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# Skagiopouleio
**Skagiopouleio** (Greek: Σκαγιοπούλειο) is a neighbourhood in the southern part of the city of Patras.
It was founded in 1926 as well as an orphanage center and it is named after Panagiotis Skagiopoulos for the aid of orphanages from the wars, the name is still used into the present day. From 1923, the neighbourhood incorporated Chalkomata. The older name of the area was Gyri (Γύρι) or Giri. The origin of the name is said by the people of Patras to be from the rides that began and ended in Psilalonia and which it made it into the area in which they turned back and returned. One of the oldest basketball clubs in the city, the A.O. Skagiopouleio which participated five times in the First Division category, is located in this neighborhood
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# Ivan Izquierdo
**Ivan Antonio Izquierdo** (16 September 1937 -- 9 February 2021) was an Argentine Brazilian scientist and a pioneer in the study of the neurobiology of learning and memory.
Born in 1937 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Izquierdo graduated in Medicine (1961) and completed his Ph.D. in Pharmacology (1962), both in the University of Buenos Aires (UBA). For nearly a decade, Izquierdo taught at National University of Cordoba (UNC), in Argentina, but, due to a number of reasons, both political (the Argentinian dictatorship) and personal (his wife, Ivone, is Brazilian), he moved to Brazil in the beginning of the 1970s, and lived in Porto Alegre since 1978. For more than 20 years, he worked in the \"Center of Memory\" of the Biochemistry Department of the Health Basic Sciences Institute (ICBS) at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), where he had an enormous influence on young scientists: he trained 42 Ph.D. students, most of whom hold academic research positions in universities in Brazil and elsewhere. Later, he moved to the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) where he continued with his research.
Izquierdo died from pneumonia on 9 February 2021, in Porto Alegre. He was 83.
## Contributions
Ivan Izquierdo made several key contributions to the understanding of the cellular basis of brain processes underlying memory storage and retrieval. His research work was focused in the biological mechanisms of memory processes, employing multiple experimental approaches that range from behavioral psychobiology to neurochemistry, pharmacology, neurophysiology and experimental neurology, usually employing intracerebral microinfusions of drugs and assaying its effects upon different brain receptors, cellular processes, and, in particular, behavioral performance in different tasks. He was among the first to reveal the roles of epinephrine, dopamine, endogenous opioid peptides and acetylcholine in modulating memory consolidation and state-dependent memory retrieval. Later he investigated benzodiazepine and GABAergic influences on memory. Some of his main achievements included the molecular bases of memory formation, retrieval, persistence and extinction in the mammal brain, the endogenous state dependency, and the functional discrimination between short and long-term memory.
## Publications
Over the years, Ivan Izquierdo published more than 500 scientific papers in refereed journals and was, for years, one of the most cited scientists in Brazil (and Latin America): 13 of his papers have been cited over 100 times, and since 1958 his papers have received over 10,000 citations. He also published 17 books, 6 of which are fiction / chronicle, a recent, parallel avenue of personal interest.
## Memberships and honors {#memberships_and_honors}
He was a member of several Academies of Sciences, in Brazil and abroad - he was elected Foreign Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences on 1 May 2007. He earned more than 30 important national and international awards, including the highest civilian badge of honor of Brazil, the Order of Rio Branco (2007). In Argentina, Izquierdo was the eighth person since 1821 to be named Honorary Professor of the University of Buenos Aires; the other seven were Nobel Laureates. He was a recipient of the 1995 TWAS Prize
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# Even If It Kills Me
***Even if It Kills Me*** is the third studio album by American rock band Motion City Soundtrack. Produced by Ric Ocasek, Adam Schlesinger, and Eli Janney, the album was released on September 18, 2007, in the United States by Epitaph Records. Motion City Soundtrack, based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, made a breakthrough with their second album, *Commit This to Memory*, garnering praise and independent buzz upon its 2005 release. Following the release, the band toured relentlessly over the next two years, during which time frontman Justin Pierre struggled with alcohol and substance abuse. These addictions were infused into the writing process of *Even If Kills Me*, which was recorded in early 2007 Stratosphere Studios in Chelsea and the legendary Electric Lady Studios in Greenwich Village.
The album debuted at number 16 on the *Billboard* 200 and number one on the magazine\'s Independent Albums chart, representing a career best at the time. \"Broken Heart\" and \"This Is for Real\" were the album\'s first two singles. The album received largely favorable reviews from music critics; *Spin* called the set \"near-perfect pop\", while *The New York Times* described it as \"one long sugar rush\".
## Background
The band played to larger crowds on the tours supporting *Commit This to Memory*, including over 9,000 fans on a Chicago date in 2005. The group \"toured incessantly\", including dates on the Warped Tour 2005. Afterwards, the band joined the Nintendo Fusion Tour with Fall Out Boy, Panic! at the Disco, and The Starting Line, which was their largest nationwide tour to that point.
During this time, Pierre\'s substance abuse nearly disbanded the group. \"I think it\'s an understatement to say it is tough to be tied to Justin\'s emotions,\" Cain later remarked.
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# Even If It Kills Me
## Recording and production {#recording_and_production}
*Even if It Kills Me* was recorded in early 2007 at Stratosphere Studios in Chelsea and Electric Lady Studios in Greenwich Village. While recording the album, Pierre strove to sing more softly than he had in the past, out of fear he would blow his voice out touring the album. He later felt his vocal performances on the album were not his best. He struggled with writer\'s block during the sessions and found himself writing lyrics while recording the song, which had never happened before. In addition, the band were worried their songs would not be catchy enough after their predecessor was so successful. The album was co-produced by Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne and Eli Janney of Girls Against Boys. \"Adam works 10 times faster than most people and he\'s already onto the next thing before you have a chance to think about what you did, so it was kind of like playing catch up,\" Pierre later recalled.
The record was also partly produced by Ric Ocasek of The Cars. Weezer\'s 1994 debut (produced by Ocasek) was among the band\'s collective favorite albums, and they jumped at the chance to work with Ocasek. The band was close to not booking Ocasek, \"but he called us back at the 11th hour,\" said Pierre. Schlesinger and Janney pushed the band to try new things, while Ocasek was more content with leaving things as is; \"Working with Ric, we\'d think the guitars were out of tune, but he\'d be, \'Perfect!\'\" said Taylor. Pierre expanded upon this in a 2015 interview, noting that he was disappointed with Ocasek\'s involvement:
Pierre called Chris Shaw, Ocasek\'s engineer, the \"MVP\" of the album, noting that he picked the best vocal takes and made it sound \"amazing.\" Following completion of the album, Pierre entered a three-week rehabilitation program for alcohol and drug abuse. The band was apart for a six-week stretch in the summer of 2007, marking their longest break apart in five years. \"It might sound cliched, but we all had a chance to do some growing up,\" said Cain.
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# Even If It Kills Me
## Composition
Pierre\'s improved mental state inspired the lyrics; whereas his work on *Commit This to Memory* was dark and lonely due to being in a \"bad state of mind,\" *Even if It Kills Me* is more optimistic and less self-loathing. The album still finds Pierre \"stuck between bursting bouts of giddiness and depression,\" best reflected in the album\'s singles, which represent \"flip sides of the romantic coin.\" The presence of Johnson\'s Moog is stronger than it was on the band\'s last effort, where it took a back seat to guitar-driven rock.
\"Last Night\" originated counter to the band\'s typical writing process: Cain began finger-picking on the guitar, which was already unusual to the band\'s style, and the group composed the song on the spot. Pierre wrote the lyrics in one sitting, with the demo version\'s lyrics bearing close resemblance to the final version. Drawing inspiration from the film *Memento* (2000), he noted to an interviewer that he included a secret code to the song: \"Think of that movie and then listen to that song again. It might make more sense.\" The song lacks traditional elements of pop music, but retains its catchiness; the song was Cain\'s favorite, as it reminded him of the work of the Cure or Death Cab for Cutie. \"The Conversation\" is a \"minimalist piano ballad\" unlike much anything the band had done to this point. The song arose when Taylor was tooling around a piano at the band\'s rehearsal space, and Pierre accompanied him. Initially, they were unsure due to the song\'s bare structure (piano and vocals only), and felt it too reminiscent of the work of Ben Folds (the band\'s resident Ben Folds fanatic, drummer Tony Thaxton, urged them to go ahead with the original, which he deemed \"not too Ben Folds. In fact, it\'s not Ben Folds enough.\") The song is based on a conversation Pierre had with his girlfriend during a relationship that fell apart during the writing of their previous album.
\"Hello Helicopter\" is the band\'s only overtly political track, and is written from an apathetic point of view. \"I try not to be too heavy-handed. It\'s kind of just a laundry list of things that bum me out,\" said Pierre. The song includes guest vocals from Max Bemis of Say Anything, Rachel Minton of Zolof the Rock and Roll Destroyer and Shawn Harris of The Matches. \"Antonia\" was written about the idiosyncrasies that compose one unique individual.
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# Even If It Kills Me
## Release
While the band were aware that *Even If Kills Me* could be considered their commercial breakthrough, the record that \"propels \[them\] into a Fall Out Boy-like orbit within the mainstream,\" Cain told a reporter in 2007 that \"ultimately I don\'t think we care that much. We do our thing, and people like it or they don\'t.\" While CD sales had fallen dramatically over the course of the decade, the band did very well on the touring circuit. Johnson noted that while the band failed to secure a gold record, radio airplay or MTV hits, they nonetheless had \"dedicated fans, and we\'re really lucky for that.\" The band\'s music was considered not \"edgy\" enough for modern rock playlists and not mainstream enough for contemporary hit radio.
*Even if It Kills Me* was a career-best upon its debut: it peaked at number 16 on the *Billboard* 200 and number one on the magazine\'s Independent Albums chart. The album debuted with 33,000 copies sold, according to Nielsen SoundScan, which more than doubled their best sales week two years prior. Three songs from *Even if It Kills Me* were released as singles. The first, \"Broken Heart\", was released three months before the album as a digital download on June 26, 2007. \"This Is for Real\" was released as the second single on August 7, 2007, in the US and on September 3 in the UK. It was released digitally, on CD and on limited edition 7\" vinyl, and included three different B-sides; \"Not Asking You to Leave\", an acoustic version of \"Broken Heart\" (featuring Korin Louise Cox of The Hard Lessons) and a cover version of the Lifter Puller song \"Plymouth Rock\". The band shot a video for \"This Is for Real\" in Southern California in August 2007, which was premiered on mtvU.com on September 10. The third single, \"It Had to Be You\", was released in early 2008, with a stop motion music video accompanying it.
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# Even If It Kills Me
## Reception
*Even if It Kills Me* received a Metascore of 68 on aggregator Metacritic, indicating generally favorable reviews from six critics. *Spin* endorsed the album, saying, \"Motion City have deftly filled that space between emotional adolescence and responsible adulthood with this set of near-perfect pop.\" *The New York Times* reviewer Kelefa Sanneh commended the record. \"Together they made an album that sounds like one long sugar rush, and so long as the rush lasts, it sounds pretty great.\" He praised singer Justin Pierre who he says \"never sounds better than when he\'s rushing from an overwritten verse into a perfectly simple refrain.\" Allmusic\'s Andrew Leahey also praised Pierre, saying he \"is the star of this album\". Leahey said the departure of Blink-182 from the fray could have prompted Motion City Soundtrack to become \"the genre\'s new torchbearers\". He went on to state that the band\'s \"dedication to the pop genre\... with roots in something harder\" is a trait that could also be attributed to The Cars, of which one of the album\'s producers Ric Ocasek, was the frontman. He declared the band\'s choice to use three producers avoided \"that nebulous point on *Memory* and *I Am the Movie* where the albums\' final tracks begin to suffer from being so similar to their predecessors\... There\'s no lull here, just fast-paced fun\". However, entangled with the positivity, Leahey did observe the album\'s tendency to \"consciously aim for commercial acceptance, but rarely at the expense of the quirks and literate lyrics that first endeared Motion City Soundtrack to its fans.\"
*Alternative Press* gave the album 3/5 and was dismayed by it being too much of the same, saying \"Much of the disc is business as usual.\" Andy Greenwald of *Blender* rated the album 3/5 also. \"Every generation needs a Weezer\... and Motion City Soundtrack is the Weezer of emo.\" He was indifferent when it came to scrutinising Pierre, saying he \"is a savvy melodic songwriter and, refreshingly, he\'s completely incapable of taking himself seriously,\" noting an unusual lyric from the \"bouncy standout \'It Had to Be You.\'\" *PopMatters* reviewer Colin McGuire alluded numerous times to the simplicity the band exhibits that makes them appealing: \"it\'s their honestly simple lyrics that make Minneapolis\'s most interesting five-piece so attractive,\" and \"It\'s no secret that it\'s MCS\'s inconsolably simplistic wit that has made them cult heroes.\" He rated the album 6/10; summing up in saying the \"album has proven its loyalty to the sound that gained Motion City Soundtrack its legion of fans---colorful pop-punk led by a guy with tremendous hair singing about his heart being broken.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
- Tracks 1, 3, 6, 9--12 produced by Adam Schlesinger & Eli Janney.
- Tracks 2, 4, 5, 8 and 13 produced by Ric Ocasek.
- Track 7 produced by Motion City Soundtrack.
- Some copies of the album incorrectly read \"Fell In Love Without You\" as \"Fell In Love **With** You\"
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# Halfdan Hansen
**Halfdan Nicolai Hansen** (October 16, 1883 -- April 1, 1953) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Magda IX*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class
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# WLFW
**WLFW** is a Southern gospel-formatted radio station located in Johnston, South Carolina, and is part of the Augusta, Georgia, radio market (mostly on the South Carolina side of the Savannah River). The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast at 92.7 FM with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1.8 kW.
## History
WLFW signed on August 26, 1985, as WKSX-FM, the FM to 1190 WJES---Johnston, simulcasting full-time. Both stations had a mostly satellite-fed adult contemporary format, with local high school sports. For a time in the late 1980s/early 1990s, the station would feature album rock at night, but was gone by the fall of 1991, replaced with oldies. The station segued into oldies full-time by 1992 as \"Oldies 92.7\".
In 1996, WKSX-FM was paired with 92.1 WJRQ in Saluda, South Carolina. WJRQ became WJES-FM and both stations became \"The Twins\", still with an oldies format. This lasted until 2004, when WJES-FM was sold and moved to Irmo, South Carolina, becoming WWNU. Since the sale, WKSX-FM continued with the Oldies format and featured Carolina Beach Music programming on the weekends. The station\'s news and sports programming included NBC Radio News, South Carolina Radio Network and USC Gamecocks athletics.
The station was owned by Michaelsen Communications LLC until it was sold effective October 8, 2020, to the Power Foundation, owner of The Life FM network, which changed the format to Southern Gospel. Power Foundation paid \$180,000 to acquire WKSX-FM. The station changed its call sign on October 9 to WLFW
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# Arnfinn Heje
**Arnfinn Kolbjørn Heje** (26 October 1877 -- 29 January 1958) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Magda IX*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class
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# Gastón Sangoy
**Gastón Sangoy** (born 5 October 1984) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a striker.
## Career
A product of the Boca Juniors youth system in Argentina, he has been loaned out for most of his young career to clubs in the Netherlands, Israel and Cyprus. Playing mainly as a second striker, but also as a right and left winger because of his ability to use both his feet with great success, he is renowned for his excellent direct free-kicks.
### Universitario de Deportes {#universitario_de_deportes}
In January 2006, he moved to Peru to play for Universitario de Deportes. He played Copa Libertadores and scored 3 goals in 5 games.
### Stint in Israel and settle in Cyprus {#stint_in_israel_and_settle_in_cyprus}
After trialling with Maccabi Tel Aviv, the club turned down the loan offer citing the players weight problems. He then found his way to Liga Leumit side, Hapoel Ashkelon. There he had a breakout season and guided the club to the Israel State Cup final. Despite his performances in the cup, the club was relegated to the Liga Artzit and Sangoy left Israel to sign with Cypriot club, Apollon Limassol. In April 2008, after several decent performances with his new club, he signed a four-year extension to his contract until 2012. Despite being a very disappointing season for Apollon Limassol, 2008--09 was for Sangoy the most prolific season in his career having scored 20 goals in 27 championship matches and as a result being the fans favourite. In May 2009 a very controversial decision was taken by the Cyprus Football Association (CFA). After announcing a month before that the league\'s top scorer was to be decided at the end of the regular season, who at the time was Sangoy, the CFA reversed its decision by saying that the top scorer was to be decided after the end of the play-offs. Thus Sangoy, who during this time was preserved by his coach for the more important cup matches, missed the \"golden boot\". In 2009, he became Apollon\'s captain.
In 2010, he played a major role in helping his team Apollon Limassol win the Cypriot Cup.
### Al Wakrah {#al_wakrah}
Sangoy joined Qatar Stars League side Al Wakrah in July 2015
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# Prolepsis (album)
***Prolepsis*** is the second album by the North Carolina band Arrogance, released in 1975 (see 1975 in music).
## Track listing {#track_listing}
**Side One**
1. \"Six Wings\" (Kirkland) -- 3:20
2. \"Bad Girl\" (Dixon) -- 2:42
3. \"Barely Alive\" (Kirkland) -- 2:23
4. \"Sun Sweet\" (Dixon) - 8:50
5. \"North End of Town\" (Kirkland) -- 3:17
**Side Two**
1. \"We Live To Play\" (Dixon) - :26
2. \"Slaughtered Elves\" (Kirkland) - 2:29
3. \"Can\'t I Buy A Song\" (Dixon) - 2:39
4. \"Sunday Feeling\" (Kirkland) - 4:14
5. \"People Aren\'t Free\" (Dixon) - 4:09
6. \"Cost Of Money\" (Stout) - 4:18
7
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# Alfred Larsen (sailor)
**Alfred Waldemar Garmann Larsen** (24 November 1863 -- 10 September 1950) was a Norwegian businessman and sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Magda IX*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class.
## Business career {#business_career}
Larsen took over a family company which became one of Norway\'s leading importers of wines and liquors. He was decorated Knight of the Order of St. Olav in 1912
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# Rhode River
The **Rhode River** is a 3 mi tidal tributary of the West River in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It is south of the South River.
These are its named tidal creeks and coves starting at the upper end and going clockwise, with a lower-order tributary listed after the \"&\" symbol:
- Muddy Creek
- Fox Creek
- Sheephead Cove
- Sellman Creek
- Bear Neck Creek & Whitemarsh Creek
- Cadle Creek
- Boathouse Cove
YMCA Camp Letts sits on a peninsula at the northern end of the Rhode River, and the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center occupies most of the northwestern shore of the Rhode River.
## Carrs Wharf {#carrs_wharf}
Carrs Wharf is a community park on the Rhode River.
## Early settlement {#early_settlement}
*Rhode River Hundred* is listed in records of some of the earliest settlements in the Province of Maryland. In 1651, Robert Harwood surveyed Harwood Plantation on the Rhode River. A deed was written by Thomas Harwood of Streatley, Berks County (Berkshire), England to his son Richard Harwood for *Hookers Purchase* at the head of Muddy Creek.
The steamboat *Emma Giles* served the **Rhode River** between 1891 and 1932, making five trips per week
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# Event Horizon (sculpture)
***Event Horizon*** is the name of a large-scale public sculpture installation by the British artist Antony Gormley. First displayed in London in 2007, they were later displayed in New York, downtown São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Gormley describes his statues as \"\...showing solitary figures installed in groups yet retaining their sense of solitude and reflection.\"
## Installations
thumb\|left\|upright=0.75\|A closer look at one of the figures, which were cast from Gormley\'s own body Originally mounted in London in 2007, the project consists of 31 life-size anatomically correct male bodies, 27 constructed of fiberglass and four of cast iron, all cast from the body of the artist himself. which were placed on top of prominent buildings along the London\'s South Bank -- for example the Shell Building and Waterloo Bridge. Part of Gormley\'s 2007 retrospective exhibition *Blind Light* at the Hayward Gallery, it was best viewed from the gallery\'s terraces. The statues were occasionally mistaken as suicide attempts. The installation was taken down in August and September 2007. Gormley had previously constructed a similar project, *Another Place*, in Crosby Beach, Merseyside, England.
thumb\|upright=0.75\|An *Event Horizon* statue over Madison Square In 2010, the *Event Horizon* sculptures were installed in New York City at sites around Madison Square, as far downtown as Union Square and as far uptown as the Empire State Building. The 27 fiberglass figures were placed on setbacks and tops of buildings, while the four cast iron figures were on the ground in Madison Square Park. The installation was sponsored by the Madison Square Park Conservancy. The 2012 installation in São Paulo and the 2015--16 show in Hong Kong are the same as the London design, presented by British Council partnered with K11 Art Foundation.
## Reception
Critic Howard Halle said of it that \"Using distance and attendant shifts of scale within the very fabric of the city, \[*Event Horizon*\] creates a metaphor for urban life and all the contradictory associations -- alienation, ambition, anonymity, fame -- it entails.\" Both in New York, London and Hong Kong, the figures were mistaken as suicide attempts. The installation\'s display at Chater House in Hong Kong was cancelled when US investment bank JPMorgan, which has offices in the 30-storey skyscraper, asked its landlord, Hongkong Land -- the sponsor of *Event Horizon* -- to cancel its support for the show after bank employee Dennis Li Junjie jumped to his death from the building\'s roof in 2014.
