publicly announced its creation at a press conference on September 30, garnering a positive reception from state newspapers. The organization had a racially integrated staff---which was unusual at the time---and consulted the local residents it aimed to assist.
## Operations
The Fund launched a program that utilized team teaching and provided for teacher aides, which was studied by President Lyndon B. Johnson\'s administration and used as a model for Head Start. The Fund also supported eleven additional anti-poverty programs under another initiative which included the establishment of day care facilities and job training courses. These were also evaluated by the Johnson administration when it developed its \"War on Poverty\" programs. Sanford himself was disappointed by Johnson\'s War on Poverty and the agency responsible for it, the Office of Economic Opportunity, and told federal officials that the goal of their effort should not be to eliminate poverty---which Sanford thought impossible---as much as it should be to reduce the \"causes of poverty.\" Johnson administration officials considered placing Sanford in charge of the office.
One of the North Carolina Fund\'s prominent programs was Operation Breakthrough (Durham, North Carolina), an organization in Durham.
The Fund ceased operations in 1969
| 760 |
North Carolina Fund
| 0 |
7,858,735 |
Salair}} `{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}`{=mediawiki}
**Salair** (*Салаи́р*) is a town administratively subordinated to Guryevsk Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located 210 km south of Kemerovo, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: `{{ru-census|p2010=8,262|p2002=9,472|p1989=11,452}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
It was founded in 1626 as the village of **Salairskoye** (*Салаирское*) on the Malaya Tolmovaya River. Town status was granted to it in 1941.
## Administrative and municipal status {#administrative_and_municipal_status}
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated as the **town of district significance of Salair**, which is subordinated to Guryevsk Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction---an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Salair is incorporated within Guryevsky Municipal District as Salairskoye Urban Settlement
| 131 |
Salair (town)
| 0 |
7,858,738 |
**HerRoom** is an online lingerie and men\'s underwear retailer based in Dallas, Texas. It was founded and is owned by Tomima Edmark, inventor of the TopsyTail. Edmark runs both HerRoom and brother site HisRoom, through her company, the Andra Group LLP.
## History
In 1998, Edmark began an e-commerce retail start-up The Andra Group, Inc. The initial e-commerce launch was on March 3, 2000. The men\'s site, HisRoom.com was launched two years later. After listening to her friends\' complaints that they hated having to try on undergarments in department store fitting rooms, she wanted to let women buy bras that fit online. The HerRoom website also links to men\'s underwear and apparel under the HisRoom.com site.
In 2006, Edmark filed for LP status for The Andra Group.
In 2011, Edmark was awarded business method patent #8,078,498 for using back and side views as well as the front.
## Products
HerRoom.com currently carries 254 total brands, the men\'s site HisRoom.com includes 87 brands. HerRoom.com\'s products include: panties, swimwear, sleepwear, shapewear, hosiery, sportswear, apparel (including dresses, tops, pants, jackets and outerwear), athleisure, maternity wear, lingerie accessories used for cleavage enhancement and UGG lounge slippers.
## Features
In 2000, HerRoom patented and launched *See It Under* feature, is on the left side of individual bra item pages, and shows how that bra will show (or not) under different necklines of tops and dresses.
Universal Cup Sizing, also known as UCS Bra Sizing System, is a web-based system using an algorithm so that women can find the same fit between different lingerie brands.
Know Your Breasts Bra Finder is a multiple choice \"test\" that asks for age, and gives pictures of many different structural breast types to zero in on the customer\'s individual type, and gives results via e-mail. Tomima spent 5 years on this tool, bringing in over 500 women to measure and document
| 311 |
HerRoom
| 0 |
7,858,788 |
**Fall Line Studios** was an American video game developer owned by Disney Interactive Studios. It was based in Salt Lake City, Utah.
It was dedicated to develop games based on Disney characters, television shows, and entertainment franchises exclusively for Nintendo consoles such as the Nintendo DS and Wii systems, in addition to original titles. The company also helped develop Disney\'s DGamer network, utilized in various Nintendo DS games.
The studio was merged into Avalanche Software in 2009.
## Video games {#video_games}
- *The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian*
- *Hannah Montana: Music Jam* (co-developed with Gorilla Systems Corp
| 98 |
Fall Line Studios
| 0 |
7,858,789 |
**Rosa Albina Garavito** (born 7 March 1947 in Santa Cruz, Sonora) is a Mexican politician and scholar.
A graduate of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Garavito has served in the lower and upper house of the Mexican Congress representing the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). She taught at the Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC), UANL and Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) Azcapotzalco campus
| 66 |
Rosa Albina Garavito
| 0 |
7,858,792 |
**Luven** (formerly known as *Luvis*) is a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Luven, Castrisch, Ilanz, Ladir, Pitasch, Riein, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein, Duvin, Pigniu, Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion.
## History
Luven is first mentioned in 765 as *Lobene*.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The municipal coat of arms is a red field with a white Bible with black Alpha and Omega letters on it. It represents the conversion of the village to the Protestant Reformation.
## Geography
Before the merger, Luven had a total area of 6.6 km2. Of this area, 52% is used for agricultural purposes, while 41.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 4.5% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
The former municipality is located in the Ilanz sub-district of the Surselva district. Before 2000 it was part of the Glenner district. It is located on the eastern slope of the Piz Mundaun. Until 1943 Luven was known by its German name as *Luvis*.
## Demographics
Luven had a population (as of 2011) of 199. `{{as of|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, 2.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -9.7%. Most of the population (`{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) speaks the Sursilvan dialect of Romansh (59.6%), with German being second most common (35.0%) and Albanian being third (3.8%).
, the gender distribution of the population was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. The age distribution, `{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, in Luven is; 33 children or 18.0% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 17 teenagers or 9.3% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 21 people or 11.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 25 people or 13.7% are between 30 and 39, 25 people or 13.7% are between 40 and 49, and 18 people or 9.8% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 17 people or 9.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 19 people or 10.4% are between 70 and 79, there are 7 people or 3.8% who are between 80 and 89 there is 1 person who is between 90 and 99.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 57.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (20.7%), the FDP (9.7%) and the CVP (8.3%).
The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Luven about 65.5% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).
Luven has an unemployment rate of 0.32%. `{{as of|2005}}`{=mediawiki}, there were 25 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 6 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 2 businesses in this sector. 9 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 4 businesses in this sector
| 517 |
Luven
| 0 |
7,858,794 |
The **Auburn--LSU football rivalry**, also known as the **Tiger Bowl**, is an American college football rivalry between the Auburn Tigers and the LSU Tigers. Both universities have been members of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) since December 1932, but the rivalry dates back to 1901. Auburn and LSU have played every year since the SEC instituted divisional play in 1992. The LSU and Auburn football teams have met 58 times, with LSU holding the all-time lead 33--24--1. This annual matchup is known for wild endings, unusual events, and strong hostility. This rivalry game has been the source of several legendary SEC football games. Including \"The Earthquake Game\" and \"The Barn Burner\". CBS college football host Brad Nessler has described the Tiger Bowl as \"Where anything can happen\".
## Notable games {#notable_games}
### 1902
LSU beat Auburn in a hard-fought game 5--0. Captain Henry Landry scored the game\'s only touchdown. \"Nearly every business house in Baton Rouge closed at noon and everybody went to the game\". The trip to Louisiana made some Auburn players sick.
### 1908 {#section_1}
In 1908, both teams were undefeated and competing for the top spot in the SIAA. LSU beat Auburn, 10--2, but both teams may claim SIAA championships, for LSU was charged with professionalism and for some stripped of the title. It was the only game of the season in which LSU did not win by more than 20 points. \"We won every game that fall except LSU,\" Auburn star Walker Reynolds told Clyde Bolton in 1973. \"But LSU had a pro team.\"
The first touchdown came from LSU\'s John Seip. Later, Auburn\'s T. C. Locke blocked a punt, recovered by LSU quarterback and Hall of Famer Doc Fenton in the endzone for an Auburn safety. According to one source, Fenton was knocked unconscious by a spectator\'s cane as he tried to get out of the end zone. LSU made the second score using conventional football. LSU would finish the season with an undefeated record, but did not claim the national title.
### 1988 -- \"The Earthquake Game\" {#the_earthquake_game}
In 1988, #4 Auburn traveled to Tiger Stadium with national title aspirations. Auburn (4--0) entered the game outscoring its opponents 161--44, but were held to just two field goals. Auburn\'s outstanding defense kept LSU scoreless through 58 minutes. However, with 1:47 left, QB Tommy Hodson found RB Eddie Fuller open on a crossing pattern for a touchdown on fourth and goal. Ironically, it was the same play Fuller had caught on 1st and goal, only to step out of the back of the end zone. The crowd eruption was so intense that it registered as an earthquake on the seismograph located in LSU\'s Howe-Russell Geoscience Complex, though much of the lore surrounding the game is largely apocryphal. Both Hodson and Fuller later said it was the most physical game of their college careers. College Football News ranks this game as the 17th best finish in the history of college football. Auburn would have likely played Notre Dame for the National Championship had they beaten LSU, as Auburn finished the season with six consecutive wins, giving up only 31 points in the process. Auburn and LSU shared the SEC crown though Auburn went to the Sugar Bowl.
### 1994 -- Five 4th Quarter Interceptions {#five_4th_quarter_interceptions}
Auburn was on a 14-game winning streak when LSU traveled to Auburn in 1994, but it was LSU who led 23--9 entering the fourth quarter. LSU quarterback Jamie Howard threw five fourth quarter interceptions---three were returned for touchdowns---as Auburn extended their winning streak to 15 games with a 30--26 win. Auburn made one first down in the second half, yet scored 27 points in the comeback. Multiple players were hospitalized for dehydration after the game. After the loss, LSU QB Jamie Howard received multiple threats.
### 1996 -- \"The Barn Burner\" {#the_barn_burner}
LSU defeated Auburn 19--15 in 1996 while the old Auburn Sports Arena, affectionately called \"the Barn\", burned to the ground across the street from Jordan--Hare Stadium. After scoring a touchdown, Auburn trailed 17--15 and attempted the two-point conversion for the tie. However, LSU intercepted the pass and returned it for a defensive two-point conversion and a 19--15 win. The cause of the fire was officially undetermined, though according to investigators the most probable cause was a grill placed too close to the building by tailgaters, possibly to take cover from heavy rainfall. The fire was shown during ESPN\'s national broadcast, flames being seen as high as the Jordan-Hare east upper-deck. The game was never delayed, and the Auburn public address announcer continually advised fans: \"The flames \[were\] outside the stadium.\" Because of the fire and the thrilling finish, the game became known as the \"Barn Burner\" or \"The Night The Barn Burned\".
### 1999 -- Victory Cigars {#victory_cigars}
On coach Tommy Tuberville\'s birthday, Auburn blew out LSU 41--7 during a rare day game in Baton Rouge. In celebration, Auburn players and coaches smoked cigars on the field at Tiger Stadium, much to the chagrin of LSU players and fans. The intensity of the rivalry grew with this game, and cigars are still seen stands during this matchup. This would be Auburn\'s last victory in Tiger Stadium until 2021, and the cigars were often referenced as bad luck in causing Auburn\'s 20 year drought in Tiger Stadium. Years later, Auburn head coach, Tommy Tuberville commented on his team\'s victory cigars in 1999 that preceded the losing streak in tiger Stadium. \"I guess you could call it \'The curse of the cigar,\'\" said Tuberville.
| 921 |
Auburn–LSU football rivalry
| 0 |
7,858,794 |
## Notable games {#notable_games}
### 2001 -- Revenge Cigars {#revenge_cigars}
The 2001 matchup was originally scheduled for September 15, but was moved to December 1 after the September 11 terrorist attacks. LSU fans were eager for a victory over Auburn after feeling disrespected during the last matchup in Tiger Stadium, when Auburn players smoked cigars on LSU\'s field after defeating the Bayou Bengals, 41--7.
