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# George Ferguson (actor)
**George Hart Ferguson** (February 10, 1890 -- October 1961) was an American actor. He performed on the stage and in silent movies.
Ferguson appeared in two movies, *Damaged Goods* (1914) and *The Bruiser* (1916). He also toured with Richard Bennett in the stage production of *Damaged Goods* and appeared on Broadway in *Maternity* (1915), also with Bennett.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was born on Brookline Street in Boston, Massachusetts, one of 10 children of Andrew Ferguson and Mary McIntire. His father was Scottish and his mother Scottish American.
## Acting career {#acting_career}
At an early age, George left home to work in the circus. Eventually he turned to the stage. His big break came when he joined the Richard Bennett\'s theatre company performing in the controversial play, *Damaged Goods*, which told the story of a prominent man diagnosed with syphilis.
In 1914, the American Film Company convinced Bennett to film a screen adaptation of *Damaged Goods*. The movie featured much the same cast as had toured with the play, including Ferguson, who played \"the quack\'s assistant.\" In 1915, he was cast in Bennett\'s production of Eugène Brieux\'s *Maternity*, which ran for 21 performances at the Princess Theatre on Broadway.
The only other movie that Ferguson is known to have appeared in was 1916\'s *The Bruiser*, in which he plays \"Modest Tim.\"
## Career after show business {#career_after_show_business}
By the time of America\'s involvement in World War I, Ferguson was working at A.M. Home Music Company in Boston, as a piano salesman. He served for 12 months in the U.S. Army and was stationed in France with the rank of ammunition sergeant for the 301st Field Artillery.
Ferguson was involved in local theatre, such as the Old Timbuctoo Tribe.
He married Esther Marie Sharkey on September 17, 1921, in Winthrop, Massachusetts, where the couple had two sons, Dalton Hart Ferguson and Milton (later Bruce) Hart Ferguson.
George Ferguson died at age 71 in New Jersey
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# WSKY (AM)
**WSKY** (1230 AM) is a non-commercial, listener-supported radio station broadcasting a Christian talk and teaching radio format. Licensed to serve Asheville, North Carolina, the station is owned by the Wilkins Communications Network, based in Spartanburg, South Carolina.
## History
WSKY\'s original license was issued on May 27, 1947. For almost 50 years, Zeb Lee ran WSKY, including serving as an announcer for high-school football games. He was the first to introduce rock and roll to Asheville when he sponsored an Elvis Presley concert in 1955. Zeb Lee was a pioneer in Asheville broadcasting. First he loved radio and honestly cared about the community; he produced many great radio programs, including \"The Man on the Street\" a daily talk show live in front of the S & W Cafeteria in downtown Asheville. For many years Zeb and his engineer \"Buddy\" Resienburg did a live broadcast of every Asheville High football game. Zeb Lee hired and trained many DJs who went on to have great careers in large market radio. WSKY was a Top 40 station in the 1970s and early 1980s.
In March 1994, Lee sold WSKY in order to put WZLS on the air. New owner River City Communications switched the format from a mix of music and Larry King, Rush Limbaugh and the Atlanta Braves to a format of mostly satellite-delivered oldies, with Limbaugh and a local morning host called Mountain Man. Between the songs, Mountain Man included comedy, some of it risqué, and he was dropped or resigned after several months because he \"crossed the line\". Station manager Chris Pedersen took over July 18, 1994, promising a \"kinder, gentler\" program.
On January 25, 1995, WSKY switched from oldies to news/talk. In addition to Limbaugh, WSKY added *Good Day USA* with Doug Stephan (with Dan Poe doing local reports), Derrick DeSilva, G. Gordon Liddy, David Brenner, Tom Leykis, Jim Bohannon and Stan Major.
Rick Howerton tried to purchase the station to no avail, however he was able to secure the rights to an old Southern Railway frequency (AM 880) that was eventually sold to a local businessman/entrepreneur - while WSKY was sold to Wilkins Communications and changed to Christian programming. After several months of trying to get the station on the air, Howerton was asked back and to assist and signed on WTZY in the summer of 1997. Subsequently, most of the programming on WSKY was added to the new WTZY (now WPEK). WTZY also shared simulcast duties with WTZK (formerly WZQR in Black Mountain, North Carolina) which was also purchased by the local businessman. Howerton went on to form Zybek Media Group with his wife Beth and they purchased WAAK (WZRH and WCRU) in Dallas, North Carolina, and WWRN (WZNN and WZGM) in Black Mountain, North Carolina
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# Shvetsov ASh-62
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# Hochleithen
**Hochleithen** is a municipality in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Traumatic insemination
**Traumatic insemination**, also known as **hypodermic insemination**, is the mating practice in some species of invertebrates in which the male pierces the female\'s abdomen with his aedeagus and injects his sperm through the wound into her abdominal cavity (hemocoel). The sperm diffuses through the female\'s hemolymph, reaching the ovaries and resulting in fertilization.
The process is detrimental to the female\'s health. It creates an open wound which impairs the female until it heals, and is susceptible to infection. The injection of sperm and ejaculatory fluids into the hemocoel can also trigger an immune reaction in the female. Bed bugs, which reproduce solely by traumatic insemination, have evolved a pair of sperm-receptacles, known as the spermalege. It has been suggested that the spermalege reduces the direct damage to the female bed bug during traumatic insemination. However experiments found no conclusive evidence for that hypothesis; as of 2003, the preferred explanation for that organ is hygienic protection against bacteria.
The evolutionary origins of traumatic insemination are disputed. Although it evolved independently in many invertebrate species, traumatic insemination is most highly adapted and thoroughly studied in bed bugs, particularly *Cimex lectularius*. Traumatic insemination is not limited to male-female couplings, or even couplings of the same species. Both homosexual and inter-species traumatic inseminations have been observed.
## Mechanics
In humans and other vertebrates, blood and lymph circulate in two different systems, the circulatory system and lymphatic system, which are enclosed by systems of capillaries, veins, arteries, and nodes. This is known as a closed circulatory system. Insects, however, have an open circulatory system in which blood and lymph circulate unenclosed, and mix to form a substance called hemolymph. All organs of an insect are bathed in hemolymph, through which they are provided with oxygen and nutrients.
Following traumatic insemination, sperm can migrate through the hemolymph to the female\'s ovaries, resulting in fertilization. The exact mechanics vary from taxon to taxon. In some orders of insects, the male genitalia (paramere) enters the female\'s genital tract, and a spine at its tip pierces the wall of the female\'s bursa copulatrix. In others, the male penetrates the outer body wall. In either case, following penetration, the male ejaculates into the female. The sperm and ejaculatory fluids diffuse through the female\'s hemolymph. The insemination is successful if the sperm reach the ovaries and fertilize an ovum.
Female resistance to traumatic insemination varies from one species to another. Females from some genera, including *Cimex*, are passive prior to and during traumatic insemination. Females in other genera resist mating and attempt to escape. This resistance might not be due to pain from the insemination process, as there is debate over whether insects experience pain.
Research into the paternity of offspring produced by traumatic insemination has found \"significant\" last-sperm precedence. That is, the last male to traumatically inseminate a female tends to sire most of the offspring from that female.
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# Traumatic insemination
## Evolutionary adaptation {#evolutionary_adaptation}
Many reasons for the evolutionary adaptation of traumatic insemination as a mating strategy have been suggested. One is that traumatic insemination is an adaptation to the development of the mating plug, a reproductive mechanism used by many species. Once a male finishes copulating, he injects a glutinous secretion into the female\'s reproductive tract, thereby \"literally glu\[ing\] her genital tract closed\". Traumatic insemination allows subsequent males to bypass the female\'s plugged genital tract, and inject sperm directly into her circulatory system.
Others have argued that the practice of traumatic insemination may have been an adaptation for males to circumvent female resistance to mating to eliminate courtship time, allowing one male to inseminate many mates when contact between them is brief; or that it evolved as a new development in the sperm competition as a means to deposit sperm as close to the ovaries as possible.
> This bizarre method of insemination probably evolved as male bed bugs competed with each other to place their sperm closer and closer to the mother lode of eggs, the ovaries. Some male insects evolved long penises with which they enter the vagina but bypass the female\'s storage pouch and deposit their sperm further upstream close to the ovaries. A few males, notably among bed bugs, evolved traumatic insemination instead, and eventually this strange procedure became the norm among these insects.
It has recently been discovered that members of the plant bug genus *Coridromius* (Miridae) also practice traumatic insemination. In these bugs, the male intromittent organ is formed by the coupling of the aedeagus with the left paramere, as in bed bugs. Females also exhibit paragenital modifications at the site of intromission, which include grooves and invaginated copulatory tubes to guide the male paramere. The evolution of traumatic insemination in *Coridromius* represents a third independent emergence of this form of mating within the true bugs.
## Health repercussions {#health_repercussions}
While advantageous to the reproductive success of the individual male, traumatic insemination imposes a cost on females: reduced lifespan and decreased reproductive output. \"These \[costs\] include (i) repair of the wound, (ii) leakage of blood, (iii) increased risk of infection through the puncture wound, and (iv) immune defence against sperm or accessory gland fluids that are introduced directly into the blood.\"
The male bed bug aedeagus has been shown to carry five (human) pathogenic microbes, and the exoskeleton of female bed bugs nine, including *Penicillium chrysogenum*, *Staphylococcus saprophyticus*, *Stenotrophomonas maltophilia*, *Bacillus licheniformis*, and *Micrococcus luteus*. Tests with blood agar have shown some of these species can survive *in vivo*. This suggests infections from these species may contribute to the increased mortality rate in bed bugs due to traumatic insemination.
The successive woundings each require energy to heal, leaving less energy available for other activities. Also, the wounds provide a possible point of infection which can reduce the female\'s lifespan. Once in the hemolymph, the sperm and ejaculatory fluids may act as antigens, triggering an immune reaction.
There is a tendency for dense colonies of bed bugs kept in laboratories to go extinct, starting with adult females. In such an environment, where mating occurs frequently, this high rate of adult female mortality suggests traumatic insemination is very detrimental to the female\'s health. The damage done, and the (unnecessarily) high mating rate of captive bed bugs, have been shown to cause a 25% higher-than-necessary mortality rate for females.
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# Traumatic insemination
## Bed bug adaptation {#bed_bug_adaptation}
The effects of traumatic insemination are deleterious to the female. Female bed bugs have evolved a pair of specialized reproductive organs (\"paragenitalia\") at the site of penetration. Known as the ectospermalege and mesospermalege (referred to collectively as spermalege), these organs serve as sperm-receptacles from which sperm can migrate to the ovaries. All bed bug reproduction occurs via traumatic insemination and the spermalege. The genital tract, though functional, is used only for laying fertilized eggs.
The ectospermalege is a swelling in the abdomen, often folded, filled with hemocytes. The ectospermalege is visible externally in most bed bug species, giving the male a target through which to impale the female with the paramere. In species without an externally visible ectospermalege, traumatic insemination takes place over a wide range of the body surface.
The mesospermalege is a sac attached to the inner abdomen, under the ectospermalege. Sperm is injected through the male\'s aedeagus into the mesospermalege. In some species, the ectospermalege directly connects to the ovaries -- thus, sperm and ejaculate never enters the hemolymph and thus never trigger an immune reaction. (The exact characteristics of the spermalege vary widely across different species of bed bugs.) The spermalege are generally found only in females. However, males in the genus *Afrocimex* possess an ectospermalege. Sperm remains in the spermalege for approximately four hours; after two days, none remains.
Male bed bugs have evolved chemoreceptors on their aedeagi. After impaling a female, the male can \"taste\" if a female has been recently mated. If he does, he will not copulate as long and will ejaculate less fluid into the female.
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# Traumatic insemination
## Use in the animal kingdom {#use_in_the_animal_kingdom}
Although traumatic insemination is most widely practiced among heteropterans (typical bugs), the phenomenon has been observed across a wide variety of other invertebrate taxa. These include:
- Oxyurida (nematodes) -- Traumatic insemination has been observed in pinworm genera including *Auchenacantha*, *Citellina*, *Passalurus*, and \"probably\" *Austroxyris.*
- Acanthocephala (parasitic, thorny-headed worms) -- The presence of mating plugs on the sides of *Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli* suggests traumatic insemination occurs in this species. Because these parasites cannot move after anchoring themselves to a host\'s intestine, traumatic insemination may have evolved to compensate for their immobility.
- Rotifera (wheel animalcules) -- In the genus *Brachionus*, the male pierces the syncytial integument (equivalent to skin) and injects sperm; in *Asplanchna brightwelli* the male secretes an enzyme which breaks down the female integument and injects sperm through the hole.
- Turbellaria (free living flatworms) -- Hermaphroditic flatworms reproduce by \"penis fencing\". Individuals \"fence\" with penises, attempting to use their penis to pierce the skin of the other and inject sperm. The \'loser\' is the flatworm which is inseminated and must bear the energy costs of reproduction. One study of *Pseudoceros bifurcus* found \"Most inseminations were unilateral. Even when reciprocal penis insertion could be achieved by the second partner, the first to inseminate obtained a longer injection time than the second.\" In another species, *Macrostomum hystrix*, the worm may also inject its sperm into its own head if other mates are not available.
- Gastropod snails
- Strepsiptera (twisted-winged parasites) -- In *Xenos vesparum*, fertilization can occur either via extragenital ducts, or by traumatic insemination into the hemocoel.
- *Drosophila* (fruit flies) -- Ejaculates are injected through the body wall into the genital tract, not the abdomen.
- Opisthobranchia (sea slugs) -- Characterized by \"repeated small injections into the dorsal surface of the partner, interrupted by synchronised circling movements\", culminating in a standard genital insemination.
- *Harpactea* (spiders) -- The male of the spider species *Harpactea sadistica* pierces the female\'s body cavity and inseminates her ovaries directly.
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# Traumatic insemination
## Homosexual traumatic insemination {#homosexual_traumatic_insemination}
Traumatic insemination is not limited to male--female couplings. Male homosexual traumatic inseminations have been observed in the flower bug *Xylocoris maculipennis* and bed bugs of the genus *Afrocimex*.
> In the genus *Afrocimex*, both species have well developed ectospermalege (but only females have a mesospermalege). The male ectospermalege is slightly different from that found in females, and amazingly enough, Carayon (1966) found that male *Afrocimex* bugs suffer actual homosexual traumatic inseminations. He found the male ectospermalege often showed characteristic mating scars, and histological studies showed \"foreign\" sperm were widely dispersed in the bodies of these homosexually mated males. Sperm cells of other males were, however, never found in or near the male reproductive tract. It therefore seems unlikely that sperm from other males could be inseminated when a male that has himself suffered traumatic insemination mates with a females. The costs and benefits, if any, of homosexual traumatic insemination in *Afrocimex* remain unknown.
Klaus Reinhardt of the University of Sheffield and colleagues observed two morphologically different kinds of spermalege in *Afrocimex constrictus*, a species in which both male and females are traumatically inseminated. They found females use sexual mimicry as a way to avoid traumatic insemination. In particular, they observed males, and females who had male spermalege structures, were inseminated less often than females with female spermalege structures.
In *Xylocoris maculipennis*, after a male traumatically inseminates another male, the injected sperm migrate to the testes. (The seminal fluid and most of the sperm are digested, giving the inseminated male a nutrient-rich meal.) It has been suggested, although there is no evidence, that when the inseminated male ejaculates into a female, the female receives both males\' sperm.
## Interspecies traumatic insemination {#interspecies_traumatic_insemination}
Cases of traumatic insemination between animals of different species will sometimes provoke a possibly lethal immune reaction. A female *Cimex lectularius* traumatically inseminated by a male *C. hemipterus* will swell up at the site of insemination as the immune system responds to male ejaculates. In the process, the female\'s lifespan is reduced. In some cases, this immune reaction can be so massive as to be almost immediately fatal. A female *Hesperocimex sonorensis* will swell up, blacken, and die within 24--48 hours after being traumatically inseminated by a male *H. cochimiensis*.
## Similar mating practices {#similar_mating_practices}
In the animal kingdom, traumatic insemination is not unique as a form of coercive sex. Research suggests that in the water beetle genus *Acilius* there is no courtship system between males and females. \"It\'s a system of rape. But the females don\'t take things quietly. They evolve counter-weapons.\" Cited mating behaviors include males suffocating females underwater till exhausted, and allowing only occasional access to the surface to breathe for up to six hours (to prevent them breeding with other males), and females which have a variety of body shapes (to prevent males from gaining a grip). Foreplay is \"limited to the female desperately trying to dislodge the male by swimming frantically around.\"
\"Rape behavior\" has been observed in a number of duck species. In the blue-winged teal, \"rape attempts by paired males may occur at any time during the breeding season.\" Cited reasons for this being beneficial to the paired males include successful reproduction, and chasing away intruders from their territory. Bachelor herds of bottlenose dolphins will sometimes gang up on a female and coerce her to have sex with them, by swimming near her, chasing her if she attempts to escape, and making vocalized or physical threats. In the insect world, male water striders unable to penetrate her genital shield, will draw predators to a female until she copulates
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# Kreuttal
**Kreuttal** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
The town is split into 4 localities (Ortschaft) (number of inhabitants in parentheses, October 2011): Hautzendorf (540), Hornsburg (183), Ritzendorf (25) and Unterolberndorf (673). The town council has 19 members and is made up of ÖVP (12), SPÖ (4) and the Austrian Green Party (3)
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# Litigation public relations
**Litigation public relations,** also known as litigation communications, is the management of the communication process during the course of any legal dispute or adjudicatory processing so as to affect the outcome or its impact on the client\'s overall reputation. The aims of litigation PR differ from general PR in that they are tied to supporting a legal dispute rather than general profile raising. Accordingly, there is a greater focus on the legal implications of any communications given the strategic aims and sensitive rules around disclosure during court proceedings. *The New York Times* reports that sophisticated litigation public relations efforts have included \"round-the-clock crisis P.R. response, efforts to shape internet search results, and a website with international reports and legal filings\" intended to support one side of the case. According to the international legal directory Chambers & Partners, as a result of the internet and social media, response must be faster and more strategic, since \"the reputational consequences of each legal move are magnified and amplified far beyond the courtroom walls. Planning, preparation and rapid response are all critical elements to ensure a litigation communications program that effectively supports high-profile, high-stakes legal matters.\"
## Background
The use of mass media to present a particular narrative to the public has been employed by both plaintiffs and prosecutors for a long time, but the formal practice of litigation PR, a sub-specialty of crisis communication, emerged in the United States in the early 1980s with Alan Hilburg, a pioneer in litigation communications representation of U.S. Tobacco in the Marsee case. Since then, the demand for litigation PR has expanded significantly as media coverage of court cases and legal disputes has increased. Parties to a lawsuit often have interests that expand beyond legal concerns. Negative publicity about a litigant can cause damage to an individual\'s reputation that persists even if they win the case itself. Thus, many seek to limit the negative publicity associated with their cases. Given the often complex matters which are the subject of litigation, practitioners need to digest and simplify these to ensure media and public interest in the story, without diluting any of the meaning in legal documents.
## Definition
Litigation PR is the management of the communication process before and during a legal dispute or adjudicatory processing so as to affect the outcome or its impact on the client\'s overall reputation.
## Objectives
One objective of litigation PR is to influence the outcome of the court case by encouraging early or favorable settlement or by pressuring the prosecution into bringing lesser or no charges.
Another objective is to protect the client\'s reputation before and during the trial. In this regard, litigation PR is similar to reputation management, managing public perception of an organization or individual, rather than information itself. A key aspect of reputation management is influencing attitude about the individual and corporation, which can encourage positive activation to the benefit of the organization.
Author Kathy Fitzpatrick identified six objectives of litigation public relations:
1. Counteracting negative publicity.
2. Making a client\'s viewpoint known.
3. Ensuring balanced media coverage.
4. Helping the media and the public understand complex legal issues.
5. Defusing a hostile environment.
6. Helping resolve the conflict
To achieve those objectives, the PR agent has to establish credibility with the media as an information source. The next step is to control the flow of information to the media to ensure the preferred narrative is disseminated. The third step is to develop a message that supports the client\'s position and spread that message to the media and the public.