## Artist\'s interpretation {#artists_interpretation}
Gormley said of the London installation that \"it was great to see an individual or groups of people pointing at the horizon. This transfer of the stillness of sculpture to the stillness of an observer is exciting to me: reflexivity becoming shared.\" Of the New York site he said that \"Within the condensed environment of Manhattan\'s topography, the level of tension between the palpable, the perceivable and the imaginable is heightened because of the density and scale of the buildings\" and that in this context, the project should \"activate the skyline in order to encourage people to look around. In this process of looking and finding, or looking and seeking, one perhaps re-assesses one\'s own position in the world and becomes aware of one\'s status of embedment.\"
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
One of the figures from *Event Horizon* was featured in the opening credits of the 2008 first episode of the British TV series *Ashes to Ashes*
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# Petter Larsen
**Petter Andreas Larsen** (December 6, 1890- September 13, 1946) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Magda IX*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class
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# Carl Thaulow
**Carl Gustav Thaulow** (October 23, 1875 -- May 30, 1942) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Magda IX*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class.
Carl Thaulow was the son of a physician, Johan Fredrik Thaulow
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# Padraig O'Connor
**Padraig O\'Connor** was an Irish soccer player in the League of Ireland during the 1970s and 1980s.
He played for Bohemians from 1973 to 1978 winning 2 league titles and making 147 league appearances (8 as sub), scoring 11 goals. He also made 14 appearances in European competition for the club scoring 1 goal in the European Cup. He is the brother of Bohemian legend Turlough O\'Connor and Michael O\'Connor. O\'Connor won the PFAI Players\' Player of the Year award in the 1980--81 season, the first time it was awarded.
He had a spell as player/manager of Bohemians for the 1989--90 League of Ireland Premier Division season after the departure of Billy Young. He also managed Athlone Town previous to his spell in charge at Bohs.
O\'Connor shared a testimonial with Tom Conway in May 1985.
In 2009, he was a Gaelic football coach, co-managing the Na Fianna under 15 team
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# Jordan and Einstein frames
The Lagrangian in scalar-tensor theory can be expressed in the **Jordan frame** or in the **Einstein frame**, which are field variables that stress different aspects of the gravitational field equations and the evolution equations of the matter fields. In the **Jordan frame** the scalar field or some function of it multiplies the Ricci scalar in the Lagrangian and the matter is typically coupled minimally to the metric, whereas in the **Einstein frame** the Ricci scalar is not multiplied by the scalar field and the matter is coupled non-minimally. As a result, in the Einstein frame the field equations for the space-time metric resemble the Einstein equations but test particles do not move on geodesics of the metric. On the other hand, in the Jordan frame test particles move on geodesics, but the field equations are very different from Einstein equations. The causal structure in both frames is always equivalent and the frames can be transformed into each other as convenient for the given application.
Christopher Hill and Graham Ross have shown that there exist \"gravitational contact terms\" in the Jordan frame, whereby the action is modified by graviton exchange. This modification leads back to the Einstein frame as the effective theory. Contact interactions arise in Feynman diagrams when a vertex contains a power of the exchanged momentum, $q^2$, which then cancels against the Feynman propagator, $1/q^2$, leading to a point-like interaction. This must be included as part of the effective action of the theory. When the contact term is included results for amplitudes in the Jordan frame will be equivalent to those in the Einstein frame, and results of physical calculations in the Jordan frame that omit the contact terms will generally be incorrect. This implies that the Jordan frame action is misleading, and the Einstein frame is uniquely correct for fully representing the physics.
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# Jordan and Einstein frames
## Equations and physical interpretation {#equations_and_physical_interpretation}
If we perform the Weyl rescaling $\tilde{g}_{\mu\nu}=\Phi^{-2/(d-2)} g_{\mu\nu}$, then the Riemann and Ricci tensors are modified as follows.
$$\sqrt{-\tilde{g}}=\Phi^{-d/(d-2)}\sqrt{-g}$$
$$\tilde{R}=\Phi^{2/(d-2)}\left[ R + \frac{2(d-1)}{d-2}\frac{\Box \Phi}{\Phi} -\frac{3(d-1)}{(d-2)}\left(\frac{\nabla\Phi}{\Phi}\right)^2 \right]$$ As an example consider the transformation of a simple Scalar-tensor action with an arbitrary set of matter fields $\psi_\mathrm{m}$ coupled minimally to the curved background
$$S = \int d^dx \sqrt{-\tilde{g}} \Phi \tilde{R} + S_\mathrm{m}[\tilde{g}_{\mu \nu},\psi_\mathrm{m}] =\int d^dx \sqrt{-g} \left[ R + \frac{2(d-1)}{d-2}\frac{\Box \Phi}{\Phi} - \frac{3(d-1)}{(d-2)}\left( \nabla\left(\ln \Phi \right) \right)^2\right] + S_\mathrm{m}[\Phi^{-2/(d-2)} g_{\mu\nu},\psi_\mathrm{m}]$$ The tilde fields then correspond to quantities in the Jordan frame and the fields without the tilde correspond to fields in the Einstein frame. See that the matter action $S_\mathrm{m}$ changes only in the rescaling of the metric.
The Jordan and Einstein frames are constructed to render certain parts of physical equations simpler which also gives the frames and the fields appearing in them particular physical interpretations. For instance, in the Einstein frame, the equations for the gravitational field will be of the form
$$R_{\mu \nu} - \frac{1}{2} R g_{\mu \nu}= \mathrm{other \; fields}\,.$$ I.e., they can be interpreted as the usual Einstein equations with particular sources on the right-hand side. Similarly, in the Newtonian limit one would recover the Poisson equation for the Newtonian potential with separate source terms.
However, by transforming to the Einstein frame the matter fields are now coupled not only to the background but also to the field $\Phi$ which now acts as an effective potential. Specifically, an isolated test particle will experience a universal four-acceleration
$$a^\mu= \frac{-1}{d-2} \frac{\Phi_{,\nu}}{\Phi}(g^{\mu \nu} + u^\mu u^\nu),$$ where $u^\mu$ is the particle four-velocity. I.e., no particle will be in free-fall in the Einstein frame.
On the other hand, in the Jordan frame, all the matter fields $\psi_\mathrm{m}$ are coupled minimally to $\tilde{g}_{\mu \nu}$ and isolated test particles will move on geodesics with respect to the metric $\tilde{g}_{\mu \nu}$. This means that if we were to reconstruct the Riemann curvature tensor by measurements of geodesic deviation, we would in fact obtain the curvature tensor in the Jordan frame. When, on the other hand, we deduce on the presence of matter sources from gravitational lensing from the usual relativistic theory, we obtain the distribution of the matter sources in the sense of the Einstein frame.
## Models
Jordan frame gravity can be used to calculate type IV singular bouncing cosmological evolution, to derive the type IV singularity
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# Al Carrell
**Albert Raymond \"Al\" Carrell** (September 2, 1925 -- August 27, 2014) was an American columnist, author, radio personality, and home construction/improvement expert. Carrell\'s column ran in over 250 newspapers in the U.S.
## Personal
In 1951, Carrell and his wife moved to Dallas, Texas. Carrell graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas, Texas) and in 1999, was inducted into Woodrow\'s Hall of Fame. On August 27, 2014, Carrell died of pneumonia in Dallas.
## Career
Carrell began his career writing a syndicated newspaper column for *The Dallas Morning News*. It appeared in this newspaper for 20 years. Carrell was a spokesman for the Home Depot in its early days from its creation in 1979 up until the early 90s. A Dallas radio station called him and wanted him to start up his own show where listeners would call in to ask for advice. The show was nationally known as The Handy Man Show. His daughter was a co-host with him on his show and hopes to continue the show with a different name, \"Super Handy Mom\". The program ran on KSKY-AM (660). While no longer the company spokesman, Carrell\'s subsequent endeavors were often sponsored by Home Depot. He spent over 30 years on radio, helping citizens in North Texas with household repairs.
## Books
Carrell wrote six books, including *The Super Handyman's Encyclopedia of Home Repair Hints*. His last book is called *The Super Handyman's Home Care Almanac*.
## Family
Carrell married his wife, Jean, and they had daughters Kelly and Meg. His father was a postal worker
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# WBCH-FM
**WBCH-FM** (100.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to Hastings, Michigan broadcasting a country music format.
## Bronco Radio Network {#bronco_radio_network}
WBCH is an affiliate of the Western Michigan University \"Broncos Radio Network\" and carries all of the Broncos football and men\'s hockey games
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# Randy Emberlin
**Randy Emberlin** is a comic book inker best known for his ink work on the Spider-Man comic books. Per the bio on his website, he currently lives in Portland, Oregon. He has spent the past 30 years working in a variety of creative fields, including as an illustrator of educational books and an animator on over fifty television commercials.
Over the last 20 years he is probably best known for his work as an inker in comics, with a résumé that includes long runs on *The Amazing Spider-Man*, *G.I. Joe*, *Doctor Strange*, *Alien Legion*, *Ghost*, and recently the *Left Behind* series for Tyndale House. He has worked with a wide range of pencilers. His cousin is the video game programmer Doug Neubauer; they collaborated over developing the graphics for Neubauer\'s *Solaris* (1986)
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# Tommy Gaynor
**Tommy Gaynor** (born 29 January 1963) was an Irish soccer player during the 1980s and 1990s.
## Career
He made his League of Ireland debut on 13 September 1981 for Limerick United before signing for Shamrock Rovers in 1982. He scored 2 goals in 3 appearances for the club in the UEFA Cup. He left to sign for Dundalk in 1983. Moved back to Limerick where he was joint top scorer in 1984--85 and top scorer in 1985--86.
He signed for Nottingham Forest in 1987 spending 5 years there before signing for Millwall in 1992.
At the City Ground he helped Forest win the Football League Cup and Full Members\' Cup in 1989, when they also finished third in the Football League First Division. However, he was left out of the side for the League Cup final of 1990, when Forest retained their trophy.
In his time at the City Ground, Gaynor was one of the Forest players who had to cope with the horrors of the Hillsborough disaster during the opening minutes of their FA Cup semi-final against Liverpool. Gaynor played in the rescheduled game at Old Trafford, which Liverpool won 3--1. Despite scoring regularly for the Forest first team he spent the majority of his time as a reserve player, often behind considerably less prolific strikers.
He then returned to his homeland and despite guesting for Shelbourne in a friendly against Tottenham Hotspur he signed for Cork City in August 1993, initially on a months loan. This deal became permanent but Gaynor had a turbulent relationship with the then Bishopstown based club. In December 1994 he failed to turn up for a league game.
He signed for Athlone Town in October 1995 and scored twice on his debut. He was Athlone\'s top scorer that season with 12 league goals. Rejoined Cork in September 1996 but was back playing for Athlone in early 1997.
Gaynor transferred to Bohemians in February 1997 and again scored on his debut.
He had further spells with St Patrick\'s Athletic, where he scored against Celtic in a friendly, Limerick and Kilkenny City.
He was appointed Kilkenny City manager on 11 July 2007
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# BBPR
**BBPR** was an architectural partnership founded in Milan, Italy in 1932.
## Partnership
The BBPR studio was formed in Milan in 1932 in a climate described by Giorgio Ciucci as "oscillating between differing and contrasting positions." The name of the firm was an acronym derived from the first letter of each of the partners\' family name: Gianluigi Banfi (Architect) (1910--1945), Lodovico Barbiano di Belgiojoso (Architect) (1909--2004), Enrico Peressutti (Architect) (1908--1976), and Ernesto Nathan Rogers (1909--1969).
Their contribution to the development of Rationalism is evident not only in their architecture but in their involvement with MIAR and the journal Quadrante born as a rival to Casabella. Their work held general appeal and was also appreciated and promoted by Edoardo Persico and Giuseppe Pagano at Casabella. Along with the editor Valentino Bompiani, the BBPR group is credited for the original idea for the Italian Civilisation building. The selection of the Guerrini-La Padula-Romano project was fraught with polemics since it is argued that their eulogy to the most Roman of architectural motif -- the arch -- is what won them first prize, a prize which some say deservedly belonged to the Milanese architects. Their adherence to Fascism was short-lived and they soon became members of the resistance: Banfi and Belgiojoso were imprisoned at the Mauthausen concentration camp where Banfi died and Rogers, being of Jewish descent, was forced into exile in Switzerland.The practice continued under the same name after the Second World War despite the death of Banfi in Mauthausen concentration camp. The firm came to notice after World War II with the abstract design for the Monument to the Victims of Nazi Concentration Camps, erected within the Cimitero Monumentale di Milano. Located in the centre of an open plaza, its white, tubular frame encloses a glass cube that holds a mess tin containing blood-soaked earth from the Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp in Austria. Panels of black and white marble bear inscriptions about martyrdom and persecution, justice and freedom. Around the Monument, a series of tombstone-shaped plaques show an alphabetical list of names of Milanesi who died in concentration camps.
BBPR reacted against the polemic of the International Style in 1954, with the creation of the Torre Velasca in Milan, complete with its abstract medieval references. The tower responds to its prominent location near the Milan Cathedral in the city\'s historic centre.
The firm was subsequently employed to create new interior spaces and exhibition designs for the museums housed within Milan\'s Castello Sforzesco, which had been severely damaged by allied bombing in 1943.
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# BBPR
## Buildings and projects {#buildings_and_projects}
- 1933 -- House of Saturday for the newlyweds at the V Triennale di Milano (with Piero Portaluppi; -- demolished)
- 1934 -- Various rooms at the Italian Aeronautical Exhibition.
- 1935 -- Building for homes and offices owned by Feltrinelli
- 1935 -- Hall of tennis and Hall of motoring at the National Sport Exhibition
- 1937 -- Rice deposits and nursery school in the province of Vercelli
- 1938 -- Eliotherapy colony, Legnano
- 1938 -- Town planning and study of the pavilions for the new Trade Fair, Milan (project)
- 1939--1941 -- Palazzo delle Poste at E42, via Ludwig Beethoven, Rome
- 1945 -- Milan City Plan, known as AR
- 1948 -- Perego-owned residential and office building, Milan
- 1951 -- INA-Casa district in Cesate, Milan
- 1954 -- Exhibition hall for Olivetti in Fifth Avenue, New York
- 1954 -- Pavilion The children\'s labyrinth at the 10th Milan Triennale (demolished)
- 1956 -- Restoration and refurbishment of the Sforzesco Castle, Milan
- 1958 -- Torre Velasca in Piazza Velasca, Milan -- (IN / ARCH Award for a completed work -- 1961
- 1959 -- Office and residential building between Piazza Statuto and Corso Francia, Turin
- 1960 -- E. Ritter house in Stintino
- 1961 -- Velarca, the 19-meter boat house anchored along the western shore of Lake Como
- 1963 -- Residential building in via Vigna, Milan
- 1964 -- Hispano-Olivetti building in Ronda de la Universidad, Barcelona
- 1964 -- Piezometric tower in via Morane, Modena
- 1965 -- Headquarters of the Italian Commercial Bank (today Banca Intesa), via Mariano Stabile, Palermo
- 1967 -- Case Andreatta in Pinzolo
- 1968 -- New India Assurance residential and tertiary building in Bombay
- 1969 -- Headquarters of the Giornale di Sicilia, via Lincoln, Palermo
- 1969 -- Office building (Chase Manhattan Bank) in Piazza Meda in Milan
- 1970 -- Hotel in Capoliveri, Elba Island
- 1970 -- Building between corso Buenos Aires, via Piccinni and via Monteverdi, Milan
- 1971 -- Cinema Mediolanum in Corso Vittorio Emanuele, Milan
- 1973 -- Museum-monument to the political and racial deportee in the Castello dei Pio, Carpi
- 1974 -- Palazzo Amoroso, Santo Spirito square, Palermo
- 1975 -- University of Calabria in Arcavacata
- 1978 -- Shopping center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- 1980 -- Hotel and party hall in the Casino of St. Vincent
- 1981 -- Residential and office buildings in piazza Maciachini, in via Fetonte, in S. Siro, Milan and Bruzzano
- 1983 -- Building for a chemical-pharmaceutical industry in Egypt
- 1987 -- S. Bortolo Hospital 5th lot, Vicenza
- 1988 -- Restoration of Villa Castiglioni in Magenta
- 1989 -- Chemical-pharmaceutical complex, Bari
- 1990 -- ATM headquarters in via Monte Rosa in Milan
- 1991 -- Renovation plan of the Old City of Kuwait
- 1994 -- Complex for the University of Studies in the Annunziata area, Messina
- 1994 -- Restoration of the Palazzo Reale as the seat of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Milan
## Gallery
<File:Paolo> Monti - Servizio fotografico (Milano, 1963) - BEIC 6360403.jpg\|Interiors of Mayer Palace <File:Torre> Velasca.jpg\|Torre Velasca in Milan, 1958 <File:Milano> - edificio Chase Manhattan Bank.JPG\|Chase Manhattan Bank building, 1969 <File:Cesate> - Villaggio INA - edifici 82-83.jpg\|INA Village in Cesate, 1954
## Publications
- Fiori Leonardo, Pizzon Massimo (a cura di): *B.B.P.R. La Torre Velasca*, Abitare Segesta, 1982.
- Piva Antonio (a cura di): *B.B.P.R. a Milano*, Electa, 1982.
- Società generale immobiliare: *Torre Velasca, 26 piani, 800 locali*, Società generale immobiliare, 1958.
- Brunetti F.: *La Torre Velasca a Milano*, Alinea, 1999.
- Rogers E. N.: *Il senso della storia*, Unicopli, 1999.
- Marcello, Flavia, \"Problems of Abstraction. BBPR's Monument to the Fallen in Concentration Camps, Milan (1946, 1950, 1955)" in K. B. Jones and S. Pilat (eds.) The Routledge companion to Italian Fascist architecture : reception and legacy. Routledge, New York, 2020, 491--506
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# Lower Shuckburgh
**Lower Shuckburgh** is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Upper and Lower Shuckburgh, (which in the 2001 census had a population of 82) in the Stratford-on-Avon district, in eastern Warwickshire, England. In 1961 the parish had a population of 74. On 1 April 1988 the parish was abolished to form \"Upper and Lower Shuckburgh\".
The village lies on the A425 road between Southam and Daventry. Just north of the village is the Oxford Canal. On Beacon Hill, just south of the village, is the deserted village of Upper Shuckburgh after which the parish is partly named.
The most notable buildings in the village are the Church of St John the Baptist, designed by John Croft, which dates from 1864 and is built in Gothic style, and Shuckburgh Hall, a privately owned country house mansion, which has been the home of the Shuckburgh family since the 12th century. The 15 ft war memorial is a Hornton stone obelisk, unveiled in 1921 and decorated with a bronze wreath of laurels.
Shuckburgh was mentioned in the Domesday Book as *Sochberge*, possibly referring to a long lost burial mound or barrow. The villages appear as *Ouer Shugbury* and *Nether Shugbury* on the Christopher Saxton map of 1637
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# Mick Byrne (Irish footballer)
**Michael Byrne** (born 14 January 1960) is an Irish footballer who played during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Byrne made his Bohs debut in the 1979 FAI League Cup final win over Shamrock Rovers on 22 March 1979. He made his League of Ireland debut three days later.
He had a spell at Shelbourne, where he was Player of the Month in February 1982. He attracted the interest of Manchester City during his time at Shels. Byrne signed for Shamrock Rovers in the summer of 1984.
In each of his three seasons at Milltown, he won the domestic double as well as represented the League in the Olympic qualifiers. He was the top scorer in the 1986--87 League of Ireland Premier Division season and made 6 appearances in European competition. Transfer talks with Saint-Étienne and Feyenoord did not work out, so after 72 goals in 146 games, in January 1988 he signed for ADO Den Haag thus ending an extraordinarily successful period at Rovers.
He briefly re-signed for Rovers again in July 1988 but after 3 goals in 6 games he left for Huddersfield Town the following month for £20,000. After two seasons in which he scored 11 goals in 56 league games, he came back to Rovers for the club\'s first season in the RDS but left in January 1991 after 5 goals in 20 appearances as the club had an abundance of strikers. At Sligo, he scored 6 goals in 34 total appearances, 27 in the league.
During his time at Rovers, he scored 46 league goals and 10 goals in the FAI Cup. He also played in 3 1988 Summer Olympics qualifiers, scoring twice.
He had two more spells at Shels and also represented Dundalk, Monaghan United, St. James\'s Gate (one game) and Athlone Town during his career. With Monaghan he finished as the 1992--93 League of Ireland First Division top scorer and his 15 league goals helped them gain promotion.
He was Rovers top goalscorer in 1984/85, 1986/87 and 1987/88 and made 5 appearances in Europe.
At the end of the 2012 League of Ireland season Byrne is joint twenty seventh in the all-time League of Ireland goalscoring list with 117 league goals.
## Management career {#management_career}
In 1996, he managed St. James\'s Gate for two games, playing once, before their resignation from the league. He then returned to Rovers as assistant manager to Pat Byrne before taking over as the manager for the 1997/98 season. In his first season in charge he guided the club to a win in Europe, but his second season ended badly as Rovers finished 8th. He was replaced by Damien Richardson
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# The Karen Carpenter Story
***The Karen Carpenter Story*** is an American made-for-television biographical film about singer Karen Carpenter and the brother-and-sister pop music duo of which she was a part, The Carpenters. The film aired on CBS on January 1, 1989. Directed by Joseph Sargent, it starred Cynthia Gibb as Karen Carpenter, and Mitchell Anderson as her brother, Richard Carpenter, who served as a producer for the film as well as of the musical score. After the movie aired, CBS featured *Read More About It* segment with Richard Carpenter to recommend books associated with anorexia nervosa and bulimia.