Auburn returned to Tiger Stadium in 2001 with similar behavior. During the pregame warm-ups, Auburn players stomped on LSU\'s midfield \"Eye of the Tiger\" logo, resulting in a 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty. Kicking off from the 50-yard line, LSU recovered the onside kick at the Auburn 36 and scored a touchdown six plays later.
Tensions escalated further when Auburn special teams began their post-halftime warm-ups while the LSU Marching Band was still performing its halftime routine. Kicker Damon Duval got into a squabble with two band members. Later, Tuberville sent a letter of apology to band leader Frank Wickes for Duval\'s behavior.
LSU ultimately prevailed, 27--14, over Auburn. After the victory, LSU fans mocked Auburn by smoking cigars in the stadium. This game began a 20-year losing streak in Tiger Stadium for Auburn.
### 2016 -- Last Second for Les {#last_second_for_les}
In 2016, unranked Auburn led #18 LSU by the score of 18--13 with 2:56 left in the game. LSU drove the ball 60 yards to the Auburn 10-yard line with less than 30 seconds remaining. After 3 unsuccessful plays, LSU faced 4th down with the game clock running and only a few seconds remaining. LSU QB Danny Etling quickly approached the line of scrimmage and snapped the ball to give his team one more chance for a victory. Etling avoided a sack by running to the sideline where he threw to the back corner of the endzone to wide receiver DJ Chark for a touchdown with no time left on the clock. The referee signaled touchdown and the LSU players began to celebrate believing they had won the game. However, the referees quickly announced the previous play was under review. After further review, it was determined by the officiating staff that LSU QB Danny Etling did not snap the ball until after the game clock hit 0:00, meaning the game was over and the last play did not count. This ruling gave Auburn the 18--13 victory and LSU their 2nd loss in the first 4 games of the 2016 season. This rough start to the 2016 season along with the disappointment of the 2015 season, led to the firing of LSU head coach Les Miles the following Sunday.
### 2017 -- LSU\'s comeback {#lsus_comeback}
In 2017, #8 Auburn led unranked LSU, 20--0, in the 2nd quarter. After a few successful drives and defensive improvements, LSU shrank Auburn\'s lead to 23--14 at the start of the 4th quarter. LSU continued their comeback with a 75-yard punt return for a touchdown by D.J. Chark and 2 field goals by kicker Conner Culp to clinch the victory with a 27--23 win over Auburn. This game remains as the largest comeback in the LSU--Auburn series.
### 2021 {#section_2}
Auburn and first-year head coach Bryan Harsin travelled to Death Valley to play LSU for the first SEC contest of the 2021 season and completed a comeback from being down, 13--0, to win, 24--19. Auburn quarterback Bo Nix, who was benched the previous week against Georgia State in favor of backup quarterback and LSU transfer T.J. Finley (who made his first SEC start at Auburn the year prior, in a 48--11 Auburn victory on Halloween night), passed for 255 yards and 1 touchdown while running for 74 yards and another touchdown en route to snapping a 10-game losing steak in Tiger Stadium and securing Auburn\'s first win in Baton Rouge since Tommy Tuberville\'s first season as head coach in 1999.
### Future
With Oklahoma and Texas joining the SEC in 2024, Auburn and LSU will not play every year. Auburn and LSU will not play one another in 2024 or 2025.
## Game results {#game_results}
| 674 |
Auburn–LSU football rivalry
| 1 |
7,858,794 |
## Miscellaneous
From 2000 to 2005, Auburn or LSU won or tied for the SEC West Division championship every season.
From 2000 to 2007, the home team won eight straight games. (Immediately before then, the road team had won four straight, from 1996 to 1999.)
The 2006 game was the lowest scoring contest between the two schools since 1935, when Auburn defeated LSU, 7--3, in Auburn.
9 of the first 13 meetings were shutouts; however, neither has been shut out since.
LSU leads the series in games played in Baton Rouge and Montgomery, Alabama, with an 18--6--1 and 2--0 record, respectively. Auburn leads games played at Jordan--Hare Stadium (13--6), Birmingham, Alabama (3--2), and Mobile, Alabama (2--0). When the SEC expanded, Auburn and LSU were placed in the SEC\'s West Division
| 130 |
Auburn–LSU football rivalry
| 2 |
7,858,799 |
**Leonaert Bramer**, also **Leendert** or **Leonard** (24 December 1596 -- before 10 February 1674 (date of burial)), was a Dutch painter known primarily for genre, religious, and history paintings. Very prolific as a painter and draftsman, he is noted especially for nocturnal scenes which show a penchant for exotic details of costume and setting. He also painted frescos---a rarity north of the Alps---which have not survived, as well as murals on canvas, few of which are extant. Bramer is one of the most intriguing personalities in seventeenth-century Dutch art.
## Life
Bramer was born in Delft. In 1614, at the age of 18, he left on a long trip eventually reaching Rome in 1616, via Atrecht, Amiens, Paris, Aix (February 1616), Marseille, Genoa, and Livorno. In Rome he was one of the founders of the Bentvueghels group of Northern artists, and was nicknamed \"Nestelghat\" (Fidget). He lived with Wouter Crabeth and got into a fight with Claude Lorraine. He dedicated a poem to Wybrand de Geest. Bramer lived in Rome intermittently until October 1627, visiting Mantua and Venice, often for deliveries and to meet Domenico Fetti. In Italy Bramer acquired the sobriquet \'Leonardo della Notte\' or \'Leonardo delle Notti\' (\'Leonardo of the night\' or \'nights\').
By 1628 he was back in Delft, where he joined the Guild of Saint Luke in 1629 and the schutterij. Among his many patrons were members of the House of Orange, but local burgomasters and schepen also bought his paintings in great numbers. He was a many sided artist, designing for tapestry firms in Delft, painting murals and ceilings, some of which are illusionistic in style. He painted real frescos in the Civic Guard house, the nearby stadholder\'s palaces in Honselersdijk, Rijswijk, the Communal Land Housde and the Prinsenhof in Delft. Due to the Dutch climate they no longer survive. In 1648 Bramer traveled to Rome for a second time.
He evidently knew the greatest of his Delft contemporaries, Johannes Vermeer, as he came to the latter\'s defence when his future mother-in-law was trying to prevent him from marrying her daughter.
It is possible that Vermeer received his artistic training from Bramer, although there is no documentation for this, and Bramer\'s dark and exotic style is unlike Vermeer\'s.
A lifelong bachelor, Bramer remained very productive until his death, which occurred in his home town of Delft in 1674.
| 393 |
Leonaert Bramer
| 0 |
7,858,799 |
## Work
Bramer showed in his choice of subjects a preference for Italian rather than Dutch artistic practice. His subjects are usually mythological, allegorical, historical or biblical scenes (such as the *Denial of St Peter*, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam). He stayed away from typical Dutch themes such as landscapes, still lifes, portraits and genre pieces and he rarely painted Italianate pastoral scenes popular with the Utrecht Caravaggisti.
His style is nervous, but his technique, painting the reflection of light, is very good. His famous \"Album Bramer\" (drawn between 1642 and 1654, now in Leiden) contains many sketches after paintings in Delft collections. He was influenced by Adam Elsheimer and the fresco painter Agostino Tassi. Upon his death, his works were offered for sale in 1674 in an advertisement in the Haarlems Dagblad, probably necessary because of the (depressed) Dutch economy: `{{blockquote|May 3rd, 1674
Op Maendagh, den 7 Mey 1674. sal men tot Delft, op de St. Lucas Gilde-Kamer, verkoopen veel treffelijcke Schilderyen, en oock veel treffelijcke raere Kunst en Teyckeningen, soo op Paneel, Doeck als Kopere Platen, als oock verscheyde groote Boecken, vol Konst-werck: naergelaten van den vermaerden Schilder ende Teyckenaer Leendert Bramer Zal:.
Translation: On Monday, the 7th of May 1674, the [[Guild of St. Luke]] in Delft shall sell many good paintings, and many good and rare art and drawings, on panel, canvas, and copper plates, as well as diverse large books, full of art work: left by the very respected painter and draftsman, the late Leendert Bramer.}}`{=mediawiki}
Among his drawings, probably the most puzzling set are those he titled \"Straatwerken,\" meaning \"street works.\" From his inventory it is clear that the Flemish merchant and art collector Gaspar Roomer who resided in Naples owned 1500 drawings by Bramer
| 288 |
Leonaert Bramer
| 1 |
7,858,814 |
**Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple** is a Hindu temple dedicated to Murugan situated atop a hillock amidst the Palani Hills in Palani, Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu. It is one of the Six Abodes of Murugan. The temple is managed by the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department of the Government of Tamil Nadu.
It is mentioned as *Thiruaavinankudi* in the Sangam literature *Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai*. As per Hindu mythology, the hillock was carried by Idumban from Kailasha on the orders of sage Agastya and was made to place it at the current location at Palani by Murugan. Later when sage Narada visited Shiva at Kailasha and presented him with *gnana-palam* (fruit of knowledge), Shiva decided to award it to whichever of his two sons finishes encircling the world thrice. Accepting the challenge, Murugan started his journey around the globe on his peacock mount but his brother Ganesha surmised that the world was no more than his parents Shiva and Shakti combined, circumambulated them and won the fruit. Knowing this, Murugan was furious as he felt cheated and chose to live a life as a hermit in Palani hills.
The idol of Murugan in the garbagriha is believed to have been consecrated by sage Bogar, one of the Siddhars, out of an amalgam of nine herbs known as *Navapashanam*. The temple was built between 2nd and 5th century CE by the Cheras and was expanded multiple times over the years by various kingdoms.
The temple complex atop the hillock can be accessed by foot by climbing the stairs or walking along a sliding way. Pilgrims can also reach the top via a winch operated railway or a rope car. Tonsuring is one of major traditions of the temple. All Murugan festivals are celebrated in the temple with special pujas and rituals. Pilgrims may carry a kavadi, a physical burden, as a form of debt bondage. The temple is synonymous with *Panchamritam*, a sweet mixture made of five ingredients, offered as a prasadam, which is a listed Geographical Indication.
| 334 |
Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple
| 0 |
7,858,814 |
## Mythology
Once all sages and gods assembled in Kailasha, the abode of Shiva, which resulted in the tilting of earth due to an increase in weight on one hemisphere. Shiva asked sage Agasthya to move towards the south to restore the balance. Agastya employed a asura named Idumban to carry two hills named as *Sivagiri* and *Sakthigiri* (Mountains of Shiva and Shakti) on his shoulders to be placed in the South, to balance the weight. Idumban carried the hills down south and en-route he placed them down for a while, when he rested. When he tried to lift them back, he was unable to move one of the hills. He found a youth standing atop of the hill and fought with him, only to be defeated. Agasthya identified the youth as Murugan and on reasoning out, the hill was let to remain at the location, which later became Palani. The mythology behind Idumban carrying the hills on the shoulder might have led to the practice of Kavadi.
