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**Skutare** (*Скутаре*) is a village in the Maritsa Municipality, southern Bulgaria on the two banks of the Avramica River. `{{As of|2006}}`{=mediawiki} it has 2 091 inhabitants. Skutare is situated 9 km from the city of Plovdiv. A major foreign plant (Bulsafil, Italian) producing fabrics was built in the village and was one of the first large investment projects in the region
| 61 |
Skutare
| 0 |
7,859,102 |
**Sligo railway station**, also known as **MacDiarmada station** (*Stáisiún Mhic Dhiarmada*), is a mainline railway station which serves the town of Sligo in County Sligo, Ireland. It is a terminal station which now has two platforms and an intermediate carriage siding. The railway at the station is elevated above the surrounding streets and the station building dominates its surrounds. There is a passing loop at the approach to the station. It is named after Irish patriot Seán Mac Diarmada. Iarnród Éireann, Ireland\'s national railway operator, runs inter-city rail services between Sligo and Dublin on the Dublin-Sligo railway line.
## History
The station opened on 3 December 1862, when the Midland Great Western Railway extended their `{{rws|Longford}}`{=mediawiki} branch to Sligo, adding rail links to the town from Dublin. The Sligo, Leitrim and Northern Counties Railway linked to Enniskillen to the north in 1881 and the Waterford and Limerick Railway (later the Great Southern and Western Railway) followed with a link to Limerick and the south in 1895. The line to Enniskillen closed in 1957 and passenger services to Limerick closed in 1963.
The station building was burned down and destroyed on 11 January 1923 during the Irish Civil War. Seven engines were sent down the line to the quay and one crashed through a concrete wall into the harbour.
The station formerly had two intermediate carriage sidings rather than one. The southern platform was previously shorter and included a small bay platform. There was a depot previously to the south of the line to the east of the station, the building is now demolished. The turntable was used for turning steam locomotives and later proved useful for turning 121 Class single cabbed diesel locomotives.
### Naming
In 1966, Sligo railway station was renamed Mac Diarmada Station after Irish rebel Seán Mac Diarmada from County Leitrim.
## Freight terminal {#freight_terminal}
There is a line to the mothballed freight terminal which curves off to the north and downward just before the station. The facility includes a large crane for handling containers.
## Connections
Sligo bus station is at street level adjacent to south side of the station.
## Gallery
<File:Sligo> Station - geograph.org.uk - 2238741.jpg\|Sligo Station in 1993 <File:Engine> shed, Sligo - geograph.org.uk - 1461369.jpg\|Sligo station engine shed which has now been demolished <File:Entrance> to Sligo Mac Diarmada railway station (geograph 4948976).jpg\|Station entrance 2016 <File:20.10.85> Sligo 130 & 122 (6299547446).jpg\|Leaving Sligo in 1985
| 400 |
Sligo Mac Diarmada railway station
| 0 |
7,859,105 |
**Francesco Maria de\' Medici** (12 November 1660 -- 3 February 1711) was a member of the House of Medici. He was successively a Governor of Siena, cardinal and later the heir of the duchy of Montefeltro by right of his mother.
## Biography
Medici was born in Florence and was the second son of Ferdinando II de\' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and his wife Vittoria della Rovere. He was the product of a reconciliation between his parents after his mother found the Grand Duke of Tuscany in bed with one of his pages. He was the younger brother of the Cosimo de\' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany. His maternal cousins included the Austrian bishop of Olmütz and the Duke of Mantua.
In 1683 he was appointed to governor of Siena, a position he maintained until his death. Three years later in September 1686 he was created cardinal with the permission of Pope Innocent XI. Francesco Maria exerted a notable influence in the conclaves of 1689 and 1700. Despite having this influence with the Papal States, he lived mainly at Villa di Lappeggi outside Florence. In his tenancy of the villa, Lappeggi was restored and became known as the seat of his personal court where various parties and much revelry took place.
At the death of his mother in March 1694, Medici succeeded to the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro, her allodial possessions, once the possession of the House of La Rovere. He acted as mentor to his nephew Grand Prince of Tuscany, heir to the Tuscan throne. When it became clear that the Grand Prince and his wife Violante Beatrice of Bavaria were not going to produce an heir, Cosimo III looked towards his brother to solve the problem facing the Tuscan succession. The question of an heir was further exacerbated when the union between Prince Gian Gastone and Anna Maria of Saxe-Lauenburg also remained barren.
In 1709, when his health had already deteriorated, he obtained the Papal dispensation from the cardinalate, and was forced to marry Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga, daughter of Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla, in an attempt to save the dynasty. Married by proxy on 16 June 1709, the couple were married in person on 14 July 1709.
Contemporaries agreed that Gonzaga was an attractive woman with beautiful skin, eyes, mouth, and waist. However, it was soon clear that the marriage was not to be a fruitful union. Gonzaga was repulsed by her husband, refusing to fulfil her marital duties with a man twenty-six years her senior. Despite requisitioning the assistance of her old confessor from Guastalla, Cosimo III could not cajole her into submitting, as she allegedly feared contracting venereal diseases. Medici had her surmount this predicament and eventually the marriage was consummated. However, no heirs were born leaving Francesco Maria devastated.
Medici retired to Bagno a Ripoli where he died in 1711 from dropsy, leaving behind exorbitant debts. His wife outlived him till 1742 having gone mad
| 493 |
Francesco Maria de' Medici
| 0 |
7,859,122 |
**Riein** (`{{IPA|rm|ʁiˈjɛjn|-|roh-sursilvan-Riein.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a village and a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Riein, Castrisch, Ilanz, Ladir, Luven, Pitasch, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein, Duvin, Pigniu, Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion.
## History
Riein is first mentioned in 765 as *Renino*. In 960 it was mentioned as *Raine*.
## Geography
Before the merger, Riein had a total area of 15.8 km2. Of this area, 21.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 37.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (39.9%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
The former municipality is located in the Ilanz sub-district of the Surselva district. It is located at the entrance to the Lumnezia on a terrace east of the Glenner. It consists of the *haufendorf* village (an irregular, unplanned and quite closely packed village, built around a central square) of Riein and the hamlet of Signina, which joined Riein in 1904-05. Signina is separated from Reien by the Val da Riein.
## Demographics
Riein had a population (as of 2011) of 67. `{{as of|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, 1.6% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -22.2%. Most of the population (`{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) speaks Romansh(63.4%), with German being second most common (35.2%) and Italian being third ( 1.4%).
, the gender distribution of the population was 45.7% male and 54.3% female. The age distribution, `{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, in Riein is; 6 children or 8.5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 7 teenagers or 9.9% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 5 people or 7.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 9 people or 12.7% are between 30 and 39, 9 people or 12.7% are between 40 and 49, and 13 people or 18.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 8 people or 11.3% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 11 people or 15.5% are between 70 and 79, there are 2 people or 2.8% who are between 80 and 89 there is 1 person who is between 90 and 99.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 68.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the FDP (23%), the CVP (4.4%) and the SP (3.7%).
In Riein about 50% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).
Riein has an unemployment rate of 0.54%. `{{as of|2005}}`{=mediawiki}, there were 15 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. people are employed in the secondary sector and there are businesses in this sector. 3 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 1 business in this sector
| 500 |
Riein
| 0 |
7,859,125 |
***It\'s So Hard to Tell Who\'s Going to Love You the Best*** is the debut album by American folk blues musician Karen Dalton, originally released in 1969 by Capitol Records (see 1969 in music).
The album was subsequently reissued on CD by the Koch label in 1997. Extended liner notes were written by Peter Stampfel of the Holy Modal Rounders, who writes: `{{cquote|She was the only folk singer I ever met with an authentic 'folk' background. She came to the folk music scene under her own steam, as opposed to being 'discovered' and introduced to it by people already involved in it."}}`{=mediawiki}
In 1999, Megaphone issued the album again, this time with new packaging, a new booklet and a DVD with archival footage.
In 2009, Light In The Attic Records, once again, reissued the album on vinyl with new packaging and liner notes.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Little Bit of Rain\" (Fred Neil) -- 2:30
2. \"Sweet Substitute\" (Jelly Roll Morton) -- 2:40
3. \"Ribbon Bow\" (Traditional; adapted by Karen Dalton) -- 2:55
4. \"I Love You More Than Words Can Say\" (Eddie Floyd, Booker T. Jones) -- 3:30
5. \"In the Evening (It\'s So Hard to Tell Who\'s Going to Love You the Best)\" (Leroy Carr) -- 4:29
6. \"Blues on the Ceiling\" (Fred Neil) -- 3:30
7. \"It Hurts Me Too\" (Mel London) -- 3:05
8. \"How Did the Feeling Feel to You\" (Tim Hardin) -- 2:52
9. \"Right, Wrong or Ready\" (Major Wiley) -- 2:58
10
| 250 |
It's So Hard to Tell Who's Going to Love You the Best
| 0 |
7,859,135 |
**Sikkal** is a small township located between Thiruvarur and Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu, India. It is 6 km west of Nagapattinam, 18 km east of Thiruvarur. It is Famous for the Pancha Narayana Kshethrams namely Loganatha Perumal Temple, Sri Anantha Narayana Swamy Perumal Temple, Sri Devanarayana perumall temple, sri Varada Narayana perumal temple and Yadava perumal temple. It is also famous for its Murugan temple, and one of the most popular festivals is the Sura Samhaaram
| 76 |
Sikkal
| 0 |
7,859,149 |
**Michail Stifunin** (*Михаил Юрьевич Стифунин*: **Mikhail Yuryevich Stifunin**; born 4 August 1978) is a former ice dancer who competed internationally for Russia and France. Competing for Russia with Nina Ulanova, he is the 1997 World Junior champion and the 1998 Nebelhorn Trophy champion. He later competed with Magali Sauri for France.
## Career
Early in his career, Stifunin competed with Nina Ulanova, coached by Andrei Filippov. The duo placed fifth at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Brisbane, Australia. In the 1996--97 season, they won gold at the 1997 World Junior Championships in Seoul, South Korea. After the event, Filippov moved to Australia and Ulanova/Stifunin joined Alla Belyaeva. They skated together until 1999, placing as high as fifth at the senior Russian Championships.
In 1999, Stifunin moved to France and teamed up with Magali Sauri. Representing France, they skated together for three seasons and won the silver medal at the 2000 Nebelhorn Trophy. Sauri/Stifunin were coached by Lydie Bontemps in Lyon.
Around 2012, he began working with the Russian national team.
## Programs
(with Sauri)
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Season | Original dance | Free dance |
+===========+==============================================================+============================================================================+
| 2001--02\ | - Concierto de Aranjuez\ | - Moulin Rouge! |
| | `{{small| by [[Joaquín Rodrigo]] }}`{=mediawiki} | - Diamonds Are a Girl\'s Best Friend\ |
| | - La cumparsita\ | `{{small| performed by [[Marilyn Monroe]] }}`{=mediawiki} |
| | `{{small| by [[Gerardo Matos Rodríguez]] }}`{=mediawiki} | - Moulin Rouge! |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2000--01\ | - The Best of Ballroom | - Notre-Dame de Paris\ |
| | | `{{small| by [[Riccardo Cocciante]], [[Luc Plamondon]] }}`{=mediawiki} |
| | - The Best of Ballroom | - Tu vas me détruire |
| | | - Les sans-papiers |
| | | |
| | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| | | |
| | | - Sleepy Hollow\ |
| | | `{{small| by the [[Siegel–Schwall Band]] }}`{=mediawiki} |
+-----------+--------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## Results
*GP: Grand Prix*
### With Sauri for France {#with_sauri_for_france}
International
------------------
Event
World Champ.
Cup of Russia
Skate America
Sparkassen Cup
Golden Spin
Nebelhorn Trophy
National
French Champ.
### With Ulanova for Russia {#with_ulanova_for_russia}
International
-----------------------
Event
Nebelhorn Trophy
Golden Spin
Skate Israel
St. Gervais
Winter Universiade
International: Junior
Junior Worlds
Blue Swords
National
Russian Champ.
Russian Jr. Champ
| 379 |
Michail Stifunin
| 0 |
7,859,157 |
**Kauko Kustaa Helovirta** (**Hellström**, 21 October 1924 -- 13 September 1997, Helsinki, Finland) was a Finnish film actor.
Helovirta was born in Juupajoki, and started his acting career in 1950. He made about 40 Finnish-language films between then and 1995.
Helovirta starred in the 1977 film *Jäniksen vuosi*, a film about a man from Helsinki who leaves to find a new life in the wilderness, alongside actor Antti Litja.
Towards the end of his career in the mid-1990s he appeared on television. He died in Helsinki.
## Selected filmography {#selected_filmography}
Year Title Role Notes
------ -------------------------------- ------------------------ -------
1958 *Sven Tuuva the Hero* Duncker
1962 *The Boys* Capt
| 108 |
Kauko Helovirta
| 0 |
7,859,158 |
**Nina Ulanova** (*Нина Уланова*; occasionally romanised French-style as **Oulanova**; born 31 May 1978) is a Russian ice dancer. With former partner Michail Stifunin, she is the 1997 World Junior champion and 1998 Nebelhorn Trophy champion.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Nina Ulanova was born in 1978 in Moscow. She is the niece of Alexei Ulanov.
## Career
### Competitive career {#competitive_career}
Having started skating when she was four, Ulanova trained in single skating under Rafael Arutyunyan until age 11 and then began ice dancing in Andrei Filippov\'s group.
Ulanova and her partner, Michail Stifunin, placed fifth at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Brisbane, Australia. In the 1996--97 season, they won gold at the 1997 World Junior Championships in Seoul, South Korea. After the event, Filippov moved to Australia and Ulanova/Stifunin joined Alla Belyaeva. They skated together until 1999, placing as high as fifth at the senior Russian Championships.
During the 1999--2000 season, Ulanova competed with Alexander Pavlov. They placed fourth at the 2000 Russian Championships. Their partnership ended around 2001.
### Professional career {#professional_career}
After joining Holiday on Ice, Ulanova performed with Martin Šimeček for seven years and then with Michał Zych for three years. In 2011, Ulanova appeared on series 6 of ITV\'s *Dancing on Ice*, partnered with Steven Arnold. They were voted off in episode 4. She took part in the 2011 Dancing on Ice Tour and partnered with professional skater Matt Evers. In 2012, she appeared on series 7 partnered with Matthew Wolfenden and won the series.
Ulanova did not appear in series 8 due to her pregnancy. She was partnered with Kyran Bracken for the 2014 series of Dancing on Ice.
## Competitive highlights {#competitive_highlights}
*GP: Grand Prix*
### With Pavlov {#with_pavlov}
International
-----------------------
Event
Skate America
Nebelhorn Trophy
Tallinn Cup
National
Russian Championships
### With Stifunin {#with_stifunin}
International
-----------------------
Event
Nebelhorn Trophy
Golden Spin
Skate Israel
St. Gervais
Winter Universiade
International: Junior
Junior Worlds
Blue Swords
National
Russian Champ.
Russian Jr. Champ
| 327 |
Nina Ulanova
| 0 |
7,859,189 |
**Ekaterina Alexeyevna Davydova** (*Екатерина Алексеевна Давыдова*, born 17 September 1978) is a Russian former competitive ice dancer. She is the 1996 World Junior champion with Roman Kostomarov. She also skated with Vazgen Azroyan.
## Competitive highlights {#competitive_highlights}
GP: Part of *Champions Series* (renamed *Grand Prix* in 1998)
### With Kostomarov {#with_kostomarov}
International
-----------------------
Event
Cup of Russia
Finlandia Trophy
Karl Schäfer Memorial
Winter Universiade
International: Junior
World Junior Champ.
National
Russian Champ
| 72 |
Ekaterina Davydova
| 0 |
7,859,219 |
**Sikkal Singara Velar Temple** is one of the most popular Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Muruga and a contender for the not unofficial seventh Padaiveedu of Muruga, along with the popular Arupadaiveedu (six abodes of Lord Muruga).
It is one of the rare traditional Hindu temples that has both Shiva and Vishnu deities in the same complex.
## Location
The temple is located in the village of Sikkal, near Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu, India. It is 5 kilometers in the West from Nagapattinam and 18 kilometers in the East from Thiruvarur on the way to Nagapatptinam.
## Sikkal Navaneetheswarar Temple {#sikkal_navaneetheswarar_temple}
Sikkal Navaneetheswarar Temple is the main temple. The Singaravelan temple is found in the premises of Sikkal Navaneetheswarar Temple.
## Temple Lore {#temple_lore}
It is believed in Hindu mythology that this place was once a jasmine forest and due to its pleasant smell, the semi-human goddess with cow\'s trunk, Kamadenu lives here. Once upon a time, Kamadenu was cursed by lord Shiva, when it ate meat. Later feeling guilty of its action, it got rid of its sin by taking bath in the holy water point of this temple and worshiped here, as told by Lord Shiva. After getting rid of the sin, Kamadenu offered its milk which later became *Parkulam* (literal meaning *the milk pond*), which is located behind the temple. It is this holy water point (*The Parkulam*) of the temple where Vashistha Maharishi performed a pooja here, by making a lingam with the butter from the *Parkulam*. After completing the pooja he tried to move that lingam, but it stuck to that place, and never moved. As a result, Vasista Maharishi regarded this place as sikkal.
It is also said that Lord Murugan had got his Vel (weapon) from his divine mother at Sikkal, to kill the asura, Soorapadman in Sri Lanka. He performed ***Soora Samharam*** (literal meaning: killing Soorapadman) by setting up the base camp in Thiruchendur.
## Festivals
The most important festival is ***Soora Samharam*** associated with Lord Muruga getting the weapon Vel from his divine mother, Parvathi to destroy the demon king, Soorapadman. During this time, it is believed by the devotees that the idol sweats and a major event is conducted
| 369 |
Sikkal Singaravelan Temple
| 0 |
7,859,236 |
The **2nd Guards M. I. Kalinin Taman Motor Rifle Division** is a Guards mechanised infantry division of the Russian Ground Forces. Its Military Unit Number is 23626.
The 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division was formed in 1941, seeing extensive combat during World War II for which it became one of the most famous and decorated formations in the Soviet military. It was named in honor of Mikhail Kalinin and the town of Taman, remaining intact until it was disbanded in 2009, before being reformed in 2013. Since 2016, it is part of the 1st Guards Tank Army of the Western Military District, and most of its units are based in the town of Kalininets, Moscow Oblast, 45 km south-west of Moscow.
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, units of the division invaded Ukraine\'s Sumy Oblast, and engaged in combat near the city of Trostianets.
## History
The 127th Rifle Division was formed 8 June 1940 in Kharkiv, on the base of the 23rd Rifle Division which was just transferred to participate in the imminent Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940).
The division was initially garrisoning Kharkiv, Chuhuiv and Bohodukhiv. It was transferred to Rzhyshchiv in May 1941. The 127th Rifle Division was with 19th Army\'s 25th Rifle Corps, along with 134th and 162nd Rifle Divisions on June 22, 1941. It formed part of the High Command reserve. By August, it was with the Front troops of the Soviet Reserve Front. After the other division of the 25th Rifle Corps (134th and 162nd) were shattered on arrival to south-east outskirts of Vitebsk during 11--16 July 1941, the 127th was re-routed to south-east of Smolensk and reassigned to the 34th Rifle Corps. At that time, the 535th Rifle Regiment has lost its way and ended up being incorporated into the Leningrad Front. On 4 August 1941, the 127th Division traversed the Dnieper River 13 km south of Yartsevo as part of the general Soviet retreat. Afterwards, it was relieved of front line duty and sent to Dorogobuzh for replenishment, where it received the 875th Rifle Regiment from the 158th Rifle Division.
### As the 2nd Guards Rifle Division {#as_the_2nd_guards_rifle_division}
For distinguished combat service, the division was renamed as the 2nd Guards Rifle Division on 18 September 1941, attaining \"Guards\" status. At the end of September 1941, it fought in Hlukhiv area, retreating toward Kleven river as part of General Arkady Yermakov\'s operational group of the Bryansk Front. Transferred to the Kursk area on 3 October 1941, it fought a defensive battle around the town of Tim.
On 22 December 1941, the division started to advance during the Winter Campaign of 1941--42. Acting together with the 1st Guards Rifle Division and 87th Rifle Division, it advanced through Cheremisinovo and Sovetsky districts of the Kursk Oblast. By 28 January 1942, the division was located in Stary Oskol. `{{Infobox command structure
| name = 2nd Guards Rifle Division
| date = September 1942
| parent = [[37th Army (Soviet Union)|37th army]]
| subordinate =*1. Guards rifle regiment
* 6. Guards rifle regiment
* 15. Guards rifle regiment
* 21. Guards artillery regiment
* 16. Independent anti-tank company
* 9. Independent guards anti-aircraft battery (165th anti-aircraft battery)
* 13. Independent guards mortar company
* 18. Independent guards reconnaissance company
* 7. Independent guards engineer battalion
* 47. Independent guards signals battalion (10th signals battalion)
* 370. Medical battalion (3rd)
* 4. Independent guards chemical warfare company
* 427. Motorized transport company (8th)
* 483. Field bakery (12th)
* 480. Veterinary office (5th)
* 782. Field post office
* 362. [[Gosbank]] cash station
}}`{=mediawiki}
### As the 2nd Guards Tamanskaya Rifle Division {#as_the_2nd_guards_tamanskaya_rifle_division}
After participating in the Novorossiysk-Taman offensive in September--October 1943, the division was renamed to 2nd Guards Tamanskaya Rifle Division after the city of Taman, Russia. Starting from 3 November 1943, the division acted in the spearhead of Kerch-Eltigen Operation in northern Yenikale (Ganikale) beachhead, under the command of the 56th Army.
During the Crimean Offensive the division captured the city of Alushta on 15 April 1944, acting under the command of the Separate Coastal Army. 19 May 1944 it was relieved from the front line duty, reassigned to the Soviet Strategic Reserve, 2nd Guards Army and transferred to Dorogobuzh for replenishment. It restarted combat operations 8 July 1944 after the 2nd Guards Army was given to the 1st Baltic Front. The division participated in Šiauliai Offensive and later in October 1944 -- in Battle of Memel. In December 1944, the entire army including the 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division was transferred to 3rd Belorussian Front and participated in the East Prussian Offensive, ending the war in middle April 1945 on the Baltic Sea coast north of Primorsk.
In September 1945, while it was serving with the 11th Guards Rifle Corps, the division was moved back into the Moscow Military District.
### Postwar
On 2 July 1946, the division received the honorific \"named after M. I. Kalinin.\"
The division was called to Moscow for security duties following the death of Joseph Stalin on 5 March 1953.
In December 1953, the division was renamed to 23rd Guards Tamanskaya Mechanised Division, and it joined the 1st Guards Rifle Corps. In March 1957, the division was renamed to 23rd Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division. In November 1964, the division was renamed to 2nd Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division.
On 4 May 1990 the 406th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment reverted to its Second World War number as the 15th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment. The same year the 73rd Guards MRR returned to its Second World War numbering, becoming the 1st Guards Motor Rifle Regiment.
| 937 |
2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division
| 0 |
7,859,236 |
## History
### From 1991 {#from_1991}
The division has played a prominent role in two of the major political crises of recent Soviet and Russian history. In 1991, it was one of the divisions deployed in Moscow as part of the hardline coup attempt against the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev; however, it was a tank unit attached to the division that switched sides at the decisive point in the coup\'s course. Boris Yeltsin delivered a speech standing on top of tank no. 110, strengthening his own position significantly, both domestically and abroad.
Two years later, the division once again came to Yeltsin\'s rescue, during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis. The stand-off between the Russian Parliament and Yeltsin, against the backdrop of massive public demonstrations in Moscow against Yeltsin\'s government, had by 2 October brought Russia to the brink of civil war. Between 2 and 4 October, the army considered its position. By sunrise of the 4th, they had given their support to Yeltsin. That day, tanks from the Tamanskaya Division opened fire on the Parliament building, where the Parliament\'s supporters were barricaded. This episode consolidated Yeltsin\'s power; it was the deadliest street fighting in Moscow since 1917.
Valery Evnevich commanded the Taman division during the events of October 3-4, 1993 in Moscow. Many media outlets claim that he personally supervised the actions of tank units that conducted targeted fire at the White House building\[1\]\[2\]. On October 7, 1993, Boris Yeltsin awarded him the title "Hero of the Russian Federation" for his participation in the storming of the White House\[2\].
Around 1998-2000, the division numbered around 12,000 soldiers.
Since then, the division has seen service in Chechnya: it is known to have contributed to the force that brought the republic back under Russian control in 1999 and 2000, during the Second Chechen War. A \'tactical group\' from the 15th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment deployed to Chechnya in early 2000, serving in the south of the republic and the Argun Gorge after the end of major combat operations to maintain security. In 2004, it was visited by a delegation of foreign military attaches. The Kalininets base has also recently provided the venue for the Miss Russian Army contest. `{{Infobox command structure
| name = 2nd Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Division
| date = 2004
| parent = [[Moscow Military District]]
| subordinate =*1. Guards [[Tank]] Regiment, 'Chertkovsky' in Kalininets
* 1. Guards [[Mechanised infantry|Motor Rifle]] [[Regiment]], 'Sevastopolsky' in Kalininets
* 15. Guards Motor Rifle Regiment, 'Shavlinsky' in Kalininets
* 283. Guards Motor Rifle Regiment, 'Berlinsky' in Kalininets
* 147. Guards [[Artillery]] Regiment, 'Sevastopolsky' in Kobyakovo
* 1117. Air Defence Regiment, Kobyakovo
* 136. Guards [[Military intelligence|Reconnaissance]]"SF" [[Battalion]], Kalininets
* 1174. Anti-Tank Battalion
* 211. Guards Engineer Battalion
* 614. NBC Defence Battalion
* 47. Guards Signals Battalion
* 190. Maintenance Battalion
* 1063. Supply Battalion
* 370. Medical Battalion
* 886. [[State Courier Service (Russia)|State Courier]] office
}}`{=mediawiki} The division was located near Aprelevka, in the Moscow suburbs: its various subunits occupied a vast complex of buildings and sites to the north and northwest of the town. The two most important \'sub-bases\' in the area are Kalininets and Kobyakovo. It was one of the Russian Army\'s \'constant readiness\' divisions, meaning that it was required to have at least 80% manpower and 100% equipment strength at all times; it was thus intended to be readily deployable.
| 563 |
2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division
| 1 |
7,859,236 |
## History
### Rearmament in 2007 {#rearmament_in_2007}
On 22 January 2007, the Russian news agency Interfax reported comments from the commander of the Moscow Military District, Col. General Vladimir Bakin. He stated that the Tamanskaya Division\'s 1st Guards Motor Rifle Regiment had been re-equipped with a battalion of T-90 main battle tanks, replacing its old T-80s, a battalion of BTR-80 armoured personnel carriers (this presumably refers to the modernised BTR-80A variant, which has improved firepower and armour, among other things), as well as a battalion of new self-propelled howitzers and \'C2\' command and control systems. Bakin also said that the regiment\'s 3rd Battalion had begun re-equipping with the BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle, of which the regiment as a whole was due to receive 129 by the end of the year.
Furthermore, according to Interfax: *\"Bakin stated that the First Guards Regiment had already undergone training for operating new materiel. \"The regiment was the first in the Russian army to successfully master new arms and materiel. Last year, the regimental personnel were graded highly on their performance, he said.\"*
This rearmament may represent the first publicly known deployment of the T-90 in the Russian Army outside of the 5th Guards \'Don\' Tank Division, based at Kyakhta in the Siberian Military District, which has been entirely equipped with such tanks in recent years. There have been rumours in circulation for some time now that all the T-90s currently in service were to be accumulated in the Tamanskaya Division, but these rumours lack reliable sources. If any such move is to occur, it may take place in 2007, but January\'s partial rearmament of the division does not seem to signal the beginning of such a move, since the T-90s and other modern armoured vehicles now with the division are newly purchased ones.
The division has been slated for disbandment in 2009, with two brigades being created from its existing subunits. Each brigade will include about 7,500 personnel with one mounted on BMP-3 tracked vehicles while the other using BTR-80 and BTR-90 wheeled vehicles. The two brigades, according to Warfare.ru, were the 5th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade in the Moscow Military District, and the 8th Separate Guards Mountain Motor Rifle Brigade in Chechnya. The 8th Separate Guards Mountain Motor Rifle Brigade was formed from the 1st Guards Tank Regiment of the division, relocated without its tanks to Borzoy in Chechnya from Alabino.
