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# The Plague (British band)
## Disbanding
Sadly, around this time problems started to emerge within the band. Rhythm guitarist/vocalist Gareth Martin left in 1980. After that the remaining members tried to keep The Plague going, trying out vocalist Sue Slack for a while and eventually re-inventing themselves as Indoor Games with vocalist David Hood, who is still performing and now living back home in Scotland. Knowing that their initial chemistry was broken and feeling unable to continue, the band finally disbanded in 1981.
## *The X Tapes* {#the_x_tapes}
Following a resurgence of interest in original punk rock, Detour Records contacted the band in 2004 regarding the compilation of all The Plague\'s various demos and singles onto one vinyl/CD album. The result was *The X Tapes* ((p) and (c) 2005 Bin Liner Records), containing the following tracks:
1. \"Come Together\" (Lennon--McCartney)
2. \"Lay Me in the Moonlight\"
3. \"In Love\"
4. \"Wimpy Bar Song\" (B-side of \"In Love\" single)
5. \"Nuffin\' Doing\"
6. \"I Don\'t Wanna Be Like Jimmy\" (B-side of \"Out With Me All Night\" single)
7. \"Dog Days\"
8. \"The End of the World\"
9. \"Er!\" (B-side of \"Out With Me All Night\" single)
10. \"Out with Me All Night\"
11. \"Stop\" (vocals by Sue Slack)
12. \"On the Dole\" (from the original Plague demo tape)
13. \"Again and Again\" (from the original Plague demo tape)
14. \"Nightmares\" (from the original Plague demo tape)
## Reunion and later years {#reunion_and_later_years}
The Plague got back together in 2005 when Gareth and Greg, who had remained in-touch, contacted Marc. Graham Robinson declined to rejoin, possibly because he is now living in Scotland, making rehearsals a difficult matter. They employed Chris Gambold as their replacement bassist and he was with the band until 2016. Since their reactivation, The Plague have played gigs in London and are working towards recording and releasing an album of brand new recordings, containing both new and old material.
The Plague released their latest album *What Do You Expect* in 2015. The album includes some originals such as \"End of the World\" and \"On the Dole\" as well as some new songs. All of which are available on their BandCamp page. In 2016, they have played numerous gigs in and around London playing old and new songs such as \"In Love\", their most popular song, and \"Whammy Bar,\" their latest song. A couple of venues they have played being the Tottenham Chances Club and The Gunners. They have been promoting *What Do You Expect* as well as *The X Tapes* albums.
The group\'s single \"In Love\" was included on the *Gary Crowley's Punk and New Wave* 77 track various artists compilation that was released in 2017.
The group played the Prince Albert in Brighton on Monday 30 December 2019. Their performance got them a good review by *Scene Sussex* in the site\'s January 2, 2020 publication.
On Saturday 28 Oct 2023, the group returned to the Prince Albert. They had Dirt Royal and Unorfadox as support acts. The band was made up of Simon Godfrey on vocals and bass, Lee Morrell on drums and Dave Leak on guitar. They opened with \"Kick Us Down\" and \"Live Your Life\". With what was described by *Scene Sussex* as a \"top set nailed\", they closed with \"Mr Nice\", then the ska-punk infused song \"Fake News\", and also Shit Happens
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# Russell Zguta
**Russell Zguta** (born October 3, 1949) is a U.S. historian, educator, and professor emeritus at the University of Missouri.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Zguta is a native of Ukraine. Born Jaroslav Zguta, he was given the name \"Russell\" upon his enrollment in first grade; it was deemed more American.
He received his bachelor\'s degrees in history from Saint Francis University in 1964, and his masters (1965) and doctorate (1967) from Pennsylvania State University.
## Career
Zguta\'s research has focused on the medieval and Early Modern cultural history of the East Slavs (today\'s Ukrainians, Belarusians and Russians).
In 1979, Choice magazine included his book *Russian Minstrels: A History of the Skomorokhi* (1978) in its Outstanding Academic Books list for that year. His other publications include \"Witchcraft Trials in Seventeenth-Century Russia\" in *The American Historical Review* (1977); \"The One-Day Votive Church: A Religious Response to the Black Death in Early Russia\" in *Slavic Review* (1981); and the \"Monastic Medicine in Kievan Rus\' and Early Muscovy*\"* chapter in *Medieval Russian Culture* (1984).
While at the University of Missouri, Zguta chaired multiple departments: History (1989-1991 and 2010-2013), Economics (1991-1995), and Romance Literature (2005-2008). In 1990, he received the university\'s Purple Chalk Award (where the winner is chosen by a student vote) \"for exemplary teaching and advising\".
In October 2016, the Central Slavic Conference, a regional affiliate of ASEEES, presented Zguta with its presidential award for \"his lifetime of support of the Central Slavic Conference and untiring promotion of Slavic studies\".
## Articles
- Zguta, Russell. ["Skomorokhi: The Russian Minstrel-Entertainers."](https://doi.org/10.2307/2494335) *Slavic Review* 31, no. 2 (1972): 297--313.
- Zguta, Russell. ["Witchcraft Trials in Seventeenth-Century Russia."](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1856344) *The American Historical Review* 82, no. 5 (1977): 1187--1207
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# Caledonia Place, Bristol
**Caledonia Place** is a late 18th-century terrace of 31 Georgian houses, located between West Mall and Princess Victoria Street in the Clifton area of Bristol. The postcode is within the Clifton ward and electoral division, which is in the constituency of Bristol West.
## History
Caledonia Place was completed in 1843 by architects T Foster and W Okely, The area has Grade II listed buildings and has mid Georgian style. Each three storey house has an attic and basement and has rear elevations differentiated by fine cast-iron Grecian balconies. In 1852, Lord Macaulay once lived at number 16 Caledonia Place.
Numbers 32 to 44 Caledonia Place was completed in 1788 to the design of Bath architect and surveyor, John Eveleigh. The central and end houses of the terrace are pedimented and broken forward with the variation giving the terrace a palatial appearance. Numbers 43 and 44 were converted into one in 1922 to form a bank.
In February 2015, following the introduction of a Controlled Parking Zone by Bristol City Council, English Heritage advised the council that it should have sought listed building consent for the erection of parking restriction signs on railings outside listed buildings in the street.
The Mall, one of Clifton's thriving commercial thoroughfares, and to the southern end of the terrace is the Avon Gorge and Clifton Suspension Bridge are close by
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# The Gulch, Nashville, Tennessee
**The Gulch** is a neighborhood on the south fringe of downtown Nashville, Tennessee, near Interstate 40, Interstate 65 and Interstate 24. It is known to be a trendy and hip neighborhood, and a popular destination for locals, college students, and visitors.
## Improvement District {#improvement_district}
A Gulch Business Improvement District (GBID) was created in 2006 and is managed by the Nashville Downtown Partnership. The area is currently undergoing an urban revitalization, with new residents, office space, and retail shops moving into newly built or recently renovated buildings. On February 17, 2009, it was announced the Gulch neighborhood had been certified as a LEED Green Neighborhood. It was the first neighborhood in the American South to become so certified, and one of only a few in the United States to do so by that date. The announcement was made by Mayor Karl Dean and developer MarketStreet Enterprises.
The Gulch is home to one of Nashville\'s most famous and historic music venues, The Station Inn. Also near the Gulch is The Mercy Lounge, and the historic Union Station Hotel.
## Neighborhood boundaries {#neighborhood_boundaries}
The Gulch neighborhood is bound by the intersections of Broadway, Interstate 40, and the CSX rail line
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# Bernhardsthal
**Bernhardsthal** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Alfreton Hall
**Alfreton Hall** is a country house in Alfreton, Derbyshire. It was at the heart of local social and industrial history in the county. The history of the estate goes back to Norman times, but by the 17th century it was owned by the Morewood family, who were linked to local industry, mainly in coal mining.
The original hall was on the site of Hall Farm to the east of the present building and was the seat of the Lord of the Manor. A new hall was built on the estate around 1724--25 by Rowland Morewood, with an additional wing added in 1855 by William Palmer-Morewood (architect Benjamin Wilson). This made the hall a very substantial property.
## The Morewood family {#the_morewood_family}
Rowland Morewood built Alfreton Hall in about 1725. He was born in 1682. His father was John Morewood who owned the Alfreton estate and his mother was Barbara Palmer. He was educated at Cambridge University in 1700 and in 1717 he married Mary Wigley. He was the High Sheriff of Derby in 1706--1707. The couple had three sons but two died leaving the second son George to inherit Alfreton Hall.
George Morewood was born in 1719. In 1768 at the age of 49 he married Ellen Goodwin who was the daughter of Richard Goodwin of Ashbourne. She was 27 years old. Paintings of this couple by George Romney once hung in the Hall\'s dining room.
In 1792 George died and left the estate to his wife Ellen who carried forward the Morewood name and went to court to defend, unsuccessfully, her mining rights. She later married Reverend Henry Case who took the name Morewood. They both lived at Alfreton Hall for the next 30 years. An interesting description is given of the house in 1812 at the time they were in residence:
\"The present mansion house does considerable credit to the taste and liberality of its erector, Rowland Morewood, Esq., who, about 80 years ago, caused the old building, which was falling into decay, to be pulled down, and built, at a little distance to the west, the present stone house. It commands a pleasing prospect from the north and west fronts. The adjoining grounds, according to their extent, are well laid out and the rooms within are furnished with a considerable collection of paintings, some of them by the best masters. Beneath the house is a piece of woodland, the upper part of which is intersected by two avenues; one of them which branches off to the other on the right is terminated by a Temple of Diana, and a bust, and the other of them by an obelisk, above and below by a piece of water, the boundaries of which, not being seen from the farthest point of view, the imagination is left to form to itself the idea of unlimited expansion and transform a little fish pond into an extensive lake. Below are several rural moss huts and a grotto built of different mineral productions of all that diversity of form and colour exhibited by the mineral substances of the Peak. It is of an octagonal figure and painted within are several representations of scenes in Walton\'s \"Angler\".\"
Ellen died in 1824 and Henry died a year later. As they had no heirs the property was left to Ellen's nephew William Palmer of Ladbroke Hall. He took the name Morewood and became William Palmer-Morewood.
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# Alfreton Hall
## The Palmer-Morewood family {#the_palmer_morewood_family}
William Palmer-Morewood was born in 1780. His parents were Charles Palmer of Ladbroke and Anne Goodwin the sister of Ellen Morewood. In 1815 he married Clara Blois, second daughter of Sir Charles Blois of Cockfield Hall in Suffolk. The couple had four children, two boys and two girls.
While she was living at Alfreton Hall Clara kept a recipe book during the 1830s which was recently acquired by the Derbyshire Records Office. It contains recipes with medicinal and veterinary cures as well as beauty treatments. According to the Records Office it is a great example of the books of this time with recipes for fashionable foreign dishes such as 'fromage fondue', petit choux and 'Spanish fritters', but also 'a cure for dogs who are troubled with the snort', lip salve and a recipe to wash chintz amongst other delights. Some of the pages from the book are on their website and can be viewed [here](https://recordoffice.wordpress.com/2015/02/25/treasure-12-clara-palmer-morewoods-recipe-book/)
William Palmer Morewell died in 1863 and his eldest son Charles Rowland Palmer-Morewood (1819--1875) inherited the Hall. In 1842 Charles had married Georgiana Byron. She was the daughter of Admiral George Anson Byron 7th Lord Byron who had inherited the title from his famous cousin Lord Byron the poet. The couple had nine children, four daughters and five sons.
The 1871 Census shows the household members at this time. There was Charles and his wife Georgiana and some of their children. The servants included a governess, a cook, a butler, nine maids, a coachman, two footmen, a groom and an usher.
Charles died in 1875 and his eldest son also called Charles Rowland Palmer Morewood inherited the property. His photo is shown. In 1873 he married Patience Mary Hervey (photo shown) daughter of Rev. Lord Arthur Charles Hervey. The couple had three children, two sons and a daughter. The youngest son died in infancy in 1889 and Charles erected the Palmer-Moorwood Mausoleum in the churchyard of St Martins at Alfreton. It is still there today and a photo is at this link. In 1882 Charles was involved in a dispute with his four younger brothers and was described in numerous newspapers. In 1881, a Christmas party was held at Alfreton Hall where Charles invited his four brothers. After the meal they all retired to the library where the host was set upon by the four brothers, one of whom had a revolver. They tried to force him to sign over outstanding inheritances, and it was claimed that they had drawn lots to decide who would kill him should he not agree. However, he did not yield, and although he was not shot he was found naked and bleeding by his servants. He lodged charges against his brothers, who all skipped bail and went abroad. At the same time this scandal was occurring the sister of these brothers Ellen Mary Palmer-Morewood who had married Alfred Miller Mundy deserted this family and eloped with Charles John Chetwynd-Talbot, the Earl of Shrewsbury. She later married him and became the Countess of Shrewsbury. A painting of her is shown.
Charles died in 1910 and his son Rowland Charles Arthur Palmer-Morewood inherited Alfreton Hall. He lived there for the next 50 years and several years after he died in 1957 Derbyshire Council bought the property.
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# Alfreton Hall
## Alfreton Hall today {#alfreton_hall_today}
In May 1963 Derbyshire County Council acquired the building and some 90 acres of adjoining parkland for £28,500. In February 1964 the Alfreton Urban District Council bought the hall and 4 acre of land from the County Council for £5,000, largely to provide public access to a swimming pool.
Most of the house was demolished in 1968, having been substantially weakened by mining subsidence. However, the 1855 extension, which has Grade II listed building status, was converted into an arts and adult education centre and the land became part of an attractive public park, providing facilities for swimming and other sports. The stables and dovecote are separately listed at Grade II.
The property was sold to Genesis Social Enterprise in 2006 by the County Council and was fully restored to its former grandeur and now provides conferencing and banqueting facilities which can be used for concerts, conferences and weddings. It also hosts the I-ACE development programmes and other events. Alfreton Hall now incorporates a French-style restaurant
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# Bockfließ
**Bockfließ** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Wyoming Highway 130
**Wyoming Highway 130** (**WYO 130**) is a 98.52 mi state highway in the U.S. State of Wyoming. It is known locally as the Snowy Range Road. It makes its way west from Laramie across the plains, and rises over the Medicine Bow Mountains. The road then turns north through the town of Saratoga, and ends at Interstate 80 (I-80). The stretch of road over the mountains is a National Forest Byway. WYO 130 over Snowy Range Pass is closed during winter (November--May).
## Route description {#route_description}
Wyoming Highway 130 travels from Interstate 80 (Exit 235) and US 30/US 287 at Walcott south through Saratoga, intersecting unsigned Wyoming Highway 74 at 20.3 mi, and continuing further south to a junction with Wyoming Highway 230 at 28.2 mi, where WYO 130 turns east to head to Laramie. WYO 130 heads east across the Medicine Bow Mountains (or Snowy Range Mountains) and through part of the Medicine Bow National Forest, and passes through Centennial at around 69 mi. Six miles east of Centennial, 130 intersects Wyoming Highway 11 which provides a route to Albany. From there Highway 130 travels 17 mi in a relatively due east direction over rolling hills. At 91.7 mi Wyoming Highway 12 is intersected, and at 96.2 mi Highway 130 meets Highway 230 once again just west of Laramie. From here the routes 130 and 230 run together (or concurrent) into Laramie as Snowy Range Road. This is the only instance in Wyoming where two state routes are merged. Shortly after, Snowy Range Road (WYO 130/WYO 230) has an interchange with I-80 (Exit 311). Almost 2 mi after that interchange Wyoming Highway 130, as well as Wyoming Highway 230, ends at I-80 BUS/US 30/US 287.
## History
Highway 130 used to begin in downtown Saratoga at the current unmarked junction with Wyoming Highway 74 (the corner of First and Bridge Streets). The current routing of Wyoming 130 from the Highway 74 junction south to the Highway 230 junction was once part of Wyoming Highway 70. Originally Highway 130 traveled southeast along the Carbon County Route 504 path to Ryan Park. The roadway from Ryan Park to the WYO 130/WYO 230 junction was not built at that time. Then 130 resumes its current course east to Centennial and Laramie
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# Michael de la Bédoyère
Count **Michael Anthony Maurice de la Bédoyère** (1900--1973) was an English writer, editor and journalist.
## Life
He was educated at Stonyhurst College, Lancashire, and took a first in \"Modern Greats\" (PPE) at Campion Hall, Oxford University. His initial plans to become a Jesuit priest were abandoned. In 1930-1931 he lectured at the University of Minnesota. In 1934 he became editor of the *Catholic Herald*, a post he held until 1962. During this time he transformed it from one of limited regional appeal into a more challenging and intellectual newspaper, which often brought it into conflict with the more conservative members of the Roman Catholic Church. Circulation increased to six figures.
After he left, he founded the magazine *Search*. During these years he wrote a number of books, mainly biographies such as those of Lafayette (1932), George Washington (1935), St Francis of Assisi (1962),as well as theological works such as *Christianity in the Market Place* (1943).
During the late 1930s, de la Bédoyère\'s Catholic sympathies encouraged him to support in the pages of his newspaper the Nationalists led by General Franco in the Spanish Civil War. He was strongly anti-communist and believed support for the Nationalist side would hasten peace and be in the interests of Spain. However, he criticised Franco\'s bombing of Republican cities, saying \"We deplore it because there is ground for discussing any plan that may save the lives of women and innocent children, his own country-folk, who will not forget, because Franco has set himself an extremely high ideal and as such he should do all that he can to render less inhuman an inevitable war, and because such bombing does his cause infinite harm from the point of view of world propaganda.\"
During the Second World War, he almost went to prison for criticising what he saw as Churchill\'s appeasement of the \"godless\" Soviet Union.
De la Bédoyère had five children by his first wife and cousin, Catherine Thorold (d. 1959) and two by his second wife, Charlotte (d. 2024). Both he and his first wife were grandchildren of Anthony Wilson Thorold, Anglican Bishop of Winchester, and were therefore first cousins to each other; their mutual great-uncle was Henry Labouchère through his sister Emily, the wife of Bishop Thorold. Michael\'s son Quentin de la Bédoyère who died on 1 August 2023 contributed to the *Catholic Herald*.
Michael\'s eldest grandson is the historian Guy de la Bédoyère. Martin, one of his sons by his second wife still runs Search Press, founded by his mother, Charlotte de la Bédoyère.
## Works
Selected works:
- *Lafayette. A Revolutionary Gentleman*, Jonathan Cape, London, 1933.
- *George Washington. An English Judgment*, Harrap, London, 1935.
- *Christian Crisis*, Catholic Book Club, London, 1940.
- *Was it worth it, Wells? \[An account of the correspondence between the author and H.G. Wells on the book \"Crux Ansata\" by H.G. Wells.\]*, Paternoster Publications, London, 1943.
- *No Dreamers Weak. A study of Christian realism as against visionary utopianism in avoiding another Great War and making a real peace.*, John Miles, London, 1945.
- *The greatest Catherine; the life of Catherine Benincasa, Saint of Siena*, Hollis & Carter, London, 1947.
- *The Time for Action*, London, 1949.
- *The Life of Baron von Hügel*, Dent, London 1951.
- *Living Christianity*, Dent, London, 1954.
- *The Layman in the Church*, Burns & Oates, 1955.
- *Cardinal Bernard Griffin, Archbishop of Westminster*, Rockliff, 1955.
- *The Archbishop and the Lady. The Story of Fénelon and Madam Guyon*, Collins, London, 1956.
- *The Meddlesome Friar*, Collins, London, 1958.
- *François de Sales*, Collins, London, 1960.
- *Francis: a Biography of the Saint of Assisi*, Harper & Row, London, 1962.
- *Objections to Roman Catholicism* (ed.), Constable, London, 1964.
- *The Future of Catholic Christianity* (ed), J.B
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# DPubS
**DPubS** (**Digital Publishing System**), developed by Cornell University Library and Penn State University Libraries, is a free open access publication management software. DPubS arose out of Project Euclid, an electronic publishing platform for journals in mathematics and statistics. DPubS is free software released under Educational Community License.
## History
Cornell University Library has been involved in digital publishing dates since the 1980s. In partnership with the Xerox Corporation and the Commission on Preservation and Access, Cornell developed an early digital imaging project to preserve books in a fragile condition. Initially focused upon republishing mathematics titles, this effort expanded to include projects in agricultural history, home economics and American studies.
The Serials crisis in the 1980s and 1990s likely encouraged Cornell University Library and other academic libraries and institutions to investigate such possibilities. In the 1980s libraries noticed that their journal subscription prices were increasing alarmingly. By the early 1990s, many solutions were being explored, with cancellations being significant among them; in one case, LSU cancelled \$650,000 in subscriptions in 1992-93. Other alternatives emerged, however, involving the use of new technologies -- such as those that enabled Cornell\'s digital imaging project -- and the increasing availability of the Internet.