Sage Narada once visited Shiva at Kailasha and presented him with a *gnana-palam* (fruit of knowledge). Shiva expressed his intention of dividing the fruit between his two sons, Ganesha and Murugan, but Narada counseled that the fruit cannot be divided. So, it was decided to award the fruit to whomsoever first circled the world thrice. Accepting the challenge, Murugan started his journey around the globe on atop his peacock mount. However, Ganesha surmised that the world was no more than his parents Shiva and Shakti combined, circumambulated them and won the fruit. When Murugan returned, he was furious to learn that his efforts had been in vain and felt cheated. He left Kailasha to took up abode in the Palani Hills as a hermit. It is believed that Murugan felt the need to get matured from boyhood, hence discarded all his material belongings and went to Palani.
| 315 |
Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple
| 1 |
7,858,814 |
## History
The location is mentioned as *Thiruaavinankudi* in the Sangam literature *Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai*. As per *Purananuru*, the region was known as Vaikavurnadu and was part of Vaiyapuri Nadu, ruled by king Kōpperum Pēkan. The place is mentioned by poets such as Kabilar, Vanparanar, Aricilkiḻār, and Perunkunrurkiḻār. Sangam literature *Akananuru* mentions the name of the place as *Pothini*, ruled by Velir chieftain Vel chieftain Neduvel Avi. The name Pothini was derived from Tamil language phrase \"Pon-udai-nedu-nagar\" meaning the big town with gold, which later became Palani. As per *Patiṟṟuppattu*, chieftain Velavikkopaduman had matrimonial relations with the Cheras, who ruled the region from the late first century CE. Poet Ilangiranar mentions the Chera king Mantaram Cheral Irumporai, who ruled the region during the period.
The main idol of Murugan in the garbagriha is believed to have been created and consecrated by sage Bogar, one of the Siddhars. The statue is believed to have been made of an amalgam of nine rocks or herbs known as *navapashanam*. According to temple legend, the sculptor had to work rapidly to complete its features. A shrine to Bhogar exists in the southwestern corridor of the temple, which, by temple legend, is said to be connected by a tunnel to a cave in the heart of the hill, where Bhogar continues to meditate and maintain his vigil.
The idol fell into neglect and the area was engulfed by the forest. One night, a king of the Chera Dynasty, who controlled the region between the second and fifth centuries CE, took refuge at the foot of the hills. As per temple legend, Murugan appeared in his dream, and ordered him to find and restore the idol to its former state. The king commenced a search for the idol, and finding it, constructed a temple on the hillock and re-instituted its worship. There are figures of a king, believed to be the Chera king, on the southern walls of the temple and a small stela at the foot of the staircase that winds up the hill, describing the events.
In the middle age, the area came under the control of Cholas in the 10th century CE. The Cholas expanded the temple and inscriptions mention various grants made by the Chola kings. Later, the region was ruled over by the Pandyas, who further expanded the temple complex. Inscriptions found on the temple walls mention grants by Pandya kings such as Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I and Jatavarman Vira Pandyan II during the 13th century CE. In the year 1300 CE, Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I is documented to have gifted a village as a grant to the temple. The Vijayanagar Empire patronized the temple and the region between the 14th and 16th centuries. After the collapse of Vijayanagara, the Madurai Nayaks ruled the region. Arunagirinathar was a 15th-century Tamil poet born in Tiruvannamalai, who later became a devotee of Murugan and visited Palani. He composed various Tamil hymns glorifying Murugan at the temple, the most notable being part of *Thirupugazh*. He became a staunch devotee and composed . Palani temple is one of the Six Abodes of Murugan and considered one of the most prominent abodes of Muruga.
Under the Nayaks, Palayakkarar system was formulated with the temple being administered by the Palayakkarars of Balasamudram. The region and the temple was under the influence of Mysore kingdom in the 18th century before being part of the Madras Presidency of British Raj towards the end of the century. After Indian Independence in 1947, the temple became part of Madras State which later became Tamil Nadu.
## Layout and architecture {#layout_and_architecture}
The temple is situated upon the higher of the two hills of Palani, known as the Sivagiri. The sanctum of the temple is of early Dravidian architecture while the covered ambulatory that runs around it bears traces of Pandyan influence. The walls of the temple bear extensive inscriptions in old Tamil script. Surmounting the sanctum, is a *vimanam* plated with gold, with sculptures of Hindu gods and goddesses carved on it. In the first inner prahāram or ambulatory around the heart of the temple, are two minor shrines, one each, to Shiva and Parvati. There is a shrine dedicated to sage Bhogar, who is by credited with the creation and consecration of the chief idol. In the second precinct, is a shrine dedicated to Ganapati, besides the carriage-houses for the chariots.
| 728 |
Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple
| 2 |
7,858,814 |
## Deity
The idol of the deity is said to be made of an amalgam of nine poisonous substances which forms an eternal medicine when mixed in a certain ratio. The idol represents the god Murugan as *Dhandapani*, a form he assumed while at Palani, being that of a young recluse, shorn of his hair, dressed in a loincloth and armed only with a staff (*dhandam*) as a monk. It is placed upon a pedestal of stone, with an archway framing it in the garbhagriha or the sanctum sanctorum of the temple. The deity is approached only by the temple\'s priests, who hold hereditary rights of sacerdotal worship at the temple.
The original idol was believed to have been wearing away or dissolving, by virtue of its repeated anointment and ritual bathing but priests of the temple maintain that they perceive no visible change. As Hinduism forbids the worship of an imperfect idol, suggestions have been made, at various points of time, to replace it, cover it, or stop some of the rituals, which could have resulted in its erosion. Attempts were made to replace the idol in 1984 and later in 2002. In 2003, the temple officials decided to make a replacement idol weighing 200 kg made up of an alloy of five metals including 10 kg of gold. The idol which was consecrated in January 2004, was quickly removed, following opposition from various quarters. In 2019, based on an investigation, Tamil Nadu Police announced that the new idol was made with a ploy of smuggling the old idol. Based on research from IIT Madras, it was found that the replacement idol actually weighed 221 kg and did not contain the required amounts of the metals specified, particularly gold.
| 290 |
Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple
| 3 |
7,858,814 |
## Practices and rituals {#practices_and_rituals}
The most common form of ritual at the temple is the *abhishekam*---anointment of the idol with oils, sandalwood paste, milk, unguents and the like and then bathing it with water in an act of ritual purification. Four prominent abhishekams and pujas are conducted at specific times of the day and include the *Vizha Pujai* in the early morning after opening the temple, *Ucchikāla Pujai* in the afternoon, *Sāyarakshai Pujai* in the evening and *Rakkāla Pujai* at night prior to the closure of the temple. The pujas are accompanies by traditional musical instruments and tolling of the heavy bell on the hill, to rouse the attention of devotees. The idol is decorated with an attire of a king in the evenings, known as *Raja alankaram*.
Traditionally, the temple was supposed to be closed in the afternoon to permit the deity, who is a child, to have adequate sleep. Every night at the *Paḷḷi-Arai* or bedroom, the lord is informed of the status of the temple\'s accounts for the day, by the custodians of the temple, and then put to sleep by singing of an *ōdhuvār* (lullaby). An idol of the lord, called the *Uthsavamoorthy*, is carried in state around the temple, in a golden chariot, drawn by devotees, most evenings in a year. This chariot is made using 63 kg of silver and plated with 4.73 kg of gold and other precious stones.
*Panchamritam* (mixture of five) is a divine mix made of banana, honey, ghee, jaggery and cardamom along with date fruits and Sugar candies. It is believed to have been prepared by Ganesha to soothe Muruga, after their battle for the fruit. The practice is followed in modern times where the devotees are provided the mixture as a prasad. It is recognized as a Geographical Indication in India.
| 304 |
Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple
| 4 |
7,858,814 |
## Worship
The temple at the foothills known as *Thiruavinankudi Kulandhai Velappar Temple* is considered as one of the Six Abodes of Murugan. It is located next to *Sarvana Poigai*, a sacred tank, which is believed to have been the birthplace of Murugan. Devotees usually visit the temple before going atop the hill.
Tonsuring is one of the major traditions of the temple, with devotees performing the ritual to fulfill a vow to discard their hair in imitation of the form that Murugan assumed here. After tonsuring, sandalwood paste is applied to imitate the ritual of anointing of the head of the presiding deity\'s idol with sandalwood paste, at night, prior to the temple being closed for the day. The paste, upon being allowed to stay overnight, is said to acquire special properties, and is distributed to devotees, as prasadam (*rakkāla chandaṇam*). New borns may undergo a ritual of tonsuring and ear piercing at the temple.
Festivals dedicated to Murugan are celebrated with pomp. These include Thaipusam, Panguni Uthiram, Vaikhashi Vishakham and Sura Samhaaram. Thaipusam is the most important festival at Palani, is celebrated on the full moon day of the Tamil Month of *Thai*. Devotees carry a *kavadi*, a burden or mount as a form of debt bondage. In the simplest form, it consists of two semicircular pieces of wood or steel which are bent and attached to a cross structure, that is balanced on the shoulders of the devotee. It may be decorated with flowers, glazed paper and tinsel work. It is often carried in commemoration of the act of Idumban who brought the hillock from Kailasha. Others bring pots of sanctified water, known as *theertha kavadi* or cow milk known as *paal kavadi* to conduct abhishekam. Pilgrims often take a strict vow of abstinence for 48 days, come barefoot, by walk, from distant places, bathe in the temple tank and go atop the hill.
## Access
The temple is situated in the town of Palani, which is accessible by road and rail. It is connected to Coimbatore via National Highway 83. Palani railway station falls on the Dindigul-Pollachi railway line.
Traditionally, the temple was accessed by climbing the hillock on foot. Later, staircases were cut into the hill-side for the usage of pilgrims and a gently sloping pathway was added for usage by temple elephants. Additional stairways were added later, which are used by priests to access the temple. In the late 20th century, three funicular railway tracks were laid up the hill to ferry the pilgrims. In 2003, a rope way was added with a capacity to handle 250 people per hour. The rope way was upgraded in 2018, to increase the hourly capacity to 1500. The temple is one of the most visited in the state
| 461 |
Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple
| 5 |
7,858,816 |
***The Cellar*** is a 1980 horror novel by American author Richard Laymon. It was Laymon\'s first published novel, and together with sequels *The Beast House*, *The Midnight Tour*, and the novella *Friday Night in Beast House*, forms the series known by fans of Laymon as \"The Beast House Chronicles.\" *The Cellar* is an example of a splatterpunk novel, containing much extreme violence and gore, as well as adult themes including rape, incest, paedophilia, and serial murder. Laymon is often associated with this genre.
## Synopsis
Donna, the book\'s protagonist, goes on the run with her daughter Sandy when she learns that her ex-husband has been released from prison after serving a sentence for sexually abusing Sandy. After a car accident leaves them stranded in the small California coastal town of Malcasa Point, Donna and Sandy cross paths with Judgement Rucker, a mercenary hired to track down and kill the murderous creature that supposedly haunts a local tourist attraction, the Beast House. Judge\'s employer, Larry, is an elderly man who had a traumatic encounter with the Beast as a child. Over the years the Beast has been connected with various rapes and murders that have happened in the house. Meanwhile, Donna\'s ex-husband is set on revenge and stalks her.
## Reception
Like much of Laymon\'s work, *The Cellar* has been controversial for its extreme content, especially in regards to its depiction of sexual and sadistic violence. It has also been dismissed by some critics as poorly written.