## Story
The movie begins with the collapse of Karen Carpenter in the closet of her parents\' home in Downey, California, on February 4, 1983. She is rushed to the hospital by paramedics, and as the EMT is placing an oxygen mask over her face, \"Rainy Days and Mondays\", recorded by the Carpenters on their self-titled album, is playing. The scene shifts to teenaged Karen singing \"The End of the World\" as she roller skates on the day the family moved into their home in Downey (they had previously resided in New Haven, Connecticut). Then the film cuts to the teenaged Karen skating in slow motion looking down on herself as the 32 year old Karen is dying at the hospital. The film then shows the highs and lows of Carpenter\'s life from the 1960s to 1983. One of the scenes, which showed Carpenter fainting onstage while she was singing the song \"Top of the World\", was fictionalized. Also fictionalized is when Richard Carpenter falls down a flight of stairs, due to his abuse of Quaaludes. The film ends with Karen smiling after her mother says \"I love you.\" The details about her subsequent death are superimposed on the screen before the closing credits.
## Cast
- Cynthia Gibb as Karen Carpenter
- Mitchell Anderson as Richard Carpenter
- Peter Michael Goetz as Harold Carpenter (father)
- Louise Fletcher as Agnes Carpenter (mother)
- Michael McGuire as Sherwin Bash
- Lise Hilboldt as Lucy
- Kip Gilman as David Lattimer (as Kenneth David Gilman)
- Scott Burkholder as Ted
- John Patrick Reger as Bob Knight
- Doug MacHugh as Dr. Lazwell
- William Tucker as Peter Howard
- Henry Crowell Jr. as Denny
- Josh Cruze as Herb Alpert
- Carrie Mitchum as Randy Bash
- Richard Minchenberg
- James Hong as Dr. Dentworth
- Stephanie Griffin as Dr. Brooks
- Hartley Silver as Band Teacher
- Robert Broyles as Bowl Emcee
- Howard Dayton as Park Emcee
- Grayce Spence as Nurse
## Production
The idea for a movie based on Karen Carpenter\'s life had been floating around after her sudden death from emetine cardiotoxicity due to anorexia nervosa in February 1983. However, it was difficult to find someone to write the script for it. Once it had been approved by the studio and Richard Carpenter, there were daily script \"rewrites or entire scenes were removed\" according to co-stars Cynthia Gibb and Mitchell Anderson, in an attempt to soften the image of Agnes Carpenter by her son in real life. The final movie, in Gibb\'s opinion, gives a \"white-washed\" account of Carpenter\'s life. Gibb also said that a lot of the information in it was \"watered down or removed altogether\" at the request of Richard.
Richard Carpenter also requested that Gibb wear Karen Carpenter\'s original clothing, which he supplied, and that she lose the required weight in order to fit into these clothes. Gibb stated:
Gibb also stated that \"there was no time to research and I had my drum lessons during my lunch hour\". Even though she had starred for two years in *Fame*, she said it was still insisted upon her to take voice lessons to do the lip synching.
Crew members later talked about their experience dealing with Richard Carpenter during shooting:
The film featured two previously unreleased Carpenters tracks, \"You\'re the One\" and \"Where Do I Go from Here?\", which were later released on *Lovelines* later that year.
## Reception
The movie was very popular in the ratings; it was the highest-rated two-hour TV movie of the year and the third highest rated such program on any network during the 1980s. It has never had an official United States VHS or DVD release, but was issued on LaserDisc in Japan.
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# The Karen Carpenter Story
## Richard Carpenter\'s reaction {#richard_carpenters_reaction}
At the time, Richard Carpenter described his feelings towards the film:
> Oh, certain things were overblown. Not that I\'m trying to take anything away from the importance of the event: Karen\'s battle with anorexia, mine with sleeping pills but it was still a little melodramatic. Like, neither of us - for anyone that watched this movie - literally collapsed. In fact, when I saw that, I told them while it was being made: \"Look, neither of us fell down here. Karen didn\'t onstage and I didn\'t go down a flight of stairs\...\" But we\'re dealing with a TV movie so you have to take it with a grain of salt. And each little thing was not exactly the way it happened, that\'s all. But it\'s still a fairly accurate log of twenty years of our lives.
In 1988, Carpenter stated, that
> I was in two minds about the film from the start but I knew that if it had to be made, I had to be involved. I accept that parts of the lives of all celebrities are matters of public record but for somebody else to have done this without the family\'s blessing, well, it just wouldn\'t have been as well told.
In 2004, he was much harsher about the project, calling it \"90 minutes of creative license that give biopics in general a dubious tone.\" He also stated at the time that he considered being involved in the film one of his biggest mistakes
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# WBCH (AM)
**WBCH** (1220 AM) is a radio station licensed to Hastings, Michigan broadcasting a news/talk format
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# Low Kick and Hard Bop
***Low Kick and Hard Bop*** is the third studio album by Solex. It was released via Matador Records on September 11, 2001.
## Reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 69% based on 12 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".
Heather Phares of AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5, saying, \"it\'s an evocative and wildly creative, but not immediately accessible collection.\" Paul Cooper of *Pitchfork* gave the album a 6.8 out of 10, saying, \"While I\'m not asking for a duet with Peaches or a remix by the Streets, I would appreciate a new facet to the customary lo-fi diamond boogaloo.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes
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# WBGV
**WBGV** (92.5 FM, \"Country 92.5\") is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Marlette, Michigan, it first began broadcasting in 1999. It serves the central area of Michigan\'s Thumb, and parts of the Blue Water Area. It can be heard as far away as Port Huron, Lapeer, Romeo, and Bad Axe.
WBGV offers a wide range of modern country music, along with a Sunday classics show. It is an ABC affiliate, owned by G.B. Broadcasting. WBGV is an ABC Radio *Today\'s Best Country* station. ABC news updates are provided hourly and local news runs at noon, 5 and 6 pm. The local news is produced by sister station WMIC, in Sandusky, which also has a country music format, but only in the mornings and at night (the station is news/talk the remainder of the time it is on the air, having to sign off at local sunset). When WMIC signs off at sunset, listeners are urged to tune in to Country 92.5, because it is on the air for 24 hours.
## Broadcast area {#broadcast_area}
WBGV provides local coverage to the cities of Yale, Marlette, and Sandusky, as well as coverage to Croswell, Port Sanilac, and Lapeer. In the Thumb area WBGV is much stronger than competitor WSAQ
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# Customart Press
The **Customart Press** was a company based in Mamaroneck, New York. It published wanted ads magazines from 1945 until 1996. Its most famous publication, *Lottery News*, began in 1983, and was printed weekly until the end of 2001. There was also a short-lived *Powerball Weekly*. The company was in a long, steady decline before September 11, 2001, which seriously undermined the company.`{{Why|date=February 2016}}`{=mediawiki}
Lottery columnists included Gail Howard, and Stan Roseq, aka \"The Rose Knows\"
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# Jacko McDonagh
**Jacko McDonagh** (born 26 April 1962) is an Irish former professional footballer who played for Bohemians and Shamrock Rovers during his career in Ireland.
## Career
McDonagh signed for Shamrock Rovers in the summer of 1982 departing for France to sign for Marcel Domingo at Nîmes Olympique in July 1985.
He also played for K.S.V. Waregem in Belgium making three appearances in the 1988--89 UEFA Cup.
In April 1983 he played for the League of Ireland XI U21s against their Italian League counterparts who included Roberto Mancini and Gianluca Vialli in their team.
He made his international debut for Republic of Ireland in an 8--0 win over Malta in November 1983 at Dalymount Park. In all he won three senior and four U21 caps as well as Inter-League caps and youth caps. He represented Rovers six times in European competition.
In September 2011 McDonagh broke his leg playing for Ireland Veterans against England Veterans at Whitehall Stadium
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# H. L. Sonny Callahan Airport
**H. L. Sonny Callahan Airport** `{{airport codes||KCQF|CQF{{nobold|, formerly}} 4R4}}`{=mediawiki} is a public-use airport located three nautical miles (4 mi, 6 km) southeast of the central business district of Fairhope, a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. It is owned by the Fairhope Airport Authority.
This airport is included in the FAA\'s National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011--2015 and 2009--2013, both of which categorized it as a *general aviation* facility.
Traffic at the airport is primarily corporate and private. Scheduled service for this region is provided by Mobile Regional Airport and Pensacola Regional Airport.
In March, 2007, the city of Fairhope turned over control of the airport to the airport authority and loaned the authority \$8.8 million for improvements. The authority expected to use the money to build new hangars and a new terminal.
Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned **CQF** by the FAA, but has no designation from the IATA (which assigned **CQF** to Calais - Dunkerque Airport in France).
## Facilities and aircraft {#facilities_and_aircraft}
H. L. Sonny Callahan Airport covers an area of 144 acres (58 ha) at an elevation of 91 feet (28 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 1/19 with an asphalt surface measuring 6,604 by 100 feet (2,013 x 30 m).
For the 12-month period ending May 16, 2010, the airport had 46,800 aircraft operations, an average of 128 per day:98% general aviation and 2% military. At that time there were 37 aircraft based at this airport: 76% single-engine, 16% multi-engine, 3% jet and 5% helicopter.
There is a full service fixed-base operator (FBO) on the field. The airport is attended daily, year round from 0600-2000, with afterhours available. The field offers two RNAV (GPS) approaches and one VOR/DME approach
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# Ken DeMange
**Ken DeMange** (born 3 September 1964) is an Irish former footballer who played for, among others, Liverpool, Leeds United, Hull City and Dundalk. As an international he also played for the Republic of Ireland.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Early years {#early_years}
DeMange was raised in the Ballygall area of Northside Dublin. He first showed his potential as a schoolboy footballer, playing for St Kevins CBS, Stella Maris and Tolka Rovers before moving on to Home Farm where his teammates included Brian Mooney. Made his League of Ireland debut for Farm at Athlone Town on 8 November 1981. While playing for Home Farm, he was awarded the Young Player of the Year title for the 1982--83 season by the Professional Footballers Association of Ireland He also finished as the team\'s top goalscorer with seven goals.
### Liverpool
In August 1983 DeMange, along with Brian Mooney, signed for Liverpool but in four seasons with the club, he never made a competitive first team appearance. He did however help Liverpool Reserves win two consecutive Central League titles in 1984 and 1985. During the 1984--85 season he was top scorer for the Reserves, scoring 12 goals in 32 league appearances. In December 1986 he also had a successful loan spell with Scunthorpe United, scoring 2 goals in 3 leagues appearances. He also played for Scunthorpe in 1 FA Cup game and scored 1 further goal. In May 1987, while still playing for Liverpool Reserves, he made his international debut for the Republic of Ireland.
### Leeds United {#leeds_united}
In September 1987 DeMange was sold to Leeds United for a fee of £75,000. He subsequently scored on his debut for United, with a diving header, in a 2--0 win against Manchester City at Elland Road on 26 September 1987. However this was also the only goal he scored for the club. In his brief spell with United, DeMange went on to make 20 first team appearances, 15 of them in the league.
### Hull City {#hull_city}
In March 1988 DeMange was sold to Hull City for a fee of £65,000. He subsequently made 68 league appearances and scored 1 league goal for City. He also made a further 4 appearances for City in the FA Cup and 1 in the League Cup. In October 1988 he also won his second senior international cap while at City. In November 1990 and in March 1991 during loan spells with Cardiff City, he also made a further 15 league appearances.
### Return to Ireland {#return_to_ireland}
After leaving Hull City in June 1992, DeMange returned to Ireland where he played for several clubs in both the League of Ireland and the Irish League. Playing for Limerick in the 1992-93 season, he helped the club with the League Cup. During the 1994--95 season he played for a Dundalk team managed by Dermot Keely and he helped the club win the League of Ireland title. During the campaign he scored 3 league goals, 2 against Monaghan United on 11 November 1994 in a 4--0 away win and 1 against Cobh Ramblers on 12 December 1994 in a 2--2 away draw.
## International career {#international_career}
DeMange played for the Republic of Ireland national under-19 football team that qualified for the 1982 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship. In the finals he scored against Austria. He also played for the under-21, under-23, B and senior teams. While with Liverpool Reserves, he won 5 under-21 caps and while with Hull City he won an under-23 cap. In 1987 and 1988, under Jack Charlton, DeMange also made 2 substitute appearances for the senior Republic of Ireland team. On 23 May 1987 he made his senior debut when he came on for Mick McCarthy during a 1--0 win against Brazil at Lansdowne Road. He won his second cap on 19 October 1988 in another home game against Tunisia. DeMange came on for Tony Cascarino and helped the Republic win 4--0. He won his only B cap on 27 March 1990 in a 4--1 win against England B at Turner\'s Cross, coming on as a very late substitute for Alan McLoughlin
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# Magma: Volcanic Disaster
***Magma: Volcanic Disaster*** is a 2006 disaster film by Sci Fi Pictures. Written by Rebecca Rian and directed by Ian Gilmour, the film stars Xander Berkeley and Amy Jo Johnson. It was filmed in Bulgaria.
## Plot
The Trollsvotin volcano in Iceland violently erupts and kills a USGS survey team. Volcanologist professor Dr. Peter Shepherd takes four of his graduate students to study Grímsvötn, a dormant volcano. It also erupts suddenly, but the group is able to escape. While escaping by helicopter, Brianna Chapman witnesses Grímsvötn producing pyroclastic surges, an unusual amount of ash, and extremely runny lava. Meanwhile, Shepherd visits Dr. Oscar Vallian, a wheelchair-using volcanologist who recently quit working for the USGS. He explains his story about many dormant volcanoes, and he had formulated a theory known as Exodus, in which all of the Earth\'s volcanoes could erupt within a short period of time. Vallian leaves for Honshu, Japan, to be on the front lines when Mount Fuji erupts.
Shepherd travels to Washington, D.C., to explain the Exodus theory. Dr. William Kincaid, the head of the USGS, has a conflict of interest with O\'Neil and Shepherd and is tasked to review their data. He promises the President\'s representative, Stephen Daugherty, to disprove the theory. Shepherd returns to his students to explain that the government will not act unless they get proof.
Natalie, a Park Ranger, arrives at work at Yellowstone National Park to be told that Old Faithful hasn\'t done anything for the last day. In Honshū, Vallian and his companion, Melanie, wait for Fuji\'s expected eruption. Shepherd plans with his students to go to South America to check out another volcano. That night, Shepherd calls his estranged wife. The next day, Fuji erupts, destroying much of the island of Honshu and triggering large tsunamis. Vallian calls Shepherd to bid farewell before a pyroclastic surge kills him and Melanie. Shepherd spends the night in a bar, mourning his friend. His student Brianna offers comfort and advice while listening to him explain how his marriage ended.
In the morning, news explains that Mount Kilimanjaro has erupted, so the group heads to Pasto, Colombia to do some investigating in a mine. The miners\' leader halts the group with a gun, and Peter tells of the group\'s presence and asks what is going on. He then explains why the mine is closed, saying that some men were working earlier until liquid fire poured from the earth, causing havoc, killing some miners, and resulting in the mine\'s inactivity. Exploring the mine, they do not realize that they had unknowingly moved from the mine\'s shafts into attached lava tubes. Students Jacques and CJ take samples while Shepherd and Brianna head back. Sudden tremors result in Jacques and CJ falling. Magma falls from the ceiling as it collapses, and lava spills into the tunnel, killing Jacques, severely injuring CJ, and blocking the entrance to the mine. The others survive, but the magma, which has some iron from the Earth\'s core mixed in with it, has given CJ severe burns, which will require a skin graft.
The news reports that Mount Vesuvius and Mount Etna have erupted and destroyed most of Italy. Kai tells Dr. Shepherd that the samples from the mine were of the same composition as iron, which is why it looks similar to molten iron and why it moves at speeds normal lava cannot usually reach, and someone from the USGS had hacked into their server. Kincaid admits to hacking and stealing the data and plans to present the findings to Washington as his own. During his presentation to the President and Daugherty, Shepherd and his group interrupt and explain that they have additional evidence that Kincaid had not managed to steal. Dr. Shepherd explains to the President the full Exodus theory. Predicting that the Earth will head into another Ice Age within two weeks, Dr. Shepherd explains his solution that the Earth\'s pressure is controlled under the ocean rather than letting the Earth choose. He plans to use nuclear warheads at strategic points within oceanic faults.
After the meeting, Shepherd calls his ex-wife again and demands that she leaves Yellowstone National Park as Yellowstone is also becoming more volcanically active as the Old Faithful geyser has given previous signs earlier. Still, she doubts Peter\'s warning as she states Yellowstone has not had a violent eruption in years though a supervolcano can erupt at any time regardless of its condition. While he\'s on the phone, Daugherty calls to let him know that the President has approved their plan and they now have all of the resources of the CIA at their disposal to map the ocean and figure out the plan. With the coordinates set, Daugherty lets Shepherd know that he and one of the students will work hand in hand with the naval fleets from two of its flagships, the Hyperion and the Reprisal. Brianna is left at the USGS as the go-between.
Shepherd boards the Hyperion, in the Pacific Rim, by jumping from a helicopter and diving down to the sub. Kai boards the Reprisal in the Atlantic. Shepherd shows the Hyperion captain where the explosions must go in the middle of the Mariana Trench. In the morning, Natalie starts packing up her campground while another Ranger and some scientists examine Old Faithful. Kai contacts Brianna to confirm the coordinates for his sub, which will also be passed on to Russian and British submarines.
Meanwhile, the Hyperion gets bounced around by volcanic activity in the trench, which pummels them with debris. Natalie arrives at the next set of campgrounds, only to find an eruption already taking place, and she flees. The Hyperion suffers heavy damage but is able to reach its coordinates and launch the warheads. It fires its first round of torpedoes, but one goes off track and hits the trench wall. Two more are fired and hit successfully.
At the same time, the Reprisal has also fired its first four torpedoes. However, it takes heavy damage from the resulting debris. Shepherd loses contact with Kai while the Hyperion continues to strike its remaining targets. Natalie tries to flee Yellowstone as geysers start spewing molten magma, killing multiple park visitors. The President explains that the Earth, for the past few weeks, has been experiencing a series of violent volcanic eruptions and that a total of forty-four nuclear-tipped torpedoes are being fired to try and heal the Earth. As Shepherd prays for his wife, the lava flow at Yellowstone stops just before reaching Natalie and a large group of visitors. The Reprisal sinks, killing its crew and Kai. With the last of the torpedoes fired, the plan succeeds, and the Hyperion is able to stabilize. The volcanoes of the world return to normal. Shepherd turns down a position as head of the USGS and reconciles with his wife.
## Cast
- Xander Berkeley as Dr. Peter Shepherd
- Amy Jo Johnson as Brianna Chapman
- David O\'Donnell as C.J.
- George R. Sheffey as Dr. William Kincaid
- Michael Durrell as President Fletcher
- Reiko Aylesworth as Natalie Shepherd
- Vlado Mihailov as Kai Senakoia
- Rushi Vidinliev as Jacques
- Valentin Ganev as Oskar Valenteen
- Asen Blatechki as Holloway
- Scott Owens as Harvey \"Harv\"
- Jonas Talkington as Stephen Daugherty
- Ryan Spike Dauner as O\'Neil
- Dessi Morales as Melanie
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# Magma: Volcanic Disaster
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Scott Weinberg of *DVD Talk* wrote that the film \"is as pre-fabricated and ultra-conventional as you could ever imagine\", he found the dialogue unbelievable, the direction poor, the plot to be unimaginative, and the effects to be \"kistchy at best, hilariously inept otherwise.\" He summarized by writing \"If you rent these flicks for the goofiness, this one\'s worthy of a rental.\" David Johnson of *DVD Verdict* found the special effects to be unconvincing, noting that \"any time there\'s lava onscreen, the film stumbles.\" He poked fun at the \"talkiness of the plot\", but found the acting to be \"decent enough to make the cataclysm sound halfway believable\". Opining that as he might have been able to find the film acceptable otherwise, \"a batch of putrid CGI would find its way onto the screen, and the taste soured.\" Ben Rhudy of *Monsters and Critics* found the pacing to be slow and the film to be cliché, offering that the film \"is yet another prime example of a promising premise marred by a cable TV budget.\" He noted the DVD release included an awful theatrical trailer that \"surpasses the film it represents in both pacing and excitement
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# Playa Baracoa Airport
**Playa Baracoa Airport** `{{airport codes|UPB|MUPB}}`{=mediawiki} is an airport west of Havana, Cuba. It is located in the municipality of Caimito, Artemisa Province, in front of the village of Playa Baracoa, belonging to the neighboring municipality of Bauta
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# Fructose 1-phosphate
**Fructose-1-phosphate** is a derivative of fructose. It is generated mainly by hepatic fructokinase but is also generated in smaller amounts in the small intestinal mucosa and proximal epithelium of the renal tubule. It is an important intermediate of glucose metabolism. Because fructokinase has a high Vmax fructose entering cells is quickly phosphorylated to fructose 1-phosphate. In this form it is usually accumulated in the liver until it undergoes further conversion by aldolase B (the rate limiting enzyme of fructose metabolism).
Aldolase B converts it into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). Glyceraldehyde is then phosphorylated by triose kinase to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Metabolism of fructose thus essentially results in intermediates of glycolysis. This means that fructose has the same fate as glucose after it gets metabolised. The final product of glycolysis (pyruvate) may then undergo gluconeogenesis, enter the TCA cycle or be stored as fatty acids.
## Clinical significance {#clinical_significance}
In hereditary fructose intolerance caused by defects in aldolase B, fructose 1-phosphate accumulates in the liver and causes a number of adverse defects. Hypoglycemia results from inhibition of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. It depletes intracellular phosphate reserves which leads to loss of ATP and inhibition of biosynthetic pathways. Symptoms of hereditary fructose intolerance are apathy, drowsiness, sweatiness and tremulousness
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# Campbell, Alabama
**Campbell** is an unincorporated community in Clarke County, Alabama, United States.
## History
Robert Beverley Jr.\'s (c.1667---1722) family moved to Campbell from Wadesboro, North Carolina due to harsh winter climate. They were lineal descendants of John Rolfe and Pocahontas.