One such method of increasing access, Project MUSE, was initiated by Johns Hopkins University Press. Initially, Project Muse was intended to allow electronic access to titles published by Johns Hopkins University Press, but it has expanded to include the "full text of more than 300 journals from 60 different publishing groups worldwide.\" Another such project, developed by Cornell University Library and influenced by Project Muse, is Project Euclid, an electronic gathering of mathematics and statistics journals. As of 2005 it was delivering "40 journals to libraries and individuals under subscription, hosting, or open access delivery plans.\" Project Euclid was developed out of the code used to create NCSTRL, "a distributed network of Computer Science technical reports" in Cornell\'s Computer Science department. It offers an opportunity for "low-cost independent and society journals" to take advantage of the benefits of inclusion in an online database "without sacrificing their intellectual or economic independence or commitment to low subscription prices.\" Several pricing options are available: Euclid Prime (EP), Euclid Select (ES), Euclid Direct (ED), and Open Access (OA).
Developed with the help of two grants from The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Project Euclid, named after ancient mathematician Euclid of Alexandria, launched in 2003. As did their experience developing the digital imaging project, Project Euclid afforded Cornell University Library the opportunity to learn a great deal. Specifically, the library discovered much about functioning as a digital press that it was previously unfamiliar with, such as "marketing or handling subscription requests . . . editorial management procedures and the ability to negotiate contracts with journal owners.\" While Euclid has been successful thus far -- reported as "healthy and growing" in early 2006 -- Cornell\'s heavy investment in the project and the ever-changing nature of the academic journal field where "sustainability is a moving target" has led to the exploration of other publishing avenues.
Another initiative with relevance to the development of DPubS, arXiv, came to Cornell along with its initial developer Paul Ginsparg in 2001. Institutional repositories, which serve as a central database of scholarly work such as preprints and postprints of journal articles, have become increasingly popular: OpenDOAR, an online directory of open access repositories, has shown an increase from 350 to 850 repositories included in its database since mid-2006. Use of arXiv has been described as "intense," averaging about 4,000 submissions per month in 2005. Though many repositories -- including all of those listed in OpenDOAR -- are open access, they "have not substituted for traditional publications, and thus have not had a substantial impact on the journals pricing situation.\" However, the success of open access repositories such as arXiv could indicate a growing willingness on the part of scholars to make use of non-traditional methods of publishing for their work.
Apart from Cornell\'s own desire to inquire further into unconventional approaches to publishing, there was an additional motivator. One of the results of the release of Project Euclid was interest in the software used to produce it. Cornell decided that they would eventually release this software, renaming it DPubS, but that it needed further development in order to be utilized by others. It was in 2004 that the Pennsylvania State University Libraries became involved -- expressing interest in the software that was used to develop Project Euclid -- and the first project in developing DPubS was making available the journal Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. This journal has been published since 1934 and is an official publication of the Pennsylvania Historical Association (PHA).
The software was last updated on 2013-04-02.
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# DPubS
## Goals
Also in 2004, Terry Ehling, the Director of the Center for Innovative Publishing at Cornell University Library addressed four goals for developing the software used to create Project Euclid into DPubS. These goals included: broadening the software\'s applicability by expanding its flexibility, including improving its ability to be used for monographs and other "non-serial literature"; "provide on-line editorial management services to support 'peer review' activities"; further developing "the administrative functionality and interface"; and "provide interoperability with institutional repository systems.\" Furthermore, the DpubS website states the following as the development goals of Cornell University Library and Penn State University Libraries: "generalizing the platform beyond a single discipline and document format (serials); adding administrative interfaces for non-technical staff; allowing a level of interoperability between DPubS and institutional repository systems, specifically Fedora and DSpace and developing editorial services to support the peer review process."
DPubS has been designed with the opinion that "libraries should get involved in publishing.\" As mentioned above, the traditional model of journal publication and the dissemination of scholarly information has been through those titles published by commercial publishers. Furthermore, due to issues of profitability, an increasing amount of scholarship does not get printed. Over time, the reputations of scholars have become strongly linked with the appearance of their work in these journals to the exception of publications outside of the commercial realm. Some groups of scholars initially reacted to Project Euclid in a "skittish" manner due to concerns over the unfamiliar nature of its model. The creators of DPubS believe that libraries are uniquely positioned to play an important role in shifting the status quo, and that efforts such as Project Muse, Project Euclid, arXiv, DPubS and other endeavors represent the kind of efforts that can be made by libraries and university presses to combat the challenges rising journal prices have presented to their budgets.
DPubS aims to contain the "cycle of knowledge creation and dissemination . . . within the academy and its close collaborators" in order to have a significant impact on academic publishing. The program "encourage\[s\]" libraries to take up a new role with new responsibilities in order to combat some of the print-leaning developments in the accessibility of scholarship over the past several decades. Its developers hope it will help to increase access through electronic publishing by offering for free software that could easily cost six figures "for the initial licensing.\"
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# DPubS
## Features
After two years of development, DPubS was released in November 2006, also thanks to a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Its user interface utilizes XML (Extensible Markup Language) and XSLT (eXtensible Style Sheet Language Transformations), which enable adjustment for the design of web appearance for publications supported by DPubS. Additionally, it has the following features: "scalable, single platform for electronic publishing," allowing for the publication of several formats from one place; "rich presentation features," due to the inclusion of XML; "multiple business models," allowing both publications that are open access and those that are fee-based to utilize the software; "greater exposure and visibility of publications," due to the use of OAI-MHP 2.0 (Open Access Initiative Metadata Harvesting Protocol) to allow metadata to be harvested from the content supported by DPubS and shared with users through services such as Google Scholar; "administrative management tools for non-technical staff"; "interoperability with institutional repositories" such as Fedora and DSpace (the latter forthcoming as of April 2007); "flexible and extensible handling of file and metadata formats," allowing the easy use of PDFs, HTML, Microsoft Word files, PowerPoint presentations, etc.; and a "modular architecture allowing easy extension and customization. As intended, the software used to develop Project Euclid has been expanded in order to encompass non-journal publications such as books and conference proceedings. The DpubS software can also be adapted in order to be used with other formats. This aspect of DpubS results from its open-source nature, meaning that the software's coding has been made available, enabling programmers to develop additions and modifications of the software for their own and others purposes. While the administrative tools have been included, the editorial management services will wait for "future releases."
Towards the goal of further development, Cornell University Library and The Pennsylvania State University Libraries has partnered with several institutions that will be using DPubS and providing feedback. As of April 2007, these partners were: Australian National University, Bielefeld University -- Germany, University of Kansas, University of Utah, University of Wisconsin--Madison, and Vanderbilt University. Along with Pennsylvania History mentioned above, other journals being supported by DPubS include: Medieval Philosophy and Theology, "a semi-annual, peer-reviewed journal . . . of medieval philosophy, including logic and natural science, and in medieval theology, including Christian, Jewish, and Islamic"; Indonesia, "a semi-annual journal published by the Cornell Southeast Asia Program . . . of Indonesia's culture, history, government, economy, and society from 1966 to the present"; and Cornell Technical Reports and Papers, "a collection of publications from the Cornell Theory Center, the Cornell Computer Science Department, and other departments and units
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# Drasenhofen
**Drasenhofen** is a municipality in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is located directly on the border with Czech Republic. In the future the Austrian A5 Nordautobahn from Vienna will connect to the Czech Expressway R52
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# Mullet Creek
**Mullet Creek** is a small river in East Falkland. It is not a major watercourse, but is best known for its part in the Falklands War On April 2, 1982, Argentinian marines led by Guillermo Sanchez-Sabarots, landed his squadron of special forces at Mullet Creek, and advanced on Stanley. By 08.30 the battle was over and the Governor had ordered his ten Royal Marines (Navy Party 8901) to surrender. The Royal Marines, the Governor and any others who wished it were shipped out to Britain.
The Argentine operation codenamed *Azul* (blue) began in the late evening of Thursday April 1, 1982 when the Argentine destroyer ARA *Santisima Trinidad* halted 500 metres off Mullet Creek and lowered 21 Gemini assault craft into the water. They contained 84 special forces troopers of Lieutenant-Commander Guillermo Sanchez-Sabarots\' 1st Amphibious Commandos Group and a small party under Lieutenant-Commander Pedro Giachino, who was normally 2IC (second-in-command) of the 1st Marine Infantry Battalion, that was to capture Government House. The Argentine Rear Admiral Jorge Allara had requested that Rex Hunt surrender peacefully, but the proposal was rejected
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# Kazakhstan in the Russian Empire
Russian traders and soldiers began to appear on the northwestern edge of Kazakh territory in the 17th century, when Cossacks established the forts that later became the cities of Oral (Ural\'sk) and Atyrau (Gur\'yev). Russians were able to seize Kazakh territory because the khanates were preoccupied by Kalmyks (Oirats, Dzungars), who in the late 16th century had begun to move into Kazakh territory from the east. Forced westward in what they call their Great Retreat, the Kazakhs were increasingly caught between the Kalmyks and the Russians. Two of the Kazakh Jüzes were dependant on Oirat Huntaiji.
In 1730 Abul Khayr, one of the khans of the Junior Jüz, sought Russian assistance. Although Abul Khayr\'s intent had been to form a temporary alliance against the stronger Kalmyks, the Russians gained permanent control of the Junior Jüz as a result of his decision. Shortly thereafter the Middle Jüz\'s Khan Semeke agreed to suzerainty under the same terms. Neither khan remained very loyal to the Russians, but from this point Russian sovereigns began to assert the right to appoint the khans of the Junior and Middle Jüzes and to exert greater influence on them. The Kazakhs in turn began to view the khanate with greater suspicion, as khans increasingly sought Russian help against their rivals within the Khanate. Although the Khanate recovered a degree of independence under Ablai from 1750-1778, his son failed to unite even the Middle Jüz, and in 1798, the Russians attempted direct rule over the Middle Jüz, establishing a tribunal at Petropavlovsk. In 1824, the Russians abolished the khanate of the Middle Jüz. The Senior Jüz managed to remain independent until the 1820s, when the expanding Kokand Khanate to the south forced the Senior Jüz khans to choose Russian protection, which seemed to be the lesser of two evils.
The conquest of Kazakhstan by Russia was slowed by numerous uprisings and wars in the 19th century. For example, uprisings of Isatay Taymanuly and Makhambet Utemisuly in 1836--1838 and the war led by Eset Kotibaruli in 1847--1858 were some of such events of anti-colonial resistance.
In 1863 Russian Empire elaborated a new imperial policy, announced in the Gorchakov Circular, asserting the right to annex \"troublesome\" areas on the empire\'s borders. This policy led immediately to the Russian conquest of the rest of Central Asia and the creation of two administrative districts, the *General-Gubernatorstvo* (Governor-Generalship) of Russian Turkestan and that of the Steppe. Most of present-day Kazakhstan was in the Steppe District, and parts of present-day southern Kazakhstan, including Almaty (Verny), were in the Governor-Generalship.
In the early 19th century, the construction of Russian forts began to have a destructive effect on the Kazakh traditional economy by limiting the once-vast territory over which the nomadic tribes could drive their herds and flocks. The final disruption of nomadism began in the 1890s, when many Russian settlers were introduced into the fertile lands of northern and eastern Kazakhstan. In 1906 the Trans-Aral Railway between Orenburg and Tashkent was completed, further facilitating Russian colonisation of the fertile lands of Semirechie. Between 1906 and 1912, more than a half-million Russian farms were started as part of the reforms of Russian minister of the interior Petr Stolypin, putting immense pressure on the traditional Kazakh way of life by occupying grazing land and using scarce water resources. The Russian settlements have distorted the fundamentally important routes of nomadic seasonal repositioning that Kazakhs have employed for many centuries. Russian appropriation of Kazakh-raised livestock was not uncommon.
Starving and displaced, many Kazakhs joined in the general Central Asian Revolt against conscription into the Russian imperial army, which the tsar ordered in July 1916 as part of the effort against Germany in World War I. In late 1916, Russian forces brutally suppressed the widespread-armed resistance to the taking of land and conscription of Central Asians. Thousands of Kazakhs were killed, and thousands of others fled to China and Mongolia. Some have succeeded, but many have failed and died in travel
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# Pagan Operetta
***Pagan Operetta*** (1998) is a collection of poetry and experimental prose by Carl Hancock Rux, his first poetry collection. It won the 1999 Village Voice Literary Prize. Rux subsequently adapted one section for stage performance, initially also under the title *Pagan Operetta*, later as *The No Black Male Show*.
Loosely inspired by Homer\'s *Odyssey*, the collection is structured as a poetic memoir. Rux begins the first section with reflections on his early childhood in foster care after the death of his grandmother, his biological mother\'s schizophrenia and institutionalization, questions regarding his father\'s identity, and his adoptive parents\' spousal abuse, and concludes it with a surreal short story entitled \"Asphalt\" (which inspired his novel of the same name) about a boy walking through the ruins of an urban landscape as rose buds blossom from his skin. The second section details a life-changing experience in Ghana, where the protagonist goes to avoid a dying childhood friend and discovers shantytowns and an illiterate teenager who seduces middle-aged tourists and has a sexual encounter with a prostitute that ends badly. The third section is a collection of poems posing socio-political questions, among them the commodification of the tragic black male identity and the challenge facing young writers. In these poems, Rux recalls pondering \"black male identity\" while watching a play by Anton Chekhov with Cornel West and attending a party seated next to a dying Allen Ginsberg.
## Stage adaptation {#stage_adaptation}
The section of *Pagan Operetta* titled \"Hell No Won\'t Be No Black Male Show Shown Today\", written in response to a 1994 exhibition at the Whitney Museum titled *Black Male Show*, was performed by Rux in 1999 at The Kitchen under the title *Pagan Operetta* and has since been further developed as *The No Black Male Show* and toured the United States in 2001--02.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Pagan Operetta* won the 1999 *Village Voice* Literary Prize. In 2012, literary critic Marta Werbanowska classified it as a work of the New Black Aesthetics, pointing out that in a break with the tradition of African American literature, such works must be evaluated by taking other considerations beyond ethnicity into account, such as class, gender and sexuality, and religion
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# CFWC-FM
**CFWC-FM** (93.9 MHz, *Hot Country 93.9*) is a radio station in Brantford, Ontario. Owned by Evanov Communications, the station broadcasts a country format. The studios are located at 325 West St in Brantford while its transmitter is located atop a church steeple at Dundas St and Sydenham St in Brantford.
## History
On October 11, 2001, Anthony Schleifer, on behalf of a company to be incorporated, received approval from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission to operate an English-language specialty FM radio programming undertaking at Brantford. The station\'s original frequency was 99.5 FM and was branded as *Freshwind 99.5* when it began broadcasting in early 2002. Its transmitter located atop a church steeple, with its studios and offices at 271 Greenwich Street in Brantford. The station has also been given permission to increase power to 250 watts, but was not carried out at the time it was granted.
On May 20, 2004, CFWC-FM was given CRTC approval to change frequency to 93.9 MHz and to increase effective radiated power from 50 to 250 watts. Antenna height remained 23.9 metres EHAAT. When CFWC moved to 93.9 MHz, it adopted the name *Power 93.9*.
In 2010, Durham Radio filed an application to acquire CFWC, pursuant to the approval of a separate application to remove license conditions requiring it to primarily broadcast \"non-classic religious music\" (which would allow it to drop its Christian format in favour of a mainstream format). On February 10, 2011, the CRTC denied the application, noting that it appeared to be an attempt to undermine the normal competitive licensing process.
On February 17, 2012, an application was filed with the CRTC under which the station would be sold to Sound of Faith Broadcasting Inc. The deal was subsequently approved by the CRTC on June 28, 2012, with Sound of Faith Broadcasting officially taking ownership on August 24, 2012. The station was subsequently renamed *FaithFM*.
On July 20, 2017, the CRTC approved the sale of the station to Evanov Radio Group. The sale was completed August 31, 2017. The station was renamed *Arise Brantford 93.9.*
In February 2020, the CRTC approved a request to swap the license conditions of CFWC and sister AM station CKPC, in order to allow CKPC\'s country format to be moved to FM in exchange for CFWC\'s Christian format. Evanov stated that both stations had been unprofitable for several years, the country music format would have a larger audience and be more profitable on an FM signal, and that the swap would improve their ability to compete with out-of-market stations. The CRTC also approved a power increase for the station, increasing its effective radiated power from 250 watts to a 1,700 watt Class A signal.
The switch took effect on-air on September 4, 2020, with CFWC flipping to country as *Hot Country 93.9*, and the previous *Arise Brantford* programming moving to AM 1380. In comparison to the previous AM country format, \"Hot Country\" has a larger focus on current artists. CKPC later shut down on August 4, 2023
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# Gwynneth Flower
**Gwynneth Flower** is a former chair of the National Meteorological Programme, a position she held until 2007.
Flower is also a director of 2change Ltd, a management advisory business. Additionally, she has an interim management role in support of the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) developing a more commercial approach to business.
In 1991 Flower set up CENTEC, the largest of the country\'s Training and Enterprise Councils, and was managing director of Action 2000, which was responsible to the prime minister for ensuring that the UK economy did not suffer material disruption as a result of the so-called Millennium bug.
She is Honorary Treasurer and Member of Council of the Royal Institution of Great Britain and a director and trustee of two national charities. She was a non-executive director of Ordnance Survey to 2002 when her term expired.
She holds honorary doctorates from the Open University and from De Montfort University
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# Morrill Martin Crowe
**Morrill Martin \"Doc\" Crowe** (17 August 1901 -- 10 June 1994) served as mayor of Richmond, Virginia, from 1964 through 1968 and was on the Richmond city council from 1964 through 1970.
Crowe was born in St. Louis, Missouri. After graduating from Washington University in 1923, he became a registered pharmacist. In 1939 Crowe moved to Richmond, Virginia, to become promotional director for a pharmaceutical manufacturer. Because of his work, he was usually called \"Doc\" Crowe.
As mayor, Crowe opposed the governor\'s proposed sales tax in 1966. He supported private negotiations with Chesterfield County that led to the controversial annexation in 1970 of twenty-three square miles of that county by Richmond.
In 1969 L. Douglas Wilder (later governor of Virginia) defeated Crowe for election to the Senate of Virginia. Crowe then announced that he would not seek another term on the city council
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# Falkenstein, Lower Austria
**Falkenstein** (`{{IPA|de|ˈfalkn̩ˌʃtaɪn|-|De-Falkenstein.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
It is home to Castle Falkenstein, a relatively intact castle ruin built in the 11th century. The ruin\'s German name is Burg Falkenstein (\"Castle Falcon Stone\")
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# Extended area service
**Extended area service** (**EAS**) is a telecommunication service by which telephone calls to certain points beyond the local calling area are not charged or not detail-billed. If the service is subscribed by a customer, other customers have no access to the benefit and are billed standard long-distance charges. The service may also be mandated for regulatory or technical reasons, and has been used in communities split by NPA boundaries when central office code protection was not available. The service may be flat rate, metered, or message-based.
The dialing procedures for extended area service are identical to other local calls to avoid customer confusion and the additional cost of implementing switching changes for the service.
The service implementation provided ambiguity and confusion in areas where long-distance calls had to be dialed by prefixing with the digit *1*. In such cases AT&T recommended to rename the service as *Expanded Metropolitan Area Calling*, to avoid the term *local service* in customer instructions.
In Canada, EAS is still regulated by the CRTC, even though local service is subject to competition. In Canada, EAS is usually reflected as the appropriate monthly rate group for the number of lines that can be dialed toll-free - a small community gaining EAS with a large city usually means the large city\'s monthly rate applies to the small community. The rate alternately may be represented by a visible and separate charge, but is often much higher for the small community.
EAS in Canada is often selected by customers who request toll-free calling to a frequently-called nearby exchange. The carrier provides a ballot to customers in the two exchanges to determine whether the service is supported at the proposed increase in monthly rates. Any exchanges located between the two are included in the upgrade and reflected in the rate increase.
EAS is more common in areas with contiguous rural occupancy, and is rare for communities separated by undeveloped wilderness. It is usually driven by a common market or community interest, or the dependency of a small community on the larger one. Just as telephone company exchange areas do not correspond with municipal boundaries, not all areas of a large municipality may enjoy the same EAS area (the Lambeth exchange serving part of London, Ontario, does not have as many exchanges in its EAS area as the London exchange area).