In his non-fiction book about the horror genre, *Danse Macabre*, Stephen King shows dislike of the novel: \"There are haunted-house stories beyond numbering, most of them not very good (*The Cellar*, by Richard Laymon, is one example of the less successful breed).\" (However, King would go on to praise Laymon\'s writing, a pull-quote attributed to King frequently appearing on his novels: \"If you\'ve missed Laymon, you\'ve missed a treat.\")
Will Errickson, a genre enthusiast and historian who with Grady Hendrix compiled *Paperbacks from Hell*, has been scathing of the novel (and Laymon\'s work in general), describing it as \"easily one of the very worst books in the genre that I have ever read.\" Detailing what Errickson perceives as the distasteful use of sexual violence as a theme, he goes on to say that \"Laymon \"writes\" without wit or insight and seems to be making the plot up as he types.\"
Nonetheless, the \"Beast House\" series, of which *The Cellar* is the first, has been consistently popular with Laymon fans, and warranted reprints.
## Limited Edition {#limited_edition}
In 1997, Cemetery Dance Publications printed a limited edition hardcover version of *The Cellar* under `{{ISBN|1-881475-28-X}}`{=mediawiki}. The new edition featured an introduction by Bentley Little, an afterword by Laymon himself, and new artwork by Alan M. Clark. It also featured signatures from all three. The book was released in a Slipcased Limited Edition of 500 signed and numbered copies, and a Traycased Lettered Edition of 26 signed and lettered copies
| 492 |
The Cellar (novel)
| 0 |
7,858,896 |
**Marka**, also called **Dafing**, is a Manding language of West Africa, spoken in northwest Burkina Faso
| 16 |
Marka language
| 0 |
7,858,921 |
**Saint Cucuphas** (also *Cucufas* or *Qaqophas*, *Cugat, Culgat, Cougat*, *Cucufate, Cucufato, Cocoba(s)*, *Cucuphat, Cucufa, Cucuphat, Quiquenfat*, *Covade, Cobad*, *Cophan*, *Cucao*) is a martyr of Spain. His feast day is 25 July but in some areas it is celebrated on 27 July to avoid conflict with the important feast day of Santiago, the patron saint of Spain. His name is said to be of Phoenician origin with the meaning of \"he who jokes, he who likes to joke.\"
## Life
Cucuphas was born into a noble Christian family in Scillis (Africa Proconsularis). He and Saint Felix, later martyred at Girona, were said to have been deacons of the Catholic Church in Carthage who arrived at Barcelona to evangelize the area. According to his legend, he functioned as a merchant in Barcelona while preaching the Christian faith, baptizing converts, and aiding the Christian community there. According to Christian accounts of his life, he was generous with the poor and a worker of miracles.
He was martyred near Barcelona during the persecution of Diocletian. Under the Roman governor, he suffered many torments and was imprisoned somewhere near Barcelona, along the twenty-mile stretch between ancient *Barcino* (Barcelona) and *Egara* (Terrassa). His throat was finally cut in 304. Tradition holds that two Christian women from *Illuro* (Mataró), **Juliana** and **Semproniana**, buried his body and were consequently martyred as well.
The Benedictine abbey of Sant Cugat del Vallès is considered to be situated on the site of his martyrdom, which was once the Roman site of *Castrum Octavianum*.
Details of his martyrdom state that he was handed over to twelve strong soldiers, who were ordered to whip him and tear his skin with iron nails and scorpions. Cucuphas was then roasted alive after being covered in vinegar and pepper, though heavenly intervention saved him from death and injury. A great bonfire also failed to kill the saint and instead killed his would-be executioners. His jailers were then subsequently converted to Christianity after they found Cucuphas in his cell illuminated with heavenly light. The next day, he was flagellated with iron whips. By means of heavenly intervention, the prefect Maximianus was killed when his carriage caught on fire. Rufus, the new prefect, prudently decided not to practice torture of any kind on the saint and instead ordered his immediate execution by sword.
## Relics
When the first Benedictine community gathered at Sant Cugat in the 9th century, the monastery dedicated itself to the pre-existing veneration of Cucuphas. Since the eighth century, Sant Cugat has claimed Cucuphas\' relics. In the eighth century, Saint Fulrad took a relic of Cucuphas from Sant Cugat to Saint-Denis. The relics of Cucuphas occupy a place of honor in the apse to the right of Saint Denis to this day.
From the 14th century onwards, Sant Cugat kept the martyr\'s remains in a small chest, decorated with scenes of the saint\'s life. This chest was taken to the parish of Sant Cugat del Rec (or \"del Forn\") in Barcelona after the monasteries were freed from mortmain.
In 1950, Sant Cugat commemorated a relic proceeding from this chest of Sant Cugat del Rec. The relics are now in the crypt of the basilica of Santa Maria del Mar.
Many churches in Europe, from the Middle Ages onwards, claimed his relics, including Reichenau; the cathedrals of Braga, Oviedo; and Lièpvre, whose monastery had been founded by Fulrad, who had already brought some of the saint\'s relics to Saint-Denis.
The twelfth-century *Historia Compostelana* contains an account of the relics of Cucuphas being taken secretly from Braga to Santiago de Compostela by Diego Gelmírez, where they were placed in the cathedral.
## Veneration in France {#veneration_in_france}
The saint is venerated at Paris, with some of his relics enshrined at the church of Saint-Denis, in the Chapelle Saint-Cucuphas. Near Rueil-Malmaison, a forest is named *Bois de St-Cucufa*, and a tiny lake carries the saint\'s name. Property of the state since 1871, the forest was called *Bois Béranger* (*Nemus/Boscus Berengerii*) until the Benedictines built a chapel dedicated to the saint in the 13th century. Pilgrimages to the shrine of \"Saint Quiquenfat\" were practiced until the eighteenth century.
Other place-names that may point to Cucuphas\' cult in France include Guinelat, Conat, and Coplian.
| 703 |
Cucuphas
| 0 |
7,858,921 |
## Veneration in Spain {#veneration_in_spain}
The diocese of Girona has several parochial churches dedicated to him.
San Cucao de Llanera is situated in the municipality of Llanera, Asturias.
Concern amongst Catalan devotees of the saint was raised when it was discovered in 2001 that the name of Saint Cucuphas had been removed from the latest version of the *Roman Martyrology*. However, the saint *had* been included --under his Latin (and English) name of \"Cucuphas\" rather than \"Cugat.\" In the martyrology, he was described as a \"martyr of the persecution of Diocletian, killed with a sword. Fourth century. African.\"
Saints Juliana and Semproniana are still venerated at Mataró on 27 July. They appear with Cucuphas in the façade of the church of Santa Maria de Mataró.
In the folklore and tradition people pray to this saint when they lose things and are not able to find their belongings again. Some knots are made in a handkerchief with a cord, an allegory that represents tying the testicles of the saint. Then a prayer is performed as follows:
*\"San Cucufato, San Cucufato los cojones te ato y hasta que no encuentres mi (objeto perdido) no te los desato\"*.
Which means:
*\"Saint Cucuphas, Saint Cucuphas your testicles I tie, and until you find my (lost belonging) I will not untie them\"*.
## Patronage
He is not generally associated with any special patronage, although Ángel Rodríguez Vilagrán writes that Joan Amades\' *Costumari Català* mentions that anciently, hunchbacks venerated Cucuphas as their patron saint, as well as those who committed petty thefts. The origins of this patronage are not known.
## Gallery
Image:Monestir de Sant Cugat.jpg\|Sant Cugat monastery Image:Carrelage.chapelle.Saint.Cucuphas.eglise.Saint.Denis
| 273 |
Cucuphas
| 1 |
7,858,922 |
**Vittoria della Rovere** (7 February 1622 -- 5 March 1694) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the wife of Grand Duke Ferdinando II. She had four children with her husband, two of whom would survive infancy: the future Cosimo III, Tuscany\'s longest-reigning monarch, and Francesco Maria, a prince of the Church. At the death of her grandfather Francesco Maria della Rovere, she inherited the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro, which reverted to her second son, Francesco Maria, at her death. She was later entrusted with the care of her three grandchildren. Her marriage brought a wealth of treasures to the House of Medici, which can today be seen in the Palazzo Pitti and the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.
## Infancy
Vittoria della Rovere was the only child of Federico Ubaldo della Rovere, son of the then incumbent Duke of Urbino, Francesco Maria. Her mother was Claudia de\' Medici, a sister of Cosimo II de\' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and the Duchess of Mantua. As an infant it was expected that she would inherit her grandfather\'s Duchy of Urbino, but Pope Urban VIII convinced Francesco Maria to resign it to the Papacy. The duchy was eventually annexed to the Papal States by Pope Urban VIII. Instead, she received the Rovere allodial possessions, the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro, and art collection which became her property in 1631 aged nine.
At the age of one, Vittoria was betrothed to her Medici first cousin Ferdinando II, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Under the influence of her Medici mother, she was sent to Florence to be brought up at the Tuscan court. The marriage was arranged by the Grand Duke\'s grandmother, Christina of Lorraine, who had been acting as joint regent with her daughter-in-law Maria Maddalena of Austria since 1621. Despite Ferdinando II reaching his majority in 1628, Dowager Grand Duchess Christina remained the power behind the throne till her demise in 1636.
| 319 |
Vittoria della Rovere
| 0 |
7,858,922 |
## Grand Duchess of Tuscany {#grand_duchess_of_tuscany}
On 2 August 1634 she privately married Ferdinando, while the official public marriage was celebrated on 6 April 1637. Vittoria was crowned on the next 5 July. Her inheritance was included in her dowry which was offered to the Medici. These rich art collections of the family, now in the Uffizi and Palazzo Pitti, thus became the property of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Brought up in the convent of Crocetta, Vittoria\'s education was a deeply religious one administered by the Dowager Grand Duchesses who had aligned Tuscany with the Papal States. Her education caused her to be ruled by priests in later life much to the annoyance of her liberal husband.
The marriage was consummated six years after the marriage ceremony and Vittoria gave birth to a son who died at the age of two days. Another son followed in 1640 but died at birth. Finally in 1642 the couple had another son named Cosimo de\' Medici who was styled the Grand Prince of Tuscany. Under the influence of their mother, her children also received a deeply Roman Catholic education, and arguments between the Grand Ducal couple were sparked when there was a disagreement about the education of the Grand Prince. Shortly after the birth of Cosimo, the couple became estranged: Vittoria caught her husband and a page, Count Bruto della Molera, in bed together. The incident initially caused Vittoria to refuse to speak to her husband. When she decided to try to come to terms with him, however, he declined to be reconciled, and it was almost twenty years before their quarrel was properly made up. They briefly reconciled in 1659, which resulted in the birth of their last child, Prince Francesco Maria, in 1660. The estranged couple had, at best, an unhappy marriage, and lived separately by mutual agreement for many years. Ferdinando II died in 1670 and was thus succeeded by the then Grand Prince as Cosimo III. He had been married to Marguerite Louise d\'Orléans, first cousin of Louis XIV of France, in 1661. A son, Prince Ferdinando, and a daughter, Princess Anna Maria Luisa, were born within four years, and weeks after the accession of Cosimo III, Marguerite Louise was pregnant again. Vittoria della Rovere and her haughty daughter-in-law vied with each other for power. Thanks to her influence over her son, it was Vittoria who triumphed. Cosimo III went so far as to assign his mother the day-to-day administration of Tuscany. As a result, Vittoria was formally admitted into the Grand Duke\'s *Consulta*, or \"Privy Council\", leaving an embittered Marguerite Louise to her own devices. The two Grand Duchesses frequently quarrelled over precedence and the *Consulta*, but Cosimo III always took his mother\'s side, which only fuelled the ever-growing rages of Orléans. Orléans was left to the supervision of her son, the Grand Prince Ferdinando. By early 1671, fighting between Marguerite Louise and Vittoria became so heated that a contemporary remarked that \"the Pitti Palace has become the devil\'s own abode, and from morn till midnight only the noise of wrangling and abuse could be heard\".