## Media coverage {#media_coverage}
Litigation PR on the part of defendants, especially in high-profile cases, aims to counter the inherent bias in the media in favor of plaintiffs and prosecutors. When allegations are made public, the media often casts the lawsuit in terms of victim versus villain. News stories frequently lead with the plaintiff or prosecutors\' allegations. If the defendant\'s responses are included at all, they appear well into the story. Thus, the defendant is forced on the defensive from the outset. In such a situation, \"working with the media to create more balanced, accurate, and less sensational coverage of a lawsuit is a necessary element in defending high profile defendants\".
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# Litigation public relations
## Differences from other PR practices {#differences_from_other_pr_practices}
- Litigation PR is highly dependent on the media. Although the practice of PR involves more than just mediated communication, litigation PR remains dependent on the media. It is because of the media\'s increased attention to lawsuits that demand for litigation PR has grown among high-profile clients.
- Because typical public relations campaign strategies and tactics may not be appropriate and may even be harmful at certain times during a lawsuit, the legal strategy must take precedence.
- Litigation PR is more regulated than regular public relations because of the potential to prejudice the legal process. For example, practitioners must ensure that their work does not breach contempt of court laws.
- Litigation PR is directed with the emphasis of one-way, asymmetrical communication. Because the law is adversarial in nature, creating a win-lose situation, the goal of litigation PR is to reinforce the legal strategy and theory of the case to ensure victory and to reduce damage to the organization\'s credibility and reputation
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# Billy Beechers
**William Junior Beechers** (born 1 June 1987) is an English former professional footballer.
## Biography
Born in Oxford, Beechers joined the youth team at Oxford United, making his debut as a 59th-minute substitute in a match at Lincoln City on 5 February 2005. After playing four league games, he was loaned to Oxford City in November 2006, but was recalled in January 2007. He was released by Oxford in May 2007 and signed for Abingdon United in July 2007. He remained at Abingdon until signing for Oxford City in 2010
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# Kreuzstetten
**Kreuzstetten** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Les Riggs
**Leslie John Riggs** (30 May 1935 -- 29 December 2020) was an English professional footballer. He made over 350 Football League appearances, his most successful spells being spent with Gillingham and Newport County.
## Career
Although born in Portsmouth, Riggs came through the junior ranks with Gillingham and made his league debut in April 1954 at the age of just 18. He went on to make 152 appearances for the Kent club and was noted for his tough tackling and long throw-ins.
In 1958 Riggs moved to Newport County for a fee of £1,750, where he again racked up over 100 Football League appearances. In 1961 he was sold to Bury for £750 but could only manage 6 league starts at Gigg Lane due to injury before a move to Crewe Alexandra in 1963. Eighteen months later he returned to Gillingham, who were strengthening their side after promotion to Division Three, and made 18 further appearances for the Gills.
In October 1965 Riggs joined non-league Ramsgate as player-manager and later spent more than five years as manager of their near-neighbours Margate.
After leaving football in 1977 Riggs ran a guest house and later opened a sporting goods shop in Cliftonville which still bears his name. He lived in Broadstairs in retirement. He died on 29 December 2020, aged 85
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# Simulation theory of empathy
The **simulation theory of empathy** holds that humans anticipate and make sense of the behavior of others by activating mental processes that, if they culminated in action, would produce similar behavior. This includes intentional behavior as well as the expression of emotions. The theory says that children use their own emotions to predict what others will do; we project our own mental states onto others.
Simulation theory is not primarily a theory about empathy, but rather a theory of how people understand others---that they do so by way of a kind of empathetic response. This theory uses more biological evidence than other theories of mind, such as the theory-theory.
## Origin
Simulation theory is based in philosophy of mind, a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind and its relationship to the brain, especially the work of Alvin Goldman and Robert Gordon. The discovery of mirror neurons in macaque monkeys provides a physiological mechanism to explain the common coding between perception and action (see Wolfgang Prinz) and the hypothesis of a similar mirror neuron system in the human brain.
-
Since the discovery of the mirror neuron system, many studies have been carried out to examine the role of this system in action understanding, emotion, and other social functions.
## Development
Mirror neurons are activated both when actions are executed and when actions are observed. This function of mirror neurons may explain how people recognize and understand the states of others: they mirror the observed action in the brain as if they conducted the observed action.
Two sets of evidence suggest that mirror neurons in the monkey have a role in action understanding. First, the activation of mirror neurons requires biological effectors such as the hand or mouth. Mirror neurons do not respond to actions undertaken by tools like pliers. Mirror neurons respond to neither the sight of an object alone nor to an action without an object (intransitive action). Umilta and colleagues demonstrated that a subset of mirror neurons fired in the observer when a final critical part of the action was not visible to that observer. The experimenter showed his hand moving toward a cube and grasping it, and later showed the same action without showing the final grasping of the cube (the cube was behind an occluder). Mirror neurons fired in both scenarios. However mirror neurons did not fire when the observer knew that there was not a cube behind the occluder.
Second, responses of mirror neurons to the same action are different depending on context of the action. A single cell recording experiment with monkeys demonstrated the different level of activation of mouth mirror neurons when monkey observed mouth movement depending on context (ingestive actions such as sucking juice vs. communicative actions such as lip-smacking or tongue protrusions). An fMRI study also showed that mirror neurons respond to the action of grasping a cup differently depending on context (to drink a cup of coffee vs. to clean a table on which a cup was placed).
Since mirror neurons fire both for someone watching an action and someone completing an action, they may only predict actions, not beliefs or desires.
### Emotion understanding {#emotion_understanding}
Shared neural representation for a motor behavior and its observation has been extended into the domains of feelings and emotions. Not only observations of movements but also those of facial expressions activate the same brain regions that are activated by direct experiences. In an fMRI study, the same brain regions activated when people imitated and observed emotional facial expressions such as happy, sad, angry, surprise, disgust, and afraid.
Observing video clips that displayed facial expressions indicating disgust activated the neural networks typical of direct experience of disgust. Similar results have been found in the case of touch. Watching movies in which someone touched legs or faces activated the somatosensory cortex for direct feeling of the touch. A similar mirror system exists in perceiving pain. When people see other people feel pain, people feel pain not only affectively, but also sensorially.
These results suggest that understanding another\'s feelings and emotions is driven not by cognitive deduction of what the stimuli means but by automatic activation of somatosensory neurons. A recent study on pupil size directly demonstrated emotion perception as an automatic process modulated by mirror systems. When people saw sad faces, pupil sizes influenced viewers in perceiving and judging emotional states without explicit awareness of differences of pupil size. When pupil size was 180% of original size, people perceived a sad face as less negative and less intense than when pupil was smaller than or equal to original pupil size. This mechanism was correlated with brain regions implicated in emotion processing, such as the amygdala. Viewers mirror the size of their own pupils to those of sad faces they watch. Considering that pupil size is beyond voluntary control, the change of pupil size upon emotion judgment is a good indication that understanding emotions is automatic process. However, the study could not find that other emotional faces, such as faces displaying happiness and anger, influence pupil size as sadness did.
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# Simulation theory of empathy
## Development
### Epistemological role of empathy {#epistemological_role_of_empathy}
Based on findings from neuroimaging studies, de Vignemont and Singer proposed empathy as a crucial factor in human communication: \"Empathy might enable us to make faster and more accurate predictions of other people\'s needs and actions and discover salient aspects of our environment.\" Mental mirroring of actions and emotions may enable humans to understand other\'s actions and their related environment quickly, and thus help humans communicate efficiently.
In an fMRI study, a mirror system has been proposed as common neural substrate that mediates the experience of basic emotions. Participants watched video clips of happy, sad, angry, and disgusted facial expressions, and researchers measured their empathy quotient (EQ). Specific brain regions relevant to the four emotions were found to be correlated with the EQ while the mirror system (i.e., the left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus/premotor cortex) was correlated to the EQ across all emotions. The authors interpreted this result as an evidence that action perception mediates face perception to emotion perception.
## Empathy for pain {#empathy_for_pain}
A paper published in *Science* challenges the idea that pain sensations and mirror neurons play a role in empathy for pain. Specifically, the authors found that activity in the anterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex (two regions known to be responsible for the affective experience of pain) was present both when one\'s self and when another person were presented with a painful stimulus, but the rest of the pain matrix responsible for sensation was not active. Furthermore, participants merely saw the hand of another person with the electrode on it, making it unlikely that \"mirroring\" could have caused the empathic response. However, a number of other studies, using magnetoencephalography and functional MRI have since demonstrated that empathy for pain does involve the somatosensory cortex, which supports the simulation theory.
-
-
-
Support for the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex being the neural substrates of empathy include Wicker et al., 2003 who report that their \"core finding is that the anterior insula is activated both during observation of disgusted facial expressions and during the emotion of disgust evoked by unpleasant odorants.\"`{{r|Wicker2003|p=655}}`{=mediawiki}
Furthermore, one study demonstrated that \"for actions, emotions, and sensations both animate and inanimate touch activates our inner representation of touch.\" They note, however that \"it is important at this point to clarify the fact that we do not believe that the activation we observe evolved in order to empathize with other objects or human beings\"`{{r|auto1|p=343}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Simulation theory of empathy
## Empathy activating altruism {#empathy_activating_altruism}
This model states that empathy activates only one interpersonal motivation: altruism. Theoretically, this model makes sense, because empathy is an other-focused emotion. There is an impressive history of research suggesting that empathy, when activated, causes people to act in ways to benefit the other, such as receiving electric shocks for the other.
- These findings have often been interpreted in terms of empathy causing increased altruistic motivation, which in turn causes helping behavior
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# Victor Goddard
Air Marshal **Sir Robert Victor Goddard**, `{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCB|CBE|DL}}`{=mediawiki} (6 February 1897 -- 21 January 1987) was a senior commander in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War.
Goddard is perhaps best known for his interest in paranormal phenomena; he claimed to have witnessed a clairvoyant incident in 1946 on which the feature film *The Night My Number Came Up* (1955) was later based.
## Early life {#early_life}
Goddard was born at Wembley the son of Dr Charles Goddard. After attending St George\'s School, Harpenden, he went to the Royal Naval Colleges at Osborne and Dartmouth. He served as a midshipman in the first year of the First World War and in 1915 joined the Royal Naval Air Service. At this time he met his lifelong friend Barnes Wallis. His duties included patrolling for submarines in dirigibles; he claims that during this period he was responsible for the creation of the term \"blimp\". In 1916, he commanded airship reconnaissance flights over the Somme battlefield.
## Between the wars {#between_the_wars}
In 1921, Goddard was selected to read engineering at Jesus College, Cambridge and then studied at Imperial College London before returning to Cambridge in 1925 as an instructor to the university\'s air squadron. After graduating from the Royal Naval Staff College in 1929, he commanded a bomber squadron in Iraq. He returned to England in 1931 as chief instructor of the officers\' engineering course. He was then at the Staff College until 1935 when he was appointed deputy director of intelligence at the Air Ministry. He held this post until the outbreak of the Second World War.
Goddard later claimed to have had a clairvoyant episode in 1935, at RAF Drem, in Scotland. He claimed that he had been flying a mission to inspect the airfield at Drem which was decommissioned at the time. After flying through some rough weather he emerged to see the airfield seemingly fully operational with planes and attending crew. He noted that he observed a number of yellow planes, one being a monoplane he could not identify. He also saw a number of mechanics in blue overalls which also did not fit with RAF operations at the time as mechanics wore tan overalls. In the following years the airfield at Drem was reactivated, the RAAF began painting their training planes yellow and changed the mechanics uniforms to blue, exactly as Victor had observed years prior. Victor\'s account of this event has been referred to as a potential real time slip.
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# Victor Goddard
## Second World War {#second_world_war}
Goddard went with the British Expeditionary Force to France in 1939. He was made senior air staff officer in the following year and played a major part in preserving British air assets in the face of the German attacks. When he returned he became director of military cooperation at the Air Ministry, responsible for modernising air support and airborne forces in the RAF. He also made regular air war broadcasts on the BBC.
In September 1941, shortly before the attack on Pearl Harbor, he was appointed as Air Commodore Chief of the Air Staff, Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF). As commander of the RNZAF in the South Pacific, and the only British commander in the region, he was prominent in the operations against the Japanese initial advance. Under Admiral Halsey, US Navy, he commanded the RNZAF in the Battle of Guadalcanal and the Solomon Islands campaigns, for which he was awarded the American Navy Distinguished Service Medal. In the 1943 King\'s Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath.
Goddard was posted to India in 1943, to take charge of administration for the air command of South East Asia Command (SEAC). He remained in the role until 1946 when he became the RAF\'s representative in Washington.
He claimed to have witnessed the clairvoyant experience of another officer, in China during January 1946. According to Goddard, he was at a party in Shanghai and scheduled to fly to Tokyo that same night, when he heard of another officer having a dream in which Goddard was killed in a plane crash. In the dream an aircraft was carrying Goddard, two other men and a woman, when it experienced difficulties with atmospheric icing, and crashed on a pebbled beach near mountains. That night Goddard was persuaded to take two men and a woman on the Douglas Dakota transport flying to Tokyo. As in the other\'s officer\'s dream, the Dakota plane iced over and was forced to make a crash-landing on the Japanese island of Sado; the crash scene, a pebbled beach near mountains, resembled that described in the dream. Unlike the dream, however, no-one was injured.
The story was published in *The Saturday Evening Post* of May 26, 1951, and the 1955 film, *The Night My Number Came Up*, was based on the incident. Michael Redgrave played Goddard, who was depicted in the film as becoming excited for a few seconds as the plane made its crash-landing. That reportedly annoyed Goddard, who had been proud of what he had seen as his unemotional behaviour.
## Later life {#later_life}
Goddard retired in 1951, and became principal of the College of Aeronautics, where he remained until 1954. He was also a governor of St George\'s School Harpenden and of Bryanston School and was president of the Airship Association from 1975 to 1984.
He encouraged Sir George Trevelyan to set up the Wrekin Trust, a body promoting \"spiritual education\" in 1971. It occupied much of his time in retirement. Through it he became convinced of the reality of the world of the spirit. He spent many years investigating, and lecturing on, flying saucers. On 3 May 1969, he gave a talk on UFOs at Caxton Hall in London, in which he defended the paraphysical hypothesis.
Goddard argued for extrasensory perception and other paranormal phenomena in his book *Flight Towards Reality* (1975). His claims are disputed by sceptics.
Goddard wrote the foreword to Muriel Dowding\'s 1980 autobiography and Allan Barham\'s *Strange to Relate* (1984).
## Family
Goddard married Mildred Catherine Jane Inglis, the daughter of Alfred Inglis and his wife Ernestine (Nina) Pigou (daughter of Francis Pigou, the Dean of Bristol), in 1924. Their daughter, Jane Helen Goddard, was married to Sir Robin Chichester-Clark
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# Socialist October
**Octubre Socialista** (*Octubre Socialista*) was a left-wing political party active in the province of Jaén, Spain.
## History
It was formed in 1986 by Alberto Fernández Malo, who broke away from the Spanish Socialist Workers\' Party (PSOE). Fernández had previous been a member of the Socialist Left, a leftist tendency inside PSOE. The party took part in founding the United Left (IU) in 1986.
In the 1993 parliamentary election Octubre Socialista got 540 votes (0.14% of the votes in the province). In the municipality of Torreperogil it obtained 211 votes (4.07%). In the city of Jaén, it obtained 125 votes (0.2%).
## Elections
### 1991 municipal election {#municipal_election}
Municipality Votes \% Seats
-------------- ------- -------- -------
Jaén 237 0.5% 0
Torreperogil 481 10.71% 1
### 1995 municipal election {#municipal_election_1}
Municipality Votes \% Seats
-------------- ------- -------- -------
Jaén 216 0.37% 0
Torreperogil 929 18
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# List of Beet the Vandel Buster characters
The *Beet the Vandel Buster* manga series and its adaptations feature an extensive cast of characters created by Riku Sanjo and Koji Inada.
## The Beet Warriors {#the_beet_warriors}
### Beet
:
Beet is a young boy who has always desired to be the strongest Buster. He aspires to be like his heroes, the Zenon Warriors, who are known as the strongest of all Busters. However, unknown to Beet, the leader of the Zenon Warriors is his brother. When Beet was a baby, Zenon wanted Beet to stay away from the path he chose, wanting him to live a life of peace which he tried to give him. One day, Beet told his heroes he had become a Buster, they quickly told him to quit, telling him he was not fit for such a thing. Beet, however, believed that Busters are fighters for justice and continued the hard Buster life. However, due to a fight with Beltorze, the \"King of Tragedy\", one of the strongest Vandels, the Zenon Warriors were critically hit. To make things worse, Beet showed up to the fight, trying to cheer his heroes. Beltorze saw Beet and rapidly took him as a hostage and mortally wounded him. Seeing this horror, the Zenon Warriors became distracted and were hit by Beltorze\'s most powerful attack, the Phantom Explosion. Thus, after receiving such an attack, they were left at a critical state. Worst of all, Beet was about to die. To save his life, they decided to give up their lives and give Beet part of their souls which were sealed in their Saiga, the power symbol of a Buster. Beet reluctantly tries to stop this; however, he is finally told that Zenon is his brother, and in a dramatic moment, Beet sees his heroes leave to try to defeat Beltorze- even without any Divine Power or Saiga. Seeing them leave, Beet promises that he will become the strongest Buster and end the suffering Vandels cause to the world.
Thus Beet grows over three years and begins learning to handle his gift, and founds the Beet Warriors to end the Dark Century. Beet is not particularly intelligent (something to which he openly admits) but he has a good heart. He is not able to use Divine Power as most of his fellow Busters can, which sometimes makes Beet ashamed, though his amazing use of Saiga show that Beet is truly at another level. Beet also has the ability to stay awake for three days, after which he falls into an almost comatose sleep for one day. He is a reckless prodigy on the battlefield, defeating strong monsters and Vandels (just barely) relying on his Saiga, his will to complete his goal, his luck, and his friends. Many, however, believe that such luck might also show that Beet has true strength within him- something that he has not truly developed. Beet is angry that other Busters are mostly corrupt, since he believes that they must protect others at all times. He likes to help people and never asks for money in return, except the Buster reward money which is given when you defeat a Vandel or level up. Since he does not use money, he usually camps in the wilderness and eats bugs which are free- much to his teammates\' dismay. Voiced by: Reiko Kiuchi (Japanese), Colleen Clinkenbeard (Main) & Tiffany Grant (Younger) (English)
Currently, Beet has a one-star bounty on his head, although this knowledge has only been released to the seven-star vandels. These Vandels drew cards to determine the order of who gets to attempt to kill Beet. This bounty was placed on his head after he managed to kill Grineed.
Riku Sanjo and Koji Inada said that they gave Beet a name related to the chest since Beet releases a saiga and that they wanted to convey \"the meaning of excitement for adventure\" as in \"beat from the heart.\" The two decided to spell his name \"Be*e*t\" as they felt two es would make the name \"visually energetic.\"
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# List of Beet the Vandel Buster characters
## The Beet Warriors {#the_beet_warriors}
### Poala
:
Poala is Beet\'s childhood friend. Sanjo and Inada said that she represents the \"average person living in the Century of Darkness\" and the character \"closest\" to \"the readers.\"
Beet\'s so-called future wife that joins Beet in his adventure. Her family adopted Beet after Zenon left Beet to fight against Vandels. Poala has looked over Beet since they were very young, being critically harsh on his mistakes and wanting him to think reasonably which, of course, he does not do most of the time. When Beet leaves for his training in the outside world, Poala decides to become a Buster herself to protect her town from the menaces which arise. She is a tough, tomboyish girl that is ready to get her hands dirty in a fight with Vandels. She also has a crush on Beet. She\'s a reasoning person and does not understand how Beet can be calm and collected in very tough times such as fighting against tough Vandels. Also, she\'s the brains of the Beet Warriors, keeping everything about the group in her special diary. She is also the money manager, though sometimes she spends the money to "help" the group by buying all sorts of weapons. She likes to use the Divine Power of fire, specifically fireballs. Poala does not like to eat bugs or rough it, and sometimes hates camping with Beet because of his weird schedule, yet this is a major part of survival while busting. Currently in volume 12, Poala is revealed to be recovering from a life and death situation after the Vandel Baron\'s baptizing attack. The shot missed her heart by mere centimeters.