### As the 5th Guards Tamanskaya Motor Rifle Brigade {#as_the_5th_guards_tamanskaya_motor_rifle_brigade}
The division was disbanded in mid-2009, being split into two new motor rifle brigades. After 2009, the main successor of the division was the 5th Guards Separate, Order of the October Revolution, Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Brigade named after Kalinin, which inherited the traditions of the 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division.
| 461 |
2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division
| 2 |
7,859,236 |
## History
### 2nd formation (2013) {#nd_formation_2013}
The division was re-formed in 2013 by order of Russian defence minister Sergei Shoigu, from the 5th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade and other unnamed units. This order is pursuant to Russian President Vladimir Putin\'s intention to \"strengthen the historical continuity\" of the Russian Armed Forces by resurrecting the names of \"famous, legendary units and formations of the Russian and Soviet armies\". Another division, the 4th Guards Kantemirovskaya Tank Division was also reinstated under the same order.
As of June 2015, the Russian Armed Forces planned to rebuild the famous Soviet era 1st Guards Red Banner Tank Army by including the 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division, 4th Guards Tank Division, as well as one tank and rifle brigade. The decree providing for the reformation of the force was enacted in the winter of 2014, and it became a part of the Western Military District. Unlike the original 1st GTA, the 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division forms a part of the revived army, based in Moscow Oblast. By December 2016, a new 1st Guards Tank Regiment was formed as part of the division, inheriting the traditions of the old 1st Guards Tank Regiment.
- Division HQ
- 47th Guards Signal Battalion
- 136th Guards Reconnaissance Battalion (в/ч 51387)
- 211th Guards Engineer Sapper Battalion
- 370th Medical Battalion
- 1063rd Supply Battalion
- 1174th Anti-Tank Artillery Battalion (в/ч 51381)
- UAV company
- NBC protection company
- EW company
- Evacuation company
- 1st Guards Tank Regiment (в/ч 58198)
- 1st Guards Motor Rifle Regiment (returned to its Second World War numbering from previous number \'73\' in 1990) (в/ч 31135)
- 15th Guards Motor Rifle Shavlinsky Regiment (в/ч 31134)
- 147th Guards Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment (в/ч 73966)
- 1117th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Regiment (в/ч 51382)
Military Unit Numbers for several of the division\'s regiments are known. Military Unit Numbers 23626, 21626, 31135, 61896, 51387, 61896, 73881 are all regiments of the division. Although some ethnic Russians are in the unit, the unit has many persons from the Caucasus. Selyatino has the hospital for the units at Kalininets. The Taman Division will deploy in May 2018.
#### Invasion of Ukraine {#invasion_of_ukraine}
The division formed part of 1st Guards Tank Army when it took part in the northern front of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It was reportedly \"beaten back\" around Kyiv by Ukrainian troops shortly after the invasion began. Two of its servicemen were accused of firing a tank into a hospital in Trostianets. On 3 March, 22 tankers from the division, including the deputy commander of armaments of the 1st Tank Regiment and a battalion commander, together with their equipment, surrendered en masse to the Ukrainians. One of the captured soldiers said the division had entered Ukraine through the Sumy Oblast. Ukrainian prosecutors later accused a member of the division\'s 1st Guards Motor Rifle Regiment of robbing civilians in the village of Zhyhailivka, Sumy Oblast. Additionally, the commander of the 5th Battery of the division\'s 147th Artillery Regiment was sentenced *in absentia* by a Ukrainian court to 10 years imprisonment in 2024 for ordering the killing of a civilian in Boromlia, Sumy Oblast on 9 March 2022. By 11 March 2022, units of the division were reportedly planning to storm the city of Sumy.
After the Russian withdrawal from northern Ukraine, the 2nd Division was deployed to the village of Velyka Komyshuvakha south of Izium, before a Ukrainian counteroffensive retook the area. As of June 2023, the division was positioned near Kreminna. Reportedly having suffered heavy losses, the division retired to Belarus for replenishment, receiving mobilised soldiers and reequipping with older material taken from warehouses. Retraining was required until its redeployment to the Luhansk Oblast in January 2023.
## Subordinated units and fighting strength {#subordinated_units_and_fighting_strength}
Its principal vehicles were the T-90 and T-80 main battle tanks, BTR-80 armoured personnel carrier and the BMP-2 and BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicles.
### 1st Guards Tank \'Chertkovsky\' Regiment {#st_guards_tank_chertkovsky_regiment}
From January 1992 until 2009, the 1st Guards Tank Chertkovsky Regiment was part of the 2nd Tamanskaya Guards Motor Rifle Division. During the reforms of Defence Minister Anatoly Serdyukov, the 1st Guards Tank Regiment along with the Taman Division was disbanded.
In 2020, the 1st Guards Tank Chertkovsky Regiment (formed late 2016) was planned to be one of the first units to be equipped with the new T-14 Armata main battle tank from Uralvagonzavod. `{{As of|February 2022}}`{=mediawiki}, the unit is equipped with the T-72B3.
The 1st Guards Tank Chertkovsky Regiment has always been at the point of the spear taking on the most difficult situations. Many officers from the Chertkovsky Regiment subsequently take top positions in the Ministry of Defence.
The commander of the 1st Tank Platoon of the 5th Tank Company of the regiment\'s 2nd Tank Battalion was tried and sentenced *in absentia* to 11 years imprisonment by a Ukrainian court for the shelling of the city hospital in Trostianets, Sumy Oblast.
In November 2024 it was reported that the 1st Guards Tank Regiment was operating near the village of Kruhliakivka in the Kharkiv Oblast.
| 845 |
2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division
| 3 |
7,859,236 |
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
In Tom Clancy\'s 1986 novel *Red Storm Rising*, the division offers token resistance to a coup d\'état by the Soviet Army and the KGB against the Politburo.
In Frederick Forsyth\'s 1996 novel *Icon (novel)*, the tank division prevents success of a coup d\'état by the main antagonist
| 52 |
2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division
| 4 |
7,859,259 |
**Ruth Elizabeth Wertz** (1935`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}July 14, 2021), known as **Ricki Wertz**, was an American actress and television personality. She was a pioneering figure in local television in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, appearing on several shows from the late 1950s until the 1980s. She was noted for hosting *Ricki & Copper* and *Junior High Quiz*.
## Early life {#early_life}
Wertz was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, in 1935. She left her hometown when she was 17 in order to train at the Pittsburgh Playhouse on a scholarship. One of her roommates was future film and television star Shirley Jones, also from Pennsylvania. Wertz subsequently undertook postgraduate studies at La Roche College, where her thesis was based on the series she created called *The Chemical People*.
## Career
Wertz first worked on local Pittsburgh TV delivering the weather report for WTAE-TV. It featured her singing to the audience while dressed in a negligee. She went on to host a popular children\'s morning program, *Comedy Time*, starting in 1958. The show was renamed *Ricki & Copper* the following year, when Ricki\'s dog, Copper, joined the cast. The show continued to be broadcast until 1969, when Wertz left the show to spend more time with her baby daughter who had been born prematurely.
From 1965 to 1982, Wertz also hosted *Junior High Quiz* on Sunday afternoons. *Junior High Quiz* showcased two teams of eighth grade students from local junior high schools. The students had to answer a series of questions to score points for their teams. The quiz show was sponsored by Pittsburgh National Bank. Both *Ricki & Copper* and *Junior High Quiz* were broadcast on WTAE-TV Channel 4.
Wertz moved to WQED-TV Channel 13 in 1982. There she hosted a documentary series, *Chemical People*, which focused on drug-addicted persons, and *Project Literacy U.S.*, another documentary addressing literacy in the USA.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Wertz married Tom Bordenkircher in 1954. They met in Pittsburgh PA, while Ricki was acting at the Pittsburgh Playhouse and auditioned for a Coca-Cola commercial when Tom was working for an advertising agency. They remained married until his death in February 2020. She revealed in 2007 that Copper was the wedding gift Bordenkircher gave her, after she requested a dog instead of jewelry. Together, they had two children: Tom and Kristin. The couple moved from North Huntingdon to Chicago in 2015 to live closer to their children.
Wertz died on the night of July 14, 2021, at her home in Chicago. She was 86, and suffered from unspecified health issues prior to her death
| 421 |
Ricki Wertz
| 0 |
7,859,270 |
**The Forsaken** is the third studio album by the Christian black metal band Antestor, released in 2005 on Endtime Productions. The album features guest appearances of the established metal musicians Jan Axel Blomberg (Hellhammer) and Ann-Mari Edvardsen.
## Recording history {#recording_history}
*The Forsaken* was recorded in 2004 at Top Room Studios, which has been used by groups such as Tristania, Borknagar, Mayhem, and Extol. The album was produced by Børge Finstad. Several songs from the recording sessions were dropped from the full-length and were published on an EP titled Det Tapte Liv. The lineup on this recording session featured two former members of the dark metal band Vaakevandring, namely vocalist Ronny Hansen and keyboardist Morten Sigmund Mageroy, as well as the female vocalist Ann-Mari Edvardsen of the gothic metal group The 3rd and the Mortal. Lars Stokstad is the only original Antestor member on this album.
The album is known to feature drumming by Jan Axel Blomberg, also known as Hellhammer, one of the best-known drummers in extreme metal. His appearance on the recordings was somewhat disputed in the metal scene. In an interview with the Russian metal site Metal Library on January 7, 2007, Blomberg says:
The vocalist Ronny Hansen knew Hellhammer personally and asked him to play for the band. The members of Antestor gave Hellhammer the demos for the songs in person, but according to Blomberg, he never met the Antestor members in studio personally because the producer Børge Finstad wanted to work with each musician alone per time to achieve better and more productive results. The band also asked Hellhammer to play live for them, but Blomberg refused. It was not a question about their beliefs, as Hellhammer explains: \"In my opinion, black metal today is just music. I will tell you that neither I nor other members of Mayhem never really were against religion or something else. We are primarily interested in music.\" Antestor vocalist Ronny Hansen commented on Blomberg\'s appearance:
## Overview
*The Forsaken*\'s reception in media was positive and several critics gave it good reviews. However, some fans of the band\'s old style were not too happy with the stylistical change on *The Forsaken*: the previous \"sorrow metal\" output changed to modern, fast, progressive and melodic dark metal. The album contains several guitar solos. This addition received some criticism, and for example Roel de Haan of the Dutch *Lords of Metal* webzine wrote that \"the elaborate solos simply are not beautiful and \[are\] completely out of context.\" *Lords of Metal* gave *The Forsaken* 75/100, and *Nocturnal Horde* gave it 8/10, calling it \"a very powerful album,\" and \"an amalgamation of innovation, energy, and anger.\"
A few songs that were recorded during the same session were left off from the full-length album. These songs include \"Grief\", \"Last Season\", \"Med Hevede Sverd\" and \"Det Tapte Liv\", which were released as a teaser on an EP titled *Det Tapte Liv* in 2004. The EP also included the same song that is also on *The Forsaken* called \"Rites of Death\". The song was slightly remixed on the album, the main difference is that it includes an intro sang solely by Edvardsen. \"Raade\" and \"Mitt Hjerte\" are instrumental pieces.
The lyrics on *The Forsaken* showcase dark, depressed, introspective and personal themes such as bitterness and longing. On this album, Antestor also deals with issues such as suicide, doubts about the certainty of Salvation, and yearning for death, which is rare for a Christian band. An example of the lyrics of \"Betrayed\" from the album *The Forsaken*:
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Rites of Death -- 4:14
2. Old Times Cruelty -- 3:56
3. Via Dolorosa -- 5:09
4. Raade -- 3:28
5. The Crown I Carry -- 4:52
6. Betrayed -- 4:21
7. Vale of Tears -- 5:52
8. The Return -- 4:47
9. As I Die -- 4:51
10
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The Forsaken (album)
| 0 |
7,859,287 |
**Olga Sharutenko** (*Ольга Шарутенко*; born 1 April 1978) is a Russian former competitive ice dancer. With Dmitri Naumkin, she is the 1995 World Junior champion, a two-time Nebelhorn Trophy champion (1995 and 1997), the 1996 Karl Schäfer Memorial, and a two-time Winter Universiade champion (1997 and 1999).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Sharutenko was born 1 April 1978 in Yekaterinburg, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. Her mother was a former figure skater.
## Career
Sharutenko began skating at age five and a half and taking ballet lessons from age six.
### Partnership with Naumkin {#partnership_with_naumkin}
Sharutenko skated in partnership with Dmitri Naumkin for fifteen years, training twice daily, six days a week during their competitive career. In November 1994, the duo won gold at the 1995 World Junior Championships in Budapest, ahead of France\'s Stéphanie Guardia / Franck Laporte.
Sharutenko/Naumkin moved up to the senior level in the 1995--96 season, taking gold at the 1995 Nebelhorn Trophy, silver at Czech Skate, and bronze at the Lysiane Lauret Challenge. Making their Champions Series (Grand Prix) debut, they placed 7th at the 1995 NHK Trophy.
The following season, Sharutenko/Naumkin were awarded gold at the 1996 Karl Schäfer Memorial and bronze at the 1996 Skate Israel. In the absence of Oksana Grishuk / Evgeni Platov and Anjelika Krylova / Oleg Ovsiannikov, they won silver at the 1997 Russian Championships behind Irina Lobacheva / Ilia Averbukh. They concluded their season with gold at the 1997 Winter Universiade in Jeonju, South Korea, ahead of fellow Russians Nina Ulanova / Mikhail Stifunin.
During the next two seasons, Sharutenko/Naumkin finished off the Russian national podium but won gold at the 1997 Nebelhorn Trophy and 1999 Winter Universiade. They competed together until the end of the 1998--99 season, coached by Alexei Gorshkov.
### Post-competitive career {#post_competitive_career}
After retiring from competition, Sharutenko performed in shows with the Russian Ice Stars. She joined the Imperial Ice Stars in 2003. She has performed in *Swan Lake on Ice*, *Sleeping Beauty*, *The Nutcracker*, and other ice shows. Sharutenko has danced en pointe on ice. She appeared in two editions of the ITV\'s *Dancing on Ice*, skating with John Barrowman in series 1 (2006) and with Keith Chegwin in series 8 (2013).
## Competitive highlights {#competitive_highlights}
*GP: Champions Series / Grand Prix*
**With Naumkin**
International
-----------------------
Event
NHK Trophy
Skate Canada
Sparkassen Cup
Czech Skate
Lysiane Lauret
Nebelhorn Trophy
Schäfer Memorial
Skate Israel
Winter Universiade
International: Junior
Junior Worlds
Blue Swords
National
Russian Champ
| 409 |
Olga Sharutenko
| 0 |
7,859,290 |
**José Solís y Folch de Cardona**, grande de España and knight of the Order of Santiago (4 February 1716 in Madrid -- 27 April 1770 in Bogotá) was a Spanish colonial administrator and viceroy of New Granada from 24 November 1753 to 25 February 1761.
## Background
Solís y Folch de Cardona was a son of José Solís y Gante, 3rd Duke of Montellano, one of the original members of the Real Academia Española. His brother Francisco de Solís y Folch de Cardona (1713-1775) was a Roman Catholic cardinal. José was a cavalry colonel from 1736 to 1747, in charge of a regiment. Spanish King Ferdinand VI named him viceroy of New Granada.
## As viceroy {#as_viceroy}
He inaugurated an era of ostentatious ceremony previously unknown in this Spanish colony. He fortified the mint, built roads, bridges and aqueducts (including that of Santa Fé de Bogotá) and established missions. He ordered the first census of the colony. He took steps to secure the submission of the Motilon, Chimila and Cunacuna indigenous people of Darién. He also reorganized the postal service and improved tax collection and the performance of the Audiencia. He tried to organize the mineral industry and internal commerce. He reestablished the chair of medicine at the Colegio del Rosario. In addition he formed a commission to establish the boundaries with the Portuguese colony of Brazil.
He founded the Hospital San Juan de Dios and assisted many people during an epidemic of measles.
He was known for his thoroughness, justice and integrity, and was well beloved by his subjects. He fell in love with María Lugarda Ospina, known as *la Marichuela*. They had several children who bore the last name *Celís*. Nevertheless, both the cabildo and the archbishop of Bogotá asked the king to extend his mandate when it first expired after three years.
## *Juicio de residencia* {#juicio_de_residencia}
He had some disputes with the *Audiencia*. His opponents charged him with various offenses in the *juicio de residencia* (trial of grievances) that followed his administration. This was a nearly routine investigation at the end of a viceregal administration. However, that of Solís was more than routine. Six months of testimony was taken, and the report forwarded to the Council of the Indies contained more than 20,000 sheets. The judge in the case was Miguel de Santisteban, whom the viceroy had considered his best friend, and who had held high positions in the viceregal government. The judgment of the court was that Solís was guilty of 22 of the charges, all relating to fraud or mismanagement of the viceregal treasury. This judgment was delivered on 25 August 1762 but Solís had by then entered the monastery.
The case was appealed to the Council of the Indies, which found Solís not guilty on all counts on 29 August 1764. The Council also praised him for the \"love, fervor, effectiveness and dispatch\" he had exhibited in his seven-year term of office.
## Religious life {#religious_life}
After turning over the office to his successor, Pedro Messía de la Cerda, he became a monk in a Franciscan convent (25 February 1761). (He had been a member of the Third Order of Franciscans before he became viceroy.) He helped finance the construction of the church of the Third Order in Bogotá, and donated the bells and clock for the Church of San Francisco. He gave away the rest of his property to the poor and lived sequestered until his death in 1770, in Bogotá. Fray José de Jesús María (as he was known after taking the habit) became a priest in 1769. That year he was recommended to the king by the political and religious leaders of Bogotá as the next archbishop.
He never held that position. He died on 27 April 1770 in Bogotá, of a cold contracted at Easter. His skull is conserved in the sacristy of the Church of San Francisco in Bogotá
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**Thierry Smolderen** (born 25 November 1954) is an essay writer, and a scenario writer of Belgian comic strips, for example of *Gipsy*.
He is a teacher at École des Beaux-Arts of Angoulême, and he devotes his energy to realising *Coconino World*, the webzine he animates with some friends and former students. As a comic books historian, he wrote *Naissances de la bande dessinée* (2009), about the \"platinum age\" of comics. This book has been published in English by the University Press of Mississippi in 2014, under the title *The Origins of Comics: From William Hogarth to Winsor McCay* (Eisner Award nominee of 2015 in the Best Scholarly/Academic Work category)
| 109 |
Thierry Smolderen
| 0 |
7,859,318 |
**Dmitri Dmitriyevich Naumkin** (*Дмитрий Дмитриевич Наумкин*; born 24 July 1976) is a Russian former competitive ice dancer. With Olga Sharutenko, he is the 1995 World Junior champion, a two-time Nebelhorn Trophy champion (1995 and 1997), the 1996 Karl Schäfer Memorial, and a two-time Winter Universiade champion (1997 and 1999).
## Career
Naumkin began skating in 1980.
### Partnership with Sharutenko {#partnership_with_sharutenko}
Naumkin skated in partnership with Olga Sharutenko for fifteen years, training twice daily, six days a week during their competitive career. In November 1994, the duo won gold at the 1995 World Junior Championships in Budapest, ahead of France\'s Stéphanie Guardia / Franck Laporte.
Sharutenko/Naumkin moved up to the senior level in the 1995--96 season, taking gold at the 1995 Nebelhorn Trophy, silver at Czech Skate, and bronze at the Lysiane Lauret Challenge. Making their Champions Series (Grand Prix) debut, they placed 7th at the 1995 NHK Trophy.
The following season, Sharutenko/Naumkin were awarded gold at the 1996 Karl Schäfer Memorial and bronze at the 1996 Skate Israel. In the absence of Oksana Grishuk / Evgeni Platov and Anjelika Krylova / Oleg Ovsiannikov, they won silver at the 1997 Russian Championships behind Irina Lobacheva / Ilia Averbukh. They concluded their season with gold at the 1997 Winter Universiade in Jeonju, South Korea, ahead of fellow Russians Nina Ulanova / Mikhail Stifunin.
During the next two seasons, Sharutenko/Naumkin finished off the Russian national podium but won gold at the 1997 Nebelhorn Trophy and 1999 Winter Universiade. They competed together until the end of the 1998--99 season, coached by Alexei Gorshkov.
### Post-competitive career {#post_competitive_career}
Naumkin coaches skating in Yekaterinburg. In December 2013, he was named the president of the Figure Skating Federation of Sverdlovsk Oblast for the next four years.
## Competitive highlights {#competitive_highlights}
*GP: Champions Series / Grand Prix*
**With Sharutenko**
International
-----------------------
Event
NHK Trophy
Skate Canada
Sparkassen Cup
Czech Skate
Lysiane Lauret
Nebelhorn Trophy
Schäfer Memorial
Skate Israel
Winter Universiade
International: Junior
Junior Worlds
Blue Swords
National
Russian Champ
| 332 |
Dmitri Naumkin
| 0 |
7,859,340 |
**Haris** (*حاريص*) is a municipality, in the region of South Lebanon.
## Etymology
According to E. H. Palmer, the name means \"guarded\".
## History
\'Here there appear to be no vestiges of ancient constructions, except a circular cistern cut in the rock. Guérin suggests that it may be the site of the ancient Harosheth.\' (`{{bibleverse||Judges|4:2|HE}}`{=mediawiki}). \"This identification is strengthened by the fact that the same word which occurs in the name Kir Haroseth, the modern Kerak, exists in the present local dialect in Moab, under the same form, Harith or Haris.\"
### Ottoman era {#ottoman_era}
In the 1596 tax record, it was named as a village, *Haris,* in the Ottoman *nahiya* (subdistrict) of Tebnin under the *liwa\'* (district) of Safad, with a population of 102 households and 8 bachelor, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, olive trees, vegetable and fruit garden, orchard, goats and beehives, in addition to \"occasional revenues\" and a press for olive oil or grape syrup; a total of 3,124 akçe.
In 1852, Edward Robinson noted the village on his travels in the region. In 1875, Victor Guérin found the village to contain 200 Metawileh.
In 1881, the PEF\'s *Survey of Western Palestine* (SWP) described it: \"A village, built of stone, containing about 100 \[..\] Metawileh, situated on hill-top, with vineyards, figs, and arable cultivation. There is a birket and many cisterns at the village, and a spring near.\"
### Modern era {#modern_era}
On 24 July 2006, during the 2006 Lebanon-Israel war, Israeli warplanes killed 12 people in the village, in two different strikes. The first strike killed 4 Hezbollah fighters, while the second strike demolished a house 100 meters away, killing 8 civilians, aged between 16 and 77 years.
In November 2006, Italian UNIFIL soldiers were accused of theft in a military store in this village.
## Demographics
In 2014 Muslims made up 99.39% of registered voters in Haris. 98.94% of the voters were Shiite Muslims
| 332 |
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| 0 |
7,859,346 |
**Jay Pierrepont Moffat** (January 7, 1896 -- January 25, 1943) was an American diplomat, historian and statesman who, between 1917 and 1943, served the State Department in a variety of posts, including that of United States Ambassador to Canada during the first year of U.S. participation in World War II.
## Background
Moffat was born on January 7, 1896, in Rye, New York. He was the son of Reuben Burnham Moffat and Ellen Low (née Pierrepont) Moffat.
His younger brother was Abbot Low Moffat (1901--1996), a member of New York State Assembly from New York County from 1929 to 1943. His sister, Elizabeth Barclay Moffat (1898--1993), was married to John Campbell White (1884--1967), the United States Ambassador to Haiti and Peru. His niece, Margaret Rutherfurd White, was married to William Tapley Bennett Jr. (1917--1994), the U.S. Ambassador to the Dominican Republic, Portugal, and NATO, in 1945.
Moffat was educated at the Groton School and attended Harvard University for two years, beginning in 1915.
## Career
Moffat, a professional diplomat, served as the private secretary to the U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands from 1917 until 1919. Following his service in the Netherlands, he was the secretary of the American legation in Warsaw from 1919 until 1921, and in Tokyo from 1921 to 1923.
Between 1925 and 1927, he served President Calvin Coolidge as Ceremony Officer at the White House and in 1927, at the end of his assignment, he was married to Lilla Cabot Grew, the daughter of fellow diplomat Joseph C. Grew. Moffat continued his diplomatic career in the post of secretary to the American legation in Bern, Switzerland, from 1927 to 1931, and as the U.S. Consul General to Australia from 1935 to 1937.
From 1937 to 1940, he again served in Washington, D.C., this time in the significant post of Chief of the State Department\'s Western European Division. Finally, in June 1940, after U.S. Ambassador to Canada James H. R. Cromwell resigned after 142 days to run for the U.S. Senate, President Franklin Roosevelt nominated Moffat to his first and, as it turned out, final post in an ambassadorial role as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Canada. He was immediately confirmed and served until his death, two years and seven months later, in the midst of World War II.
Following his death, he was succeeded by Ray Atherton. In his obituary, *The New York Times* remarked that \"even in war, when death is knocking at such a multitude of doors, the loss of a trusted public man in the flower of his age and his powers is lamentable\". In addition to his work as a diplomat, he wrote a work on Turkish history and, in 1956, his papers were donated to the Harvard University Library by his father-in-law Ambassador Joseph Grew.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1927, at the end of his assignment at the White House, he was married to Lilla Cabot Grew Moffat Levitt (1907--1994) in Hancock, New Hampshire. She was the daughter of Joseph Clark Grew, who was then the Under Secretary of State, and later, the U.S. Ambassador to Japan during the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, and Alice Perry Grew (b. 1884). Her maternal grandparents were Lilla Cabot Perry, the impressionist painter of the New England Cabots, and Thomas Sergeant Perry, the noted American scholar. Through her grandfather, she was a descendant of famed American naval hero Oliver Hazard Perry.
Together, Jay and Lilla were the parents of:
- Edith Alice Pierrepont Moffat (1929--2010), who married Donn Braden Spenser (1922--1986), the son of Loyal James Spenser and Mrs. Earl Hagen Foster, in 1949.
- Jay Pierrepont \"Peter\" Moffat, Jr. (1932--2020), was served as the United States Ambassador to Chad from 1983 to 1985. He married Pamela Mary Dawson, the daughter of Giles Dawson, in 1953.
Moffat died on January 25, 1943, in Ottawa, two and a half weeks after his 47th birthday, with complications from surgery for phlebitis. A service was held for Moffat at Christ Church Cathedral in Ottawa, which was attended by Prime Minister Mackenzie King and Sir Suldham Redfern, who represented the Earl of Athlone, Governor General of Canada.
Moffat was a lineal descendant of John Jay, negotiator of the Treaty of Paris, Secretary of Foreign Affairs and first U.S. Chief Justice
| 715 |
Jay Pierrepont Moffat
| 0 |
7,859,348 |
**Ruschein** (`{{IPA|de|ˈʁuːʃaɪn|lang}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|rm|ʁuˈʒɛjn|lang|roh-sursilvan-Ruschein.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a former municipality in the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. Its official language is the Sursilvan dialect of Romansh. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Ruschein, Castrisch, Ilanz, Ladir, Luven, Pitasch, Riein, Schnaus, Sevgein, Duvin, Pigniu, Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion.
## History
Ruschein is first mentioned in 765 as *Rucene*.
## Geography
Before the merger, Ruschein had a total area of 12.5 km2. Of this area, 43.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 25.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (28.2%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
The former municipality is located in the Ilanz sub-district of the Surselva district. It is located on a terrace on the northern Vorderrhein valley wall. It consists of the village of Ruschein and the alpine herding settlement of Alp da Ruschein in the furthest Val da Siat.
## Demographics
Ruschein had a population (as of 2011) of 345. `{{as of|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, 4.9% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -4.2%. Most of the population (`{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) speaks Romansh(69.4%), with German being second most common (26.7%) and Albanian being third ( 1.4%).