Vittoria employed Caterina Angiola Pieroncini as a lady-in-waiting, sending her to Paris in 1664 for training in needlework.
Vittoria triumphed when news of her daughter-in-law\'s pending departure to France came in 1674. The younger grand duchess had lived in virtual imprisonment at the Medici Villa in Poggio a Caiano outside Florence for sometime. Eventually, the Grand Ducal couple decided to separate on the condition that Orléans stay at the Abbey Saint Pierre de Montmartre in Paris. Orléans left Tuscany in 1675 never to return. As a result of the abandonment of her children, Vittoria della Rovere was made guardian of her grandchildren: Grand Prince Ferdinando, Princess Anna Maria Luisa and Prince Gian Gastone.
Retiring from politics, in her old age, she made long stays in the convent of the Montalve, known as Villa La Quiete, as well as in the Villa del Poggio Imperiale, to which she transferred some of the art collection she had inherited. Vittoria della Rovere, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, died in Pisa in 1694 at the age of seventy-two. She was buried at the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence. At her death her son Francesco Maria, Cardinal since 1686, inherited the Rovere duchies. The titles became extinct with the extinction of the House of Medici with the death of her grandson Gian Gastone de\' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1737. Her only granddaughter Electress Palatine Anna Maria Luisa willed the contents of the Medici properties to the Tuscan state in 1743. The so-called *Family Pact* ensured that Medicean art and treasures spanning over nearly three centuries would remain in Florence along with what was once Vittoria\'s inheritance.
## Issue
1. Cosimo de\' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (19 December 1639 - 21 December 1639), died in infancy.
2. A nameless daughter who died at birth (1640)
3. Cosimo III de\' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 August 1642 -- 31 October 1723), married Marguerite Louise d\'Orléans and had issue.
4. Francesco Maria de\' Medici (12 November 1660 -- 3 February 1711), married Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga. No issue
| 861 |
Vittoria della Rovere
| 1 |
7,858,927 |
**The Seven Mile Journey** is a Danish post-rock band. They have been making instrumental music since 1999, which also characterizes their debut album The Journey Studies. The basis of their music is dynamic shifts, gloomy sounds, and long and intense sound surfaces, which invite the listener to absorption.
## Discography
### Demo
- 2001 - *The Seven Mile Journey*
1. In an Eight Track Universe
2. The Mystery of Olden
3. Distant March
4. When Blizzards are Afraid
### Full-length {#full_length}
- 2006 - *The Journey Studies*
1. Through the Alter Ego Justifications
2. Passenger\'s Log, the Unity Fractions
3. Theme for the Oddmory Philosophies
4. The Murderer/Victim Monologues
- 2008 - *The Metamorphosis Project*
1. Theme for the Elthenbury Massacre
2. The Catharsis Session
3. Identity Journals (anonymous)
4. January 4 - The Hypothesis Hours
5. A Sanctuary for Lugubrious Tracy
6. Purification - The Journey Transcriptions
- 2011 - *Notes for the Synthesis*
1. Departures
2. The Alter Ego Autopsies
3. Simplicity Has a Paradox
4. The Engram Dichotomy
5. Transits
6. The Etiology Diaries
- 2016 - *Templates for Mimesis*
1. Substitutes for Oblivion
2. The Axiom Anomaly
3. Causalities
4. The Oddmory Principle
5
| 198 |
The Seven Mile Journey
| 0 |
7,858,934 |
**Christopher John McCausland** (born 15 June 1977) is an English actor and comedian. He is known to television audiences for his role as Rudi in the CBeebies show *Me Too!*. He regularly appears at comedy venues around the UK, including The Comedy Store. McCausland is blind due to retinitis pigmentosa.
In December 2024, McCausland won series 22 of BBC\'s *Strictly Come Dancing*, with professional dancer Dianne Buswell and followed by a BAFTA award in 2025.
## Early life {#early_life}
Christopher John McCausland was born on 15 June 1977 in West Derby Village in Liverpool and has lived in Surbiton, near Kingston upon Thames, since 1996, after moving there to study at Kingston University. He graduated in 2000, with a BSc Honours in Software Engineering. After a spell as a web developer, deteriorating eyesight prompted a change of direction and he worked in sales for a number of years, during which time he first performed stand-up comedy in 2003.
## Stand-up comedy {#stand_up_comedy}
McCausland first tried stand-up at a new act comedy night in a room above a pub in Balham in July 2003. Within his first year of performing, he won the *Jongleurs J2O Last Laugh* competition, came runner up in the Laughing Horse New Act of The Year and came third in Channel 4\'s So You Think You\'re Funny? competition.
Between 2005 and 2012, he took six stand-up shows to the Edinburgh Festival and in 2011 was awarded the Creative Diversity Award for comedy by a Channel 4-led panel of broadcasters which also included BBC, ITV and Sky. He has performed all over the world, including across Asia and the Middle East, and regularly travels the UK playing the country\'s top comedy clubs. He appeared on the BBC\'s *Live at the Apollo* on 4 January 2018 and hosted the show on 7 January 2022.
| 305 |
Chris McCausland
| 0 |
7,858,934 |
## Television
In 2014, McCausland fronted a national television advert for Barclays, promoting the benefits of their new talking cash machines. Also in 2014, he starred in the Jimmy McGovern drama series *Moving On*, alongside Anna Crilly and Neil Fitzmaurice. In 2012, he appeared alongside fellow comedians in Jimmy Carr\'s Comedians Special charity episode of *Celebrity Deal or No Deal*.
He appeared in three series of *At The Comedy Store* in 2008 for Paramount Comedy as well as in 2010 and 2012 for Comedy Central. In 2010, he featured in BBC One\'s end of year spoof news review, *Unwrapped with Miranda Hart*. In 2011, he appeared in ITV\'s series *Stand-up Hero*.
McCausland was also one of the principal characters in the CBeebies series *Me Too!*, playing Rudi the market trader. Filmed in 2006, it aired on CBeebies and internationally until April 2016. On 20 August 2018, he appeared in the long-running BBC soap opera *EastEnders*.
On 18 October 2019, he appeared on the BBC comedy panel show *Would I Lie to You?.*
McCausland has established himself as a regular panellist on the BBC satirical news show, *Have I Got News for You*, making seven appearances since his November 2019 debut. His most recent appearance was in May 2025.
In February 2020, he appeared on an episode of *8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown* on Channel 4. McCausland scored highly throughout the episode, playing by memory alone, and correctly guessed the difficult end of game \"*Countdown* Conundrum\" before the sighted panellists. During the show, presenter Jimmy Carr produced blindfolds for the other contestants and encouraged them to try playing without sight.
On 15 January 2021, he appeared again on the BBC One show *Would I Lie to You?*
In July 2022, Channel 4 announced McCausland would present a four-part travelogue series, provisionally titled *The Wonders of the World I Can\'t See*. The series aired in June and July 2023.
In April 2023, he was a contestant in the reality television series *Scared of the Dark*. In December 2023, he was a contestant on *Richard Osman\'s House of Games*.
In March 2024, he featured in series 13, episode 5 of *Not Going Out*, \"Train\". On 29 June 2024, his Saturday morning chatshow *The Chris McCausland Show* premiered on ITV1.
From September 2024 McCausland competed in the twenty-second series of BBC\'s *Strictly Come Dancing*, where he was partnered by professional dancer Dianne Buswell. He is the first blind contestant to appear on the show. In week 3 the couple danced a jive to the \"Wayne\'s World Theme\" and scored 30 points; in week 4 they danced a salsa to \"Down Under\" and again scored 30 points; and in week 5 they danced a waltz to \"You\'ll Never Walk Alone\" and scored 35 points. The couple became the 100th Strictly couple to perform in Blackpool. In the semi-finals they danced a Charleston and a Viennese Waltz, the latter of which scored 36 points. They were ultimately announced as the series winners.
In May 2025, the couple\'s waltz - which featured a passage of McCausland walking unaided and unsighted - won the British Academy Television Award for Memorable Moment at the 2025 British Academy Television Awards.
He appeared as a panelist on *The Big Fat Quiz of the Year* in 2024, paired with Maisie Adam. Some viewers complained that the quiz featured many visual elements, with little effort made to account for his visual impairment.
On 23 December 2024 it was announced that McCausland would deliver the annual Channel 4 Alternative Christmas message, on Christmas Day, in which he would appeal for an end to discrimination against disabled people.
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ --------------- ------- -------
2024 *Bad Tidings* Scott
## Radio
McCausland was a guest on BBC Radio 4\'s *The Museum of Curiosity* in February 2023. His hypothetical donation to this imaginary museum was \"a vinyl record\".
Since March 2023, he has hosted a Radio 4 panel game about sound clips, called *You Heard It Here First*.
In April 2024, he featured on BBC Radio 4's *Room 101*.
In January 2025, McCausland and his Strictly partner Buswell began a new podcast, called *Winning Isn\'t Everything*.
| 695 |
Chris McCausland
| 1 |
7,858,934 |
## Personal life {#personal_life}
McCausland lives with his wife and daughter.
His blindness is due to retinitis pigmentosa, a genetic condition that has affected both his mother and grandmother. McCausland had complete loss of sight by the age of 22.
He is a supporter of Liverpool F.C
| 47 |
Chris McCausland
| 2 |
7,859,003 |
**Pennsylvania\'s 25th congressional district** was one of Pennsylvania\'s districts of the United States House of Representatives.
## Geography
In 1903, the district was drawn to cover Crawford and Erie counties, which had been its original area 60 years earlier.
The district was again moved in 1922, when it was redrawn to cover Washington and Greene counties.
In 1942, the boundaries of the district were redrawn without actually moving it for the first time. Greene County was transferred to the 24th District while parts of Allegheny County south and west of down-town Pittsburgh were moved to the 25th District. In 1944, the district boundaries were totally redrawn. It now consisted of Beaver, Butler and Lawrence counties. These boundaries were then redrawn in 1972, with a small strip of northern Allegheny County being put in the 25th district.
The district was eliminated in 1983.
## Demographics
In 1902, the district was drawn to cover an area with a population of 162,116. Only 4 of Pennsylvania\'s 30 districts had fewer people at this point. Some Pennsylvania districts had over 250,000 people at this point. 0.4% of the population of what would be the 25th district in 1902 was black in 1900.
## History
This district was created in 1833. In 1853, it consisted of Crawford County, Pennsylvania and Erie County, Pennsylvania at this point. The district had a population of 76,591.
It was eliminated in 1863. This district was recreated in 1873. The district was held at-large until 1875. In 1875, it was made a geographical district covering Forest County, Pennsylvania, Clarion County, Pennsylvania, Jefferson County, Pennsylvania, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania and Indiana County, Pennsylvania. It had a population of 131,663. In 1888, Pennsylvania congressional districts were redrawn because there was a decision to make Pennsylvania\'s 28th congressional district a geographical district and end its election at large. The 25th district was shifted to cover Butler County, Pennsylvania, Beaver County, Pennsylvania, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania and Mercer County, Pennsylvania. These would remain the boundaries until 1912.