Her favored weapons are a pair of short swords and an arm-mounted armored gun. Her strongest power is the Divine Attack of Fire and its powerful Burst End technique. Fired at point blank range, this attack can annihilate even the toughest targets. She discovered this move in the battle with Grineed, in which it completely annihilated the Vandel\'s arm. Although she has not yet materialized a saiga, it is likely that the saiga she materializes will be fire-based, reflecting her ultimate Burst End technique and the writer\'s probable goal to have all five elements represented in the saiga of the Beet Warriors. Voiced by: Ai Maeda (Japanese), Luci Christian (English)
Sanjo and Inada said that Poala\'s name stems from *poitrine*, the French word for chest. The two said \"it would be nice\" if they could write *Beet the Vandel Buster* via her point of view.
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# List of Beet the Vandel Buster characters
## The Beet Warriors {#the_beet_warriors}
### Kissu
:
Beet\'s best friend and partner, Beet met Kissu two years into his training, and was amazed with Kissu\'s abilities. Kissu is different from other Busters because he is a master of all five types of Divine Power, while most Busters only use one. He is also exceptionally intelligent and able to notice even the smallest details and find a solution to complicated problems in a matter of seconds. He is not confident with himself and is wary of living up to his dreams but he wants to be bolder like Beet. Therefore, one day Beet and Kissu decide to make goals they wish to achieve. Beet\'s goal is to end the Dark Century, while Kissu decides to be the world\'s greatest master of the Divine Attack. Though it was time for both to take different paths, Beet went on with his training, defeating all kinds of Vandels. Kissu, meanwhile, decided to join another Buster team which took him in. As they traveled, Kissu was always treated as a weakling by his peers, until one day, a powerful Vandel appeared and challenged them. Seeing that the Vandel was beyond their powers, the team told Kissu to distract the Vandel with his Divine Attack while the others prepared a devastating attack to eliminate it. Kissu accepted and attacked the Vandel with all he had, which was useless. When he turned back to give the signal of attack, his partners were escaping-Kissu was used as a sacrificial lamb. Shocked, Kissu stood there while the Vandel struck the team with his power, killing them. To his surprise, the Vandel spared him since he was brave enough to attack him. As his partners had attempted to escape, the Vandel granted them death instead. Devastated, Kissu started to ponder the nature of humans. He traveled without direction until he stopped at a Vandel ruin, admiring them and beginning think how noble Vandels truly were. That was when he met Grineed, who was amazed that a human was looking at Vandel ruins. Seeing this, he took advantage of Kissu and decided to take him as his henchman, placing on him a poisonous bracelet, the symbol of Grineed\'s influence over Kissu. Kissu stayed with Grineed and obeyed every order that was given him, until one day, the one person that had changed his life came back-Beet. Then, he became ambiguous as to which side to stick with: the Vandel\'s or Beet\'s? After Beet defeated Frausky, Grineed\'s henchman, they were attacked by Rozzgoat, another powerful Vandel under Grineed. During the battle, he stood between Rozzgoat and a weakened Beet. At this point he decided that he would never leave his friend and would fulfill his dreams alongside him.
After the team defeated Rozzgoat, Kissu rapidly joins the Beet Warriors, being the long range Divine Attacker. He complains and pities himself sometimes as they travel, since he was out of shape, not being able to use Divine Power for two years. Though, when he is confident in himself, Kissu and Beet are an unstoppable team. However, serving under a Vandel is considered a serious crime, and Kissu is wanted by the Buster Association. After the Beet Warriors destroy Grineed, the Broad Buster Milfa sees the faith Kissu\'s team has in him and decides to escort the Beet Warriors to Kissu\'s trial.
Kissu\'s fighting style consists of using all five forms of Divine Attack (Fire, Wind, Water, Thunder, Light) to nail his enemies at long-range. To make it work properly, he throws arrows of light that secretly carry another Divine Power within them, making it hard to predict for his opponents what kind of Divine Attack it ultimately is. In addition, he\'s skilled at manipulating the Divine Attack of wind around his body as a shield. He has a favored final attack, Tengeki of Ice Shockwave (Frozen Wave of Divine Blue in the English manga), which pierces foes with an arrow of ice, freezing them completely. This, coupled with his genius-level intellect makes him a formidable Buster and asset to Beet\'s team. Although he has not yet materialized a saiga, it is likely that the saiga he materializes will be water-based, reflecting his ultimate technique and the writer\'s probable goal to have all five elements represented in the saiga of the Beet Warriors. Voiced by: Aya Hisakawa (Japanese)
Kissu is currently suffering severely from the reappearance of the Vandel who spared his life: Baron. His subconscious fear of Baron caused him to do what he has vowed never to do again- leave Beet.
### Milfa
:
Milfa is a young Broad Buster. (Broad Busters are like police for Vandel Busters, hunting down buster who break laws.) She may seem to be a naive and weak girl, but she is incredibly strong since Broad Busters are considered to be the strongest Buster force. However, as Level Forty is the minimum to be a BB and Milfa is only in the low forties, she is still technically a rookie Broad Buster. She is very flirtatious with Beet. After she sees his Saiga she realizes that he has inherited the Saiga of the Zenon Warriors. She considers Beet\'s encounter a \"meeting of fate\" because she idolized Zenon from childhood, and believes Beet will grow up to be just like him. Beet is impressed by her fighting skills, but does not understand her flirting. Milfa also falls in love with Kissu after he saves her and displays his amazing Divine Attack uses. Milfa mostly fights with martial arts. She fights with the Divine Power of Lightning, focusing it on herself like a lightning rod with devastating results (lightning armor or aura of sorts). Milfa has a huge Saiga called the Lightbolt Grasper, usable as a huge clamp to grapple larger enemies. Milfa considers Poala to have great potential, and together, Lightning and Fire make a wonderful team with Milfa as the mentor. Has recently started hitting on Slade, dropping hints such as revealing her rather large breasts to him in the guise of showing her level. She does, however, express disdain toward Slade because he is \"no fun,\" and in volume 12 does a great deal to support a broken Kissu.
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# List of Beet the Vandel Buster characters
## The Beet Warriors {#the_beet_warriors}
### Slade
:
Slade, by nature, is an assassin. He met Beet while he was on his three-year journey, around the 2nd or 3rd year. The two are rivals to each other, but not in an angry sort of way. In the present story, he meets Beet and Poala at a port town, which later becomes the battlefield where Beet and Belltoze later fight. After said fight, he impressively holds off Belltoze from killing a weakened Beet. After a long fight, Belltoze eventually defeats him, throwing him into a building and breaking an entire wall. Slade, like Beet, uses spears when fighting. He is especially skilled at using Divine Wind, normally creating small wind shuriken or using tornadoes to attack. His strongest attack is called \"tengeki of tornado,\" where he creates an enormous tornado surrounding his enemy. He then uses his Saiga, \"Silent Grave,\" to slash at his opponent. All the while, he is moving so fast in the whirlwind that he cannot be seen. His personality is best described as quiet, not talking or doing unnecessary actions. He is basically the opposite of Beet.
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# List of Beet the Vandel Buster characters
## Zenon Warriors {#zenon_warriors}
### Zenon
:
Leader of the Zenon Warriors, a group of Vandel Busters. He is Beet\'s elder brother and is considered to be one of the strongest Busters of all time. At the beginning of the story Zenon is against Beet becoming a Vandel Buster since he left Beet in the care of Poala\'s parents to live a peaceful life in the Age of Darkness. But when Beet is mortally wounded by the Vandel Beltorze, \"The King of Tragedy\", Zenon and the other four Zenon Warriors give Beet their Saiga to save his life and fulfill his vow to end the Age of Darkness.
He is a swordsman whose Divine Power is Light and wields the Excellion Blade, a huge white sword with wings on the inside edge. His signature move is the \"Zenon Winzard\", an attack where Zenon leaps in the air and, once he is close enough to the Vandel, Zenon slashes vertically, making this an unstoppable move for any normal Vandel. Beltorze admitted that it took his full power to block and it still cut halfway through his arm. The Excellion Blade has the ability to control gravity which allows the user to move faster and jump higher.
The Excellion Blade is one of the Saiga Beet has not yet mastered. Even though he can materialize it and slash enemies, it is still not complete. This is evident in his fight with Beltorze\'s phantom in Volumes 2 and 3 of the manga when he tries to use the \"Zenon Windzard\" against him, but it ends up shattering after he strikes Beltorze, showing the long way he still has left to be able to completely use the Saiga.
Shagi makes a cryptic statement about Beet having \"that power.\" This has yet to be explained. Zenon makes a similar statement himself in the first volume, when Poala\'s parents tell him of Beet\'s odd sleeping habits. Zenon\'s inner dialogue reveals that a Buster\'s strength is connected to their sleep, and ponders if Beet could have that much more power.
In volume 11, Shagi\'s hint about Beet having a mysterious power is revealed by Cruss retelling the result of the battle between the Zenon Warriors and Beltorze 3 years ago. Zenon has the unique ability to summon forth more Divine power of light in a fashion similar to Milfa\'s technique where she strikes and envelopes herself with the Divine power of Lightning for melee fighting. But Zenon\'s ability grants him the power at the cost of his existence. It was considered so powerful and dangerous that King Gransist sealed it away, but Zenon unlocks it during his fight with Beltorze by somehow moving a tattoo of a key on his arm into his chest- the same area from where saiga are produced. He comments that this may have been the power to unleash his saiga to the next step.
During the fight, Beltorze copied this very ability and seemed to release the rare Dark Power called Sorcery. In volume 11 Beltorze commented that someone opened a gap in space and time and scattered the zenon warriors around the world so Zenon may be set to appear in later volumes. Voiced by: Hikaru Midorikawa (Japanese)
### Alside
:
A member of the Zenon Warriors. He has a calm demeanor, and silent presence. He usually does not talk and mostly meditates to "unify" himself with his soul. He is the long distance fighter of the group. He uses a gun, his Divine Power is Wind, and he uses the Saiga Cyclone Gunner.
The Cyclone Gunner is the third Saiga Beet starts to master. At first, the Saiga is hard for Beet to use because he can only fire one shot in comparison with Alside, who could fire lots of bullets. At first Beet though it was the difference of Tenryoku they both had which limited Beet\'s number of shots. After his second fight with the Vandel Frausky he realizes he has to synchronize his breathing with the Cyclone Gunner (since it breathes air, this explains why Alside could shoot consecutive times without having to reload) in order to shoot an unlimited number of bullets- in fact, in Beet\'s words, the Gunner has no bullets to begin with. Using this knowledge, Cyclone Gunner becomes a mighty weapon in Beet\'s arsenal. The Cyclone Gunner has a secondary form where it fires a thin beam of power and can accurately hit enemies that are far away, almost like a sniper\'s weapon. This secret ability enables Beet to simultaneously kill the Vandels Ventura and Frausky when they were far off, flying into the sunset. In volume 11 Beltorze commented that someone opened a gap in space and time and scattered the zenon warriors around the world so he may appear in later volumes.
### Laio
:
A member of the Zenon Warriors. He is the lead attacker, using a spear as his weapon. His Divine Power is Fire, and his Saiga is the Burning Lance. He teaches Beet Sohjutsu (the art of spears) and as a result, the spear is Beet\'s preferred weapon. In the anime Laio is known as \"the Master of Spears\" which goes to show how well known the Zenon Warriors are. At first it seems like Laio is annoyed by Beet, but in reality he really cares about him. He is even amazed on how Beet changed when he became a Buster, admiring his dream and his will to become as strong as the group.
The Burning Lance is one of the first Saiga Beet begins to master at the start of the series, since his main weapon is a spear. Beet can power up the Lance using his divine power called (though if Beet tries to use the Divine Attack of Fire without the Burning Lance, he ends up burning his own hand) and can make it stretch to unbelievable heights similar to Son Goku\'s nyoi-bou from the story \"Journey to the West\". The Burning Lance also has the ability to change into a twin-headed spear, though Beet has not yet used this particular power. He uses this mortal weapon many times, relying on its strength to defeat many Vandels.
In the manga the Winged Knight was able to use Laio\'s saiga but it is believed by some anime fans that Laio may be Winged Knight seeing as the Winged Knight he was able to use a form that Beet never saw before where Burning Lance had two heads. In volume 11 Beltorze commented that someone opened a gap in space and time and scattered the zenon warriors around the world so in later volumes Winged knight may prove to be Laio or if not he may appear as himself in later volumes.
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# List of Beet the Vandel Buster characters
## Zenon Warriors {#zenon_warriors}
### Cruss
A member of the Zenon Warriors. He is the defender and the healer of the group. He uses a shield (which is attached to a chain and can be used as an offensive weapon), his Divine Power is Water, and his Saiga is the Crown Shield. Cruss can use his Saiga or his normal shield to heal his teammates of poison one of his special abilities.
The Crown Shield is the second saiga Beet begins to master. At first, Beet considered Crown Shield useless for attack and only served to be a defense object. After Beet\'s first fight with Beltorze, he remembers Cruss teaching him that he should use offense and defense with a shield. He also remembers that Cruss used his shield to heal Laio of a poison he was infected with when they fought a Vandel earlier that day. Beet uses the Crown Shield to save Poala from one of Grineed\'s poisonous arrows.
When Beltorze finds him he thinks that Beet would be trembling in fear. But instead Beet had an idea of defeating him, he told Beltorze that in their first fight he used too many Saiga, so instead he should just rely on one and fight aggressively with it, so Beet decides to fight with the Crown Shield, which he declares the best Saiga to use against Beltorze. To Beltorze\'s surprise, Beet turns the Saiga into a spiked ball and begins to hammer him. When Beltorze tries to use his most powerful Dark Attack, the \"Phantom Explosion\", Beet turns the Crown Shield back into its shield form, deflecting the attack and killing the phantom Beltorze. After the fight, Beet realizes had he not interfered in the fight three years ago between Beltorze and the Zenon Warriors, Cruss would not have broken formation and they would have won.
In Volume 8, Beet finds out that Cruss is still alive, but he has lost his memory and cannot use his arms any more. Cruss is living as a painter, now named Cain, in the service of the leader of the country of Bekatrute. In Volume 9, he was captured by Garonewt to be used as a hostage against Beet. It also seems that Cruss is slowly regaining his memories, as evident when he saw an image of a younger Poala when she saved him, and remembered his battle with Beltorze when Beet spoke his name. It should also be known that there is a painting of Beltorze hanging up in his studio. Cruss mentioned that he continuously sees this portrait in his dreams.
### Bluezam
:
Bluezam was the muscle of Zenon Warriors. Bluezam\'s Divine Attack was Thunder and his Saiga was the Boltic Axe. Being so strong, Bluezam could make Vandels fly with only one swing of his axe. The Boltic Axe was a massive weapon with incredible power which only Bluezam could use. When Bluezam was about to die, he was the first to give up his Saiga, showing his golden heart.
The Saiga which Beet used the least was his Boltic Axe. One reason for this was its incredible and difficult-to-handle power level. In Volume 6, Beet told Poala that if he ever had to use it, she should run away as quickly as possible because he did not know the effects. Another reason is that it took him some time to materialize it: exactly twelve seconds. Because of these reasons, the Boltic Axe was only used by Beet as a last resort. He was able to control it to some extent, as was evidenced by his fight with Grineed. In Volume 7, he used the Boltic Axe to cut off the villain Grineed\'s horn when he was in his true form, because the axe was the only weapon with enough power to hurt him. However, his inexperience with the Saiga almost made him destroy the battlefield completely. Later, however, in volume 8, Beet remarks that he can aim and use the axe very well, as evidenced in his battle against Balleus, the newfound skill probably a result of the battle against Grineed. In volume 11 Beltorze commented that someone opened a gap in space and time and scattered the zenon warriors around the world so Bluezam may still be alive and be set to appear in later volumes. Voiced by: Bob Carter (English)
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# List of Beet the Vandel Buster characters
## Others
### The Winged Knight {#the_winged_knight}
:
It is unknown who this Buster really is. He seems to know a lot about Beet, Saiga and the Zenon Warriors. He also is able to use Laio\'s Saiga better than Beet can. It is possible that he may be one of the Zenon Warriors, but Beet falls asleep before learning whether this is the case or not. Speculations about his battle with Beet can conclude that he may be Zenon. In the anime the winged knight sounds a lot like Zenon. He may also be Alside considering his skill with a gun and his body size. Further evidence that he is one of the Zenon warriors (most possibly Zenon) when, in volume 12, he was asked if he had a saiga and replied \"not right now,\" a possible reference to the Zenon Warriors\' missing saiga- though it is not known whether this is not the case for any other Busters. Right now he seems to be destroyed by Sir Baron when he dissipates into divine power, hence hinting at his possible identity as Zenon.
### Jiiku
:
(Anime-only): Jiiku, leader of the Jiiku Warriors and yet another one of Beet\'s rivals. However, Jiiku, unlike Slade, has the same views as Beet on what Busters should truly be like, as he was saved by the Zenon Warriors when he was a kid. Believing he should be Zenon\'s successor, he tends to loathe Beet for having inherited the Zenon Warriors\' Saiga. Naturally, he\'s always eager to show he\'s better than Beet. Besides his arrogance and pride, he also has a weakness for pretty much any girl he meets. Due to this he instantly fell in love with both Poala and Milfa when he first met them. His two teammates are Ryuku and Raku, twins who use spears while he favors swords. He fights with the Divine Power of Fire, but usually just uses his fire Saiga \"Blaster Edge\", which is a special sword that can both fire smaller blades attached to it and have its blade ignite. Although he uses Divine Fire, he almost always fights with his saiga. While at first he really did not like Beet at all, he eventually did develop some respect for him when he learned how much the Beet Warriors believed in him. He is an anime original character and does not show up in the manga.
### Ryuku
:
(Anime only): Ryuku is one of the members of the Jiiku warriors, who mainly uses a spear and the Divine Power of Water. He can fire compressed balls of water that explode against his opponents, but he mainly uses the Divine Power of Ice to freeze his opponents. He is also able to flow ice tengeki through the tip of his spear, which he freezes his opponents with. The twins normally serve as Jiiku\'s backups, and they really never are shown fighting by themselves or are highlighted in fights.
### Raku
(Anime only): The twin brother of Ryuku and the third member of the Jiiku warriors. He, like his brother, uses spears in combat, but fights with the Divine Power of Fire, like Jiiku. He uses his Divine Fire in average ways, like fireballs, conjuring it through his spear, etc. He and his brother are the Jiiku\'s backups, so they mainly come in when he needs help.
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# List of Beet the Vandel Buster characters
## Vandels
:
Riku Sanjo and Koji Inada said that they did not base the Vandels on any particular mythology. The two approached the creation as if they were making a \"new myth.\" They developed each character from one purpose or idea \"as an axis.\" The fears of vampires and devils inspired the \"image source\" of the Vandels.
### Mugine
:
A Vandel that terrorized the hometown of Beet and Poala while Beet trained, and was the first one Beet destroyed in the manga. He is composed entirely of mud, fitting as he resides in a rotting swamp. Mugine\'s pride lies in his intelligence, and he enjoys making complicated plans and calculations to rid himself of his enemies. This Vandel has an apparent preference of the water element, using mostly water monsters as his servants. However, he also employs drawmen and drawmasters in his plots. Mugine enjoys poisoning areas with his mud lizard-filled black bogs, and had infected many areas before he was defeated. To attack, he absorbs water and turns it into a long, sharp blade, though he has created blades without water. Being composed of liquid, he can detach parts of his body and use them to immobilize his opponents. After being sliced in half by Beet, he regenerated his lost abdomen by consuming his monsters and fusing them into his body. In this state, he could create multiple blades from the crack between the halves of his body and spin them in a buzzsaw fashion. He was destroyed by the efforts of Beet and Poala outside the Gate of their town, ironically with the water-based Crown Shield\'s light.