EAS across an international border is rare, and is usually a relic of former common-ownership or a single exchange serving both communities. Surviving examples include Sweet Grass, MT - Coutts, AB (separate exchanges on the border); Stewart, BC - Hyder, AK (Hyder served by Stewart exchange); Estcourt Station, QC - Estcourt, ME (served by Estcourt Station exchange)
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# Situational theory of publics
The **situational theory of publics** theorizes that large groups of people can be divided into smaller groups based on the extent to which they are aware of a problem and the extent to which they do something about the problem. For example, some people may begin uninformed and uninvolved; communications to them may be intended to make them aware and engaged. Communications to those who are aware but disengaged may focus on informing them of ways in which they could act. Further classifications are made on the basis to which people are actively seeking or passively encountering (\"stumbling into\") information about the problem.
## Overview
The situational theory of publics, developed by Professor James E. Grunig in University of Maryland, College Park, defines that publics can be identified and classified in the context to which they are aware of the problem and the extent to which they do something about the problem. This theory explains when people communicate and when communications aimed at people are most likely to be effective. The concepts in the theory parallel those with the Dewey and Blumer's definition of publics.
It is possible for a person to be a member of one public with respect to a certain problem, and a member of a different public with respect to a different problem. For example, one person may be attentive and engaged with respect to climate change, but uninformed and uninvolved with respect to racial inequality. A different person may be informed but uninvolved in both problems.
## Key concepts as variables {#key_concepts_as_variables}
- **Problem recognition** (Independent Variable)
Problem recognition is the extent to which individuals recognize a problem facing them. People do not stop to think about situations unless they perceive that something needs to be done to improve the situation (Grunig & Hunt, 1984, p. 149).
- **Constraint recognition** (Independent Variable)
Constraint recognition is the extent to which individuals see their behaviors as limited by factors beyond their own control. Constraints can be psychological, such as low self-efficacy; self-efficacy is the conviction that one is capable of executing a behavior required to produce certain outcomes (Witte & Allen, 2000). Constraints can also be physical, such as a lack of access to protective gear.
- **Level of involvement** (Independent Variable)
Level of involvement is a measure of how personally and emotionally relevant a problem can be for an individual (Grunig & Hunt, 1984). Involvement increases the likelihood of individuals attending to and comprehending messages (Pavlik, 1988). Dervin (1989) stated that messages will be attended to only if the benefits or dangers associated with them have "taken on some kind of personal reality or usefulness for the individual" (p. 68). In general, persons with high involvement analyze issues more often, prefer messages that contain more and better arguments (Heath, Liao, & Douglas, 1995; Petty & Cacioppo, 1981, 1986), and attain greater knowledge levels (Chaffee & Roser, 1986; Engelberg, Flora, & Nass, 1995).
- **Information seeking** (Dependent Variable)
Information seeking can also be called "active communication behavior." Actively communicating members of publics look for information and try to understand it when they obtain the information. Thus, publics whose members seek information become aware publics more often than publics whose members do not communicate or who only process information.
- **Information processing** (Dependent Variable)
Information processing can be called "passive communication behavior." Passively communicating members of a public will not look for information, but they will often process information that comes to them randomly, that is, without any effort on their part.
## History
The situational theory of publics originated in James E. Grunig\'s journalism monograph titled "The Role of Information in Economic Decision Making" in 1966. That was the first step in the development of a theory that today is known as the situational theory of publics. That monograph introduced the first variable in the theory, problem recognition, as an explanation of why people sometimes engage in genuine decision-making and sometimes engage in habitual behavioral.
In his doctoral dissertation on the economic decision making processes of large landowners in Colombia, Grunig developed the second variable of the theory, constraint recognition. Together, problem recognition and constraint recognition explained when and why people actively seek information. Later, Grunig added Herbert Krugman\'s concept of level of involvement to the theory to explain the difference between active communication behavior (information seeking) and passive communication behavior (information processing).
In his 1984 textbook, Managing Public Relations, and in a number of studies published before and after the textbook, Grunig further developed the theory from an explanation of individual communication behavior to a theory of publics-based in part on John Dewey\'s book, The Public and Its Problems.
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# Situational theory of publics
## Development
Grunig and others who used the theory developed statistical methods through which the theory could be used to segment different kinds of publics and to explain the likely effects of communication for each public. Since that time the theory has been used widely in academic studies and to some extent in professional practice and research.
The theory also resembles theories of consumer behavior, health communication, media exposure, and political communication popular in other domains of communication research. However, **the situational theory of publics** contains more variables and has a more developed system of measurement and analysis than these other theories. As a result, it is capable of subsuming many other theories.
## Extension
Although the situational theory was well developed by 1984, it has continued to be a growing and developing theory. It has been extended to explain why people join activist groups; internal and external dimensions have been identified for problem recognition, level of involvement, and constraint recognition; and research has been conducted to determine whether information campaigns (which generally are passively processed) can create publics. Among them, some research on the situational theory has examined external and internal dimensions of the three independent variables (Grunig & Hon, 1988; Grunig, 1997). If the three concepts (problem recognition, constraint recognition and involvement), are internal (only perceived), then they could be changed by communication, and if they are external (real/actual), then "changes must be made in a person's environment before his or her perceptions ... and communication behavior will change" (Grunig, 1997, p. 25). Although only a few studies have focused on internal and external dimensions, findings have indicated that the distinction is worthy of further exploration (Grunig, 1997). In 2011, Jeong-Nam Kim and Grunig extended the theory to the situational theory of problem solving
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# Commercial Rooms, Bristol
The **Commercial Rooms** (`{{gbmapping|ST587729}}`{=mediawiki}) are in Corn Street, Bristol, England.
Built in 1810 by Charles Busby, the building has sculpture by J. G. Bubb. Originally it housed a club for mercantile interests and during the mid-19th century it was a haunt of local prostitutes. The retained wind vane above the bar would let merchants know whether it was safe for their ships to negotiate the treacherous Avon Gorge, and the wall boards still contain the names of all the club\'s presidents, treasurers and secretaries. It is now a pub owned by Wetherspoons.
## History
The first formal site for businessmen to meet in Bristol was the Tolzey in 1614 which was built onto the south wall of All Saints\' Church. The Exchange was built in 1743, originally for use by all commercial businesses in Bristol but once the Commercial Rooms opened in 1808 the Exchange became the headquarters of the corn trade.
The first president of the Commercial Rooms was John Loudon McAdam, inventor of tarmac, in 1808. The first telegraph office in Bristol was established in the Commercial Rooms in 1852 with a telegraph line out to Shirehampton so that the messenger announcing ships entering the Bristol Channel no longer had to ride by horseback into the city. After the Bristol Blitz in the Second World War conservation and restoration work was needed inside and out due to bomb damage, including recreating the head of one of the statues on the roof.
In 1951 the Great Room featured a \'tape machine\' which fed stocks and shares information to the room. In summertime this machine was also used to broadcast cricket scores.
The building has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II\* listed building.
## Archives
Records of the Commercial Rooms are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. 20164) ([online catalogue 1](http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=20164)) (Ref. 37454) ([online catalogue 2](http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=37454)), (Ref. 41504) ([online catalogue 3](http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=41504&pos=1)), (Ref. 44059) ([online catalogue 4](http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=44059)), (Ref. 44759) ([online catalogue 5](http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=44759)).
## Architecture and decoration {#architecture_and_decoration}
The portico is of the Grecian Ionic order, with the three statues above personifying the City, Commerce and Navigation. Above the entrance is a relief showing Britannia, Minerva and Neptune receiving gifts from earth
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# Palazzo Fenzi
**Palazzo Fenzi** is a palace located in Florence, Italy. It was built in the 16th century for the Castelli family, with Gherardo Silvani as the architect. The Marucelli family later expanded the building.
In 1829, Emanuele Fenzi purchased the palace to serve as both his family\'s residence and the headquarters of his bank.
Today, the palace houses the History Department of the University of Florence.
## Interiors
Among many other Baroque architectural features such as ornate ceilings and marble sculptures, the Palazzo Fenzi has a wide variety of frescoes, some of which by the painter Sebastiano Ricci. These frescoes were executed during his stay in Florence from 1706 to 1707, and are now considered as some of his masterpieces. During this period he first completed a large fresco series on allegorical and mythological themes in the Marucelli-Fenzi palace before going on throughout Italy and Europe. He was later to influence the Florentine Rococo fresco painter Giovanni Domenico Ferretti
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# Fallbach, Austria
**Fallbach** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Lionel Sackville-West, 3rd Baron Sackville
**Lionel Edward Sackville-West, 3rd Baron Sackville** (15 May 1867 -- 28 January 1928), was a British peer.
Sackville-West was the son of the Honourable William Edward Sackville-West, sixth son of George Sackville-West, 5th Earl De La Warr and Lady Elizabeth Sackville. His mother was Georgina, daughter of Capt. George Dodwell, of Kevinsfort House, of Sligo. He inherited the barony in 1908 on the death of his uncle, the diplomat Lionel Sackville-West, 2nd Baron Sackville. In April 1912, Lord Sackville was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Kent. He married his first cousin Victoria Sackville-West (1862--1936), illegitimate daughter of the second Baron, in 1890. Their daughter was the novelist and poet Vita Sackville-West
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# Lower-level football leagues in Poland in the interwar period
In the Second Polish Republic, there was not a national, Second Division, as we know it today, although the creation of the second division was proposed on several occasions. On Sunday, 26 September 1937 in Częstochowa, a conference of regional teams from across the nation took place, to discuss the creation of the league. Officials of several clubs arrived, such as Brygada Częstochowa, Gryf Toruń, Śmigły Wilno, Rewera Stanisławów, Dąb Katowice, Unia Sosnowiec, Strzelec Janowa Dolina, and WKS Grodno. Also, invited were officials of HCP Poznań, Podgorze Kraków, Naprzód Lipiny and Union Touring Łódź, but for unknown reasons they did not show up. The officials talked about creation of a National *B-League*, but nothing came out of this project. Instead, in the years 1921-1939, several Voivodeships held their own games and those leagues were known as *A-Classes*. In 1927, the elite Polish Football League was created, which by the late 1930s consisted of 10 teams. The teams that did not make it to the Ekstraklasa, played in the *A-Classes*.
## A-Classes {#a_classes}
In the year of the 1921 Polish Football Championship only five A-Classes managed to conclude the full seasons, namely: Poznań, Lwów, Kraków, Warsaw and Łódź. The next year they were joined by Wilno, Lublin (Volhynia) and Silesia.
Between 1927 and 1939 there were several A-Classes, such as:
- Kielce A-Class, from which in mid-1930s the separate, Zagłębie Dąbrowskie A-Class emerged, with teams from such cities as Sosnowiec, Będzin, Zawiercie or Częstochowa. After this, Kielce A-Class ceased to exist, and some of its teams, such as Star Starachowice, moved to Warsaw A-Class,
- Białystok - Grodno A-Class
- Kraków A-Class, also called *Kraków League*
- Łódź A-Class
- Lwów A-Class, also called *Lwów League*
- Polesie A-Class
- Pomerania A-Class
- Poznań A-Class
- Silesian A-Class, also called *Silesia League* (it was regarded as the strongest of all, with several top-quality teams and players)
- Stanisławów A-Class
- Volhynia A-Class
- Warsaw A-Class
- Wilno A-Class
- Zagłębie Dąbrowskie A-Class (since mid-1930s)
It must be mentioned that not all Voivodeships had their own A-Classes. Football system in some areas located mainly in the Eastern Provinces (Kresy Wschodnie) was not developed enough (or did not have enough teams) to keep their own A-Class Leagues. So, there was no Nowogródek Voivodeship A-Class, or Tarnopol Voivodeship A-Class. Instead, the existing teams from those regions played each other in knock-out stage games, thus establishing a regional Champion.
Interesting is the fact that in several cases, teams from one Voivodeship played in the A-Class of another region - e.g. Koszarawa Żywiec from Kraków Voivodeship, played in mid-1930s in the Silesian A-Class, SKS (Star) Starachowice, played in late-1930s in Warsaw A-Class, even though the city of Starachowice was located in Kielce Voivodeship, or Pogon Stryj, which played in Lwów A-Class, but the town of Stryj was located in the Stanisławów Voivodeship.
## B and C Classes {#b_and_c_classes}
Also, there were third and fourth tier Leagues in Poland - *B-Classes* (usually covering the areas of 4-5 counties) and *C-Classes*. Champions of these divisions were automatically promoted to upper levels.
## The promotion to the Ekstraklasa {#the_promotion_to_the_ekstraklasa}
To get promoted to the elite, 10-team Ekstraklasa, it was not enough to win the A-Class games. The promotion was a long and arduous process, which can be best described by recollecting the games of Śląsk Świętochłowice, which was the winner of the 1938-1939 Silesian A-Class. In the early summer 1939, Śląsk started its way to the Ekstraklasa. In the first stage, it competed against champions of the neighboring A-Classes - Fablok Chrzanów (Kraków A-Class) and Unia Sosnowiec (Zagłębie Dąbrowskie A-Class). Śląsk, with such renowned players as Hubert Gad and Ewald Cebula, at home beat both Fablok and Unia 4-0. Away, it tied 1-1 with Fablok and won 3-2 with Unia, becoming the Champion of southwest Poland A-Classes. In August 1939, the second, national stage started. In it, Śląsk played champions of northwest Poland A-Classes (Legia Poznań), northeast Poland A-Classes (Śmigły Wilno) and southeast Poland A-Classes (Junak Drohobycz). Out of the four teams, three were going to be promoted. Śląsk managed to play only two games - 0-0 in Drohobycz and 2-1 at home with Śmigły Wilno. Then, on September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland and all matches were suspended.
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# Lower-level football leagues in Poland in the interwar period
## List of A-Class Teams in Poland, Spring 1939 {#list_of_a_class_teams_in_poland_spring_1939}
### Białystok - Grodno A-Class Teams {#białystok___grodno_a_class_teams}
In the fall of 1938 in this League played the following teams:
- WKS Grodno
- Makabi Białystok
- Strzelec Białystok
- Cresovia Grodno
- Makabi Grodno
- Ognisko Białystok
- Makabi Łomża
### Kraków A-Class Teams {#kraków_a_class_teams}
In the spring of 1939 in this League played the following teams:
- KS Chełmek
- Cracovia II Kraków
- Fablok Chrzanów
- Garbarnia II Kraków
- Grzegorzecki Kraków
- Korona Kraków
- Krowodrza Kraków
- Makabi Kraków
- KS Tarnów-Moscice
- Olsza Kraków
- Podgorze Kraków
- Tarnovia Tarnów
- Wisla II Kraków
- Zwierzyniecki Kraków
### Łódź A-Class Teams {#łódź_a_class_teams}
In the spring of 1939 in this League played the following teams:
- Burza Pabianice
- ŁKS Łódź
- ŁTSG Łódź
- PTC Pabianice
- SKS Łódź
- Sokol Pabianice
- Sokol Zgierz
- Strzelecki KS Łódź
- Union-Touring II Łódź
- WIMA Łódź
- WKS Łódź
- Zjednoczeni Łódź
### Lublin A-Class Teams {#lublin_a_class_teams}
### Lwów A-Class Teams {#lwów_a_class_teams}
In the spring of 1939 there were following teams in the Lwów A-Class:
- Czarni Lwów
- Hasmonea Lwów
- Junak Drohobycz
- Korona Sambor
- Lechia Lwów
- Pogon II Lwów
- Pogoń Stryj
- Polonia Przemyśl
- Resovia Rzeszów
- Sian Przemyśl
- RKS Lwów
- Ukraina Lwów
- WKS Jarosław
### Pomerania A-Class Teams {#pomerania_a_class_teams}
In the spring of 1939 in this League played the following teams:
- Bałtyk Gdynia
- Ciszewski Bydgoszcz
- AKS Grudziądz
- Gryf Toruń
- Kotwica Gdynia
- Pomorzanin Toruń
- Polonia Bydgoszcz
- Unia Tczew
### Poznań A-Class Teams {#poznań_a_class_teams}
In the spring of 1939 there were following teams in the Poznań A-Class:
- HCP Poznań
- KPW Poznań
- Legia Poznań
- Pentatlon Poznań
- Polonia Leszno
- Polonia Poznań
- Stella Gniezno
- Warta II Poznań
### Silesian A-Class Teams {#silesian_a_class_teams}
In the spring of 1939, Silesian A-Class consisted of 12 teams. These were:
- BBTS Bielsko
- Concordia Knurów
- KS Chorzów Stary
- Czarni Chropaczow
- Dąb Katowice
- Ligocianka Ligota
- Naprzód Lipiny
- KKS Pogon Katowice
- Policyjny KS Katowice
- Polonia Karwina (this team was added in March 1939, after the annexation of Trans-Olza into Poland)
- Śląsk Świętochłowice
- Wawel Wirek
### Stanisławów Liga okręgowa (1933-1939) {#stanisławów_liga_okręgowa_1933_1939}
All time table
In *italic* are names of the clubs that did not participate in the last season.
-------- -------------------------------------------- ------------- ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------ --------------
**\#** **Club** **Seasons** **Games** **Points** **Goals** **St.Br.** **Title(s)**
1 WCKS (SKS) Rewera Stanisławów 6 65 96 214-83 2.578 4
2 KS Strzelec \"Gorka\" Stanisławów 6 66 91 133-81 1.642 1
3 KSZN Rypne 4 52 65 138-73 1.890
4 KS Strzelec \"Raz, Dwa, Trzy\" Stanisławów 5 60 49 91-138 0.659
5 KS Pokucie Kolomyja (WKS 49 pp) 5 60 37 73-168 0.435
6 KS Strzelec Broszniow, 3 40 31 61-102 0.598
7 *WCKS (SKS) Pogon Stryj* 1 13 21 38-8 4.750 1
8 KS Bystrzyca Nadworna 2 28 19 33-61 0.541
9 TESP Kalusz 1 14 14 25-20 1.250
10 *KS Stanislawowia Stanislawow* 3 24 13 30-61 0.492
11 *ST Prolom Stanislawow* 2 26 12 26-67 0.388
-------- -------------------------------------------- ------------- ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------ --------------
***Notes:***
- Pogon Stryj played here only for a single season and returned to the Lviv Liga okręgowa.
- Game Rypne - Pokucie Kolomyja 1:18 was canceled, due to suspected fraud.
