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# M. Moorthy
## Death and court case {#death_and_court_case}
Moorthy died at 11.10 AM on 20 December 2005 in the Intensive Care Unit of the Kuala Lumpur Hospital, which he had entered after doctors noticed he was having difficulty breathing. He was only 36 at the time of his death. His widow filed for a court order to claim his body on 21 December, but when she went to claim it, the hospital refused to release it in accordance with a 22 December Syariah Court ruling that Moorthy had converted to Islam before his death, given in response to an ex parte application by the Federal Territory Islamic Religious Council. The Syariah Court heard testimony from Moorthy\'s army colleagues, but his wife ignored a subpoena and did not appear in court to offer any testimony.
A fight broke out at the hospital when about 50 people began to shout abusive language at Moorthy\'s family; the situation was brought under control by military police.
In response to the Syariah Court ruling, Moorthy\'s wife through M. Manoharan filed her own application with the High Court seeking an order that the hospital hand over her husband\'s body. As a result, the hospital decided to retain the body rather than release it to the Islamic Affairs Department, on the advice of their legal adviser in the Ministry of Health. More than one hundred people came to the court gallery on the morning of 28 December to hear the judge\'s verdict. The High Court dismissed the application, stating it had no jurisdiction to determine whether Moorthy had converted to Islam, because the Syariah High Court had already ruled on the matter. Upon receipt of the ruling, the hospital released his body to the Federal Territory Islamic Affairs Department, which buried him in the Taman Ibukota Muslim Cemetery in Gombak, Selangor that afternoon. Security was heavy at his funeral, and his family did not attend, with the exception of his elder brother Mohammad Hussein.
Moorthy was posthumously promoted to the rank of sergeant in recognition of his service to the nation, with the promotion backdated to June 2005. His widow received a death benefit of RM110,000, and continues to receive his sergeant\'s pension of RM947.33 per month. Though under Islamic inheritance law, his elder brother, as the immediate family\'s only practising Muslim, had the right to claim this benefit, he agreed to sign a written undertaking giving up all his stake in it, so that Moorthy\'s widow and child could receive the full amount. The Armed Forces urged the private sector to provide his wife with a job; in 2007, she was 32 years old and reported by American magazine *Time* to be working as an office cleaner.
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# M. Moorthy
## Response to the case {#response_to_the_case}
On 31 January 2006, Kaliammal petitioned the Court of Appeal to declare that the High Court had erred in its earlier decision which concluded it had no jurisdiction to determine the validity of conversions to Islam. She had been hoping to exhume the body and perform a Hindu cremation. The court announced on 20 June 2006 that they would render a decision in September; however, they emphasised that their ruling would only concern the matter of the civil High Court\'s jurisdiction, and that they would not rule on whether Moorthy was a practising Hindu at the time of his death.
The Syariah Lawyers Association criticised the Federal Territory Islamic Religious Council for the original case, stating that it was improper for them to have filed an ex parte application at the Syariah High Court on the matter. The day after the funeral, Reverend Wong Kim Kong, secretary-general of the National Evangelical Christian Fellowship (NECF), also said, \"We are uneasy. We are uncomfortable. We are feeling threatened.\" He added, \"We are concerned that Syariah may one day be the supreme law of the land.\" Anwar Ibrahim, the former deputy Prime Minister who finished serving a corruption sentence in September 2004, pointed to the Moorthy case as an example of how the government \"stifl\[es\] non-Muslim\'s rights\". One advocacy group for religious minorities said the verdict \"showed the Islamic court is inconsistent in its protection of religious minorities\", comparing the case to that of Wong Ah Kiu, also known as Nyonya binti Tahir, an ethnic Malay woman born as a Muslim but raised in a Chinese Buddhist family, whose children received permission from a Negeri Sembilan court to bury her as a Buddhist less than a month after the Moorthy case. The case also attracted attention in India, where the Vishva Hindu Parishad filed a protest with the Malaysian High Commissioner, denouncing the burial as a violation of human rights
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# Leone Carpi
**Leone Carpi** (1810 or 1820 in Bologna, Italy -- 1898) was a Jewish Italian political economist and journalist who took part in the struggles of the *Risorgimento*. In 1849 he was prominent in the defense of the Roman Republic. After its fall, he went into exile.
Carpi was the first Jewish deputy elected to the Italian Parliament, by the city of Ferrara. On the expiration of his term, he divided his time between Bologna and Rome, where he was a contributor to *Popolo Romano*. He threw much light on the social and moral conditions of the new united Italy by the information that he collected in all departments of the government.
His son Michelangelo Carpi (Bologna 1846-Firenze 1917) was a famous bariton singer, buried in the Jewish sector of Cimitero Monumentale di Milano.