### Ventura
:
Ventura deserves mention by virtue of his sheer pitifulness. It seems unlikely that he obtained any of his stars without Grineed\'s help. Poala maimed and pummeled him without even using divine attacks. He boasts and bluffs then grovels like the worm he is when things go wrong. He is vain, cowardly and spiteful. Grineed made him his servant so he must be good for something, bonus material says he functions as a spy. He is without a doubt the weakest Vandel seen so far. He was killed, along with Frausky, by Beet, using the Cyclone Gunner\'s \"sniper\" mode, while running away.
### Frausky
:
Frausky is one of Grineed\'s lackeys, said to be his strongest. Unlike Rozzgoat who is a dark attack specialist or Grineed who crushes his opponents with his fist, Frausky relies of the unique properties of his body. His right hand and forearm turn into a pistol that fire biological bullets that are generated inside his body giving him effectively unlimited ammo. His right arm works as a cannon firing bombs and he can launch a bunch of needles from his hair. Most formidable of all is his ability to withstand and recover from damage. Frausky has what he calls a core; it\'s about the size of a golf ball, has a face on it, and two leaves sticking out of the top. Frausky can survive anything so long as his core is intact, although injuries may still reduce his fighting ability. The core is usually concealed and can be moved to any part of his body. If he finds himself in danger, he separates whatever part has the core then plants it in soil to grow a whole new body. This is usually done with his left arm so he will not lose his stars. The abandoned body explodes violently. The strangest thing about Frausky is his love for children and animals. He says that baby animals and humans have an aura of helplessness and that he cannot kill them. When Shagie questions him about killing Beet, who is a child, he says that humans are cute until they reach a certain size after that they are \"out of bounds\" and it is okay to kill them. He is killed with Ventura when Beet used Cyclone Gunner\'s \"sniper mode\".
### Beltorze
:
Slade called Beltorze \"that legendary monster.\" After his fight with Zenon and his squad, Beltorze is left weakened and unable to move. Therefore, he uses a phantom (puppet with his figure) to raid and kill innocent towns, people, and weaker Vandels. His phantom was beaten by Beet in an epic battle. This battle helped Beet grow in fame in the Vandel world and moreover become Beltorze\'s awaited enemy. Until that day, he had grown in power in the mountains as time passed. Shagi calls him the veteran who never moves. It seems as if he cannot move, but it is possible he just does not. He considers the Vandel scholar Noa his best friend as one who has the traits he lacks. Beltorze lives for challenges and loves to fight. He will be the fourth seven-star Vandel to try to kill Beet.
Sanjo and Inada said that Beltorze was not based on Japanese mythology or any particular mythology; they said that his design is based on a \"samurai\" or a \"general.\"
### Garonewt
:
A huge Vandel who, at first appearance, appears to be made of bricks, Garonewt uses his special ability gravi zone to render his opponents too heavy to move, then smashes them with his fists. His skill with Dark attacks seems limited to powering up his fist. He has thousands of stolen monsters stored in his body bricks. He can release them by breaking the bricks. He can also store other Vandels but only if all their stars are removed, but any wounds, no matter how dire, they have will heal. Creatures in the bricks generate no dark energy so they pass through the shield that extends above a city wall with no problem. He has two arm shields that, like his fists, are so hard that the Excellion Blade could barely scratch them with regular attacks. The left one turns into a launcher for his bricks. He is slated to challenge Beet first. (Although he rigged the contest to determine order to ensure that he would be the first.) In volume 10, in his battle against Beet and his group, Garonewt was able to get rid of every monster block inside of him, which increased his speed drastically. It is revealed in volume 11, that the 7 star Rodina has set it up. Using her skill with portals, she made sure that Garonewt went first. Although the first to die, Hystario has commented that Garonewt would\'ve been invincible if it weren\'t for his short fuse and tendency to cheat.
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# List of Beet the Vandel Buster characters
## Vandels
### Hystario
:
Other than the fact he plays the guitar, little is known about this seven star Vandel. He is to be the third 7 star to challenge Beet. As shown in volume 11, Hystario hides a blade in his guitar, which he draws against Baron. Whether this is the blade that earned him his title is still unknown as of this moment. In volume 11 the name of Hystario\'s technique is called Fang Style Transmigration. He seems to despise Baron and has a powerful rivalry with him. At the end of volume 11, he managed to pierce Baron\'s body with his sword by memorizing Baron\'s movements during an earlier confrontation. In volume 12 it is revealed that his \"Fang Style Transmigration\" is actually his sword, made of his bone, being transformed while in its sheath, then, as he draws his sword, the specially formed blade, in this case, flies off at pierces baron . His current status, as in volume 12, is incapacitated by Sir Baron. He was literally torn apart by the knight then hung on a tree by Noa, the Vandel Scholar.
### Lady Rodina {#lady_rodina}
:
Rodina is the first female Vandel to be seen in the story, and she might be the only one. She looks human and is rather cute. She claims that other Vandels often accuse her of acting human but she is a 7 star Vandel and that does not happen by being nice. Her specialty is creating portals to move herself or others quickly from one place to another. She saved Beet from Garonewt but only so he would not get an unfair jump on the other 7 stars. Her constant companion is Cynthia the margtin - a type of small nearly blind monster with retractable spines, sharp teeth and bottomless appetite for human flesh. She is to be the fifth and final 7 star to challenge Beet. In volume 11 she explains to Garonewt that she manipulated him and chose to go last. She crushes his head when he is about to completely crumble after taking him to her room and is watched by Shagie before leaving through the Door of Shimyaku. She also appears to have some thoughts about Kissu.
### Shagie
:
The Chief of the Dark House of Sorcery, Shagie is in charge of distributing stars and creating monsters. He appears in the form of a rabbit and most of the time seems happy, but has a bit of evil margining under his surface. None know whom he serves - elegance, Beltorze or even what he called the \"creator\". Shagie communicates with the creator (called the \"Eyes of Darkness\") in a secret room and seems to understand what the creator is saying. Often provides Vandels with information on Busters. Has the ability to create doors leading from one place to another. He answers to the Eyes of Darkness who created the Vandels. It is unknown just how powerful he really is. The filler anime suggest he has superior combat abilities as he is able to easily evade all of the vandel Vaus\' attacks.
### Noah
:
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: Said to have mastered all fields of study, Noa is what Grineed could only pretend to be\...an intellectual. He dislikes fighting and never sought to be a seven star Vandel. In his own words, \"I simply brushed off the sparks that landed on me and this is what I received.\" He created the Beltorze Phantom that Beet destroyed. He has withdrawn from the contest to kill Beet as he has no interest in being the 8 star Vandel. All he cares for are his studies. He is friends with Beltorze, and drew for him in the contest to determine order. It is also implied that he is in fact incredibly powerful, as evident when Beltorze said only fools cannot see the terrifying power in Noa. Noa wears what seem to be one half of a pair of spyglasses over his left eye. Whether it is there for reason or not is unknown, but it may be that this glass gives Noa some sort of power to predict what happens in a certain amount of time based on the current situation. Or it may be that this glass just does all the calculations for him. He may have a teleportation-like ability as he is able to appear instantly at Baron\'s stronghold to intervene on a potential fight between Hystario and Baron by stopping Hystario\'s secret technique. Another theory is that Noa has the ability to stop time, which would also explain his sudden appearance both when Baron and Hystario confronted each other and when the Beet Warriors fought Grineed.
### Grunide
:
The self-proclaimed Dark Green Tactician, Grineed is considered to be one of the top Vandels matching in strength even the mighty king Beltorze. He detests the violent nature of Vandels, especially his own, and tries to contain himself by encasing himself in a special shell. He uses poisons and henchmen to do his dirty work, typically, rather than fight himself. He took Kissu in because of his knowledge. He set him to the task of deciphering ruins which held the secrets of making monsters from the Earth\'s materials. Before his death, the monsters he created were 99% completed.
When angered, though (this can occur at provocations as small as a bad choice of words), Grineed shows the true nature of the creature beneath the shell. Provoked enough, the creature will burst free of his shell. In this form, known by the other Vandels as Bloody Beast Grineed, he is virtually indestructible and nightmarishly strong. Using his Peak Infuriation attack a.k.a. Fierce Wave of Infuriated Steel in the manga, he can create a powerful blast with deadly results. Unlike other Vandels who view humans as a source of amusement, Grineed seems to genuinely hate them. He is defeated by the Boltic Axe, teamwork of the 3 Beet Warriors, and Beet\'s surprising ability to use Divine Attacks. He was the main villain for almost the entire first season of the anime. According to the filler, Grineed is much stronger in his normally seen form probably because he is much calmer to use techniques that were usually berserk. Voiced by: Robert Brillantes (Filipino) Ryūzaburō Ōtomo (Japanese)
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# List of Beet the Vandel Buster characters
## Vandels
### Baron
Little is known about this seven star Vandel other than the fact he can fly. He has a unique sense of honor and was the one who spared Kissu while killing his previous Buster group. He will be the second seven star to try to kill Beet. He and Hystario have a powerful rivalry. He seems to prefer fighting humans more than his fellow Vandels and has a habit of letting promising Busters go in hopes that they return more powerful in order to fight him. According to Noa, this is why Hystario hates him. In Volume 11 he appears outside a village where Beet, Poala, and Kissu are staying and reveals his \"baptizing blow\" Fierce Celestial Palm, This is also the technique that slaughtered Kissu\'s former Buster team. He also is known as Sir Baron, due to being called \"sir\" by a defeated warrior who thought that Baron fought in a fair and honorable manner. In volume 12 it is revealed that under his mask lies his other brain, the violent and sadistic Zanga. Zanga awakens once a month, on the night of the red moon, and also asserts control if Baron is badly injured. He is currently fighting Kissu, who has regained his fighting spirit.
### Anime-only characters {#anime_only_characters}
#### Gilam
:
: The Raging Flame
: Status: Deceased
: Stars: 3
Using his monsters and his dark attacks, he terrorizes the humans of a small town. Right when he is about to kill a mother and her son using his Raging Inferno, Beet shows up and defends them. Then, Beet proceeds to defeat of Giluth\'s monster guards with the Excellion Blade to then fight against Giluth and his scythe. Beet is able to knock the scythe out of Giluth\'s hands and kill him with the Zenon Winzard.
Giluth specialized in fire-type Dark Attacks, including the Raging Inferno and the Expanding Fire. Giluth was also armed with a scythe.
#### Melmond
:
Known as Melmond of the Silver Demon Hand, Melmond draws out Busters and makes them bring out their Saigas. Once their Saiga is out, he traps them in the Circle of Hell and freezes them. He then takes their Saiga and adds it to his collection. Beet first encounters him after meeting Jiiku.
#### Zande
:
Zande first appeared with the intention of destroying the town of Uncruz, only for the reason of spiting the Vandel Beltorze who also wanted it destroyed. Beet, only a Level 1 Buster at the time, attempted to fight Zande, was an easy target for one of Zande\'s sword-throwing attacks. Beet was saved by Zenon, who then fought against Zande. Zande was able to cut through Zenon\'s sword but the rest of the Zenon Warriors came to Zenon\'s aid. Zande proved to be a formidable opponent for the Zenon Warriors, but their teamwork was able to badly damage him. Zande was ultimately killed by the Zenon and his Excellion Blade, using his attack Zenon Winzard.
Zande used Thunder-type Dark Attacks, along with the Right-Handed Thunder. Zande also used a sword made of electric energy which could be thrown as a spear as well.
#### Barasa
:
Barasa was a strong Vandel who had always wanted to control the Black Horizon. However, it was under the control of the stronger Vandel, Grineed. During Grineed\'s reign, Barasa put himself in a coma but awoke himself upon Grineed\'s death.
Immediately after awakening, Barasa captured the city of Termits by planting mushrooms which captured the humans living in the city. When the Beet Warriors entered the city, they found him killing a Vandel Buster, and immediately engaged him in a fight, but were overwhelmed by Barasa\'s extreme speed. Barasa then blackmailed the Beet Warriors by showing them that all the mushrooms surrounding them contained humans and that if the mushrooms were hit by their attacks, the humans in them would die. Barasa had also set up a cannon, whose powerful blasts were enough to send the Beet Warriors into the seas
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# Push press
A **push press** is a weight training exercise for the anterior head of the deltoid (shoulder).
## Execution
The push press is similar to the military press, in that the bar is held just above chest height and is pushed upwards before being lowered back down again; however, the movement is started by a \'push\' from the legs. This begins the momentum of the movement and helps with the lifting of the weight overhead. The bar is then slowly lowered back to the chest and the legs are slightly bent again ready to begin the next repetition. Alternatively, if the weight is so heavy that lowering it would be potentially unsafe, then it can be dropped from the overhead position onto surrounding padded flooring.
The push press can also be performed from behind the neck. These are sometimes not recommended though due to an increased risk of injury.
One-handed push presses can also be performed. These can help to increase core strength as it requires extra effort to stabilise the uncentred weight. In addition, as with other forms of unilateral work, they can help to reduce muscle imbalances in the body. For example, in a bilateral, two-handed push press, there may be an excessively large muscle imbalance meaning that the right side is performing 55% of the work and the left side 45%. By working each side individually, with the same weight, then it can be ensured that each side is performing the same amount of work, which in turn can help to reduce an excessive strength imbalance.
Push presses are also commonly performed with dumbbells and kettlebells.
## Purpose
The push press is used to help develop shoulder strength. It can be used to push past a sticking point or develop power for the Clean and Jerk (though \'pressing\' is illegal in competition). The ability to drive from the legs and through the torso to the arms is important for sports (this is also found in the bench press).
## Advantages
The push press can improve all over body coordination (though not to the extent of the weightlifting movements). It can also allow a trainee to use the eccentric portion of the exercise with a weight that may be too heavy for the concentric phase, thereby increasing strength.
## Drawbacks
As the momentum is initiated by the legs, the bottom portion of the range of motion may be under-developed compared to the middle and end portions. The entire range of motion is more reliably trained in a shoulder press. One method of training is to initiate lifting with a shoulder press, and then gradually turning it into a push press when the lifter no longer has the strength to lift it with his shoulders alone and does not want to train with a lighter weight
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# Hydraulic engine house, Bristol Harbour
The **Hydraulic engine house** is part of the \"Underfall Yard\" in Bristol Harbour in Bristol, England.
The octagonal brick and terracotta chimney of the engine house dates from 1888, and is grade II\* listed, as is the hydraulic engine house itself. It replaced the original pumping house which is now The Pump House public house. It is built of red brick with a slate roof and originally contained two steam engines made by the Worthington Corporation. These were compound surface condensing cylinders of 17.5 in diameter. These were replaced in 1907 by the current machines from Fullerton, Hodgart and Barclay of Paisley. It powered the docks\' hydraulic system of cranes, bridges and locks until 2010.
Water is pumped from the harbour to a header tank and then fed by gravity to the high pressure pumps, where it is pressurised thence raising the external hydraulic accumulator. This stores the hydraulic energy ensuring a smooth delivery of pressure and meaning that the pumps do not need to be running the whole time nor be capable of supplying the instantaneous peak demands. The working pressure is 750 lbs/square inch. The external accumulator was added about 1954 when the original inside the building\'s tower became difficult to service (but it remains in place). The building originally contained a pair of steam powered pumps however these were replaced with three electrically driven ones in 1907. The engine house provided the power for equipment such as the lock gates and cranes until 2010.
The visitor centre in the hydraulic power house opened in time for Easter 2016.
Image:Underfallyardhydraulicpowerhouse.JPG Image:Underfallyardhydraulicpowerhouseengine.JPG\|Fullerton, Hodgart and Barclay engine Image:Underfallyardexternalaccumulator
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# List of Action League Now! episodes
*Action League Now!* is a stop motion children\'s television series that was originally part of *All That* and then *KaBlam!* on Nickelodeon, and was later spun off into its own show. A total of 51 episodes have aired, with an average time of five minutes each. One episode, \"ThunderFlesh\", was shelved due to its adult content as it never appeared on *KaBlam!* itself.
## Shorts
### *All That* (1995) {#all_that_1995}
## Episodes
### Season 1 (1996) {#season_1_1996}
### Season 2 (1997) {#season_2_1997}
### Season 3 (1998) {#season_3_1998}
### Season 4 (1999--2000) {#season_4_19992000}
## Episodes (2001--2002) {#episodes_20012002}
This is a list of the *Action League Now!* episodes that aired as a whole series. These 30-minute blocks contained four shorts per airing, with activities such as \"Behind the Plastic\", \"Ask the League?\" and \"Action IQ\" placed in-between. The episode titles signified the subject matter of the shorts that were going to be seen (for example, \"Action League Rocks!\" contained four shorts that all had to do with music). Not all shorts were put into episodes.
As mentioned before, a majority of these shorts were previously seen on *KaBlam!*, and only two in total were brand new
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# Filip Ericsson
**Filip Ericsson** (May 25, 1882, Gothenburg -- December 25, 1951) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Kitty*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class
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# Dave Calloway
**David Vincent Calloway** (born October 7, 1968) is an American college basketball coach and the former head men\'s basketball coach at Monmouth University.
Raised in the Williamstown of Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey, Calloway starred at St. Joseph High School. While coaching at Monmouth, Calloway was a resident of Belmar, New Jersey
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# Production Workshop
**Production Workshop** (**PW**) is a student-run theater at Brown University. Founded in 1960, it is the only entirely student-run theater on campus. PW stages 7 full-scale productions each year in its main black box theatre.
## History
In 1958, student and future avant-garde playwright Richard Foreman sought to organize a production of Brecht\'s *The Caucasian Chalk Circle* through the university\'s existing theatre organization, Sock and Buskin. Citing the play\'s ostensible association with communism, the dean of the college refused to approve the production. In response, Foreman resigned from Sock and Buskin and organized his own series of experimental \"art events\" in Faunce House. Production Workshop emerged from these events and was officially established as a theater group in 1959 and 1960.
The group staged its first play, Jean Giraudoux\'s *L\'Apollon de Marsac* in January of 1960. A review of the play in *The Pembroke Record* described the production as an \"experiment in low budget theatre.\" The 1966 yearbook described the organization as the campus\'s experimental theatre company, writing that it \"presents the more progressive and avant-garde side of drama.\"
In winter 2006, the theater\'s production of Sartre\'s *The Flies* garnered media attention for its use of 40,000 live *drosophila melanogaster*. In 2013, the group again attracted national attention for \"Nudity in the Upspace,\" a series of events which sought to \"discuss and explore nudity in all forms.\"
Production Workshop controls two small black box theaters in T. F. Green Hall: the Upstairs Space and the Downstairs Space. The Upstairs Space serves as a venue for full-length plays, musicals, staged readings, performance art, art installations, poetry readings, workshops, and dance concerts, among other projects. In the Downstairs Space, PW\'s main theater, the group produces 3 plays in the fall semester and 4 plays in the spring semester. Downstairs Space shows usually have seating for 80-120 audience members.
## Productions
Each production in the Downstairs Space is given access to the space for four weeks, including a week of tech rehearsals and performances. The Downstairs Space is also used by Musical Forum in the third month of each semester for their musical.
Recent productions include *Five Lesbians Eating a Quiche* (2017), *House of Virgina* (2017), *Melancholy Play: A Contemporary Farce* (2017), *Firefly in the Light* (2019) *In the Pink* (2019), *In the Next Room (2024).*
## Notable PW Alumni {#notable_pw_alumni}
Notable alumni of Production Workshop include many of Brown\'s prominent graduates in film and theatre, including John Krasinski, Emma Watson, Laura Linney, Masi Oka, Marin Hinkle, Peter Jacobson, Kate Burton, and Tim Blake Nelson. Other alumni include novelist Donald Antrim, illustrator Brian Selznick, and poet Sarah Kay.