The district was eliminated as a result of the redistricting cycle after the 1980 census.
| 346 |
Pennsylvania's 25th congressional district
| 0 |
7,859,003 |
## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district}
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Member | Party | Years | Cong\ | Electoral history |
| | | | ress | |
+================================================================================+================================+=================================+=======+=========================================================================================+
| District established March 4, 1833 | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Jacksonian | nowrap \| March 4, 1833 --\ | | Elected in 1832.\ |
| **John Gailbraith**\ | | March 3, 1837 | | Re-elected in 1834.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Franklin, Pennsylvania|Franklin]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | `{{Data missing<!--start+end-->|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1837 --\ | | Elected in 1836.\ |
| **Arnold Plumer**\ | | March 3, 1839 | | `{{Data missing<!--start+end-->|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
| `{{Small|([[Franklin, Pennsylvania|Franklin]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1839 --\ | | Elected in 1838.\ |
| **John Gailbraith**\ | | March 3, 1841 | | `{{Data missing<!--start+end-->|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
| `{{Small|([[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1841 --\ | | Elected in 1840.\ |
| **Arnold Plumer**\ | | March 3, 1843 | | `{{Data missing<!--start+end-->|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
| `{{Small|([[Franklin, Pennsylvania|Franklin]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| District dissolved March 3, 1843 | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| District re-established March 4, 1853 | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap rowspan=3 align=left \| \ | \| Whig | nowrap \| March 4, 1853 --\ | | Elected in 1852.\ |
| **John Dick**\ | | March 3, 1855 | | Re-elected in 1854.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Meadville, Pennsylvania|Meadville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1856.\ |
| | | | | `{{Data missing<!--start+end-->|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| Opposition | nowrap \| March 4, 1855 --\ | | | |
| | March 3, 1857 | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1857 --\ | | | |
| | March 3, 1859 | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1859 --\ | | Elected in 1858.\ |
| **Elijah Babbitt**\ | | March 3, 1863 | | Re-elected in 1860.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | `{{Data missing<!--start+end-->|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| District dissolved March 3, 1863 | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| District re-established March 4, 1875 | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1875 --\ | | Elected in 1874.\ |
| **George A. Jenks**\ | | March 3, 1877 | | `{{Data missing<!--start+end-->|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} |
| `{{Small|([[Brookville, Pennsylvania|Brookville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1877 --\ | | Elected in 1876.\ |
| **Harry White**\ | | March 3, 1881 | | Re-elected in 1878.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Indiana, Pennsylvania|Indiana]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Greenback | nowrap \| March 4, 1881 --\ | | Elected in 1880.\ |
| **James Mosgrove**\ | | March 3, 1883 | | Retired. |
| `{{Small|([[Kittanning, Pennsylvania|Kittanning]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **John D. Patton**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1883 --\ | | Elected in 1882.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Indiana, Pennsylvania|Indiana]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1885 | | Retired. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1885 --\ | | Elected in 1884.\ |
| **Alexander C. White**\ | | March 3, 1887 | | Retired. |
| `{{Small|([[Brookville, Pennsylvania|Brookville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1887 --\ | | Elected in 1886.\ |
| **James T. Maffett**\ | | March 3, 1889 | | Retired. |
| `{{Small|([[Clarion, Pennsylvania|Clarion]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1889 --\ | | Elected in 1888.\ |
| **Charles C. Townsend**\ | | March 3, 1891 | | Retired. |
| `{{Small|([[New Brighton, Pennsylvania|New Brighton]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1891 --\ | | Elected in 1890.\ |
| **Eugene P. Gillespie**\ | | March 3, 1893 | | Lost re-election. |
| `{{Small|([[Greenville, Pennsylvania|Greenville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1893 --\ | | Elected in 1892.\ |
| **Thomas W. Phillips**\ | | March 3, 1897 | | Re-elected in 1894.\ |
| `{{Small|([[New Castle, Pennsylvania|New Castle]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 4, 1897 --\ | | James J. Davidson was elected in 1896 but died on January 2, 1897. |
| | | April 20, 1897 | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| April 20, 1897 --\ | | Elected to finish Davidson\'s term.\ |
| **Joseph B. Showalter**\ | | March 3, 1903 | | Re-elected in 1898.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Butler, Pennsylvania|Butler]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1900.\ |
| | | | | Retired. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1903 --\ | | Redistricted from the `{{ushr|Pennsylvania|26|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1902.\ |
| **Arthur L. Bates**\ | | March 3, 1913 | | Re-elected in 1904.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Meadville, Pennsylvania|Meadville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1906.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1908.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1910.\ |
| | | | | Retired. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1913 --\ | | Elected in 1912.\ |
| **Milton W. Shreve**\ | | March 3, 1915 | | Lost re-election. |
| `{{Small|([[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1915 --\ | | Elected in 1914.\ |
| **Michael Liebel Jr.**\ | | March 3, 1917 | | Retired. |
| `{{Small|([[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1917 --\ | | Elected in 1916.\ |
| **Henry A. Clark**\ | | March 3, 1919 | | Retired. |
| `{{Small|([[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1919 --\ | | Elected in 1918\ |
| **Milton W. Shreve**\ | | March 3, 1921 | | Re-elected in 1920.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|Pennsylvania|29|C}}`{=mediawiki}. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | \| Independent Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1921 --\ | | |
| | | March 3, 1923 | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1923 --\ | | Redistricted from the `{{ushr|Pennsylvania|24|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1922.\ |
| **Henry W. Temple**\ | | March 3, 1933 | | Re-elected in 1924.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Washington, Pennsylvania|Washington]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1926.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1928.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1930.\ |
| | | | | Lost re-election. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1933 --\ | | Elected in 1932.\ |
| **Charles I. Faddis**\ | | December 4, 1942 | | Re-elected in 1934.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Waynesburg, Pennsylvania|Waynesburg]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1936.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1938.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1940.\ |
| | | | | Lost renomination.\ |
| | | | | Resigned to join the United States Army. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Vacant* | | nowrap \| December 4, 1942 --\ | | |
| | | January 3, 1943 | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1943 --\ | | Elected in 1942.\ |
| **Grant Furlong**\ | | January 3, 1945 | | Lost renomination. |
| `{{Small|([[Donora, Pennsylvania|Donora]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 1945 --\ | | Redistricted from the `{{ushr|Pennsylvania|26|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1944.\ |
| **Louis E. Graham**\ | | January 3, 1955 | | Re-elected in 1946.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Beaver, Pennsylvania|Beaver]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1948.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1950.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1952.\ |
| | | | | Lost re-election. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1955 --\ | | Elected in 1954.\ |
| **Frank M. Clark**\ | | December 31, 1974 | | Re-elected in 1956.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Bessemer, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania|Bessemer]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1958.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1960.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1962.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1964.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1966.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1968.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1970.\ |
| | | | | Re-elected in 1972.\ |
| | | | | Lost re-election. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Vacant* | | nowrap \| December 31, 1974 --\ | | |
| | | January 3, 1975 | | |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 1975 --\ | | Elected in 1974.\ |
| **Gary A. Myers**\ | | January 3, 1979 | | Re-elected in 1976.\ |
| `{{Small|([[Butler, Pennsylvania|Butler]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| nowrap rowspan=2 align=left \| \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1979 --\ | | Elected in 1978.\ |
| **Eugene Atkinson**\ | | October 14, 1981 | | Re-elected in 1980
| 1,644 |
Pennsylvania's 25th congressional district
| 1 |
7,859,006 |
**Medel** (`{{IPA|rm|ˈmɛːdəl|-|roh-sursilvan-Medel.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the Surselva Region in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.
## History
Medel (Lucmagn) is first mentioned in 1315 as *de valle Mederis*.
## Geography
Medel (Lucmagn) has an area, `{{as of|2006|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, of 136.2 km2. Of this area, 17.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while 14.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (66.8%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
Before 2017, the municipality was located in the Disentis sub-district of the Surselva district, after 2017 it was part of the Surselva Region. It is located in the Medelserrhein river basin. It includes the 16 km long Medel Valley, which connects Upper Graubünden with the canton of Ticino. It consists of a number of settlements at an elevation of 1332 -. These include: Curaglia (main village), Soliva, Mutschnengia, Platta, Drual/Matergia, Pardé, Fuorns and S. Gions. The municipality also includes about 50 abandoned farm houses and summer herding camps, including Pali, Biscuolm and Casura. Until 1943 Medel (Lucmagn) was known as Medels im Oberland.
## Demographics
Medel (Lucmagn) has a population (as of `{{Swiss populations date|CH-GR}}`{=mediawiki}) of `{{Swiss populations|CH-GR|3983}}`{=mediawiki}.`{{Swiss populations ref|CH-GR}}`{=mediawiki} `{{as of|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, 1.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -10.1%. Most of the population (`{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) speaks Romansh (92.8%), with German being second most common (5.7%) and Italian third (0.4%).
, the gender distribution of the population was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. The age distribution, `{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, in Medel (Lucmagn) is; 74 children or 15.7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 47 teenagers or 10.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 21 people or 4.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 79 people or 16.8% are between 30 and 39, 52 people or 11.1% are between 40 and 49, and 31 people or 6.6% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 58 people or 12.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 69 people or 14.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 33 people or 7.0% who are between 80 and 89 there are 6 people or 1.3% who are between 90 and 99.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 67% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (19.4%), the SP (10%) and the FDP (3.6%).
In Medel (Lucmagn) about 53.7% of the population (between age 25--64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).
Medel (Lucmagn) has an unemployment rate of 0.7%. `{{as of|2005}}`{=mediawiki}, there were 85 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 37 businesses involved in this sector. 13 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 5 businesses in this sector. 57 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 16 businesses in this sector
| 505 |
Medel (Lucmagn)
| 0 |
7,859,011 |
**Kalekovets** (*Калековец*) is a village in Maritsa Municipality, Plovdiv Province, Bulgaria. As of 2006 it has 2,613 inhabitants.
## Geography
The village is 14 km northeast of Plovdiv. Nearer to Plovdiv is the village Voivodinovo, and after Kalekovets the village Stryama. The town Rakovski is also located in the vicinity. The village itself is 180 meters above sea level and is almost in the center of the Upper Thracian Plane. Its area is 17,000 ha. Near the village, at about 1 km northeast, the river Stryama can be found.
## History
The village was created at around 1711 by a Turkish feudal lord, who hired 17 workers to work on his land. Later, he gave them land and they settled there and began 17 families.
During the ages, the land was covered in trees: oaks, elms, and other evergreens, which helped the villagers to make charcoal and were sold outside the village as well.
## Culture
There is a community center in which citizens can learn traditional dances and singing. The library is also located in the building. Around 380 children attend the village\'s school.
## Celebrations
On 24 May, a traditional festival is held in Kalekovets.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
Maria Atanasova is the first woman commander of a heavy-type airplane in the world and the first commander of a nuclear-powered passenger airplane in Bulgaria
| 226 |
Kalekovets
| 0 |
7,859,018 |
The **Beretta 90-Two** is a series of semi-automatic pistols designed and manufactured by Beretta of Italy. It was released in 2006 as an enhanced version of the Beretta 92, and is produced in 9×19mm, 9×21mm IMI and .40 S&W versions.
The 90-Two has been replaced by the 92A1/96A1 in Beretta\'s lineup (see the Beretta 92 article).
## Overview
The most obvious difference between the 92 series and 90-Two series pistols is the appearance; the 90-Two series have an \"ergonomically enhanced\" design, with a \"technopolymer\" interchangeable wrap-around style grip allowing users to choose grips that work better with either large or small hands. Also notable is an accessory rail on the dust cover of the pistol, allowing various light/laser accessories to be attached. Similar to the 92 series, the frame is constructed of a light alloy, and the slide and barrel are constructed of steel.