, the gender distribution of the population was 44.1% male and 55.9% female. The age distribution, `{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, in Ruschein is; 42 children or 11.8% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 48 teenagers or 13.5% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 25 people or 7.0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 62 people or 17.4% are between 30 and 39, 49 people or 13.8% are between 40 and 49, and 33 people or 9.3% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 41 people or 11.5% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 30 people or 8.4% are between 70 and 79, there are 26 people or 7.3% who are between 80 and 89.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 43.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (29.2%), the FDP (17.5%) and the SP (9.5%).
In Ruschein about 70.4% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a *Fachhochschule*).
Ruschein has an unemployment rate of 1.62%. `{{as of|2005}}`{=mediawiki}, there were 29 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 14 businesses involved in this sector. 11 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 4 businesses in this sector. 24 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 10 businesses in this sector
| 469 |
Ruschein
| 0 |
7,859,359 |
**Ekaterina Svirina** (*Екатерина Свирина*) is a Russian former ice dancer. She is the 1993 World Junior champion with Sergei Sakhnovski. With later partner Vladimir Leliukh, she is the 1996 Nebelhorn Trophy champion.
## Results
### With Sakhnovski {#with_sakhnovski}
**Results**
------------------------------
**International**
Event
Goodwill Games
**International: Junior**
World Junior Championships
European Youth Olympic Fest
| 53 |
Ekaterina Svirina
| 0 |
7,859,361 |
**Ambient media** are out-of-home products and services determined by some as non-traditional or alternative media. Examples are messages on the backs of car park receipts, on hanging straps in railway carriages, posters inside sports club locker rooms and on the handles of supermarket trolleys. It also includes such techniques as projecting huge images on the sides of buildings, or slogans on the gas bags of hot air balloons.
Ambient media in a larger scale define the media environment and the communication of information in ubiquitous and pervasive environments. The concept of ambient media relates to ambient media form, ambient media content, and ambient media technology. These new technologies are based on ambient intelligent technology and create new possibilities in ambient advertising. Its principles are manifestation, morphing, intelligence, and experience and have been defined by Artur Lugmayr and its business models are described in *Multimedia Tools and Applications*.
Ambient advertising, as per many advertising agencies, also refers to advertising at locations where people spend more time. These include shopping malls, multiplexes, coffee shops, gyms, sporting clubs, amusement parks, etc. These advertising formats can be static, digital or experiential. Ambient advertising uses \'consumer dwell time\' as the core insight behind advertising at these places. It is believed that compared to traditional out-of-home billboard advertising, ambient advertising gives scope for higher consumer engagement for the ad, as well as drive contextually relevant communication for the advertiser.
The term started to appear in British media jargon around 1999, but now seems to be firmly established as a standard term within the advertising industry.`{{According to whom|date=April 2017}}`{=mediawiki} One of the driving agencies was the advertising agency Concord (UK). Ambient media advertising can be used in conjunction with mainstream traditional media, or used equally effectively as a stand-alone activity. The key to a successful ambient media campaign is to choose the best media format available and combine it with effective messaging.
Ambient media advertising is only a niche for advertising agencies of overcoming traditional methods of advertising to get the attention of consumers. The following are some reasons for the growth of ambient media :
- A decline in the power of traditional media.
- A greater demand for point-of-sale communications.
- Its ability to offer precise audience targeting.
- Its general versatility.
Ambient advertisements are an effective means at pushing a brand message in front of consumers`{{According to whom|date=April 2017}}`{=mediawiki} and can develop even better top of mind recall within target audiences. This provides the ability to advertisers to maintain brand awareness created by other advertising effoy activities
| 423 |
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| 0 |
7,859,407 |
In model theory, a **weakly o-minimal structure** is a model-theoretic structure whose definable sets in the domain are just finite unions of convex sets.
## Definition
A linearly ordered structure, *M*, with language *L* including an ordering relation \<, is called weakly o-minimal if every parametrically definable subset of *M* is a finite union of convex (definable) subsets. A theory is weakly o-minimal if all its models are weakly o-minimal.
Note that, in contrast to o-minimality, it is possible for a theory to have models that are weakly o-minimal and to have other models that are not weakly o-minimal.
## Difference from o-minimality {#difference_from_o_minimality}
In an o-minimal structure $(M,<,...)$ the definable sets in $M$ are finite unions of points and intervals, where *interval* stands for a sets of the form $I=\{r\in M\,:\,a<r<b\}$, for some *a* and *b* in $M \cup \{\pm \infty\}$. For weakly o-minimal structures $(M,<,...)$ this is relaxed so that the definable sets in *M* are finite unions of convex definable sets. A set $C$ is convex if whenever *a* and *b* are in $C$, *a* \< *b* and *c* ∈ $M$ satisfies that *a* \< *c* \< *b*, then *c* is in *C*. Points and intervals are of course convex sets, but there are convex sets that are not either points or intervals, as explained below.
If we have a weakly o-minimal structure expanding (**R**,\<), the real ordered field, then the structure will be o-minimal. The two notions are different in other settings though. For example, let *R* be the ordered field of real algebraic numbers with the usual ordering \< inherited from **R**. Take a transcendental number, say *π*, and add a unary relation *S* to the structure given by the subset (−*π*,*π*) ∩ *R*. Now consider the subset *A* of *R* defined by the formula
$$0<a \,\wedge\, S(a)$$
so that the set consists of all strictly positive real algebraic numbers that are less than *π*. The set is clearly convex, but cannot be written as a finite union of points and intervals whose endpoints are in *R*. To write it as an interval one would either have to include the endpoint *π*, which isn\'t in *R*, or one would require infinitely many intervals, such as the union
$$\bigcup_{\alpha<\pi}(0,\alpha).$$
Since we have a definable set that isn\'t a finite union of points and intervals, this structure is not o-minimal. However, it is known that the structure is weakly o-minimal, and in fact the theory of this structure is weakly o-minimal
| 414 |
Weakly o-minimal structure
| 0 |
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unexpected '{'
{{single chart|UK|43|date=19910914|rowheader=true|access-date=August 24, 2020}}
^
``
| 17 |
Slave to the Grind (song)
| 0 |
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The **Shreveport Mudbugs** are a Tier II junior ice hockey team based in Shreveport, Louisiana, as a member of the North American Hockey League. The new Mudbugs replaced a former professional team that played in the area from 1997 to 2011 known as the Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs.
## History
From 1997 to 2000, Shreveport, Louisiana was home to a professional hockey team in the Western Professional Hockey League (WPHL) named the Shreveport Mudbugs. In 2000, the Mudbugs relocated to nearby Bossier City to play out of CenturyTel Center and changed their name to the Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs. The Mudbugs then joined the Central Hockey League in 2001 when the WPHL merged with the CHL. The professional Mudbugs would eventually fold in 2011 citing low attendance and financial issues even though the team had just won the league championship.
In October 2015, it was announced that a new Mudbugs team would return for the 2016--17 season after signing a 12-year lease agreement with the Louisiana State Fairgrounds and returning to Hirsch Coliseum but as a member of the Tier II junior North American Hockey League. On April 8, 2016, the **Shreveport Mudbugs** were officially announced as an expansion team in the NAHL. Former Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs player, Karlis Zirnis, was named the team\'s first head coach.
In their second season, the Mudbugs finished first in the South Division at the end of the regular season and played their way through the Robertson Cup playoffs to take the NAHL championship in 2018. Following the season, head coach Zirnis left the team to take an assistant coaching position with the University of Alaska-Fairbanks hockey team.
## Longest playoff game in NAHL history {#longest_playoff_game_in_nahl_history}
On April 22, 2023, the Shreveport Mudbugs traveled to North Richland Hills, Texas to play the Lone Star Brahmas for Game 1 of the South Division semifinals. At 7:30 pm CT, the puck was dropped. At 1:38 am the next day, the game finally ended with a 2-1 victory for Lone Star in quadruple overtime. The game was approximately 6 hours and 8 minutes long, making it the longest playoff game in the NAHL. However, the Mudbugs got the last laugh, as they upset the Brahmas in the series, beating them 3 games to 2.
| 372 |
Shreveport Mudbugs
| 0 |
7,859,420 |
## Season-by-season records {#season_by_season_records}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Season</p></th>
<th><p>GP</p></th>
<th><p>W</p></th>
<th><p>L</p></th>
<th><p>OTL</p></th>
<th><p>Pts</p></th>
<th><p>GF</p></th>
<th><p>GA</p></th>
<th><p>PIM</p></th>
<th><p>Finish</p></th>
<th><p>Playoffs</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2016–17</p></td>
<td><p>60</p></td>
<td><p>35</p></td>
<td><p>19</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>76</p></td>
<td><p>189</p></td>
<td><p>151</p></td>
<td><p>1126</p></td>
<td><p>2nd of 7, South Div.<br />
6th of 24, NAHL</p></td>
<td><p>Lost Div. Semifinals, 0–3 vs. Corpus Christi IceRays</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2017–18</p></td>
<td><p>60</p></td>
<td><p>41</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p>89</p></td>
<td><p>191</p></td>
<td><p>112</p></td>
<td><p>1163</p></td>
<td><p><strong>1st of 6, South Div.</strong><br />
2nd of 23, NAHL</p></td>
<td><p>Won Div. Semifinals, 3–2 vs. Corpus Christi IceRays<br />
Won Div. Finals, 3–2 vs. Lone Star Brahmas<br />
Won Robertson Cup Semifinals, 2–0 vs. Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Knights<br />
Won Robertson Cup Championship game, 2–1 vs. Minot Minotauros<br />
<strong>Robertson Cup Champions</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2018–19</p></td>
<td><p>60</p></td>
<td><p>28</p></td>
<td><p>22</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p>66</p></td>
<td><p>163</p></td>
<td><p>164</p></td>
<td><p>1357</p></td>
<td><p>3rd of 6, South Div.<br />
12th of 24, NAHL</p></td>
<td><p>Won Div. Semifinals, 3–2 vs. Lone Star Brahmas<br />
Lost Div. Finals, 2–3 vs. Amarillo Bulls</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2019–20</p></td>
<td><p>52</p></td>
<td><p>34</p></td>
<td><p>18</p></td>
<td><p>0</p></td>
<td><p>68</p></td>
<td><p>164</p></td>
<td><p>107</p></td>
<td><p>1269</p></td>
<td><p>4th of 7, South Div.<br />
9th of 26, NAHL</p></td>
<td><p>Season cancelled</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2020–21</p></td>
<td><p>56</p></td>
<td><p>38</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p>83</p></td>
<td><p>205</p></td>
<td><p>139</p></td>
<td><p>1103</p></td>
<td><p><strong>1st of 6, South Div.</strong><br />
3rd of 23, NAHL</p></td>
<td><p>Won Div. Semifinals, 3–1 vs. Amarillo Bulls<br />
Won Div. Finals, 3–0 vs. Wichita Falls Warriors<br />
Won Robertson Cup Semifinals, 2–0 vs. Maine Nordiques<br />
Won Robertson Cup Championship game, 4–2 vs. Aberdeen Wings<br />
<strong>Robertson Cup Champions</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2021–22</p></td>
<td><p>60</p></td>
<td><p>34</p></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>73</p></td>
<td><p>170</p></td>
<td><p>154</p></td>
<td><p>1168</p></td>
<td><p>4th of 8, South Div.<br />
11th of 29, NAHL</p></td>
<td><p>Lost Div. Semifinals, 1–3 vs. Lone Star Brahmas</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2022–23</p></td>
<td><p>60</p></td>
<td><p>37</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p>81</p></td>
<td><p>183</p></td>
<td><p>135</p></td>
<td><p>1057</p></td>
<td><p>3rd of 8, South Div.<br />
5th of 29, NAHL</p></td>
<td><p>Won Div. Semifinals, 3–2 vs. Lone Star Brahmas<br />
Lost Div. Finals, 0–3 vs. Oklahoma Warriors</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2023–24</p></td>
<td><p>60</p></td>
<td><p>41</p></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>2</p></td>
<td><p>84</p></td>
<td><p>208</p></td>
<td><p>141</p></td>
<td><p>1163</p></td>
<td><p>2nd of 8 South,<br />
3rd of 32 NAHL</p></td>
<td><p>Won Div. Semifinals, 3-2 vs. El Paso Rhinos<br />
Lost Div. Finals, 1-3 vs. Lone Star Brahmas</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2024–25</p></td>
<td><p>47</p></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td><p>3</p></td>
<td><p>61</p></td>
<td><p>151</p></td>
<td><p>120</p></td>
<td><p>835</p></td>
<td><p>2nd of 8 South,<br />
7th of 32 NAHL</p></td>
<td><p>Lost Div. Semifinals, 0-3 vs
| 368 |
Shreveport Mudbugs
| 1 |
7,859,449 |
The **Noordhollandsch Kanaal** (\"Great North Holland Canal\") is a canal originally meant for ocean-going ships. It is located in North Holland, Netherlands. The canal was of great significance in Dutch history.
## Location
The canal is about 75 kilometers long. Nowadays, it is a canal that connects several cities in North Holland. It starts at Den Helder in the north, and then goes through Alkmaar and Purmerend, and ends opposite the IJ at Amsterdam. As such it is one of the many canals in the Netherlands. However, from its construction till about 1880 it had a totally different character, because it was a canal meant for ocean-going ships. Ships would sail from the Americas or East-Asia, and then be towed along the canal from Den Helder to Amsterdam.
## Context and Plans {#context_and_plans}
### The Zuiderzee becomes less navigable {#the_zuiderzee_becomes_less_navigable}
During the 17th century the Zuiderzee became ever less navigable for sea-going ships of the cities on its shores. Amsterdam was especially challenged by the shallows near Pampus, which hindered the connection between the IJ and the rest of the Zuiderzee. Sometimes this problem could be solved by using ship camels, but in general the solution was sought in transloading goods on smaller vessels while the sea-going ships anchored on the Rede van Texel. These smaller vessels would then continue to Amsterdam and other cities, where most of the goods would again be transloaded. This incurred a huge problem for the competitiveness of the harbor of Amsterdam.
### The harbor of Nieuwediep {#the_harbor_of_nieuwediep}
Warships were also bothered by the situation in the Zuiderzee. Therefore, a harbor for warships was constructed at Nieuwediep from 1781 to 1785. From the start this was used by merchant ships. Even though Nieuwediep did not have quays at first, but it did have pile moorings. Ships could thus transload in port instead of at sea, thereby reducing cost, and increasing speed. Many heavy ships also wintered at Nieuwediep, especially the heavy East Indiaman of the Dutch East India Company.
### Plans to (re)connect Amsterdam to the sea {#plans_to_reconnect_amsterdam_to_the_sea}
Year Number
------ --------
1816 2,563
1817 3,077
1818 1,759
1819 2,113
1820 2,494
1821 2,161
1822 2,159
1823 2,106
1824 1,729
1825 1,606
1826 1,887
1827 1,982
1828 2,132
1829 2,029
: Incoming ships in Amsterdam 1816--1829
After the Netherlands became independent again in 1813, King William I of the Netherlands attempted to revitalize the Dutch economy, which had been entirely ruined during the French period. The king centered part of his efforts on improving, extending and updating roads and waterways in the Netherlands. This included a project to improve the connection of Amsterdam to the sea. The Voorne Canal was a similar project for Rotterdam.
A few years after the canal had been opened, an overview of the number of ships arriving in Amsterdam from 1817 to 1828 was published. It shows that the first years after regaining independence probably gave rise to high expectations for the recovery of Amsterdam as a major harbor. The figures do not show a clear effect of the first operational year of the canal in 1825. For 1826 and 1827 the author of the overview gives other numbers than Westrman gave in 1936.
Legend has it that King William I used a pencil to indicate that a canal should be dug from Amsterdam straight to the west. But this would have cut through the dunes, about where the North Sea Canal is now. At the time this would have been a very major technological challenge. Others have this as a fact, and say that Inspector General Jan Blanken prevented this plan. His reasons are supposed to have been:
- the cost of digging through the dunes;
- The cost of the stone dams that would have to stretch into the sea; and
- the need to have a canal to the navy base at Willemsoord.
| 646 |
Noordhollandsch Kanaal
| 0 |
7,859,449 |
## Context and Plans {#context_and_plans}
### The plan for a canal to Nieuwediep {#the_plan_for_a_canal_to_nieuwediep}
The government then decided to construct a canal from Amsterdam to Nieuwediep, and ordered Jan Blanken to make a design. Blanken proposed a canal from Tolhuis, on the north shore of the IJ across Amsterdam, towards Nieuwediep. On the south shore, a dyke would have to be made in the IJ from Het Blauwhoofd in the northwest of the city, to Zeeburg in the east. This would create a large wet dock in the north of Amsterdam. Amsterdam and its Chamber of Commerce did not like this plan, because they feared that at least part of their trade would move to Nieuwediep. They also did not like the dyke, because they thought it would cause delays for smaller vessels. In the end the city agreed, but on condition that the dyke would only be made after the canal was ready. The city would contribute 1,000,000 guilders to the canal, and the state would contribute 300,000 guilders to dredging in front of the city.
At first, the objections of Amsterdam also had to do with the size of the canal. The first lock at Nieuwdiep was only 33 Amsterdam feet, or 9.34 m wide. This width would limit the canal to ships of 200 lasts (somewhat below 400 ton cargo capacity). At the time, a significant part of sea going ships was about 250 lasts or bigger. The answer of Amsterdam to the plans therefore included that it wanted a lock of 40 feet wide, and a canal depth of 15 feet. Amsterdam was also afraid that shipbuilders would move to Den Helder, and asked for a ban on building new, or expanding the existing, shipyards at Nieuwediep. In 1822 this ban would even be expanded to founding factories for salt or sugar, or other big factories, without express government permission. With regard to trade at Den Helder, this was already forbidden by laws dating from the French period.
The net result was that Amsterdam got a canal wide and deep enough for ocean-going ships. Once the ocean-going ships arrived before Amsterdam however, its harbor would prove insufficient. Like Blanken had predicted, the dredging efforts did not succeed in ameliorating the situation. After the Goudriaan plan for a canal that bypassed Pampus got underway, Amsterdam finally gave in. Blanken\'s plan was changed to build only the Westerdok and Oosterdok wet docks. In between, Amsterdam would retain its open connection to the sea.
| 415 |
Noordhollandsch Kanaal
| 1 |
7,859,449 |
## Construction
### Leadership
The construction of the canal was led by Inspector General Jan Blanken. In Spring 1819 he moved to Nieuwediep to lead construction from there. Other engineers stationed at Nieuwediep were: J. Glimmerveen, M. Merens and J. van Asperen. In order to save cost, the canal mostly followed existing waters. However, these all had to be made much deeper and wider.
### Sections
The southern section stretched from the IJ to Purmerend. It was led by Engineer van Asperen. It included the construction of Willem I Lock on the IJ near Tolhuis, and a flood gate near Buiksloot. This was by far the most difficult section, due to the weak ground. Furthermore, the existing waterway had to be deepened, but was too important to be closed down for the operation. The weak ground made that in some places the slope of the shore had to be made even less than 22.5 degrees. Otherwise these shores would collapse, especially when there was no counter-pressure from the water.
This section was completely dug by widening and deepening existing waterways. At its southern end this section followed the Oude Vaart, which ran from the IJ to Purmerend. From the IJ to Buiksloot it was 10--20 m wide and 1.25--1.5 m deep at low tide in the IJ. There was no lock on its junction with the IJ. It therefore tended to quickly silt up with sediment brought in by the tide. The result was that at low tide it was too shallow for river vessels, while at high tide the towpath was flooded. There was a small lock in the sea dyke at Buiksloot, giving access to Waterland. The old lock was 25 m long, 3.45 m wide and 2 m deep in summer. It had a fixed bridge. Its demolition was ordered in 1823. Between Buiksloot and Purmerend the Oude Vaart was 16--18 m wide, and about 1.25--1.5 m deep in summer. Just east of Purmerland village, the Oude Vaart crossed the dyke Achterdichting. Here a lock bridged the water level difference between the Waterland and Purmerland basins. This small lock measured only 12.5 \* 3 \* 2 m. The Oude Vaart had a small lock of equal dimensions at Purmerend.
The central section stretched from Purmerend to the Zijpe Lock at \'t Zand. This section was led by Engineer Merens and included the lock at Purmerend. In the southern part of this section, the stretch from Purmerend to Spijkerboor was just as troublesome as the stretch south of it.
This section made use of the canals which had been dug around the Beemster and Starnmeer lakes to drain them. These were 20--30 m wide and 1.52--1.9 m deep in summer. Another such canal that was used ran along the former Schermermeer lake. This canal was also called Alkmaarse Vaart, and was 45--48 m wide and about 1.5--1.75 m deep in summer. From Alkmaar to the Zijpe polder the Koedijkervaart was 18--20 m wide and 1.60 m deep in summer.
In the Zijpe polder the old *Groote Sloot* ran from the Schoorlse Zeedijk at Zijpersluis to the Zuiderzee. It had the Jacob Claesse lock at Zijpersluis, and the *Grote Sluis* at Oudesluis, connecting to the Zuiderzee. The first connection between Nieuwediep and Alkmaar was made by the construction of a small stretch of canal between the lock that was 1 km north of \'t Zand, and the Keinsmer Trekvaart in \'t Zand, which connected to the Groote Sloot. This small stretch was tendered on 7 May 1818, that is before the plans for the Noordhollands Kanaal were approved.
The Groote Sloot was not used for the final canal. Instead a new route was dug west of it, from the Schoorlse Zeedijk at Zijpersluis to the Zijpe lock just north of \'t Zand. The hamlet of Zijpersluis has the ancient Jacob Claesse lock, which cuts off the Groote Sloot from the Noordhollandsch Kanaal. However, when the new route was dug, Zijpersluis got a flood gate which could be closed with beams, the so-called *Doorvaartsluis*, or simply *Doorvaart* (passage), which was later removed.
The northern section stretched from the northern entrance of the Zijpe polder at \'t Zand to Nieuwediep. It was directed by Engineer Glimmerveen and also included the new double lock at Nieuwediep. In this section preparatory works had already been executed in 1817 and 1818, including the construction of the dyke along the Koegras, and also the construction of a fan flood gate (*Zijper Keersluis*) at \'t Zand, which was made into a regular lock during the later construction of the canal.
### Riots
In late May 1823 there was serious labor unrest at the canal construction site near Akersloot. On 28 May it came to a fight in which contractor Huiskes shot dead two laborers, and was subsequently killed himself. The laborers destroyed two construction trailers, some chain pumps, material and tools. To restore order, some infantry was sent from Alkmaar, while cavalry was sent from Haarlem.
| 830 |
Noordhollandsch Kanaal
| 2 |
7,859,449 |
## Construction
### Cost
The total cost of the canal would be 11,000,000 guilders. Highlights were: the Willem I Lock for 465,000 guilders, Buiksloot Flood Gate for 252,000 guilders, the Purmerend Lock for 395,000 guilders, the Zijpe Lock for 183,000 guilders, and Koopvaarders Lock for 385,000 guilders.
Amsterdam paid 1,000,000 guilders towards the cost. Alkmaar and surroundings would contribute about 230,000 guilders. Purmerend made a small contribution.
| 67 |
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## Characteristics
### Course
The canal connected a number of existing waterways, including various canals and the small Rekere river.
### Dimensions
The original dimensions of the canal were smaller than they were later. Original designed width was 37.60 m at the top, and 10 m on the canal bed. Original depth was 5.70 m at summer level. The stretch Zijpe Lock -- Nieuwediep was only 5.50 m deep at the same summer level.
### Passage time {#passage_time}
The time to pass the canal from Nieuwediep to Amsterdam was very variable. For ships which were towed from the shore, it was between 16.5 and 26 hours in favorable circumstances. For big ships that were towed by steamers, it was between 11 and 20 hours. Small could sometimes be towed in only 9.5 hours. As these were figures from 1860 or before, this resulted in faster passage in summer, because there was no artificial light to continue in the dark.
By 1860, steam navigation was therefore very important on the canal. However, it also caused much damage to the shores of the canal. Furthermore, there were many accidents, especially in the bends of the canal.
### Locks
At the southern end of the canal, the later Willem I lock was built. Just north of these was Buiksloot Flood Gate, which would normally be open. North of that was Purmerend Lock. North of Alkmaar was the Zijpersluis Flood Gate, at Zijpersluis. This was a flood gate that could be closed with beams. North of that was Zijpe Lock at \'t Zand. The final locks were at Nieuwediep.
The situation with regard to the Zijpe Lock is extremely confusing. In Dutch there is a *Zijper Keersluis*, *Zijper Schutsluis*, or *Zijper Kolksluis*. These names are also practical homonyms of the nearby place Zijpersluis, which has the Jacob Claesse lock and had a flood gate. In April 1818 the government tendered the construction of a flood gate with fan doors in the old Zijpe sea dyke on the canal, before the rest of the canal was tendered. This was the Zijper Keersluis (Zijpe Flood Gate) at \'t Zand. In December 1821 there was another tender, now for the construction of a regular lock in the Zijpe Sea dyke. It seems that this way the flood lock became a regular lock.
In Nieuwediep there was a flood gate for the Navy wet dock, the *Zeedoksluis*. At the time this was not a lock, but only a flood gate that let navy ships in and out of the wet dock when the tide was level with the sea. The first lock built at Nieuwediep was a lock with fan gates called *Koopvaarderij Schut en Waaijersluis* (see map). This lock was a bit too small for sea-going merchant ships, and so a new double lock called Koopvaarders Lock *Koopvaarders Schutsluis* was built. The older fan gate was then renamed *Marine Schutsluis*. There was still one other major lock around, which was the lock in the Nieuwe Werk.
### Raft Bridges {#raft_bridges}
A unique element of the canal are the floating bridges, so-called *vlotbruggen* (\"raft bridges\"). These bridges were constructed because engineers in the 1820s, when the canal was constructed, were not able to build bridges long enough to span the canal. The bridges opened by sliding the floating middle sections underneath the fixed end sections. The Rekervlotburg was constructed in 2012, only some kilometers north of the Koedijkervlotbrug. After some problems the bridge was removed, repaired, and reinstated in 2013.
There are now five raft bridges, all of them north of the city center of Alkmaar:
- Koedijkervlotbrug
- Burgervlotbrug
- Sint Maartensvlotbrug
- Vlotbrug \'t Zand
- Rekervlotbrug (\'new\')
| 612 |
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7,859,449 |
## Operational history {#operational_history}
### The first works near Den Helder are opened {#the_first_works_near_den_helder_are_opened}
In August 1817 the commercial lock of Den Helder first became operational. On 4 November 1817 King William I and Prince Frederick arrived in Den Helder to see the lock. They also made a trip on a large boat that was towed along the new canal on the inside of the new Koegras dyke till they reached \'t Zand, from whence they returned home.
### The canal is opened {#the_canal_is_opened}
On 13 December 1824 the frigate HNLMS *Bellona* of 44 guns passed the Willem I Lock and entered the canal. She was commanded by Captain Roepel and had a temporary draft of 16 Amsterdam feet. She was to be drawn to Nieuwdiep by 12 horses, to be rigged and armed over there. *Bellona* arrived in Buiksloot after 25 minutes. On the 14th she was towed past Ilpendam at 10 am, and passed the Lock of Purmerend at noon. She passed Spijkerboor, and reached West-Graftdijk at 5 pm, where the frigate moored due to the extremely bad sight. On 15 December fierce winds delayed *Bellona*, but by the end of the day she had reached the Zeglis at Alkmaar. On 16 December *Bellona* passed through Alkmaar in the morning.
Meanwhile, the three-master *Christina Bernardina* of Captain H.H. Zijlstra, flag C.J.F. coming from Batavia, had arrived in Nieuwediep in early December. She had left Nieuwediep for Amsterdam on 15 December 1824, but got not further than \'De Kooi\' by evening. On 16 December 1824 at four PM, the ships passes each other between the Sint Maarten and Schagen bridges. This was an event: there was music and *Christina Bernardina* saluted *Bellona* with 9 shots.
In the evening *Bellona* reached the Zijpe Lock at \'t Zand. At 9 in the morning of the 17th Bellona passed Zijpe Lock. Near Kwelderbeek corner, a coastal vessel under full sail passed her from the opposite direction. At 5 PM she moored in the *Koopvaarders Binnenhaven* (Commercial inner harbor) of Nieuwediep, completing the first trip on the canal. On 29 December 1824 *Christina Bernardina* arrived in Amsterdam as first major commercial vessel using the canal. This was a two-week journey, which was not that surprising, because many facilities like towpaths and so where not yet ready.