In a 2018 interview, political commentator and news anchor Chris Hayes described Production Workshop as \"genuinely one of the most formative and important experiences in my life.\" Hayes stated, \"It was probably the most important education I got in college, in terms of a practical sense for adult life. A huge amount of it was getting together with other people in a room to have a meeting to make a decision \-- which basically is what all adult life ends up being
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# Ladendorf
**Ladendorf** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Lorenz Müller
**Lorenz Müller** (18 February 1868 in Mainz -- 1 February 1953 in Munich) was a German herpetologist.
Professor Lorenz Müller was known for his studies on the Balearic Islands species of the genus *Podarcis* (wall lizards) during the 1920s, in which he described several new subspecies, including the now extinct Ratas Island lizard, *Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi*.
Together with his colleague Professor Robert Mertens he made several studies about European amphibians and reptiles.
Lorenz Müller died at 84 from a bronchitis.
A species of South American lizard, *Liolaemus lorenzmuelleri*, is named in his honor.
## Works
- Mertens R, Müller L (1928). \"*Liste der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas* \". *Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges.* **41** (1): 1-62. (in German).
- Müller L (1923). \"*Über neue und seltene Mittel- und Südamerikanische Amphibien und Reptilien* \". (in German)
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# Carl Hellström
**Carl Leopold Hellström** (10 December 1864, Gothenburg -- 4 July 1962) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1908, he won a silver medal as a crew member of the Swedish *Vinga* in the 8 metre class. Four years later, he was part of the Swedish boat *Kitty*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class
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# Antigenic escape
**Antigenic escape**, **immune escape**, **immune evasion** or **escape mutation** occurs when the immune system of a host, especially of a human being, is unable to respond to an infectious agent: the host\'s immune system is no longer able to recognize and eliminate a pathogen, such as a virus. This process can occur in a number of different ways of both a genetic and an environmental nature. Such mechanisms include homologous recombination, and manipulation and resistance of the host\'s immune responses.
Different antigens are able to escape through a variety of mechanisms. For example, the African trypanosome parasites are able to clear the host\'s antibodies, as well as resist lysis and inhibit parts of the innate immune response. A bacterium, *Bordetella pertussis*, is able to escape the immune response by inhibiting neutrophils and macrophages from invading the infection site early on. One cause of antigenic escape is that a pathogen\'s epitopes (the binding sites for immune cells) become too similar to a person\'s naturally occurring MHC-1 epitopes, resulting in the immune system becoming unable to distinguish the infection from self-cells.
Antigenic escape is not only crucial for the host\'s natural immune response, but also for the resistance against vaccinations. The problem of antigenic escape has greatly deterred the process of creating new vaccines. Because vaccines generally cover a small ratio of strains of one virus, the recombination of antigenic DNA that lead to diverse pathogens allows these invaders to resist even newly developed vaccinations. Some antigens may even target pathways different from those the vaccine had originally intended to target. Recent research on many vaccines, including the malaria vaccine, has focused on how to anticipate this diversity and create vaccinations that can cover a broader spectrum of antigenic variation. On 12 May 2021, scientists reported to The United States Congress of the continuing threat of COVID-19 variants and COVID-19 escape mutations, such as the E484K virus mutation.
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# Antigenic escape
## Mechanisms of evasion {#mechanisms_of_evasion}
### *Helicobacter pylori* and homologous recombination {#helicobacter_pylori_and_homologous_recombination}
The most common of antigenic escape mechanisms, homologous recombination, can be seen in a wide variety of bacterial pathogens, including *Helicobacter pylori*, a bacterium that infects the human stomach. While a host\'s homologous recombination can act as a defense mechanisms for fixing DNA double stranded breaks (DSBs), it can also create changes in antigenic DNA that can create new, unrecognizable proteins that allow the antigen to escape recognition by the host\'s immune response. Through the recombination of *H. pylori\'s* outer membrane proteins, immunoglobulins can no longer recognize these new structures and, therefore, cannot attack the antigen as part of the normal immune response.
### African trypanosomes {#african_trypanosomes}
African trypanosomes are parasites that are able to escape the immune responses of its host animal through a range of mechanisms. Its most prevalent mechanism is its ability to evade recognition by antibodies through antigenic variation. This is achieved through the switching of its variant surface glycoprotein or VSG, a substance that coats the entire antigen. When this coat is recognized by an antibody, the parasite can be eliminated. However, variation of this coat can lead to antibodies being unable to recognize and eliminate the antigen. In addition to this, the VSG coat is able to clear the antibodies themselves to escape their clearing function.`{{clarify|date=March 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
Trypanosomes are also able to achieve evasion through the mediation of the host\'s immune response. Through the conversion of ATP to cAMP by the enzyme adenylate cyclase, the production of TNF-α, a signaling cytokine important for inducing inflammation, is inhibited in liver myeloid cells. In addition, trypanosomes are able to weaken the immune system by inducing B cell apoptosis (cell death) and the degradation of B cell lymphopoiesis. They are also able to induce suppressor molecules that can inhibit T cell reproduction.
### Plant RNA viruses {#plant_rna_viruses}
Lafforgue et al 2011 found escape mutants in plant RNA viruses to be encouraged by coexistence of transgenic crops with artificial microRNA (amiR)-based resistance with fully susceptible individuals of the same crop, and even more so by coexistence with weakly amiR-producing transgenics.
### Tumor escape {#tumor_escape}
Many head and neck cancers are able to escape immune responses in a variety of ways. One such example is through the production of pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines. This can be achieved when the tumor recruits immunosuppressive cell subsets into the tumor\'s environment. Such cells include pro-tumor M2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), Th-2 polarized CD4 T-lymphocytes, and regulatory T-lymphocytes. These cells can then limit the responses of T cells through the production of cytokines and by releasing immune-modulating enzymes. Additionally tumors can escape antigen-directed therapies by loss or down-regulation of the associated antigens, as well demonstrated after checkpoint blockade immunotherapy and CAR-T cell therapy though more recent data indicate that this may be prevented by localized bystander killing mediated by fasL/fas. Alternatively therapies can be developed to encompass multiple antigens in parallel.
## Escape from vaccination {#escape_from_vaccination}
### Consequences of recent vaccines {#consequences_of_recent_vaccines}
While vaccines are created to strengthen the immune response to pathogens, in many cases these vaccines are not able to cover the wide variety of strains a pathogen may have. Instead they may only protect against one or two strains, leading to the escape of strains not covered by the vaccine. This results in the pathogens being able to attack targets of the immune system different than those intended to be targeted by the vaccination. This parasitic antigen diversity is particularly troublesome for the development of the malaria vaccines.
### Solutions to escape of vaccination {#solutions_to_escape_of_vaccination}
In order to solve this problem, vaccines must be able to cover the wide variety of strains within a bacterial population. In recent research of *Neisseria meningitidis*, the possibility of such broad coverage may be achieved through the combination of multi-component polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. However, in order to further improve upon broadening the scope of vaccinations, epidemiological surveillance must be conducted to better detect the variation of escape mutants and their spread
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# 1896 World Figure Skating Championships
The **1896 World Figure Skating Championships** was an annual figure skating competition sanctioned by the International Skating Union in which figure skaters compete for the title of World Champion. The first competition took place on February 9, 1896 in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire.
In 1895, the International Skating Union organized the first World Figure Skating Championships committee, which consisted of 5 people. This committee was entrusted with preparation and presentation of the figure skating rules. ISU also confirmed that World Figure Skating Championships will be held and that in the meantime men skaters should comply with the rules not yet published.
## Results
### Men
Rank Name Age CF FS
------- ------------------ ----- ---- ------ ---- -----
**1** Gilbert Fuchs 25 1 1026 1 497
**2** Gustav Hügel 25 2 939 2 455
**3** Georgiy Sanders 3 601 3 385
4 Nikolay Poduskov 4 485 4 301
### Men. Five Special Figures {#men._five_special_figures}
Rank Name Points
------- ------------------ --------
**1** Georgiy Sanders 313
**2** Gilbert Fuchs 312
**3** Gustav Hügel 292
4 Nikolay Poduskov 239
Judges:
- Georg Helfrich
- Aleksandr Ivashentsov
- C. Korper von Marienwert
- H. Kurtén
- P. E
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# Neudorf im Weinviertel
**Neudorf im Weinviertel** (--2019 Neudorf bei Staatz) is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Old South Baton Rouge
**Old South Baton Rouge** (**OSBR**) is a project aimed to help revitalize the area between Louisiana State University and Downtown Baton Rouge. The area encompasses about three square miles. The project/initiative was launched by the Baton Rouge Area Foundation with a goal to form a long-term strategic plan and help the neighborhood eventually establish its own 501(c)3 non-profit status to continue the project. The project is currently being overseen by employees of the Baton Rouge Area Foundation and the Center for Planning Excellence, as well as, a Partnership Board that was elected by residents of the **Old South Baton Rouge** community. It is estimated that the poverty level in the area is around 50% which is considered by the United States as a High Poverty Area. One of the main obstacles is to overturn the \"culture of poverty\" to which the area has become accustomed in the past several decades.
## History
The *OSBR* area was once a prominent part of the Baton Rouge Community that was racially integrated. It was the home of many of the best restaurants in the Baton Rouge area. During the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s many of the middle class residents fled the area for better housing as better jobs were made available to all races. After many of the wealthier residents left, many of the businesses that stayed were forced to eventually close due to bankruptcy, and many businesses that are currently in the area face similar issues. As the businesses closed their doors, many of the buildings were left abandoned and a \"culture of poverty\" began to take over the entire area. Realizing the importance of the area to Baton Rouge, many people have begun trying to change this culture and improve the overall looks and quality of life in the area.
## Old South Baton Rouge Neighborhood Partnership Board {#old_south_baton_rouge_neighborhood_partnership_board}
The main function of the board is to help promote the revitalization of the area, and to help make the *OSBR* Strategic Plan a reality.
### Board Makeup {#board_makeup}
The board currently has a total of 17 members, 15 of which are elected. Of the 17 members, 15 members are **Old South Baton Rouge** residents, along with other community leaders who have shown interest in the project. The other two members include one employee from the Baton Rouge Area Foundation and one employee from the Center for Planning Excellence.
### Board Meetings {#board_meetings}
The board typically holds meetings at the McKinley Alumni Center on the third Monday of every month. In addition to monthly board meetings, the *OSBR* Board will host other meetings if the agenda of the meeting discusses relevant issues pertaining to the Old South Baton Rouge Area and its residents.
## OSBR Strategic Plan {#osbr_strategic_plan}
The plan was created with the hopes that the recommendations put forward will be adopted and put into place in an effort to improve the area\'s looks and quality of life. The document was created with the help of Old South Baton Rouge residents, and is viewed as a comprehensive vision for the area. Some of the main goals of the plan include upgrades to street lights, sidewalks, and efforts to help reduce crime in the area.
## Louisiana State University Involvement {#louisiana_state_university_involvement}
Louisiana State University is the southern border of the *OSBR* area and has a great interest in revitalizing the area. One of the main routes onto the LSU campus goes directly through this area. One of the efforts that LSU has put forward is offering a Design class to architecture students. Students are placed in groups and assigned to a business in the area. The goal of the class is for the students to help design and construct a project that will help the revitalization efforts in the area
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# Urban Geography (journal)
***Urban Geography*** (`{{ISSN|0272-3638}}`{=mediawiki}) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that was first published in 1980. It appears ten times per year and covers topics concerning urban policy and planning, race, poverty, ethnicity in urban areas, housing, and provision of services and urban economic activity.
*Urban Geography* was published by Bellwether Publishing Ltd. until 2013, when it was acquired by Taylor & Francis Group. It is available online and in print
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# 1198 in Ireland
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# Airtech Canada
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ **Airtech Canada** is a Canadian aerospace engineering firm established at the Peterborough Airport, Ontario in 1977. The company specializes in the design, engineering, assembly, manufacture, modification, repair, and marketing of aircraft and aviation products. It has also marketed conversions for popular radial-engined transport aircraft such as the Douglas DC-3, de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver and de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter.
One of Airtech Canada\'s significant contributions is the DHC-3/1000 Otter conversion, which replaces the original Pratt & Whitney R-1340 radial engine with a 1,000 hp Polish-manufactured PZL ASz-62IR radial engine. The conversion is certified in Canada and the United States and is utilized in various configurations, including wheel, ski, and floatplane setups
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# Niederleis
**Niederleis** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# St Vincent's Works
The **St Vincent\'s Works** is a former factory and offices at Silverthorne Lane in Bristol, England.
The building was built as offices and factory by Thomas Royse Lysaght, for his brother John Lysaght of John Lysaght and Co. with the buildings being completed by R Milverton Drake. The site was previously owned by Acraman and Company and was involved in the manufacture of corrugated-iron and pre-fabricated buildings, which were exported around the world and particular to settlers in Australia. By 1878 the factory employed 400 men and produced 1000 tons of galvanised iron sheet a month. The company also diversified into making constructional ironwork, exported around the world from Bristol.
The building was home to the head office of renewable energy consultancy GL Garrad Hassan.
It is an example of the Bristol Byzantine style and various of the buildings have Grade II listed building status.
The company offices are Grade II\* listed. The offices were built in a Gothic style with a domed atrium decorated with golden Doulton tiles. The offices have wood panelling and throughout the building are elaborate decorations.
In January 2018, the building was leased by Colliers International on behalf of a private landlord to the newly founded film production company, Screenology. The building is now under a ten-year contract with Screenology
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# Geoforum
***Geoforum*** is a peer-reviewed academic journal of geography which focuses on social, political, economic, and environmental activities that occur around the globe within the context of geographical space and time. It was originally published by Pergamon Press and is now published by Elsevier. The editors-in-chief are Rob Fletcher (Wageningen University & Research) and Sarah Hall (University of Nottingham). According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 3.4
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# Ottenthal
**Ottenthal** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Seven Wiser (album)
***Seven Wiser*** is the debut studio album by American rock band Seven Wiser. Although the album was not heavily promoted, the album sold over 10,000 copies in its short time available.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
B-side
- \"Never\"
## Use in media {#use_in_media}
- The track \"Sick\" has appeared on *The Punisher Soundtrack*, and in Wes Craven\'s *Cursed*.
- The song \"Life\" appears on the EA Sports video game *NASCAR 2005: Chase for the Cup*.
- The song \"Take Me as I Am\" appears on the EA Sports video game *MVP Baseball 2004*
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# God Lives Underwater (EP)
***God Lives Underwater*** is the debut EP and first major release by God Lives Underwater. It was recorded in 1993, and self-distributed by the band in 1994, followed by a national release in 1995. \"No More Love\", the EP\'s lead single, was also released on the band\'s second album *Empty*. The song \"Drag Me Down\" was featured in the movie *The Doom Generation* and \"No More Love\" was also featured in the movie *Johnny Mnemonic*.
## Musical and lyrical themes {#musical_and_lyrical_themes}
The musical style of God Lives Underwater is a constantly contested issue and the genres that the band are categorized in vary depending on the source, however, the band is generally regarded as industrial rock, while showing influences of many different genres. The influence of electronica can be seen throughout the songs \"No More Love\" and \"Try\". Most songs include a portion of techno, including the beginning of \"No More Love\". All songs are mainly classified as industrial rock, because the genre dominates in comparison to the rest of the genres. David Reilly and Jeff Turzo had conceived the EP in late 1993, and as such, the band\'s later members (guitarist Andrew McGee and drummer Adam Kary) were not involved in the recording process.
## Reception
The *God Lives Underwater* EP was not as popular when it comes to ratings as other albums, but when it was rated, the reception was generally fair-to-well. *AllMusic* stated that \"\...the heavily compressed production on opening song \'Drag Me Down\' lacks the more full-bodied beat and bass punch of the remainder of the EP. \'No More Love\' sets things to rights, while \'Lonely Again\' is the best song on the disc, with an echoed, beautifully epic guitar intro and a moody melancholy captured in both the singing and the slow music.\" Allmusic gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars.
\"No More Love\" was a released as a single, and was later included on the band\'s 1995 full-length album *Empty*. Two music videos were shot for the song. The first (1994) featured the band playing outside, opening with cooling towers from a nuclear power plant. This video later appeared in the 1996 PlayStation game *Slamscape*. A second video (1995) was shot in conjunction with the song\'s use in the 1995 film *Johnny Mnemonic*, which was based on a short story by William Gibson.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs performed by God Lives Underwater, all tracks written by David Reilly and Jeff Turzo
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# Humbert Lundén
**Humbert Lundén** (January 7, 1882 -- February 5, 1961) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Kitty*, which won the gold medal in the ten metre class
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# Wolfram Eberhard
**Wolfram Eberhard** (March 17, 1909 -- August 15, 1989) was a professor of Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley focused on Western, Central and Eastern Asian societies.
## Biography
Born in Potsdam, German Empire, he had a strong family background of astrophysicists and astronomers.
He taught a wide variety of courses specializing in the societies and popular cultures of Western, Central and Eastern Asia. He was especially interested in Chinese folklore, popular literature, Turkish history, minorities and local cultures in China and the relations between the Chinese and the peoples of Central Asia. Eberhard entered Berlin University in 1927 where he focused his attention to classical Chinese and Social Anthropology. Because Berlin University, where Eberhard studied, did not offer instructions on colloquial Chinese, Eberhard enrolled secretly and simultaneously at the Seminar for Oriental Languages. At the Seminar for Oriental Languages he studied with Ferdinand Lessing. He enrolled secretly because at the time his professors at Berlin University, and teachers of classical Chinese did not approve of his interests in colloquial languages. Ironically, his teachers at the Seminar for Oriental Languages did not approve of his interests in classical Chinese. He received his diploma at the Seminar in 1929, and then worked for his long-time friend Lessing at the Berlin Anthropological Museum.
Eberhard made his first journey to China in 1934. After traveling through regions of China collecting folklore, studying temples and dissecting the Chinese culture. The purpose of the trip was to collect ethnographic objects for the Museum. In Zhejiang, Eberhard traveled in the countryside, studied temples, and collected folktales with the help of Ts\'ao Sung-yeh; most of these tales were published in *Erzählungsgut aus Südost-China* (1966). Then he went to Beijing and found work teaching German and Latin at Peking National University, Peiping Municipal University, and the Medical School at Baoding. Occasionally, his first wife Alide (née Roemer) coauthored with him and helped him with editing and translating into English. In 1934, his first son, Rainer, was born. The next year Eberhard travelled across northern China to Xi\'an, the sacred mountain Mount Hua, Taiyuan, and the Yungang Grottoes at Datong. His interviews with Taoist priests on Hua-shan were the basis for the text of a book coauthored with Hedda Hammer Morrison, *Hua Shun, the Taoist Sacred Mountain in West China* (1974).
Eberhard returned to Germany from 1936 to 1937. In Germany, Eberhard became the director of the Asiatic section of the Grassi Museum in Leipzig during that time. However, Eberhard\'s stay in Germany would not last long. He was under heavy pressure to affiliate with the Nazis. Adam von Trott helped Eberhard obtain a Moses Mendelssohn Fellowship which enabled him to purchase a round-the-world ticket and received permission to leave Germany. While in Hong Kong he received the offer of a professorship at Ankara University. Even though he did not have the appropriate visas, he made his way by a circuitous route to Turkey where he was joined by his family. From 1937 to 1948, Eberhard taught history at Ankara. He taught in Turkish, and published in both Turkish and German on a wide variety of subjects, including Chinese folklore, popular literature, history, minorities and local cultures in China, the relations between the Chinese and the peoples of Central Asia, and Turkish history, society, and popular culture. Eberhard\'s tenure at Ankara contributed significantly to the development of sinological scholarship in Turkey. The first edition of his *History of China*, written in Turkish, was published in 1947. This was translated into German, English, and French; the fourth English edition was published in 1977.