## Geography
Campbell is located at 31.926389 N 87.980556 W display=inline,title and has an elevation of 95 ft.
## Notable person {#notable_person}
- Bill Armistead (b
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# Kentucky Route 118
**Kentucky Route 118** (**KY 118**), also known as the **Hyden Spur** and the **Tim Couch Pass**, is a 3.524 mile (5.671 km) long state highway in southeastern Kentucky, running entirely in Leslie County. The route originates at exit 44`{{disputed inline|date=November 2014}}`{=mediawiki} of the Hal Rogers Parkway near the unincorporated community of Thousandsticks, and connects with US 421 in the county seat of Hyden.
## Route description {#route_description}
The road, a modern two-lane road with an extra climbing lane where necessary, was originally the Hyden Spur of the Daniel Boone Parkway (now the Hal Rogers Parkway). Shortly after exiting the parkway, the road climbs a large hill for roughly a mile (1.6 km). The last mile into Hyden is a 7% downhill grade, with a runaway truck ramp near its end at US 421.
The road is also known as Tim Couch Pass, after the former University of Kentucky and NFL quarterback, who is a Hyden native
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# Breda Ba.25
The **Breda Ba.25** was an Italian two-seat biplane trainer designed and built by the Breda company. It was the most widely used Italian basic trainer of the 1930s.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
The first flight took place near Milan in 1931. Initially designed as a single-seat aircraft, the prototype was later converted to a two-seat fuselage. Flight testing of the two-seat variant was successful, and in late 1931 *Regia Aeronautica* ordered a series of 100 Ba.25 training aircraft. The student and instructor sat in open tandem cockpits, although some versions had a single-bay cockpit.
The initial production order was completed by 1935, but demand for the aircraft increased and production for the *Regia Aeronautica* totalled 719 by the end of 1938. Many others were produced for export or for private use with different radial engines like the Alfa Romeo Lynx or Walter Castor.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
The Ba.25 remained in service of the Regia Aeronautica as a training aircraft during World War II. Some of the aircraft were seized and handed over to the Allies. Paraguay bought four Breda Ba.25, one of them a Ba.25Idro. They were used as primary trainers from 1939 to 1945.
## Variants
There were many minor variants:
Ba.25
: Main production version.
Ba.25/Lynx
: Fitted with a 149 kW (200 hp) Alfa Romeo Lynx engine.
Ba.25/D.2
: Fitted with a 179 kW (240 hp) Alfa Romeo D2 engine.
Ba.25/Mezzo-Asso
: Fitted with a 164 kW (220 hp) Isotta Fraschini Asso 200 engine.
Ba.25 *Ridotto*\'
: Reduced-span aerobatic version.
Ba.25-I (*I* for *Idro*)
: Floatplane version (42 built, one for Paraguayan Naval Aviation)
Ba.26
: Primary trainer with a longer wingspan and Walter NZ 120 engine, prototype only.
Ba.28
: Export version with Piaggio-built Gnome-Rhône 7K engine for Norway, China and Ethiopia, among others.
The Ba.28 training aircraft was developed from the earlier Ba.25. It was also a biplane with a new, more powerful Piaggio Stella P.VII Z radial engine of 365 hp and had ailerons on the upper wing. In June 1936 the prototype was shown at the air show in Venice. The Italian Air Force in the same year ordered a series of 50 aircraft. During use in flight schools the Ba.28 proved not to be among the best -- it was difficult to manage in the air. However, orders for the type arrived from abroad -- were duly delivered to the following countries: Afghanistan (2), China (18), Norway (6), Austria (12) and Spain (6).
## Operators
`{{flag|Kingdom of Afghanistan}}`{=mediawiki}
- Afghan Air Force
`{{AUT}}`{=mediawiki}
- Austrian Air Force (1927-1938)
`{{BOL}}`{=mediawiki}
- Bolivian Air Force operated 6 aircraft (1939)
`{{CHN-ROC}}`{=mediawiki}
- Republic of China Air Force
`{{ECU}}`{=mediawiki}
- Ecuadorian Air Force
`{{flag|Ethiopia|1897}}`{=mediawiki}
- Ethiopian Air Force
`{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Hungarian Air Force operated 3 aircraft
`{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Regia Aeronautica*
- Aviazione Legionaria
- Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force
`{{flagcountry|Italian Social Republic}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana*
`{{NOR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service
`{{PAR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Paraguayan Military Aviation used three Ba.25.
- Paraguayan Naval Aviation used one Ba.25 Idro.
`{{ESP}}`{=mediawiki}
- Spanish Air Force
## Specifications (Ba.25) {#specifications_ba
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# Emerald on the Roof
***Emerald On The Roof*** (`{{zh|t=屋頂上的綠寶石|s=屋顶上的绿宝石|p=Wū dǐng shàng de Lǜ bǎo shí}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 2006 Chinese and Taiwanese romance television drama series starring Wallace Huo, Sun Li, Yvonne Yao, and introducing George Hu. Filming began on September 20, 2005 in Sanya City, Hainan Island, China. Other filming locations includes Shanghai China, London England and Scotland. It began airing on Taiwan channel GTV from September 30, 2006 to December 1, 2006 with 30 episodes total.
This drama marks American born Taiwanese actor George Hu\'s acting debut and first ever drama series. He has since rose to fame playing the lead role Lan Shi-de in 2012 Taiwanese drama \"Love, Now\" and as An De Wang in 2013 Mainland China costume drama \"Lan Ling Wang\". His voice was dubbed for \"Emerald On The Roof\" as his Chinese pronunciations was not fluent back then.
On January 27. 2014 Japanese channel Asia Dramatic TV (ADTV) will be re-airing the entirety of \"Emerald On The Roof\" due to the current popularity of George Hu.
## Synopsis
In this modern day retelling of Shakespeare\'s ROMEO AND JULIET, Zhou Nian Zhong (Wallace Huo) and Mo Jia Qi (Betty Sun) fall in love with each other against their respective families\' wishes. After countless struggles, Mo Jia Qi is forced to leave with another man as Zhou Nian Zhong gives in to his step father\'s demand to an arranged marriage. Before she leaves, however, Mo Jia Qi gave Zhou Nian Zhong a green ruby necklace as a testament of their feelings for each other. Eventually, the necklace will reunite the feuding families once again, as Mo Jia Qi and Zhou Nian Zhong vow to be together, even in death. EMERALD ON THE ROOF is an emotional tale about true love against all odds.
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# Emerald on the Roof
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
\"During which part of our life did we miss the chance of our love?\"
Nian Zhong meets Jia Qi, during his teens by accident and falls in love with her. Jia Qi, having the same feelings, plays a trick by putting one of her emerald necklaces into Nian Zhong\'s pocket. She believes that as long as she has the other pair of it and the other one kept with him, they will be forever in love as told by her father before he died. The only reason why Nian Zhong could not admit his feelings for her is because his best friend, Nie Kai liked her first. Soon after, his mother dies and he is forced to leave Hainan Island for Shanghai. Jia Qi is left heartbroken, assuming Nian Zhong never loved her.
Years have passed and fate, yet again brings them together. Nian Zhong and Jia Qi meet in the midst of the crowded streets of London. Both with bottled up feelings for each other, unable to confess to each other, one is hurt and the other is regret. Nian Zhong tries to reconcile with her, and soon confesses his love for her. Jia Qi unhesitatingly accepts his love, but their love does not last long. On the last day of their love Nian Zhong waited for Jia Qi all night, until the next day, and the following day but she never appeared again. Nian Zhong finds out that Jia Qi had died in a car accident afterwards.
Many years later, Nian Zhong returns to Hainan Island, he takes a position at a Hotel, and is now engage to be married to his fiancee Pei Yu (Yvonne Yao) that he brings with him to Hainan Island. But fates miserable tricks have yet again come into action, Nian Zhong meets Jia Qi again. She is now paralyze in a wheelchair and unable to walk. Jia Qi and her mother were both forced to leave London because of her mother\'s outstanding gambling debts on the day Nian Zhong had waited for her. Jia Qi refused to get on the plane and went to meet with Nian Zhong, on her way to see him the taxi she was riding in was involve in a traffic accident. Nian Zhong who still loves Jia Qi, breaks off his engagement to Pei Yu and runs back to Jia Qi. Jia Qi although reluctant she accepts him once again. Their parents and Pei Yu soon also learns to accept them. Right when everything is fine and they are about to be married, another tragedy strikes.
Jia Qi turns back to see the bustling scene in Hainan\'s airport once more, in her heart, she knows how much she loves Nian Zhong.
Nian Zhong walks along the shore and reminisce their past memories together, he takes out a necklace with an emerald on it from his pocket and smiles.
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# Emerald on the Roof
## Main cast {#main_cast}
- Wallace Huo (霍建華) as Zhou Nian Zhong (周念中)
: Zhou Nian Zhong lives in Hainan Island with his mother. He takes his best friend seat in music class. In music class everyone knows him as Nie Kai instead of Nian Zhong. But his fate twisted when he and best buddy fall in love with Jia Qi. Nian Zhong does not dare to show his love for Jia Qi because of Nie Kai. At the same time his mother sends him to Shanghai and told him that his biological mother is Mrs. Yang who lives in Shanghai. Nian Zhong starts a new life after his foster mother dies. Unhappy with his new life in Shanghai and having nothing to go back to in Hainan he ask his biological mother to send him to London to study.
- Betty Li Sun (孫儷) as Mo Jia Qi (莫家绮)
: Mo Jia Qi mother remarries after her father dies. She loves Nian Zhong but they could not be together because of Nei Kai who also loves Jia Qi. She still thinks of Nian Zhong after he left Hainan Island. Jia Qi and her mother goes to London after her step father tries to molest her. In London she meets Nian Zhong again. When all seems she and Nian Zhong can finally be together her mother causes her to be separated from Nian Zhong again.
- George Hu (胡宇威) as Nie Kai (聂凯)
: Nie Kai is Nian Zhong best friends. Both grew up together at Hainan Island. He loves martial arts and ask Nian Zhong to attend his music class in his name for him when his mother decides he should be taking music lessons instead of martial arts class. He meets Jia Qi when she ask if he could teach her martial arts. After he discover that Jia Qi is the pretty girl he saw in ballet class, he decided to pursue her. He ask Nian Zhong to help him write a love letter to Jia Qi, but Jia Qi actually likes Nian Zhong.
- Yvonne Yau (姚采穎) as Ling Pei Yu (凌佩妤)
: Ling Pei Yu is Nian Zhong\'s rich step-father business associate\'s daughter. She meets him when he is sent to live with his biological mother in Shanghai. She takes a liking to him immediately but Nian Zhong pays no attention to her. She runs into Nian Zhong again in London where she takes him in as a roommate and falls in love with him. After finishing college they return to Shanghai together. Pei Yu lets her father know that she intends to marry Nian Zhong which he gives his blessing to because he wants Nian Zhong to help run his share of the restaurant/hotel in Hainan Island . Nian Zhong agrees to marry her thinking Jia Qi has died and seeing how much Pei Yu helped him during his struggles in London.
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# Emerald on the Roof
## Supporting cast {#supporting_cast}
- Jia Nailiang (贾乃亮) as Tang Shi Jie (唐世杰)
: Tang Qi Shan\'s son and Nian Zhong\'s step brother. He hates Nian Zhong because he likes Pei Yu but she likes Nian Zhong and not him. He also hates his step mother because he cannot get over the death of his mother.
- Zhang Guoli (張國立) as Tang Qi Shan (唐起山)
: Nian Zhong\'s rich step-father and Nai Liang\'s father. Ling Xin Fu\'s business associate.
- Zhang Tielin (張鐵林) as Ling Xin Fu (凌信夫)
: Pei Yu\'s father and Tang Qi Shan\'s business associate.
- Leanne Liu (劉雪華) as Liang Rui (梁蕊)
: Mo Jia Qi\'s mother. Money is everything to her. In the beginning she tells Nian Zhong and Nie Kai to stay away from Jia Qi because of their poor background. She accepts Nian Zhong later on when he graduates from college and has a successful career. She also has a gambling problem that causes her to have debt with loan sharks.
- Pai Bing-bing (白冰冰) as Fang Min (方敏)
: Nie Kai\'s mother. She is a cheerful and happy person that wants everyone around her to be happy.
- Wu Qian Qian (鄔倩倩) as Zhou Bi Xia (周碧霞)
: Nian Zhong\'s biological mother. Tang Qi Shan\'s wife. Step son Tang Shi Jie hates her. She promised Nian Zhong that she would support his studies in London but backs out on helping him after her step son Shi Jie threatens her.
- Bai Xue (柏雪) as He Qing Zhu (何庆珠)
: Works at the same restaurant/hotel that Nian Zhong runs. She works alongside Nie Kai and Yi Sheng at the restaurant/hotel. She shares a house with Jia Qi and her mother after they return to Hainan from London. Has a crush on Nian Zhong because of his kindness.
- Zhang Yi Sheng (張翊生) as Pang Xian (螃蟹)
: Nie Kai High School friend. They apply to work at restaurant/hotel at the same time.
## Production team {#production_team}
- **Producer:**
- Cui Bao Zhu 崔宝珠
- **Director:**
- Wang Zi Ming 王子鳴
- **Screenwriter:**
- Du Zheng Zhe 杜政哲
- **Production Company :**
- Beijing Cultural Development Co., Ltd. Dong Wang 北京东王文化发展有限公司
- Shanghai Film Group Corporation 上海电影集团公司
- Beijing Cultural Development Co., Ltd. China Audiovisual Online 北京华夏视听在线文化发展有限公司
## Original soundtrack {#original_soundtrack}
Emerald On The Roof Original Soundtrack (CD) (屋頂上的綠寶石 電視原聲帶) was released on October 6, 2006 by various artists under Linfair Records / R2G Music. It contains 10 songs, in which 6 songs are various instrumental versions of the songs. The opening theme is track 2 \"Actually, I Really Love You 其實很愛你\" by Angela Chang 張韶涵, while the closing theme is track 4 \"One Memory 一個人彈琴\" by Claire 郭靜
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# Hepatic fructokinase
**Hepatic fructokinase** (or **ketohexokinase**) is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose to produce fructose-1-phosphate.
: **ATP** + $\longrightarrow$ **ADP** +
: ATP + D-fructose → ADP + D-fructose-1-phosphate
## Pathology
A deficiency is associated with essential fructosuria
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| 0 |
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# Toy Caldwell
**Toy Talmadge Caldwell Jr.** (November 13, 1947 -- February 25, 1993) was an American musician who was most notable as the lead guitarist and main songwriter of the 1970s Southern Rock group The Marshall Tucker Band. A founding member of the band, Caldwell remained with the group until 1983. In addition to his role as lead guitarist, he was also the band\'s steel guitarist and performed lead vocals including on one of the band\'s best-known hits, \"Can\'t You See.\"
## Early life {#early_life}
Caldwell was born November 13, 1947, in Spartanburg, South Carolina, to Mr. and Mrs. Toy Talmadge Caldwell Sr. He began playing guitar before his teen years with his younger brother Tommy Caldwell. He developed a unique style of playing, playing the electric guitar using his thumb rather than a pick. Toy played basketball and football in high school with friends George McCorkle, Jerry Eubanks, and Doug Gray. While very involved in sports, the boys eventually became interested in music including jazz and blues. By the age of sixteen, Caldwell was passionate about music, sports, and his other obsession, motorcycles. He also enjoyed hunting and fishing.
Caldwell decided to enlist in the United States Marine Corps. In 1966, he reported for recruit training at Parris Island, South Carolina. After being wounded in Vietnam in September 1968, he was evacuated for two weeks, then returned for duty. Caldwell was discharged in 1969 and once again began playing music with his high school buddies. The Spartanburg chapter of the Marine Corps League is named the Hutchings-Caldwells Detachment in honor of Toy, his brother Tommy and another Marine, Pvt Nolan Ryan Hutchings, who was killed during the Iraq Invasion in 2003.
## Career
### The Marshall Tucker Band {#the_marshall_tucker_band}
Returning to Spartanburg from his military service Caldwell formed the Toy Factory band with Franklin Wilkie, Doug Gray and Jerry Eubanks. Younger brother Tommy Caldwell joined in 1973 when Wilkie left and the band became the Marshall Tucker Band. Toy Caldwell was the group\'s lead guitarist and main songwriter. `{{main article|The Marshall Tucker Band}}`{=mediawiki} `{{expand section|date=April 2012}}`{=mediawiki}
### Later career {#later_career}
He later formed the Toy Caldwell Band and released an eponymous CD in 1992; the record was later renamed *Son of the South* by Southern country rocker and Caldwell\'s personal friend, Charlie Daniels. The album was digitally re-released in 2009 through Hopesong Digital / GMV Nashville.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Caldwell married his wife Abbie on September 12, 1969. The song \"Ab\'s Song\" from The Marshall Tucker Band\'s debut album was written for her. He was also the father of two girls.
He was the older brother of co-founder and bass guitarist Tommy Caldwell, who was killed at age 30 in an automobile accident on April 28, 1980, and to Tim Caldwell, who on March 28, 1980, one month prior to Tommy\'s death, was killed at age 25 in a collision with a Spartanburg County garbage truck on S.C. Highway 215.
**Death**
Toy Caldwell was found dead in bed by his wife, Abbie, on February 25, 1993, at his home in Moore, South Carolina. The cause of death was reported as cardio-respiratory failure due to viral myocarditis, by Spartanburg County Coroner Jim Burnett. Nevertheless, a toxicologist\'s report found that the cause of death was a cardiac arrest brought on by cocaine use
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# Binnaway–Werris Creek railway line
The **Binnaway--Werris Creek railway line** is a railway line in the northern part of New South Wales, Australia and forms part of a cross country route between Werris Creek on the Main North Line and Dubbo in the Central West of New South Wales.
## Gap
The line has been rearranged at the Gap to connect to the Northwest Railway line and could therefore be called the Binnaway--Gap railway line. The original section of line between the Gap and Werris Creek, with its junction that points the \"wrong\" way, has been closed, except for a portion used as a siding for loading coal
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# Muloza
**Muloza** is a village in Malawi on the border with Mozambique. It is 20 miles south of Mulanje and the Mulanje Massif and is a significant source of the country\'s maize
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# John Cuffe
**John Alexander Cuffe** (26 June 1880 -- 5 May 1931) was an Australian-born English first-class cricketer who played more than 200 times for Worcestershire between 1903 and 1914, having previously made a single appearance for New South Wales. After retiring from county cricket, he stood as an umpire for three years in the 1920s. He also played at least once as a professional for Lowerhouse in the Lancashire League. It was wrongly thought until 2019 that Cuffe was also a footballer and played ten seasons for Glossop North End in the Football League Second Division. The footballer was a different John Cuffe, born in Glossop.
## Cricket career {#cricket_career}
### New South Wales {#new_south_wales}
Born in Coonamble, New South Wales, Cuffe made his first-class debut for that state side, against Queensland at Sydney on Boxing Day 1902. He made 5 and 25 with the bat, and took the single wicket of Charles Patrick. This was the only time Cuffe played in a first-class match outside England. (He did turn out for Worcestershire against Glamorgan at Cardiff Arms Park in 1910, but this game did not have first-class status.)
### Worcestershire
Cuffe then came to England, making his Worcestershire debut against Oxford University at The Parks in May 1903. He was not yet qualified to appear in the County Championship, but also played against Cambridge University and the Philadelphians that season, scoring 91 against the latter side. He again turned out three times in 1904, playing once each against the universities and appearing also against the touring South Africans, claiming 5--58 in an innings defeat of Oxford.
For the ten seasons from 1905 to 1914, Cuffe was a regular part of the Worcestershire side, and he made a career-best 145 against Hampshire in the first of those years. On three occasions --- 1906, 1908 and 1911 --- he passed 1,000 first-class runs in a season, while in 1907 and 1911 he obtained his hundred wickets. His \"double\" in 1911 consisted of 1,054 runs at 25.70 (even though he made no score greater than 78) and 110 wickets at 23.56. His best bowling figures (9-38) were achieved against Yorkshire at Bradford in 1907, but in the above-mentioned minor game against Glamorgan in 1910 he returned the first-innings analysis of 8.1-4-5-9. Also in 1910, he performed the hat-trick against Hampshire at Dean Park, Bournemouth.
In what turned out to be the last three years of his first-class career, 1912 to 1914, his bowling continued to be quite productive with at least 50 wickets in each summer. Indeed, he took 11--163 in the match against Gloucestershire as late as July 1914. His batting, however, declined, and in 99 first-class innings he made only three half-centuries. Cuffe\'s final first-class game came against Sussex at Eastbourne in late August 1914. In a two-day innings defeat he scored 10 and did not bowl a ball; his career ended when he was absent hurt in the second innings.
### Post First World War {#post_first_world_war}
Cuffe did not reappear in first-class cricket after the First World War.
After stints in the Lancashire League with Todmorden and Lowerhouse Cuffe retired from playing.
### Umpiring career {#umpiring_career}
Cuffe stood as an umpire in 66 first-class matches between 1925 and 1927.
### Coaching career {#coaching_career}
He later took a position as coach at Repton School.
## Football career {#football_career}
Cuffe was incorrectly recognised as being the first Australian to play in the Football League. Playing with Glossop North End between 1905 and 1914. This was incorrect, the John Cuffe who played 282 matches as a full-back was a native of Glossop.