- KS stands for Sport Club (Klub Sportowy)
- ST stands for Sport Association (Sportowe Towarzystwo)
- WCKS stands for Military-Civilian Sport Club (Wojskowe-Civilny Klub Sportowy)
- SKS stands for Sport Club Stanislawow (or Stryi)
- pp stands for Infantry Regiment
### Volhynia A-Class Teams {#volhynia_a_class_teams}
In the spring of 1939 in this League played the following teams:
- Hasmonea Łuck
- Hasmonea Rowne
- Policyjny Klub Sportowy Łuck
- Pogon Rowne
- Strzelec Janowa Dolina
- Strzelec Kowel
- Strzelec Rowne
- Wojskowy Klub Sportowy Dubno
- WKS Luck
### Warsaw A-Class Teams {#warsaw_a_class_teams}
In the spring of 1939 the following teams played in Warsaw A-Class:
- CWS Warszawa
- Fort Bema Warszawa
- Granat Skarzysko
- Okecie Warszawa
- Orkan Sochaczew
- PWATT Warszawa
- PZL Warszawa
- SK Starachowice
- Skra Warszawa
- Znicz Pruszków
### Zagłębie Dąbrowskie-Częstochowa A-Class Teams {#zagłębie_dąbrowskie_częstochowa_a_class_teams}
In the spring of 1939 in this League played the following teams:
- Brygada Częstochowa
- Brynica Czeladź
- CKS Czeladź
- Sarmacja Będzin
- RKS Skra Częstochowa
- Unia Sosnowiec
- Warta Częstochowa
- Warta Zawiercie
- Zaglebianka Będzin
- Zaglebie Dąbrowa Górnicza
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# Lower-level football leagues in Poland in the interwar period
## Schematic division of Class A in regional districts and selected sub-districts {#schematic_division_of_class_a_in_regional_districts_and_selected_sub_districts}
Seasons \>\>\>\> est. year 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 36/37 37/38 38/39
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ------------------------- -------- ------ ------- ------ ------ ------ ------------------ ------- ------- -------- ----------- -------------- ----------- ---------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -------- --------
All-Polish championship Regional leagues
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Poznań DFA 1921 \(5\) 6 6 6 6 X 6 5 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 7 **7**
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Lwów DFA 1921 \(4\) 2 5 6 6 X 6 5 5/5 5/5 9 8 6/7 6/7 **10** **11** **5/5** **12** **14** **13**
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Kraków DFA 1921 \(4\) 4 6 6 6 X 6 9 11 10 12 8/6 5/6 9 9 10/8 11 **12** **12** **11**
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Warszawa DFA 1921 \(2\) 3 5 4 6 X 6 8 11 6/5 10 10 11 10/{6} 12/{9} 12/{10}/6/4 6/6/{8}/5 8/8/{8}/5 **12** **10**
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Łódz DFA 1921 X 4 4 5 5 X 6 \[8\] 5 12 11 12 11 10 9 10 10 10 **10** **10** **11**
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Śląsk DFA 1922 X \(14\) 6 6 8 X 7 11 9/9/8 9/9/9 11/8/7 **12** **11**\*\*\* **12** **12** **11** **10** **9** **10** **11**
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Wilno DFA 1922 X \(4\) 3 3 3 X 6 6 6 8 7 7 6 5 7 6 4 4 5 4
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Lublin DFA 1922 X X 4 4 5 X 6 7 9 6 6 6 4/4 4/3 6 7 7 6 6 5
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Pomorski DFA\*\* 1923 X POZ POZ \(4\) 3 X 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Kielce DFA\* 1928 X X X X ŁÓD X LUB WAW 8 5/6/4 8/5/6 6/5/4/7/5 10/7/6/5 5/5/7/4/6 10/7/4/5 10/6/6/5 10/7/5 10/7/3 KRA KRA
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Białostock DFA 1929 X X X X WIL X WIL WAR WAR 6 8 8 8 4/4 4/4 5/4 3/3/3 8 8 8
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Polesie DFA 1929 X X LUB LUB LUB X WIL LUB LUB 4 6 5 5 4 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 4/4
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Wołyń DFA 1930 X X LUB LUB LUB X LUB LUB LUB LUB 6 7 8 8 8 10 5/5 8 8 8
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| Stanisławow DFA 1934 X LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ X LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ 3 5 7 7 8 8
style=\"text-align:left; color:Green\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| po.Nowogród X X WIL WIL WIL X WIL WIL WIL WIL WIL WIL WIL WIL WIL WIL WIL WIL WIL WIL
style=\"text-align:left; color:Green\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| po.Tarnopol X LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ X LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ LWÓ
style=\"text-align:left\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| po./Zagłębie DFA 1937 X X KRA KRA KRA X KRA KAT KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE **10** **10**
style=\"text-align:left; color:Green\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| po.Częstochow X KRA KRA KRA KRA X KRA KAT KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE ZAG ZAG
style=\"text-align:left; color:Green\" \"background-color:#FFFFFF\" \| po.Radom X X WAW WAW WAW X WAW WAW KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE KIE WAW WAW WAW WAW
(\*) - Kielce DFA został rozwiązany w 1937, w jego miejsce powołany Zagłębie DFA. Kielce jako podokręg przeniosły się do Krakow DFA\
(\*\*) - do października 1927 as Toruń DFA\
(\*\*\*) - from 1932 Class A of Śląsk District was called **Śląsk League**\
(7) - w nawiasach rozgrywki nieoficjalne\
po. - sub-district (Podokręgi)\
7 - ilość drużyn występujących w A klasie\
7/7 - ilość grup\
{7} - tzw
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# Gaubitsch
**Gaubitsch** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
The municipality of Gaubitsch is divided into these subdivisions:
{{#invoke:wd\|properties\|qualifier\|references\|normal+\|P10254\|format=
%p
}}
## History
In late April 1945, German 8th Army (Hans Kreysing) had its headquarters at Gaubitsch
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# Wiborada
**Wiborada of St. Gall** (also **Guiborat**, **Weibrath** or **Viborata**; Alemannic: *Wiberat*) (died 926) was a member of the Swabian nobility in what is present-day Switzerland. She was an anchoress, Benedictine nun, and martyr.
## Biography
There are two biographies of Wiborada: one by Hartmann, a monk of St. Gall, written between 993 and 1047 (BHL 8866); and another written between 1072 and 1076 by the monk Herimannus (BHL 8867).
Wiborada was born to a wealthy noble family in Swabia. When they invited the sick and poor into their home, Wiborada proved a capable nurse. Her brother Hatto became a priest. A pilgrimage to Rome influenced Hatto to decide to become a monk at the Abbey of Saint Gall, a decision which Wiborada supported. After the death of their parents, Wiborada joined Hatto and became a Benedictine at the Abbey of Saint Gall. Wiborada became settled at the monastery and Hatto taught her Latin so that she could chant the Liturgy of the Hours. There, she occupied herself by making Hatto\'s clothes and helping to bind many of the books in the monastery library.
At this time, it appears that Wiborada was charged with some type of serious infraction or wrongdoing, and was subjected to the medieval practice of ordeal by fire to prove her innocence. Although she was exonerated, the embarrassment probably influenced her next decision: withdrawing from the world and becoming an ascetic. When she petitioned to become an anchoress, Solomon III, Bishop of Konstanz, arranged for her to stay in a cell next to the church of Saint George near the monastery, where she remained for four years before relocating to a cell adjoining the church of Magnus of Füssen in 891.
She became renowned for her austerity, and was said to have a gift of prophecy, both of which drew admirers and hopeful students. One of these, a woman named Rachildis, whom Wiborada had cured of a disease, joined her as an anchoress. A young student at St. Gall, Ulrich, is said to have visited Wiborada often. She supposedly prophesied his elevation to the episcopate of Augsburg.
### Martyrdom
In 925, she predicted a Hungarian invasion of her region. Her warning allowed the priests and religious of St. Gall and St. Magnus to hide the books and wine and escape into caves in nearby hills. The most precious manuscripts were transferred to the monastery at Reichenau Island. However, the main refuge castle for the monks and the abbot was the Waldburg in the Sitterwood. Her abbot, Engilbert, urged Wiborada to escape to safety, but she refused to leave her cell.
In 926 the Magyar marauders reached St. Gall. They burned down St. Magnus and broke into the roof of Wiborada\'s cell. Upon finding her kneeling in prayer, they clove her skull with a *fokos* (shepherd\'s axe). Her companion Rachildis was not killed, and lived another 21 years, during which her disease returned. She spent the rest of her life learning patience through suffering. Wiborada\'s refusal to leave her cell and the part she played in saving the lives of the priests and religious of her convent have merited her the title of martyr.
## Veneration
Wiborada was formally canonized by the Holy See, by Pope Clement II in 1047. Her feast day is 2 May. In Switzerland, Wiborada is considered the patron saint of libraries and librarians. In art, she is commonly represented holding a book to signify the library she saved, and an axe, which signifies the manner of her martyrdom. The axe with which she is commonly depicted is in fact anachronistic, being a halberd, which did not come into existence until the 15th century
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# Laguna Lejía
**Laguna Lejía** is a salt lake located in the Altiplano of the Antofagasta Region of northern Chile. The landscape of the area is dominated by the volcanoes Chiliques, Lascar, Aguas Calientes and Acamarachi. It is shallow and has no outlet, covering a surface area of about 1.9 km2 in the present-day.
During glacial times, the lake was considerably larger owing to decreased evaporation and increased precipitation rates, with bioherms developing around the waterbody. Presently, flamingos and a number of microorganisms live in the lake.
## Geography and geology {#geography_and_geology}
Lejía Lake lies in the Puna de Atacama of Chile, close to the border with Argentina. The city of San Pedro de Atacama lies 103 km northwest of Lejía Lake. The lake basin is surrounded by volcanoes, such as Aguas Calientes, Lascar, Tumisa, Lejía, Chiliques and Cordon de Puntas Negras, and smaller centres like Cerro Overo and La Albòndiga. The lake is endorheic and has a 193 km2 large catchment, and a lava flow forms its southern shore. Farther south lie two other lakes, Laguna Miscanti and Laguna Miniques.
### Hydrology
Lejía Lake is a circular, shallow lake at an elevation of 4325 m with a surface area of 1.9 km2 or 2 km2. It is a polymictic lake which freezes over occasionally and whose waters are turned over quickly, mainly through evaporation. Winds sometimes create foam on the lake\'s surface and blow them onto the shores. Water temperatures have been measured to range between 3 -, and the lake is about 1.2 m deep.
The waters of the lake are oligohaline and salinity is often different in one part of the lake from the rest. Sulfate and sodium are the principal salts in the lake water, with chloride and magnesium secondary and calcium, potassium, silica and strontium subordinate. Volcano-derived elements like arsenic, boron, fluorine and lithium also occur.
The lake is nourished from the north through two creeks, one originates on Aguas Calientes and the other from two tributaries on Lascar and Cerro del Abra. From Chiliques and Lejia in the south other creeks run north and enter the southern part of the lake. A groundwater outlet appears to exist, considering that there is no halite accumulating in the lake, and Cerro Overo is a maar that formed through groundwater-magma interaction.
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# Laguna Lejía
## Geography and geology {#geography_and_geology}
### Lake history {#lake_history}
The lake lies in a tectonic depression, which is geologically related to the fault system Miscanti-Callejón de Varela; once it was thought that the lake was in a caldera. The Altos de Toro Blanco mountains separate Lejía Lake\'s drainage basin from the Salar de Aguas Calientes catchment. A lineament known as the Tumisa line runs along the southern shore of the lake, and appears to have been the site of three earthquakes in post-glacial time. The lake is influenced by volcanic activity from the neighbouring Lascar; ash and pyroclastic material entered Lejía Lake in 1993, and the large Soncor eruption from this volcano 26,450 years before present filled the lake.
During glacial times, the lake was considerably larger, reaching a surface area of 10 km2 with water levels rising to about 25 m above present-day level; the lake was filled with freshwater at that time. A volcanic marker dated to 16,700 ± 2,000 years before present pre-dates the lake highstand; this volcanic marker is a tephra erupted by the Cerro Corona lava dome south of Lascar. Lake levels stayed high until the Holocene and then decreased; the timing of Holocene changes is unknown. These earlier larger lakes have left terraces around Lejía Lake which contain bioherms and stromatolith leftovers. Water level fluctuations drove changes in microbial ecosystems around the lake. Even older deposits associated with the Lake Minchin wet period are not present at Lejía Lake unlike other Altiplanic lakes, probably owing to volcanic activity that disrupted the sediments. The environment at Laguna Lejía has been used as analogues for ancient lakes on Mars like Jezero crater, which might have been habitable before they dried up.
The increase in surface area was a consequence of increased precipitation and increased cloud cover which decreased its evaporation rate. Sediment cores have shown evidence of separate lake stages with water levels mostly higher than today; higher moisture levels owing to a displacement of the tropical circulation during the Lake Tauca stage have been invoked to explain higher lake levels in Lejía and other regional waterbodies. Glaciers developed in the region as well but did not reach the lake.
## Climate
Precipitation around the lake is about 200 mm/year mostly during the summer months, considerably less than the annual evaporation rate. Temperatures range -6 - with an average temperature of 2 C; night temperatures can drop to -18 -. There is strong daily and interannual variability of the weather. During glacial highstands, precipitation was about double that of today.
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# Laguna Lejía
## Biology
Lejía Lake is colonized by diatoms, including *Amphora coffeaeformis*, *Cyclotella michiganiana*, *Cyclotella stelligera*, *Cymbella pusilla*, *Navicula halophila*, and *Navicula radiosa*. Algal and bacterial mats also occur in the lake. The ecosystem of Laguna Lejía is exposed to high UV radiation, intense day-night temperature cycles, and lack of water.
Ostracods in the lake include *Limnocythere* species. The occurrence of their shells in lake sediments has been used to reconstruct the history of the lake, including its salinity. Crustaceans are also found, such as *Alona* species, *Diacyclops andinus*, Harpacticoida species, and *Macrothrix palearis*. Finally, chironomid flies have been encountered at Lejía Lake. Flamingos, phalaropes and their parasites exist at the lake.
Shoreline vegetation consists of *Calandrinia*, *Deyeuxia*, *Puccinellia* and *Stipa* species, which occur close to waterbodies and springs. Grass and shrub vegetation of the Puna occurs in the lake basin at elevations of less than 4500 m; at higher elevation bunch grass, cushion plants and rosette plants form a distinct and sparse vegetation. Humans have pastures at the lake.
## Archeology
Archeological artifacts from the archaic period have been found on an upper terrace of the lake, indicating that ancient hunters did head to Lejía Lake at that time
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# Jeff Stock
**Jeff Stock** (born August 1, 1960, in Baltimore, Maryland) is a retired U.S. soccer defender who spent five seasons in the North American Soccer League and two in the Western Soccer Alliance. He also played in the Major Indoor Soccer League with the Tacoma Stars.
## Youth
Stock is the son of Major League Baseball pitcher Wes Stock and grew up playing baseball. His family moved back to the Puget Sound region after Wes Stock was hired as a pitching coach by the Seattle Mariners. Stock attended Stadium High School in Tacoma, Washington, where he played baseball, and graduated in 1978. He also played for the Norpoint Royals youth soccer club with future Sounders teammate Mark Peterson. Stock was offered a combined baseball and soccer scholarship by UCLA, but he decided to instead sign a professional soccer contract as soon as he turned 18. He also attended the University of Washington for one quarter but dropped out due to conflicts with his soccer schedule.
## Professional
Stock signed with the Seattle Sounders of the North American Soccer League in 1978. He spent both that season and the next on the reserve team under Jimmy Gabriel before breaking into the first team in 1980. That season, he became a regular left back in the Sounders\' defensive scheme, seeing time in 23 games and scoring one goal. This put him in competition for Rookie of the Year against teammate Mark Peterson and fellow Tacoma area youth defender Jeff Durgan, now playing with the New York Cosmos all of whom played with the Norpoint Royals youth soccer team out of Browns Point, Wa. While Durgan won the award, Stock continued to excel with the Sounders, playing 35 games in both the 1981 and 1982 seasons. In 1983, Stock lost most of the season after blowing out his right knee in the Sounders\' fifth game. The Sounders folded at the end of the season and the San Jose Earthquakes selected Stock in the dispersal draft in anticipation of the following indoor season. However, his knee injury kept out of the line up until the last few games of the season. The Earthquakes then traded him to the Vancouver Whitecaps. In 1984, he played in 20 games. That year the Whitecaps also competed in the *F.C. Seattle Challenge '84*. The host team, F.C. Seattle, later change its name to the F.C. Seattle Storm, a team Stock joined in 1987. On October 20, 1984, the Whitecaps released Stock.
He then went on trial with the Tacoma Stars of the Major Indoor Soccer League, but he aggravated his knee injury and was forced to sit out a year after having arthroscopic surgery. In October 1985, Stock signed with the Tacoma Stars. By this time knee injuries had begun to hinder Stock and the hard surface of an indoor soccer arena exacerbated the problems leading him to retire in December 1986. On March 4, 1987, Stock returned to outdoor soccer with the F.C. Seattle Storm of the Western Soccer Alliance as a player/assistant coach. The move back to the grass of an outdoor soccer field helped extend his career by a few years. In 1988, he was selected to the Western Soccer Alliance All-Star team. He also served as an assistant coach in both 1987 and 1988. However, his knees finally gave and in 1989 he retired from playing professionally to devote himself to coaching.
## National team {#national_team}
While never called up to the senior national team, Stock saw time with the United States under-19 team. He then went on to play for the U.S. Pan American Games team as well as for the U.S. soccer team which qualified for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Stock and his teammates ultimately did not play in the Olympics due to a boycott organized by the United States in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
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# Jeff Stock
## Post-soccer career {#post_soccer_career}
After retiring from soccer, Stock entered the real estate market as a broker and later landlord. He acquired two theeme parks, Wild Waves and Enchanted Village, in Federal Way, Washington, with partner Michael Moodenbaugh in 1992 from Byron Betts for \$8 million. Eight years later, he sold the two parks, now merged into one for \$19.2 million. Stock took over management of the park in 2011 for the owners CNL Lifestyle Properties of Orlando, Stock has been a continuous owner of the land the park is located on.
Since then Stock has founded the \"Coffee Cup\" a local college soccer tournament. He also operates a coffee-roasting business, Caffe D\'arte.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Stock has two sons with his wife Leanne. They live in Tacoma, Washington
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# Internationalization Tag Set
The **Internationalization Tag Set** (**ITS**) is a set of attributes and elements designed to provide internationalization and localization support in XML documents.
The ITS specification identifies concepts (called \"ITS data categories\") which are important for internationalization and localization. It also defines implementation of these concepts through a set of elements and attributes grouped in the ITS namespace. XML developers can use this namespace to integrate internationalization features directly into their own XML schemas and documents.
## Overview
ITS v1.0 includes seven data categories:
- **Translate**: Defines what parts of a document are translatable or not.
- **Localization Note**: Provides alerts, hints, instructions, or other information to help the localizers or the translators.
- **Terminology**: Indicates which parts of the documents are terms and optionally points to information about these terms.
- **Directionality**: Indicates what type of display directionality should be applied to parts of the document.
- **Ruby**: Indicates what parts of the document should be displayed as ruby text. (Ruby is a short run of text alongside a base text, typically used in East Asian documents to indicate pronunciation or to provide a brief annotation).
- **Language Information**: Identifies the language of the different parts of the document.
- **Elements Within Text**: Indicates how elements should be treated with regard to linguistic segmentation.
The vocabulary is designed to address two different aspects: First by providing markup usable directly in the XML documents. Second, by offering a way to indicate if there are parts of a given markup that correspond to some of the ITS data categories and should be treated as such by ITS processors.
ITS applies to both new document types as well as existing ones. It also applies to both markups without any internationalization features as well documents already supporting internationalization or localization-related functions.
ITS can be specified using **global rules** and **local rules**.
- The global rules are expressed anywhere in the document (embedded global rules), or even outside the document (external global rules), using the `its:rules` element.
- The local rules are expressed by specialized attributes (and sometimes elements) specified inside the document instance, at the location where they apply.
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# Internationalization Tag Set
## Examples
### Translate data category {#translate_data_category}
In the following ITS markup example, the elements and attributes with the `its` prefix are part of the ITS namespace. The `its:rules` element lists the different rules to apply to this file. There is one `its:translateRule` rule that indicates that any content inside the `head` element should not be translated.
The `its:translate` attributes used in some elements are utilized to override the global rule. Here, to make translatable the content of `title` and to make non-translatable the text \"faux pas\".
``` xml
<text xmlns:its="http://www.w3.org/2005/11/its">
<head>
<revision>2006-09-10 v5</revision>
<author>Gerson Chicareli</author>
<contact>someone@example.com</contact>
<title
its:translate="yes">The Origins of Modern Novel</title>
<its:rules version="1.0">
<its:translateRule translate="no" selector="/text/head"/>
</its:rules>
</head>
<body>
<div xml:id="intro">
<head>Introduction</head>
<p>It would certainly be quite a <span its:translate="no">faux
pas</span> to start a dissertation on the origin of modern novel without
mentioning the <tl>HKLM of GFDL</tl>...</p>
</div>
</body>
</text>
```
### Localization Note data category {#localization_note_data_category}
In the following ITS markup example, the `its:locNote` element specifies that any node corresponding to the XPath expression `"//msg/data"` has an associated note. The location of that note is expressed by the `locNotePointer` attribute, which holds a relative XPath expression pointing to the node where the note is, here `="../notes"`.
Note also the use of the `its:translate` attribute to mark the `notes` elements as non-translatable.
``` xml
<Res xmlns:its="http://www.w3.org/2005/11/its">
<prolog>
<its:rules version="1.0">
<its:translateRule selector="//msg/notes" translate="no"/>
<its:locNoteRule locNoteType="description" selector="//msg/data" locNotePointer="../notes"/>
</its:rules>
</prolog>
<body>
<msg id="FileNotFound">
<notes>Indicates that the resource file {0} could not be loaded.</notes>
<data>Cannot find the file {0}.</data>
</msg>
<msg id="DivByZero">
<notes>A division by 0 was going to be computed.</notes>
<data>Invalid parameter.</data>
</msg>
</body>
</Res>
```
## ITS limitations {#its_limitations}
ITS does not have a solution to all XML internationalization and localization issues.
One reason is that version 1.0 does not have data categories for everything. For example, there is currently no way to indicate a relation source/target in bilingual files where some parts of a document store the source text and some other parts the corresponding translation.
The other reason is that many aspects of internationalization cannot be resolved with markup. This is due to the design of the DTD or the schema itself. There are [best practices, design and authoring guidelines](http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-i18n-bp/) help make documents are correctly internationalized and easy to localize. For example, using attributes to store translatable text is a bad idea for many different reasons, but ITS cannot prevent an XML developer from making such choice.