The slide is also in itself a whole new design. The rough edges in the previous 92 models were smoothed out, for a more \"snag-free\" design. Included with the pistol is an accessory rail cover, which protects the rail when an accessory is not attached.
Magazine capacities available for the 90-Two 9×19mm are: 10-round single-stack, 15 or 17-round double-stack; the 90-Two 9×21mm IMI: 15 round double-stack, the 90-Two .40 S&W: 10 or 12 round double-stack.
The 90-Two also features an internal recoil buffer and upgraded sight points, with a 5 mm increased length between them.
## Specifications
- Caliber: 9×19mm, 9×21mm IMI, .40 S&W
- Magazine capacity: 17 rounds (9×19mm), 15 rounds (9×21mm IMI), 10 or 12 rounds (.40 S&W)
- Length: 8.5 in
- Height: 5.5 in
- Width: 1.5 in
- Barrel length: 4.94 in
- Weight unloaded: 32.5 oz
## Variants
### Calibers
The 90-Two series of pistols comes in 9mm, 9×21mm IMI, and .40 S&W versions. The model name and number do not denote caliber.
### Operation
**Type F** is a double/single-action (DA/SA) pistol with a manual safety that also serves as a hammer decocking lever. It operates in the same way as the Beretta 92F (M9) service pistol. Pushing the slide mounted safety lever down returns the hammer to its \"down\" position and also disconnects the trigger so that the pistol cannot be fired until the safety lever is pushed up into the \"fire\" position. There is also a half-cock safety notch.
**Type G** is a DA/SA pistol similar to the Type F, but there is no manual safety feature. The \"safety\" lever serves only as a hammer decocker. This action is similar to that of most SIG pistols.
**Type D** is a double-action-only (DAO) pistol. The hammer follows the slide to the uncocked position with every shot, requiring a double-action trigger pull for each shot. There is no manual safety, half-cock hammer notch, or hammer drop lever. The Type D is a self-loading pistol that operates like a \"hammerless\" double-action revolver. The Type D has an exposed hammer but it cannot be manually cocked.
## Beretta 92A1 {#beretta_92a1}
Announced at the 2010 SHOT Show, the Beretta 92A1 incorporates the internal design and Picatinny rail of the 90-Two with the overall shape and styling of the 92FS.
## Gallery
Image:Beretta90TWO.JPG\|Slide open with a SureFire flashlight mounted on the Picatinny rail Image:Beretta 90 TWO field-stripped.JPG\|Field stripped, with a 17-round magazine Image:Beretta 90TWO Picatinny bottom.JPG\|Bottom view of the Picatinny rail Image:Beretta 90TWO Picatinny side
| 561 |
Beretta 90two
| 0 |
7,859,030 |
**Eric Boehlert** (December 6, 1965 -- April 4, 2022) was an American journalist, writer, and media critic. He was a senior fellow at Media Matters for America for ten years and a staff writer at both *Salon* and *Billboard*.
In 2020, Boehlert started a digital newsletter, *Press Run*, as a venue for his commentary. He described it as \"an unfiltered, passionate, and proudly progressive critique of the political press in the age of Trump.\"
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Boehlert was born on December 6, 1965, in Utica, New York. As a child, Boehlert lived with his family in Indiana before moving to Guilford, Connecticut. He had three siblings, Bart, Thom, and Cynthia. Standing 6 ft in height, he played guard on his high school basketball team.
Boehlert attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he received a bachelor\'s degree in Middle Eastern Studies in 1988.
## Career
As a music writer, Boehlert was a contributing editor to *Rolling Stone* and was hired as a senior staff writer at *Billboard* in 1992. He later became a senior writer at *Salon*, a news and opinion website. Writing at *Billboard*, Boehlert investigated corporate malfeasance in the music business. When Pearl Jam filed a complaint with the U.S. Justice Department against Ticketmaster in 1994, Boehlert wrote a series of reports, many of which were featured on the front page of *Billboard*.
At *Salon*, Boehlert won the 2002 American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers\' Deems Taylor Award for music journalism for a series of articles in 2001 on the radio industry, in which he wrote about Clear Channel Communications\' dominance of the radio and concert businesses. The series was also shortlisted for the Gerald Loeb Award for Distinguished Business and Financial Journalism. `{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?189540-1/lapdogs-press-rolled-bush Presentation by Boehlert on ''Lapdogs'', July 19, 2006], [[C-SPAN]]}}`{=mediawiki}
In 2006, Boehlert joined Media Matters for America (MMFA), a content analysis organization. The same year, Boehlert released his book *Lapdogs: How the Press Rolled Over for Bush*, where he argued that the mainstream press insufficiently scrutinized the George W. Bush administration. His 2009 book, *Bloggers on the Bus*, covered the emergence of blogging in U.S. politics. Its title plays on the title of Timothy Crouse\'s *The Boys on the Bus* (1973) that details life on the road for reporters covering the presidential campaign during 1972.
Boehlert was a vocal critic of both Donald Trump and the media coverage surrounding him. Boehlert remained at MMFA for ten years, eventually being promoted to senior fellow, before launching his own online newsletter, *Press Run*, on the Substack platform in 2020. He wrote that he started the liberal newsletter because \"we can\'t fix America if we don\'t fix the press\", and in February 2020 he declared, \"When a radical White House player is eagerly chipping away at our freedoms and the Constitution, we need the press to stand up to the unprecedented challenge at hand---a press corps that doesn\'t wallow in \'Both Sides\' journalism as a way to escape the wrath from Republicans.\" In his thrice-weekly commentaries, Boehlert frequently contended that reporters for many publications, especially *The New York Times*, were unfairly critical of Democrats while being overly deferential toward Republicans. In his final article for *Press Run*, published on the day he died, he questioned coverage by journalists of the Biden administration, writing that the news media was minimizing the achievements of the president.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
Boehlert was married to Tracy Breslin for 29 years and they had two children. He lived in Montclair, New Jersey, where he was active in various community organizations, including the Commonwealth Club, a social club, where he played on the club\'s bowling team.
Boehlert was an avid cyclist and his wife said that he often biked at night, wearing reflective gear and using lights on his bicycle. While biking on the evening of April 4, 2022, he was struck and killed by an eastbound NJ Transit train that was coming into Watchung Avenue station in Montclair. Investigators said on April 11 that the safety equipment at the train station was working properly at the time of the crash. A spokesman for NJ Transit confirmed that the lights were flashing and the gates were down, saying, \"The investigation indicated that safety mechanisms were working as intended at North Fullerton\".
| 723 |
Eric Boehlert
| 0 |
7,859,030 |
## Legacy
He was memorialized by commentator Soledad O\'Brien, who called him a \"fierce and fearless defender of the truth\", and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who praised his \"critical work to counteract misinformation and media bias\". Historian Heather Cox Richardson lamented the loss of his criticism of what he identified as the misguided focus of media during a crucial period in a battle between democracy and authoritarianism, both nationally and internationally
| 73 |
Eric Boehlert
| 1 |
7,859,035 |
**Lubhuku** is a village in eastern Eswatini in Lubombo Region. It lies about 30 kilometres west of Siteki and 60 kilometres north of Big Bend and Mayaluka on the western side of the Lubombo Mountains
| 35 |
Lubhuku
| 0 |
7,859,039 |
**Pigniu** (*\'\'\'Panix\'\'\'*) is a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Its official language is Romansh. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Pigniu, Castrisch, Ilanz, Ladir, Luven, Pitasch, Riein, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein, Duvin, Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion.
## History
Pigniu was probably settled from Andiast. The name *Pingyow* first appears in 1403. The German name *Panix* is first mentioned in 1522. Until 1984 Pigniu was known as Pigniu/Panix.
The Church of St. Valentin was dedicated in 1465 and was a popular goal of pilgrimages. Until 1667, Pigniu had its own parish.
On 7 October 1799, the Russian Army under command of Field Marshal Suvorov crossed the Pigniu pass.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is *Gules St. Valentin clad Or and Argent holding his dexter in blessing and in sinister a crosier of the second standing above an ill Boy clad Sable.* The coat of arms comes from the seal of a patron of the parish church.
## Geography
Before the merger, Pigniu had a total area of 18.0 km2. Of this area, 36% is used for agricultural purposes, while 14.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (48.8%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
The former municipality is located in the Rueun sub-district of the Surselva district. It borders on the canton of Glarus at the entrance to Panix Pass. It lies on the old Alpine road into Italy over Lukmanier Pass.
Lag da Pigniu is a reservoir above the village.
| 274 |
Pigniu
| 0 |
7,859,039 |
## Demographics
Pigniu had a population (as of 2011) of 33. `{{As of|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, 5.7% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -29.6%. Most of the population (`{{As of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) speaks Romansh (91.1%), with the rest speaking German (8.9%).
, the gender distribution of the population was 50.0% male and 50.0% female. The age distribution, `{{As of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, in Pigniu is; 7 children or 15.6% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 9 teenagers or 20.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 4 people or 8.9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 6 people or 13.3% are between 30 and 39, 9 people or 20.0% are between 40 and 49, and 2 people or 4.4% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 1person is between 60 and 69 years old, 5 people or 11.1% are between 70 and 79, there is 1 person who is between 80 and 89, and there is 1 person who is between 90 and 99.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 72.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CVP (16.9%), the FDP (10.8%) and the SP (0%).
In Pigniu about 68.4% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*). The historical population is given in the following table:
year population
------ ------------
1850 70
1900 61
1920 87
1950 78
2000 45
2010 28
## Economy
Pigniu is a traditional farming community with no industry or commercial establishments. The school was closed in 1974. Since 1972, it has been supported by neighboring Schlieren.
Pigniu has an unemployment rate of 0.93%. `{{As of|2005}}`{=mediawiki}, there were 5 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 3 businesses involved in this sector. No one is employed in the secondary sector and there are no businesses in this sector. 1 person is employed in the tertiary sector, with 1 business in this sector.
## Weather
Pigniu has an average of 166.3 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 1347 mm of precipitation. The wettest month is August during which time Pigniu receives an average of 141 mm of rain or snow. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 16 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is May, with an average of 16.6, but with only 124 mm of rain or snow. The driest month of the year is October with an average of 90 mm of precipitation over 16 days
| 455 |
Pigniu
| 1 |
7,859,041 |
Anthemius (disambiguation)}}
**Anthemius** (Greek: Άνθέμιος, `{{floruit}}`{=mediawiki} 400--414) was a statesman of the Later Roman Empire. He is notable as a praetorian prefect of the East in the later reign of Arcadius and the first years of Theodosius II, during which time he led the government of the Eastern Roman Empire on behalf of the child emperor and supervised the construction of the first set of the Theodosian Walls.
## Biography
Anthemius was the grandson of Flavius Philippus, praetorian prefect of the East in 346. He rose to prominence during the reign of Arcadius, when he was appointed *comes sacrarum largitionum* (\"Count of the Sacred Largesses\") around or in 400 and later *magister officiorum* (\"Master of the Offices\") in 404. He occupied the latter position during the disturbances which followed John Chrysostom\'s final deposition from the patriarchate (Easter, 404). John\'s enemies demanded troops from him with which to disperse the crowd. At first he refused, but then yielded, declaring that they were responsible for the consequences.