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# John Cuffe
## Death
Cuffe was found drowned at Burton-on-Trent on 16 May 1932, aged 51. He had taken up the post of cricket professional at Repton School the day before. He was first reported missing, but was later judged to have committed suicide. He had been staying in the Boot Inn in Repton
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# Troy Junction–Merrygoen railway line
The **Troy Junction--Merrygoen railway line** is a railway line located in northern New South Wales, Australia. It forms part of a cross country railway line between Dubbo in the state\'s Central West, and Werris Creek on the Main North line, allowing goods from the western part of the state to access the Hunter ports, bypassing Sydney.
This section of line is likely to form part of the Inland Railway from Melbourne to Brisbane.
## Junction
At Troy Junction in Dubbo the railway line to Merrygoen branches off the line to Coonamble.
At Merrygoen, the line joins the Gwabegar railway line.
## Stations
Passenger services are no longer provided
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# Rocky Valley Dam
The **Rocky Valley Dam** is located on the Bogong High Plains, near Falls Creek, Victoria, Australia, a winter ski resort. The dam is man-made and has a capacity of 28000 ML and is situated at 1600 m above sea level. The Dam wall is traversable during both Winter months and Summer months.
The dam was created for the Kiewa Hydroelectric Scheme, owned and operated by AGL Energy. The dam is also utilised in snow making in winter for the Falls Creek ski resort
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# Hermann Bosch
**Hermann Bosch** (10 March 1891 -- 15 November 1916) was a German international footballer who played as a midfielder and competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born in Öhningen am Bodensee. He was a member of the German Olympic squad and played one match in the main tournament as well as one match in the consolation tournament. He was killed during World War I
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# Marzy
**Marzy** (`{{IPA|fr|maʁzi}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France
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# Farney (barony)
**Farney** (*Fearnaigh*) is a barony in County Monaghan, Ireland.
## Etymology
Farney takes its name from the ancient kingdom of Fernmag (\"plain of alders\").
## Location
Farney is found in southeast County Monaghan, north of the River Lagan, west of the River Fane and south of Lough Muckno.
Farney is bordered to the north by Cremorne, County Monaghan; to the east by Dundalk Upper, Louth and Ardee, County Louth; to the south by Lower Slane, County Meath; and to the west by Clankee, County Cavan.
## History
O\'Ciaran or O\'Kieran is given as a chief of Fearnmuigh as a clan of Tír Eoghain. The O\'Larkin sept is cited as chiefs alongside the O\'Neills and MacCanns in the old territory of Airgíalla (Oriel), where they were chiefs of Farney and West Uí Breasail (in County Armagh). O Cosgro (ve) (O Cosgraigh) was the name of the chiefs of Feara Ruis (Fir Rois) near Carrickmacross and Ardee. MacArdle, a branch of the MacMahons of Oriel are noted here, as well as septs of Callan, O\'Finn, O\'Larkin, Hughes/Hayes, and O\'Donegan
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# Clonony
**Clonony** (`{{Irish place name|Cluain Damhna Beag}}`{=mediawiki}) is a small village in County Offaly, Ireland. It is noted for Clonony Castle, a late medieval tower house built in 1500. The village is between the River Brosna and the Grand Canal, in the parish of Gallen and Reynegh. The nearest town is Cloghan, 2.8 km to the south-east along the R357 road. Athlone is 22 km to the north.
## Clonony Castle {#clonony_castle}
*Clonony Castle* (*Caisleán Chluain Damhna*) is a Tudor castle built by the MacCoughlan clan, and ceded to Henry VIII by John Óg MacCoghlan, then to Thomas Boleyn when Henry wanted to marry his daughter Anne. Mary and Elizabeth Boleyn, second cousins to Queen Elizabeth I, lived out their lives in this castle and their tombstone still stands on the castle grounds. The grave was discovered in 1803, approximately 100 yards from the castle. The inscription on the eight feet by four feet, limestone flag reads: \"Here under leys Elisabeth and Mary Bullyn, daughters of Thomas Bullyn, son of George Bullyn the son of George Bullyn Viscount Rochford son of Sir Thomas Bullyn Erle of Ormond and Willsheere.\"
The castle was occupied from 1612 to about 1620 by Matthew de Renzi (1577--1634), a London cloth merchant originally from Cologne in Germany, who created the first English-Irish dictionary, according to his tombstone in Athlone. He acquired it after it had been forfeited by the MacCoghlans during the Nine Years\' War.
The fifty-foot tower, an Irish National Monument, is surrounded by gardens and a moat. The castle is a few miles from Clonmacnoise, an ancient seat of Irish learning. Shannon Harbour and the towns of Cloghan, Banagher and Shannonbridge are close by.`{{fact|date=May 2020}}`{=mediawiki} The castle is currently being restored, and is open to the public at no cost, and although there are no specific hours, the owners try to keep the castle open and encourage tours.`{{fact|date=May 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
The castle has all the basic features of a tower house of this period such as machicolation, murder hole, base batter, mural passages, spiral staircase, gun-loops, garderobe and bawn. The first floor had collapsed but has been replaced in recent restoration works by the owners. The castle also boasts a barrel-vaulted ceiling making up the second floor which has been restored. The Tower House is three storeys high with an entrance in the west wall with a machicolation above it. There is a fire-proof vault over the ground floor in the interior and a spiral stair leads to the upper floors. There are round-headed, ogee-headed and flat headed windows. The bawn wall with its two square corner towers and entrance, which had a coat of arms, was reconstructed in the nineteenth century and gives a good impression of how an original Tower House might have looked, with a set of perimeter and internal defences. The inner bawn building in front of the west entrance appears to be a nineteenth-century construction.
The Annals of the Four Masters record \"A great war broke out in Dealbhna between the descendants of Farrell Mac Coghlan and the descendants of Donnell, in the course of which James Mac Coghlan, Prior of Gailinne, and the Roydamna of Dealbhna Eathra, was killed by a shot fired from the castle of Cluain-damhna.\"
The castle has been extensively restored since 2010. It was listed for sale in 2022 described as a three-bedroom, two-bathroom site \... on three acres of land, with a large dining room, a study and a \'ladies chamber\'
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# Baumax
The **Baumax AG** (own spelling: *bauMax*) was an Austrian chain of home improvement stores. It was founded in 1976 by Karlheinz Essl Sr. in the city of Klosterneuburg and operated more than 150 stores in Austria and several countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In 2010, the company employed over 9,000 people and generated an annual revenue of 1.13 billion euros. The business came into financial trouble during the Great Recession. It was finally broken up by creditors in 2015/16.
## History
In 1958 Karlheinz Essl Sr., son of a food wholesaler from Carinthia, went to the City of New York to study the principle of self-service stores of American supermarkets. Back home he decided to transform the building materials business of his father-in-law into self-service operation by 1976. The concept proved successful, and by the mid-1980s, the company was the clear market leader in Austria.
Immediately after the fall of the Iron Curtain, Mr. Essl faced the crumbling facades of the former Eastern Bloc countries and realized that he had found a huge new market for his building supplies. Already in 1992 the first stores were opened in the former Czechoslovakia. Within the next 20 years, more than 50 additional stores were erected in Slovenia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia and Turkey. By 2010, Baumax operated 160 stores in nine countries and employed over 9,000 people.
In 1999, Karlheinz\' son Martin Essl became CEO, but the former still interfered heavily with daily business and met most of the operational decisions. This constitution became particularly problematic as Karlheinz Essl proved unable to cope with the task of running a business of such size properly. Moreover, he was almost immune to any suggestions and did not have any belief in his management staff at all.
As competitors had increasingly caught up by the early 2000s, Baumax\' profit margins eroded. The company faced a lack of financial resources for their expansion plans which was increasingly compensated by large bank loans. When the world economy was hit by the Great Recession and sales declined in many markets, the company ran into financial turmoil. In 2011, the Baumax Group lost 57.2 million euros, in the following year another 126 million euros. At that time, creditors forced the board to elaborate plans for turning the company around, whose contents reached the general public by 2014.
According to these papers, the Baumax Group had more than one billion euros of debt, one out of three stores generated a net loss, often without any chance of significant improvement. Particularly, many of the foreign subsidiaries would have had to make losses for years until they would reach their break-even point. Without proper measures the company would have had to face bankruptcy by early 2014.
The reasons for the crisis were not primarily due to the unfavorable macroeconomic developments, but were based on errors of management. The papers stated an \"unclear target group orientation with an uncoordinated price and assortment policy\" that had developed due to \"deficiencies inside the management organization.\" The company priced too aggressively and had too few brands within their range of products. Stores were not located wisely and their sales areas were too different in size to enforce a groupwide uniform store concept. Moreover, the organization had not kept up with the increasing size of the business; even 20 years after expansion into foreign countries had begun, there was no centralized management in many areas.
Despite all those difficulties management continued its strategy of expansion and opened yet further stores. However, after another huge loss in the fiscal year of 2013, the Essl family had to withdraw from office and Baumax fell to the creditor banks, who finally decided to break up the company. The subsidiaries in Romania and Bulgaria were sold, the stores in Turkey, Hungary and Croatia were closed. By the end of August 2015 it was announced that the German DIY chain Obi would take over 70 Baumax stores (of which 49 are located in Austria, 14 in Slovakia, two in Slovenia and five in the Czech Republic) for nearly €200 million.
In 2015 Polish DIY chain Merkury Market took over 18 of 24 Baumax stores in the Czech Republic and continuously operates all acquired stores under the Baumax brand. [7](https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL5N1201KZ20150930)[8](http://www.colliers.com/-/media/files/emea/czech%20republic/research/2016-colliers-cz-retail-market-overview_final.pdf?la=cs-cz)
## Subsidiaries
Country First store No. of stores Fate
--------- ------------- --------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1976 65 49 stores sold to Supernova and rebranded to OBI, 6 to Hagebau and 1 to Hornbach.
1992 24 18 stores sold to Merkury Market and 5 to Supernova and rebranded to OBI.
1992 15 Sold all stores to furniture chain XXXLutz.
1994 14 All stores sold to Supernova and rebranded to OBI.
1995 2 All stores sold to Supernova and rebranded to OBI.
2000 7 Insolvent and closed stores in 2014. In 2016 stores were sold to Tokić.
2006 15 Sold all stores to Groupe Adeo and rebranded to Leroy Merlin.
2008 8 Sold all stores to investor Haedus JSC and rebranded to HomeMax.
2010 7 Closed stores in 2014
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# Sociological aspects of secrecy
The **sociological aspects of secrecy** were first studied by Georg Simmel in the early-1900s. Simmel describes secrecy as the ability or habit of keeping secrets. He defines the secret as the ultimate sociological form for the regulation of the flow and distribution of information. Simmel put it best by saying \"if human interaction is conditioned by the capacity to speak, it is shaped by the capacity to be silent.\" It also can control the very essence of social relations through manipulations of the ratio of \"knowledge\" to \"ignorance\".
## The secrecy \"concept\" {#the_secrecy_concept}
Simmel defines the secret society as an interactional unit characterized in its total by the fact that reciprocal relations among its members are governed by the protective function of secrecy. This central feature is established on a dual contingency:
1. Members of the interactional unit are concerned with the protection of ideas, objects, activities, and/or sentiments to which they attach positive value (i.e., which are rewarding them)
2. The members seek this protection by controlling the distribution of information about the valued elements (i.e., by creating and maintaining relevant conditions of ignorance in the external environment) depending upon the extensiveness of secrecy, the organization takes one of two forms; those in which the secret incorporates information about all aspects of the interactional unit, including its very existence; and those in which only some aspects, such as membership, regulations, or goals, remain secret.
## Simmel\'s Propositions {#simmels_propositions}
Georg Simmel came up with some unifying threads that he summed up and called the \"Propositions\". What these propositions function as is that they work together and apply primarily to the genetic and developmental conditions of the secret society. Here are a few of them.
Proposition 1:The more value of an idea, object, activity, or sentiment is predicated on the restricted distribution of information about that idea, object, activity or sentiment, the more likely those persons who so define the value will organize as a secret society.
```{=html}
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```
Proposition 2:The more valued ideas, objects, activities, or sentiments of the members of a social unit are perceived as disproportionately threatened by those of nonmembers, the more likely the members will organize as a secret society.
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```
Proposition 3:The greater the tendency toward political oppression and totalitarian regimentation in the larger society, the greater the tendency toward development of secret societies within the larger society.
```{=html}
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```
Proposition 4:The greater the value of the ideas, objects, activities, or sentiments that constitute the focus of secrecy, the greater the tendency of the secret society toward total inclusion of its members\' activities, sentiments, ideas and objects, and the greater the members\' isolation from other interactional units.
```{=html}
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```
Proposition 5:The greater the tendency toward total inclusion, the more the organization adopts characteristics of the larger society.
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```
Proposition 6:The greater the tendency toward the total inclusion, the more likely the members possess aristocratic self-conceptions.
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```
Proposition 7:The more extensive the secrecy of the secret society, the greater the tendency toward centralization of authority.
## Rehabilitating the secret {#rehabilitating_the_secret}
Some scholars working in sociology have attempted to rehabilitate the secret: to question the moral distaste it has accumulated in the current era of transparency in order to think through its more creative, productive or politically resistant possibilities.
## The censorship idea {#the_censorship_idea}
Secrecy and censorship can involve norms about the control of information. This idea was integrated by saying that Censorship of communication in the modern sense is associated with large, complex urban societies with a degree of centralized control and technical means of effectively reaching a mass audience. It involves a determination of what can, and can not (or in the case of non-governmental efforts should and should not) be expressed in light of given political, religious, cultural, and artistic standards. The appearance of new communications (e.g., the printing press or the Internet) technologies invariably create demands from conflicting groups for greater openness and freedom of communication and demands for greater control. Authorities try (often in vain) to control new techniques of mass communication. Three major means of direct censorship (pre-publication review, licensing and registration, and government monopolization) are preventive in nature. Among democracies there is considerable variation in censorship by content, media of communication, place, time period and across societies. There are degrees of censorship and individual interests are balanced against those of the community, however hard the latter is to define. More common than outright prohibition, is the segmentation of material involving time, place and person restrictions. Direct government means of censorship must be considered separately from the availability of resources to create and distribute information, the activities of private groups and from informal censorship, including exclusion from sources of information and self-censorship. In a democratic society secrecy and openness exist in a continual dynamic tension
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# Preugenes
**Preugenes** (*Πρευγένης*) was a mythical king of Achaea in Greece. He was a descendant of King Lacedaemon of Sparta, and the son of Agenor. Preugenes was the father of Patreus who founded the city of Patras
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# Erasmus D. Shattuck
**Erasmus Darwin Shattuck** (December 31, 1824 -- July 26, 1900) was an American politician and judge in the state of Oregon. He served as the 7th Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court serving from 1866 to 1867. He served two separate terms on the Oregon\'s high court, was a district attorney, and a member of the Oregon Constitutional Convention in 1857.
## Early life {#early_life}
In Bakersfield, Vermont, on December 31, 1824, Erasmus Shattuck was born to Oliver and Sally Start Shattuck. Erasmus graduated from the University of Vermont in 1848 and then taught in Maryland and Georgia. In 1852 he was admitted to the New York state bar association. Also in 1852 he married Sarah A. Armstrong, and the two would have six children.
Then in 1853 he immigrated to what was then the Oregon Territory via the Isthmus of Panama. He arrived on February 15, 1853, and began teaching at Oregon City College and the Clackamas County Female Seminary until 1855. That year he began teaching at Pacific University in Forest Grove, Oregon. From 1855 to 1856 he served as Washington County School Superintendent.
## Legal career {#legal_career}
In 1856, Shattuck was elected to be a probate judge as he had been practicing law in Portland, Oregon. Then in 1857 he was a delegate to Oregon\'s Constitutional Convention representing Washington County. In 1861, he was a district attorney, and from 1862 to 1863 was the United States Attorney for Oregon.
Shattuck was then elected in 1862 to the Oregon Supreme Court. During this time on the court he served as chief justice from 1866 to 1867. He resigned from the bench in December 1867 and was replaced by William W. Upton. Shattuck was then elected a second time to the court in 1874 to replace Upton, and then left the bench in 1878 at the end of his term. After his time on the high court, Shattuck returned to the bench as a circuit court judge from 1886 to 1898.
## Later years {#later_years}
Shattuck served as a trustee for Portland Academy and was one of the founders of the Portland Library.
Erasmus Shattuck died in Portland on July 26, 1900.
## Legacy
In Portland, both Shattuck School and Road are named for him.
At Portland State University, Shattuck Hall is named for him
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# Richard Sinnott
**Richard Sinnott** (born 5 June 1963) is a professional actor, writer and director based in Manchester.
He has played over forty credited roles in British television series such as *Coronation Street*, *Life on Mars* and *The Street*, and films such as *The Parole Officer*. He teaches beginners\' acting classes in Manchester and is a freelance Performing Arts lecturer at the University of Salford. He is the author of the theatre play *Laid Upon A Pebble-Bed*.
Sinnott was born in Aldridge, Staffordshire. His brother is the Altrincham football club manager Lee Sinnott, who was Watford\'s centre-half in the 1984 FA Cup Final
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# Essential fructosuria
**Essential fructosuria**, caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hepatic fructokinase, is a clinically benign condition characterized by the incomplete metabolism of fructose in the liver, leading to its excretion in urine. Fructokinase (sometimes called ketohexokinase) is the first enzyme involved in the degradation of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate in the liver.
This defective degradation does not cause any clinical symptoms, fructose is either excreted unchanged in the urine or metabolized to fructose-6-phosphate by alternate pathways in the body, most commonly by hexokinase in adipose tissue and muscle.
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
## Cause
Essential fructosuria is a genetic condition that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Mutations in the *KHK* gene, located on chromosome 2p23.3-23.2 are responsible. The incidence of essential fructosuria has been estimated at 1:130,000. The actual incidence is likely higher, because those affected are asymptomatic.
## Diagnosis
A diagnosis of essential fructosuria is typically made after a positive routine test for reducing sugars in the urine. An additional test with glucose oxidase must also be carried out (with a negative result indicating essential fructosuria) as a positive test for reducing sugars is most often a result of glucosuria secondary to diabetes mellitus. The excretion of fructose in the urine is not constant, it depends largely on dietary intake.
## Treatment
No treatment is indicated for essential fructosuria, while the degree of fructosuria depends on the dietary fructose intake, it does not have any clinical manifestations. The amount of fructose routinely lost in urine is quite small. Other errors in fructose metabolism have greater clinical significance. Hereditary fructose intolerance, or the presence of fructose in the blood (fructosemia), is caused by a deficiency of aldolase B, the second enzyme involved in the metabolism of fructose.
This enzyme deficiency results in an accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate, which inhibits the production of glucose and results in diminished regeneration of adenosine triphosphate. Clinically, patients with hereditary fructose intolerance are much more severely affected than those with essential fructosuria, with elevated uric acid, growth abnormalities and can result in coma if untreated
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# Washington quarter
The **Washington quarter** is the present quarter dollar or 25-cent piece issued by the United States Mint. The coin was first struck in 1932; the original version was designed by sculptor John Flanagan.
As the United States prepared to celebrate the 1932 bicentennial of the birth of its first president, George Washington, members of the bicentennial committee established by Congress sought a Washington half dollar. They wanted to displace for that year only the regular issue Walking Liberty half dollar; instead Congress permanently replaced the Standing Liberty quarter, requiring that a depiction of Washington appear on the obverse of the new coin. The committee had engaged sculptor Laura Gardin Fraser to design a commemorative medal, and wanted her to adapt her design for the quarter. Although Fraser\'s work was supported by the Commission of Fine Arts and its chairman, Charles W. Moore, Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon chose a design by Flanagan, and Mellon\'s successor, Ogden L. Mills, refused to disturb the decision.
The new silver quarters entered circulation on August 1, 1932, and continued to be struck in silver until the Mint transitioned to copper-nickel clad coinage in 1965. A special reverse commemorating the United States Bicentennial was used in 1975 and 1976, with all pieces bearing the double date 1776--1976; there are no 1975-dated quarters. Since 1999, the original eagle reverse has not been used; instead that side of the quarter has commemorated the 50 states, the nation\'s other jurisdictions, and historic and natural sites---the last as part of the America the Beautiful Quarters series, which continued until 2021. The bust of Washington was modified and made smaller beginning in 1999; in 2010 the original bust was restored (though still small) to bring out greater detail. In 2021, Flanagan\'s original design resumed its place on the obverse, with a design showing Washington crossing the Delaware River in 1776 for the reverse, while in 2022 a new commemorative series depicting women commences.
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# Washington quarter
## Flanagan reverse (1932--1998) {#flanagan_reverse_19321998}
The original Washington quarter design struck until 1998 depicted a head of George Washington facing left, with \"Liberty\" above the head, the date below, and \"In God We Trust\" in the left field. The reverse depicted an eagle with wings outspread perches on a bundle of arrows framed below by two olive branches.
It initially contained 6.25 grams of 90% silver until 1964 when it switched to a base-metal composition of cupronickel (75% copper, 25% nickel) clad to a pure copper core. Non-circulating versions of the quarter containing silver have also been produced for collectors since 1976.
### Inception
On December 2, 1924, Congress created the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. The 200th anniversary of the birth of Washington, the first president of the United States, would occur in 1932, and Congress wished to plan for the event well in advance. President Calvin Coolidge was *ex officio* chairman of the commission, which included government officials as well as prominent private citizens such as automobile manufacturer Henry Ford. In 1929, the Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover, succeeded Coolidge both as president and in his commission role. By that time, however, the commission had become inactive, doing little after sending out an initial flurry of press releases. A new group, the George Washington Bicentennial Committee was established by Act of Congress in February 1930.