Some of the ITS 1.0 limitations are being addressed in the version 2.0: See <http://www.w3.org/TR/its20/> for more details
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# Gaweinstal
**Gaweinstal** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Kingsley Hall, Bristol
**Kingsley Hall** (`{{gbmapping|ST596731}}`{=mediawiki}) is at 59 Old Market Street in Old Market, Bristol.
The hall was built as a private house in 1706 and restored in the late 19th century for use as a political club and office premises. It was originally occupied by the East Bristol Conservative Party. In 1911, it became the Bristol headquarters of the Independent Labour Party who renamed it in honour of the Christian Socialist Charles Kingsley. It is now used as offices by 1625 Independent People, a charity housing young people.
It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II\* listed building
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# Benjamin Clemens
**Benjamin Clemens** (5 October 1875 -- 27 December 1957) was a 20th-century sculptor who worked in London.
## Early life {#early_life}
Clemens was born in Dalston, North London, the son of Richard Clemens, a salesman and warehouse worker originally from Cornwall. He received some schooling at Lonsbury College at Hackney Downs but at the age of 15 was working as a haberdasher\'s assistant. By his mid-twenties he was studying art, first at the North London School of Drawing and then at the Royal College of Art. Clemens submitted works to the British Institution\'s student competition, and his talent was recognized with a two-year scholarship in sculpture paying £50 a year and inclusion in the associated exhibition at the Tate Museum.
After his studies at the Royal College of Art Clemens was appointed assistant master under Professor Édouard Lantéri. He exhibited his sculpture regularly in major British exhibitions, including the Royal Academy\'s Annual Exhibition, where *The Collector and Art Critic* rated his entry one of only eight works of merit among 180 sculptures in the 1906 show.
In 1910 he showed *Eurydice* at *Twenty Years of British Art* at the Whitechapel Gallery.
## First World War {#first_world_war}
At the outbreak of the First World War Clemens was 38. He served first with the British Expeditionary Force and later with the Royal Army Medical Corps. Following the war, Lieutenant-Colonel F.S. Brereton organized exhibitions by artists who had served in the RAMC. The first, in April 1919, was at Army Medical War Museum, at 76 Fulham Road, London. A reviewer for the *British Medical Journal* thought Clemens\'s plaster casts of the head of *An Orderly*, *The Pick-a-back* and the *Camel-Cacolet* amply repaid the visitor\'s attention. Clemens also exhibited at a 1920 show by RAMC artists organised by Brereton at the Imperial War Museum. The museum then purchased two small bronzes---*The St John\'s Ambulance Bearers* (1919) and the *VAD Worker* (1920) for its permanent collection.
Clemens\'s wartime experience also informed his work for various war memorials commissioned after the end of the conflict. A design of his for a memorial for a burial ground in France was shown at the Victoria and Albert Museum\'s July 1919 exhibition of war memorials.
In 1921, he collaborated with fellow RCA professor Arthur Beresford Pite on a war memorial for Cheadle Hulme, Cheshire, with Pite designing the Early English-style stone cross and Clemens sculpting bronze figures of a soldier and sailor mounted high on the sides. The same year, Pite also designed the war memorial at Harrow for which Clemens sculpted four figures.
In 1922, Clemens was commissioned by the British Military Nurses Memorial Committee to create a statue for St Paul\'s Cathedral titled *Bombed*. The cathedral did not accept the statue due to lack of space.
## Post-WWI career {#post_wwi_career}
Clemens was one of several British artists to create lions for the 1924 British Empire Exhibition at Wembley. While Frederick Charles Herrick created a distinctly art deco lion for the exhibition\'s official symbol as did Percy Metcalfe for the exhibition medal, Clemens chose a more subdued approach for the six seated lions he sculpted in concrete for the Government Pavilion, taking a middle path between realism and art deco stylisation. New York\'s *Art News* described them as having been \"treated with a formal restraint and severity that is wholly excellent\". As Clemens\'s lions fronted the portico of the popular Government Building, they were a popular element in photographs and postcards from the exhibition. Two of these lions are now preserved at the entrance to Woburn Safari Park.
Clemens often produced monumental works in stone to fulfill commissions as part of major British construction projects of the early 20th century. During his life Clemens regularly exhibited at the Royal Academy of Art. His works were also often exhibited internationally including in Paris, Rome, Brussels and the United States.
He was appointed an honorary member of the Royal Society of British Sculptors in 1946.
After Clemens\'s death on 27 December 1957, his former student Gilbert Ledward wrote an obituary for *The Times* describing how Clemens\'s \"own career was sacrificed in order to teach and he never received the recognition he deserved\".
## Selected works {#selected_works}
### Free-standing sculpture {#free_standing_sculpture}
- Works for the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra (1902)
- *The St John\'s Ambulance Bearers*, bronze (1919)
- *VAD Worker*, bronze (1920)
- *Hunters* (1921, 1923)
- *Sapho* (c. 1921)
- *Neme me impune lacessit* (1924)
- *The Knight* (1926)
- *Miserere mei Deus* (1926)
- *Remembrance* (c. 1929)
- *The Archer* (c. 1931)
- *Lion* (c. 1931)
- *The Blessing* (1933)
- *The Beggar* (1933)
- *Life* (c. 1935)
- *Andromeda* (1938)
- *Eurydice* (1939)
- Work for St Paul\'s, Vicarage Gate, Kensington
- Completion of a bronze and ebony mace designed by George Kruger Gray for Westminster Abbey (1945), following Kruger Gray\'s death
### Architectural stone-carving, concrete and bronze {#architectural_stone_carving_concrete_and_bronze}
- Carvings over the Piccadilly entrance to the Burlington Arcade, London, stone (1911)
- Frieze above cornice at Africa House, 70 Kingsway, London, stone (1922)
- Six seated lions in front of the Government Pavilion at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley
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# Chaubisi Rajya
**Chaubisi Rajya**, **Chaubise Rajya** or **Chaubisye Rajya** (*चौबीसी राज्य, चौबीसे राज्य*, `{{literally|24 principalities}}`{=mediawiki}), were sovereign and intermittently allied petty kingdoms ruled by the Thakuri kings located at the intersection of Himalayas and the Indian subcontinent. One of these kingdoms, **Gorkha**, annexed the others, becoming the present-day country of Nepal. This conquest began soon after Prithvi Narayan Shah ascended to the Gorkha throne in 1743 AD. The Chaubisi Rajya were annexed during the unification of Nepal from 1744 to 1816 AD. A parallel group of 22 small kingdoms, Baisse Rajya (*बाइस्से राज्य*), existed to the west of the Gandaki Basin.
The Shah Kingdom was founded by Drabya Shah, the youngest son of Yasho Brahma Shah, king of Kaski and Lamjung, his eldest son became the king of Kaski and Lamjung which created a fight for supremacy. Palpa was one of the biggest and most powerful kingdoms; the rulers were able to create independent kingdoms in Tanahu, Makwanpur and Vijaypur. Many rulers from Nepal wanted to consolidate the principalities. The first battle took place in Nuwakot. Prithvi Narayan Shah commanded Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar of Gorkha to attack but he delayed his invasion. Shah sent another force led by Maheshwar Panta to attack but they were badly defeated. For preparation, the king obtained new weapons from Banaras, increased military strength, and made Kalu Pande his chief minister who helped him with planning.
Chief of Nuwakot Jayanta Rana Magar (former Kaji of Gorkha) was defending a Nuwakot and knowing that Gorkha is going to attack them in near future had gone to take help from Jaya Prakash Malla. Meanwhile, on September 1744 Prithvi Narayan Shah led the surprise attack on Nuwakot. While Jayanta Rana Magar was away, his son Commander of Nuwakot Sankha Mani Rana Magar tried to defend, but lost. In 1744, Shah conquered Nuwakot, then went on to win a battle against Belkot (Jayanta Rana Magar second fort) .
Not much is known about these principalities but these kingdoms played a pivotal role in the modern history of Nepal. The unified Kingdom of Nepal continued to be ruled by the Shah dynasty, with the Rana dynasty *de facto* ruling the country from 1846 to February 1951 AD. In 2006, a democracy movement broke out that overthrew the monarchy and transitioned to the Federal Democratic Republic
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# José Bueno y Monreal
**José María Bueno y Monreal** (11 September 1904 -- 20 August 1987) was a Spanish cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Seville from 1957 to 1982, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.
## Biography
Born in Zaragoza, José Bueno studied at the Gregorian University in Rome. He was ordained to the priesthood on 19 March 1927, and then taught at the seminary in Madrid until 1945. Becoming a professor at Madrid\'s Superior Mason Institute of Religious Culture in 1929, Monreal also served as diocesan Attorney General from 1935 to 1945, which was the same year he was made canon.
On 1 December 1945, he was appointed Bishop of Jaca by Pius XII. Monreal received episcopal consecration on 19 March 1946 from the Bishop Leopoldo Eijo y Garay of Madrid, with bishops Casimiro Morcillo González and Luigi Muñoyerro serving as co-consecrators. He was later named bishop of Vitoria on 13 May 1950, and Coadjutor Archbishop of Seville and Titular archbishop of Antiochia in Pisidia on 27 October 1954. As coadjutor, Monreal served under cardinal Pedro Segura y Sáenz.
Bueno y Monreal succeeded Cardinal Segura y Sáenz as Archbishop of Seville on 8 April 1957. He was created Cardinal-priest of Ss. Vito, Modesto e Crescenzia (pro hac vice to title) by Pope John XXIII in the consistory of 15 December 1958. From 1962 to 1965, Monreal attended the Second Vatican Council; along with Cardinal José Quintero Parra, he assisted Cardinal Paul Zoungrana in delivering one of the closing messages of the council on 8 December 1965. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 1963 papal conclave, and again in the conclaves of August and October 1978.
Bueno y Monreal died in Pamplona, at age 82
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# The Burning World (album)
***The Burning World*** is the sixth studio album by American experimental rock band Swans. It was released in 1989, through record label Uni Records, the band\'s only major-label release. Co-produced by Bill Laswell and band leader Michael Gira, the album features a major stylistic shift from their past releases, being very tuneful and accessible compared to the bleak, industrialized sound from their past records. It received a mixed reception and was a commercial disappointment; the band was dropped from the record label following its poor performance.
## Background and music {#background_and_music}
Following the unexpected popularity of the band\'s cover of Joy Division\'s \"Love Will Tear Us Apart,\" the band signed to Uni Records, owned by MCA Inc. (now Universal Music). Due to Uni\'s insistence, Swans leader Michael Gira co-produced the album with bass guitarist Bill Laswell. During the recording sessions Swans consisted of Gira on vocals and guitar, keyboardist/singer Jarboe and guitarist Norman Westberg. They were accompanied by Laswell on bass guitar, as well as a series of Laswell\'s regular collaborators as session musicians on \"multicultural instruments\". According to Gira, the album was recorded \"piecemeal, with no communication between musicians.\"
The album\'s style has been described as \"acoustic-folk\", \"\'world music\' rock with electric shadings\", \"psychedelic rock equally lush and dark\" and \"dark Americana\". Laswell\'s production work also weights on the album\'s sound, with \"a much more somber, elegiac approach to music-making.\" The album also features the first vocal duets between Gira and Jarboe. According to Thom Jurek of AllMusic, guitarist Norman Westberg \"played as much acoustic guitar as electric guitar on the record\" and Jarboe\'s keyboards mostly \"floated through the mix.\"
Despite appreciating Laswell\'s production work in general, Gira was critical of *The Burning World*. In 2011, he stated: \"I abhor that record. Bill Laswell is a very good producer, but we didn\'t mesh well. I was intimidated and sang in this cramped, monotone way. It didn\'t sell, and we got dropped.\" The album was reissued on CD by Water Records in 2012. Despite Gira\'s reservations about the record, the track \"God Damn The Sun\" has remained a favourite in his solo performances. Gira also rehired guitarist Nicky Skopelitis and brought along drummer Anton Fier, both Laswell stalwarts, for the Swans albums *White Light From the Mouth of Infinity* (1991) and *The Great Annihilator* (1995).
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
The album received mixed to positive reviews from music critics, who often criticized Bill Laswell\'s production. AllMusic wrote, \"Ultimately, *Burning* sounds more like a compromised major label Laswell project than a Swans album, to its overall detriment\", calling the album a \"general disappointment\". On the other hand, *Trouser Press* was favorable, writing: \"*The Burning World* benefits a great deal from the world music instrumentation and structural abilities Laswell brings to it. The arrangements are uniformly strong, the gentler sounds don\'t strike one as a compromise and the cover of Blind Faith\'s \"Can\'t Find My Way Home\" is both apt and surprising\", ultimately calling the album \"a nice one that\'s almost as haunting as it wants to be.\" Rosemary Passatino of *Spin* praised the album, commenting: \"Shockingly, *Burning World* is unbashedly pretty as it is dark.\" She also described the album as \"elegant\" and \"surprisingly tender.\"
## Commercial performance {#commercial_performance}
While the album reportedly sold only 5,000 copies in the United Kingdom, the single \"Saved\" enjoyed relative success, peaking at number 20 on the U.S. College Radio charts and number 28 on the U.S. Modern Rock Tracks chart, respectively. Following the commercial disappointment of the album, the band was dropped from Uni Records.
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# The Burning World (album)
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
- Michael Gira -- vocals, guitar, production, album cover concept and design
- Jarboe -- vocals, keyboards
- Norman Westberg -- guitar
- Jason Asnes -- bass guitar
- Virgil Moorefield -- drums
- Nicky Skopelitis -- bağlama, bouzouki
- L. Shankar -- double violin
- Fred Frith -- violin
- Jeff Bova -- keyboards
- Aïyb Dieng -- percussion
- Trilok Gurtu -- tabla
- Bernard Fowler -- background vocals
- Fred Fowler -- background vocals
- Karl Berger -- vibraphone, string arrangement, conducting
- Mark Feldman -- violin
- Larry Packer -- violin
- John Kass -- viola
- Richard Carr -- viola
- Garo Yellin -- cello
- Bill Laswell -- production, bass guitar
- Bruce Calder -- recording
- Martin Bisi -- recording
- Robert Musso -- recording
- Jason Corsaro -- mixing
- Oz Fritz -- engineering assistance
- Howie Weinberg -- mastering
- DZN, The Design Group -- sleeve artwork
- Vartan -- sleeve art direction
- Wim V. D
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# Gnadendorf
**Gnadendorf** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Geography
Gnadendorf is located in the valley of the Zaya River
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# Flag of Antioquia Department
The **Flag of the Department of Antioquia** is the flag symbol of the Colombian Department of Antioquia.
The flag originated in the University of Antioquia but it was not officially established as symbol of Antioquia until 1962 by ordinance of the Government of Antioquia Department.
The flag has two equal horizontal stripes. The top white stripe symbolizes purity, integrity, obedience, eloquence and triumph. The lower green stripe is a symbol of mountains, hope, wealth, faith, service and respect
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# Airline reservations system
**Airline reservation systems** (**ARS**) are systems that allow an airline to sell their inventory (seats). It contains information on schedules and fares and contains a database of reservations (or passenger name records) and of tickets issued (if applicable). ARSs are part of passenger service systems (PSS), which are applications supporting the direct contact with the passenger.
ARS eventually evolved into the computer reservations system (CRS). A computer reservation system is used for the reservations of a particular airline and interfaces with a global distribution system (GDS) which supports travel agencies and other distribution channels in making reservations for most major airlines in a single system.
## Overview
Airline reservation systems incorporate airline schedules, fare tariffs, passenger reservations and ticket records. An airline\'s direct distribution works within their own reservation system, as well as pushing out information to the GDS. The second type of direct distribution channel are consumers who use the internet or mobile applications to make their own reservations. Travel agencies and other indirect distribution channels access the same GDS as those accessed by the airline reservation systems, and all messaging is transmitted by a standardized messaging system that functions on two types of messaging that transmit on SITA\'s high level network (HLN). These messaging types are called Type A \[usually EDIFACT format\] for real time interactive communication and Type B \[TTY\] for informational and booking type of messages. Message construction standards set by IATA and ICAO, are global, and apply to more than air transportation. Since airline reservation systems are business critical applications, and they are functionally quite complex, the operation of an in-house airline reservation system is relatively expensive.
Prior to deregulation`{{Clarify|reason=deregulation where? worldwide? otherwise, it isn't clear that deregulation in, say, the US, has this impact on airlines worldwide|date=December 2022}}`{=mediawiki}, airlines owned their own reservation systems with travel agents subscribing to them. Today, the GDS are run by independent companies with airlines and travel agencies being major subscribers.
As of February 2009, there are only a few major GDS providers in the market: Amadeus, Travelport (which operates the Apollo, Worldspan and Galileo systems), Sabre, [InteliSys Aviation](https://intelisysaviation.com/) (which owns *amelia*RES PSS) and Shares. There is one major Regional GDS, Abacus, serving the Asian market and a number of regional players serving single countries, including Travelsky (China), ORS (Russia), Infini and Axess (both Japan) and Topas (South Korea). Of these, Infini is hosted within the Sabre complex, Axess is in the process of moving into a partition within the Worldspan complex, and Topas agencies will be migrating into Amadeus.
Reservation systems may host \"ticket-less\" airlines and \"hybrid\" airlines that use e-ticketing in addition to ticket-less to accommodate code-shares and interlines.
In addition to these \"standardized\" GDS, some airlines have proprietary versions which they use to run their flight operations. A few examples are Delta\'s OSS and Deltamatic systems and EDS SHARES. SITA Reservations remains the largest neutral multi-host airline reservations system, with over 100 airlines currently managing inventory.
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# Airline reservations system
## Inventory management {#inventory_management}
In the airline industry, available seats are commonly referred to as inventory. The inventory of an airline is generally classified into service classes (e.g. economy, premium economy, business or first class) and any number of fare classes, to which different prices and booking conditions may apply. Fare classes are complicated and vary from airline to airline, often indicated by a one letter code. The meaning of these codes are not often known by the passenger, but conveys information to airline staff, for example they may indicate that a ticket was fully paid, or discounted or purchased through a loyalty scheme, etc. Some seats may not be available for open sale, but reserved for example for connecting flight or loyalty scheme passengers. Overbooking is also a common practice, and is an exception to inventory management principles. One of the core functions of inventory management is inventory control. Inventory control monitors how many seats are available in the different fare classes, and by opening and closing individual fare classes for sale.
A flight schedule management system forms the foundation of the inventory management system. Besides other functions, it is critical for ticket sales, crew member assignments, aircraft maintenance, airport coordination, and connections to partner airlines. The schedule system monitors what and when aircraft will be available on particular routes, and their internal configuration. Inventory data is imported and maintained from the schedule distribution system. Changes to aircraft availability would immediately impact the available seats of the fleet, as well as the seats which had been sold.
The price for each sold seat is determined by a combination of the fares and booking conditions stored in the Fare Quote System,. In most cases, inventory control has a real time interface to an airline\'s yield management system to support a permanent optimization of the offered booking classes in response to changes in demand or pricing strategies of competitors.
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# Airline reservations system
## Availability display and reservation (PNR) {#availability_display_and_reservation_pnr}
Users access an airline\'s inventory through an availability display. It contains all offered flights for a particular city-pair with their available seats in the different booking classes. This display contains flights which are operated by the airline itself as well as code share flights which are operated in co-operation with another airline. If the city pair is not one on which the airline offers service, it may display a connection using its own flights or display the flights of other airlines. The availability of seats of other airlines is updated through standard industry interfaces. Depending on the type of co-operation, it supports access to the last seat (last seat availability) in real-time. Reservations for individual passengers or groups are stored in a so-called passenger name record (PNR). Among other data, the PNR contains personal information such as name, contact information or special services requests (SSRs) e.g. for a vegetarian meal, as well as the flights (segments) and issued tickets. Some reservation systems also allow to store customer data in profiles to avoid data re-entry each time a new reservation is made for a known passenger. In addition, most systems have interfaces to CRM systems or customer loyalty applications (aka frequent traveler systems). Before a flight departs, the so-called passenger name list (PNL) is handed over to the departure control system that is used to check-in passengers and baggage. Reservation data such as the number of booked passengers and special service requests is also transferred to flight operations systems, crew management and catering systems. Once a flight has departed, the reservation system is updated with a list of the checked-in passengers (e.g. passengers who had a reservation but did not check in (no shows) and passengers who checked in, but did not have a reservation (go shows)). Finally, data needed for revenue accounting and reporting is handed over to administrative systems.
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# Airline reservations system
## Fare quote and ticketing {#fare_quote_and_ticketing}
The Fares data store contains fare tariffs, rule sets, routing maps, class of service tables, and some tax information that construct the price -- \"the fare\". Rules like booking conditions (e.g. minimum stay, advance purchase, etc.) are tailored differently between different city pairs or zones, and assigned a class of service corresponding to its appropriate inventory bucket. Inventory control can also be manipulated manually through the availability feeds, dynamically controlling how many seats are offered for a particular price by opening and closing particular classes.