Eberhard published an abundance of scholarship, including *Kultur und Siedlung der Randvölker Chinas* (\"Culture and Settlement of the Marginal Peoples of China\") in 1942 and his two-volume *Lokalkulturen im alten China* (\"Local Cultures in Ancient China\") in 1943. The publication of his *Typen Chinesischer Volksmärchen* (\"Types of Chinese Folk Tales\") was the framework that brought Chinese folklore into the study of world folklore. He also published many studies analyzing the content, structure and transmission of Chinese folktales and customs. Eberhard\'s sociological background influenced his research, as he was interested in not only the tale-teller but also the genders, ages and family relationships of tale-tellers and audiences. Eberhard died in his home in 1989.
## Works
For a fuller listing of works up to 1965, see `{{cite encyclopedia|first= Wolfram|last= Eberhard|title=Settlement and Social Change in Asia|chapter= Bibliography of W. Eberhard's Works (1931-1965)|volume=1|series=Collected Papers|page= 439-463|ref=none}}`{=mediawiki} [Online](https://archive.org/details/collectedpapers0000eber/page/n4/mode/2up) at Internet Archive
### Selected articles {#selected_articles}
- \-\--, \"[Chinese Regional Stereotypes](http://www.jstor.org/stable/2642652),\" *Asian Survey*5.12 (1965): 596-608.
```{=html}
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- \-\--, and Frank Huang, \"[On Some Chinese Terms of Abuse](http://www.jstor.org/stable/1177799),\" *Asian Folklore Studies*27.1 (1968): 25-40.
```{=html}
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```
- \-\--, \"[The Cultural Baggage of Chinese Emigrants: Stories and Novels Read by Chinese Students in Malaya](http://www.jstor.org/stable/2642981),\" *Asian Survey*11.5 (1971): 445-462.
```{=html}
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```
- \-\--, \"[A Study of Ghost Stories from Taiwan and San Francisco](http://www.jstor.org/stable/1177527),\" *Asian Folklore Studies*30.2 (1971): 1-26.
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# Wolfram Eberhard
## Works
### Selected books {#selected_books}
- [*A History of China*](http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17695/17695-h/17695-h.htm) (1969)
-
- Folktales of China, edited by Wolfram Eberhard, The University of Chicago Press, 1968
- Typen chinesischer Volksmärchen, Helsinki, 1937
- Volksmärchen aus Südost-China, Sammlung Ts\'ao Sung-yeh, Helsinki, 1941
- [Guilt and Sin in Traditional China](https://archive
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# Pillichsdorf
**Pillichsdorf** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. Pillichsdorf is located on the northern edge of the Marchfeld in the Weinviertel in the north of Deutsch Wagram and next Wolkersdorf and is crossed by the Rußbach.
Pillichsdorf has one of the longest cellar lanes in Central Europe. The municipality is administered by a coalition of the ÖVP and the Greens. The mayor is currently Florian Faber
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# Owen v. City of Independence
***Owen v. City of Independence***, 445 U.S. 622 (1980), was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court, in which the court held that a municipality has no immunity from liability under Section 1983 flowing from its constitutional violations and may not assert the good faith of its officers as a defense to such liability.
## Background
The city council voted to fire the city\'s chief of police and in doing so, violated his procedural due process rights to a pre-termination hearing. Plaintiff named the city and city council in the suit.
## Opinion of the Court {#opinion_of_the_court}
In an opinion written by Justice Brennan, the Court held that a municipality has no immunity from liability under Section 1983 flowing from its constitutional violations and may not assert the good faith of its officers as a defense to such liability
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# Evolved gas analysis
**Evolved gas analysis** (**EGA**) is a method used to study the gas evolved from a heated sample that undergoes decomposition or desorption. It is either possible just to detect evolved gases using evolved gas detection (EGD) or to analyse explicitly which gases evolved using evolved gas analysis (EGA). Therefore different analytical methods can be employed such as mass spectrometry, Fourier transform spectroscopy, gas chromatography, or optical in-situ evolved gas analysis.
By coupling the thermal analysis instrument, e. g. TGA (thermogravimetry) or DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), with a fast Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (QMS) the detection of gas separation and identification of the separated components are possible in exact time correlation with the other thermal analysis signals. DSC/TGA-QMS or TGA-QMS yields information on the composition (mass numbers of elements and molecules) of the evolved gases. It allows fast and easy interpretation of atomic/inorganic vapors and standard gases like H~2~, H~2~O, CO~2~, etc. Fragmentation, interpretation of organic molecules is sometimes difficult.
The combination with an FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometer) has become popular, especially in the polymer producing, chemical and pharmaceutical industry. DSC/TGA-FTIR or TGA-FTIR yields information on the composition (absorption bands) of the evolved gases (bonding conditions). The advantage is an easy interpretation (spectra data bases) of organic vapors without fragmentation. Symmetrical molecules can not be detected.
An EGA instrument named the Thermal and Evolved-Gas Analyzer was flown on the Phoenix Lander probe that reached Mars in May 2008. Its purpose was to study Martian soil samples.
An EGA instrument was contained within the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite onboard Curiosity Rover which landed on Mars in 2012. The instrument\'s goal was to understand the habitability and past climates of Mars. SAM detected complex organic carbon on the surface of Mars at Gale Crater in a 3.5 billion year old mudstone
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# Herman Nyberg
**Herman Nyberg** (February 22, 1880 -- July 6, 1968) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Kitty*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class
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# Control-flow analysis
In computer science, **control-flow analysis** (**CFA**) is a static-code-analysis technique for determining the control flow of a program. The control flow is expressed as a control-flow graph (CFG). For both functional programming languages and object-oriented programming languages, the term CFA, and elaborations such as *k*-CFA, refer to specific algorithms that compute control flow.`{{dubious|date=July 2014}}`{=mediawiki}
For many imperative programming languages, the control flow of a program is explicit in a program\'s source code.`{{dubious|date=July 2014}}`{=mediawiki} As a result, interprocedural control-flow analysis implicitly usually refers to a static analysis technique for determining the receivers of function or method calls in computer programs written in a higher-order programming language.`{{dubious|date=July 2014}}`{=mediawiki} For example, in a programming language with higher-order functions like Scheme, the target of a function call may not be explicit: in the isolated expression
``` scheme
(lambda (f) (f x))
```
it is unclear to which procedure `f` may refer. A control-flow analysis must consider where this expression could be invoked and what argument it may receive to determine the possible targets.
Techniques such as abstract interpretation, constraint solving, and type systems may be used for control-flow analysis
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# Lorenzo Bini Smaghi
**Lorenzo Bini Smaghi** (born 29 November 1956) is an Italian economist and banker who was a member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank from 2005 to 2011. He has been chairman of Société Générale since 2015.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Bini Smaghi grew up in Brussels, acquiring a knowledge of foreign languages at an early age. In 1974 he graduated from the Lycée Français de Bruxelles. In 1978 he graduated in Economics from the Université catholique de Louvain (Belgium). With a scholarship from the U.S.-Italy Fulbright Commission, in 1980 he received a master\'s degree in Economics from the University of Southern California; and a PhD from the University of Chicago in 1988.
## Career
### Career in the public sector {#career_in_the_public_sector}
Before joining the ECB, Bini Smaghi was Director General for International Financial Relations of the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance. In this capacity, he also was vice-president of the Economic and Financial Committee (EFC) of the European Union from 2003 until 2005. His earlier appointments include: Deputy Director-General Research of the ECB, Head of the Policy Division of the European Monetary Institute in Frankfurt and Head of the Exchange Rate and International Trade Division of the Research Department of the Bank of Italy in Rome. He has published extensively in monetary and international economics.
Bini Smaghi was a member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank under the leadership of Jean-Claude Trichet from June 2005 to November 2011; he was appointed for an eight-year, non-renewable mandate. He took over from Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa.
On the ECB Executive Board, Bini Smaghi was responsible for international and European relations and for the legal department of the Bank and for its administration, including the building of a new seat for the ECB in the Frankfurt Grossmarkthalle. During his time in office, he also gained a reputation for occasionally openly criticised the German government over the handling of the European debt crisis.
Bini Smaghi resigned from the ECB in November 2011. At the time, he had been under pressure from the French and Italian governments to step down for several months, after Mario Draghi, another Italian, become president of the ECB. At the same time, he was lobbied by his colleagues on the executive board not to be seen as being under the control of politicians.
### Career in the private sector {#career_in_the_private_sector}
In 2012, Bini Smaghi became a visiting scholar at Harvard\'s Weatherhead Center for International Affairs and Senior Research Fellow at Istituto Affari Internazionali in Rome.
Bini Smaghi joined French bank Société Générale as a second vice-chairman and independent director in 2014. Since January 2015, he has been chairman. Société Générale had previously split the roles of chairman and chief executive as required by European law, appointing Bini Smaghi to chair the board of directors while Frédéric Oudéa continued as chief executive.
## Other activities {#other_activities}
### Corporate boards {#corporate_boards}
- Tages Holding, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2014)
- Italgas, Non-Executive Member and Chair of the Board of Directors (2016-2019)
- ChiantiBanca, Chairman of the Board (2016-2017)
- Morgan Stanley International, Independent Member of the Board of Directors (2013-2014)
- Snam, Chair of the Board of Directors (2012-2016)
### Non-profit organizations {#non_profit_organizations}
- Bretton Woods Committee, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2020)
- Scope Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2020)
- European Financial Services Roundtable (EFR), Member
- Fondazione Palazzo Strozzi, President
- Leibniz Institute for Financial Research (SAFE), Member of the Policy Advisory Council
- Italy-USA Foundation, Member
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Bini Smaghi is married and has two children.
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# Lorenzo Bini Smaghi
## Publications
Author of several articles and books on international and European monetary and financial issues.
- *La tentazione di andarsene. Fuori dall'Europa c'è un futuro per l'Italia?*, Il Mulino Ed., Bologna, 2017.
- *33 false verità sull'Europa*, Il Mulino Ed., Bologna, 2014.
- *Austerity, European Democracies against the wall*, CEPS, Brussels, 2013.
- *Morire di Austerità, Democrazie europee con le spalle al muro*, Il Mulino Bologna, 2013.
- *Il paradosso dell\'euro. Luci e ombre dieci anni dopo*, Rizzoli, Milano 2008.
- *L'Euro*, Il Mulino, Bologna, 1998 (Third Edition: 2001).
- *Open Issues in European Central Banking*, Macmillan, London, 2000 (with Daniel Gros)
- *Chi ci salva dalla prossima crisi finanziaria?*, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2000
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# Three-way comparison
In computer science, a **three-way comparison** takes two values A and B belonging to a type with a total order and determines whether A \< B, A = B, or A \> B in a single operation, in accordance with the mathematical law of trichotomy.
It can be implemented in terms of a function (such as `strcmp` in C), a method (such as `compareTo` in Java), or an operator (such as the **spaceship operator** `<=>` in Perl, PHP and C++).
## Machine-level computation {#machine_level_computation}
Many processors have instruction sets that support such an operation on primitive types. Some machines have signed integers based on a sign-and-magnitude or ones\' complement representation (see signed number representations), both of which allow a differentiated positive and negative zero. This does not violate trichotomy as long as a consistent total order is adopted: either −0 = +0 or −0 \< +0 is valid. Common floating point types, however, have an exception to trichotomy: there is a special value \"NaN\" (Not a Number) such that *x* \< NaN, *x* \> NaN, and *x* = NaN are all false for all floating-point values *x* (including NaN itself).
## High-level languages {#high_level_languages}
### Abilities
In C, the functions `strcmp` and `memcmp` perform a three-way comparison between strings and memory buffers, respectively. They return a negative number when the first argument is lexicographically smaller than the second, zero when the arguments are equal, and a positive number otherwise. This convention of returning the \"sign of the difference\" is extended to arbitrary comparison functions by the standard sorting function `qsort`, which takes a comparison function as an argument and requires it to abide by it.
In Perl (for numeric comparisons only, the `cmp` operator is used for string lexical comparisons), PHP (since version 7), Ruby, and Apache Groovy, the \"spaceship operator\" `<=>` returns the values −1, 0, or 1 depending on whether A \< B, A = B, or A \> B, respectively. The Python 2.x `cmp`(removed in 3.x), OCaml `compare`, and Kotlin `compareTo` functions compute the same thing. In the Haskell standard library, the three-way comparison function `compare` is defined for all types in the `Ord` class; it returns type `Ordering`, whose values are `LT` (less than), `EQ` (equal), and `GT` (greater than):
``` haskell
data Ordering = LT | EQ | GT
```
Many object-oriented programming languages have a three-way comparison function, which performs a three-way comparison between the object and another given object. For example, in Java, any class that implements the `Comparable` interface has a [`compareTo`](http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/Comparable.html#compareTo%28T%29) method which either returns a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer, or throws a `NullPointerException` (if one or both objects are `null`). Similarly, in the .NET framework, any class that implements the `IComparable` interface has such a [`CompareTo`](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.icomparable.compareto.aspx) method. In C++, any class that can be three-way compared can be a parameter to instances of [`std::compare_three_way`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/compare/compare_three_way), [`std::strong_order`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/compare/strong_order), [`std::weak_order`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/compare/weak_order), or [`std::partial_order`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/compare/partial_order).
Since Java version 1.5, the same can be computed using the `Math.signum` static method if the difference can be known without computational problems such as arithmetic overflow mentioned below. Many computer languages allow the definition of functions so a *compare(A,B)* could be devised appropriately, but the question is whether or not its internal definition can employ some sort of three-way syntax or else must fall back on repeated tests.
When implementing a three-way comparison where a three-way comparison operator or method is not already available, it is common to combine two comparisons, such as A = B and A \< B, or A \< B and A \> B. In principle, a compiler might deduce that these two expressions could be replaced by only one comparison followed by multiple tests of the result, but mention of this optimization is not to be found in texts on the subject.
In some cases, three-way comparison can be simulated by subtracting A and B and examining the sign of the result, exploiting special instructions for examining the sign of a number. However, this requires the type of A and B to have a well-defined difference. Fixed-width signed integers may overflow when they are subtracted, floating-point numbers have the value NaN with undefined sign, and character strings have no difference function corresponding to their total order. At the machine level, overflow is usually tracked and can be used to determine order after subtraction, but this information is usually unavailable to higher-level languages.
In one case of a three-way conditional provided by the programming language, Fortran\'s now-deprecated three-way arithmetic IF statement considers the sign of an arithmetic expression and offers three labels to jump to according to the sign of the result:
``` fortran
IF (expression) negative,zero,positive
```
The common library function strcmp in C and related languages is a three-way lexicographic comparison of strings; however, these languages lack a general three-way comparison of other data types.
### Spaceship operator {#spaceship_operator}
The three-way comparison operator or \"spaceship operator\" for numbers is denoted as `<=>` in Perl, Ruby, Apache Groovy, PHP, Eclipse Ceylon, and C++, and is called the *spaceship operator*.
In C++, the C++20 revision adds the spaceship operator `<=>`, which returns a value that encodes whether the 2 values are equal, less, greater, or unordered and can return different types depending on the strictness of the comparison.
The name\'s origin is due to it reminding Randal L. Schwartz of the spaceship in an HP BASIC *Star Trek* game. Another coder has suggested that it was so named because it looked similar to Darth Vader\'s TIE fighter in the *Star Wars* saga.
Example in PHP:
``` php
echo 1 <=> 1; // 0
echo 1 <=> 2; // -1
echo 2 <=> 1; // 1
```
Example in C++:
``` c++
1 <=> 1; // evaluates to std::strong_ordering::equal
1 <=> 2; // evaluates to std::strong_ordering::less
2 <=> 1; // evaluates to std::strong_ordering::greater
```
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# Three-way comparison
## High-level languages {#high_level_languages}
### Composite data types {#composite_data_types}
Three-way comparisons have the property of being easy to compose and build lexicographic comparisons of non-primitive data types, unlike two-way comparisons.
Here is a composition example in Perl.
``` perl
sub compare($$) {
my ($a, $b) = @_;
return $a->{unit} cmp $b->{unit}
|| $a->{rank} <=> $b->{rank}
|| $a->{name} cmp $b->{name};
}
```
Note that `cmp`, in Perl, is for strings, since `<=>` is for numbers. Two-way equivalents tend to be less compact but not necessarily less legible. The above takes advantage of short-circuit evaluation of the `||` operator, and the fact that 0 is considered false in Perl. As a result, if the first comparison is equal (thus evaluates to 0), it will \"fall through\" to the second comparison, and so on, until it finds one that is non-zero, or until it reaches the end.
In some languages, including Python, Ruby, Haskell, etc., comparison of lists is done lexicographically, which means that it is possible to build a chain of comparisons like the above example by putting the values into lists in the order desired; for example, in Ruby:
``` ruby
[a.unit, a.rank, a.name] <=> [b.unit, b.rank, b.name]
```
In C++:
``` c++
std::tie(a.unit, a.rank, a.name) <=> std::tie(b.unit, b.rank, b.name)
```
### SQL Join Operator {#sql_join_operator}
In some SQL Dialects, `<=>` is used as a null-safe join operator which will match operands if both are null
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# Harry Rosenswärd
**Harry Rosenswärd** (20 April 1882 -- 16 July 1955) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Kitty*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class
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# Vermio Mountains
The **Vermio Mountains** (*Βέρμιο*), known in antiquity as the **Bermion** (*Βέρμιον*), is a mountain range in northern Greece. It lies between the Imathia Regional Unit of the Central Macedonia Region and the Kozani Regional Unit of the Western Macedonia Region. The range is west of the plain of Kampania. The town of Veria, which is the capital of Imathia, is built on the foot of these mountains. The highest point in the range is the peak Chamiti (*Χαμίτη*), 2065 m elevation, west of Naousa. In Turkish the mountain is known as **Karatash** (Karataş), and in Bulgarian it is known as **Karakamen** (Каракамен).
The Vermio Mountains are the site of ski resorts such as Seli and Tria Pente Pigadia.
It was mentioned in antiquity by Pliny, Strabo, Stephen of Byzantium, Hierocles, Ptolemy, and Thucydides and Herodotus. In classical times the mountain was thought by Herodotus to be impassible and according to tradition, paradise was to be held on the other side. During Hellenistic times was an internal boundary of the Macedonian state.
## Gallery
<File:Vermio> Landscape.jpg\|Landscape <File:Όρος> Πάικο - Ιερά Μονή Παναγίας Παραμυθίας και Αγίου Γεωργίου 01.jpg\|Panagia Paramythia Monastery <File:Πίστες> στο χιονοδρομικό Κέντρο της Νάουσας, 3-5 Πηγάδια
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# Nathaniel Stephen Appleby
**Nathaniel Stephen Appleby** (1811--1890) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Hastings East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as an independent Conservative from 1875 to 1883.
He was born in Tyendinaga, Upper Canada in 1820, the son of Thomas Dorland Appleby, and educated in Belleville, Ontario. He operated flour mills near Shannonville, Ontario. In 1842, he married Sarah Maria Lewis. Appleby was reeve for Tyendinaga Township from 1851 to 1870 and warden for Hastings County from 1858 to 1862. He also served as justice of the peace. He was defeated by William Parker Hudson for the Hastings East seat in 1883
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# Armstrong Whitworth Awana
The **Armstrong Whitworth Awana** was a British prototype troop-transport aircraft built to meet a 1920 Air Ministry requirement.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
The Awana was designed in response to Air Ministry Specification 5/20 for a twin-engined *Troop Carrying Aeroplane*, able to carry 25 fully equipped troops for a distance of 400 miles. Any design was to be capable of landing on rough terrain, other requirements being folding wings and the ability to fly on one engine.
One of the largest landplanes of its time, it was a large, twin-engine four-bay staggered biplane with a box-like fuselage, and a three-rudder, biplane tail. The pilot and navigator sat in open cockpits atop the nose, while the 25 troops it was to carry entered through a hatch in the floor and sat in two rows of \"bus\"-style seats with a centre aisle. It was of composite construction, with a tubular-steel-framed fuselage and wooden wings incorporating substantial hinges to allow them to be folded for storage. The Napier Lion engines were supported on tubular-steel supports between the wings and housed in streamlined cowlings with retractable radiators on the underside. The three cylindrical main petrol tanks were slung under the floor in an aluminium fairing, and fed fuel via windmill-driven pumps to header tanks on the underside of the upper wing.