Hoover was concerned about the large numbers of designs used for commemorative coins in the 1920s; he feared that confusion would aid counterfeiters. When a commemorative coin bill was sent to him by Congress, Hoover vetoed it on April 21, 1930. In a lengthy veto message delivered to Congress with the returned bill, Hoover noted his counterfeiting concerns, and stated that the coins were selling badly anyway---large quantities of Oregon Trail Memorial half dollars remained unsold.
The Bicentennial Committee wanted a commemorative Washington half dollar, and sought to assuage Hoover\'s concerns by proposing that all 1932 half dollars depict Washington instead of bearing the usual Walking Liberty design. The Depression had decreased demand for coin in commerce; no half dollars had been struck in 1930, and none would be until 1933. Most commemorative coins at the time were struck in a quantity of a few thousand. The half dollar was seen as the largest and most prominent design---the Peace dollar was not then being struck and did not circulate in much of the country. Other commemoratives had been sold at a premium; the Washington half dollar would, for one year, be the normal Mint issue. Although it had not yet received congressional approval, the committee went ahead and began a competition. The committee anticipated that the same artist would first design the committee\'s medal and then the coin. The obverse of both medal and coin were to be based on the well-known sculpture of Washington (1786) by French sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon; the artist was not restricted as to the reverse design. By law, coinage designs were approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, at that time Andrew W. Mellon, a noted art collector and connoisseur; it was anticipated he would interpose no objection to the plan.
After reviewing the entries, both the Bicentennial Committee and the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) agreed on designs by Laura Gardin Fraser. The wife of James Earle Fraser, designer of the Buffalo nickel, Laura Fraser was a notable coin designer in her own right, having designed several commemorative coins, including the Oregon Trail Memorial pieces. With a right-facing Washington, Fraser\'s designs were to be used for the medal, and, as those involved expected, the half dollar as well.
On February 9, 1931, New Jersey Representative Randolph Perkins introduced legislation for a Washington quarter, to the dismay of the Bicentennial Committee and Fine Arts Commission. The House of Representatives Committee on Coinage, Weights and Measures issued a memorandum stating that the design of the existing Standing Liberty quarter had been found to be unsatisfactory, and that the new piece would not only be struck for 1932, it would permanently replace the older design. Thus, a new quarter would both be a tribute to Washington on his bicentennial, and relieve the Mint of the burden of having to coin a difficult-to-strike piece. On February 12, Fine Arts Commission Chairman Charles W. Moore wrote to the House Committee, objecting to the change of denomination, and proposing that they mandate that Laura Fraser\'s design for the medal also appear on the coin. Moore was ignored, and Congress passed authorizing legislation for a Washington quarter on March 4, 1931. The act provided that Washington\'s image, to appear on the obverse, was to be based on the \"celebrated bust\" of the former president by Jean-Antoine Houdon; Fraser had based her design on Houdon\'s work.
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# Washington quarter
## Flanagan reverse (1932--1998) {#flanagan_reverse_19321998}
### Competitions
On July 14, 1931, Assistant Mint Director Mary Margaret O\'Reilly wrote to Moore, asking the commission\'s advice on a design competition for the new quarter. Moore replied, stating that as Fraser had won the competition for the medal, she should adapt her design for the quarter. Secretary Mellon responded to Moore, stating that as the Treasury had been no party to the earlier design agreement, it was not bound by it, and would not follow it. The Treasury proceeded to hold a design competition, and when the Fine Arts Commission met to consider the submitted designs in an advisory role, it selected those submitted by Fraser. The designs were submitted to Mellon in November 1931; he selected Flanagan\'s design and notified Moore of the decision. Moore and commission member Adolph Weinman (who had designed the Mercury dime and Walking Liberty half dollar) attempted to get Mellon to change his mind, but only got him to agree to allow the various sculptors more time to improve their entries---they had asked for more time just for Fraser. On January 20, 1932, following resubmissions, the commission affirmed its support of the Fraser designs.
Mellon left office on February 12, 1932; he was succeeded by Ogden L. Mills. With a new Secretary of the Treasury in office, Moore renewed his protest, sending Mills a letter on March 31 deprecating Flanagan\'s design and urging the new secretary to accede to the commission\'s recommendation. Mills had already been briefed by O\'Reilly on the quarter matter, and responded to Moore on April 11. Secretary Mills informed Moore that the chairman\'s letter had caused him to request changes from the sculptor, but that he would not override Mellon\'s decision. On April 16, the selection of Flanagan\'s designs was publicly announced.
Mellon was aware of which artists had submitted which designs, and has been accused of discriminating against Fraser as a woman. Numismatic historian Walter Breen stated, \"it has been learned that Mellon knew all along who had submitted the winning models, and his male chauvinism partly or wholly motivated his unwillingness to let a woman win.\" Bowers, however, noted that Mellon had approved Fraser\'s designs for commemorative coins several times, as well as those by other women, and that no contemporary source speaks to any bias on Mellon\'s part. Bowers called the belief \"modern numismatic fiction\". Fraser\'s design was used in 1999 as a commemorative half eagle issued 200 years after Washington\'s death, and has been recommended as the obverse beginning in 2022.
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# Washington quarter
## Flanagan reverse (1932--1998) {#flanagan_reverse_19321998}
### Obverse design {#obverse_design}
In 1785, the French sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon was commissioned by the Virginia General Assembly to sculpt a bust of Washington, who had led the nascent United States to victory in the American Revolutionary War. Houdon had been recommended by the recently returned United States Minister to France, Benjamin Franklin. The retired general sat for Houdon at Mount Vernon, the Washington family home in Fairfax County, Virginia between October 6 and 12, 1785. The sculptor took a life mask of the general\'s face---Washington\'s adopted granddaughter Nelly Custis, aged six at the time, later recalled her shock in seeing Washington lying on a table while being covered by a sheet and the plaster for the mask, as she thought Washington was dead. She was told that two quills extended into his nostrils, providing him with air. A bust at Mount Vernon today testifies to that visit. On his return to Paris, Houdon used his visage of General Washington in a number of sculptural settings, including the commissioned statue for the General Assembly, which still stands in marble in the Virginia State Capitol.
Portraits of Washington on medals and in other media subsequent to the sculptor\'s visit were most often based on Houdon\'s work, beginning with the 1786 \"Washington Before Boston\" medal engraved by Pierre Simon DuViviers. Although only one American, Abraham Lincoln, had appeared on a circulating US coin by the 1920s, the Houdon bust had been used as the basis of the portrait of Washington on the commemorative Lafayette dollar dated 1900 and on the Sesquicentennial half dollar of 1926. According to coin dealer and numismatic historian Q. David Bowers, the Houdon bust, even then, was the most common representation of Washington on coins and medals. Little is known of Flanagan\'s creative process, although models of Flanagan\'s quarter with a different portrayal of Washington, facing right, and with a different eagle, have come on the market. Flanagan\'s adaptation differs from the Houdon bust in some particulars: for example, the shape of the head is different, and there is a roll of hair on the quarter not found on the bust.
Art historian Cornelius Vermeule said of Flanagan\'s quarter, \"a die designer could do little wrong in having Houdon\'s Neoclassic image as his prototype \... Still, it might be asked whether or not it was fair to force an ideal\[ized\] portrait of Washington made in 1785 on an artist working in 1932. There is something cold and lifeless about the results.\" Vermeule suggests that the quarter started a trend of similar portrait coins issued by the United States, notably the Jefferson nickel and Franklin half dollar. The historian preferred Laura Fraser\'s version, and termed Flanagan\'s reverse \"a stiff bit of heraldry amid too large a wreath and too much or too large lettering\".
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# Washington quarter
## Flanagan reverse (1932--1998) {#flanagan_reverse_19321998}
### Silver quarter production {#silver_quarter_production}
In early July 1932, newspapers announced that the Washington quarter was being struck and would be issued at the end of the month, once there were sufficient pieces for a nationwide distribution. They stressed that the new quarter was not a commemorative.
The quarter was released into circulation on August 1, 1932. There was no great need for the coins in commerce; despite that, it was announced that six million pieces would be struck in honor of the Washington bicentennial. The coins were generally well received, though the reverse prompted discussion as to whether a bald eagle was depicted, or some other sort of eagle. An eagle expert consulted by *The New York Times* concluded it was a bald eagle.
About 6.2 million quarters were struck in 1932, of which 5.4 million were coined at the Philadelphia mint. Production runs of just over 400,000 each occurred at the Denver and San Francisco mints; these are still the low mintages of the series. The small mintage of the 1932 Denver piece meant that few were available to be hoarded by coin dealers, leading to present-day scarcity in mint state or uncirculated condition; the mint marks on the 1932-D and 1932-S have been counterfeited. No quarters were struck at any mint in 1933, as there was an oversupply caused by the 1932 issue.
Unlike many earlier coins, the Washington quarter struck exceptionally well, bringing out its full details. This sharpness is possible because the designs of both sides were spread out, with no points of high relief. Nevertheless, the Mint repeatedly adjusted the design. In the first three years of striking (1932, 1934 and 1935), three different varieties of the obverse are known. They are generally called after the appearance of \"`{{sc|in god we trust}}`{=mediawiki}\", to the left of Washington\'s head: the Light Motto, Medium Motto, and Heavy Motto. Only the first was used in 1932. All three were used on the 1934 Philadelphia strikes, though only the latter two on the 1934 Denver Mint coins. In 1935 only the Medium Motto was used at all three mints. However, the Heavy Motto apparently proved most satisfactory to the Mint as beginning in 1936 only pieces of that variety were struck at all sites.
For unknown reasons, the original reverse hub was used only in 1932; a new hub was used when coining resumed in 1934. The original style had a high rim around the reverse design, protecting it from wear so well that 1932 quarters in lower grade generally are about equally worn on either side. In later years, with a lowered rim, circulated silver pieces tend to be more worn on the reverse.
The fine-tuning of the design continued through the end of silver production with pieces dated 1964. During that time, the obverse was modified six times. One revision, in 1944, left Flanagan\'s initials, on the cutoff of the bust, distorted; this was adjusted the following year. Beginning in 1937, and continuing until the end of silver circulation production with pieces dated 1964, a very slightly different reverse was used for proof coins, as opposed to circulation pieces. This is most evident in examining the letters \"es\" in \"States\" which almost touch on circulation strikes, and display a separation on proofs.
The piece was struck in numbers exceeding 100 million in some years through 1964. The San Francisco Mint ceased striking coins after 1955; it struck no quarters that year or in 1949.
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# Washington quarter
## Flanagan reverse (1932--1998) {#flanagan_reverse_19321998}
### Clad composition {#clad_composition}
In 1964, there was a severe shortage of coins. Silver prices were rising, and the public responded by hoarding not only the wildly popular new coin, the Kennedy half dollar, but the other denominations, including the non-silver cent and nickel. Hopeful that issuing more 1964-dated coins would counter the speculation in them, the Treasury obtained Congressional authorization to continue striking 1964-dated coins into 1965.
The Mint\'s production of coins rapidly depleted the Treasury\'s stock of silver. Prices for the metal were rising to such an extent that, by early June 1965, a dollar in silver coin contained 93.3 cents\' worth of it at market prices. On June 3, 1965, President Lyndon Johnson announced plans to eliminate silver from the dime and quarter in favor of a clad composition, with layers of copper-nickel on each side of a layer of pure copper. The half dollar was changed from 90% silver to 40%. Congress passed the Coinage Act of 1965 in July, under which the Mint transitioned from striking 1964-dated silver quarters to striking 1965-dated clad quarters. Beginning on August 1, 1966, the Mint began to strike 1966-dated pieces, and thereafter it resumed the normal practice of striking the current year\'s date on each piece.
The new clad quarters were struck without mint mark in 1965--1967, regardless of the mint of origin. Beginning in 1968, mint marks were used again, except that Philadelphia continued to issue coins without them. The San Francisco Mint had reopened, but from 1968, it struck quarters only for collectors, for the most part proof coins. The Mint adjusted both sides of the coin for the initiation of clad coinage, lowering the relief (the modified reverse design exists on some 1964-dated silver quarters). The obverse was slightly changed in 1974, with some details sharpened. Mint marks on post-1967 pieces are found on the lower right of the obverse, to the right of Washington\'s neck.
Beginning in 1976, and continuing over the following twenty years, Mint engravers modified the design a number of times. Quarters were struck at the West Point Mint between 1977 and 1979, but they bore no mint mark. The Philadelphia Mint\'s mint mark \"P\" was used on coins struck at that facility beginning in 1980. Coins dated 1982 and 1983, both from Philadelphia and Denver, command a large premium over face value when found in near-pristine condition.
Beginning in 1992, the Mint began selling silver proof sets, including a quarter struck in .900 silver; this has continued to the present day. Although President George H. W. Bush signed authorizing legislation for these pieces in 1990, coinage did not begin until 1992 due to difficulty in obtaining sufficient coinage blanks in .900 silver.
### Bicentennial commemorative quarters {#bicentennial_commemorative_quarters}
In January 1973, Representative Richard C. White introduced legislation for commemorative dollars and half dollars for the 1976 United States Bicentennial. On June 6, Mint Director Mary Brooks testified before a congressional committee, and responding to concerns that only the two least-popular denominations would be changed, agreed to support the temporary redesign of the quarter as well. On October 18, 1973, President Richard Nixon signed legislation mandating a temporary redesign of the three denominations for all coins issued after July 4, 1975, and struck before January 1, 1977. These pieces bore the double date 1776--1976. In addition to circulation pieces, Congress mandated that 45 million Bicentennial coins be struck in 40% silver. Fearful of creating low-mintage pieces which might be hoarded as the cent recently had been, thus creating a shortage of quarters, in December 1974 the Mint obtained congressional approval to continue striking 1974-dated quarters, half dollars and dollars until Bicentennial coinage began. Accordingly, there are no 1975-dated quarters. Almost two billion Bicentennial quarters were struck, as the Mint sought to assure that there would be plenty of souvenirs of the anniversary. The Mint sold the silver sets, in both uncirculated and proof, for more than a decade before ending sales at the end of 1986. Jack L. Ahr\'s colonial drummer, which had appeared on the Bicentennial quarter, was replaced after 1976 by Flanagan\'s original reverse.
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# Washington quarter
## Washington quarters since 1999 {#washington_quarters_since_1999}
### 50 State quarters {#state_quarters}
At a congressional hearing in June 1995, Mint Director Philip N. Diehl and prominent numismatists urged Congress to pass legislation allowing a series of circulating commemorative coins similar to the quarters Canada had recently struck for its provinces. In response, Congress passed the United States Commemorative Coins Act of 1996, which was signed by President Bill Clinton on October 20, 1996. The act directed the Mint to study whether a series of commemorative quarters would be successful. The Mint duly studied the matter and reported favorably. Although the act had given Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin the authority to carry out the report by selecting new coin designs, Secretary Rubin preferred to await congressional action. The resulting 50 States Commemorative Coin Program Act was signed by President Clinton on December 1, 1997. Under the act, each of the fifty states would be honored with a new quarter, to be issued five a year beginning in 1999, with the sequence of issuance determined by the order the states had entered the Union. The act allowed the Secretary to determine the position of the required legends, such as \"`{{sc|in god we trust}}`{=mediawiki}\" on the coin: To accommodate a large design on the reverse, \"`{{sc|united states of america}}`{=mediawiki}\" and \"`{{sc|quarter dollar}}`{=mediawiki}\" were moved to the obverse, and the bust of Washington shrunken slightly. A state\'s design would be selected by the Treasury Secretary on the recommendation of the state\'s governor.
As part of the series, the Mint sold collector\'s versions in proof, including pieces struck in .900 silver. The Mint also sold a large number of numismatic items, including rolls and bags of coins, collector\'s maps, and other items designed to encourage coin collecting among the general public. The Mint estimated that the government profited by \$3 billion through seignorage on coins saved by the public and through other revenues, over what it would otherwise have earned.
### District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters {#district_of_columbia_and_united_states_territories_quarters}
Legislation to extend the program to the District of Columbia and the territories had been four times passed by the House of Representatives, but the Senate had failed to consider it each time. Provisions authorizing such a program were inserted into an urgent appropriations bill and passed in December 2007. The resultant 2009 District of Columbia and U.S. Territories Quarters Program maintained the Washington obverse but on the reverse displayed designs in honor of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands, all minted in 2009.
### America the Beautiful quarters {#america_the_beautiful_quarters}
In 2008, Congress passed the America\'s Beautiful National Parks Quarter Dollar Coin Act. This legislation called for 56 coins, one for each state or other jurisdiction, to be issued five per year beginning in 2010 and concluding in 2021. Each coin features a National Park Service site or national forest, one per jurisdiction. Flanagan\'s head of Washington was restored to bring out detail. In addition to the circulating pieces and collector\'s versions, bullion pieces with 5 ozt of silver are being struck with the quarter\'s design.
In May 2012, the Mint announced plans to strike the first circulation-quality quarters at the San Francisco Mint since 1954, to be sold only at a premium in bags and rolls. All five 2012 designs were struck, the first circulation-quality coins struck at San Francisco since 1983 (when Lincoln cents were struck without mint mark), and the first with the S mint mark since the Anthony dollar in 1981 (struck for mint sets only). In 2019, the silver version of the quarter was struck in .999 silver, marking a permanent change from the previous .900. In 2019, the Mint struck 2,000,000 of each circulating quarter design at the West Point Mint bearing its mint mark W. These were released into circulation mixed in with new coins from Philadelphia or Denver. This continued in 2020 with the 2020-W quarters bearing a privy mark `{{small|V75}}`{=mediawiki} inside a small cartouche on the obverse.
### 2021: Return of the original obverse {#return_of_the_original_obverse}
Following the conclusion of the National Parks quarter series in 2021, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin had the option of ordering a second round of 56 national parks quarters, but did not do so by the end of 2018 as required in the 2008 legislation.
The quarter\'s design for 2021 therefore reverted to Flanagan\'s original obverse design, paired with a new reverse rendition of George Washington\'s crossing of the Delaware River on the night of December 25, 1776. In October 2019, the Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee (CCAC) met to consider designs, with the final choice made by Mnuchin. On December 25, 2020, the Mint announced the successful design, by Benjamin Sowards as sculpted by Michael Gaudioso. This quarter was released into circulation on April 5, 2021, and was minted until the end of 2021.
### Coin Redesign Act of 2020 {#coin_redesign_act_of_2020}
The Circulating Collectible Coin Redesign Act of 2020 (`{{USPL|116|330}}`{=mediawiki}) established three new series of quarters for the next decade. From 2022 to 2025, the Mint may produce up to five coins each year featuring prominent American women, with a new obverse design of Washington. In 2026, there will be up to five designs representing the United States Semiquincentennial. From 2027 to 2030, the Mint may produce up to five coins each year featuring youth sports. The obverse will also be redesigned in 2027, and even after 2030 is still to depict Washington.
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# Washington quarter
## Washington quarters since 1999 {#washington_quarters_since_1999}
### American Women quarters {#american_women_quarters}
The American Women quarters program will issue up to five new reverse designs each year from 2022 to 2025 featuring the accomplishments and contributions made in various fields by women to American history and development. The obverse design features Fraser\'s portrait of Washington originally intended for the first Washington quarter in 1932
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# Max Breunig
`{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox football biography
| name= Max Breunig
| image =
| fullname =
| height =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1888|11|12}}
| birth_place = [[Karlsruhe]], [[Germany]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1961|7|4|1888|11|12}}
| death_place = [[Pforzheim]], [[West Germany]]
| position = [[Defender (football)|Defender]]/[[Midfielder (football)|Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 1901–1908
| youthclubs1 = [[Karlsruher FV]]
| years1 = 1908–1912
| years2 = 1912–1918
| clubs1 = [[Karlsruher FV]]
| clubs2 = [[1. FC Pforzheim]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| nationalyears1 = 1910–1913
| nationalteam1 = [[Germany national football team|Germany]]
| nationalcaps1 = 9
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| manageryears1 = 1921–1922
| manageryears2 = 1922–1923
| manageryears3 = 1926–1928
| manageryears4 = 1930–1934
| managerclubs1 = [[Karlsruher FV]]
| managerclubs2 = [[FC Basel]]
| managerclubs3 = [[TSV München 1860]]
| managerclubs4 = [[TSV München 1860]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Max Breunig** (12 November 1888 near Karlsruhe -- 4 July 1961 in Pforzheim) was a German amateur football player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Breunig, a midfielder, started his career at Karlsruher FV in 1908, and on the final day of the 1909/10 German League season, he scored the winning goal (a penalty kick) in a 1-0 win against Holstein Kiel to win the championship. In 1913 he signed for 1. FC Pforzheim but his football career ended when the First World War began.
He captained the Germany national team in all nine games he played for them was a member of the German 1912 Olympic squad and played one match in the main tournament. He scored one goal at international level.
After his playing days, he became a teacher and he also went on to manage Karlsruher from 1921 until 1922, FC Basel from 1922 to 1923 and TSV München 1860 from 1925 until 1928 and from 1930 until 1934
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# Vivian Berkeley
**Vivian Berkeley** (August 9, 1941 - March 17, 2025) was a Canadian two-time World Blind Lawn Bowling Champion,1996 Paralympic Games Silver Medalist and 2002 Commonwealth Games Bronze Medalist.
Over her 21-year decorated career (1994--2015), Vivian would accumulate a total of 60 medals; including 22 straight Provincial Gold medals, 21 National Gold medals (16 straight), along with an impressive 17 International medals from 8 countries (2 Gold, 10 Silver, 5 Bronze). Berkeley is accredited to helping build the sport of lawn bowls for the blind and visually-impaired in Canada and abroad.