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## Operational history {#operational_history}
### First Developments {#first_developments}
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| Year | Number | Tons | From Dutch\ | Number passing Alkmaar |
| | | | East Indies | |
+======+==============+=========+=============+========================+
| 1825 | 1,606 | | 12+ | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1826 | 1,887 1,966\ | 197,341 | ? | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1827 | 1,982 2,045\ | 233,159 | | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1828 | 2,132 | | | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1829 | 2,029 | | 14+ | 475 |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1830 | 1,992 | | | 622 |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1831 | 1,624 | | | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1832 | 2,246 | | | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1833 | 2,374 | | c\. 25 | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1834 | 2,158 | | c\. 50 | 798 |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1835 | 1,968 | | 56 | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1836 | 1,694 | | 51 | 867 |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1837 | 1,974 | | 56 | 1,002 |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1838 | 2,079 | | 71 | 976 |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1839 | 2,357 | | 98 | 1,215 |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1840 | 2,168 | 349,500 | 95 | 1,069 |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1841 | 2,031 | | 107 | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1842 | 2,158 | | 95 | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1843 | 2,043 | 349,454 | 102 | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1844 | 2,204 | | 117 | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1845 | 2,433 | 367,451 | 110 | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1846 | 2,812 | 415,588 | 122 | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1847 | 2,754 | | 116 | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1848 | 1,937 | 339,594 | 115 | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1849 | 1,908 | 363,623 | 121 | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
| 1850 | 1,960 | 345,100 | 108 | |
+------+--------------+---------+-------------+------------------------+
: Incoming ships in Amsterdam 1825--1850
Up to 1 July 1825 about 200 sea-going ships used the canal, even though many things were not ready yet. In July 1826, for example, the construction of part of the towpaths along the canal still had to be ordered. This made it very difficult for ships to be moved along parts of the canal. Usage of the canal had also been adversely affected by drainage tests with the sea locks. Another problem was that a wet dock had not yet been built in Amsterdam. It meant that the ships that used the canal did not find a deep water port at the end of their journey. A commission was appointed to investigate what would have to be done.
In September 1826 two vessels were launched for J. Goedkoop and Comp. who founded a shipping line from Amsterdam to Nieuwediep and Willemsoord. One vessel was called *Onderneming* and measured 160 Dutch tons.
By July 1831 the dykes around the two wet docks of Amsterdam (Westerdok and Oosterdok) provided shelter to the ships using them. Oosterdok had also been brought to sufficient depth for sea-going ships to reach the Entrepotdok, where goods could be stored for transit without having to pay import taxes. The locks of the wet docks were not yet ready.
### Traffic on the canal {#traffic_on_the_canal}
Some numbers are available about the total number of sea going ships reaching Amsterdam. For the numbers of 1826--1850 it is tempting to assume that all loaded ships that came in used the canal, but this was by far not the case. The numbers of ships passing Alkmaar is at first only about a quarter of the number of ships reaching Amsterdam, later this increased to about half the number at Amsterdam in 1840. In 1852, this was still about half.
Specific numbers of incoming and outgoing ships on the canal, consistently show a significantly smaller number of outgoing ships. This is true for Alkmaar, but also for later numbers collected at specific locks. It suggests that on the return journey many empty, lightly loaded, and small enough ships, sailed the Zuiderzee, even if they had come in through the canal.
### New lock at Nieuwediep and the 8-Ton Plan (1850--1858) {#new_lock_at_nieuwediep_and_the_8_ton_plan_18501858}
Year #Nieuwediep #Purmerend #Willem I lock
------ ------------- ------------ ----------------
1848 972
1849 1,067
1852 1,057 819
1853 995 614
1854 998 799
1855 1,257 874
1856 1,363 955 976
: Incoming ships at some locks 1855--1856
Up till about 1850 all kinds of small improvements were made on the canal. Many of these centered on getting the desired bottom width of 10 m. Meanwhile, the size of ships increased, which was problematic for the locks. The locks were 65 m long and 15.70 m wide. At the time of construction this had been enough for any commercial ship. The Koopvaarders Lock (II 1823--1860) at Nieuwediep was only 53.30 m long and 14.10 m wide. However, this lock had an alternative route through the navy wet dock, albeit with its own limits and extra delays.
The first serious works to improve the canal were the construction of a new lock for merchant shipping at Nieuwediep, and the 8-Ton Plan. Construction of the new Koopvaarders Lock (III) lock at Nieuwediep was started in 1850. It was opened on 1 July 1857. The new lock was 69.60 m long, 16.93 m wide and deep 6.00 m below summer canal level, or 6.84 m below high tide. As regards locks, the new limits were then set by: the 15.70 m width of all other canal locks, the 65 m length of the Willem I and Purmerend locks, and the 5.40 m depth of Buiksloot Flood Gate.
The 8-Ton Plan was named after its budget. For 7 years, from 1852 to 1858, 113,000 guilders a year were to be spent on deepening the canal. It included making some shortcuts near Alkmaar and Ilpendam. This plan was indeed executed.
### The canal becomes unsuitable {#the_canal_becomes_unsuitable}
Since its construction, the basic problem of the canal was that shipping lines lost two days or more when their ships passed through. A problem that was even more serious because Amsterdam did not have much to offer as return shipment. The time for passage of the canal was increased by the many bridges, the lock gates and the curves and turns in the canal. At the time the canal also froze for extended periods in winter.
A \'new\' problem was that the size of ships steadily increased. Even while the new lock at Nieuwediep and the 8-Ton Plan were getting executed, one knew that it would not be sufficient. A ship loaded deeper than 5,00 m would still have to partially unload at Nieuwediep, and in about 1850 the bigger sea-going ships reached a draft of 6.20 m when loaded. As a consequence, these sometimes had to unload more than half their cargo to use the canal.
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7,859,449 |
## Operational history {#operational_history}
### Last Improvements (1856--1876) {#last_improvements_18561876}
On 27 July 1856 the government appointed a commission to investigate how the Noordhollandsch Canal could be made completely suitable to the needs of commerce and navy. One of the questions it had to answer, was how it could made suitable to service the largest type of commercial ship. The commission made proposals for much larger locks, a canal of 50 m wide at the surface and 6.75 m deep, removal of the inland locks etc. One of the recommendations of the commission was the construction of a new lock next tot the existing Willem I Lock. It would become 110 m long, 18.20 m wide and 7.33 m deep below Amsterdam Ordnance Datum and was finished on 15 December 1864.
Other recommendations of the commission were the construction of two shortcuts of 92,500 and 53,000 guilders near Koedijk in 1859 and 1860, and a shortcut near the Slochterbrug for 60,000 guilders in 1860. Furthermore, a lot of reinforcements were made on the shores, so steamers and steam tugboats could make better use of the canal. In 1864 the shortcut near the Texelse Poort in Alkmaar was made. The removal of the Purmerend lock would not be executed.
By 1860 there were 6 steam vessels pulling ships on the canal. In July 1866 Gebroeders Goedkoop started Schroef-Stoom Sleepdienst Noord Holland, that towed ships along the canal using propeller driven tugboats. This was a major plus, because moving a ship by tugboat was faster than towing it with horses.
### The North Sea Canal {#the_north_sea_canal}
In January 1852 Amsterdam appointed a commission to investigate the construction of a canal from Amsterdam to the west, the later North Sea Canal, between Amsterdam and IJmuiden. It gave a positive advice in December 1852. Completed in 1876, the North Sea Canal made the Noordhollandsch Kanaal largely obsolete.
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## The current Noordhollandsch Kanaal {#the_current_noordhollandsch_kanaal}
The Noordhollandsch Kanaal is still used for commercial shipping. However, the canal\'s main functions today are recreation and water management.
## Gallery
North_Holland_Canal.jpg\|The canal along the metro tunnel construction site in Amsterdam NHkanaalRekerdijk
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**Gregory Wilson** (born `{{Birth based on age as of date |45 |2010|08|22 |noage=1|slash=y}}`{=mediawiki}) is an American magician and two-time FISM award winner. Known as \"The Honest Conman,\" Wilson specializes primarily in close-up magic, sleight-of-hand, and confidence trickery. He is the subject of a chapter in magician Paul Harris\'s book, *Art of Astonishment*, Vol. 1.
Wilson is a regular performer at the Magic Castle in Hollywood, but also performs at large corporate events, trade shows and private functions all over the world. He has been featured in numerous televised specials, including a featured role as a \"resident wizard\" on Syfy\'s magic series *Wizard Wars* with Penn & Teller.
Most recently Wilson has focused on golf magic, where he performs as [The Golf Magician](https://thegolfmagician.com), at tournaments around the world. The tricks he performs are all golf-specific.
## Career
Billing himself as a \"deception artist,\" Wilson began development in the mid-1980\'s on what would eventually become his signature \"Criminal Act,\" with a focus on pick-pocketing, card-sharking, short-changing, street-swindling and mental manipulation. His work in these fields has been so extensive that he has given his Deception Detection lecture to U.S. federal law enforcement agencies (FBI, CIA, ATF, Secret Service, Homeland Security), as well as numerous state and local police departments who have all consulted him on matters related to his areas of expertise.
## Publications
Having created nearly 500 original effects as of 2020, Wilson has published numerous books, notes, and videos teaching different types of sleight of hand, mind reading, and pickpocketing. He has also contributed to numerous journals, magazines, and books on the topic of performing magic, including a column for now-defunct *The Magic Menu* called \"Gregory\'s Greetings.\"
## Career and publications {#career_and_publications}
Wilson\'s extensive body of work is renowned worldwide, catering primarily to magicians of intermediate and advanced skill levels. Initially relying on major magic retailers for distribution, Wilson\'s published materials are now predominantly available through The Secret Source, a magic learning platform he founded in 1996
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**Markus Büchel** (`{{IPA|de|ˈmaʁkʊs ˈbyːçl̩}}`{=mediawiki}; 14 May 1959 -- 9 July 2013) was a lawyer and politician from Liechtenstein who served as Prime Minister of Liechtenstein in 1993. Serving for just under 7 months, he is the shortest serving prime minister in Liechtenstein\'s history.
## Early life {#early_life}
Büchel attended high school in Eschen from 1972 to 1975 before completing an internship in the law firm of Alfred Bühler in Vaduz. From 1981 he studied law in the University of Bern and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, where he graduated in 1986.
## Prime Minister of Liechtenstein {#prime_minister_of_liechtenstein}
Büchel was in office as Prime Minister of Liechtenstein from 26 May to 15 December 1993. The February 1993 Liechtenstein general election resulted in a win for the Progressive Citizens\' Party and Büchel was appointed as prime minister.
Soon after taking office, Büchel was the subject of controversy over the composition of his cabinet, specifically within his own party. As prime minister, he co-signed the Constitution of the Princely House of Liechtenstein, though notably without consultation from the Landtag of Liechtenstein.
On 14 September 1993, the Landtag passed a motion of no confidence against him following a request by the Progressive Citizens\' Party to do so. The following day, Hans-Adam II dismissed both the government and the Landtag. Following the October 1993 Liechtenstein general election, Büchel was succeeded by his deputy Mario Frick. Serving for just under 7 months, Büchel is the shortest-serving prime minister in Liechtenstein\'s history.
## Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
From 1997 Büchel worked as a lawyer. In 2002, he became Honorary Consul of Russia in Liechtenstein.
He died in on 9 July 2013 in Ruggell, aged 54 years old
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| 0 |
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**Elizabeth Rider** is an English actress. Her career is marked by diverse roles in numerous television dramas.
## Education
She trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, where she was awarded its Gold Medal. From there, Elizabeth joined the Radio Drama Company after winning the Carleton Hobbs Bursary, which gave her a contract for six months.
## Career
Rider\'s first television acting job was as Nora in the 1979 series *Testament of Youth*. In 1997, she landed the role of Sheila Thwaite in *The Lakes*. In 1999, she appeared in ITV soap opera *Coronation Street* as Ashley Peacock\'s biological mother. In 2004, she had a ten-episode role playing Jill Green in *EastEnders*.
Rider appeared in Series Two and Three of the drama *At Home with the Braithwaites* in 2001 and 2002, as Helen Braithwaite. She also voiced Atris in the video game *Star Wars Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords*. She appeared in five episodes in Series 23 of the long-running medical drama series *Casualty*, playing troubled mum Cathy Malone. She has also appeared in *Heartbeat*, *Emmerdale*, *Holby City*, *Hollyoaks*, *The Street*, *The Accused*, *The Tunnel*, *Call the Midwife*, *Marchlands*, *Informer* and the 2013 *Doctor Who* Christmas Special, \"The Time of the Doctor\", among many other dramas. From 2009 to 2017, Rider portrayed the recurring role of DCI Lynette Driver on the BBC soap opera *Doctors*.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ------------------------------------------------------ -------------------- ------------------------
1984 *Breakout* WPC
1985 *Sacred Hearts*
*`{{sortname|The|Wrong Type|nolink=y}}`{=mediawiki}* Voice role; short film
1997 *Stone Cold* Lesley
2005 *Brothers of the Head* Roberta Howe
2016 *Letters from Baghdad* Lady Elsa Richmond Documentary
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------
1979 *Testament of Youth* Norah Miniseries; episode: \"Buxton 1914\"
1980 *Breakaway* Schoolteacher Episode: \"The Local Affair: Part 2\"
1981 *Sons and Lovers* Gladys Miniseries; 1 episode
1985 *Marguerite Duras: Worn Out with Desire to Write* Reader TV documentary
1986 *Refuse to Dance: The Theatre of Howard Barker* TV documentary
1988 *Hard Cases* Woman on bus 2 episodes
1992 *Civvies* Suzie Dillon Miniseries; main role
1993, 2004, 2007, 2009 *`{{sortname|The|Bill}}`{=mediawiki}* Tina Rogers / Josephine Eyre / Sarah Callaghan / Diane Silk 5 episodes
1993 *Agatha Christie\'s Poirot* Grace Episode: \"Jewel Robbery at the Grand Metropolitan\"
*Between the Lines* Det. Sgt. Jackie Whittaker Episode: \"Honourable Men\"
1994, 1998, 2000 *Peak Practice* Alison Farnham / Patricia Davey / Anne Meadows 3 episodes
1995, 2008--2009 *Casualty* Cathy Malone / Bev Elliott 6 episodes
1996 *Dangerfield* Jackie Creed Episode: \"Old Dog, Old Tricks\"
1996, 2000 *Pond Life* Ruth / Additional voices Voice role; 3 episodes
1997 *Wycliffe* Trisha Tyzack Episode: \"Close to Home\"
1997--1999 *`{{sortname|The|Lakes|dab=TV series}}`{=mediawiki}* Sheila Thwaite Main role
1998 *Out of Hours* Mrs. Boyd Miniseries; 1 episode
1999, 2004, 2009 *Heartbeat* Mrs. Constance Manners / Dawn Buckland / Stella 3 episodes
1999 *Where the Heart Is* Carol Williams Episode: \"A Special Language\"
1999, 2006 *Coronation Street* Kathleen Gutteridge / Genna 15 episodes
2000 *Donovan Quick* Grief Stricken Woman Television film
2001, 2005, 2012, 2015 *Holby City* Linda Haywood / Annie Franklin / Carol Bennett / Polly Thomas 4 episodes
2001--2002 *At Home with the Braithwaites* Helen Braithwaite 5 episodes
2002 *Murder* DS Wenthworth Miniseries; main role
*Bad Girls* Ms. Green Episode: \"Marriage of Inconvenience\"
*Lenny Blue* Mrs. Cooper Miniseries
2003 *Red Cap* Carol Rossel Episode: \"H-Hour\"
*`{{sortname|A|Touch of Frost}}`{=mediawiki}* Helen Burrell Episode: \"Close Encounters\"
*Cold Feet* Counsellor 1 episode
*Sweet Medicine* Mrs. Campbell 1 episode
2004--2008 *EastEnders* Nurse Jill Green 10 episodes
2004 *Hustle* June Episode: \"A Touch of Class\"
*`{{sortname|A|Thing Called Love|nolink=y}}`{=mediawiki}* Maureen Scant Miniseries; 3 episodes
2005 *Julian Fellowes Investigates: A Most Mysterious Murder* Georgiana Gardiner Docudrama; episode: \"The Case of Rose Harsent\"
2005, 2008--2017 *Doctors* Denise Roberts / Louise McBride / Lynette Driver Recurring roles
2006 *Hotel Babylon* Mrs Johnson 1 episode
*`{{sortname|The|Royal}}`{=mediawiki}* Miss Wilkinson Episode: \"Keep On Running\"
*Jane Hall* Negotiator 1 episode
2007 *Silent Witness* Laura Egerton Episode: \"Apocalypse: Part 2\"
*`{{sortname|The|Street|dab=British TV series}}`{=mediawiki}* Mother Episode: \"Old Flame\"
2008, 2010, 2012, 2015 *Emmerdale* Fiona MacPherson / Doctor / Defence solicitor/ Solicitor 4 different roles
2008 *`{{sortname|The|Royal Today}}`{=mediawiki}* Kate Danson 1 episode
*Waterloo Road* Sheila Hanson 1 episode
2008, 2013 *Doctor Who* Atmos Voice / Linda 2 episodes
2009 *Inspector George Gently* Mrs. Alderton Episode: \"Gently in the Blood\"
2009--2011 *Waking the Dead* Maureen Smith Recurring role; 7 episodes (series 8--9)
2010 *Agatha Christie\'s Marple* Mrs. Davis Episode: \"The Pale Horse\"
*`{{sortname|The|Sarah Jane Adventures}}`{=mediawiki}* Mistress Ellen 2 episodes
*Law & Order: UK* Fiona Sears Episode: \"Help\"
*Accused* Kerry Duggan Episode: \"Kenny\'s Story\"
2011 *Marchlands* Older Olive Runcie Miniseries; main role
2012 *Call the Midwife* Peggy 2 episodes
2013 *`{{sortname|The|Tunnel|dab=TV series}}`{=mediawiki}* Neighbour 1 episode
2014 *Our Zoo* Celia Miniseries; 1 episode
*Lewis* Lorraine Fernsby Episode: \"Entry Wounds
2015 *Suspects* Grace Jenkins Episode: \"Victim\"
*`{{sortname|The|Casual Vacancy|dab=miniseries}}`{=mediawiki}* Maggie Miniseries; 2 episodes
*`{{sortname|The|Scandalous Lady W}}`{=mediawiki}* Elizabeth Figg Television film
*Lady Chatterley\'s Lover* Mrs
| 814 |
Elizabeth Rider
| 0 |
7,859,466 |
**Blaine Irwin Lacher** (September 5, 1970 -- January 29, 2024) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. Lacher played for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the mid-1990s.
## Biography
Lacher was a standout goaltender at Lake Superior State University in college, leading his team to a national championship in 1994. In his final season at Lake Superior State, Lacher led the nation in both save percentage (SV%) and goals against average (GAA) at .918 and 1.98, respectively. He set an NCAA Division I shutout record of 375:01, which still stood as of 2024. Lacher gave up his final year of eligibility to sign as a free agent with the Boston Bruins.
Lacher started his professional career with the Boston Bruins very well, losing only one of his starts down the stretch to get the team into the 1995 Stanley Cup playoffs, where they lost to the eventual Stanley Cup champions, the New Jersey Devils. During the 1994--95 season Lacher made 35 appearances with a 19--11--2 record, 2.41 goals against average (GAA), a .902 save percentage (SV%), and four shutouts.
After being promoted to the full-time starting goaltender the next season, Lacher\'s earlier performances did not keep up and his statistics suffered. He was part of a rotation of goaltenders in the 1995--96 season, which ended with Craig Billington signing onto the Bruins and when the Bruins traded for one-time Bruins prospect Bill Ranford from the Edmonton Oilers. Lacher played for several teams during the 1995--96 season, playing for the Cleveland Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League (IHL), and the Bruins\' minor-league affiliate, the Providence Bruins, of the American Hockey League (AHL). Even in Providence, Lacher\'s record was hardly up to his numbers from the previous season. With Boston, Lacher\'s record was 3--5--2 with a poor 3.93 GAA and .845 SV%.
Lacher retired from professional ice hockey after the 1996--97 IHL season with the Grand Rapids Griffins. In 11 games with the Griffins, Lacher was 1--8--1 with a 3.76 GAA and a .877 SV%.
On January 29, 2024, Lacher died in Medicine Hat, Alberta, at the age of 53
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| 0 |
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A **pumice raft** is a floating raft of pumice created by some eruptions of submarine volcanoes or coastal subaerial volcanoes.
Pumice rafts have unique characteristics, such as the highest surface-area-to-volume ratio known for any rock type, long term flotation and beaching in the tidal zone, exposure to a variety of conditions, including dehydration, and an ability to absorb many potentially advantageous elements/compounds. For at least these reasons, astrobiologists have proposed pumice rafts as a possible ideal substrate for the origin of life.
Biologists have suggested that animals and plants have migrated from island to island on pumice rafts.
## Notable examples {#notable_examples}
Sandy Island, a non-existent island near New Caledonia, was reported in 1876 by the whaling ship *Velocity* and subsequently included on some maps well into the 20th century. According to a team of University of Sydney scientists, it is possible that this false report may have been occasioned by pumice rafts being mistaken by the *Velocity* for dry land.
### 20th century and onward {#th_century_and_onward}
Pumice rafts drifted to Fiji in 1979 and 1984 from eruptions around Tonga, and some were reportedly 30 km wide.
thumb\|upright=1.3\|Satellite image of a pumice raft near Vavaʻu, Tonga, in August 2006 Volcanic activity in the South Pacific near Tonga on August 12, 2006 caused the emergence of a new island. The crew of the *Maiken*, a yacht that had left the northern Tongan islands group of Vava\'u in August, reported that they had seen streaks of light, porous pumice stone floating in the water---and then had \"sailed into a vast, many-miles-wide belt of densely packed pumice\". They went on to witness the ephemeral island known as Home Reef breaching the surface.
A very large pumice raft appeared near New Zealand in August 2012. It was reported to be spread on an area 300 mi long and about 30 mi wide, with pumice blocks poking up to 2 ft above the ocean surface. On 10 August 2012 the raft with an estimated area of 26000 km2 was observed near Raoul Island, north-east of New Zealand by the Royal New Zealand Navy. A possible source for the pumice was the July 2012 eruption of Havre seamount in the Kermadec Islands north of New Zealand.
In August 2019, a large floating pumice raft covering 150 km2 was discovered in the tropical Pacific Ocean near Late Island in the Kingdom of Tonga. Sailors described a \"rubble slick made up of rocks from marble to basketball size such that water was not visible\", as well as a smell of sulfur
| 423 |
Pumice raft
| 0 |
7,859,485 |
**Clayton Vance Heafner Jr.** (August 11, 1954 -- September 26, 2012) was an American professional golfer who played on the PGA Tour, the Nationwide Tour and the Champions Tour.
## Early life {#early_life}
Heafner was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. He was the son of professional golfer Clayton Heafner and Mary Ellen Allen.
The family moved to Cary, North Carolina where he attended Cary Elementary School and Cary High School.
He attended North Carolina State University and was a three-time All-American member of the golf team. Heafner played on the 1977 Walker Cup team, winning all three of his matches to help lead the U.S. to victory, and turned professional in 1978.
## Career
Heafner played in 266 events on the PGA Tour from 1978--1988, making the cut 157 times. He had 20 top-10 finishes including a win at the 1981 Walt Disney World National Team Championship with playing partner Mike Holland.
Heafner played some on the Nationwide Tour toward the end of his regular career years. His best finish in that venue is a T-14 at the 1994 NIKE Carolina Classic. After reaching the age of 50 in August 2004, he began to play on the Champions Tour in selected events. His best finish was a T-34 at the 2006 SAS Championship.
Heafner resided in North Carolina; he was Director of Golf at the Prestonwood Country Club in Cary, and most recently a teaching pro at Wildwood Golf Club in Raleigh.
## Amateur wins {#amateur_wins}
- 1976 Eastern Amateur
- 1977 Azalea Invitational, Porter Cup, North Carolina Amateur
- 1978 Eastern Amateur
## Professional wins (3) {#professional_wins_3}
### PGA Tour wins (1) {#pga_tour_wins_1}
+-----+--------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of\ | Runners-up |
| | | | | victory | |
+=====+==============+====================================================+=======================+============+===========================================================+
| 1 | Oct 25, 1981 | Walt Disney World National Team Championship\ | −42 (60-62-61-63=246) | 5 strokes | Chip Beck and `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Rex Caldwell |
| | | (with `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Mike Holland) | | | |
+-----+--------------+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------------+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
### T. C. Jordan Tour wins (1) {#t._c._jordan_tour_wins_1}
+-----+--------------+---------------------+-----------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of\ | Runners-up |
| | | | | victory | |
+=====+==============+=====================+=======================+============+==============================================================+
| 1 | Aug 11, 1991 | Hampton Inn Classic | −13 (69-70-66-68=273) | 2 strokes | Marion Dantzler, `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Eric Manning |
+-----+--------------+---------------------+-----------------------+------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
### Other wins (1) {#other_wins_1}
*this list may be incomplete*
- 1974 Carolinas Open (as an amateur)
## Results in major championships {#results_in_major_championships}
Tournament 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
-------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Masters Tournament T45
U.S. Open CUT CUT CUT T53 CUT T52
PGA Championship T11 T54 T47 CUT
*Note: Heafner never played in The Open Championship.*\
`{{legend|#eeeeee|Did not play}}`{=mediawiki} CUT = missed the half-way cut\
\"T\" indicates a tie for a place
## U.S. national team appearances {#u.s
| 499 |
Vance Heafner
| 0 |
7,859,489 |
The ***Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe*** (Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe) was a Luftwaffe award established on 27 February 1940 by *Reichsmarschall* Hermann Göring, the *Reich* Minister of Aviation and Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe. It was officially known as the *Ehrenpokal \"für Besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg\"*, or Honor Goblet \"For Special Achievement in the Air War\". The award was given only to flying personnel (pilots and aircrew). Recipients\' named were published in the periodical *Ehrenliste der Deutschen Luftwaffe* (Honor List of the German Air Force). German archives indicate that approximately 58,000 were given \"on paper\", but only 13--15,000 goblets were actually awarded according to the records. The first airman to receive the goblet was *Oberstleutnant* Johann Schalk on 21 August 1940.
The award was made to aircrew who had already been awarded the Iron Cross First Class but whose performance was not considered to merit the German Cross or Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross. It was replaced by the Luftwaffe Honour Roll Clasp in January 1944.
The actual goblet was produced in two materials, fine silver (German: Feinsilber) or also in German Silver (German: Alpaka) or Nickel silver. The size is about 200 mm tall x 100 mm in diameter. The goblet was produced in two pieces which were fitted together into one unit. The obverse depicts two eagles in mortal combat, while the reverse bears an Iron Cross in high relief. Oak leaves and acorns adorn the stem. The legend *\"Für Besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg\"* are formed into the base.
## World War I predecessors {#world_war_i_predecessors}
Although Göring considered the \"Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe\" to be his \"personal creation\", it was not an original idea. It was based on a World War I aviation award, the *Ehrenbecher für den Sieger im Luftkampf*, or Honor Goblet for the Victor in Air Combat. This award was generally given upon one\'s first victory in aerial combat (although the actual award bestowal might come some time after the victory). It has been reported (although the late aviation historian Neal O\'Connor, was unable to confirm it before his death), that the requirement for aerial victories may have increased later in the war, since air combat became more common. The total number of awards presented is unknown, but it was fewer than its World War II successor.
Among notable recipients of the *Ehrenbecher für den Sieger im Luftkampf* were:
- Oswald Boelcke -- 24 December 1915; One of Germany\'s top aces of World War I; also received the *Pour le Mérite*.
- Otto Deßloch -- award date unknown; later a Colonel General in the Luftwaffe; he also received the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oakleaves.
- Hermann Göring -- 15 April 1916; later *Reichsmarschall*; received the *Pour le Mérite*, Baden\'s Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order, Grand Cross of the Iron Cross and numerous other decorations.