The compiled set of fare conditions is called a fare basis code. There are two systems set up for the interchange of fares data --- ATPCO and SITA, plus some system to system direct connects. This system distributes the fare tariffs and rule sets to all GDSs and other subscribers. Every airline employs staff who code air fare rules in accordance with yield management intent. There are also revenue managers who watch fares as they are filed into the public tariffs and make competitive recommendations. Inventory control is typically manipulated from here, using availability feeds to open and close classes of service.
The role of the ticketing complex is to issue and store electronic ticket records and the very small number of paper tickets that are still issued. Miscellaneous charges order (MCO) is still a paper document; IATA has working groups defining the replacement document the electronic multipurpose document (EMD) as at 2010. The electronic ticket information is stored in a database containing the data that historically was printed on a paper ticket including items such as the ticket number, the fare and tax components of the ticket price or exchange rate information. In the past, airlines issued paper tickets; since 2008, IATA has been supporting a resolution to move to 100% electronic ticketing. So far, the industry has not been able to comply due to various technological and international limitations. The industry is at 98% electronic ticket issuance today, although electronic processing for MCOs was not available in time for the IATA mandate.
## Notable systems {#notable_systems}
Name Description Vendor
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------
ACCELaero PSS, reservations, DCS, inventory and e-commerce platform. Information Systems Associates FZE
AirCore Passenger services system (PSS) of modular, open-platform, web applications that replace core legacy systems. Unisys
Altéa Res Integrated airline reservation system and global distribution system (GDS). Amadeus IT Group
*amelia*RES The World's First 100% Cloud-Based Open Major PSS which contains comprehensive tools IBE, Mobile, Call Centre, OTAs, APIs, and GDS, leveraging airlines in all types and sizes. [InteliSys Aviation](https://intelisysaviation.com/)
Crane PAX Web-based airline reservations and ticketing system. Hitit Computer Services
iFlyRes Cloud-based next-generation airline passenger service system. IBS Software
Navitaire New Skies Integrated Customer Centric Passenger Service System Integrated reservations, departure control, inventory system and e-commerce platform. Navitaire
Radixx International Hybrid travel distribution and PSS.
SabreSonic Customer Sales & Service Integrated reservations, departure control, inventory system and e-commerce platform. Sabre Airline Solutions
SITA Horizon Customer Sales & Service Integrated reservations, departure control, inventory system and e-commerce platform. SITA
Travel Technology Interactive Solutions Integrated airline management system and global distribution system (GDS). Travel Technology Interactive
Videcom Reservations System (VRS) GDS, IET, Codeshare. Videcom international
ORS PSS Integrated reservations, DCS, CRS and e-commerce modules ORS
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# Airline reservations system
## History
`{{Globalize section|date=December 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
American Airlines and Teleregister Company developed a number of automated airline booking systems known as Reservisor. it first version was an electromechanical version of the flight boards introduced for the \"sell and report\" system that was installed in American\'s Boston reservation office in February 1946. These simple vacuum tube and electromechanical computers were based on telephone switching systems made by Teleregister.
In the late 1950s, the American Airles wanted a system that would allow real-time access to flight details in all of its offices, and the integration and automation of its booking and ticketing processes. It introduced an electronic reservations system, Magnetronic Reservisor, in 1952.
The first computerized booking system was the little-known Trans-Canada Air Lines (today\'s Air Canada) system, ReserVec developed by Ferranti Canada . It started to be delivered in April 1961 and by January 24, 1963 completed the airline switch-over from the manual systems.
Shortly after, in 1962 another computerized reservation system began to be delivered to United Airlines which was one of the largest computer systems at that time, controlling 60 cities in a communication system that provided one second response time. Developed by Evelyn Berezin at the Teleregister Company, it was an update to the era of the transistor of its line of Reservisor systems making them now fully electronic.
In 1964, American Airlines developed the Sabre (Semi-Automated Business Research Environment) using IBM hardware. Sabre\'s breakthrough was its ability to keep inventory correct in real time, accessible to agents around the world.
The deregulation of the airline industry, in the Airline Deregulation Act, meant that airlines, which had previously operated under government-set fares ensuring airlines at least broke even, now needed to improve efficiency to compete in a free market. In this deregulated environment, the ARS and its descendants became vital to the travel industry
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# Norman Geschwind
**Norman Geschwind** (January 8, 1926 -- November 4, 1984) was a pioneering American behavioral neurologist, best known for his exploration of behavioral neurology through disconnection models`{{clarify|date=May 2022}}`{=mediawiki} based on lesion analysis`{{clarify|date=May 2022}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Early life {#early_life}
Norman Geschwind was born on January 8, 1926, in New York City, New York to a Jewish family. He was a student at Boy\'s High School in Brooklyn, New York. He matriculated into Harvard University in 1942, initially planning to study mathematics. His education was interrupted when drafted into the Army in 1944. After serving for two years, he returned to Harvard University in 1946. Geschwind changed to the Department of Social Relations and studied a combination of social/personality psychology and cultural anthropology. Geschwind later married and had three children, Naomi, David, and Claudia.
## Medical education and training {#medical_education_and_training}
Geschwind attended Harvard Medical School, intending to become a psychiatrist. His emphasis began to shift after studying neuroanatomy with Marcus Singer, at which time he began to develop an interest in aphasia and epilepsy. He graduated medical school in 1951. Geschwind continued his studies at London\'s National Hospital, Queen Square, as a Moseley Travelling Fellow from 1952 to 1953, then as a United States Public Health Service fellow from 1953 to 1955. He studied with Sir Charles Symonds who taught the importance of neurologic mechanisms to studying disorders.
In 1955, Geschwind became neurology chief resident at the Boston City Hospital and served under Derek Denny-Brown. From 1956 to 1958 he was a research fellow studying muscle disease at the MIT Department of Biology.
Geschwind joined the Neurology Department of the Boston Veterans Administration Hospital in 1958, where he met Fred Quadfasel, chief of neurology for the department. At this time, his clinical interest in aphasia developed into his lifelong study of the neurological basis of language and higher cognitive functions. Quadfasel encouraged Geschwind to study classic texts of neurology from the 19th and early 20th century, exposing him to classic localizationist theory.
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# Norman Geschwind
## Career
Geschwind became Chief of Neurology at the Boston VA Hospital in 1962, and an Associate Professor in Neurology at Boston University. Geschwind with Edith Kaplan established in the early 1960s at the Boston VA the Boston University Aphasia Research Center. The Aphasia Research Center would go on to become a pioneer in interdisciplinary aphasia research, including luminaries like Harold Goodglass. Geschwind ended his tenure as chief of neurology at the VA in 1966 and became Chair of the Department of Neurology at Boston University for 1966--68.
In 1969, he was chosen as Harvard Medical School\'s James Jackson Putnam Professor of Neurology, a position previously held by his old mentor, Derek Denny-Brown. At Harvard he continued to research aphasia and epilepsy, as well as dyslexias, the neuroanatomy of cerebral lateral asymmetries, and other areas of neurological dysfunction. Geschwind was noted for his inspirational teaching of medical students, residents, and fellows. He also supported an interdisciplinary approach to research. He significantly shaped the neurological climate in the US and Europe during his life, an influence which lives on in his students.
Geschwind is credited with coining the term behavioral neurology in the 1970s to describe the corpus of course material in the area of higher cortical functions starting to be presented at American Academy of Neurology meetings. He also credited with the discovery of Geschwind syndrome, which describes an interictal behavior pattern seen in some people with temporal lobe epilepsy.
In later years, Geschwind worked with a number of neurologists to whose future research careers in behavioral neurology he gave significant direction; among these were Albert Galaburda, Kenneth Heilman, Elliott Ross, and David N. Caplan. He actively encouraged and supported interdisciplinary research.
Geschwind would remain at Harvard Medical School until his premature death on November 4, 1984, aged 58.
## Legacy
Several of his trainees went on to train other neurologists in behavioral neurology, including Albert Galaburda, D. Frank Benson, Antonio Damasio, Marsel Mesulam, Kenneth Heilman, and Elliott Ross.
The Norman Geschwind Award in Behavioral Neurology is presented through the American Academy of Neurology and the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology yearly in honor of Geschwind. The Norman Geschwind-Rodin Prize is a Swedish award for research in dyslexia.
Neurological eponyms include Geschwind syndrome and the Geschwind--Galaburda hypothesis.
Geschwind\'s former trainees and colleagues collaborated on a book in his memory, and two of his nephews, Daniel Geschwind and Michael Geschwind, have become prominent in the field of neurology
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# Großengersdorf
**Großengersdorf** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Children's Cancer Center of Lebanon
The **Children\'s Cancer Center of Lebanon** is a non-profit medical institution in Beirut dedicated to the treatment of paediatric cancer and to supporting children who have cancer.
The center is affiliated with St. Jude Children\'s Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. On 12 April 2002, the Prime Minister of Lebanon, Rafic Hariri, attended the inauguration ceremony of the center. The center is located in Building 56 at Rue Clémenceau and operates in association with the nearby American University of Beirut Medical Center
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# Vimeiro
**Vimeiro** (`{{IPA|pt|viˈmɐjɾu}}`{=mediawiki}) is a freguesia (civil parish) in the municipality of Lourinhã in west-central Portugal. It is in the District of Lisboa. The population in 2011 was 1,470, in an area of 7.08 km².
Vimeiro was the site of the 1808 Battle of Vimeiro, where British forces under the Duke of Wellington defeated the French, ending the first French invasion of Portugal. A monument was dedicated in Vimeiro on August 21, 1908, the 100th anniversary of the battle, by Manuel II of Portugal
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# Princeton in Asia
**Princeton in Asia** (**PiA**) is an organization that provides transformative, service-oriented experiences for bright, talented graduates with educational institutions, businesses, media organizations, and NGOs throughout Asia. PiA is an independent affiliate of Princeton University, and only about a third of the PiA fellows in recent years have been Princeton alumni. The acceptance rate for the Princeton in Asia program hovers around 10%, making it a competitive application process.
PiA\'s roots reach back to 1898, when a group of Princeton undergraduates founded \"Princeton in Peking\" in support of the YMCA in Beijing. Among the best known of the participants was Sidney D. Gamble. Its name was changed to the \"Princeton-Yenching Foundation\" in 1923. In 1949, China closed its doors to the organization, which turned its efforts towards other parts of Asia and renamed itself \"Princeton in Asia\" in 1955. (PiA has since reestablished a large presence in China.) PiA hired its first full-time executive director in 1970, and the organization grew dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s. In 2015, PiA placed 142 fellows in nineteen countries, including Cambodia, China/Hong Kong, Timor-Leste, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Laos, Mongolia, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Princeton-in-Asia is no longer a missionary organization, but as former PiA executive director Carrie Gordon remarked in 1998, \"our mission statement written in 1911 hasn\'t changed.\" In 2021, the spirit of the mission remains the same, though it has been updated to the following:
## Summer of Service {#summer_of_service}
Summer of Service (\"SOS\") is an annual English immersion program held during the summer at the Normal College of Jishou University in Jishou, Hunan, China. It was founded by a Princeton student, Rory Truex, in 2005 and is sponsored by Princeton in Asia
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# Lay Down Your Arms (The Graces song)
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# Großebersdorf
**Großebersdorf** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Robbie Laing
**Robert Alan Laing** (born March 5, 1958) is an American college basketball coach, currently an assistant at the University of Central Florida. He had been the head men\'s basketball coach at Campbell University from 2003 to 2013. In March 2013, Laing was fired as head coach at Campbell, finishing with a 114--185 record. He was hired as an assistant under Michael Curry at Florida Atlantic in May 2014
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# Etienne Eto'o (footballer, born 1990)
**Etienne Emmanuel Eto\'o Fils** (born 17 March 1990) is a Cameroonian former professional footballer who played as a striker.
## Club career {#club_career}
Eto\'o began his career with Real Mallorca and has also played on loan for S.D. La Salle in 2007, after six months turned back to Real Mallorca. After several years with RCD Mallorca was released in summer 2009 and signed on 1 December 2009 for Gimnàstic de Tarragona, but on 11 January 2010 left his club on loan to CF Pobla de Mafumet.
In August 2011 he signed a one-year contract at FC Lustenau in Austria. At his first appearance he scored a goal only two minutes after his substitution. In February 2012 he left the club. He left the club in February 2012, and retired from football afterwards.
## International career {#international_career}
He represented Africa in the 2007 Meridian Cup.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He is the younger brother of striker Samuel Eto\'o. He also has another older brother, David Eto\'o. He also holds a Spanish passport
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# Skalborg
**Skalborg** is a neighbourhood in southern Aalborg, Denmark. It is located approximately 6km south of the city center. Skalborg has a population of 8,696 (2024) and an area of approximately 8 km².
## History
Skalborg was originally an independent village that arose around a collection of emigrant farms near the present-day intersection of Nibevej and Hobrovej. Historically, the railway has also played a large role in the development of Skalborg, as it is connected by the Skalborg railway station to the Randers--Aalborg railway line.
Since 1992, there has also been a large and ongoing focus on retail and business development in Skalborg. *City Syd*, a large shopping district, and *Skalborg Sportsklub* are located in Skalborg.
In 2017, Aalborg Municipality created an urban development plan for Skalborg, which has meant that large parts of the district have been renovated and that new residential areas such as Oasen, Sofiendal Enge, and Sofiendalen have emerged. Aalborg Municipality has a desire continue to develop Skalborg into a residential area and green areas and cycle paths are being established to support this plan
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# Großharras
**Großharras** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Geography
The area comprises the cadastral communities of Diepolz, Großharras and Zwingendorf
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# Steven Gregory
**Steven Michael Gregory** (born 19 March 1987) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Wycombe Wanderers {#wycombe_wanderers}
Gregory began his career as a 15-year-old in the youth ranks of Wycombe Wanderers, his highlight being captaining the side in the Berks & Bucks Senior Cup final win over Milton Keynes Dons. Gregory made his Football League debut for the Chairboys on 6 May 2006, coming on for Matt Bloomfield in the second half in a 2--0 victory against Peterborough United. During his time with Wycombe he was sent out on loan to Havant and Waterlooville and Hayes & Yeading United.
### Hayes and Yeading United {#hayes_and_yeading_united}
At the end of the 2007--08 season, his contract at Wycombe was not extended and Gregory signed for Hayes & Yeading United, for whom he went on to score two crucial goals in the play-off final against Hampton and Richmond Borough on 7 May 2009 as they won promotion to the Conference National.
### First spell at AFC Wimbledon {#first_spell_at_afc_wimbledon}
In summer 2009, Gregory signed for AFC Wimbledon. On 9 November 2009, he made his first FA Cup appearance in the club\'s 4--1 loss to Millwall. Gregory featured as a regular for the first team during their Football League promotion winning season, and was a member of the starting eleven that beat Luton Town in the Conference National Play-off Final, winning the Dons promotion to League Two.
### AFC Bournemouth and loan spell {#afc_bournemouth_and_loan_spell}
On 30 June 2011, League One club AFC Bournemouth signed the player for an undisclosed fee. He made twenty three league starts for the Cherries during 2011--12, but found his opportunities limited at the start of the 2012--13 campaign, finding himself significantly down the pecking order at the club. For this reason it was decided that Gregory should be sent out on loan, and he opted for his former club AFC Wimbledon as soon as he received the request from the Dons first team coach Simon Bassey. In December 2012, following his return from a loan with AFC Wimbledon, his contract with Bournemouth was cancelled by mutual consent.
### Gillingham
Shortly after the conclusion of the loan, he signed for Gillingham. He was released by the club at the end of the 2013--14 season. In total, Gregory made 55 league appearances for the \"Gills\".
### Thame United {#thame_united}
On 10 July 2016, it was announced that Gregory had signed for Hellenic Football League Premier Division side Thame United. He made his debut on 2 August against Burnham, scoring his first goal for the club. Gregory was promoted with United in his first season for the club.
## International career {#international_career}
Gregory appeared twice for England C, playing in matches against Wales in 2010 and Belgium in 2011
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# Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
***Monell v. Department of Social Services***, 436 U.S. 658 (1978), is an opinion given by the United States Supreme Court in which the Court overruled *Monroe v. Pape* by holding that a local government is a \"person\" subject to suit under Section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States Code: *Civil action for deprivation of rights*. Additionally, the Court held that §1983 claims against municipal entities must be based on implementation of a policy or custom.
## Origins
The case began in July 1971 as a challenge to the New York City Board of Education\'s forced maternity leave policies. Monell was a part of a class of women employees of the Dept. of Social Services and Board of Education of the city of New York who were compelled to take maternity leave before such leaves were required for medical reasons. The women sued the Dept. and its Commissioner, the Board and its Chancellor, and the city of New York and its Mayor. The District Court found that petitioners\' constitutional rights had been violated, but ruled that petitioners\' claims for injunctive relief were mooted by a supervening change in the official maternity leave policy, and that under *Monroe v. Pape*, petitioners were barred recovering back pay from the city. The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed. The Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari to consider whether local governmental officials and/or local independent school boards are \"persons\" within the meaning of § 1983 when equitable relief in the nature of back pay is sought against them in their official capacities.
Following the Supreme Court decision holding that municipalities were liable under §1983, the city settled for \$375,500, to be divided among all women employees placed on forced maternity leave from July 1968 to the time of the case being filed. The city increased the money available for compensations to \$11 million after an unexpectedly large response from women to notices announcing the settlement. The claims were paid in late 1981.
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# Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
## Analysis
First, the Court undertook a fresh review of the legislative history of the Civil Rights Act of 1871, now codified as 42 U.S.C. §1983 that *Monroe v. Pape* relied upon in holding that municipal entities were not \"persons\" subject to §1983. The Court examined the vote on Section 1 of § 1983, (2) the Sherman Amendment and its vote, (3) the text and vote on the first conference report, and (4) the text and vote on the second conference report. The Court found that Congress did intend for municipal entities to be included among those \"persons\" to whom § 1983 applies, and that Congress at this time would not have thought the statute unconstitutional as applied to local governments. The Court wrote that the *Monroe* Court misinterpreted the meaning of §1983, and that were §1983 unconstitutional as applied to municipal entities, it would also be unconstitutional as applied to municipal officers. The Court noted that 1871 Congress clearly intended §1983 to apply to such officers and agreed that they could be subject to liability under §1983, and that the Act was also clearly intended to provide a remedy against all forms of official violation of constitutional rights.
Second, in overruling *Monroe v. Pape*, the Court considered that Monroe departed from prior practice insofar as it completely immunized municipal entities from liability under §1983. Reasoning that there was no principled distinction between school boards and other municipal entities, the Court found that its many cases that held school boards liable were inconsistent with Monroe, and were a further indication that *Monroe* should be overruled. The Court wrote that immunizing school boards against liability under §1983 would be contrary to instances where Congress refused to immunize school boards from federal jurisdiction under §1983, and that municipalities could not have arranged their affairs so as to be able to violate constitutional rights indefinitely, and therefore could not have a reliance interest in absolute immunity.
Third, the Court, in analyzing the legislative history, found that Congress did not intend for a municipality to by held liable under §1983 solely because it employed a tortfeasor, and that therefore a local government could not be held liable under respondeat superior.
The court reasoned that since there was no clear statement in the legislative history justifying the excluding municipalities as \"persons\" under §1983, such entities could be sued directly under §1983 for policies or customs that violated the U.S. Constitution.
## Holding
The United States Supreme Court held that a local government is a \"person\" that can be sued under §1983: civil action for deprivation of rights. The Court, however, required that a §1983 claim against a municipal entity be based on the implementation or execution of a \"a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted and promulgated by that party\'s officers\". Additionally, the Court held that municipal entities \"may be sued for constitutional deprivations visited pursuant to governmental \'custom\' even though such a custom has not received formal approval through the body\'s official decisionmaking channels\". Local governments may not, however, be sued under 1983 for an injury solely by its employees or agents--in other words, a municipality cannot be held liable under §1983 on a *respondeat superior* theory. Justice Brennan drafted the majority opinion.
## Concurrence
Justice Powell was prompted to write by \"the gravity of overruling part of so important a decision\". Powell noted that the considerations of *stare decisis* operated in both directions in this case, and that this case was different than the usual case where the Court is asked to overrule a precedent, reasoning that on the one hand, there are cases ruling that municipal entities are not \"persons\" under the statute, but on the other hand cases holding school boards liable. Powell also wrote that there were still substantial line-drawing issues regarding what constitutes a policy or custom.