On November 7, 2021, Vivian was [Inducted](https://bowlscanada.com/en/lawn-bowling-champion-vivian-berkeley-inducted-into-canadian-disability-hall-of-fame/) into the [Canadian Disability Hall of Fame (CDHF)](https://www.cfpdp.com/canadian-disability-hall-of-fame/). Founded by the [Canadian Foundation for Physically Disabled Persons (CFPDP)](https://www.cfpdp.com/), this public exhibit is located in Metro Hall in downtown Toronto Ontario, and is where a [honorary plaque](https://www.cfpdp.com/previous-hall-of-fame-inductees/) with her name and etching of her portrait is on display. The [Induction Ceremony](https://steveblackburn.dphoto.com/album/hipgvy) took place on October 20, 2022, at the [Fairmont Royal York](https://www.fairmont.com/royal-york-toronto/) in downtown Toronto.
On April 24, 2022, Vivian was [Inducted](https://regionofwaterloomuseums.ca/en/visit/2022-hall-of-fame-inductees.aspx#Vivian-Berkeley) into the [Waterloo Region Hall of Fame](https://regionofwaterloomuseums.ca/en/exhibits/region-hall-of-fame.aspx), located on the second floor of the [Ken Seiling Waterloo Region Museum](https://regionofwaterloomuseums.ca/en/index.aspx) in Kitchener Ontario. The Induction Ceremony took place at the same location.
On April 28, 2023, Vivian was Inducted into the [Ontario Lawn Bowls Association](https://www.olba.ca/) [Hall of Fame](https://www.olba.ca/hall-of-fame.html). The Induction Ceremony took place in Oakville Ontario.
On June 13, 2023, Vivian was Inducted into the [Glace Bay Old Town Hall Museum](https://oldtownhallglacebay.ca/), located in her hometown of Glace Bay Nova Scotia.
\"As an athlete I feel that year-round physical training and mental preparation are the keys to success. To reach your goals you must be prepared to be persistent and dedicated to your sport. An athlete must be able to accept winning as well as defeat, and meet new challenges head on. In order to succeed in any sport, this philosophy should be applied on a daily basis.\" - *Vivian Berkeley*
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Born in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Vivian received her primary and secondary schooling at the Halifax School for the Blind, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where she won a trophy in competitive swimming, before graduating in the mid-1950s. Vivian would move to Kitchener, Ontario, in 1968, where she would work in the radiology department at Grand River Hospital for eight years, as a [darkroom technician](https://www.mymajors.com/career/darkroom-technician/skills/). After leaving her job at the hospital, Vivian would become an in-classroom teachers aide for the Waterloo Catholic District School Board, two days a week, for 16 years. She also delivered the K-W Record newspaper for several years and took up the hobby of breeding budgie birds. Berkeley has always been very involved within her community, contributing to many committees and service groups. Her main objective, to improve the safety, mobility, and well-being of the blind and visually-impaired in the Waterloo Region. Vivian was married for over 52 years to her late husband, [Richard Douglas Berkeley (1941--2024)](https://obituaries.therecord.com/obituary/richard-douglas-berkeley-1091779191). Vivian has two children Laura-Lee and Michael, and a granddaughter Samantha. She also recently had a guide dog, a black Labrador retriever named [Angora (2009--2024)](https://www.flickr.com/photos/guidedogsfortheblind/5405494072). In her spare time Vivian enjoys knitting afghans, puzzles, audio books, and listening to her favourite team the [Toronto Blue Jays](https://www.mlb.com/bluejays), as she \"loves Jerry Howarth\'s work.\"
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# Vivian Berkeley
## Lawn Bowls Career {#lawn_bowls_career}
### Non-competitive play (1989--1993) {#non_competitive_play_19891993}
Berkeley\'s lawn bowling career has span over 25 years, beginning in 1989. At the time she was also competing in Shuffleboard on the provincial level, along with five-pin and ten-pin bowling. Vivian initially played out of the [Rockway Golf and Country Club](https://www.kitchener.ca/en/recreation-and-sports/kitchener-golf.aspx) in Kitchener, Ontario, however its lawn bowling club was forced to close at the end of 1996 for the expansion of its golf course. The following year, a new local lawn bowling club would open its doors, [Heritage Greens](http://heritagegreens.ca/). For the first several years, Vivian would just play one night a week with the other blind and visually-impaired members. Berkeley has had several coaches throughout her career, all of them playing a pivotal role in helping her achieve success, including Don Mayne (1989--2004), Jean McCron (2005--2013), and Betty Mayne (2014--2015) (Don\'s wife), to name a few. Vivian stated that \"I started (lawn) bowls because I enjoy sports and the challenge of competitions.\"
### Competitive career (1994--2015) {#competitive_career_19942015}
#### Provincial
--------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------
1994--2015 Ontario Blind Bowls Association (OBBA) 1st
**TOTAL NUMBER OF GOLD MEDALS** **22**
--------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------
#### National
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------
1994 [Canadian Blind Sports Association (CBSA)](https://canadianblindsports.ca/) 4th
1995--1997 Canadian Blind Sports Association 1st
1998 Canadian Blind Sports Association 3rd
1999--2006 Canadian Blind Sports Association 1st
2007--2015 Blind Bowls Association of Canada (BBAC) 1st
**TOTAL NUMBER OF GOLD MEDALS** *(Singles Competition = 19 / Pairs = 2)* **21**
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------
#### International
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- --------
1995 [International Paralympic Committee (IPC)](https://www.paralympic.org/) World Championships Worthing, England 4th
1996 [10th Paralympic Games](https://www.paralympic.org/atlanta-1996) Atlanta, United States 2nd
1997 6th [International Blind Bowls Association (IBBA)](https://www.internationalblindbowls.org/) Championships Hamilton, New Zealand 4th
1998 International Paralympic Committee (IPC) World Championships Germiston, South Africa 2nd
1999 International Tri-AM Mixed Pairs Paisley, Scotland 2nd
2000 International Lawn Bowls Open Tel Aviv, Israel 2nd
2001 7th International Blind Bowls Association (IBBA) Championships Girvan, Scotland 3rd
2002 International Paralympic Committee (IPC) World Championships Adelaide, Australia 1st
2002 [17th Commonwealth Games](https://thecgf.com/games/manchester-2002) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407120044/https://thecgf.com/games/manchester-2002 |date=2018-04-07 }}`{=mediawiki} Manchester, England 3rd
2004 International Paralympic Committee (IPC) World Championships Kuala Lumper, Malaysia 3rd
2004 International Paralympic Committee (IPC) World Championships Pairs Kuala Lumper, Malaysia 3rd
2005 8th International Blind Bowls Association (IBBA) Championships Johannesburg, South Africa 2nd
2006 International Paralympic Committee (IPC) World Championships Quadram Edinburgh, Scotland 1st
2007 [International Bowls for the Disabled (IBD)](http://www.interdisabledbowls.org/View/Main.aspx?WebId=117&VisitorNo=138390) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415180955/http://www.interdisabledbowls.org/View/Main.aspx?WebId=117&VisitorNo=138390 |date=2021-04-15 }}`{=mediawiki} World Championships Sydney, Australia 2nd
2007 International Bowls for the Disabled (IBD) World Championships Pairs Sydney, Australia 3rd
2009 9th International Blind Bowls Association (IBBA) Championships Melbourne, Australia 2nd
2010 International Lawn Bowls Championships for the Blind (ILBCB) Tel Aviv, Israel 2nd
2010 International Lawn Bowls Championships for the Blind (ILBCB) Pairs Tel Aviv, Israel 2nd
2011 International Bowls for the Disabled (IBD) World Championships Pretoria, South Africa 2nd
2013 10th International Blind Bowls Association (IBBA) Championships Worthing, England 4th
**TOTAL NUMBER OF MEDALS** ***(2 Gold, 10 Silver, 5 Bronze)** (Singles Competition = 2 Gold, 8 Silver, 3 Bronze / Pairs = 2 Silver, 2 Bronze)* **17**
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- --------
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# Vivian Berkeley
## Awards and honours {#awards_and_honours}
- Paralympic Games Torch Bearer - [Royal LePage WhyNot Marathon](https://www.cfpdp.com/whynot/) in Kitchener. *PICTURE INCLUDED* (1996)
- Fire Prevention Ambassador of North America - Inducted alongside local sports heroes Professional Boxing Champion Fitz Vanderpool and National Softball Champion Karen Snelgrove. *PICTURE INCLUDED* (1996)
- [Kitchener Sports Association (KSA)](https://www.kitchenersports.ca/) Wall of Fame - Paralympics profile picture on display inside the Kitchener Memorial Auditorium. *PICTURE INCLUDED* (1996)
- House of Commons Canada - Recognized with other members of the Olympic and Paralympic Summer Games, such as Donovan Bailey and Clara Hughes. *TRANSCRIPT* (1996)
- Letter from Prime Minister, Jean Chretien. \"On behalf of all Canadians, I am delighted to offer you my warmest congratulations on your silver medal win at the X Paralympiad.\" *PICTURE INCLUDED* (1996)
- Meeting Walter Gretzky. \"He (Walter) recognized me from a previous meeting and approached me. "Don (Mayne) and I met him in Scotland in 1999 and had dinner with him at his expense. He knew about my lawn bowling" - *Vivian Berkeley* (1999)
- Chatelaine Presents Who\'s Who of Canadian Women 1999-2000 magazine feature (1999)
- Represented Canada at the Commonwealth Games as the oldest athlete at age 61 (2002)
- [Lions Foundation of Canada](https://www.dogguides.com/) - Life Membership Recipient (2006)
- [AthletesCAN](https://athletescan.com/en) Paralympic Athlete Council - Elected as an Interim Member for a meeting in Whitehorse, Yukon (2007)
- [International Blind Bowls Association (IBBA)](https://www.internationalblindbowls.org/) - Elected to the World Executive (2009)
- [Guide Dogs for the Blind](https://www.guidedogs.com/) Alumni photograph of Vivian, her new guide dog [Angora](https://www.flickr.com/photos/guidedogsfortheblind/5405492202/in/photostream) and her puppy raisers. (2010)
- Guide Dogs for the Blind Newsletter - Article written by Vivian about her previous guide dog Paka (2011)
- Competed at the Blind and Visually-Impaired Curling Provincials (2011)
- Award Recipient from Heritage Greens Lawn Bowling Club in Kitchener. \"In recognition for the work she has done for the visually-impaired in lawn bowling.\" *Picture Included* (2011)
- [City of Kitchener Athletic Awards](https://www.kitchener.ca/en/council-and-city-administration/athletic-awards.aspx) - Award Recipient (1989--2013)
- [Canadian Disability Hall of Fame (CDHF)](https://www.cfpdp.com/canadian-disability-hall-of-fame/) - [Honorary plaque](https://www.cfpdp.com/previous-hall-of-fame-inductees/) with her name and etching of her portrait on display inside Metro Hall, Toronto, Ontario (2021)
## Community Involvement {#community_involvement}
- Blind Bowls Association of Canada (BBAC) Past-President. Established by Berkeley to represent and promote the interests of blind and visually-impaired lawn bowlers locally and abroad (2007)
- [Canadian Council of the Blind (CCB)](https://ccbnational.net/) Director of Public Relations, Kitchener District Club (1969--1973)
- Canadian Council of the Blind (CCB) President, Kitchener District Club (1991--2001)
- Canadian National Institute for the Blind (CNIB) Volunteer, Kitchener (1992--1997)
- [City of Kitchener Barrier-Free Advisory Committee](https://www.regionofwaterloo.ca/en/regional-government/grand-river-accessibility-advisory-committee.aspx) Member (1994--2012)
- [City of Kitchener Fire Safety Committee](https://www.kitchener.ca/en/development-and-construction/fire-safety.aspx) Member (1997)
- Lioness Club of Kitchener (2005)
- Ontario Lawn Bowls Association of the Blind (OLBAB) President (1997--2001)
- [Pioneer Lions Club of Kitchener](http://kitchenerpioneerlions.org/) Past-President (2005--2006)
- Royal Canadian Legion, [Branch 50](http://www.rclbr50.ca/index.aspx) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726215358/http://www.rclbr50.ca/index
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# 1584 in Ireland
Events from the year **1584 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: Elizabeth I
## Events
- July -- English government commissions a survey of Munster, following the Desmond Rebellions. Sir Valentine Browne is appointed to the task. It becomes known as the Peyton Survey after Sir Christopher Peyton
- The Spanish Arch is built in Galway.
- Perrott subdivides Cavan into seven baronies.
- Richard Stanihurst\'s history *De rebus in Hibernia gestis* is published by Christophe Plantin in Antwerp.
## Births
## Deaths
- 20 June -- Dermot O\'Hurley, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cashel, put to death for treason. (b. c. 1530)
- Margaret Ball, died of deprivation in the dungeons of Dublin Castle, beatified in 1992 (b. 1515)
- Sir Henry Colley, or Cowley, an Irish soldier and landowner
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# Vinyl fluoride
**Vinyl fluoride** is an organic halide with the chemical formula C~2~H~3~F. It is a colorless gas with a faint ether-like odor. It is used as the monomeric precursor to the fluoropolymer polyvinylfluoride.
## Production
It was first prepared in 1901 by Frédéric Swarts, the Belgian chemist who was the first to prepare chlorofluorocarbons in 1892. Swarts used the reaction of zinc with 1,1-difluoro-2-bromoethane. It is produced industrially by two routes, one being the mercury-catalyzed reaction of acetylene and hydrogen fluoride:
: HC≡CH + HF → CH~2~=CHF
It is also prepared from 1,1-chlorofluoroethane:
: CH~3~CHClF → CH~2~=CHF + HCl
## Safety
Vinyl fluoride is classified as an IARC Group 2A carcinogen (likely to cause cancer in humans).
## Additional data {#additional_data}
Its critical point is at 54.8 °C (328 K) and 5.24 MPa. Its molecular dipole moment is 1.4 Debye and heat of vaporization is 361 kJ/kg
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# 1579 in Ireland
Events from the year **1579 in Ireland**.
## Incumbent
- Monarch: Elizabeth I
## Events
- July 16 -- James FitzMaurice FitzGerald lands with a small force of Irish, Spanish, and Italian troops at Smerwick on the Dingle Peninsula and commences the Second Desmond Rebellion against the rule in Ireland of Elizabeth I of England. The rebellion lasts until 1583 and results in the extinction of the Desmond palatinate. Brian O\'Rourke joins.
- August 21 -- County Cavan is officially established following an agreement between Lord Deputy Henry Sidney and King Aodh Connallach Ó Raghallaigh of East Breifne.
- November 13 -- Desmond\'s troops sack Youghal during the Second Desmond Rebellion
- East Breifne is renamed *Cavan* (Irish *An Cabhain*) after the Shire\'s main town.
- William Oge Martyn attempts to capture or kill the pirate Gráinne O\'Malley at her stronghold of Rockfleet.
## Births
## Deaths
- June 4 -- Edmund Tanner (b.c. 1526), an Irish Jesuit, Roman Catholic Bishop of Cork and Cloyne, Ireland, from 1574 to 1579.
- August 31 -- Patrick O\'Hely, Roman Catholic Bishop of Mayo (executed by the English)
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# Mormon volcanic field
**Mormon volcanic field**, also known as **Mormon Mountain volcanic field**, is a monogenetic and polygenetic volcanic field south of Flagstaff, Arizona.
The volcanic field contains over 250 vents and covers over 2500 km2
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# The Living Daylights (song)
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# Karl Burger
**Karl Schumm Burger** (26 December 1883 in Stuttgart -- 3 October 1959 in Freudenstadt) was a German amateur footballer who played as a midfielder and coach, competing as a player in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
## International career {#international_career}
He was a member of the German Olympic squad. He played one match in the consolation round of the football tournament in Stockholm. He scored one goal in the 16--0 victory against Russia. Overall Burger won eleven caps for the Germany national football team
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# Frank Galati
**Frank Joseph Galati** (November 29, 1943 -- January 2, 2023) was an American director, writer, and actor. He was a member of Steppenwolf Theatre Company and an associate director at Goodman Theatre. He taught at Northwestern University for many years.
## Early life {#early_life}
Galati was born in Highland Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, the son of Virginia (Cassel), a saleswoman with Marshall Field, and Frank Galati, a dog trainer and boarder. He attended Glenbrook North High School in Northbrook, Illinois, where he competed in speech, winning a state championship in the Original Comedy event in 1961. He attended Western Illinois University for one year before transferring to Northwestern University, where he received a B.S. in speech, with a concentration in interpretation, in 1965. He taught at the University of South Florida and then earned a M.S. in speech from Northwestern in 1966, and received his Ph.D. in interpretation from Northwestern in 1971. During this time, he both directed and performed in numerous plays.
## Career
Galati was an associate director at the Goodman Theatre from 1986 to 2008.
In 2004, Galati was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame. He was the recipient of nine Joseph Jefferson Awards for his contributions to Chicago theater.
Galati and co-writer Lawrence Kasdan adapted the novel *The Accidental Tourist* for a film, *The Accidental Tourist* which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay), a BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. The pair won a USC Scripter Award for the screenplay.
Galati was awarded the Tony Award for Best Play for his adaptation of *The Grapes of Wrath* in 1990. The production originated at Steppenwolf and transferred to Broadway where, in addition to *Best Play*, Galati won an additional Tony for *Best Direction of a Play*. The drama also received six more nominations, including recognition in acting categories for Gary Sinise, Terry Kinney, and Lois Smith. Following his success with *The Grapes of Wrath*, Galati went on to adapt *As I Lay Dying* in 1995, and Haruki Murakami\'s *After the Quake* in 2005. He also wrote original work, such as *Everyman* (1995). Most of his work debuted at Steppenwolf.
Galati occasionally had turns as an actor, and directed Tony Kushner\'s *Homebody/Kabul* at New York Theatre Workshop. For Broadway, he directed the musical *Ragtime* in 1998 and *The Pirate Queen* in 2007. He directed two productions of *The Visit*, at the Goodman Theatre in 2001 and at the Signature Theatre (Arlington, Virginia) in May 2008, with Chita Rivera.
With a book score by Stephen Flaherty, lyrics by Lynn Ahrens, and directing and libretto by Galati, *Knoxville* premiered at the Asolo Repertory Theatre in spring 2020, based on the Pulitzer Prize winning book *A Death in the Family* by James Agee and Pulitzer Prize winning play *All the Way Home* by Tad Mosel. It stars Jason Danieley as Author.
The Frank Galati Papers are at Northwestern University. He was a professor emeritus in the Department of Performance Studies at Northwestern University, having retired in 2006.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
Galati married his longtime partner, Peter Amster, in 2017. Later in life, they resided between Sarasota, Florida, and Beaver Island on Lake Michigan. Galati died in Sarasota from cancer on January 2, 2023, at the age of 79
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# Jamaal Fudge
**Jamaal Jay Fudge** (born May 17, 1983) is a former American football defensive back. On December 5, 2012, he signed a one-year contract for the 2013 Arena Football League season with the Jacksonville Sharks now he is now the head coach at North Florida educational institute He was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at Clemson.
Fudge has also played for the Atlanta Falcons.
## Early life {#early_life}
Fudge attended Edward H. White High School in Jacksonville, Florida. He along with Dee Webb were elected to Ed White\'s Sports Wall of Fame in the same year.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Jacksonville Jaguars {#jacksonville_jaguars}
Fudge was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He was cut by the Jaguars in training camp 2008.
### Atlanta Falcons {#atlanta_falcons}
Fudge was signed by the Atlanta Falcons after he was cut by the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was waived on September 7, 2009, after spending the 2008 season with Atlanta. He was re-signed on October 20, when Brian Williams was placed on injured reserve.
### Saskatchewan Roughriders {#saskatchewan_roughriders}
In October 2011, Fudge signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders to the team\'s practice roster.
### Jacksonville Sharks {#jacksonville_sharks}
Fudge signed with the Jacksonville Sharks for the 2013 season.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Fudge continues to coach in the greater Jacksonville area as the head coach of football for North Florida Educational Institute
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# The Green Building
The **Green Building** purports to be an environmentally conscious mixed-use development situated in Manchester, England. It was designed by Farrells, who aimed to create a sustainable environment on an unusual triangular plot, adjacent to Oxford Road station. The building was constructed by Taylor Woodrow as part of the Macintosh Village development, which was formerly a Dunlop tyre factory and also the birthplace of the Mackintosh raincoat.
A total of 32 apartments are arranged across the uppermost eight stories of the ten-floor development. The lower two levels contain a children\'s day nursery, operated by Bright Horizons, and a commercial unit that is currently vacant.
## Key features {#key_features}
- Energy-efficient thermal design.
- Solar thermal water heating system (not currently operational - the building has communal gas boilers) providing hot water for domestic plumbing and underfloor heating.
- Large full-height triple-glazed windows on the south-facing side maximise solar gain. The north-facing apartments have comparatively small windows.
- An internal central atrium interlinked with all apartments provides a passive air conditioning system. Warm air from each apartment passes into the central atrium and rises, drawing fresh cooler air into the apartments. Computer-controlled windows at the top of the atrium regulate air-flow.
- Building electrical requirements are supplemented by a nominal 2.5 kW wind turbine, though the location of the building within a city means that this is more for show than making a significant contribution (noting the considerable communal mains electricity consumption of the building).
- The cylindrical shape of the tower provides the least surface area related to the volume, somewhat increasing thermal efficiency.
- All apartments only have showers in the bathrooms; there are no baths in the residential apartments. The taps are designed to use the minimum amount of water necessary to wash hands safely.