- Georg Ritter von Hengl -- 17 July 1918; knighted with the Bavarian Military Order of Max Joseph in October 1918; later became General of Mountain Troops and commanded the 2nd Mountain Division and XIX Mountain Corps.
- Max Immelmann -- 24 December 1915; German World War I ace whose early exploits and fame led to the nickname for the *Pour le Mérite* as the \"Blue Max\"; also received the Knight\'s Cross and Commander\'s Cross of Saxony\'s Military Order of St. Henry.
- Bruno Loerzer -- award date unknown; the 8th ranking German ace of World War I; also received the *Pour le Mérite*; later a Colonel General in the Luftwaffe.
- Theo Osterkamp -- 18 April 1917; naval aviator and *Pour le Mérite* recipient; also flew in World War II and rose to Lieutenant General in the Luftwaffe.
- Manfred von Richthofen -- award date unknown; top ace of World War I; also received the *Pour le Mérite*, Saxony\'s Military Order of St. Henry, Württemberg\'s Military Merit Order and numerous other decorations.
- Kurt Student -- award date unknown; later a Colonel General in the Luftwaffe and commander of German airborne troops.
- Ernst Udet -- 17 August 1916; second highest scoring German ace of World War I; also received the *Pour le Mérite*; later a Colonel General in the Luftwaffe.
The Imperial German Navy had its own aviation forces in World War I, and created its own non-portable award for victory in aerial combat. This was the *Ehrenpreis für Vernichtung eines feindlichen Flugzeugs*, or Honor Prize for the Destruction of an Enemy Aircraft. This was not a goblet, but a trophy of two eagles engaged in a mid-air fight.
There was also another, even more rare, Imperial German award, the *Ehrenbecher für erfolgreiche Angriffe aus der Luft*, or Honor Goblet for Successful Attacks from the Air. This was apparently only bestowed a very few times to members of bomber or Zeppelin crews for successful attacks
| 798 |
Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe
| 0 |
7,859,516 |
**Surcuolm** is a village in the municipality of Mundaun in the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. In 2009 Surcuolm merged with Flond to form the municipality of Mundaun.
## History
Surcuolm is first mentioned in the 18th century as *Neukirch* which was the official name until 1943.
## Geography
Surcuolm has an area, `{{as of|2006|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, of 6.5 km2. Of this area, 67.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 21.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.7% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (7.5%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
The village is located in the Lugnez sub-district of the Surselva district. It is located on the Obersaxen plateau and originally consisted of scattered farm houses and hamlets with a small central village. The village was mostly Romansh speaking and Roman Catholic, the later in contrast to the neighboring villages of Flond and Luven. Until 1943 Surcuolm was known as Neukirch bei Ilanz.
## Demographics
Surcuolm has a population (`{{as of|2008|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) of 108, of which 3.7% are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -26.4%. Most of the population (`{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}) speaks German (55.4%), with Romansh being second most common (44.6%).
, the gender distribution of the population was 50.5% male and 49.5% female. The age distribution, `{{as of|2000|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, in Surcuolm is; 16 children or 12.3% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 19 teenagers or 14.6% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 16 people or 12.3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 15 people or 11.5% are between 30 and 39, 28 people or 21.5% are between 40 and 49, and 12 people or 9.2% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 7 people or 5.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 9 people or 6.9% are between 70 and 79, there are 8 people or 6.2% who are between 80 and 89.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 63.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (23.4%), the FDP (7.8%) and the SP (5.4%).
The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Surcuolm about 65.6% of the population (between age 25 and 64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a *Fachhochschule*).
Surcuolm has an unemployment rate of 0.49%. `{{as of|2005}}`{=mediawiki}, there were 14 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 6 businesses involved in this sector. 1 person is employed in the secondary sector and there is 1 business in this sector. 47 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 13 businesses in this sector
| 466 |
Surcuolm
| 0 |
7,859,568 |
**Corsley** is a hamlet and civil parish 3 mi west of Warminster in Wiltshire, England. The parish is on the county border with Somerset; the Somerset town of Frome is about 3 mi to the northwest. The largest settlement in the parish is **Corsley Heath**, which is on the A362 Warminster-Frome road.
The parish has several small settlements. Lye\'s Green is between Corsley and Corsley Heath (not to be confused with Lye Green, in Westwood parish near Bradford on Avon). **Lane End** is west of Corsley Heath on the A362, while the small hamlet of **Sturford** is to the east. South of the main road are **Dertfords**, **Longhedge**, **Whitbourne Moor** (formerly Lower Whitbourne), **Temple** (formerly Middle Whitbourne) and Whitbourne Springs (formerly Upper Whitbourne).
Much of the parish was originally part of the Longleat Estate and part of the Longleat Safari Park lies within the parish boundary. Cley Hill, owned by the National Trust, is in the east of the parish.
## History
The Domesday Book says of Corsley \"Azor holds one hide in Corselie\... Here is ploughed land\... and the mill pays 40 pence. And the wood is a furlong in length and half a furlong broad. It is worth 20 shillings.\" In 1232, Henry III granted the manor of Corsley to Godfrey de Crawcumb, with the right to hold an annual fair on 20 July (the feast of St Margaret) and a weekly market on Fridays.
By about 1250, there were four separate manors, Corsley, Little Corsley, Huntenhull, and Whitbourne.
In 1544, after the monastery at Maiden Bradley had been dissolved, the manor of Whitbourne was sold and the chapel of St John there disappeared. In 1579, Little Corsley was bought by Walter Hungerford of Farleigh Hungerford Castle. In 1539, the manor of Corsley was granted to Edward Seymour, who in 1547 leased it to his steward John Thynne. In 1560 Thynne was himself granted the manor of Corsley; he built or rebuilt a house at Corsley, part of which survives as Manor Farm, and lived there from 1563 to 1568 while rebuilding Longleat House.
After the death of Thynne in 1580, his widow, known as Dame Dorothy, lived at Manor Farm as a dower house. At the same time, Sir Walter Raleigh, who was in disgrace, was living at a farm near St Margaret\'s parish church, Corsley. He and his brother Carew Raleigh used to visit Dame Dorothy, who married Carew Raleigh.
The boundaries of the civil parish were redrawn in 1934. The northern part (including Corsley Mill and Huntenhull) was transferred to the new parish of Chapmanslade, while in the south a portion of Longleat\'s park and woodland was transferred from Warminster to Corsley.
A National School was built at Corsley in 1847 on land owned by Lord Bath, near the church. Children of all ages attended until 1931, when pupils over 11 transferred to the new Avenue Senior School at Warminster. In 1944 the school became a Church of England aided school; it closed in 2007 owing to falling pupil numbers. The building became a conference centre, and was a temporary home for Frome\'s Steiner School from 2012 to 2014.
## Churches and chapels {#churches_and_chapels}
There are two Church of England churches in the parish. Both are served by the Cley Hill team ministry.
The parish church of St Margaret, Corsley, was built in 1833 by John Leachman on the site of an earlier church.
St Mary\'s Church at Temple was built as a chapel of ease in 1899--1903, in Arts & Crafts Gothic style, after Mary Barton (d. 1878) of Corsley House left money in her will to provide the church in memory of her husband and son. Around 2015 the church was taken into the care of the Friends of Friendless Churches.
Wesleyan Methodists were active from 1769 and a chapel was built at Lane End in 1849, with a schoolroom added late in the century. The chapel closed in 1966 and is in residential use.
The parish had a Baptist congregation by the 1780s, and a chapel was built at Temple in 1811. Money to pay for the land and the building was raised by the preacher, Richard Parsons of Chapmanslade, who continued as pastor until his death in 1853. Around the middle of the century the chapel was enlarged, and its height increased; the interior was refurbished in 1882. As of 2016 the chapel remains in use as Whitbourne Baptist Chapel.
## Notable buildings {#notable_buildings}
Corsley House, a Grade ll listed building, was built for the Barton family in 1814, designed by the Bath architect John Pinch the elder as a Greek revival mansion around a previous house. Later residents include (from the 1890s) Maud Davies, whose *Life in an English Village*, published in 1909, is a pioneering sociological study.
Sturford Mead was built in 1820 by John Pinch in the Greek revival style for H.A. Fussell, a clothier and dyer from Frome. It was sold to the Longleat estate in 1854; in the 1930s it was occupied by Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath, then Viscount Weymouth, and his first wife Daphne. The gardens were designed by Russell Page.
| 858 |
Corsley
| 0 |
7,859,568 |
## Local government and MP {#local_government_and_mp}
Corsley elects a parish council. Most local government services are provided by Wiltshire Council, which has its offices in nearby Trowbridge. The village is represented in Parliament by the MP for South West Wiltshire, Andrew Murrison and in Wiltshire Council by Fleur de Rhé-Philipe
| 50 |
Corsley
| 1 |
7,859,579 |
**Easington**, `{{Not a typo|Poets}}`{=mediawiki} Corner and the Timms estate are three interconnecting estates in the town of Banbury, in the civil parish of Banbury, in the Cherwell district, in the county of Oxfordshire, England.
## History
### Easington proper {#easington_proper}
Easington is a ward and former Medieval village in the south-west of the market town of Banbury. Easington, which was a rural estate attached to the former Calthorpe Manor, was first mentioned in 1279. Its demesne lands were subsequently leased out over the years.
In 1505 the Easington estate was leased out for a rent fee for 15 years to Anne, the relict of the lord, Sir William Danvers and after her death in 1520 a new lease for 40 years was made to the local mercer, William Pierson. Laurence Pierson was a farmer of Easington from 1540 to 1541 and by 1545 the lease had finally passed to John Crocker of Hook Norton; his son-in-law Edward Hawten used it for a rent. The Bishop of Lincoln\'s vast Banbury estate, except for Neithrop and Calthorpe, was sold to the Duke of Somerset in 1547, but by 1550 he granted it (except for Hardwick) to John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, then the Duke of Northumberland shortly afterward, who in 1551 granted it to the Crown in exchange for other lands. After 1551 the lordship of Easington seems to have remained with the Crown as no one took up the rent or apparently owned the letting rights.
The Barber family were local landlords, who let out their Easington estate\'s lands. By 1728, the Berrymoor lands were leased along with the first Berrymoor Farm to the same owner. As of 1734, a large portion of the estate (including Easington Farm) was leased to a local man, and in 1787 the whole lease lands of the adjacent Farm field and several village closes were included in the deal from 1799 onwards. The Barber family\'s property in Easington was thus farmed as a whole by successive tenants until late Victorian times. The longstanding Easington Farm\'s buildings was extensively repaired and enlarged in 1793 by the then lease holder.
Banbury town council built the houses in King\'s Road and on the Easington estate. Other working-class type houses were built at the south end of Britannia Road and the area to the east between 1881 and 1930. Houses were also built in both Old Grimsbury Road and Gibbs Road in Grimsbury. More up-market houses were built in both the Marlborough Road area and in Bath Road, Kings Road, Park Road, and Queen Street in Neithrop. Ordnance Survey maps from 1882, 1900 and 1922 show that the houses on Broughton Road are built over an old claypit called the *Bear pit*. Berrymoor farm, whose last land lease was of mid-Victorian origin, had become a laundrette by 1922 and had lost two outhouses, but gained a small annex to the main building.
The 1919 Housing Act was followed by the building of the Easington housing estate of 361 council houses in what was one of the first slum clearance schemes in the country. By 1930 the medical officer reported 131 Banbury town centre houses unfit for habitation. Therefore, in 1933, Banbury council opened the Ruscote housing estate of 160 houses. The increased population between 1931 and 1949 was accommodated by the expansion of the town in three main areas, of which houses were built both by the town corporation and by private housebuilders. Most of the estate was built in the 1930s and 1940s as local industry began to grow, with a large expansion in the early 1960s, due to the London overspill.
The land south of the Foscote Private Hospital in Calthorpe, Oxfordshire and Easington farm were mostly open farmland until the early 1960s. It had only a few farmsteads, the odd house, an allotment field (now under the Sainsbury\'s store), and the Municipal Borough of Banbury council\'s small reservoir. Berrymoor farm was finally demolished in 2004 and became St. Mary\'s View. Much of the farm land was used to build a children\'s day-care, an industrial storage facility, a small electrical substation, and a branch of De Montfort University (now a branch of the Oxford and Cherwell College) in the late 1960s.
### The Timms and Poets Corner estates {#the_timms_and_poets_corner_estates}
Two minor streams once ran from a spring near the allotment gardens and the land under today\'s Timms estate. An old clay pit, kiln and brick works lay near the `{{Not a typo|Poets}}`{=mediawiki} Corner estate. The pit was of mid-Victorian origin and the buildings were put up. The pit had been filled in by the 1920s, the buildings closed by the 1940s and the site built on by the late 1960s.
The Timms estate and `{{Not a typo|Poets}}`{=mediawiki} Corner estate were built in the late 1950s and early 1960s respectively. `{{Not a typo|Poets}}`{=mediawiki} Corner actually covers the site of an old sporting rifle range, which went out of use when the army left just after the Second World War. The Timms estate and Poets\' Corner estates are also part of the ward which contains many new-style`{{Clarify|date=November 2010}}`{=mediawiki} homes. The A361 and A4260 roads pass adjacent to the estate. The people living in the three estates are generally more upper class in orientation, higher up on the social ladder and tend to have professional or managerial rather than blue collar jobs. The Easington and Timms estate has only a few recent overseas immigrants, most of which are either Irish, Poles or Czechs. The Cherwell Heights and `{{Not a typo|Poets}}`{=mediawiki} Corner estates tend to slant towards South Africans, Brazilians and Irish.
## Local amenities {#local_amenities}
Easington has a public house called *The Easington*, some convenience shops and multiple other local amenities including a sports field. The Timms estate has some parks and a shopping complex, while the `{{Not a typo|Poets}}`{=mediawiki} Corner estate has a major park and a small convenience store.
| 981 |
Easington, Cherwell
| 0 |
7,859,579 |
## Local politics {#local_politics}
Easington ward is customarily Conservative and stayed Conservative during the 2006 local elections for Cherwell District Council, but the ward had changed to one Labour councillor and one Conservative Party councillor in the previous election of 2002. The Green party candidate lost in 2006. The Conservatives still hold Easington ward for the Banbury Town Council and Oxfordshire County Council. The Liberal Democrats and UKIP fielded no candidates in the ward during 2006. A lone Liberal Democrat stood in the Hardwick estate only.`{{Clarify|date=November 2010}}`{=mediawiki}
## Schools
Two of Banbury\'s biggest secondary schools and one primary school are in Easington:
- Banbury School
- Blessed George Napier Roman Catholic School
- Harriers Ground Primary School
- Queensway Primary School on Brantwood Rise
**Banbury School** is a mixed, multi-heritage, fully comprehensive school with 1650 students (including sixth form) situated on Ruskin Road, in the Easington ward of Banbury, Oxfordshire, England. The school is a specialist Humanities College.
## Sport and leisure {#sport_and_leisure}
Easington has a non-League football team Easington Sports F.C. who play at Addison Road.
### Recreational areas and parks {#recreational_areas_and_parks}
- The **Easington Recreation Ground** is the estate\'s principal park and recreational area.
- The **Browning Road Park** and the well-resourced **Browning Road Children\'s Play Area** are about `{{frac|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} the size of Easington Recreation Ground and is the main park and children\'s play area in `{{Not a typo|Poets}}`{=mediawiki} Corner. It is rather prone to winter flooding since a spring and minor stream was poorly culverted there in the early 1970s.
- The **Brantwood Rise Park** is a small piece of parkland in the `{{Not a typo|Poets}}`{=mediawiki} Corner estate. It is fenced in by residents\' gardens\' fences, save for the small lane running through it. It is merely approximately 25 ft x 12 ft. It has 1 bin, 5 trees and a bench. The kids\' swing was removed in 2004, due to vandalism.
There are also 2 minor play parks and one minor park, the biggest of these being on the Timms estate, by the local shopping complex.
## Transport
The local bus services to Banbury town centre via Calthorpe and the Timms estate are run by the Stagecoach Oxfordshire bus company. Heyfordian Travel buses also run a limited service on weekdays to the Timms estate and on weekdays and Saturdays to `{{Not a typo|Poets}}`{=mediawiki}Corner via Bretch Hill.
## Gallery
<File:Banbury2park> in Easington
| 395 |
Easington, Cherwell
| 1 |
7,859,580 |
**Kundrakudi** is a village in Sivaganga district that houses a famous Murugan temple, Shanmughanathar Temple, atop a small hill near Karaikudi, India. The place is also known as *Kunnakudi*.
## Location and places of interest {#location_and_places_of_interest}
Kundrakudi is situated very near to Karaikudi, the heartland of Chettinadu. Many famous temples such as Pillayar patti Karpaga Vinayagar Temple, Bhairavar Kovil Bhairavar Swamy Temple, Nemam koil, Ariyakudi Thiruvenkatamudayan Temple, Thirupathur Thiruthalinathar Temple, Thirukostiyur Sowmyanarayar Temple are very near to Kundrakudi
| 78 |
Kundrakudi
| 0 |
7,859,583 |
**Jan Bechtum** (born 15 June 1958, Spijkenisse) is a Dutch guitarist and composer.
Bechtum was the first lead guitarist of Picture. He was influenced by Deep Purple, (mainly Ritchie Blackmore), Yes and Genesis.
In 1979 after having played in a few local bands, he got involved with Picture and was responsible for writing most of the songs for their first three albums. He left the band for personal reasons in 1983, right after their tour in Israel.
In 1992 and 1993, he performed in the gospel rock band Changed where he played with drummer Mark Maas. When that band stopped in 1993, Bechtum and Maas decided to try something and reformed Picture. With bass player Johannes Adema and vocalist Michel Zandbergen, the band recorded a demo and did a few good shows in the Netherlands. However, Bechtum decided to quit playing live performances in 1997 because of the growing violence in the Dutch nightlife.
Bechtum\'s favourite guitar is a Music Man Silhouette. While with Picture, he plugged straight into a Marshall with no effects.
In late 2007, Bechtum and the original members of Picture, with Ronald van Prooijen, teamed up for a reunion rehearsal. It went so well that they decided to continue rehearsing for some concert dates, and considered recording a new album in early 2008 with Shmoulik Avigal from the Diamond Dreamer lineup as their singer.
As of mid-2008, a permanent lineup was established with Bechtum, Rinus Vreugdenhil, Laurens Bakker, Rob vanEnkhuizen, and Pete Lovell. They are currently playing throughout Europe to very enthusiastic crowds. A limited edition live album was recorded at various venues and was released by the band. Plans are to go into the studio in early 2009 to record a new CD with new songs, two of which appeared on the limited edition CD.
The album *Old Dogs, New Tricks* was released on October 1, 2009 on the MarsMountains label. It contains 12 songs of all new material, released 30 years from when the band first formed.
On December 18, 2009, Bechtum announced his departure from Picture. He is being replaced by Peter Bourbon.
In October 2010, Bechtum revealed he formed a new band, Diamond Dreamer (named after the classic 1982 album), with former Picture member Rob van Enkhuizen (g), and also singer Martin van der Meyde, bassist Sander \"Odie\" Op Den Kelder and Nop Ton (dr).
When asked by the co-founding members (Rinus Vreugdenhil, Laurens Bakker) to rejoin Picture together with Ronald van Prooijen in 2016 he readily agreed.
In 2022 Jan Bechtum learned he had a disease on his right hand. The necessary surgery resulted in him having to give up guitar playing in Picture. He played his last 2 songs with the band in November 2022. Now, he is writing and recording music at home in his home studio, also using AI tooling
| 472 |
Jan Bechtum
| 0 |
7,859,586 |
On August 1, 1942, the American Federation of Musicians, at the instigation of union president James C. Petrillo, began a strike against the major American record companies because of disagreements over royalty payments. Beginning on midnight, July 31, 1942, no union musician could make commercial recordings for any commercial record company. That meant that a union musician was allowed to participate on radio programs and other kinds of musical entertainment, but not in a recording session. The **1942--1944 musicians\' strike** remains the longest strike in entertainment history.
The strike did not affect musicians performing on live radio shows, in concerts, or, after October 27, 1943, on special recordings made by the record companies for V-Discs for distribution to the armed forces fighting World War II, because V-Discs were not available for sale to the general public. However, the union did frequently threaten to withdraw musicians from the radio networks to punish individual network affiliates who were deemed \"unfair\" for violating the union\'s policy on recording network shows for repeat broadcasts.
The strike had a major impact on the American musical scene. At the time, union bands dominated popular music; after the strike, and partly as a result of it, the big bands began to decline and vocalists began to dominate popular music.`{{Failed verification|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
## Background to the strike {#background_to_the_strike}
Petrillo had long publicly maintained that recording companies should pay royalties. As head of the Chicago local chapter of the union in 1937 he had organized a strike there. Petrillo was elected president of the American Federation of Musicians in 1940. When Petrillo announced that the recording ban would start at midnight, July 31, 1942, most people did not take it very seriously; Petrillo had threatened a strike before and nothing had happened. The United States had just entered World War II in December, 1941 and most newspapers opposed the ban. By July, when it appeared that the ban would indeed take place, America\'s big three record companies (RCA Victor, Columbia and Decca) began to stockpile new recordings of their most popular artists. In the first two weeks of July, these performers all recorded new material: Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Charlie Barnet, Bing Crosby, Guy Lombardo, and Glenn Miller, who made his last records as a civilian bandleader. Recording during the last week was a long list of performers, including Count Basie, Woody Herman, Alvino Ray, Johnny Long, Claude Thornhill, Judy Garland, Crosby (again), Glen Gray, Benny Goodman, Kay Kyser, Dinah Shore, Spike Jones, and Duke Ellington, among others.
| 419 |
1942–1944 musicians' strike
| 0 |
7,859,586 |
## During the strike {#during_the_strike}
Several months passed before any effects of the strike were noticed. At first, the record companies hoped to call the union\'s bluff by releasing new titles from their large stockpiles of unissued discs, but the strike lasted much longer than anticipated and eventually the supply of unreleased recordings was exhausted. The companies also released some previously rejected titles and reissued several long deleted recordings from their back catalogs, including some from as far back as 1925, the dawn of the electrical recording era. One reissue that was especially successful was Columbia's release of Harry James' \"All or Nothing at All\", recorded in August, 1939 and released when James\' new vocalist, Frank Sinatra, was still largely unknown. The original release carried the usual credit, \"Vocal Chorus by Frank Sinatra\" in small type and the record sold around five thousand copies; when Columbia reissued the record in 1943 with the now famous Sinatra given top billing, and \"with Harry James and his Orchestra\" in small type below, the record was on the best--selling list for 18 weeks and reached number 2 on June 2, 1943.
In 1942, the song \"As Time Goes By\" became immensely popular after it was featured in the Warner Bros. film *Casablanca*. Rudy Vallée recorded the song for RCA Victor in 1931, and the reissue of his 12-year-old record became a number-one hit.
As the strike continued into 1943, record companies bypassed the striking musicians by recording their popular vocalists accompanied by backup vocal groups in place of an orchestra. Columbia had signed Sinatra on June 1, 1943 and was eager to issue records featuring their new star; the company therefore hired Axel Stordahl as arranger and conductor for several sessions with a vocal group called the Bobby Tucker Singers. These first sessions were on June 7, June 22, August 5, and November 10, 1943. Of the nine songs released from these sessions, seven charted on the best--selling list. Other recordings made this way included:
- Perry Como\'s first RCA Victor record \"Goodbye Sue\" (1943) (1944 V-Disc version with orchestra)
- \"Have I Stayed Away Too Long?\" by Perry Como
- \"Lili Marlene\" by Perry Como
- \"Long Ago (and Far Away)\" by Perry Como
- \"Sunday, Monday, or Always\"
- by Bing Crosby
- by Frank Sinatra
- \"You\'ll Never Know\"
- by Frank Sinatra
- by Dick Haymes
The strike also had an effect on radio programs that used recorded music, due to the limited number of new recordings available. Radio shows that relied mainly on records found it difficult to keep introducing new songs to their listeners. Martin Block, host of WNEW\'s *Make Believe Ballroom* radio show, circumvented the ban by having friends in England send him records produced in the UK, where the ban was not in effect. He was forced to discontinue this practice after the station\'s house orchestra staged a retaliatory strike, which was settled after WNEW agreed not to broadcast any records made after August 1, 1942.
The only prominent musical organization not to be affected by the strike\'s onset was the Boston Symphony Orchestra, as they were not a member of the union. The orchestra joined the union (and the strike) in late 1942; this kicked off a long series of live BSO radio concerts broadcast on CBS.
| 553 |
1942–1944 musicians' strike
| 1 |
7,859,586 |
## Ending the strike {#ending_the_strike}
Some smaller recording companies did not have an extensive backlog of recordings and they settled with the union after just over a year. Decca Records and its transcription subsidiary World Broadcasting System settled in September 1943, agreeing to make direct payments to a union-controlled \"relief fund\", followed shortly by the recently established Capitol Records, on October 11, 1943. Capitol had only issued its first records on July 1, 1942, one month before the strike began.
Other recording and transcription companies continued to pursue the case with the National Labor Relations Board and the National War Labor Board, culminating in a WLB directive demanding that the AFM rescind its ban on musicians recording for those companies. When the AFM refused to comply, the matter was referred to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who wrote to James Petrillo: `{{blockquote|In a country which loves democratic government and loves keen competition under the rules of the game, parties to a dispute should adhere to the decision of the Board even though one of the parties may consider the decision wrong. Therefore, in the interest of orderly government and in the interest of respecting the considered decision of the Board, I request your union to accept the directive orders of the National War Labor Board. What you regard as your loss will certainly be your country's gain.|Roosevelt's telegram to Petrillo, October 4, 1944<ref>{{cite journal | title = FDR Telegram to Petrillo | journal = Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising | date = October 9, 1944 | page = 11 | volume = 27 | issue = 15}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
The union refused to budge, and with competing companies having made new recordings for over a year, RCA Victor and Columbia finally capitulated, agreeing to substantially similar terms as the other recording companies, on November 11, 1944. The new contract with the AFM included language releasing artists from exclusive recording contracts should the union strike those companies. Within a few hours after signing the new contract, RCA Victor had Vaughn Monroe and his orchestra record two songs from the new Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film musical, *Meet Me in St. Louis*. The record was quickly mastered, pressed and placed on sale just two days later.
The end of the strike was not the end of the royalty dispute, however. As television was beginning, there were questions regarding musicians and royalties from this new medium, and a similar, but much shorter strike was called for 1948, lasting close to a year, ending on December 14, 1948.
| 417 |
1942–1944 musicians' strike
| 2 |
7,859,586 |
## Consequences
Over the long term the record companies were not hurt by the strike. In 1941, 127 million records were sold; in 1946, two years after the strike, that number jumped to 275 million and it jumped higher in 1947 to 400 million.
### Small specialty labels {#small_specialty_labels}
The strike stopped business between major record labels and musicians under contract with them. With recording and manufacturing equipment idle from the strike, enterprising music promoters, record distributors, and store owners with the right connections took the opportunity to start small specialty labels, such as Savoy (1942) and Apollo (1943--44), that catered to musicians who were not under contract. Sometimes musicians under contract restrictions recorded for them under pseudonyms. That business model worked in large urban markets such as New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, where concentrated markets allowed a sufficient return from local distribution. Many of the historically important recordings of jazz and R&B from the mid-1940s originated from these small labels, including an early 1944 recording of \"Woody\'n You\" for Apollo featuring Coleman Hawkins and Dizzy Gillespie, which is often cited as the first formal recording of the form of jazz known as bebop. Although not lucrative for musicians, these small labels gained them exposure that sometimes led to contracts with more established labels.
### Decline of the big bands {#decline_of_the_big_bands}
One unexpected result of the strike was the decline in popularity of the big bands of the 1930s and early 1940s. The strike was not the only cause of this decline, but it hastened the shift from big bands with an accompanying vocalist to an emphasis on the vocalist, with the exclusion of the band. In the 1930s and pre--strike 1940s, big bands dominated popular music; immediately following the strike, vocalists began to dominate popular music.