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# Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
## Dissent
Justice Rehnquist dissented, arguing that adequate justification for overruling *Monroe*\'s interpretation of §1983\'s legislative history did not exist. Noting that Congress did not amend §1983 after *Monroe*, Rehnquist wrote that the Court should not overrule the earlier decision unless it was beyond a doubt that the Monroe Court made a mistake, and that at most the evidence of such a mistake in earlier interpretation of the legislative history was unclear.
## Arguments made by the parties {#arguments_made_by_the_parties}
In her brief for certiorari, Monell argued that (1) a school board is a \"person\" within the meaning of §1983; (2) an official withholding wages in violation of the constitution can be compelled to provide back pay under §1983; (3) a district court can award monetary relief in a §1983 action for injury sustained between filing the complaint and the granting of final injunctive relief. In the reply brief, Petitioners argued that (1) the existence of immunity based on the good faith of the policy at issue was not before the Court; and (2) that relief was authorized against the Board of Education.
Amici for the Petitioners included the National Education Association and the Lawyers\' Committee for Civil Rights.
In its brief against certiorari, the City argued that both stare decisis and legislative history supported upholding Monell. Further, the City argued that the School Board should be treated as another other municipal entity for the purposes of §1983 liability, and that therefore damages against any municipal entity should not be permitted here. In its reply brief against certiorari, the City argued that retroactive application of Title VII to allow damages would \"operate unjustly\" and that their maternity leave policies were \"adopted with the most laudatory motives\" to \"protect women employees and their unborn children\", no matter \"how unreasonable or arbitrary they might seem by today\'s rapidly evolving standards\". Regarding the issue of §1983 liability, the City noted that it approved of the analysis in the Court of Appeals decision, and that \"\[a\]ny other result than that reached here on these issues would render virtually meaningless this Court\'s decision in Monroe v. Pape.\"
## Significance
This resolution created a precedent that for the first time established local government monetary accountability for unconstitutional acts and created the right to obtain damages from municipalities in such cases. This accountability is a legal doctrine known as *Monell* liability that has been further developed by subsequent case law.
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# Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
## Subsequent case law {#subsequent_case_law}
The Court\'s holding means that liability for an individual defendant sued under §1983, who can be liable for any constitutional violation (absent immunities), even if the conduct is unauthorized or a one-off incident, is very different from liability for municipal entities, who can be sued under §1983 only pursuant to a policy or custom. This can mean either an affirmative policy or custom or a policy by omission. In subsequent cases, the Court defined what constituted a policy or custom for purposes of *Monell* liability.
In *Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati*, the Court held that a single decision made by municipal policy maker can establish policy sufficient for Monell liability. In determining who is a municipal policy maker in *City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik* (1988), the Court held that if an official has final policy-making authority and is responsible under state law for making policy in that area of city\'s business, he or she is a municipal policy-maker.
Regarding policies of omission, the Court held in *City of Canton v. Harris* that a municipality can be liable for a failure to train its employees when this failure constitutes a deliberate indifference to the person whose rights were violated. The same standard of deliberate indifference applies to failure to screen employees. In *[Board of Commissioners of Bryan County v. Brown](https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/95-1100.ZO.html)*, the Court held that a municipality can be liable for failure to screen if it is deliberately indifferent to the fact that the people the municipality was hiring were the kind of people with who would predictably commit this type of constitutional violation.
### Other U.S. Supreme Court cases analyzing *Monell* {#other_u.s._supreme_court_cases_analyzing_monell}
- *Connick v. Thompson*, 563 U.S. 51 (2011)
- *L.A. County v. Humphries*, 562 U.S. 29 (2010)
- *McMillian v. Monroe County*, 520 U.S. 781 (1997)
- *Jett v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist.*, 491 U.S. 701 (1989)
- *Will v. Michigan Dep\'t of State Police*, 491 U.S. 58 (1989)
- *Springfield v. Kibbe*, 480 U.S. 257 (1987)
- *Oklahoma City v. Tuttle*, 471 U.S. 808 (1985)
- *Brandon v. Holt*, 469 U.S. 464 (1985)
- *Newport v. Fact Concerts, Inc.*, 453 U.S. 247 (1981)
- *Owen v. Independence*, 445 U.S. 622 (1980)
- *Quern v. Jordan*, 440 U.S. 332 (1979)
- *Hutto v. Finney*, 437 U.S. 678 (1978)
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# Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
## Scholarship discussing *Monell* {#scholarship_discussing_monell}
### Treatises
- Rodney A. Smolla, *Deprivation of Rights Under Color of Law: § 1983, Bivens Actions, and Related Issues*
- Erwin Chemerinsky, *Federal Jurisduction* (7th edition 2016)
- Stuart M. Speiser, Charles F. Krause, Alfred W. Gans, Monique C. M. Leahy Contributing Editor, *American Law of Torts, Strict Liability in Tort and Related Remedies; Intentional Torts*
### Law Review articles {#law_review_articles}
- David Achtenberg, *Taking History Seriously: Municipal Liability Under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Debate Over Respondeat Superior*, 73 Fordham L. Rev. 2183 (2005)
- Susan Bandes, *Introduction: The Emperor\'s New Clothes*, 48 DePaul L. Rev. 619 (1999)
- Susan Bandes, *Monell, Parratt, Daniels, and Davidson: Distinguishing a Custom or Policy from a Random, Unauthorized Act*, 72 Iowa L. Rev. 101 (1986)
- Jack Beermann, *Municipal Responsibility for Constitutional Torts*, 48 DePaul L. Rev. 627 (1999)
- Karen Blum, *Municipal Liability*, 48 DePaul L. Rev. 687 (1999)
- George Brown, *Municipal Liability under § 1983 and the Ambiguities of Burger Court Federalism*, 27 B.C.L.Rev. 883 (1986)
- Mark Brown, *The Failure of Fault Under § 1983: Municipal Liability for State Law Enforcement*, 84 Cornell L. Rev. 1503 (1999)
- Mark Brown, *Correlating Municipal Liability and Official Immunity Under § 1983*, 1989 U.Ill.L.Rev. 625 (1989)
- Mark Brown, *Accountability in Government and § 1983*, 25 U.Mich.J.L. Ref. 53 (1991)
- Oscar Chase & Arlo Monell, *Monell: The Story Behind the Landmark*, 31 Urb. Law. 491 (1999)
- Douglas Colbert, *Bifurcation of Civil Rights Defendants: Undermining Monellin Police Brutality Cases*, 44 Hastings L.J. 499 (1993)
- Steven Cushman, *Municipal Liability under § 1983: Toward a New Definition of Municipal Policymaker*, 34 B.C.L. Rev. 693 (1993)
- Richard Frankel, *Regulating Privatized Government Through § 1983*, U.Chi.L. Rev. (2009)
- Michael Gerhardt, *Institutional Analysis of Municipal Liability Under § 1983*, 48 DePaul L. Rev. 669 (1999)
- Michael Gerhardt, *The Monell Legacy: Balancing Federalism Concerns and Municipal Accountability under § 1983*, 62 S.Cal.L. Rev. 539 (1989)
- Myriam Gilles, *Breaking the Code of Silence. Rediscovering \"Custom\" in § 1983 Municipal Liability*, 80 B.U.L. Rev. 17 (2000)
- David Hamilton, *The Importance and Overuse of Policy and Custom Claims: A View from One Trench*, 48 DePaul L. Rev. 723 (1999)
- Eric Harrington, *Judicial Misuse of History and § 1983: Toward a Purpose-Based Approach*, 85 Tex. L. Rev. 999 (2007)
- Robert Kaczorowski, *Reflection on Monell\'s Analysis of the Legislative History of § 1983*, 31 Urb. Law. 407 (1999)
- Kit Kinports, *The Buck Does Not Stop Here: Supervisory Liability in § 1983 Cases*, 1997 U. Ill. L. Rev. 147 (1997)
- Barbara Kritchevsky, *Civil Rights Liability of Private Entities*, 26 Cardozo L. Rev. 81 (2004)
- Barbara Kritchevsky, *Making Sense of State of Mind: Determining Responsibility in § 1983 Municipal Liability Litigation*, 60 G.W. L. Rev. 417 (1992)
- Barbara Kritchevsky, Reexamining Monell: *Basing § 1983 Municipal Liability Doctrine on the Statutory Language*, 31 Urb. Law. 437 (1999)
- Ronald Levin, *The § 1983 Municipal Immunity Doctrine*, 65 Geo. L. J. 1483 (1977)
- Harold Lewis & Theodore Blumhoff, *Reshaping § 1983\'s Asymetry*, 140 Pa. L. Rev. 755 (1982)
- Robert Manley, *Effective But Messy, Monell Should Endure*, 31 Urb. Law. 481 (1999)
- Susanah Mead, *42 U.S.C. § 1983 Municipal Liability: The Monell Sketch Becomes a Distorted Picture*, 65 N.C.L. Rev. 518 (1987)
- Solomon Oliver, *Municipal Liability for Police Misconduct under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 after City of Oklahoma City v. Tuttle*, 64 Wash.U.L.Q. 151 (1986)
- Laura Oren, *If Monell Were Reconsidered: Sexual Abuse and the Scope-of-Employment Doctrine in the Common Law*, 31 Urb. Law. 527 (1999)
- Eric Schnapper, *Civil Rights Litigation After Monell*, 79 Colum. L. Rev 213 (1979)
- Barbara Rook, *The Final Authority Analysis: A Unified Approach to Municipal Liability under § 1983*, 1986 Wis.L.Rev. 633 (1986)
- G. Flint Taylor, *A Litigatior\'s View of Discovery and Proof in Police Misconduct Policy and Practice Cases*, 48 DePaul L. Rev. 747 (1999)
- Ronald Turner, *Employer Liability for Supervisory Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment: Comparing Title VII\'s and § 1983\'s Regulatory Regimes*, 31 Urb Law. 503 (1999)
- Christina B. Whitman, *Government Responsibility for Constitutional Torts*, 85 Mich.L. Rev
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# Yuri Sokolov
**Yuri Sokolov** (died 1941), in cooperation with his brother `{{interlanguage link|Boris Sokolov (folklorist)|lt=Boris|fr|Boris Matvéïévitch Sokolov|ru|Соколов, Борис Матвеевич|uk|Соколов Борис Матвійович}}`{=mediawiki}, released the book *Russian Folklore* in 1938. It became the first textbook on the topic of Russian folklore to be used in the Russian Universities. The information for the book was based on extensive field work that the two had conducted. Due to the popularity of the book, Sokolov was appointed to a plethora of positions in the field of folklore. The highest position in the field of folklore that he attained in his career came in 1938 with his election as the Chair of Folklore at the `{{interlanguage link|Institute for Philosophie, Literature and History in Moscow|lt=Moscow Institute of Philosophy, History and Literature|hy|Մոսկվայի փիլիսոփայության, գրականության և պատմության ինստիտուտ|pl|Moskiewski Instytut Filozofii, Literatury i Historii|ru|Московский институт философии, литературы и истории|uk|Московський інститут філософії, літератури та історії}}`{=mediawiki}.
*Russian Folklore* became one of the biggest staple texts for any non-Russian folklore or anthropology scholar who was studying the Russian or Soviet society largely because of his influence in the folklore field. The work is divided into 3 sections that describe the different eras of folklore. Since he did field work both before and after the Soviets took over in the October Revolution, he has a section of \"Folklore Before The October Revolution\" and \"Soviet Folklore\". Before he goes into the two eras of folklore, he discusses \"Problems and Historiography of Folklore\". Some scholars are critical of the sources from which he obtained his information, but his image still remains as one of the forefathers in the bringing of Russian Folklore to the Russian and American University setting.
## Works
- [*Russian Folklore*](https://archive
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# 1976 World Junior Figure Skating Championships
The **1976 World Junior Figure Skating Championships** took place on 10--13 March 1976 in Megève, France. Sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which younger figure skaters compete for the title of World Junior Champion. It was the first World Junior Figure Skating Championships to be held.
## Results
### Men
Rank Name Nation CF SP FS SP+FS Points Places
------- -------------------------- -------- ---- ---- ---- ------- -------- --------
**1** Mark Cockerell 4 3 1 1 172.42 11
**2** Takashi Mura 9 2 2 2 165.70 24
**3** Brian Pockar 1 1 5 3 166.62 23
4 Norbert Schramm 7 4 3 4 159.80 40
5 Andrew Bestwick 13 5 4 5 158.10 48
6 Stephan Bril 5 7 7 7 155.72 57
7 Patrice Macrez 12 6 6 6 151.76 71
8 Pierre Lamine 6 10 8 8 150.50 79
9 Shinji Someya 3 12 10 10 150.34 74.5
10 Jozef Sabovčík 11 9 9 9 148.88 87
11 Daniel Fuerer 2 8 15 13 146.18 92.5
12 Gerald Schranz 10 11 11 11 143.04 102
13 Helmut Kristofics-Binder 8 16 14 15 137.32 123
14 Michael Pasfield 17 13 12 12 136.60 119
15 Francis Demarteau 18 14 13 14 131.02 140
16 Adrian Vasile 15 15 17 16 127.74 143
17 Miljan Begović 16 18 16 17 127.30 143
18 Jeremy Dowson 19 17 18 18 114.98 166
19 Marc Franquet 14 19 19 19 114.38 167
### Ladies
Rank Name Nation CF SP FS SP+FS Points Places
------- ---------------------- -------- ---- ---- ---- ------- -------- --------
**1** Suzie Brasher 1 2 1 1 174.22 11
**2** Garnet Ostermeier 3 1 2 2 169.80 16
**3** Tracy Solomons 2 4 4 4 162.82 31
4 Christa Jorda 4 7 3 3 160.94 35
5 Shinobu Watanabe 7 3 6 5 156.68 47
6 Choo Young-soon 5 5 8 8 151.66 60
7 Sanda Dubravčić 12 8 5 5 151.08 63
8 Renata Baierová 11 6 7 7 148.08 70
9 Christine Eicher 6 9 10 10 147.46 72
10 Vicki Holland 15 11 9 9 135.20 94
11 Genevieve Schoumaker 13 13 12 11 128.44 106
12 Sylvia Doulat 9 10 14 14 125.78 112
13 Irina Nichifolov 14 12 11 12 125.12 113
14 Herma van der Horst 10 14 13 13 127.26 115
15 Evelina Panova 16 15 15 15 112.58 135
### Pairs
Rank Name Nation SP FS Points Places
------- ------------------------------------ -------- ---- ---- -------- --------
**1** Sherri Baier / Robin Cowan 1 1 128.39 9
**2** Lorene Mitchell / Donald Mitchell 2 2 124.94 16
**3** Elizabeth Cain / Peter Cain 4 3 116.67 33
4 Jana Bláhová / Luděk Feňo 5 4 113,74 36
5 Sabine Fuchs / Xavier Videau 3 5 114.12 39
6 Karen Wood / Stephen Baker 7 6 100.33 55
7 Catherine Brunet / Philippe Brunet 6 7 94.27 62
### Ice dance {#ice_dance}
Rank Name Nation CD FD Points Places
------- --------------------------------------- -------- ---- ---- -------- --------
**1** Kathryn Winter / Nicholas Slater 1 1 176.22 9
**2** Denise Best / David Dagnell 2 3 167.50 18
**3** Martine Olivier / Yves Tarayre 4 2 162.96 31
4 Anne-Sophie Druet / Laurent Mazarguil 3 4 161.20 32
5 Claudia Koch / Roland Schranz 5 5 154.28 47
6 Manuela Masserenz / Roberto Pelizzola 6 6 149.42 52
7 Rossella Rossio / Carlo Pavesi 7 7 141.86 63
8 Sabine Köppe / Ernst Köppe 8 8 131
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# Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences
The ***Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences*** is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal. It covers research on all aspects of the aquatic sciences. Articles are published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese.
## Abstracting and indexing {#abstracting_and_indexing}
The journal is abstracted and is indexed in Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts and Scopus
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# Tope Ademiluyi
**Adetope Ademiluyi** (`{{Pronunciation|Yo-Tope Ademiluyi.ogg|Listen|help=no}}`{=mediawiki}; born 23 August 1965) is a Nigerian politician and former acting governor of Ekiti State.
## Early life {#early_life}
Ademiluyi hail from Aramoko-Ekiti, Ekiti-West, Ekiti State.
## Political career {#political_career}
He assumed the position of acting governor in Ekiti State on 27 April 2007, and succeeded Tunji Olurin, the previous acting governor. Ademiluyi held that position until 29 May 2007, when Olusegun Oni took office. Adetope Ademiluyi formerly of the People\'s Democratic Party (PDP) is now a member of the All Progressives Congress (APC) Party
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# Rue Clemenceau
**Rue Clemenceau** is a commercial and residential street in Beirut, Lebanon. The street was named in honor of Georges Clemenceau who accepted the post of premier of France in 1917 during World War I. The neighborhood straddling Clemenceau Street was prior to the war one of the most cosmopolitan areas of the city and home to Christians, Muslims, Druze and Jews.
The street runs east-west from Avenue Fakhreddine, intersecting several streets, including Emir Omar, George Cyr, May Ziadeh, Mexique, Justinien, Nicolas Rebeiz, and Rue John Kennedy where it turns into Bliss Street. Rue Clemenceau is within walking distance to Rue Hamra, Haigazian University, and the American University of Beirut, which is located on Bliss Street.
Rue Clemenceau is known for its numerous medical institutes, such as the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), the Children\'s Cancer Center of Lebanon, and the Clemenceau Medical Center, which is an affiliate of Johns Hopkins Medicine International. The Ecole Supérieure des Affaires is also located on Clemenceau and the Collège de la Sagesse section Saint-Élie which is one of the best catholic schools in the country. Also located on Rue Clemenceau is the 55,000 square-meter, business complex, Centre Gefinor, which was designed in the late 1960s by Dr. ETH Ing. Walid Jabri, the architect and structural engineer. Victor Gruen, an Austrian architect, designed the complete commercial area on the ground floor and the mezzanine, after completion of the skeleton
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# Alberton-Roseville
**Alberton-Roseville** was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was formerly known as **Alberton-Miminegash** from 1996 to 2007.
It includes, among others, the following communities:
- **Alberton**
- Roseville
- Greenmount-Montrose
- Montrose
- Central Kildare
- Mill River East
- Union
- Brockton
- Brooklyn
- St. Edward (southern-half)
- St. Lawrence
- St
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# East Cottingwith
**East Cottingwith** is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Cottingwith, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies on the former Derwent Navigation (canal), and approximately 9 mi north-west of the market town of Howden and 7 mi south-west of the market town of Pocklington. The village is 1 mi west of the B1228 road and just east of the River Derwent. In 1931 the civil parish had a population of 185. East Cottingwith was formerly a township and chapelry in the parish of Aughton, from 1866 East Cottingwith was a civil parish in its own right, on 1 April 1935 the civil parish was merged with Storwood to create Cottingwith.
The civil parish of Cottingwith is formed by the village of East Cottingwith and the hamlet of Storwood. According to the 2011 UK Census, Cottingwith parish had a population of 349, an increase on the 2001 UK Census figure of 290.
The village church is St Mary\'s and is a Grade II listed building. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
## Gallery
<File:East> Cottingwith YORYM-S229.jpg\|St Mary\'s Church, 1900--1912 <File:East> Cottingwith village YORYM-S18.jpg\|The village street, 1900--1912 <File:Ferry> Boat Inn, Cottingwith YORYM-S32.jpg\|Ferry Boat Inn, 1900--1912 <File:Narrowboat> at Cottingwith Lock.jpg\|Narrowboat at Cottingwith Lock, near East Cottingwith <File:Cottingwith> ferry and boatman YORYM-S47
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# Haym Salomon, Son of Liberty
***Haym Salomon, Son of Liberty*** is a historical novel written in 1941 by Howard Fast. The novel is about Haym Salomon, a major financier to the American cause during the American Revolution
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# Emil Henriques
**Emil Henriques** (December 19, 1883 -- November 19, 1957) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Sans Atout*, which won the silver medal in the 8 metre class
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# Battle of Petra
Siege of Petra}} `{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Petra
| partof = the [[Greek War of Independence]]
| image =
| image_size = 375
| date = 12 September 1829
| place = [[Petra, Boeotia|Petra]], [[Sanjak of Eğriboz]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (now [[Boeotia]], [[Greece]])
| coordinates = {{coord|38|22.267|N|23|3.45|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| result = {{ublist|Greek victory}}
* End of the [[Greek War of Independence]]<ref>History of Greek Nation, volume 12, p. 533, Ekdotiki Athenon</ref>
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Greece|old}} [[First Hellenic Republic]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire|1793}} [[Ottoman Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Demetrios Ypsilantis]]<br>{{ill|Georgios Dyovouniotis|el|Γεώργιος Δυοβουνιώτης}}<br>[[Nikolaos Kriezotis]]
| commander2 = Aslan Bey{{Surrendered}}<br>Osman Aga
| strength1 = 3,000 (divided into 4 battalions)
| strength2 = 7,000 infantry, cavalry, artillery
| casualties1 = 3 dead<br>12 wounded
| casualties2 = ~100 dead
| map_type = Greece
| map_caption = Location of Petra
}}`{=mediawiki}
The **Battle of Petra** was the final battle fought in the Greek War of Independence.