## Performance
There are no performance figures currently available for the building. The communal heating and hot water system is, as of 2023, moving from a charging regime based on floor area (therefore the costs are socialised) to one based on actual usage, by the installation of heat meters. This is expected to reduce energy consumption, however the energy consumption (for instance communal electricity consumption) is still high compared with, say, a Passivhaus standard.
## Awards
In 2006, the architects Farrells were awarded a [Sustainable Civic Trust Award](https://web.archive.org/web/20070928141027/http://www.civictrust.org.uk/cta2006/sponsorpages/sponfgreenbuild.htm) for the Green Building development.
## Transport
Due to the city centre location of the Green Building, public transport links are in abundance. Subsequently, no car parking spaces were provided as part of the development. Limited space for bicycle storage is supplied with both internal and external facilities available.
The Green Building is located on New Wakefield Street adjacent to Oxford Road station.
There are two Metrolink tram stops close to the Green Building. Deansgate-Castlefield and St Peter\'s Square are nearby, both on most Metrolink lines.
The site the Green Building resides on has two public thoroughfares either side of the development, both pedestrianised. The main road for vehicle access is Great Marlborough Street, which has pay and display on-street parking for up to three hours.
Macintosh Village is connected to the Manchester Inner Ring Road via the Mancunian Way flyover that passes 300 m to the south of the Green Building, which provides access to the national motorway network.
Oxford Road, claimed by some analysts to be part of the busiest bus corridor in Europe, is 75 m east of the Green Building, and provides bus links to the University of Manchester, Chorlton, Longsight, Piccadilly Gardens, Manchester Airport, The Trafford Centre and many other locations across the south of Greater Manchester
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# Fritz Förderer
**Friedrich \"Fritz\" Förderer** (5 January 1888 -- 20 December 1952) was a German amateur footballer who played as a defender and competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
## Biography
Förderer was born in Karlsruhe. He was a member of the German Olympic squad, played two matches in the consolation tournament, and scored five goals. He played for Karlsruher FV, where together with Julius Hirsch and Gottfried Fuchs he formed an attacking trio.
He joined the Nazi Party in 1942 and would go on to coach various football teams, including one composed of members of the Third SS Death-Head unit that ran the Buchenwald concentration camp.
He died in Weimar
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# Driving Park
**Driving Park** is an urban residential area on the Near East Side of Columbus, Ohio just south of Interstate 70. Mainly a middle-class, predominantly African American neighborhood, Driving Park and its surrounding neighborhoods consist of an area of 17,730 residents. Driving Park received its name from its historic past as a large racing complex, first for horses and later for automobiles.
## History
Driving Park received its name from its historic past as a large equine racing complex for horses and eventually automobiles during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Columbus Ohio Driving Realty Company bought the land in 1892. Columbus residents traveled to Driving Park to enjoy the exciting horse races being held in the area. When automobiles came on the scene during the 1900s, the track was converted to allow auto racing. The largely flat, stretched oval design made it possible for drivers to set many records at the racetrack. One major event was the world's first 24-hour endurance race in 1905. The track hosted 200-mile events during the 1912 and 1913 AAA Championship Car seasons, won by Spencer Wishart and Ralph Mulford, respectively. The community of Driving Park at one time was a small one, consisting of employees of the racetrack. Even though the racetrack was abandoned in the 1930s, the community continued to grow.
The construction of I-670 and I-70 resulted in demolition of much of Columbus' predominantly African-American neighborhoods to the east; as a result African Americans moved further south. At one point the community was thriving with a theater and many diverse commercial outlets along E. Livingston Avenue and E. Whittier Street.
Historic neighborhoods exist on the south side of E. Livingston Avenue bordered by Frebis Avenue, where many middle-class families currently reside. On the corner of E. Livingston and Linwood Avenue stands a 19th-century mansion that was a stop on the Underground Railroad. The area has many beautiful small middle-class homes built during the 1940s. Larger, older houses called \"foursquares\" (slang for American Foursquare) built during the 1900s or 1930s still remain as either single family or partitioned as doubles. Similar to other areas of Columbus, such as Victorian Village and the Short North, this area has many beautiful 19th-century homes that were owned by notable residents. In fact, the style of the homes vary to include echoes of German Village to the west part of the neighborhood, Olde Towne East to the north, and Bexley to the east. Driving Park was among the city's first streetcar suburbs, developing with the extension of streetcar lines to what used to be outlying areas of Columbus. Residents currently living in the Driving Park area are requesting that the area be renamed the "Streetcar District," to spark interest and promote the history of the area.
## Geography
It neighbors many notable areas including Livingston Park, Old Oaks Historic District, Bryden Road Historic District, and the King-Lincoln Bronzeville District, all with the common thread of the notable Livingston Avenue Corridor which was part of one of Columbus\' first streetcar suburbs. When the neighborhood is referenced, its boundaries generally consist of Mooberry Street on the north, Alum Creek Drive on the east, East Whittier Street on the south, and Kelton to the west. The Driving Park Area Commission recognizes the neighborhood\'s borders as I-70 on the north, N&W Railway on the east, East Whittier Street on the south, and Struder Avenue on the west. Further reference places the community directly in between Bexley and German Village.
## Transportation
The Central Ohio Transit Authority has Local Lines that run through the district including lines 1, 7, and 11. Line 1 makes a stop on Livingston and connects to Line 1 Cleveland at High and Broad Streets. From there the bus travels to Dublin, Ohio Health, Grandville Rd. and Reynolds Park and Ride. Line 7 has a stop on Whittier that travels to downtown, the courthouse, and a US Post Office. Line 11 has a stop at the corner of Oak and Bryden that travels to downtown, Grant Medical Center, Columbus Metropolitan Library, DeVry Institute of Technology, Alum Crest High School, Eastland Mall, and Gender Road Town Center.
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# Driving Park
## Structures and landmarks {#structures_and_landmarks}
The Columbus Driving Park is a cultural landmark that defines the district. The Columbus, Ohio Driving Realty Company bought the land and located it in between Ellsworth and Seymour Avenue. It is most famous for holding the first 24-hour automobile race on July 3, 1905. The race was held only ten years after the first automobile race and only two years after Ford Motors was created. There were three cars including drivers Charles and George Soules, Oscar Lear, Ballanger, and Feasal who drove 1,015 miles throughout the whole race. The Soules brothers won the race and their prize was a silver cup said to be worth \$500 at the time. There were eleven other supporting races held at the track including The Columbus Motor Derby and The Novelty Race. Among the many races held at the track there were many other noteworthy events held in this heart of the neighborhood including the Franklin County Fair in both 1910 and 1917 and became a landing strip for the test flight of the Model B airplane built by the Wright Brothers.
## Residential
In the early years of Driving Park, the jobs offered by the racetrack brought in its first residents. What started as more of an area for recreation turned into a more valuable residential area. When the racetrack was sold to the Driving Park Realty Company in 1926, the land was subdivided. Unique homes began to rise west of Fairwood Avenue, attracting middle-class shop owners and professionals.
As of January 2012, there were a total of 218 vacant homes in Driving Park according to the city\'s code-enforcement office.
Current residents are hopeful that the Nationwide Children\'s Hospital expansion and improvements along Livingston Avenue will attract hospital employees to the area.
## Recreation
The Driving Park and Recreation Center is located next to the railroad inside of the district and is a part of the Columbus Recreations and Parks facilities. In order to gain access to the facilities one must purchase a leisure card. There are many programs and classes geared towards children and young adults such as basketball, cooking, weight lifting, and line dancing.
## Education
The Fairwood Alternative Elementary School in the school district of Columbus City Schools is located near the north border of the district on the corner of Fairwood Avenue and Mooberry Street. Fairwood currently has 380 students enrolled in pre-K -- grade 6.
## Gallery
<File:Driving> Park Railroad.JPG\|Railroad crossing over Livingston Avenue <File:072708> Fairwood School\--Columbus, Ohio (7) - 2709225424.jpg\|Fairwood Alternative Elementary School <File:Driving> Park Recreation Center.JPG\|Driving Park and Recreation Center <File:Captain> Edward V. Rickenbacker House 02.jpg\|The Captain Edward V. Rickenbacker House <File:Livingston> Ave. Columbus, OH
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# Suddenly (Arrogance album)
***Suddenly*** is the fourth album by the North Carolina band Arrogance, released in 1980 (see 1980 in music).
## Track listing {#track_listing}
**Side One**
1. \"Burning Desire\" (Kirkland) -- 3:42
2. \"I\'m Not Your Taxi\" (Dixon) -- 2:53
3. \"Bad Girl\" (Kirkland) -- 2:48
4. \"City Woman\" (Kirkland) -- 3:15
5. \"Bring It On Home\" (Dixon) -- 4:00
**Side Two**
1. \"Suddenly\" (Kirkland) -- 4:56
2. \"What It Takes\" (Abernethy) -- 3:11
3. \"Get Her Out Of My Life\" (Kirkland) -- 3:14
4. \"It Ain\'t Cool To Be Cruel\" (Kirkland) -- 2:22
5. \"Cost Of Money\" (Stout) -- 3:20
### Bonus tracks on 2000 CD reissue {#bonus_tracks_on_2000_cd_reissue}
1. \"Secrets\" (Kirkland) -- 3:35
2. \"Your Sister Told Me\" (Dixon) -- 4:07
3. \"What\'s Done Is Done \" (Kirkland) -- 5:07
4
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# Passerae
The **\"Passerae\"** were a proposed \"parvclass\" of birds in the Sibley--Ahlquist taxonomy. This taxon is a variation on the theme of \"near passerines\", birds that were -- and often still are -- believed to be close relatives of the passerines (perching birds, which include the songbirds). This proposed taxon was roundly rejected by subsequent cladistic analyses.
According to Sibley and Ahlquist, they include the following superorders and orders:
- Superorder Cuculimorphae
- Order Cuculiformes
- Superorder Psittacimorphae
- Order Psittaciformes
- Superorder Apodimorphae
- Order Apodiformes
- Order Trochiliformes
- Superorder Strigimorphae
- Order Musophagiformes
- Order Strigiformes
- Superorder Passerimorphae
- Order Columbiformes
- Order Gruiformes
- Order Ciconiiformes
- Order Passeriformes
Notable orders traditionally considered \"near passerines\" but not placed in the Passerae of the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy are Coliiformes, Coraciiformes, Piciformes and Trogoniformes (see below for why this is significant).
While the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy certainly represents a monumental endeavour and has some strong points (namely the recognition of the Galloanserae), basically everything about this \"parvclass\" is today regarded as utter fiction, brought about by the methodological and analytical problems of the phenetic DNA--DNA hybridization analysis. The \"Passerae\" are one of the most seriously flawed systematic proposals in modern ornithology, perhaps rivalled only by the suggestion (based as it was on early cladistic analyses) that Hesperornithes, Gaviiformes and Podicipediformes form a monophyletic group. In sheer scope of their falseness, however, the \"Passerae\" are in post-Linnean ornithology matched only by the ecomorphology-based \"taxa\" of Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte\'s mid-19th century *Conspectus Generum Avium*.
## Refutation
Subsequent studies consider *none* of the orders contained in the \"Passerae\" particularly close to the passerines. And with the possible exception of the Columbiformes, about whose evolutionary history next to nothing is known as of 2007, *all* the \"Passerimorphae\" are universally considered to be about as far from the Passeriformes as a neoavian can possibly be. The all-encompassing \"Ciconiiformes\" are rejected by modern science, as is the grouping of owls and nightjars to the exclusion of swifts and hummingbirds, which moreover are not so distantly related to justify treatment as distinct orders. The close relationship of Musophagiformes and owls, while neither of the two groups is firmly placed in avian systematics, is also highly suspect.
At present, the closest living relatives of passerines are held to be the Piciformes, followed by the Coraciiformes. Neither of these two was included in the \"Passerae\". The Coliiformes and Trogoniformes, while of unclear relationships among the \"higher landbirds\", are also candidates for inclusion in a \"near passerine\" superorder. Insofar, it is actually hard to be *less* correct regarding the relationships of the perching birds than the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy.
Parvclasses are generally not used at all in modern ornithological systematics, as the understanding of neoavian relationship has not progressed to a point where use of such a taxonomic rank would seem sensible
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# WDRR
**WDRR** (93.9 FM), also known as \"93.9 Bob FM\", is a classic hits radio station located in Augusta, Georgia. The station is licensed to the town of Martinez, Georgia by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and broadcasts with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 13 kW. The station is owned by Beasley Broadcast Group, Inc., through licensee Beasley Media Group, LLC. Its studios are located just two blocks from the Augusta-Richmond County border in unincorporated Columbia County, Georgia and the transmitter is in Augusta proper near Fort Eisenhower.
## History
**WMTZ** 94.3 FM signed on in 1984 as a contemporary country outlet. In 1989, it switched formats to oldies and became \"94 Gold\". Slow growth in 1991 forced the station to again switch formats. This time, (hot adult contemporary) and a new moniker \"Magic 94\". The station became **WGOR** in December 1992 when Beasley Broadcasting took over and reverted with an oldies format as \"Oldies 94\". In 1994, WGOR upgraded its signal to 13 kW. and moved to 93.9 FM becoming \"93.9 Cool FM\" and later changed to \"Oldies 93.9\".
In 2004, WGOR moved the oldies format and call letters to the weaker 102.7 FM, becoming Oldies 102.7, while 93.9 was launched as classic country \"93.9 The Bulldog\" with the **WKDG** call-letters. Shortly after, the station was issued a C&D letter from Clear Channel Communications, which had launched WIBL several weeks previous as \"105.7 The Bull\" and claimed the station was infringing on its trademark. WKDG became \"93.9 The Big Dog\", but kept the classic country format.
In 2005, after a year where the station showed little growth, the station flipped to a rock-based classic hits format as \"93.9 The Drive\" under the **WDRR** call letters, playing rock and softer rock music from the 1970s, early 1980s and several 1960s songs, excluding motown and soul-type music typically found on an oldies station. Featured artists were The Rolling Stones, Journey, John Mellencamp, Billy Joel, America (band), and Eric Clapton. After the flip, the station gradually evolved into classic rock (eliminating the softer rock songs), and no longer used the term \"Hits\" in its branding, instead opting for \"93.9 The Drive\....Classics.\"
In April 2010, the station flipped to an adult hits format under the Bob FM branding. Since the change, the format has evolved to a classic hits format, using the slogan \"The 80s and More.\" The station features primarily 1980s music along with some 1970s music and very early 1990s pop and rock music, although still using the \"Bob FM\" branding typically found on an adult hits station
| 429 |
WDRR
| 0 |
11,029,247 |
# Okfuskee
**Okfuskee** are a Muscogee tribe. Alternative spellings include the traditional Mvskoke spelling \"Akfvske\", referring to the tribal town in Alabama, and the comparable spelling Oakfuskee. They formed part of the former Creek (Muscogee) Confederacy in Alabama, prior to their removal during the 1830s to the Indian Territory. Okfuskee County, Oklahoma is named for a settlement where members of the tribe formerly lived.
The talwa was located on the Tallapoosa River, near Sandy Creek. The town occupied both sides of the Tallapoosa River and it lay at the intersection of two major trade routes, the Upper Trading Path that connected it to Charleston and the Okfuskee Trail that connected it to Savannah. The Upper Trading Path continued toward the west, connecting Okfuskee with the Chickasaw tribe. In response to the French construction of Fort Toulouse, British traders from the Province of Georgia occupied a fort in Okfuskee, known as Fort Okfuskee, from 1735 to 1743. Traders from the Province of South Carolina built a second Fort Okfuskee that was only occupied in 1744.
The Red Stick leader Menawa was from Okfuskee
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Okfuskee
| 0 |
11,029,251 |
# Matti Keinonen
**Matti Keinonen** (6 November 1941 -- 27 November 2021) was a Finnish professional ice hockey player and coach. During his career he played in the SM-sarja with Lukko Rauma, RU-38, HJK Helsinki, Jokerit, and TPS Turku. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1987, and into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2002. Keinonen was nicknamed as \"Mölli\".
He died in Uusikaupunki on 27 November 2021, at the age of 80.
## Honours and accolades {#honours_and_accolades}
- Five-time SM-sarja All-Star.
- Finnish Championship winner in 1962--63 with Lukko and in 1966--67 with RU-38.
- Finnish Championship Runner-up in 1960--61 with Lukko and in 1971--72 with HJK.
- Finnish Championship Bronze in 1964--65 and 1968--69 with Lukko.
- SM-sarja Most Goals (26) and Most Points (43) in same season (1966-1967).
- Number retired by Lukko (#7).
- Played with the Finnish national team at two Winter Olympic Games (1968 and 1972) and at nine World Championships (1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1972, and 1973).
- Inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame Finland in 1987 as *Suomen Jääkiekkoleijona* #50.
- Inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2002
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Matti Keinonen
| 0 |
11,029,306 |
# Josef Glaser
**Josef Glaser** (11 May 1887`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}12 August 1969) was a German amateur footballer who played as a midfielder and competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the German Olympic squad and played one match in the consolation tournament
| 44 |
Josef Glaser
| 0 |
11,029,319 |
# Ilpo Koskela
**Ilpo Kaarlo Koskela** (January 29, 1945 -- August 9, 1997) was a Finnish professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He was born in Janakkala, and played for Reipas Lahti, Jokerit, and Kiekkoreipas Lahti. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1989. He also competed at the 1968 Winter Olympics and the 1972 Winter Olympics. He died in Sysmä, age 52
| 70 |
Ilpo Koskela
| 0 |
11,029,333 |
# Cecil Palmer
**Cecil Howard Palmer** (14 July 1873 --- 26 July 1915) was an English first-class cricketer and British Army officer.
The son of The Reverend James Howard Palmer and his wife, Marian, he was born at Eastbourne in July 1873. Palmer was educated at Radley College, where he played for the college cricket team. From there, he was commissioned into the York and Lancaster Regiment and as a second lieutenant in May 1892, before transferring to the Worcestershire Regiment in June 1894. He was promoted to lieutenant in February 1897 and captain in June 1900. While garrisoned at Aldershot, Palmer made his debut in first-class cricket for Hampshire against Sussex at Hove in the 1899 County Championship, with him playing a further match that season against Yorkshire.
Soon after he went to South Africa with the Worcestershire Regiment to take part in the Second Boer War, during which he was mentioned in dispatches and was decorated with the Queen\'s South Africa Medal. He returned to England in 1901 and was appointed aide-de-camp to Temporary Major-General R. H. Murray at Aldershot. He returned to play for Hampshire in 1901, making two appearances in the County Championship. His next appearances in first-class cricket came in 1904, when unusually he played for more than one county. He made one appearance for Worcestershire against Oxford University, making his highest first-class score of 75 not out in the match. Later that season he made three appearances in the County Championship for Hampshire, before making a final appearance in the 1907 County Championship against Warwickshire. In nine first-class matches, Palmer scored 380 runs at an average of 23.75.
In the Worcestershire Regiment, he was appointed an adjutant for the 1st Volunteer Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment. Following the Haldane Reforms the 1st Volunteer Battalion became the 7th Battalion, with his adjutancy carrying across to the 7th and his appointment as an adjutant lasted until November 1909. Palmer was promoted to major in January 1912.
He served in the First World War, being placed in command of the 9th (Service) Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, a recently raised unit of Kitchener\'s Army, in August 1914, simultaneously being appointed an acting lieutenant colonel. He saw action in the Gallipoli campaign, taking part in the landing at Cape Helles on 13 July 1915. Just under a fortnight later, he was killed by an Ottoman sniper on 26 July 1915 close to Hill Q. He is commemorated at the Helles Memorial
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Cecil Palmer
| 0 |
11,029,341 |
# Lake Baghdad
**Lake Baghdad** is one of a collection of salt lakes on Rottnest Island, Western Australia.
Ten percent of the area of Rottnest Island is taken up by salt lakes with Lake Baghdad, Herschel Lake, Garden Lake, Government House Lake and others being permanent and having their own surrounding beaches
| 52 |
Lake Baghdad
| 0 |
11,029,347 |
# M. Moorthy
**Moorthy Maniam** (Tamil: மூர்த்தி மணியம்), simply known as **M. Moorthy**, was a corporal in the Malaysian Army and a member of the first group of Malaysians to successfully climb Mount Everest. He was a Malaysian Indian, born and raised Hindu.
## Army career and Mount Everest {#army_career_and_mount_everest}
Moorthy joined the armed forces in 1988. He was one of ten people in the Malaysia Everest 1997 team among whom two members, M. Magendran and N. Mohanadas, became the first Malaysians who climbed to the summit of Mount Everest, reaching the peak on 23 May 1997. On 14 August of the following year, while at the Sungai Udang army camp in Melaka, he fell during a training exercise and became paralysed from the waist down. According to his wife, his mental faculties also declined in parallel with his physical condition; he suffered emotional disturbances and short-term memory loss, and once forgot the way back to his house and had to telephone for help. Records of the Malaysian Armed Forces state that he embraced Islam on 11 October 2004 and filed an application with his superiors to be registered as such on 8 March 2005; however, his military identity card was never modified to reflect this change of religion or his reported new Muslim name of Mohammad Abdullah. His older brother Muhammad Hussein, formerly known as Maniam Sugumaran (born c. 1958), had earlier converted to Islam after marrying a Muslim woman in Sabah. His younger brother Shangalingam (born c. 1980) remained a Hindu. Despite his conversion to Islam, Moorthy remained uncircumcised, still took part in Hindu festivals, ate pork, and drank alcohol; he appeared on television on 31 October 2005, being interviewed about his celebration of Deepavali. On 11 November 2005, he fell from his wheelchair, injuring his head and entering into a coma from which he would never recover.
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M. Moorthy
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