During the strike, vocalists could and did record without instrumentalists; instrumentalists could not record for the public at all. As historian Peter Soderbergh expressed it, \"Until the war most singers were props. After the war they became the stars and the role of the bands was gradually subordinated.\"
Even before the strike began there were signs that the increasing popularity of singers was beginning to reshape the big bands. When Frank Sinatra joined Tommy Dorsey\'s band in 1940, most selections started with a Tommy Dorsey solo. By the time Sinatra left in 1942, his songs with the band began with his singing, followed by any solos by Dorsey or others.
A significant moment in the rise of the vocalist occurred when Sinatra performed with Benny Goodman and his Orchestra at New York City\'s Paramount Theater on December 30, 1942. Sinatra was third--billed on the program and although he was then the most popular singer in the country, Goodman had never heard of him. Goodman announced him and the audience roared and shrieked for five minutes. Goodman\'s bewildered response was, \"What the hell was *that*?\" Once Sinatra started to sing, the audience continued to shriek during every song. As a saxophone player later said, \"When Frank hit that screaming bunch of kids, the big bands just went right into the background.\"
The other major cause of the decline of the big bands was World War II itself---and the resulting loss of band members who were drafted, curtailment of traveling by touring bands because of gasoline and other rationing, and a shortage of the shellac used to manufacture records.
### Lack of recordings of early bebop {#lack_of_recordings_of_early_bebop}
As discussed by James Lincoln Collier, Geoffrey Ward, and Ken Burns, the new musical style known later as bebop, developed by Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie and others during the period of the strike, was not recorded and was not available to the general public because of the strike. James Lincoln Collier wrote in *The Making of Jazz*: \"By about 1942 it was clear to musicians that here was something more than mere experimentation. Here was a new kind of music. Unfortunately, we cannot pinpoint these developments \[because of the strike\]. As a result there are few commercial recordings of any of the bop players during the years they were working out their innovations.\" As Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns put it in *Jazz: A History of America\'s Music* (based on Burns\' miniseries), \"And so, except for a handful of dedicated collaborators and a few devoted fans, the new music Parker and Gillespie and their cohorts were developing remained largely a secret\". However, session dates of specialty labels such as Keynote, Savoy, and Apollo continued recording during the period when the ban was affecting the major labels. Those recordings for the most part showcased the more established styles of jazz, R&B, calypso, and gospel, with bebop first recorded for the Apollo label in early 1944. All of the recordings of bebop from 1944 to 1945 after the strike were performed for small labels, with the new music only later starting to gain promotion from the majors
| 820 |
1942–1944 musicians' strike
| 3 |
7,859,596 |
***The Echo*** is a 1915 American silent short romantic drama directed by Tom Ricketts. The film stars Jack Richardson, Vivian Rich, Charlotte Burton, B. Reeves Eason, Perry Banks, Louise Lester, David Lythgoe, and Harry von Meter.
## Cast
- Jack Richardson as Mr. Wellborn
- Vivian Rich as Violet Wellborn, His Daughter
- Byron Thornberg as John Grant, Aged 12
- David Lythgoe as John Grant
- Perry Banks as Mr. Grant
- Louise Lester as Mrs. Grant
- Harry von Meter as Count de Brasse
- B
| 88 |
The Echo (1915 film)
| 0 |
7,859,599 |
Lacolle}} `{{pp-sock|small=yes}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox settlement
|name = Lacolle
|official_name =
|native_name =
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Municipality (Quebec)|Municipality]]
|image_skyline = 1, rue de l'Église Sud 07.JPG
|image_caption = Town hall
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
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|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_map = Lacolle Quebec location diagram.PNG
|map_caption = Location within Le Haut-Richelieu RCM
|pushpin_map = Canada Southern Quebec
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location within southern Quebec
|coordinates = {{coord|45|05|N|73|22|W|region:CA-QC|display=inline,title}}
|coor_pinpoint =
|coordinates_footnotes= <ref name="toponymie"/>
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{CAN}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{QC}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[Region (Quebec)|Region]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Montérégie]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Regional county municipality|RCM]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Le Haut-Richelieu Regional County Municipality|Le Haut-Richelieu]]
|established_title =
|established_date =
|established_title1= Constituted
|established_date1 = September 13, 2001
|established_title2 =
|established_date2 =
|established_title3 =
|established_date3 =
|seat_type =
|seat =
|parts_type =
|parts =
|government_footnotes = <ref name="mamrot">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mamrot.gouv.qc.ca/repertoire-des-municipalites/fiche/municipalite/56023/ |title=Ministère des Affaires municipales, des Régions et de l'Occupation du territoire: Lacolle |access-date=2012-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201746/http://www.mamrot.gouv.qc.ca/repertoire-des-municipalites/fiche/municipalite/56023/ |archive-date=2013-10-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20121205202124/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=643 Parliament of Canada Federal Riding History: SAINT-JEAN (Quebec)]</ref>
|government_type =
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Jacques Lemaistre-Caron
|leader_title1 = [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts|Federal riding]]
|leader_name1 = [[Saint-Jean (federal electoral district)|Saint-Jean]]
|leader_title2 = [[List of Quebec provincial electoral districts|Prov. riding]]
|leader_name2 = [[Huntingdon (provincial electoral district)|Huntingdon]]
|area_footnotes = <ref name="mamrot"/><ref name="cp2021"/><!-- defined by template:Canada Census -->
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 53.50
|area_land_km2 = 49.41
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_metro_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|population_footnotes =<ref name="cp2021"/>
|population_total = 2708
|population_as_of = 2021
|population_density_km2 = 54.8
|population_urban =
|population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_blank1_title = Pop <small>2016-2021</small>
|population_blank1 = {{increase}} 4.3%
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_blank2_title = Dwellings
|population_blank2 = 1278
|population_note =
|timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
|utc_offset = −5
|timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = −4
|postal_code_type = [[Canadian postal code|Postal code(s)]]
|postal_code = [[List of J postal codes of Canada|J0J 1J0]]
|area_code = [[Area codes 450 and 579|450 and 579]]
|blank_name = Highways
|blank_info = {{jct|state=QC|QC|221}} <br> {{jct|state=QC|QC|223}} <br> {{jct|state=QC|QC|202}}
|website = {{URL|www.lacolle.com}}
|footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Lacolle** (`{{IPA|fr|lakɔl}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in southern Quebec, Canada, located in the administrative area of the Montérégie, on the Canada--United States border. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 2,708. The Lacolle River runs eastward through the middle of the town and empties in Richelieu River. More people cross the border illegally from the United States there than at any other point. Almost nineteen thousand people were detained in 2017. The nearest town across the border is Champlain, New York.
## History
The written history of Lacolle can be traced back to July 4, 1609, when Samuel de Champlain and his entourage stopped briefly at the mouth of a small stream for a meal before continuing southward up the Richelieu River into the lake which now bears his name. In his journal, Champlain referred to the location of the delta as \"Lacole\". When translated literally, the term means the neck of a bottle or that which is above the shoulders.
Lacolle was the site of three battles in the early 19th Century. Two of the battles took place during the War of 1812. The Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812) was a short engagement in which a small garrison of Canadien Militia, with the assistance of Kahnawake Mohawk warriors, defended a makeshift log blockhouse from an American invasion force led by Major General Henry Dearborn. In the Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814) a garrison of 80 men of the 13th Regiment of Foot and a Congreve rocket detachment of the Royal Marine Artillery, later reinforced by a company of the Canadian Voltigeurs and the Grenadier company of the Canadian Fencibles successfully defended a blockhouse and stone mill building from an attacking American force of 4,000 men led by Major General James Wilkinson.
The Battle of Lacolle was fought on November 7, 1838, between Loyal Lower Canada volunteer forces under Major John Scriver and Lower Canada rebels under Colonel Ferdinand-Alphonse Oklowski. The half hour battle ended in a rebel defeat.
## Demographics
### Population
### Language
Canada Census Mother Tongue - Lacolle, Quebec
-----------------------------------------------
Census
Year
| 684 |
Lacolle, Quebec
| 0 |
7,859,599 |
## Economy
Lacolle as a small industrial park featuring Arneg Inc, Soudure HMC inc, and a Recycling complex operated by Compo Haut-Richelieu inc. (headquartered in St-Jean-sur-Richelieu).
## Education
The South Shore Protestant Regional School Board previously served the municipality
| 39 |
Lacolle, Quebec
| 1 |
7,859,608 |
**Harry Rosen Inc.** is a Canadian luxury retail chain founded by Harry Rosen in 1954 in Toronto. A privately owned company, Harry Rosen accounted for 40% of the Canadian market in high-end menswear in 2008.
## Stores
Founded by Harry Rosen in 1954 as a single 500 sqft store in Cabbagetown, Toronto, Harry Rosen now operates stores in Toronto (Mink Mile (Bloor Street), Yorkdale Shopping Centre, Toronto Eaton Centre, First Canadian Place, Sherway Gardens); Mississauga (Square One Shopping Centre); Ottawa (Rideau Centre); Winnipeg (Polo Park); Montreal (Les Cours Mont-Royal); Laval (Carrefour Laval); Edmonton (West Edmonton Mall); Calgary (The Core Shopping Centre, Chinook Centre); and Vancouver (Pacific Centre). There are outlet stores at Vaughan Mills in Vaughan, Heartland Town Centre in Mississauga and at Tsawwassen Mills in Delta, British Columbia.
## Brands
Harry Rosen stores offer several collections of fine menswear labels, including Armani, Brioni, Hugo Boss, Burberry, Canali, Dolce & Gabbana, Kiton and Ermenegildo Zegna.
## History
After working in a clothing store, Harry Rosen and his brother Lou opened a small made-to-measure store on Toronto's Parliament Street with a \$500 down payment. By 1961, success allowed them to relocate to larger premises closer to their clientele on Richmond Street in Toronto's Financial District. With little retailing in this area, skeptics criticized the move, but the store soon becomes a destination for customers from across Toronto, Canada, and the United States.
Rosen credited much of his early success to Stann Burkhoff. This customer of his offered to create advertisements in exchange for two suits - one for him and one for his art director, Reid Bell. Burkhoff and Bell developed the extremely successful \"Ask Harry\" campaign. This campaign featured provocative text with simple, yet eye-catching, graphics in a Canadian national newspaper, The Globe and Mail.
Under Rosen\'s direction, the company \"spends more than any Canadian retailer on its employee training\...on the nuances of designer fashion, including the art of \'clothesmanship\' -- that is, determining the right garment for a man\'s body shape\". Staff are also provided training on how \"to manage client lists, how to assess a client\'s needs, how men shop in general, and how to build and maintain long-term relationships with clients\". Consequently, the stores have a large number of long-term employees.
National growth began in 1981, when Harry Rosen opened the first store outside of Toronto at West Edmonton Mall. During this time, Harry Rosen began signing exclusive deals with top designers in Europe and the United States to sell their menswear in Canada. Many top designers still sell exclusively at Harry Rosen, with Tom Ford as the most recent addition.
In 1987, Harry Rosen opened a three-level, 32000 sqft. flagship store on Toronto's Bloor Street. The store became known for its exclusive collections of fine menswear. That same year, The Retail Council of Canada presented Harry Rosen with its first Retail Marketer of the Year Award. Harry Rosen then introduced the award-winning newspaper ad campaign featuring such celebrities as David Cronenberg, Norman Jewison, Christopher Plummer, Remy Shand, Rick Mercer and more in 1996.
Larry Rosen, Harry's eldest son, joined the company in 1984, and after stints in store operations and buying, he became president and chief operating officer in 1997. Larry became chairman and chief executive officer in 2010, succeeding Harry who remained with the company as an advisor until his death in December 2023.
In 1997, H*arry* magazine was launched. With two issues a year, this men's lifestyle magazine covers fashion advice and offers readers guidance in many areas of their life.
In the fall of 2008, Harry Rosen unveiled an expansion of the Bloor Street flagship location in Toronto that represented the largest capital investment ever made by the company. This major storewide renovation added two new stories to the building, providing five floors of retail space within 50000 sqft. The chain's flagship store at TD Square in Calgary is also doubling its size, and a second store was added in suburban Calgary at Chinook Centre in 2010.
Harry Rosen began selling merchandise online on May 15, 2009 via its website. Shipping is limited to Canadian addresses
| 683 |
Harry Rosen Inc.
| 0 |
7,859,630 |
***Homecoming*** (German: *Heimkehr*) is a 1941 Nazi German anti-Polish propaganda film directed by Gustav Ucicky. Filled with heavy-handed caricature, it justifies extermination of Poles with a depiction of relentless persecution of ethnic Germans, who escape death only because of the German invasion.
## Plot
In the Wołyń Voivodeship in eastern Poland, the German minority is oppressed by the Polish majority. The physician Dr. Thomas does not have any hospital available and his daughter Marie, who teaches at a German school, and needs an important operation, watches when her school is seized by Polish authorities and demolished by an angry mob. Dr. Thomas protests to the mayor, noting the constitutionally guaranteed minority rights; however his protest falls on deaf ears. Marie and her fiancé, Dr. Fritz Mutius, drive to the provincial capital, in order to put their protest to the Voivode (governor), but they are not even received there either. Deciding to stay in the capital in order to call on the court the next day, that evening they go to the cinema. They are accompanied there by her friend Karl Michalek, who has been pressed into service by the Polish Army. When they refuse to sing the Polish national anthem *Mazurek Dąbrowskiego* with the rest of the audience, Fritz gets grievously hurt by the furious Polish crowd. Marie tries to take her betrothed to a hospital, but he is refused admission and succumbs to his injuries.
Back home, the acts of violence against the German minority continue to increase: Marie\'s father too becomes the victim of a Polish attack and is blinded as a result; the wife of innkeeper Ludwig Launhardt, Martha, dies after being struck by stones thrown by Poles. When during the Invasion of Poland the German villagers meet secretly in a barn, in order to hear Hitler\'s speech of 1 September 1939 before the Reichstag, they are discovered, arrested and imprisoned. Marie keeps up their spirits with the promise that they will escape, that Germans are deeply concerned about them, and that they will be able to return home and hear neither Yiddish nor Polish, but only German. They are abused by the prison guards, but escape through an underground cellar and, scarcely avoiding a massacre, are saved by invading Wehrmacht soldiers. The German escapees ready for their resettlement into the \"homeland\", while widowed Ludwig Launhardt asks for Marie\'s hand. At the end of the film the German trek crosses the border into the Reich. The conclusion shows an enormous picture of Hitler set up at the checkpoint.
## Cast
- Paula Wessely as Maria Thomas
- Peter Petersen as Dr. Thomas
- Attila Hörbiger as Ludwig Launhardt
- Ruth Hellberg as Martha Launhardt
- Carl Raddatz as Dr. Fritz Mutius
- Otto Wernicke as Old Manz
- Elsa Wagner as Frau Schmid
- Eduard Köck as Herr Schmid
- Franz Pfaudler as Balthasar Manz
- Gerhild Weber as Josepha Manz
- Werner Fuetterer as Oskar Friml
- Hermann Erhardt as Karl Michalek
- Berta Drews as Elfriede
- Eugen Preiß as Salomonson
- Boguslaw Samborski as Bürgermeister
Casting for the minor parts played by Jewish and Polish actors was done by Igo Sym, who during the filming was shot in his Warsaw apartment by members of the Polish Union of Armed Struggle resistance movement. After the war, the Polish performers were punished (ranging from official reprimand to prison sentence) for collaboration in an anti-Polish propaganda undertaking.
| 570 |
Homecoming (1941 film)
| 0 |
7,859,630 |
## Historical context {#historical_context}
Hitler intended Poland to serve as the Lebensraum for the German people, and declared that only the soil, not the people, could be Germanized. This did not mean a total extermination of all people there, as Eastern Europe was regarded as having people of Aryan/Nordic descent, particularly among their leaders. Germanisation began with the classification of people suitable as defined on the Nazi Volksliste, and treated according to their categorisation. Those unfit for Germanisation were to be expelled from the areas marked out for German settlement; those who resisted Germanization were to be sent to concentration camps or executed.
To foment support, Nazi propaganda presented the annexation as necessary to protect the German minorities there. Alleged massacres of Germans, such as Bloody Sunday were used in such propaganda, and *Homecoming* drew on such attempts although allowing the Volksdeutsche characters depicted to survive. The introduction explicitly states that hundreds of thousands of Germans in Poland suffered likewise. Many terror tactics depicted were those used by the Nazis themselves against minorities.
Similar treatment was given to anti-Serbian propaganda, in *Menschen im Sturm*.
Baltic Germans were also to be settled into this land. The secret supplementary protocol to the 1939 Molotov--Ribbentrop Pact included a resettlement plan by which approximately 60,000 ethnic Germans were resettled into the Reich. Nazi propaganda included using scare tactics about the Soviet Union, and led to tens of thousands leaving. After racial evaluation, they were divided into groups: A, *Altreich*, who were to be settled in Germany and allowed neither farms nor business (to allow for closer watch), S *Sonderfall*, who were used as forced labor, and O *Ost-Falle*, the best classification, to be settled in the Eastern Wall---the occupied regions, to protect German from the East---and allowed independence. Similar support therefore was fomented with the use of film to depict Baltic and Volga Germans as persecuted by the Bolshevists, such as the films *Frisians in Peril*, *Flüchtlinge*, and *The Red Terror*.
| 327 |
Homecoming (1941 film)
| 1 |
7,859,630 |
## Production
Gustav Ucicky and Gerhard Menzel were inspired to make *Homecoming* after receiving accounts of Volhynian Germans coming to Germany from Soviet-occupied Poland. Ucicky and Menzel previously made *Refugees*. Production started in September 1940, and cost 4.02 million ℛℳ (`{{Inflation|DE|4,020,000|1941|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki}).
The indoor shots ran from 2 January to the middle of July 1941 in the Wien-Film studios at the *Rosenhügel* in Liesing, at Sievering Studios and the Schönbrunn Palace gardens in Vienna. The external shots took place between February and June 1941 in Polish Chorzele and Ortelsburg (*Szczytno*) in East Prussia. The picture was submitted to censorship at the Film Review Office on 26 August 1941, it was G-rated and received a top attribute as \"political and artistical particularly valuable\".
## Release
*Homecoming* was approved by the censors on 26 August 1941, and shown at the Venice Film Festival on 10 October. It premiered in Berlin on 23 October. It received the rare honor \"Film of the Nation\" in Nazi Germany, bestowed on films considered to have made an outstanding contribution to the national cause. It earned 4,900,000 ℛℳ (`{{Inflation|DE|4,900,000|1941|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki}) at the box office resulting in a loss of 423,000 ℛℳ (`{{Inflation|DE|423,000|1941|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki}).
The film grossed 4.9 million Reichsmark. Nevertheless, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels in his diary referred to Wessely\'s performance in the prison scene as \"the best ever filmed\". After the end of World War II the Allies banned any showing of the film. Director Ucicky was also banned from working, although this ban was waived by Austria in July 1947, whereafter he resorted to the *Heimatfilm* genre. Paula Wessely and her husband Attila Hörbiger became the acclaimed dream couple of the Vienna Burgtheater ensemble. The Austrian author and Nobel laureate Elfriede Jelinek stated that *Homecoming* is "the worst propaganda feature of the Nazis ever". She utilized some text fragments in her 1985 play *Burgtheater. Posse mit Gesang*, causing a major public scandal. The film\'s rights are held by Taurus Film GmbH.
The Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force\'s report on the film stated that the film was meant \"to show that Germany had no choice but to save the German minority from persecution by declaring war on the Poles\" and \"to give the main figures an opportunity for making Nazi speeches\"
| 372 |
Homecoming (1941 film)
| 2 |
7,859,637 |
**Eben Alexander** (March 9, 1851 -- March 11, 1910) was an American scholar, educator, dean, and diplomat.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Alexander was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, on March 9, 1851, to Judge Ebenezer Alexander and Margaret White McClung. Alexander attended the University of Tennessee (then known as East Tennessee University) for two years, then matriculated to Yale in 1869 where he graduated in 1873 with an A.B. He was initiated into Yale\'s Skull and Bones in 1873. After graduation, Alexander returned to Knoxville and taught Greek at the University of Tennessee, from 1873 to 1886, first as an instructor and then as Professor. In 1886, he moved to the University of North Carolina, in Chapel Hill, where from 1886 to 1893 he was Professor of Greek language and literature.
In 1893 President Grover Cleveland appointed him \"Envoy Extraordinary, Minister Plenipotentiary, and Consul General to Greece, Roumania, and Servia\" \[sic\]. As ambassador to Greece, he helped in the revival of the Olympic Games, making the first cash contribution to the organizing committee, encouraging the participation of American athletes, and with his wife hosting numerous social events during the period of the games, which ran from April 6 to April 15, 1896.
On his return from Greece, Alexander resumed teaching Greek at the University of North Carolina. He introduced modern Greek into the curriculum and served as academic dean from 1900 or 1901 until the time of his death. Perhaps more importantly, he worked, both before and after his time in Greece, to improve the University\'s library, serving as supervisor of the University library in 1891--1893 and again from 1901 onwards. During his tenure as supervisor, a new Carnegie library was built, and the University hired its first real librarian, Louis Round Wilson. That Carnegie library built under Alexander\'s tenure is now Hill Hall on the campus of the University of North Carolina.
He received the degree of Ph.D. from Maryville College in 1886, and that of LL.D. from the University of North Carolina in 1893, and was an instructor in the Summer school of the South in June and July, 1902.
In 1905 Alexander was inducted into the Order of the Golden Fleece, an honor society at the University of North Carolina that was modeled on Yale\'s Skull and Bones. During the academic year 1909--1910 Alexander\'s health began to fail. He took a leave of absence in the spring of 1910, returned to Knoxville, and there died on March 11, 1910. The University of North Carolina 1911 annual yearbook, *Yackety Yack*, was dedicated in his memory.
## Family
Eben Alexander\'s father, Ebenezer Alexander, was a prominent judge in Tennessee, and his grandfather, Adam Rankin Alexander, was the founder of Alexandria, Tennessee and a member of the House of Representatives from 1823 to 1827.
Alexander married Marion Howard-Smith on October 15, 1874, and they had four children, two sons and two daughters.
### Descendants of the same name {#descendants_of_the_same_name}
Eben Alexander was the father, grandfather, great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather of four Eben Alexanders. He and his descendants use these generational suffixes:
- Eben Alexander (1851--1910), diplomat and scholar -- progenitor
- Eben Alexander Sr., Knoxville, physician --- son
- Eben Alexander II (or Jr
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In statistics, **missing data**, or **missing values**, occur when no data value is stored for the variable in an observation. Missing data are a common occurrence and can have a significant effect on the conclusions that can be drawn from the data.
Missing data can occur because of nonresponse: no information is provided for one or more items or for a whole unit (\"subject\"). Some items are more likely to generate a nonresponse than others: for example items about private subjects such as income. Attrition is a type of missingness that can occur in longitudinal studies---for instance studying development where a measurement is repeated after a certain period of time. Missingness occurs when participants drop out before the test ends and one or more measurements are missing.
Data often are missing in research in economics, sociology, and political science because governments or private entities choose not to, or fail to, report critical statistics, or because the information is not available. Sometimes missing values are caused by the researcher---for example, when data collection is done improperly or mistakes are made in data entry.
These forms of missingness take different types, with different impacts on the validity of conclusions from research: Missing completely at random, missing at random, and missing not at random. Missing data can be handled similarly as censored data.
## Types
Understanding the reasons why data are missing is important for handling the remaining data correctly. If values are missing completely at random, the data sample is likely still representative of the population. But if the values are missing systematically, analysis may be biased. For example, in a study of the relation between IQ and income, if participants with an above-average IQ tend to skip the question 'What is your salary?', analyses that do not take into account this missing at random (MAR pattern (see below)) may falsely fail to find a positive association between IQ and salary. Because of these problems, methodologists routinely advise researchers to design studies to minimize the occurrence of missing values. Graphical models can be used to describe the missing data mechanism in detail.
### Missing completely at random {#missing_completely_at_random}
Values in a data set are **missing completely at random (MCAR)** if the events that lead to any particular data-item being missing are independent both of observable variables and of unobservable parameters of interest, and occur entirely at random. When data are MCAR, the analysis performed on the data is unbiased; however, data are rarely MCAR.
In the case of MCAR, the missingness of data is unrelated to any study variable: thus, the participants with completely observed data are in effect a random sample of all the participants assigned a particular intervention. With MCAR, the random assignment of treatments is assumed to be preserved, but that is usually an unrealistically strong assumption in practice.
### Missing at random {#missing_at_random}
**Missing at random (MAR)** occurs when the missingness is not random, but where missingness can be fully accounted for by variables where there is complete information. Since MAR is an assumption that is impossible to verify statistically, we must rely on its substantive reasonableness. An example is that males are less likely to fill in a depression survey but this has nothing to do with their level of depression, after accounting for maleness. Depending on the analysis method, these data can still induce parameter bias in analyses due to the contingent emptiness of cells (male, very high depression may have zero entries). However, if the parameter is estimated with Full Information Maximum Likelihood, MAR will provide asymptotically unbiased estimates.
### Missing not at random {#missing_not_at_random}
**Missing not at random (MNAR)** (also known as nonignorable nonresponse) is data that is neither MAR nor MCAR (i.e. the value of the variable that\'s missing is related to the reason it\'s missing). To extend the previous example, this would occur if men failed to fill in a depression survey *because* of their level of depression.
Samuelson and Spirer (1992) discussed how missing and/or distorted data about demographics, law enforcement, and health could be indicators of patterns of human rights violations. They gave several fairly well documented examples.
### Structured missingness {#structured_missingness}
Missing data can also arise in subtle ways that are not well accounted for in classical theory. An increasingly encountered problem arises in which data may not be MAR but missing values exhibit an association or structure, either explicitly or implicitly. Such missingness has been described as 'structured missingness'.
Structured missingness commonly arises when combining information from multiple studies, each of which may vary in its design and measurement set and therefore only contain a subset of variables from the union of measurement modalities. In these situations, missing values may relate to the various sampling methodologies used to collect the data or reflect characteristics of the wider population of interest, and so may impart useful information. For instance, in a health context, structured missingness has been observed as a consequence of linking clinical, genomic and imaging data.
The presence of structured missingness may be a hindrance to make effective use of data at scale, including through both classical statistical and current machine learning methods. For example, there might be bias inherent in the reasons why some data might be missing in patterns, which might have implications in predictive fairness for machine learning models. Furthermore, established methods for dealing with missing data, such as imputation, do not usually take into account the structure of the missing data and so development of new formulations is needed to deal with structured missingness appropriately or effectively. Finally, characterising structured missingness within the classical framework of MCAR, MAR, and MNAR is a work in progress.
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## Techniques of dealing with missing data {#techniques_of_dealing_with_missing_data}
Missing data reduces the representativeness of the sample and can therefore distort inferences about the population. Generally speaking, there are three main approaches to handle missing data: (1) *Imputation*---where values are filled in the place of missing data, (2) *omission*---where samples with invalid data are discarded from further analysis and (3) *analysis*---by directly applying methods unaffected by the missing values. One systematic review addressing the prevention and handling of missing data for patient-centered outcomes research identified 10 standards as necessary for the prevention and handling of missing data. These include standards for study design, study conduct, analysis, and reporting.
In some practical application, the experimenters can control the level of missingness, and prevent missing values before gathering the data. For example, in computer questionnaires, it is often not possible to skip a question. A question has to be answered, otherwise one cannot continue to the next. So missing values due to the participant are eliminated by this type of questionnaire, though this method may not be permitted by an ethics board overseeing the research. In survey research, it is common to make multiple efforts to contact each individual in the sample, often sending letters to attempt to persuade those who have decided not to participate to change their minds. However, such techniques can either help or hurt in terms of reducing the negative inferential effects of missing data, because the kind of people who are willing to be persuaded to participate after initially refusing or not being home are likely to be significantly different from the kinds of people who will still refuse or remain unreachable after additional effort.
In situations where missing values are likely to occur, the researcher is often advised on planning to use methods of data analysis methods that are robust to missingness. An analysis is robust when we are confident that mild to moderate violations of the technique\'s key assumptions will produce little or no bias, or distortion in the conclusions drawn about the population.