## Background
By the summer of 1829, the Peloponnese, parts of Central Greece and several islands had been liberated by Greek revolutionary forces. A peace treaty between the Sublime Porte and the revolutionaries was imminent but it became apparent that the soon to be created Greek state would be limited to whatever lands had been liberated during the war. In August, Aslan Bey and Osman Aga set off from Athens after leaving behind a small garrison with a force of 7,000 Ottoman Albanians to fight the Russians in Thrace.
## Battle
The Greek Army under Demetrios Ypsilantis, which for the first time trained to fight as a regular European army rather than as guerilla bands, awaited Aslan Bey\'s forces at Petra, a town at a narrow passage in Boeotia between Livadeia and Thebes in order to dispute their passage. On September 12 1829, the two armies engaged in battle. The Greeks, after a hail of gunfire, charged with swords and drove the Ottoman army into a disorderly retreat. The rest of the Ottoman army, now in danger of being surrounded, also retreated. The Ottoman army was unable to advance and, as a result, concluded a capitulation on 25 September 1829. For both sides the casualties were relatively light. The Greeks suffered three dead and twelve wounded, while the Ottomans lost about one hundred dead.
## Aftermath
In order to follow his orders to march into Thrace, Osman Aga signed a truce the following day with the Greeks. According to the truce, the Ottomans would surrender all lands from Livadeia to the Spercheios River in exchange for safe passage out of Central Greece. This battle was significant as it was the first time the Greeks had fought victoriously as a regular army. It also marked the first time that Ottoman Empire and the Greeks had negotiated on the field of battle. The battle of Petra was the last battle of the Greek War of Independence. Demetrios Ypsilantis ended the war started by his brother, Alexandros Ypsilantis, when the latter had crossed the Pruth River eight and a half years earlier
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# Bengt Heyman
**Bengt Heyman** (August 26, 1883 -- June 3, 1942) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Sans Atout*, which won the silver medal in the 8 metre class
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# Großkrut
**Großkrut** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Ville-sous-la-Ferté
**Ville-sous-la-Ferté** (`{{IPA|fr|vil su la fɛʁte}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Aube department in the Grand Est region in north-central France.
The best-known landmark of Ville-sous-la-Ferté is the nearby ruin of Clairvaux Abbey, now the site of Clairvaux Prison
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# Alvar Thiel
**Alvar Thiel** (23 February 1893 -- 1 October 1973) was born in Farsta, Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden. He is famous for being a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Sans Atout*, which won the silver medal in the 8 metre class
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# Herbert Westermark
**Johan Herbert Westermark** (30 August 1891 -- 29 October 1981) was a Swedish physician. Westermark served as Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Navy and head of the Swedish Naval Medical Officers\' Corps from 1937 to 1956. He also competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
## Early life {#early_life}
Westermark was born on 30 August 1891 in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of Professor, M.D. Frans Westermark and his wife Maggie Cnattingius. He was the brother of radiologist Nils Westermark.
## Career
### Medical career {#medical_career}
Westermark received a Licentiate of Medicine degree in Stockholm in 1918 and then worked as an assistant physician (*underläkare*) at Karlskrona Hospital in 1919, aman at the obstetrics clinic at Allmänna BB in Stockholm in 1921. Westermark then worked at the gynecological clinic from 1923 to 1924 and as a general practitioner in Stockholm in 1925. He received a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1926 and worked in Bromma from 1926 to 1930.
Westermark became a naval surgeon of the 2nd class in the Swedish Naval Medical Officers\' Corps in 1918 and of the 1st class in 1920. Westermark served as a staff doctor in the Coastal Fleet from 1925 to 1930, 1934, and 1935. He was appointed 1st naval surgeon in the Swedish Naval Medical Officers\' Corps in 1936. From 1937 to 1956, Westermark served as Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Navy and head of the Swedish Naval Medical Officers\' Corps as well as Inspector for the Navy\'s Medical Service.
Westermark was a member of the board of the Swedish Medical Society (*Svenska läkaresällskapets nämnd*) from 1930 to 1955 and one of the principals for the Oscar II Jubilee Fund from 1937. Westermark wrote about personal history, naval medicine, obstetrics and gynecology.
### Sports career {#sports_career}
Westermark was also a sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Sans Atout*, which won the silver medal in the 8 metre class.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1920, Westermark married Elly Carlström (born 1898), the daughter of Ludvig Carlström and Lisa Andersson. They had three children: Hans (born 1922), Gunnar (born 1926), Lars (born 1929)
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# LG Black Zafiro (MG810)
The **LG MG810** (a.k.a. **The LG Black Zafiro**) is a mobile phone manufactured by LG Electronics. This phone is the GSM version of the phone commonly known as the Chocolate Flip. This clam shell style phone has touch sensitive music controls on the top, similar to the keypad used for navigation in the LG Chocolate series
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# The Shakespeare, Bristol
**The Shakespeare** is an historic pub in Prince Street, Bristol, England. Built in 1725 by the Bristol builder John Strahan as a pair of attached Georgian-style houses, it was converted into a pub in 1777 at which time it supplied refreshment to dock workers at the adjoining port. It has been a grade II\* listed building since 1959.
## History
Prince Street in Bristol was named after Prince George of Denmark, who was the husband of Queen Anne and lived from 1653 to 1708. The public house takes its name from the nearby Theatre Royal home of the Bristol Old Vic.
The building dates from 1725 and was built by John Strahan as a pair of attached Georgian houses that would have been occupied by merchants. No 68 Prince Street was commissioned by John Hobbs and bears a pediment carved with two falcons or \'hobbies\' reminding posterity of the origin of the house. In 1777 it was converted into a public house which was patronised by warehousemen and dockworkers at the nearby port.
## The building {#the_building}
The Shakespeare was designated as a Grade II\*-listed building on 8 January 1959, being an example of a pair of attached merchant\'s houses in the Georgian style. The construction is of limestone ashlar, with brick chimney stacks and party wall, and a pantile-covered roof. The houses have symmetrical fronts and are two rooms deep. Each house has three storeys, the upper two each having four windows. The arched doors are on the outer edges of the lower storey, with three windows towards the centre of the building. The central two windows on the ground floor of each house have semi-circular arches and are pedimented and set forwards. There is a frieze, cornice and parapet. The interior of 68 Princes Street is well preserved and has a panelled entrance hall and an elliptical arch in a framed wall separating the other ground floor rooms, which are also panelled. There is a fine curved, mahogany staircase
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# Nils Westermark
**Nils Johan Hugo Westermark** (September 9, 1892 -- January 24, 1980) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He later became a radiologist, and described the Westermark sign.
He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Sans Atout*, which won the silver medal in the 8 metre class
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# Hausbrunn
**Hausbrunn** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Population
## Personalities
Pediatrician Hans Asperger, the doctor after whom Asperger\'s Syndrome is named after, lived here during his childhood.
Gottfried von Preyer, regens chori of St. Stephen\'s Cathedral, Vienna, Rector of the Vienna Conservatory, and teacher of Joseph Joachim, was born here
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# Epitome de Caesaribus
The ***Epitome de Caesaribus*** is a 5th-century Latin historical work based on the *Liber de Caesaribus* (also known as *Historiae abbreviatae*) by Aurelius Victor.
It is a brief account of the reigns of the Roman emperors from Augustus to Theodosius the Great. It is often attributed to Aurelius Victor, but was written by an anonymous author who was very likely a pagan. The author used the so-called *Enmannsche Kaisergeschichte* and the (now lost) *Annales* of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus (a friend of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus). Although very brief in length and not always reliable, it also contains some useful information such as how the late Romans perceived the Sassanian wars and descriptions of the affairs of the Tetrarchy as well as anecdotes of various emperors. The work also shows numerous anachronisms and inaccuracies, such as referring to Caracalla as the father of the later emperor Elagabalus, a rumour perpetuated by the Severan dynasty
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# Decaying Orbit (film)
***Decaying Orbit*** is a 2007 independent film directed by Tim Pyle and produced by Hogofilm, LLC., a production company in Southern California. It was filmed in the San Fernando Valley, with hundreds of computer graphics (CG) special effects produced in-house by Hogofilm.
## Plot
When a mysterious explosion destroys a space station on the edge of the galaxy, five survivors manage to board an escape shuttle. Left adrift without communications, food or any means of leaving the system, the survivors are forced to work together to survive. But soon evidence surfaces that one of them may actually be the saboteur who caused the station\'s destruction. Can the dysfunctional group band together long enough to be rescued, when no one knows who they can trust?
## Cast
- Darren Dupree Washington as Burton
- Åsa Wallander as Winnie
- Denise Gossett as Kate
- Andy S. Allen as Rob
- David Ross Paterson as Hermel
- Erin Shull as Fisk
- Bill Guzenski as Dr. Einman
## Availability
In 2007, the film was sold to Arsenal Pictures for distribution to Japan and Brazil. In 2008, Angerman Distribution picked up the film for distribution in Australia and New Zealand. The film was distributed on DVD in the U.S. through Hogofilm, LLC.
## Awards
The film was nominated for three awards at the 6th annual Shockerfest Film Festival: Best Sci-Fi Feature Film, Best Actress in a Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film (Osa Wallander), and Best Actor in a Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film (Andy Allen). Osa Wallander won the Best Actress award.
The film was also nominated for Best Feature Film at the 2007 Terror Film Festival.
## Cast and crew {#cast_and_crew}
The writer and director Tim Pyle worked for 10 years as an animator in the visual effects industry. He worked on the Academy Award-nominated *Jimmy Neutron*, the Emmy-nominated series *Starship Troopers: the Series*, and the Emmy-winning *Children of Dune*. He has personally won two Aegis Awards, a Telly Award, a CINE Golden Eagle, and 2006 and 2008 NASA awards for producing CG animation.
The actress Denise Gossett is the founder of Shriekfest, a Los Angeles-based horror/sci-fi/fantasy film festival. She has appeared in numerous TV and film productions including *Veronica Mars*, *Drake & Josh* and *Zoey 101*.
The actor David Paterson has appeared in many TV and film productions including the series *Lost*, *The Bold and the Beautiful* and the long-running Australian soap opera, *Neighbours*
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# Ronnie Courtney
**Ronnie Courtney** (born October 6, 1957) began his coaching career at Furr High School as an assistant football, basketball, and track coach. After eight years, he moved to Jefferson Davis High School as the head basketball coach, assistant football coach, and assistant track coach. While at Jeff Davis, his basketball team made the play-offs five of the eight years and Coach Courtney was named Greater Houston Coach of the Year and District Coach of the Year twice, compiling a record of 137--76. He then moved to Willowridge High School for four years where, as head basketball coach, he led his teams to back-to-back State titles in 2000 and 2001. Coach Courtney was named State Coach of the Year both years. In 2001, he was named National High School Coach of the Year. His record at Willowridge High School was 100--44. In 2001, Coach Courtney accepted the head basketball coaching position at Texas Southern University. In 2001, he was named Insider.com College Coach of the Year. In 2003, he led Texas Southern University to the NCAA tournament and was named Southwestern Athletic Conference Coach of the Year. He compiled a record of 77-98 while at Texas Southern. Courtney was fired from Texas Southern University on July 19, 2007.
Later in 2007, Ronnie Courtney became the head basketball coach at George Bush High School in Richmond, TX. In his third season, 2009--2010, his team won the Texas 5A Boys' Basketball State Championship. He was named District Coach of the Year and also was named Prairie View Interscholastic League 5A Coach of the Year in 2010, as well as State 5A Coach of the Year. In 2011, Coach Courtney was named Texas High School Coaches Association South All-Star Coach.
Coach Courtney has been at Bush for eleven years and his record at Bush is 314--72; his overall high school record after 26 years is 551--192. His total head coaching record of high school and college is 628--290.
In 2013, Coach Courtney was named Texas Association Basketball Coaches (TABC) All-Star Coach, where he led the 4A-5A White team to a 122--109 victory over the 4A-5A Blue team. As a highlight of Coach Courtney\'s many accomplishments and achievements, he recently received the distinct honor as an inductee into the **Prairie View Interscholastic League Coaches Association 2015 Hall of Fame**.
Coach Courtney\'s accomplishments with his teams pale in comparison to the impact he has made on the lives of the young men he has coached. A few lives he has touched include T.J. Ford former lottery pick of the Milwaukee Bucks, Daniel Ewing, drafted by the Los Angeles Clippers, Ivan McFarland, drafted by the Philadelphia Seventy Sixers, Carl Crawford, drafted by the Tampa Bay Rays.
On October 18, 2020, Courtney was named the head boys basketball coach at Fort Bend Marshall High School (Missouri City Texas)
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# Marc-André Raffalovich
**Marc-André Raffalovich** (11 September 1864 -- 14 February 1934) was a French poet and writer on homosexuality, best known today for his patronage of the arts and for his lifelong relationship with the English poet John Gray.
## Early life {#early_life}
Raffalovich was born into a wealthy Jewish family, which moved from Odessa to the French capital, Paris, in 1863. His brother, Arthur, became a noted Parisian financier and economist. André went up to study in Oxford in 1882 before settling down in London and opening a salon in the 1890s. Oscar Wilde attended, calling the event a saloon rather than a salon. This is where Raffalovich met the love and companion of his life, John Gray. In 1890, his sister Sophie married the Irish nationalist politician William O\'Brien (1852--1928).
## Writings
In 1894, Raffalovich started to contribute on the subject of homosexuality (*unisexualité*, as he called it) to the *Archives de l\'Anthropologie Criminelle*, a prestigious review founded in Lyon by Alexandre Lacassagne, a pioneer criminologist and professor of forensic medicine. He soon became recognised as an expert in the field, engaging in correspondence with other researchers throughout Europe.
His magnum opus, *Uranisme et unisexualité: étude sur différentes manifestations de l\'instinct sexuel* was published in 1896. In 1897, he started working on *Annales de l\'unisexualité*, and *les Chroniques de l\'unisexualité* with the aim of cataloguing everything published on the subject of homosexuality. These have proved useful to historians to this day.
## Conversion
In 1896, under the influence of John Gray, Raffalovich embraced Catholicism and joined the tertiary order of the Dominicans as Brother Sebastian in honour of Saint Sebastian. At the same time Gray was ordained a priest. In 1905, Gray was appointed to the parish of St Patrick in the working class Cowgate area of Edinburgh. Raffalovich followed and settled down nearby, purchasing No. 9, Whitehouse Terrace. He contributed greatly to the cost of St Peter\'s Church in Morningside, Edinburgh, of which Gray was appointed the first parish priest. In Whitehouse Terrace, Raffalovich established a successful salon. His guests included Henry James, Lady Margaret Sackville, Compton Mackenzie, Max Beerbohm and Herbert Read.
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# Marc-André Raffalovich
## Theories
There is a close link between Raffalovich\'s views on homosexuality and his Catholic beliefs. In contrast to then-current theories of sexual inversion, according to which a man was a homosexual because he had a female soul in a male body and a woman was lesbian because she had a male soul in a female body, and which thus essentially reproduced heterosexuality, Raffalovich\'s view of \"unisexuality\" held that it consisted of attraction to the *same* sex, closer to the modern conception of homosexuality. He wrote of gay men, \"As men, they love men; but they affirm that were they women they would love women.\" He made the distinction between the born and the chosen inverts. He believed the former worth considering while the latter he thought to be mired in vice and perversion.
Raffalovich drew, however, a difference with heterosexuality based on the idea of vice and virtue. He regarded a heterosexual\'s destiny as marriage and starting a family, whereas a homosexual\'s duty, he believed, was to overcome and transcend his desires with artistic pursuits and spiritual -- even mystical -- friendships.
These views led him to clash with Magnus Hirschfeld and the members of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee, with Raffalovich accusing them of being propagandists for moral dissolution and of wanting to destroy whole generations. He even supported Germany\'s Paragraph 175 as a way to prevent total moral chaos.
Raffalovich\'s failure to reconcile his homosexuality and the Roman Catholic religion he accepted as true pushed him further into his criticism of the early gay liberation movement; in 1910, he finally stopped commenting altogether on the subject which had occupied such a place in his life. Instead, he focused on his Edinburgh salon and his support of young artists.
He died in 1934, the same year as his now platonic friend, John Gray
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# Herrnbaumgarten
**Herrnbaumgarten** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
***Will v. Michigan Dept. of State Police***, 491 U.S. 58 (1989), was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court, in which the Court held that States and their officials acting in their official capacity are not persons when sued for monetary damages under the Civil Rights Act of 1871.
## Background information {#background_information}
Ray Will sued the Michigan State Police Department and the Director of the State Police in the Michigan Court of Claims alleging various violations of the Constitutions of the United States and Michigan as a claim under the Civil Rights Act of 1871, which had been codified into the United States Code at 42 U.S.C. § 1983. He claimed that he had been denied a promotion to a data systems analyst position in the police department because his brother had been a student activist and the subject of a \"Red Squad\" file maintained by the police. The Court of Claims, relying on a judgment in Will\'s favor by the Michigan Civil Service Commission, found that the police department and the director were \"persons\" within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and that the denial of the promotion was a violation of the Constitution of the United States.
Section 1983 provides:
> Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress. For the purposes of this section, any Act of Congress applicable exclusively to the District of Columbia shall be considered to be a statute of the District of Columbia.
On appeal, the Michigan Court of Appeals vacated the judgment against the Department of State Police, holding that a State is not a person under § 1983, but remanded the case for determination of the possible immunity of the Director of State Police from liability for damages. The Michigan Supreme Court granted discretionary review and affirmed the Court of Appeals in part and reversed in part. The Michigan Supreme Court agreed that the State itself is not a person under § 1983, but also held that a state official acting in an official capacity was not such a person. The U.S. Supreme Court granted certiorari to hear the case.
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# Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
## Opinion of the Court {#opinion_of_the_court}
In a 5--4 decision delivered by Justice White, the Court held that neither States nor state officials acting in their official capacities are \"persons\" within the meaning of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 when being sued for monetary damages. The Court found that § 1983 would not provide a federal forum for litigants who were seeking a remedy against a State for alleged deprivations of civil liberties because the Eleventh Amendment barred such suits unless the State has waived its sovereign immunity or unless Congress has exercised its power under § 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment to override that immunity. The majority found that even though state officials literally are persons, suits brought against them in their official capacity were not really suits against the officials, but were rather suits against the officials\' offices, no different from a suit against the State itself. This ruling came despite the fact that the Court had previously ruled that a state official acting in an official capacity, when sued for injunctive relief, would be a person under §1983 because \"official-capacity actions for prospective relief are not treated as actions against the State.\"
### Justice Brennan\'s dissent {#justice_brennans_dissent}
Justice Brennan wrote a dissent that was joined by Justice Marshall, Justice Blackmun and Justice Stevens. Brennan found that the Eleventh Amendment was inapplicable because Will had brought the case in State court and that in interpreting the word \"person\", the Court should take into account the \"Dictionary Act\", passed two months before § 1983, which said \"\[t\]hat in all acts hereafter passed\... the word \'person\' may extend and be applied to bodies politic and corporate\... unless the context shows that such words were intended to be used in a more limited sense\...\" In a previous case, *Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Services* (1978), the Court had held that it was mandatory that the definition of the word \"person\" be construed to include \"bodies politic and corporate\" unless the statute under consideration \"by its terms called for a deviation from this practice.
### Justice Stevens\' dissent {#justice_stevens_dissent}
In a separate dissent, Justice Stevens wrote: \"The Court having constructed an edifice for the purposes of the Eleventh Amendment on the theory that the State is always the real party in interest in a § 1983 official-capacity action against a state officer, I would think the majority would be impelled to conclude that the State is a \"person\" under § 1983.\" After agreeing with Justice Brennan\'s dissent, he wrote further,
> the Court\'s construction draws an illogical distinction between wrongs committed by county or municipal officials on the one hand, and those committed by state officials, on the other. Finally, there is no necessity to import into this question of statutory construction doctrine created to protect the fiction that one sovereign cannot be sued in the courts of another sovereign. Aside from all of these reasons, the Court\'s holding that a State is not a person under § 1983 departs from a long line of judicial authority based on exactly that premise
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