Two prototypes were ordered by the Air Ministry on 27 June 1921, and the first prototype, serial number *J6897*, first flew on 28 June 1923. Evaluated at Martlesham Heath, control during landing was found to be poor, and the structure overall too flimsy. The second prototype addressed some of these concerns, but the Vickers Victoria was selected for production instead
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# Poysdorf
**Poysdorf** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Population
## Sights
- Vino Versum Poysdorf, a museum about wine and the history of Poysdorf as one of the leading wine towns in Austria
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# Conor O'Callaghan (poet)
**Conor O\'Callaghan** (born 1968) is an Irish novelist and poet.
## Biography
O\'Callaghan was born in Newry in 1968 and grew up in Dundalk. His first novel, *Nothing on Earth*, was published to acclaim in 2016 and was shortlisted for the Kerry Group Irish Novel of the Year. His second novel, *We Are Not in the World*, appeared in February 2021. He has also published five collections of poetry. His memoir *Red Mist: Roy Keane and the Football Civil War* (2004) is an account of Roy Keane\'s departure from the Republic of Ireland\'s 2002 World Cup squad.
O\'Callaghan is a former co-holder of the Heimbold Chair of Irish Studies at Villanova University. He is currently a senior lecturer at Lancaster University. He was awarded the 2007 Bess Hokin prize by *Poetry* magazine.
He lives in Sheffield with his wife, Mary Peace, a scholar of eighteenth-century literature
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# Cedric the Entertainer Presents
***Cedric the Entertainer Presents*** is an American sketch comedy television series featuring dance numbers starring Cedric the Entertainer. The series premiered September 18, 2002 on Fox and after the first season, Fox renewed the show for a second season but canceled it just as the season was about to air.
## Cast
- Cedric the Entertainer
- Wendy Raquel Robinson
- Harold King
- Shaun Majumder
- Amy Brassette
- J.B
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# Erik Wallerius
**Erik G. Wallerius** (16 April 1878 -- 7 May 1967) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1908, he won a silver medal as a crew member of the Swedish *Vinga* in the 8 metre class. Four years later, he was part of the Swedish boat *Kitty*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class
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# Sterte
**Sterte** is a part of Poole in Dorset, England. It is directly next to Poole Stadium and Holes Bay. It is near to the areas of Oakdale, Upton and Hamworthy
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# Rabensburg
**Rabensburg** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Boys Night Out (album)
***Boys Night Out*** is the third full-length album from Canadian emo/post-hardcore band Boys Night Out. It was released on June 26, 2007, their third and final release on Ferret Records.
## Release
On June 15, 2007, the music video for \"Up With Me\" was posted on the band\'s Myspace profile. Three days later, \"Get Your Head Straight\" was posted online. On June 19, 2007, *Boys Night Out* was made available for streaming, before being released seven days later. In July 2007, they went on an East Coast tour with support from Emanuel, June, and Olympia. In September and October 2007, the band went on a cross-country Canadian tour, followed by a trek to Australia.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Get Your Head Straight\" - 2:49
2. \"Swift and Unforgiving\" - 3:42
3. \"The Push and Pull\" - 3:43
4. \"Up With Me\" - 3:52
5. \"The Heirs of Error\" - 2:52
6. \"Let Me Be Your Swear Word\" - 3:40
7. \"Hey, Thanks\" - 3:39
8. \"Fall for the Drinker\" - 3:45
9. \"Apartment 4\" - 3:51
10. \"Reason Ain\'t Our Long Suit\" - 3:44
11
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# Schrattenberg
**Schrattenberg** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
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# Harry Scott (ice hockey)
**William Henry Scott** (June 2, 1885 -- October 22, 1954) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 110 games in various professional and amateur leagues, including the National Hockey Association. Amongst the teams he for played with were the Toronto Ontarios and Montreal Canadiens.
## Early life {#early_life}
Scott was born in Moncton, New Brunswick.
## Career
### Ice hockey {#ice_hockey}
Scott played on the 1906 Portage la Prairie Cities in the Manitoba Professional Hockey League, and was a teammate to Toby Sexsmith. During the 1910--11 and 1912--13 seasons Scott played for his home town club Moncton Victorias.
Scott later played with two National Hockey Association teams, the Toronto Ontarios in 1913--1914, and the Montreal Canadiens in 1913--1914 and 1914--1915. In those two years, he played alongside six future members of the Hockey Hall of Fame, including Georges Vezina and Newsy Lalonde.
### Curling
He took up curling and in 1932 was lead on the 1932 Alberta Curling Championship team. That team went to the 1932 Macdonald Brier in Toronto and ended as runner up to Manitoba with a 5 and 3 record. Other members of the team were Arthur Hallonquist, Skip, William Morrison, Third, J. Johnson, Second, and Harry Scott, Lead. They played out of the Three Hills Curling Club.
### Journalism
After his hockey career ended, Scott moved to Calgary and took a job as a sports writer on the *Calgary Albertan*. He eventually ended up as sports editor of the paper.
The Scott--Mamini Award, initiated by the Calgary Press-Radio-TV Sports Club in 1958, was presented annually to the city's Athlete of the Year as chosen by the media. That format continued until 1987 when the Scott--Mamini Award became the Male Athlete of the Year recognition. It was named for Scott and Bob Mamini, the Sports Department Head at the Calgary Herald. Both men were highly respected across the country during the 1930s and 1940s.
In 1958, goaltender Al Rollins was the first recipient of the Scott-Mamini Award in the sport of hockey. Since that time, five other goalies have been honoured, including three Calgary Flames goalies, Reggie Lemelin (1984), Mike Vernon (1989 and 1998) and Miikka Kiprusoff (2007). Others recognized in the sport of hockey include Doug Barkley (1962), John Davidson (1972), Joe Nieuwendyk (1988) and Jarome Iginla (2002 and 2003)
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# Eleanor David
**Eleanor M. David** (born September 1954) is a British actress who has worked on projects in the UK, the US and New Zealand. She won positive reviews for her starring role in the biopic *Sylvia*, in which she played pioneering educator Sylvia Ashton-Warner.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
David has appeared in several films and television programmes. Her work includes BAFTA-nominated comedy *Comfort and Joy* directed by Bill Forsyth, mini-series *Paradise Postponed*, Mike Leigh\'s *Topsy-Turvy* and Alan Parker\'s film of *Pink Floyd The Wall*, in which she played the wife of the main character.
In 1984, David travelled to New Zealand to star as Sylvia Ashton-Warner in the biopic *Sylvia*. Reviewing her performance, Janet Maslin of *The New York Times* commented: \"Miss David bears a striking resemblance to the real woman and gives an intelligent, compassionate performance, limited only by the uncomplicated reverence with which the film makers regard their heroine.\" *Village Voice* critic Andrew Sarris praised the four principal actors and named *Sylvia* one of the ten best films of 1985.
## Filmography
- *The Scarlet Pimpernel* (1982) -- Louise
- *Oliver Twist* (1982) -- Rose Maylie
- *Pink Floyd The Wall* (1982) -- Pink\'s wife
- *Comfort and Joy* (1984) -- Maddy
- *Sylvia* (1985) -- Sylvia Ashton-Warner
- *84 Charing Cross Road* (1987) -- Cecily Farr
- *The Wolves of Willoughby Chase* (1989) -- Lady Willoughby
- *Slipstream* (1989) -- Ariel
- *Ladder of Swords* (1989)
- *White Hunter Black Heart* (1990) -- Dorshka Zibelinsky
- *The King\'s Whore* (1990) -- La Reine
- *Topsy-Turvy* (1999) -- Fanny Ronalds
- *House of Boys* (2009) -- Emma
## Television credits {#television_credits}
- *The Professionals* (TV series) episode Fugitive, 1980
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# Burbage, Derbyshire
**Burbage** is a village in the High Peak district, in the county of Derbyshire, England. At the 2011 Census Burbage was a ward of the High Peak Borough Council. The population taken at this Census was 2,540.
Burbage is well known for its brass band, the Burbage Band (Buxton).
Burbage backs onto Grinlow Woods to the south and provides access to Solomon\'s Temple. Burbage Edge overlooks the settlement from the west.
Burbage Tunnel (now blocked) is a remnant of the Cromford and High Peak Railway, which operated from 1831 to 1967, although the section near Burbage was abandoned in the 1890s in favour of a new alignment via Buxton.
Christchurch at Burbage was designed by Henry Currey (architect for the Duke of Devonshire\'s estate) and was built in 1861. The Public Hall at Burbage was opened in July 1894 by Lady Cavendish and Lady Goring. It was built opposite Christchurch at the junction of Leek Road and Old Macclesfield Road. The hall held 400 people and was used for all the public events in Burbage for decades. The Burbage war memorial was erected beside it. Later it became Worth's garage and car showroom. At the eastern end of the building were four shops, occupied amongst others by Thomas's Grocers, Bonsall's butchers and Edward's newsagents. The building was demolished in 2007.
Burbage Golf Club (now defunct) first appeared in 1899. It continued until the 1920s.
The Duke pub (formerly the Duke of York Inn) on St John\'s Road is a free house. The Red Lion on Holmfield was built in 1842 but it is no longer a pub.
Photographs of Burbage can be found at [GENUKI](http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/DBY/Burbage/index.html).
## Governance
Burbage was formerly a chapelry in the parish of Hartington, on 31 December 1894 Burbage became a separate civil parish, being formed from the part of Hartington Upper Quarter in Buxton Urban District, on 1 April 1974 the parish was abolished and became part of Buxton unparished area. In 1951 the parish had a population of 4780
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# Rikard Nyström
**Rikard Nyström** (1884--1943) was a Swedish missionary. He served with the Mission Union of Sweden in Chinese Turkestan (present day Xinjiang)
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| 0 |
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# National Council of Asian Pacific Americans
The **National Council of Asian Pacific Americans** (NCAPA) is a coalition of 35 national Asian-Pacific American organizations in the United States. Founded in 1996 and based in Washington D.C., NCAPA seeks to expand the influence of Asian-Pacific Americans in the legislative and legal arenas, and enhance the public\'s and mass media\'s awareness and sensitivity to Asian-Pacific American concerns.
## Executive committee {#executive_committee}
The NCAPA executive committee is constituted by executive directors of member organizations.
The current executive committee is as follows:
- Quyen Dinh, chair, *Southeast Asia Resource Action Center (SEARAC)*
- Kathy Ko Chin, *Asian & Pacific Islander American Health Forum (APIAHF)*
- Michelle Kauhane, *Council for Native Hawaiian Advancement (CNHA)*
Past chairs include:
- Gregory Cendana, former executive director, Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance
- Deepa Iyer, former executive director, South Asian Americans Leading Together
- Floyd Mori, president & CEO, Asian Pacific American Institute for Congressional Studies
- Lisa Hasegawa, executive director, National Coalition of Asian Pacific American Community Development
- Karen Narasaki, executive director of Asian American Justice Center
- Daphne Kwok, founding NCAPA chair and former executive director of OCA; Daphne Kwok is also the current chair to the President\'s Advisory Council on Asian American Pacific Islanders
## Members
NCAPA coalition members work together on various policy issues such as Civil & Human Rights, Education, Health, Housing & Economic Justice, and Immigration. Each of these policy issues has a committee which meets on a regular basis focusing on the key issues of the moment to ensure that the AA & NHPI voice is heard and at the table regarding these matters.
The coalition members are as follows:
- AAPI Data
- Act to Change
- Asian & Pacific Islander American Health Forum \| APIAHF
- Asian & Pacific Islander American Vote \| APIAVote
- Asian Americans Advancing Justice \| AAJC
- Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance, AFL-CIO \| APALA
- Asian Pacific Partners for Empowerment, Advocacy, and Leadership \| APPEAL
- Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations \| AAPCHO
- Boat People SOS
- Council for Native Hawaiian Advancement \| CNHA
- Hmong National Development, Inc. \| HND
- Japanese American Citizens League \| JACL
- Laotian American National Alliance \| LANA
- National Asian American Pacific Islander Mental Health Association \| NAAPIMHA
- National Asian Pacific American Bar Association \| NAPABA
- National Asian Pacific American Families Against Substance Abuse \| NAPAFASA
- National Asian Pacific American Women\'s Forum \| NAPAWF
- National Asian Pacific Center on Aging \| NAPCA
- National Coalition for Asian Pacific American Community Development \| NCAPACD
- National Council of Asian Pacific Islander Physicians \| NCAPIP
- National Korean American Service & Education Consortium \| NAKASEC
- National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance \| NQAPIA
- Organization of Chinese Americans - Asian Pacific American Advocates \| OCA
- Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund \| SALDEF
- South Asian Americans Leading Together \| SAALT
- South Asian Bar Association of North America \| SABA
- Southeast Asia Resource Action Center \| SEARAC
Additional affiliate members include:
- Asian & Pacific Islander American Scholarship Fund \| APIASF
- Asian American Psychological Association \| AAPA
- Asian Pacific American Institute for Congressional Studies \| APAICS
- Center for Asian American Media \| CAAM
- Center for Asian Pacific American Women \| CAPAW
- Leadership Education for Asian Pacifics \| LEAP
- National Association of Asian American Professionals \| NAAAP
- National Federation of Filipino American Associations \| NaFFAA
- National Japanese American Memorial Foundation \| NJAMF
| 594 |
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| 0 |
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# National Council of Asian Pacific Americans
## History
The 1990s saw significant growth in the number and size of Asian-Pacific American (APA) organizations. Nevertheless, many of these organizations spoke for only a segment of the broader community. The push to create an organization gained additional impetus after the 1996 United States campaign finance controversy, in which Asian-Pacific Americans played a significant role. At the July 1996 Organization of Chinese Americans convention in Chicago, Illinois, the leaders of several APA organizations agreed that there was a need for an advocacy coalition which would bring together APA organizations on the local, state, regional and national levels. Former U.S. Representative Norman Mineta assisted the group in convening a series of meetings to discuss the new organization\'s mission and functions.
NCAPA was formally constituted in 1997. Daphne Kwok of the Organization of Chinese Americans was elected the organization\'s first chairperson.
NCAPA has been primarily active in politics. In 2000, the group strongly criticized Senator John McCain for using the \"gooks\" to describe his North Vietnamese prison guards. Four years later, NCAPA took a more proactive role by issuing a first-of-its-kind political platform addressing APA issues, and asking presidential candidates to adopt the platform as their own.
In 2007, after the Virginia Tech massacre, NCAPA worked to counteract discrimination against Asian-Pacific Americans and negative images of APAs in the national media.
On May 8, 2013, members of the coalition met with President Obama and senior staff to discuss topics of immigration, health care, and civil rights. Much of the conversation centered on the comprehensive immigration reform starting to make its way through Congress. In particular, the AAPI leaders zeroed on family reunification measures that are critical to immigrant communities. Participants included Asian American leaders from APALA, APIAHF, CNHA, NCAPACD, OCA, AAPCHO, NCAPA, SAALT, APAICS, AAJC, JACL, SEARAC, NAPAWF, and NAKASEC
| 306 |
National Council of Asian Pacific Americans
| 1 |
11,026,982 |
# Per Bergman
**Per H. Bergman** (May 15, 1886 -- October 18, 1950) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Erna Signe*, which won the silver medal in the 12 metre class
| 45 |
Per Bergman
| 0 |
11,026,984 |
# R357 road (Ireland)
The **R357 road** is a regional road in Ireland linking Athleague, County Roscommon and Blue Ball, County Offaly. It passes Ballinasloe, County Galway, crosses the River Shannon at Shannonbridge, passes through Cloghan, County Offaly and then through the cutaway peatlands of Boora Bog to Blue Ball where it terminates at the N52.
The road is 76 km long
| 62 |
R357 road (Ireland)
| 0 |
11,027,003 |
# British Columbia Mainland Cricket League
The **British Columbia Mainland Cricket League** (BCMCL) was founded in 1914 by seven founding member clubs. It is a competitive cricket league and is known for its scenic cricket grounds, most notably Stanley Park. According to the league\'s president, Inamul Desai, the BCMCL is the largest cricket league in North America.
## Organization
In 2019, the league hosted 89 teams (including junior teams), which played 1100 games in the regular season, which lasts from the end of April to mid-September. The teams are organized into nine divisions. At the end of the season, playoffs against the top two teams in each division are held, in which teams compete to move up in the division. Teams that end the season at the bottom of their division are relegated to the lower level
| 137 |
British Columbia Mainland Cricket League
| 0 |
11,027,013 |
# Staatz
**Staatz** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
| 18 |
Staatz
| 0 |
11,027,021 |
# Walter Smaill
**Walter Sydney Smaill** (December 18, 1884 -- March 2, 1971) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 137 games in various professional and amateur leagues, including the National Hockey Association, Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association, and Pacific Coast Hockey Association.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Amongst the teams Smaill played for were the Cobalt Silver Kings, Ottawa Senators, Victoria Aristocrats, and Montreal Wanderers. He won the Stanley Cup with the Montreal Wanderers in 1907 and 1908.
On Dominion Day 1909 Smaill narrowly escaped a similar death to that which befell his former teammate on the Montreal Wanderers Hod Stuart two years prior in 1907. Smaill dove into shallow water outside the Cartierville neighborhood in Montreal to recover a pair of glasses which had been dropped from a boat. When he came up to the surface his face was covered with blood and he was badly stunned.
## Deployment and playing style {#deployment_and_playing_style}
Smaill was a useful utility player. Outside of the forward left wing position he was also occasionally used as a cover-point (offensive defenceman) because of his strong rushing ability. Smaill did not shy away from the physical aspects of the game, which earned him quite many whacks and hacks in his face over the years as an amateur and professional hockey player. The January 22, 1918, issue of The Province newspaper in Vancouver ran a story on Smaill where he was crowned the \"Stitch Champion of Hockey\", for his badly battered countenance and many stitches to his face. The article referenced an informal survey among Montreal hockey players that had taken place just a few years prior, where Smaill had been the overwhelming answer to the question \"who is the worst battered man playing hockey?\" An attached stitch map in the newspaper of Smaill\'s face revealed how he had received bad cuts from all of Harry Hyland, Newsy Lalonde, Joe Hall, Jack Ulrich, Harry Smith and Frank Patrick, as well as from multiple flying pucks. He had also been rendered unconscious for 15 hours after a collision with Lester Patrick, and for 20 minutes in another instance after having been knocked out by Horace Gaul.
## Death
Smaill died at Montreal General Hospital on March 2, 1971, aged 86. He was buried at Mount Royal Cemetery in the Outremont borough of Montreal
| 388 |
Walter Smaill
| 0 |
11,027,027 |
# Dick Bergström
**Dick Bergström** (February 15, 1886 -- August 17, 1952) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Erna Signe*, which won the silver medal in the 12 metre class. His brother is Kurt Bergström
| 49 |
Dick Bergström
| 0 |
11,027,030 |
# Pete Ranzany
**Pete Ranzany** (born April 6, 1952 Pete Ronzoni in Sacramento, California) was an amateur boxer who represented the U.S. Army from 1970 to 1973. He defeated future world welterweight champion Carlos Palomino at the 1972 Olympic Trials, but lost to eventual gold medalist Sugar Ray Seales in the finals.
## Boxing Career {#boxing_career}
A conventional boxer with a solid jab and vicious left hook that Ranzany utilized to the body of his opponents, he was known to take opponents out with one single shot to the liver. His trainer, Joey Lopes---also a one-time fighter in the Sacramento region---was often criticized for protecting Ranzany, thus giving Ranzany the label of a \"hometown fighter.\"
Ranzany rose to the rank of number-one challenger in the world in the late 1970s as a welterweight. Ranzany knocked out Randy Shields on February 14, 1978, in the 11th round to earn the NABF welterweight title.