### Imputation
Some data analysis techniques are not robust to missingness, and require to \"fill in\", or impute the missing data. Rubin (1987) argued that repeating imputation even a few times (5 or less) enormously improves the quality of estimation. For many practical purposes, 2 or 3 imputations capture most of the relative efficiency that could be captured with a larger number of imputations. However, a too-small number of imputations can lead to a substantial loss of statistical power, and some scholars now recommend 20 to 100 or more. Any multiply-imputed data analysis must be repeated for each of the imputed data sets and, in some cases, the relevant statistics must be combined in a relatively complicated way. Multiple imputation is not conducted in specific disciplines, as there is a lack of training or misconceptions about them. Methods such as listwise deletion have been used to impute data but it has been found to introduce additional bias. There is a beginner guide that provides a step-by-step instruction how to impute data.
The expectation-maximization algorithm is an approach in which values of the statistics which would be computed if a complete dataset were available are estimated (imputed), taking into account the pattern of missing data. In this approach, values for individual missing data-items are not usually imputed.
#### Interpolation
In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, interpolation is a method of constructing new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points.
In the comparison of two paired samples with missing data, a test statistic that uses all available data without the need for imputation is the partially overlapping samples t-test. This is valid under normality and assuming MCAR
### Partial deletion {#partial_deletion}
Methods which involve reducing the data available to a dataset having no missing values include:
- Listwise deletion/casewise deletion
- Pairwise deletion
### Full analysis {#full_analysis}
Methods which take full account of all information available, without the distortion resulting from using imputed values as if they were actually observed:
- Generative approaches:
- The expectation-maximization algorithm
- full information maximum likelihood estimation
- Discriminative approaches:
- Max-margin classification of data with absent features
Partial identification methods may also be used.
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## Model-based techniques {#model_based_techniques}
Model based techniques, often using graphs, offer additional tools for testing missing data types (MCAR, MAR, MNAR) and for estimating parameters under missing data conditions. For example, a test for refuting MAR/MCAR reads as follows:
For any three variables *X,Y*, and *Z* where *Z* is fully observed and *X* and *Y* partially observed, the data should satisfy: $X \perp\!\!\!\perp R_y |(R_x,Z)$.
In words, the observed portion of *X* should be independent on the missingness status of *Y,* conditional on every value of *Z*. Failure to satisfy this condition indicates that the problem belongs to the MNAR category.
(Remark: These tests are necessary for variable-based MAR which is a slight variation of event-based MAR.)
When data falls into MNAR category techniques are available for consistently estimating parameters when certain conditions hold in the model. For example, if *Y* explains the reason for missingness in *X* and *Y* itself has missing values, the joint probability distribution of *X* and *Y* can still be estimated if the missingness of *Y* is random. The estimand in this case will be:
$$\begin{align}
P(X,Y)& =P(X|Y) P(Y) \\
& =P(X|Y,R_x=0,R_y=0) P(Y|R_y=0)
\end{align}$$ where $R_x=0$ and $R_y=0$ denote the observed portions of their respective variables.
Different model structures may yield different estimands and different procedures of estimation whenever consistent estimation is possible. The preceding estimand calls for first estimating $P(X|Y)$ from complete data and multiplying it by $P(Y)$ estimated from cases in which *Y* is observed regardless of the status of *X*. Moreover, in order to obtain a consistent estimate it is crucial that the first term be $P(X|Y)$ as opposed to $P(Y|X)$.
In many cases model based techniques permit the model structure to undergo refutation tests. Any model which implies the independence between a partially observed variable *X* and the missingness indicator of another variable *Y* (i.e. $R_y$), conditional on $R_x$ can be submitted to the following refutation test: $X \perp\!\!\!\perp R_y | R_x =0$.
Finally, the estimands that emerge from these techniques are derived in closed form and do not require iterative procedures such as Expectation Maximization that are susceptible to local optima.
A special class of problems appears when the probability of the missingness depends on time. For example, in the trauma databases the probability to lose data about the trauma outcome depends on the day after trauma. In these cases various non-stationary Markov chain models are applied
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In hydrology, **behavioral modeling** is a modeling approach that focuses on the modeling of the behavior of hydrological systems.
The behavioral modeling approach makes the main assumption that every system, given its environment, has a most probable behavior. This most probable behavior can be either determined directly based on the observable system characteristics and expert knowledge or, the most frequent case, has to be inferred from the available information and a likelihood function that encodes the probability of some assumed behaviors.
This modeling approach has been proposed by Sivapalan et al. (2006) in watershed hydrology
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**Meningohydroencephalocoele** (AmE: meningohydroencephalocele) is a form of meningocele (AmE)---a developmental abnormality of the central nervous system.
Like meningocoele, meningohydroencephalocoele is caused by defects in bone ossification; in particular, the intramembranous ossification related to the closure of infantile fontanelles. It refers to the protrusion of the meninges between the un-fused bones, to lie subcutaneously.
- **Meningocoele** - refers to herniation of meninges.
- **Meningoencephalocoele** refers to the condition if brain tissue is included with the meninges in the herniation.
- **Meningohydroencephalocoele** refers to the condition including meninges, brain tissue and part of the ventricular system in the herniation.
Encephalocoele defects occur in approximately 1 in 2000 live births
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**Castera Bazile** (7 October 1923 -- 27 February 1966) was a Haitian painter. Born in Jacmel, Bazile painted several murals in the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Port-au-Prince. He won the grand prize at the Caribbean International Competition in 1955.
Bazile died of tuberculosis in 1966 in Port-au-Prince, age 42
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**Graham Kirkham, Baron Kirkham**, `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCVO}}`{=mediawiki} (born 14 December 1944) is an English businessman, founder of Northern Upholstery, and chairman of sofa retailer DFS.
Previously executive chairman of DFS Furniture Company Ltd, Kirkham is a strong political and financial supporter of the Conservative Party, and is one of South Yorkshire\'s richest men, with a personal fortune estimated at £1 billion. After selling DFS in April 2010 he now has a large share in Iceland supermarkets. He is also now involved in fish and chip shops having bought the Whitby chain.
## Early life {#early_life}
Adopted at the age of three weeks, he is the only son of Edlington miner Tom Kirkham and his wife Elsie: *\"My whole life has been the luck of going to a good family.\"*
After passing the Eleven plus exam, he attended Maltby Grammar School (since 1967 called Maltby Comprehensive School) and hoped to join the Royal Air Force as a pilot. Failing to get the required five O levels, Kirkham got a job in a local furniture store.
## Career
### Northern Upholstery {#northern_upholstery}
In 1969, having visited a few manufacturers in his daily work, he decided that making furniture was relatively easy and that by cutting out the warehouse dealers in the middle of the supply chain, he could sell direct to the public at cheaper prices. Kirkham rented a room above a snooker hall in Carcroft, and started making furniture upstairs and retailing it downstairs.
### DFS
By 1983, Darley Dale--based **Direct Furnishing Supplies** had become one of Northern Upholstery biggest suppliers. When Direct Furnishing Supplies went bankrupt with debts of £900,000 on a turnover of £3,000,000, Kirkham bought it. Northern Upholstery now renamed itself **DFS** and at the time had a total of 63 stores employing 2,000 staff.
In 1993, DFS was floated on the stock market and valued at £271 million, with Kirkham and his family trusts owning just over half of the shares. This brought the Kirkham family to the attention of thieves, who in 1994 broke into the family home at Sprotbrough while they were on holiday. The burglars bound and gagged the housekeeper and made off with money and jewels worth £2.4m -- later recovered, but still South Yorkshire\'s largest armed robbery.
In 1998 DFS announced its first drop in profits in 28 years to the London Stock Exchange. In 2000 DFS announced a 79 per cent profit increase.
But the revival was short lived, and in light of the continuing prevalence for private equity, Kirkham took the chain private again, leveraging his family\'s own 9.46% stake with £150 million of family funds in an eventual £496 million deal. Kirkham told the *Yorkshire Post*: *\"It\'s something that\'s caused me fitful sleep in the time I\'ve been thinking about it. I\'ve no hobby, this is my hobby -- it\'s what I do. I\'m an entrepreneur. It\'s almost as if I can feel the adrenaline running through my veins.\"*
On 23 April 2010, it was announced that DFS had been sold to private equity firm Advent International for a reported £500m.
## Conservative party donations {#conservative_party_donations}
Kirkham is well known for his donations to the Tory Party which began in the 1980s. By 1996 he had lent the party £4 million in an interest free loan, and in the 1996 New Year Honours was given a knighthood. John Prescott, then in opposition called it \"the crudest example yet of honours given for financial services to the Tory Party\". Kirkham responded that the honour was for his charitable work for The Duke of Edinburgh\'s Award and the Animal Health Trust. In September 1996 Kirkham told *The Daily Telegraph* that his donations were not \"anything at all like that sort of magnitude\", and that the £4m had in fact been a loan to the party from his son Michael which was repaid a few weeks later. Kirkham gave £200,000 to Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex\'s Ardent TV company in 1994 because he had \"a burning desire to succeed\".
On 23 July 1999, Kirkham was made a life peer as **Baron Kirkham**, of Old Cantley in the County of South Yorkshire. He was one of the working peers recommended by then Tory leader William Hague, who had borrowed Kirkham\'s helicopter for electioneering.
## Charity
Kirkham has given modestly to charity, allocating grants totalling £455,000 in 1998/99. Among his charitable donations made mainly via the Graham Kirkham Foundation, Kirkham gave £225,000 to help cancer research by Bradford University, had a gallery named after him at the River and Rowing Museum in Henley on Thames, and is also Deputy Patron and a member of the board of Outward Bound trustees. Kirkham is also the Chairman of Trustees and a very active supporter of The Duke of Edinburgh\'s Award (DofE) in the UK. Kirkham is also the president of The Friendly Band, Sowerby Bridge.
Kirkham was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) in the 2001 Birthday Honours for services to the Duke of Edinburgh\'s Award and the Outward Bound Trust and Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to the Duke of Edinburgh\'s Award.
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## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kirkham married Pauline Fisher in 1965. The couple have two children.
Kirkham has two houses in his native South Yorkshire, one in Cadeby Road, Sprotbrough; and Grade II\*-listed Georgian mansion Cantley Hall which he bought in 1990 from motor dealer John Carnell. Neighbours complained about both a wall Kirkham built to protect his privacy, as well as the noise from a 1998 fireworks party at which the singer was Elaine Paige.
Kirkham furnishes his homes using DFS sofas, as well as old master paintings including John Constable\'s *View of the Stour* (bought for £6.7m) and Thomas Gainsborough\'s *Peasants Going To Market* (bought for £3.5m). In 1997 Kirkham lent works by Édouard Manet and Orazio Gentileschi to the Getty Center in Brentwood, Los Angeles.
Kirkham has long been interested in dogs, and owns Dalmatians. He has been a Kennel Club member since 1995 and while he owned DFS, it was the main sponsor of Crufts for its show in 2010. He is President of Driffield Agricultural Society and is always present on the last day of the championship dog show to make all the main presentations.
With Lord Harris of Peckham, he is co-owner of the \"Hello\" horses: Hello Sanctos, Hello Mr President, Hello M\'Lady, Hello Sailor, Hello Unique and Hello Boyo, which are ridden by Scott Brash.
In April 2008, Kirkham was involved in an altercation with another motorist in an alleged road rage incident. Charges of assault occasioning actual bodily harm were subsequently brought against him. In court in December 2008, Kirkham denied the charges, and claimed that while he was \"not proud\" of what had happened, it was he who had been the victim of a road rage attack. Kirkham was cleared of all charges after a three-day trial
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**Thurloe Square** is a traditional garden square in South Kensington, London, England.
There are private communal gardens in the centre of the square for use by the local residents. The Victoria and Albert Museum is close by to the north across **Thurloe Place** and Cromwell Gardens. The nearest tube station is South Kensington to the west along **Thurloe Street**. The house at 5 Thurloe Square is very narrow, wedge-shaped, and only six feet wide at one end.
## History
The square (and the adjacent streets) are named after John Thurloe, an advisor of Oliver Cromwell, who owned the land in the 17th century. His descendant, Harris Brace, had a godson called John Alexander, who developed the area in the 1820s. George Basevi designed most of the houses.
Sir Henry Cole (1808--1892), the first director of the Victoria and Albert Museum, lived at 33 Thurloe Square just opposite the museum. The building is marked with a blue plaque and is now the Kazakhstan Embassy.
The homeopath Margery Blackie lived and practised at no. 18 from 1929 to 1980. The building is marked with a blue plaque.
On 22 March 1936, a reportedly peaceful anti-fascist protest of a few thousand people took place in Thurloe Square, addressed by John Strachey, against a British Union of Fascists rally at Royal Albert Hall half a mile away, a distance required by police direction. After 50 minutes, this was broken up by a mounted police baton charge. A critical commission of inquiry was conducted by the recently formed National Council for Civil Liberties which contributed to the background to the Public Order Act 1936.
The Yalta Memorial Garden, which contains a memorial to those repatriated as a result of the Yalta Conference following World War II, *Twelve Responses to Tragedy*, is situated at the north of the square between the square and the Cromwell Road
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**Edward Johnson Phelps** (18 April 1863, Andover, Massachusetts - 9 August 1938, New Monterey, California) family had been settled in Massachusetts from the earliest times and are alleged to be of noble descent. Edward\'s father, the Rev. Austin Phelps was a graduated of the University of Pennsylvania and studied for a year at the Yale Divinity School. Austin was professor of sacred rhetoric at the Andover Theological Seminary for over thirty years.
Edward Phelps attended Yale College, where he graduated in 1886. During that time he took an interest in sports, being a member of the Freshman Football Team and was also Chairman of the *Yale Literary Magazine*. He was a member of Eta Phi, Delta Kappa Epsilon, Chi Delta Theta, the Political Science Club and Skull and Bones. Due to his ability as a public speaker, Phelps was entered into the De Forest Medal Contest in his senior year. He was beaten by Evans Woollen, who like Phelps spoke on \"The American Tory in the Revolution\" After his senior year, Phelps enrolled at the Yale Graduate School and received an MA in 1888. During the years 1887 and 1888, he also engaged in the insurance business in Chicago.
With an MA to his name, Phelps entered the offices of the *New Haven Morning News* as a reporter and was later promoted to the position of telegraph editor. The following year, he was appointed reporter and chief editor of the *Hartford Courant*. Phelps was not to stay in Connecticut for long, for in 1890 he made his way to Chicago, where he engaged in editorial and financial work at the *Chicago Herald*. He left the *Chicago Herald* in 1895, to pursue a career, using the financial skills he had picked up. He was picked up by the Northern Trust Safe Deposit Company of Chicago, where he was secretary, treasurer and general manager until 1923. From 1923 to his retirement in 1929, he was a director and President of the company. Phelps became well known in safe deposit circles, being made President of the Illinois Safe Deposit Association and Chairman of the National Safe Deposit Advisory Council. From 1895 to 1897, Phelps was secretary of Chicago\'s First Civil Service Commission.
Phelps was heavily involved in the affairs of Yale throughout his life. He was secretary and treasurer of the Yale Scholarship Trust of Chicago, in 1905; President of the Yale Club of Chicago, from 1910 to 1911; represented the Yale Club of Chicago on the Alumni Board, from 1910 to 1916; and was a director of the Yale Publishing Association. He also took an interest in a high school in Winnetka, Illinois
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The **Way Too Cool 50K** Endurance Run is an annual ultramarathon run in the Sierra Nevada, that starts and ends in the town of Cool.
The race takes place in early March, and was first held in 1990.
## Course
Most of the course is held on single-track trails and fire roads. The race course follows sections of the Western States Trail Ride route, in the Sierra Nevada within El Dorado County and Placer County.
The course has greater than 4800 ft of vertical elevation change along its 31 mi length.
## Participation
Registration opens in the beginning of December and runners are selected by lottery.
The race has a high completion rate greater than 95%
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**Lam Thap** (*ลำทับ*, `{{IPA|th|lām tʰáp|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) of Krabi province, southern Thailand.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) Lam Thap was established on 30 June 1984, when the two *tambons* Lam Thap and Din Udom were split off from Khlong Thom district. It was upgraded to a full district on 4 November 1993.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the west clockwise): Khlong Thom and Khao Phanom of Krabi Province; Thung Yai and Bang Khan of Nakhon Si Thammarat province; and Wang Wiset of Trang province.
## Administration
The district is divided into four sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 27 villages (*mubans*). Lam Thap is a township (*thesaban tambon*) and covers parts of *tambons* Lam Thap and Thung Sai Thong. There are a further four tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
+----------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| No. Name Thai Villages Pop. | |
| ----- ----------------- ---------- ---------- ------- ------ | |
| 1\. Lam Thap ลำทับ 10 7,493 | |
| 2\. Din Udom ดินอุดม 6 5,107 | |
| 3\. Thung Sai Thong ทุ่งไทรทอง 5 4,312 | |
| 4\
| 182 |
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| 0 |
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**Marjorie Torrey Chanslor** (`{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} **Hood**; November 10, 1888/1891 -- September 1, 1964) was an American illustrator and writer of children\'s books. She also wrote two mystery novels for adults under the name **Torrey Chanslor** and published under the name **Torrey Bevans**. She was a runner-up for the annual American Library Association Caldecott Medal for children\'s picture book illustration, in both 1946 and 1947; Opal Wheeler wrote both books, *Sing Mother Goose* and *Sing in Praise*).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Chanslor was born **Marjorie Torrey Hood** in Brooklyn, New York to William A. Hood (1860--1918) and Caroline Lincoln Torrey (1861--1949). The year of birth has been disputed with the years 1888 and 1891 being preferred. The writer herself would give her year of birth as 1899, which has been discredited, particularly in light of her 1911 marriage to Thomas Murray Bevans (1879--1953 ) in Jersey City, New Jersey. He had previously been married to Anna Fessenden Bradley (1877--1920) from around 1899 to around 1905; they had a son, Thomas Torre Bevans (1912--2003), ) who renewed copyright to several of Torrey\'s books in the 1970s. Thomas Torre Bevans was married to Margaret Van Doren, also a writer and illustrator.
She married, secondly, to screenwriter Roy Edwin Chanslor (1899--1964 ), who wrote *The Menace*. In April 1935, she was fined \$1,450 (`{{Inflation|US|1450|1935|r=-3|fmt=eq|cursign=$}}`{=mediawiki}) for throwing a cocktail at screenwriter Lon Young at a New Year\'s Eve party at the Cafe Trocadero nightclub in Los Angeles.
Marjorie Torrey Chanslor died on September 1, 1964, in Manhattan. There was no funeral service, at her direction.
## Books
- *Sarah\'s idea* (1938), illustrator
- *Our First Murder* (Frederick A. Stokes, 1940) -- mystery fiction for adults, featuring the Beagle Sisters, `{{LCCN|40013519}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Our Second Murder* (Stokes, 1941), `{{LCCN|41003902}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Penny* (1944)
- *Artie and the Princess* (1945)
- *Three Little Chipmunks* (1947)
- *The Merriweathers* (1949)
- *New star of the show* (1949), illustrator
- *Alice in Wonderland* (1955), illustrator
- *Far from Marlborough Street*
- *Trouble for Jerry* Doris Gages, illustrator
- *Saturday Night is My Delight*
- *Sing Mother Goose*, written by Opal Wheeler (E. P. Dutton, 1945)
- *Sing in Praise: a collection of the best loved hymns*, by Opal Wheeler (Dutton, 1946)
- *Abide with Me*, illustrator
- *Hoodoo that Voodoo*, illustrator
- *Songs to sing with the very young*, by Phyllis Brown Ohanian (1966)
- *Peter Pan* (Random House, Inc
| 398 |
Marjorie Torrey
| 0 |
7,859,830 |
The **Rosario--Córdoba Highway** is a highway in the central region of Argentina, which links the third- and second-largest cities in the country. The route was inaugurated on December 22, 2010. It has total length of 410 km (255 mi) and an estimated cost of 1.6 billion USD
| 47 |
Rosario-Córdoba Highway
| 0 |
7,859,839 |
**Donald William Trevor Bruce, Baron Bruce of Donington** (3 October 1912 -- 18 April 2005) was a British soldier, businessman and Labour politician.
## Early life {#early_life}
Bruce was born in Norbury, South London, the son of insurance broker William Trevor Bruce. He was educated at Donington Grammar School in Donington, Lincolnshire and qualified as a Chartered Accountant in 1936.
## Military career {#military_career}
Bruce served in the Territorial Army from 1931 to 1935, later in World War II, in the Royal Signals, where he reached the rank of Major in 1942, serving in the anti-aircraft defence of London before joining Dwight D. Eisenhower\'s staff as an intelligence officer in the preparations for D-Day for which he won a mention in dispatches.
## Parliamentary career {#parliamentary_career}
From 1945 to 1950 Bruce was Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Portsmouth North. During the same time he was Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Health Aneurin Bevan, and compiled many notes and documents with the aim of writing a biography of Bevan, a task later taken up with the assistance of Bruce\'s papers by Michael Foot.
When Portsmouth North was abolished in 1950, Bruce stood in the successor seat of Portsmouth West, but was narrowly beaten by the Conservative Terence Clarke.
## After Parliament {#after_parliament}
He also set up his own accountancy firm and ran it until 1977 when it merged with Halpern and Woolf which itself merged with Casson Beckman merging finally with Baker Tilly for whom Bruce still worked in his eighties as a consultant.
On 20 January 1975, he was created a life peer as **Baron Bruce of Donington**, *of Rickmansworth in Hertfordshire.* In 1976, he was appointed to the European Parliament, but resigned in 1979.
## Family
Lord Bruce of Donington was married twice, firstly to Joan Letitia Butcher in 1939, and after their divorce in 1980, secondly to Cyrena Heard (née Shaw) in 1981. He had four children by his first wife, one son and three daughters (two of whom predeceased him)
| 336 |
Donald Bruce, Baron Bruce of Donington
| 0 |
7,859,840 |
**Jean Nicolas Houchard**(24 January 1739 -- 17 November 1793) was a French General of the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars.
## Early life {#early_life}
Jean Nicolas Houchard was born on 24 January 1739 in Forbach, Lorraine. Houchard began his military career at the age of sixteen when he joined the French Royal Army\'s Royal German Cavalry Regiment. He became a captain in the Bourbon Dragoon Regiment and took part in the French conquest of Corsica, where Houchard was wounded while fighting against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli at the Battle of Ponte Novu, receiving a deep sabre cut across his cheek and a gunshot wound to his mouth which left him disfigured for the rest of his life.`{{fact|date=February 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
Houchard was a fervent supporter of the French Revolution. Phipps describes Houchard as \"Brave & stupid\... Tall, brave, a proved \'patriot\'\". In 1792, he was colonel of a regiment of Chasseurs-à-cheval in the army of General Custine. On 11 April 1793 Houchard was appointed as Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the Moselle and when Custine was guillotined, Houchard replaced him in August as Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the North.
## Assessment
Custine prophesied that the command of an army would be \"an evil present\" to him. Houchard himself was fully aware that it could be a fatal command, and his confidence was thus shaken \"is there any more cruel position than this?" he wrote At the head of the army he became dejected, and let the Representatives have a free hand, over-riding his bold plan. At Hondschoote he failed to exert control over any except Jourdan\'s column, and spread his forces twice when concentration on Walmoden\'s left would have given decisive victory. He was \"In his element\" leading the charge of a cavalry regiment. After Hondschoote he failed to organise an effective pursuit, \"cowed\" by the minor check at Rexpoede. Then he was denounced as incapable, not without reason. \"The army, which knew his faults, knew also his gallantry and his patriotism\...". In December 1792 Custine \"had not enough knowledge of war and he owed much to the advice of his lieutenant, Houchard, who was a bold and capable head of an advanced guard\". His appointment to command the \'Moselle\' was \"probably done to please Custine; he, however, considered it was a harmful present to Houchard, who, he feared, would fail in the command on an army. Custine certainly could judge men, and he was right in this case, for all who knew the worthy old Houchard considered him as lost when given a charge so much beyond his powers\".
Custine stated -- "\'The conduct of two armies is beyond Houchard's power, and the conduct of one army would be above his power if he were not guided\'. Unfortunately this was published, and Houchard, whilst not asking to be given any command beyond that of the \'Moselle\', felt the slur the more that undoubtedly his advice had been of use to the General that now denied his fitness to command at all\". \"The conviction that \'the soldier is good\' permeated so much of the discussion of victory and defeat that it rose to the level of dogma... \'I say to you with the truthfulness of a true republican,... the soldiers are good, but the cowardice and crass ignorance of the officer has taught them cowardice.\' This characteristic criticism came from the pen of General Houchard, soon to suffer death for his own failures\". \"There was nothing aristocratic about Houchard. He rose from the ranks as an officer of fortune, reaching the rank of captain in 1779, after twenty-four years of service. When war broke out in 1792, Captain Houchard climbed the ladder of promotion rapidly and followed Custine as chief of the Nord on 1 August. Unfortunately, Houchard soon revealed himself to be a man of limited capacity... Houchard paid for failure with his life... he went to the scaffold in November not for treachery but for incompetence. By his arrest and execution the Convention made it clear that it demanded ability as well as loyalty from its officers\".
## Trial and execution {#trial_and_execution}
He was the main protagonist of the French victories at the battle of Hondschoote against British forces under the Duke of York and at the battle of Menin against Dutch forces under the Prince of Orange. Despite the French victories, Houchard was censured for failing to pursue the enemy and he was arrested at Lille on 24 September 1793. When accused of cowardice by the Revolutionary Tribunal, Houchard replied \"Read my answer!\", while tearing his shirt off and showing his many battle wounds. Houchard returned to his seat and kept repeating to himself: \"The bastard! He called me coward\... he called me coward!\". However, the tribunal found him guilty, and Houchard was guillotined in Paris on 17 November 1793 (26 Brumaire, Year II)
| 809 |
Jean Nicolas Houchard
| 0 |
7,859,857 |
During the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montréal in Canada, the Tunisian team initially competed but then joined a boycott by all but two African nations. The boycott was called due to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) allowing the New Zealand team to participate despite the recent tour of South Africa by the country\'s rugby union team. Sporting contact with South Africans was banned by the IOC as a consequence of the system of apartheid operated in the country.
Athletes from Cameroon, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia competed during the first three days of the Games, from 18 to 20 July, before withdrawing from the Olympics, joining a total of 33 countries mainly from Africa in the boycott.
## Boxing
Men
+---------------+--------------+-------------+-----------------+-------------+---------------+------------+-------+
| Athlete | Event | 1 Round | 2 Round | 3 Round | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final |
+===============+==============+=============+=================+=============+===============+============+=======+
| Opposition\ | Opposition\ | Opposition\ | Opposition\ | Opposition\ | Rank | | |
| Result | Result | Result | Result | Result | | | |
+---------------+--------------+-------------+-----------------+-------------+---------------+------------+-------+
| Fredj Chtioui | Welterweight | \ | Did not advance | | | | |
| | | **L** RSC-2 | | | | | |
+---------------+--------------+-------------+-----------------+-------------+---------------+------------+-------+
## Handball
### Men\'s Team Competition {#mens_team_competition}
- Mohamed Abdel Khaled
- Khaled Achour
- Habib Ammar
- Ahmed Bechir Bel Hadj
- Abderraouf Ben Samir
- Moncef Besbes
- Raouf Chabchoub
- Slaheddine Deguechi
- Mohamed Naceur Jelili
- Mounir Jelili
- Habib Kheder
- Lotfi Rebai
### Group B {#group_b}
Tunisia withdrew after 2 matches. The results were annulled.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Swimming
Men
Athlete Event Heat Semifinal
------------ --------------------- --------- ------ -----------------
Time Rank Time Rank Time
Ali Gharbi 200 metre freestyle 1:55.82 24 Did not advance
Women
Athlete Event Heat Semifinal
---------------- --------------------- --------- ------ -----------------
Time Rank Time Rank Time
Myriam Mizouni 100 metre freestyle 1:02.42 38 Did not advance
400 metre freestyle 4:43
| 318 |
Tunisia at the 1976 Summer Olympics
| 0 |
7,859,873 |
**Edwin Foster Blair** (1901-1970) was the co-founder of a New York law firm, a member of many corporate boards, a lineman on the undefeated 1923 Yale Bulldogs football team, and an alumni leader at Yale University. He won the 1968 Walter Camp Award.
## Education
Edwin F. Blair graduated from Terrill School for Boys in Dallas (a precursor to St. Mark\'s School of Texas) before spending an additional year at the Hotchkiss School, where he graduated 1920.