In 405 he was appointed consul for the Eastern Roman Empire (with Stilicho as a colleague for the Western Empire). After the death of the *Augusta* Eudoxia he succeeded Eutychianus in the same year as praetorian prefect of the East, becoming thus the second most powerful man in the Eastern Empire after the Emperor himself. On April 28, 406, he was elevated to the rank of *patricius*. The esteem in which he was held by some can be seen from Chrysostom\'s letter of congratulations to him on his appointment to the praetorian prefecture, saying that \"the office was more honoured by his tenure than he by the office\". During the remaining years of Arcadius\' reign he tried to maintain the autonomy and integrity of the Eastern Empire despite continuous challenges. According to some Eastern sources antagonistic to Stilicho, the Western general desired to take over the prefecture of Illyricum from the East. At the same time, Anthemius had to deal with the presence of Alaric I and his Gothic people in the Illyricum, and the continued insurgency of the Isaurians, who were devastating the southern provinces of Asia Minor. Furthermore, the court led by Anthemius passed a number of new laws against paganism, Judaism and heresy.
When Arcadius died in 408, his son and successor Theodosius II was a child of seven years. Anthemius assumed leadership, with an unusual longevity as praetorian prefect. He initiated a new peace treaty with Sassanid Persia, and, thanks also to Stilicho\'s death, was able to contribute in restoring harmony in the relations of the Imperial courts of Constantinople and Ravenna. He strengthened the fleet of the Danube, which protected the provinces of Moesia and Scythia, after the successful repulsion of an invasion in 409 by the Hunnic king Uldin.
He furthermore regulated the grain supply of Constantinople, which came chiefly from Egypt and was under the authority of the urban prefect. In the past, shortages had occurred due to the lack of available ships, resulting in famines, the most recent one being in 408. In 409 therefore, Anthemius reorganized the grain transport and granted tax remits to the transporters, took measures to procure grain from elsewhere, and created an emergency fund for the procurement and distribution of corn to the citizens. He also took measures to ensure the regular collection of taxes (409), but in 414, he also gave a tax remit of all arrears for the years 368--407.
The one work of Anthemius\' that is still standing today is the main wall of the Theodosian Walls. In the early 5th century, Constantinople had begun to outgrow the bounds set by Constantine the Great, and so Anthemius initiated the construction of a new wall, about 1,500 m westwards from the old one, which stretched for 6.5 kilometers between the Sea of Marmara and the suburb of Blachernae near the Golden Horn. The extended new wall was completed in 413 and almost doubled the size of the city, a feat for which Bury later called him \"in a sense, the second founder of Constantinople\".
In 414, Anthemius suddenly disappeared from the scene, while the prefecture was assumed by Monaxius. His fate remains unknown; some historians postulate he was dismissed by *Augusta* Pulcheria, while other scholars argue he retired or died of old age. After his departure, his descendants still retained political power. Through his daughter\'s marriage to *magister militum* Procopius, he became maternal grandfather to the later Western Emperor Anthemius. He was also the father of Anthemius Isidorus, praetorian prefect of the East in 435-436 and Eastern Consul in 436. According to a legendary saint\'s life, he had a daughter named Apolinaria who lived as a monk
| 777 |
Anthemius (praetorian prefect)
| 0 |
7,859,049 |
**Hrotti** is a sword in the Völsung cycle (*Fáfnismál*, *Völsunga saga*, 20). It was a part of Fáfnir\'s treasure, which Sigurðr took after he slew the dragon. Kemp Malone suggested that *Hrotti* was etymologically related to *Hrunting*
| 37 |
Hrotti
| 0 |
7,859,054 |
**Voisil** or Voysil (*Войсил*) is a village in Maritsa Municipality, Plovdiv Province, southern Bulgaria. `{{As of|2006}}`{=mediawiki} the village has 981 inhabitants
| 21 |
Voisil
| 0 |
7,859,059 |
**Hyner View State Park** is a 6 acre Pennsylvania state park in Chapman Township, Clinton County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is 6 mi east of Renovo and 3 mi north of Hyner on Pennsylvania Route 120 (Route 120 here is also known as Bucktail State Park Natural Area). Hyner View State Park is surrounded by Sproul State Forest. Hyner View State Park is 5 mi from Hyner Run State Park and is administered from there. The lookout area is bordered by a large stone wall that was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression. The current access road from Hyner Run State park was built in 1949 (it also connects to a dirt road that leads to Pennsylvania Route 44). After the new access road opened, the first Flaming Fall Foliage Festival was held at the park. It has since outgrown the park and is currently held in nearby Renovo. The park was officially transferred to the Bureau of State Parks in 1965.
The park overlook is at an elevation of 1940 ft above sea level. The West Branch Susquehanna River here is at an elevation of 640 ft, so the overlook is 1300 ft above the river. Hyner View State Park was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and its Bureau of Parks as one of \"25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks\".
The park is the location of a scenic lookout and a contains a launching point for hang gliding. Visitors to Hyner View State Park can see the West Branch Susquehanna River for many miles both up and downstream. Hang gliders can be launched from a ramp just below the lookout wall and glide over the river valley. The park has a small picnic area, a parking area, and restrooms.
## Fire Wardens Monument {#fire_wardens_monument}
Hyner View State Park is the site of a monument to the state\'s forest fire wardens, erected in 1965 by the Forest Inspectors Association. The monument consists of a large monolith with a plaque reading \"*1915 - 1965 Dedicated to the Forest Fire Wardens of Pennsylvania in recognition of their faithful service to the Commonwealth during the past fifty years*\".
The monolith is at the head of a low, keystone-shaped concrete wall. On each of the two long sides of the keystone are ten stones, one for each of the twenty state forests in Pennsylvania. Each stone is a rough cube in shape and each was taken from its respective state forest
| 419 |
Hyner View State Park
| 0 |
7,859,083 |
**Monica Tzasna Arriola Gordillo** (14 May 1971 -- 14 March 2016) was a Mexican politician affiliated with the New Alliance Party.
She died of brain cancer on 14 March 2016 in Mexico City.
## Personal life and education {#personal_life_and_education}
Arriola Gordillo was the daughter of Elba Esther Gordillo. She got her bachelor\'s degree in Latin American literature from the Universidad Iberoamericana.
## Political career {#political_career}
Arriola was a member of the New Alliance Party who in 2006 secured a seat in the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico via proportional representation to serve during the LX Legislature. In October 2006 she traveled to other Latin American countries with Felipe Calderón during the first overseas trip of Calderon as president-elect of Mexico
| 120 |
Mónica Arriola Gordillo
| 0 |
7,859,084 |
**Pitasch** is a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Pitasch, Castrisch, Ilanz, Ladir, Luven, Riein, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein, Duvin, Pigniu, Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion.
## History
Pitasch is first mentioned about 801--50 as *Pictaui* though this comes from a 16th-century copy of the lost original. In 960 it was mentioned as *in Pictaso*.
## Geography
Before the merger, Pitasch had a total area of 10.8 km2. Of this area, 31.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 49.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.5% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (18%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
The former municipality is located in the Ilanz sub-district of the Surselva district. Before 2000 it was part of the Glenner district. It is located south of Ilanz on a terrace between the Val Renastga and the Val da Pitasch on the old road between Castrisch over the *Güner Kreuz* to Safien.
## Demographics
Pitasch had a population (as of 2011) of 106. `{{as of|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, 2.7% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -0.9%. Most of the population (`{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) speaks Romansh(60.2%), with the rest speaking German (39.8%).
, the gender distribution of the population was 52.2% male and 47.8% female. The age distribution, `{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, in Pitasch is; 19 children or 16.1% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 26 teenagers or 22.0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 8 people or 6.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 21 people or 17.8% are between 30 and 39, 16 people or 13.6% are between 40 and 49, and 11 people or 9.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 10 people or 8.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 6 people or 5.1% are between 70 and 79, there is 1 person who is between 80 and 89.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 41.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (26.5%), the SP (20.9%) and the CVP (11.2%).
In Pitasch about 70.1% of the population (between age 25--64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).
Pitasch has an unemployment rate of 2.05%. `{{as of|2005}}`{=mediawiki}, there were 20 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. people are employed in the secondary sector and there are businesses in this sector. 6 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 3 businesses in this sector.
The historical population is given in the following table:
year population
------ ------------
1850 96
1900 105
1950 125
2000 118
## Heritage sites of national significance {#heritage_sites_of_national_significance}
The Swiss Reformed Church building in Pitasch is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
The Reformed Church was built in the mid-12th century into its current form. The church floorplan is a single nave church with a single half round apse. The interior murals date to about 1420, and on the exterior south wall is a mural of St. Martin and St. Christopher from the studio of the unknown Waltensburg Master which was painted about 1340.
<File:Pitasch> Kirche.jpg\|Exterior of the Church in Pitasch <File:Kirche> Pitasch innen.jpg\|Interior of the church <File:Kirche> Pitasch Christoforus.jpg\|St
| 594 |
Pitasch
| 0 |
7,859,085 |
**St Andrew\'s Catholic School** is a Christian secondary school and sixth form college in Grange Road, Ottways Lane, Leatherhead, close to the town of Epsom, Surrey, England. Originally a convent back in the 19th century, St Andrews School was transformed into a school in 1901; it consists of three main buildings: the central building dating back to the 1900s, a sixth form and performance arts building, finished in 2008, and the Earl building which accommodates History, Geography and Languages, finished in 2017. Named in memory of John Earl who served as Chair of Governors.
The school is on the boundary of Leatherhead and Ashtead and is primarily a faith school, and has links with the local diocese and churches.
The school holds Specialist Maths and Computing College status and is one of the top 10 most popular schools in Surrey.
Due to growing demand, St Andrew\'s School has grown from 600 pupils in 2003 to 934 pupils in 2013 and to 1457 in 2020. The school is forecasted to continue to expand.
## Awards
As of 2022 St Andrew\'s is the Times newspaper\'s Comprehensive School of The Year.
This is in addition to St Andrew\'s being named a World Class school. One of only 34 in the country.
## Sixth Form {#sixth_form}
In 2003 the St Andrew\'s Sixth Form was small with only 39 students but has now grown to have a capacity of 300.
## History
### 19th Century {#th_century}
The school was originally founded as a convent in the 19th century.
### 20th Century {#th_century_1}
#### Second World War {#second_world_war}
During the Second World War, in the spring of 1941, St Andrew\'s Convent School was bombed and left badly damaged by a parachute mine. The nuns evacuated, turning the ruined building over to the country. This provided a training premises for the Surrey County Civil Defence and Rescue School (set up in 1940), and run by the founder Eric Claxton, to train for bringing bomb victims out of damaged buildings.
## Ofsted
Ofsted inspections gave the school a Satisfactory grade in 2007 and 2010. This improved to the school receiving an Ofsted result of Outstanding in 2012, which was maintained in an inspection in May 2024.
## School links {#school_links}
This School has close links to Secondary schools such as Salesian School, a split-site Roman Catholic comprehensive secondary school in Chertsey, Surrey.
1. Winner of the Barbara Lee Cup for Operatic Aria - *Redhill & Reigate Music Festival*, May 2013
2
| 413 |
St Andrew's Catholic School
| 0 |
7,859,093 |
**Mpaka** is a town in eastern central Eswatini in western Lubombo District. It lies about 22 km northwest of Siteki on the MR3 highway. It has a defunct coal mine, though some corporate entities are looking into re-starting coal production in the area which continues to be controversial.
## Transports
Mpaka has one of the main railway stations in the country, serving as a connection between the Goba railway (Siphofaneni-Mpaka-Mlawula) and the Komatipoort railway (Mpaka-Mananga). It is connected to the MR3 highway
| 82 |
Mpaka
| 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.