On September 9, 1978, Ranzany fought for the WBA world welterweight title against title holder Jose \"Pipino\" Cuevas, before a crowd of over 17,000 people in the outdoor Charles C. Hughes Stadium in Sacramento. After doing well in the first round, Ranzany was knocked out by a right-hand blow from Cuevas in the 2nd round.
One year later, on August 12, 1979, Ranzany lost to Sugar Ray Leonard at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, getting knocked out in the 4th round. Ranzany came back to Hughes Stadium the following year to defeat Sal Lopez (older brother of future Jr. Lightweight champion, Tony \"The Tiger\" Lopez) with a 6th-round knockout on September 5, 1980. After this victory, Ranzany got one more shot at a premier welterweight, losing to Wilfred Benítez on December 12, 1980, in a 10-round unanimous decision.
On October 30, 1982, Ranzany defeated former lightweight champion Sean O\'Grady in a 10-round unanimous decision
| 306 |
Pete Ranzany
| 0 |
11,027,061 |
# Kurt Bergström
**Kurt J. Bergström** (23 July 1891 -- 20 November 1955) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Erna Signe*, which won the silver medal in the 12 metre class at the 1912 Olympics. His brother Dick Bergström was also a crew member.
Kurt was an MD and worked as a physician in Jönköping, Sweden.
## Family
He was married to Inga Märta Eleonora Bergström, born Andersson. Inga and Kurt had three daughters: Marianne (1933), Marguerite (1936), and Inga-Brita (1937). All his daughters eventually married and had children, but Kurt died before these events, and therefore, he never met his grandchildren.
## Death
On the morning of 20 November 1955, Kurt felt ill and went to see his face in the mirror in his own bedroom. There, he diagnosed himself with a cerebral haemorrhage as half his face was paralyzed. He died peacefully in hospital later that day.
Image:Curt.jpg\|Kurt Bergström Image:Kurt1.jpg\|Kurt Bergström Image:1912 Erna Signe
| 170 |
Kurt Bergström
| 0 |
11,027,065 |
# Harry Smith (ice hockey, born 1883)
**Henry James Smith** (December 29, 1883 -- May 6, 1953) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 98 games in various professional and amateur leagues, including the National Hockey Association and Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association. Among the teams he played with were the Cobalt Silver Kings, Toronto Tecumsehs, Ottawa Senators, and Montreal Wanderers. He was a member of the famous \"Ottawa Silver Seven\" from 1905 to 1907. His brothers Alf and Tommy also played ice hockey.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Harry Smith first played senior-level hockey with the Ottawa Aberdeens of the CAHL-Intermediate league in 1901. He played for Arnprior of the Upper Ottawa Valley Hockey League before joining Smiths Falls of the Southern Ontario Hockey Association. He played two seasons with Smiths Falls before returning home to play in Ottawa with the Ottawa Senators, already the Stanley Cup champion. He played two seasons with the *Silver Seven* with his brother Alf who was playing-coach. In the 1905--06 season, Alf, Harry and brother Tommy all played for the Silver Seven, occasionally playing together on one line.
Smith was known as a rough player. In 1907 Smith and teammates Alf Smith and Charles Spittal were charged with assault after beating Montreal Wanderers players Hod Stuart, Ernie \"Moose\" Johnson and Cecil Blachford with their sticks. Harry Smith was acquitted while Spittal and Alf Smith were each fined \$20. When Smith played in an exhibition game with the Winnipeg Maple Leafs against the Winnipeg Hockey Club on December 19, 1907, the Winnipeg Hockey Club players refused to carry on the contest after it had degenerated into a number of violent displays, the last of which involved blows between Harry Smith and Winnipeg Hockey Club defenseman Percy Browne. He was subsequently expelled from the MHA along with Maple Leafs teammate Joe Hall.
Smith was also known to have one of the better shots in the game during his era, which helped him score many goals. He became a professional player in 1907--08 with the Pittsburgh Bankers of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League (WPHL). On February 15, 1908, he was involved in a riot with spectators in a game against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club at the Duquesne Gardens where he went into the stands swinging his stick after he had been hit on the ice by a chair thrown by a spectator. In 1908--09 he was a \'for hire\' player playing for the Bankers, Toronto Pros (OPHL), Haileybury Comets (TPHL) and Montreal Wanderers (ECHA), where he was member of the Wanderers 1909 Stanley Cup challenge championship squad, although the team did not hold the Cup at the end of the season.
In December 1909, prior to the 1909--10 season, Smith was badly scalded on one if his legs by the bursting of a valve in a steam engine while working for his father Henry in Fort William. He was laid up in hospital for several days, and it was first thought that he would not be able to play any hockey during the season, but he did play later on for both the Cobalt Silver Kings and the Haileybury Comets in the National Hockey Association.
He moved on to the Waterloo Colts of the OPHL in 1911, the Schreiber Colts in 1912, before returning to the NHA with the Toronto Tecumsehs. He returned to Ottawa in 1913--14, playing two games with the Ottawa Hockey Club (now known as the *Senators*) before ending his career with the Halifax Crescents of the Maritime Professional Hockey League (MPHL).
He died at Ottawa in 1953.
## Statistics
Regular season
-------------------- -------------------------- ---------------- ---- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1902--03 Ottawa Aberdeens CAHL-I -- --
1903--04 Arnprior HC UOVHL 6 23
1904--05 Cornwall HC FAHL 1 0
Smiths Falls HC OHA 3 8
Smiths Falls HC Prov. Playoffs -- --
1905--06 Ottawa Senators ECAHA 8 31
Stanley Cup -- --
1906--07 Ottawa Senators ECAHA 9 22
Exh. 1 4
1907--08 Winnipeg Maple Leafs Exh. 3 6
1907--08 Pittsburgh Bankers WPHL 16 44
World Pro -- --
1908--09 Pittsburgh Bankers WPHL 7 14
Montreal Canadian Rubber MMfHL 1 1
Haileybury Hockey Club TPHL 8 27
Toronto Professionals OPHL 2 0
Montreal Wanderers ECHA 4 9
Montreal Wanderers Stanley Cup -- --
1910 Cobalt Silver Kings NHA 10 28
Haileybury Hockey Club NHA 3 4
1910--11 Waterloo Colts OPHL 13 20
Cobalt Silver Kings TPHL 1 1
1911--12 Schreiber Colts NOHL 13 32
1912--13 Toronto Tecumsehs NHA 15 14
1913--14 Ottawa Senators NHA 3 1
ECAHA/ECHA totals 21 62
WPHL totals 23 58
NHA totals 31 47
Stanley Cup totals -- --
*Statistics per Society for International Hockey Research at sihrhockey
| 780 |
Harry Smith (ice hockey, born 1883)
| 0 |
11,027,075 |
# Swami Paramananda
**Paramananda** (1884--1940) was a swami and one of the early Indian teachers who went to the United States to spread the Vedanta philosophy and religion there. He was a mystic, a poet and an innovator in spiritual community living.
## Biography
### Birth and early life {#birth_and_early_life}
Paramananda was born on 5 February 1884 as Suresh Chandra Guhathakurta, the youngest son of a prestigious Guhathakurta family, in the village of Banaripara. The village is in Barisal District, which was then part of East Bengal in British India and is now part of Banaripara Upazila, Bangladesh. His father, Ananda Mohan Guha-Thakurta, was well known as a progressive, a champion for women\'s education, a legacy he was to pass along to his sons. His mother, Brahmamoyee Basu, bore eight children before dying of cancer in her early forties, when Suresh was nine years old. Suresh was known for his affectionate nature and cheerfulness. When Suresh was sixteen, his father began to lose his eyesight. As a result, Suresh read devotional texts aloud and one that was particularly compelling was a collection of \"Sayings of Sri Ramakrishna,\" a revered saint who had died fourteen years prior.
### Joining the Ramakrishna Order {#joining_the_ramakrishna_order}
On his seventeenth birthday, Suresh joined a group of older men from the village in a journey to Belur Math to visit the monastery and temple founded by Ramakrishna\'s disciples. There he met his teacher, Vivekananda, who was the foremost disciple of Ramakrishna and the first swami to teach in America.
Paramananda was initiated a month before his eighteenth birthday, becoming a monk (sannyasin) of the Ramakrishna Order and the youngest disciple of Vivekananda. The President of the Ramakrishna Math, Brahmananda, would call Suresh \"Basanta Kokhil\" \[spring-bird\], or simply \"Basanta\" \[spring\] and that became his new nickname. He trained under the mentorship of Ramakrishnananda, also a direct disciple of Ramakrishna, and founder of the Madras Math, a thousand miles south of Calcutta.
### In the West. Ananda Ashrama {#in_the_west._ananda_ashrama}
Paramananda was sent to New York in 1906 at the age of twenty-two to assist at the previously established New York Vedanta Society. He lived and taught there until 1909, when Paramananda established the Vedanta Centre of Boston. He lectured throughout the United States, Europe and Asia for thirty-four years, until his death in 1940.
He founded four nonsectarian ashramas where residents are primarily women, two in the United States and two in Calcutta, India (originally run by his disciple Charushila Devi in Dhaka, East Bengal now Bangladesh). They are still thriving today. In America are Ananda Ashrama (often used as the name for the all movement) in La Crescenta, California (1923) and Vedanta Centre in Cohasset, Massachusetts (1929).
Like his teacher Vivekananda, Paramananda believed in equality between men and women. He established disciplined communities of nuns under the supervision of Sister Devamata (1867--1942), his American first disciple, whom he ordained to teach Vedanta from the platform in 1910. She was the first American woman to teach Vedanta . Throughout the entire history of the community, women were accorded positions of leadership in all areas of the work. The first Indian woman to join the community was Gayatri Devi (1906--1995), who was brought by Paramananda in 1926 to be trained as one of his assistants. She became the spiritual leader of the ashramas upon Paramananda\'s death in 1940 and was the first Indian woman to be ordained a teacher in America. At a result of ordaining women to teach, the Ramakrishna Mission excommunicated Ananda Ashrama. In 1995 Dr. Susan Schrager (a.k.a. Mother Sudha Puri) accepted the spiritual leadership.
Two schools and orphanages for girls in need, also called Ananda Ashrama, continue today in Calcutta, India in the neighborhoods of Naktala and Bonhoogly.
## Works
Paramananda founded the \"Message of the East\" in 1909, the first Vedanta periodical published in the United States which continued for 55 years, offering articles, poetry and commentary on all religions in its monthly, and later quarterly, magazine. He authored translations of the Bhagavad Gita and The Upanishads as well as four volumes of mystical poetry, \"The Vigil\", \"Rhythm of Life\", \"Soul\'s Secret Door\" and \"My Creed\" and many other books and publications
| 698 |
Swami Paramananda
| 0 |
11,027,079 |
# Bank of the South
The **Bank of the South** (*links=no*, *links=no*, *links=no*) or **BancoSur** is a monetary fund and lending organization established on 26 September 2009 by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Ecuador, Bolivia and Venezuela with promises of initial capital of US\$20 billion. Argentina, Venezuela, and Brazil were to have each pledged \$4 billion, and Uruguay, Ecuador, Paraguay and Bolivia were to have contributed smaller amounts. The bank intended to lend money to nations in the Americas to construct social programs and infrastructure. Documents establishing the bank as an entity were signed in 2007, and the agreement between the countries was finalized in 2009, but as of 2016, the bank had not been capitalized.
## Plans and involvement {#plans_and_involvement}
The ultimate goal of the Bank of the South is to include every state within the region of South America. It has been established because of disapproval of the protocol of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), in particular the enforcement of unrelated free market reforms on countries seeking emergency loans. It also represents an attempt to achieve regional independence and endogenous development. The program would lend money to any nation involved in the construction of approved programs, and without conditions traditionally attached to such loans, such as deregulation.
The Bank is intended as an alternative to borrowing from the IMF and the World Bank. Hugo Chávez promised to withdraw from the IMF and encouraged other member states to do so as well. Latin America\'s dependence on the IMF fell dramatically between 2005 and 2008, with outstanding loans falling from 80% of the IMF\'s \$81bn loan portfolio, to 1% of the IMF\'s \$17bn of outstanding loans. Brazil and Argentina are also refusing to borrow from the IMF again.
It is proposed that all member countries contribute fairly equal shares to the Bank\'s initial capital of fourteen billion Brazilian reais (seven billion US dollars) so that no member state will control a dominant share. Argentina joined with Venezuela to officially propose such an initiative, but Brazil also became a major player. Additionally, the bank will feature a one-state one-vote structure, unlike the IMF.
| 354 |
Bank of the South
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# Bank of the South
## History
### Founding
The concept was first raised during the first presidential campaign of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, in 1998. Chavez consulted regularly with Mark Weisbrot, who has been described as the \"intellectual architect\" of the project. The concept was originally launched in 2006 in a cooperation between Venezuela and Argentina, led by their respective Presidents Hugo Chávez and Néstor Kirchner.
In May 2007, a meeting in Quito led to the official creation of the bank, and was said to indisputably signify another step towards Latin American integration.
Seven South American nations met in Rio de Janeiro on 8 October 2007, to plan the beginning of the Bank. It was announced that the Bank will be headquartered in Caracas, Venezuela, and would begin operations on 3 November 2007; this was later postponed to 5 December 2007, and then to 9 December 2007. Representatives from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela were present at the meeting. All 12 South American countries will be eligible to borrow from the Bank. In a surprise move, Colombia formally requested membership in the bank on 13 October 2007. As of 25 April 2008, the bank was still awaiting its member nations to have their local legislatures approve their individual capital investments. Member voting rights were yet to be determined at that time.
In March 2009 a number of Latin American nations agreed to contribute US\$7 billion towards the bank\'s start-up capital. Venezuela, Argentina, and Brazil are to contribute \$2 billion each, and Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay agreed to contribute varying amounts to provide the remaining US\$1 billion.
On 26 September 2009, the presidents of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Ecuador, Bolivia and Venezuela signed an agreement establishing the South Bank with an initial capital of US\$20 billion. Leaders including Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Argentina\'s Cristina Fernández de Kirchner formally signed up to the pact and announced that the starting capital would be US\$20 billion. It was unclear how much each country would contribute, but under the previous US\$7 billion figure announced in May, Argentina, Venezuela and Brazil were to have each pledged US\$2 billion, while Uruguay, Ecuador, Paraguay and Bolivia were to have invested smaller amounts.
### Delay
By 2016, the Bank of the South never received its first deposits. By 2017, the Bank of the South program was on hold. President of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, stated in May 2017 that, \"There is no good news for the Bank of the South. It is in papers but it has not been able to start working and I fear that it will not be able to be done in the short term\". Following the controversies surrounding the 2017 Constituent Assembly of Venezuela in August 2017, Chancellor of Uruguay Rodolfo Nin Novoa stated that Uruguay was evaluating its exit from the Bank of the South as well as TeleSUR due to Venezuela\'s influence in the groups.
## Reception
In 2010, *Americas Quarterly* wrote that \"Banco del Sur will have a negative effect on the region's development and credit worthiness and dearly cost its members\", saying that supporters of the bank\'s independence from international markets only use \"rhetoric arguments\" to defend the initiative, summarizing the effort as \"another example of the populist ambition and misguided policies that have taken hold again in the region.\"
Nobel Prize-winning former World Bank economist Joseph Stiglitz supported the idea, stating, \"One of the advantages of having a Bank of the South is that it would reflect the perspectives of those in the South\.... It is a good thing to have competition in most markets, including the market for development lending
| 610 |
Bank of the South
| 1 |
11,027,093 |
# Stronsdorf
**Stronsdorf** is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
| 18 |
Stronsdorf
| 0 |
11,027,098 |
# Oeming
**Oeming** is a German-language surname and may refer to:
- Al Oeming (1925--2014), Canadian wildlife conservationist, zoologist, professional wrestler and wrestling promoter
- Julie Oeming Badiee (née Julie Anne Oeming; 1947--2001), American art historian, educator
- Michael Avon Oeming (fl
| 42 |
Oeming
| 0 |
11,027,103 |
# Living and Dying in 3/4 Time
***Living and Dying in ¾ Time*** is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett. It is the second major label album in Buffett\'s Don Gant-produced \"Key West phase\". It was initially released in February 1974 as his second album for Dunhill Records. It contains the song \"Come Monday\", his first top-40 hit single.
## Chart performance {#chart_performance}
The album was Buffett\'s first to chart on the *Billboard* 200 album chart, but it only reached number 176. Unlike *A White Sport Coat and a Pink Crustacean* before it, it failed to make the *Billboard* Top Country Albums chart. The single of \"Come Monday\" reached number 30 on the Hot 100 and number three Easy Listening and number 58 Country. In addition, \"Pencil Thin Mustache\" hit number 44 Easy Listening and \"Saxophones\" \"bubbled under\" the Hot 100 at number 105.
## Songs
In addition to \"Come Monday,\" the album contains \"Pencil Thin Mustache\", another Buffett concert favorite. The two songs appear on most of his live albums and greatest hits compilations. \"Saxophones\" was re-recorded in 2003 for the compilation album *Meet Me In Margaritaville: The Ultimate Collection*, featuring the titular instrument more prominently.
The album contains two cover songs: \"Ballad of Spider John\" written and originally performed by Willis Alan Ramsey and \"God\'s Own Drunk\" by Lord Buckley. Buffett\'s version of \"Ballad of Spider John\" is missing some of the lyrics of the original, although he has included these in concert renditions. \"Livingston\'s Gone to Texas\" is a remake of Buffett\'s own song that was originally recorded for *High Cumberland Jubilee* (recorded 1971, released 1976). The version on *Living and Dying in ¾ Time* is a slower tempo, more country-sounding presentation, and is missing the penultimate verse of the original.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks written by Jimmy Buffett, except where noted.
**Side A:**
1. \"Pencil Thin Mustache\" -- 2:47
2. \"Come Monday\" -- 3:06
3. \"Ringling, Ringling\" -- 2:32
4. \"Brahma Fear\" -- 4:05
5. \"Brand New Country Star\" (V. Arnold, Jimmy Buffett) -- 2:40
6. \"Livingston\'s Gone to Texas\" -- 3:28
**Side B:**
1. \"The Wino and I Know\" -- 3:00
2. \"West Nashville Grand Ballroom Gown\" -- 2:34
3. \"Saxophones\" -- 3:18
4. \"Ballad of Spider John\" (Willis Alan Ramsey) -- 4:26
5. \"God\'s Own Drunk\" (Lord Buckley) -- 6:19
## Performers
**The Second Coral Reefer Band:**
- Jimmy Buffett -- lead vocals, acoustic guitar
- Reggie Young -- electric guitar
- Lanny Fiel -- acoustic, electric, and slide guitar
- Doyle Grisham -- pedal steel guitar
- Tommy Cogbill -- bass
- Mike Utley -- keyboards
- Sammy Creason -- drums and bodyguard
- Greg \"Fingers\" Taylor -- harmonica
- Ferrell Morris -- congas, vibes, and other little goodies
- Don Gant, Buzz Cason, Bergen White -- background vocals
- Bergen White -- string and horn arrangements
- Billy Puett -- horns on \"Saxophones\"
## Singles
- \"Saxophones\" b/w \"Ringling Ringling\" (released on Dunhill D-4378 in January 1974)
- \"Come Monday\" b/w \"The Wino And I Know\" (released on Dunhill D-4385 in April 1974)
- \"Pencil Thin Mustache\" b/w \"Brand New Country Star\" (released on Dunhill D-15011 in August 1974)
The single release of \"Saxophones\" was different from the album version, with an added horn section and background vocal section
| 552 |
Living and Dying in 3/4 Time
| 0 |
11,027,105 |
# Hugo Clason
`{{MedalTop}}`{=mediawiki} `{{MedalSport|Men's [[Sailing at the Summer Olympics|Sailing]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{MedalSilver|[[1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Stockholm]] | [[Sailing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – 12 metre class|12 metre class]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{MedalBottom}}`{=mediawiki}
**Hugo Clason** (June 2, 1865 -- January 21, 1935) was a Swedish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Swedish boat *Erna Signe*, which won the silver medal in the 12 metre class
| 69 |
Hugo Clason
| 0 |
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