He then graduated from Yale University with an AB in 1924. At Yale, he was member of Phi Beta Kappa, Delta Kappa Epsilon and Skull and Bones. He was a tackle for the undefeated 1923 Yale football team; one service named him to a 1923 College Football All-America Team.
Blair then graduated cum laude from Yale Law School.
## Professional
In 1928, Blair was hired as an instructor in the Yale Law School. The following year, he joined the New York law firm Davis, Polk, Wardwell, Gardiner & Reed as an associate. In 1940 Blair organized the law firm Blair, Polk & Ogden. Two years later the firm became Blair & Reed. Blair practiced law in New York until 1968.
## Business
Blair served on the board of directors of the Canada Dry Corp., Holly Sugar Corporation, Mohasco Industries (later known as Mohawk Industries), and the Union Bag-Camp Paper Corporation (later known as Union Camp Corporation) He was also Chairman of the Board of T.A.D. Jones & Co., Inc. and a member of the advisory board of the Chemical Corn Exchange Bank (later known as Chemical Bank).
## Yale
Blair was so heavily involved with Yale University that his *The New York Times* obituary referred to him as \"Mr. Yale.\" From 1942 to 1944 he was Chairman of the Alumni Fund, and from 1949 to 1952 he was Chairman of the Alumni Board. He was also a Fellow of the Yale Corporation, director of the Yale Football Association and Chairman of the Yale Graduate Football Committee. He received the 1968 Walter Camp Man of the Year award. The year after his death, the Yale football team began awarding the *Edwin Foster Blair Award* to the team\'s most valuable player, an award funded by the Yale Club of New York City
## Politics
A lifelong Republican, Blair served on the Republican Finance Committee and was a delegate to the Republican National Convention from Connecticut. Blair was a supporter of global governance.
## Personal
Blair was born in Weatherford, Texas and grew up in Wichita Falls and then Dallas. His father\'s business, Anderson & Blair, involved wholesale stock and grocers. Blair\'s father was also involved in local newspapers and was president of Southwestern National Bank. Blair married Rosemary Kane, of Dallas, in 1925. They went on to have five children. In addition to his decades of service to Yale, Blair served on the board of trustees of the Hotchkiss School and the Fairfield Country Day School
| 491 |
Edwin F. Blair
| 0 |
7,859,880 |
**Spin Aqua** were a short-lived musical project between the model Anna Tsuchiya and the former Oblivion Dust guitarist K.A.Z. The duo performed music together for a year and seven months, releasing music for less than a year under the on the popular label Ki/oon Records.
## Information
The band debuted with the single \"Unchained\", which was followed up with Spin Aqua\'s first concert in December at the Tokyo Bay NK Hall at the Devilock \'02 concert. This single was followed up five months later with \"Mermaid,\" then three months later, the single \"Paper Moon\". Out of these three singles, \"Mermaid\" was the only one that charted on Oricon charts (peaking at No. 197).
Spin Aqua\'s debut album and debut DVD release, *Pisces* and *Spin Aqua Films - 1st Session*, were both released a month after the last single. The album fared similarly poorly on the charts, reaching a low position of No. 187.
The band would later slip into hiatus due to Tsuchiya\'s pregnancy and engagement to fellow model Joshua. In mid-2004 it was announced that Spin Aqua had permanently disbanded
| 181 |
Spin Aqua
| 0 |
7,859,913 |
**Elena Krykanova**, also romanized as **Krikanova**, (*Елена Крыканова*) is a former ice dancer who represented the Soviet Union. With former partner Evgeni Platov, she is a three-time World Junior champion (1984--1986). They began skating together around December 1976 in Odessa and were coached by Boris Rublev until 1982 when they moved to Moscow to train under Natalia Dubova.
In January 1990, she defected to the United States along with Gorsha Sur, Igor Shpilband, and Veronica Pershina
| 76 |
Elena Krykanova
| 0 |
7,859,917 |
***The Fall of Melnibone*** is an EP released by Spanish power metal band Dark Moor in 2001 through Arise Records. This limited edition EP contains bonus tracks that were previously released only in Japan and Korea.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"The Fall of Melnibone\" - 10:31
2. \"Silver Lake\" - 5:18
3. \"Wood\'s Song\" - 3:09
4. \"Halloween\" (Helloween cover) - 13:24
5
| 64 |
The Fall of Melnibone
| 0 |
7,859,945 |
***Education in Chemistry*** (often referred to by its brand \'EiC\') is a print and online magazine covering all areas of chemistry education, mainly concentrating on the teaching of chemistry in secondary schools and universities. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, which also publishes *Chemistry Education Research and Practice*, a peer-reviewed academic journal on the same topic.
## History
The feasibility of a \"British Journal of Chemistry Education\" was first discussed by the Royal Society of Chemistry in late 1962 (a similar journal, the *Journal of Chemical Education* had been in existence in the USA since 1924). Its launch was secured by the lobbying of Professor Ronald S. Nyholm who became the first Chair of the editorial board. The magazine was launched in 1963 under the editor Dr F. W. Gibbs with the first issue published in January 1964. Gibbs\' first editorial, \"Scientists and Teachers\", set out the aims of the publication, \"This journal has been launched with the avowed aim of improving the teaching and learning of chemistry at all levels.\" The journal was initially published quarterly.
*Education in Chemistry* celebrated 50 years since its launch in 2013 with an event attended by its current and former staff, contributors, editorial board and some special guests including Bill Bryson.
## Current publication {#current_publication}
The editor is Lisa Clatworthy. It has been available as an app for mobile devices which was discontinued in mid-2018. It has also trialled a blog, and occasional additional supplements published online. The magazine is published bimonthly in print and operates on \"online first\" publishing model which supersedes its previous innovations in blogging. Print copies are sent for free to all secondary schools in the UK and Ireland
| 283 |
Education in Chemistry
| 0 |
7,859,951 |
The **Khitan large script** (`{{zh|t=契丹大字|p=qìdān dàzì}}`{=mediawiki}) was one of two writing systems used for the now-extinct Khitan language (the other was the Khitan small script). It was used during the 10th--12th centuries by the Khitan people, who had created the Liao Empire in north-eastern China. In addition to the large script, the Khitans simultaneously also used a functionally independent writing system known as the Khitan small script. Both Khitan scripts continued to be in use to some extent by the Jurchens for several decades after the fall of the Liao dynasty, until the Jurchens fully switched to a script of their own. Examples of the scripts appeared most often on epitaphs and monuments, although other fragments sometimes surface.
## History
Abaoji of the Yelü clan, founder of the Khitan, or Liao, dynasty, introduced the original Khitan script in 920 CE. The \"large script\", or \"big characters\" (*大字*), as it was referred to in some Chinese sources, was established to keep the record of the new Khitan state. The Khitan script was based on the idea of the Chinese script.
## Description
The Khitan large script was considered to be relatively simple. The large script characters were written equally spaced, in vertical columns, in the same way as the Chinese has been traditionally written. Although the large script mostly uses logograms, it is possible that ideograms and syllabograms are used for grammatical functions. The large script has a few similarities to Chinese, with several words taken directly with or without modifications from the Chinese (e.g. characters *二*, *三*, *十*, *廿*, *月*, and *日*, which appear in dates in the apparently bilingual *Xiao Xiaozhong muzhi* inscription from Xigushan, Jinxi, Liaoning Province). Most large script characters, however, cannot be directly related to any Chinese characters. The meaning of most of them remains unknown, but that of a few of them (numbers, symbols for some of the five elements and the twelve animals that the Khitans apparently used to designate years of the sexagenary cycle) has been established by analyzing dates in Khitan inscriptions.
While there has long been controversy as to whether a particular monument belong to the large or small script, there are several monuments (steles or fragments of stelae) that the specialists at least tentatively identify as written in the Khitan large script. However, one of the first inscriptions so identified (the *Gu taishi mingshi ji* epitaph, found in 1935) has been since lost, and the preserved rubbings of it are not very legible; moreover, some believe that this inscription was a forgery in the first place. In any event, the total of about 830 different large-script characters are thought to have been identified, even without the problematic *Gu taishi mingshi ji*; including it, the character count rises to about 1000. The Memorial for Yelü Yanning (dated 986 CE) is one of the earliest inscriptions in the Khitan large script.
### Direction
While the Khitan large script was traditionally written top-to-bottom, it can also be written left-to-right, which is the direction to be expected in modern contexts for the Khitan large script and other traditionally top-to-bottom scripts, especially in electronic text.
## Jurchen
Some of the characters of the Jurchen scripts have similarities to the Khitan large script. According to some sources, the discoveries of inscriptions on monuments and epitaphs give clues to the connection between Khitan and Jurchen. After the fall of the Liao dynasty, the Khitan (small-character) script continued to be used by the Jurchen people for a few decades, until it was fully replaced with the Jurchen script and, in 1191, suppressed by imperial order.
## Corpus
There are no surviving examples of printed texts in the Khitan language, and aside from five example Khitan large characters with Chinese glosses in a book on calligraphy written by Tao Zongyi (*陶宗儀*) during the mid 14th century, there are no Chinese glossaries or dictionaries of Khitan. However, in 2002 a small fragment of a Khitan manuscript with seven Khitan large characters and interlinear glosses in Old Uyghur was identified in the collection of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Then, in 2010 a manuscript codex (Nova N 176) held at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg was identified by Viacheslav Zaytsev as being written in the Khitan large script.
The main source of Khitan texts are monumental inscriptions, mostly comprising memorial tablets buried in the tombs of Khitan nobility. There are about 17 known monuments with inscriptions in the Khitan large script, ranging in date from 986 to 1176.
In addition to monumental inscriptions, short inscriptions in both Khitan scripts have also been found on tomb murals and rock paintings, and on various portable artefacts such as mirrors, amulets, paiza (tablets of authority given to officials and envoys), and special non-circulation coins. A number of bronze official seals with the seal face inscribed in a convoluted seal script style of Khitan characters are also known
| 824 |
Khitan large script
| 0 |
7,859,957 |
**Terry Markwell** (born **Teresa Markwell**, March 3, 1953) is an American former actress.
Markwell is probably best recognized for having appeared as IMF agent Casey Randall in the 1988--1989 season of *Mission: Impossible*, playing the only IMF agent in a *Mission: Impossible* TV series and its revival to ever be caught, killed, and disavowed. The character Casey Randall is a counterpart to Barbara Bain\'s character Cinnamon Carter and Lesley Ann Warren\'s character Dana Lambert.
## Work
Markwell got her first taste of acting while modeling for Plaza Three, a premiere talent agency in Phoenix during the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Markwell guest starred in the TV-series *Return to Eden* (1986).
Markwell portrayed IMF agent Casey Randall for the first 12 episodes in *Mission: Impossible* (1988). Early in her last episode, \"The Fortune\", the character was captured and killed by lethal injection during a solo assignment. Reportedly, Markwell left the series as she was unhappy with the amount of screen time her character was getting. One reviewer called the entire opening sequence of that episode excellent and by far the most powerful opening yet in the series. He also highlighted as poignant and well done the scene where Peter Graves\'s character finds out that Casey has died and reacts to the picture of her body on television as part of a news report on an unidentified body. She was replaced by Jane Badler.
After *Mission: Impossible*, Markwell made guest appearances in the TV-series *The Client* (1995--1996), *Sliders* (1996--1997) and *The Burning Zone* (1996--1997).
In film, Markwell appeared in *Stones of Death* (1988), *Murder 101* (1991), *Robo Warriors* (1996) and *Jane Street* (1996) and had minor parts in *Grievous Bodily Harm* (1988), *Red Wind* (1991) and \'\'The Man Who Wouldn\'t Die (1994).
Markwell now primarily runs her own interior design company under the name of \"Markwell Design Group\"
| 307 |
Terry Markwell
| 0 |
7,859,965 |
**Aliki Stergiadu** (born 5 October 1972) is a former competitive ice dancer. She is the 1991 World Junior champion with Juris Razgulajevs for the Soviet Union.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Stergiadu was born on 5 October 1972 in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union. She lived in Elektrostal, Russia until she took a coaching position in Skellefteå, Sweden in 2006. She married Lennart \"Lelle\" Erinder in September 2012 in Skellefteå.
## Career
Stergiadu began skating at age five. Early in her career, she competed for the Soviet Union with Juris Razgulajevs. Coached by Natalia Linichuk in Moscow, they won the 1991 World Junior Championships in Budapest, Hungary.
Stergiadu/Razgulajevs moved up to the senior level in the 1991--92 season. The Soviet Union having dissolved, they decided to compete for Latvia. They placed tenth at the 1992 World Championships in Oakland, California.
In the 1992--93 season, Stergiadu/Razgulajevs began representing Uzbekistan. They won a silver medal at the 1992 Piruetten in Hamar and finished tenth at the 1993 World Championships in Prague.
They were awarded bronze at the 1993 NHK Trophy in Chiba, Japan. In February 1994, Stergiadu/Razgulajevs competed at the Winter Olympics in Lillehammer and finished 13th. Their last competition together was the 1994 World Championships in Chiba, where they placed 11th.
Stergiadu is an international technical specialist in ice dancing for Sweden.
## Results
(with Razgulajevs for the Soviet Union, Latvia and Uzbekistan)
International
-----------------------
Event
Winter Olympics
World Championships
NHK Trophy
Piruetten
International: Junior
World Junior Champ
| 246 |
Aliki Stergiadu
| 0 |
7,859,967 |
**Juris Razgulajevs**, sometimes spelled *Yuri Razguliaiev*, (born March 20, 1973) is a Canadian ice dancing coach and former competitor who represented the Soviet Union, Latvia, Uzbekistan, and Japan. He is the 1991 World Junior champion with partner Aliki Stergiadu for the Soviet Union.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Razgulajevs was born on March 20, 1973, in Riga, Latvia. He moved to the United States in 1995 and then to Canada in 1999. His wife is named Irina. Their son, Dmitre Razgulajevs, was born on November 19, 1996, in Boston and competes in ice dancing for Canada. Their second son, Alexie, was born in 2000 and plays basketball.
## Career
### Partnership with Stergiadu {#partnership_with_stergiadu}
Early in his career, Razgulajevs competed with Aliki Stergiadu for the Soviet Union. Coached by Natalia Linichuk in Moscow, they won the 1991 World Junior Championships in Budapest, Hungary.
Stergiadu/Razgulajevs moved up to the senior level in the 1991--92 season. The Soviet Union having dissolved, they decided to compete for Latvia. They placed tenth at the 1992 World Championships in Oakland, California.
In the 1992--93 season, Stergiadu/Razgulajevs began representing Uzbekistan. They won a silver medal at the 1992 Piruetten in Hamar and finished tenth at the 1993 World Championships in Prague.
They were awarded bronze at the 1993 NHK Trophy in Chiba, Japan. In February 1994, Stergiadu/Razgulajevs competed at the Winter Olympics in Lillehammer and finished 13th. Their last competition together was the 1994 World Championships in Chiba, where they placed 11th.
### Later career {#later_career}
In 1995, Razgulajevs relocated with Linichuk\'s group to the United States. He teamed up with Nakako Tsuzuki to compete for Japan. They were coached by Natalia Dubova in Lake Placid, New York. They were two-time Japanese national champions and placed 16th at the 1996 World Championships. They parted ways at the end of the season.
His next partner was Jenny Dahlen, with whom he competed for Latvia. They placed 24th at the 1997 World Championships and 22nd at the 1997 European Championships.
Razgulajevs retired from competitive skating in 1997. He became an Assistant Director, coach and choreographer at the Scarboro Figure Skating Club in Ontario, Canada.
Skaters who Razgulajevs has coached include:
- Piper Gilles / Paul Poirier
- Molly Lanaghan / Dmitre Razgulajevs
- Carolane Soucisse / Shane Firus
- Nadiia Bashynska / Peter Beaumont
As a choreographer, he has worked with:
- Paige Lawrence / Rudi Swiegers
- Brooke McIntosh / Benjamin Mimar
- Ilia Malinin
- Madeline Schizas
## Results
### With Stergiadu for the Soviet Union, Latvia and Uzbekistan {#with_stergiadu_for_the_soviet_union_latvia_and_uzbekistan}
International
-----------------------
Event
Winter Olympics
World Championships
NHK Trophy
Piruetten
International: Junior
World Junior Champ
| 438 |
Juris Razgulajevs
| 0 |
7,859,970 |
**Vladimir Mikhailovich Liberzon** (*ולדימיר מיכאילוביץ\' ליברזון*; *Влади́мир Миха́йлович Либерзо́н*; 23 March 1937, in Moscow -- 4 August 1996) was a Russian-born Israeli chess grandmaster.
## Biography
Liberzon played in several Soviet championships, his best result being fourth at the 36th Championship, Alma-Ata 1968/69. Other results were less notable; his first entry led to a lowly finish at Tbilisi 1966/67, whereas he achieved solid mid-table performances at Moscow 1969 and at Riga 1970.
In tournaments he was first in Moscow (Central Chess Club-ch) in 1963, 1964, and 1965, fourth at Kislovodsk 1964, fifth at Yerevan 1965, second at Leipzig 1965, first at Zinnowitz 1967, first at Debrecen 1968, second at Amsterdam 1969, third at Dubna 1971 and third equal at Luhačovice.
Liberzon was the first grandmaster from the Soviet Union who was allowed to emigrate to Israel in 1973. Consequently, he became Israel\'s first grandmaster. He won the Israeli Championship in 1974.
Having transferred nationality, he continued to score well in international competitions, finishing first at Venice 1974, first at Lone Pine 1975, second equal at Netanya 1975, second equal at Reykjavík 1975, first equal at Beer-Sheva 1976, first equal at Netanya 1977, 3rd at Amsterdam 1977, first equal at Lone Pine 1979, and fourth equal at Beer-Sheva 1984.
Liberzon played for Israel in four Chess Olympiads.
- In 1974, at first board in 21st Olympiad in Nice (+4 --3 =8);
- In 1976, at first board in 22nd Olympiad in Haifa (+2 --2 =6);
- In 1978, at second board in 23rd Olympiad in Buenos Aires (+1 --2 =6);
- In 1980, at first board in 24th Olympiad in La Valletta (+2 --2 =5).
He was awarded the International Master (IM) title in 1963, and Grandmaster (GM) title in 1965.
According to William Hartston, in *The Independent*, Liberzon was known for his disciplined professionalism and this made him one of the most consistent performers on the tournament circuit of the 1960s and 70s. His move to Israel was in all likelihood a catalyst for the great chess advances that occurred there in subsequent years. In terms of memorable games, Hartston cites the following effort, from Moscow 1963. It is the rarest of lessons in attacking chess, given that his opponent is none other than tactical maestro and former world champion, Mikhail Tal. Most instructively, Liberzon makes the opposite-coloured bishops work in his favour. White: *Vladimir Liberzon* Black: *Mikhail Tal* Nimzo-Indian Defence **1 d4 Nf6 2 c4 e6 3 Nc3 Bb4 4 e3 0-0 5 Bd3 d5 6 a3 dxc4 7 Bxc4 Bd6 8 Nf3 Nc6 9 Nb5 e5 10 Nxd6 Qxd6 11 dxe5 Qxd1+ 12 Kxd1 Ng4 13 Ke1 Ngxe5 14 Nxe5 Nxe5 15 Be2 Bf5 16 Bd2 Nd3+ 17 Bxd3 Bxd3 18 Rc1 Rac8 19 f3 c5 20 Kf2 f5 21 Rhg1 Rc6 22 Bc3 h5 23 h3 Rg6 24 a4 c4 25 Rgd1 Rd8 26 Rd2 Rd5 27 Rcd1 Rb6 28 a5 Rb3 29 Rg1 b5 30 axb6 axb6 31 g4 fxg4 32 hxg4 Rg5 33 gxh5 Rbb5 34 Rdd1 Kf7 35 e4 Kg8 36 Ke3 Kf8 37 Ra1 Rxg1 38 Rxg1 Rxh5 39 Rxg7 Bc2 40 Rb7 b5 41 e5 Bf5 42 Rxb5 Rh6 43 Rb8+ Ke7 44 Rb7+ Kd8 45 Ba5+ Ke8 46 Kf4 Bd3 47 Bb4 Kd8 48 Rg7 Ke8 49 Bd6 Be2 50 Kg5 Rh1 51 f4 Rh5+ 52 Kg6 Rh1 53 e6 Bd3+ 54 Kf6 1-0**.
Liberson died in his home of a heart attack; the body was found three days later.
## Other notable games {#other_notable_games}
- [Vladimir Liberzon vs Efim Geller, Leningrad 1961, Ruy Lopez, Schliemann Defense, C63, 1-0](http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1048971)
- [Vladimir Liberzon vs Tigran Petrosian, Moscow 1964, French Defense, Winawer Variation, C18, 1-0](http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1106644)
- [Yaacov Murey vs Vladimir Liberzon, Moscow 1965, Sicilian Defense, Paulsen, Bastrikov Variation, B49, 0-1](http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1100241)
- [Vladimir Liberzon vs Lajos Portisch, Yerevan 1965, Sicilian Defense, Sozin Variation, B89, 1-0](http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1113179)
- [Jan Timman vs Vladimir Liberzon, Venice 1974, French Defense, Advance Variation, Main Line, C02, 0-1](http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1142109)
- [Luděk Pachman vs Vladimir Liberzon, Netanya 1975, King\'s Indian, Sämisch, Orthodox, E87, 0-1](http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1105130)
- [Vladimir Liberzon vs Vladimir Tukmakov, Baleares 1989, Sicilian Defense, Richter-Rauzer, Neo-Modern Variation, B66, 1-0](http://www.chessgames
| 686 |
Vladimir Liberzon
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7,860,002 |
**Angelika Kirchmayr**, also spelled **Angelika Kirkhmaier** (*Анжелика Кирхмайер*), is a former Soviet ice dancer.
She is the 1989 World Junior champion with partner Dmitri Lagutin. She was married (now divorced) to Oleg Ovsyannikov, with whom she has a daughter, Michelle Kirchmayr. Kirchmayr coached Gabriela Kubová and Dmitri Kiselev
| 48 |
Angelika Kirchmayr
| 0 |
7,860,003 |
The **Synare** was a series of electronic drums made by Star Instruments in the mid-1970s through the 1980s. The Synare was a drum synthesizer, meaning that it was essentially a synthesizer, but instead of being controlled by a keyboard, it was triggered by hitting rubber pads which were pressure-sensitive or programmable. Star Instruments, based in Stafford, Connecticut, US, was owned by Norman Millard. Dave Kusek served as chief engineer from 1975-1979.
## Models
### The Synare 1 (Synare Percussion Synthesizer \| Synare PS \| PS1) {#the_synare_1_synare_percussion_synthesizer_synare_ps_ps1}
Four rubber rectangular pads connected to a main module with one oscillator producing pulse and sawtooth waveforms. It also had a white noise generator, Low Frequency Oscillator (LFO) with triangle and pulse waveforms, a mixer and a low-pass filter with Resonance and Cutoff controls. It also had an envelope generator with attack, decay, sustain, and release. Made from 1975 to 1981.
### The Synare 2 (PS2) {#the_synare_2_ps2}
This model was manufactured from 1976 to 1982 and was Star\'s flagship. It was very much like the Synare 1, with one oscillator providing sawtooth, pulse, or white noise. It added assignable functions, such as the ability to route the LFO in order to simultaneously modulate several parameters. The LFO also provided a sawtooth waveform. The pitch of the oscillator could set to a wide range of octaves, then fine tuned with a separate parameter. A major improvement over the Synare 1 was the introduction of a fairly advanced sequencer with multiple patterns, and the ability to change patterns and octaves on the fly. This model also featured twelve pads rather than the four of the Synare 1. The retail price in 1976 was \$1,395.00, and as a result the Synare 2 remains a very rare item.
### The Synare 3 (PS3) {#the_synare_3_ps3}
Noted for its flying saucer appearance, this was the first affordable model for most musicians. As well as the ability to be run on batteries, the model featured 2 oscillators with no variable waveforms, a white-noise generator, as well as a sweep function, which could be used up or down to achieve a descending \'booming\' sound which was used extensively in disco records of the era. Oscillator 1 was the noise generator with a \'tune\' function. The amplifier section had volume, attack, and decay controls. This model also had a low-pass filter with cutoff, resonance and decay controls and was manufactured from 1977 to 1982.
### The Synare S3X {#the_synare_s3x}
Virtually the same machine as its predecessor, but with more flexible modulation controls. Manufactured during the same time as the Synare 3.
### The Synare 4 {#the_synare_4}
Very similar to its predecessor, but with an actual drumhead rather than a rubber pad. Had modulation route and depth controls. Made from approximately 1979--1983. Very rare. Can be seen in video of \"Love Don\'t Live Here Anymore\" by Rose Royce.
### The Synare Lo Tom {#the_synare_lo_tom}
Variant of the Synare 4.
### The Synare Sensor {#the_synare_sensor}
A small box that could be mounted to the rim of a drum on a drumset. One VCO that could be pitch modulated by an LFO and an envelope generator
| 520 |
Synare
| 0 |
7,860,004 |
**Gregory Alan Best** (born July 23, 1964) is an equestrian competitor and coach in the sport of show jumping who won two silver medals for the United States in the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in Seoul, South Korea riding the famous Gem Twist. In 1992, Best suffered a fall that shattered his shoulder. After this, he moved to New Zealand, where he rode for the New Zealand League, winning the World Cup Series. He has also served as a New Zealand National Show Jumping Selector, a National Show Jumping Coach and a member of the New Zealand Show Jumping High Performance Committee. Best coached New Zealand\'s jumpers for the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens. Between 1987 and 2003, Best also garnered 6 FEI World Cup wins. He now conducts coaching clinics in the United States, Canada and New Zealand. Along with Gem Twist, horses named Santos and Entrepreneur have been among his champion mounts.
Best graduated from Gill St. Bernard\'s School in 1982. He has been a resident of Flemington, New Jersey
| 173 |
Greg Best
| 0 |
7,860,007 |
**Dmitri Lagutin** is a former ice dancer who competed for the Soviet Union. He is the 1989 World Junior champion with partner Angelika Kirkhmaier. Originally from Almaty, he was coached by Yuri Guskov before moving to Natalia Linichuk
| 38 |
Dmitri Lagutin
| 0 |
7,860,030 |
**Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT** (*Tietotekniikan tutkimuslaitos HIIT*, *Forskningsinstitutet för informationsteknologi HIIT*) is a joint research unit of two leading research universities in Helsinki, Finland, the University of Helsinki (UH) and Aalto University.
Established in 1999, the work of the institute is organised in four research programmes working on Computational Inference, Computational Health, Information Security and Augmented Research. Much of the work is carried out in competitively funded projects in co-operation with Finnish and international partners. The institute is led by Petri Myllymäki from University of Helsinki, who was selected to continue the work of Martti Mäntylä from Aalto University, Esko Ukkonen from University of Helsinki, Heikki Mannila from Aalto University, and Samuel Kaski from Aalto University. HIIT has about 200 researchers
| 123 |
Helsinki Institute for Information Technology
| 0 |
7,860,044 |
**St. Rose Dominican Hospital -- San Martín Campus** is Southern Nevada\'s only faith-based non-profit hospital owned and operated by Dignity Health and is located in Enterprise, Nevada. The hospital provides 147 beds all located in private rooms.
In late 2006, the San Martín Campus opened in the southwest corner of the valley, becoming the third St. Rose Dominican facility in Southern Nevada and expanding the system\'s reach outside of Henderson. It is named after Saint Martin de Porres, a saint of the Dominican Order.
San Martin Hospital ranks #1 in Nevada in America's Best-in-State Hospitals by 2025 Newsweek and Statista. The ranking is based on a nationwide online survey of healthcare professionals, quality of care metrics, accreditation data, patient satisfaction data, and a Patient-Reported Outcome Measures survey.
## History
One of the nation\'s five largest health care systems, Dignity Health is a 21-state network of nearly 9,000 physicians, 55,000 employees, and more than 380 care centers, including hospitals, urgent and occupational care, imaging centers, home health, and primary care clinics. Headquartered in San Francisco
| 174 |
St. Rose Dominican Hospital – San Martín Campus
| 0 |
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