Among his works may be mentioned:
- *Dell\'Emigrazione Italiano all\'Estero, nei Suoi Rapporti coll\'Agricoltura, coll\'Industria, e col Commercio*, Florence, 1871
- *Delle Colonie e dell\'Emigrazione degl\'Italiani all\'Estero nei Loro Rapporti coll\'Agricoltura, Industria, e Commercio*, Milan, 1874
- *Statistica Illustrata dell\'Emigrazione*, Rome, 1878
- *L\'Italia Vivente, Studi Sociali*, Milan, 1878
- *Il Risorgimento Italiano: Biografie Storico-Politiche d\'Illustri Italiani Contemporanei*, Milan, 1884
- *L\'Italia all\'Estero*, Rome, 1887
In his *Dell\' Emigranzione*, he reported that about 555,000 \"Italians\" lived in what he called Italy\'s \"colonies\" abroad. Nearly half of these lived in South America, mainly in Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil. Nine per cent lived in North America, mostly in the United States. Another third lived in transalpine Europe and 15% in North Africa, Greece and the eastern Mediterranean.
The only work written by him relating directly to Jewish topics was his *Alcune Parole Sugli Israeliti in Occasione di un Decreto Pontifico d\'Interdizione*, Florence, 1847
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# Seppo Lindström
**Seppo Vilhelm Lindström** (born May 16, 1941 in Turku, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played in three Olympic games for Finland.
## Career
Lindstrom played for TuTo Turku and TPS. He also played a season in Austria for Klagenfurter AC and four seasons in the Bundesliga for Berliner SC.
Linstrom played in the 1968, 1972, and 1976 Winter Olympics. He also played in the 1969, 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, and 1977 IIHF World Championships.
Lindstom was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1987
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# Booragoon Lake
**Booragoon Lake** is a small freshwater lake in suburban Perth, Western Australia.
The freshwater lake is situated in the suburb of Booragoon and is bounded by Leach Highway, Lang Street and Aldridge Road. It makes up part of the eastern wetland of the Beeliar Regional Park along with Blue Gum Lake and North Lake. The reserve that the lake is part of has a total area of 23161 m2
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# Walter Hempel
**Walter Hempel** (12 August 1887 -- 5 December 1939) was a German amateur football player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
## International career {#international_career}
He played right back in the first international match played by Germany in 1908. Born in Leipzig, Hempel was a member of the German Olympic squad in 1912 and played one match in the consolation tournament of the Summer Games in Stockholm. Overall he won eleven caps for Germany
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# SELCAL
In international aviation, **SELCAL** or **SelCal** is a **selective-calling** radio system that can alert an aircraft\'s crew that a ground radio station wishes to communicate with the aircraft. SELCAL uses a ground-based encoder and radio transmitter to broadcast an audio signal that is picked up by a decoder and radio receiver on an aircraft. The use of SELCAL allows an aircraft crew to be notified of incoming communications even when the aircraft\'s radio has been muted. Thus, crewmembers need not devote their attention to continuous radio listening.
## Use
SELCAL operates on the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) radio frequency bands used for aircraft communications. HF radio often has extremely high levels of background noise and can be difficult or distracting to listen to for long periods of time. As a result, it is common practice for crews to keep the radio volume low unless the radio is immediately needed. A SELCAL notification activates a signal to the crew that they are about to receive a voice transmission, so that the crew has time to raise the volume.
An individual aircraft has its own assigned SELCAL code. To initiate a SELCAL transmission, a ground station radio operator enters an aircraft\'s SELCAL code into a SELCAL encoder. The encoder converts the four-letter code into four designated audio tones. The radio operator\'s transmitter then broadcasts the audio tones on the aircraft\'s company radio frequency channel in sequence: the first pair of tones are transmitted simultaneously, lasting about one second; a silence of about 0.2 seconds; followed by the second pair of tones, lasting about one second.
The code is received by any aircraft receiver monitoring the radio frequency on which the SELCAL code is broadcast. A SELCAL decoder is connected to each aircraft\'s radio receiver. When a SELCAL decoder on an aircraft receives a signal containing its own assigned SELCAL code, it alerts the aircraft\'s crew by sounding a chime, activating a light, or both.
The crew next turns up the volume on the aircraft radio to hear the incoming voice transmission. Using ICAO radio protocol, they must verify with the transmitting operator that they are the intended message recipients. The crew then uses the received information.
SELCAL details are defined in the latest version of ARINC Characteristic 714A.
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# SELCAL
## Code registration {#code_registration}
+---------------------+
| *A* 312.6 Hz |
| ----- ---------- |
| *B* 346.7 Hz |
| *C* 384.6 Hz |
| *D* 426.6 Hz |
| |
| *E* 473.2 Hz |
| ----- ---------- |
| *F* 524.8 Hz |
| *G* 582.1 Hz |
| *H* 645.7 Hz |
| |
| *J* 716.1 Hz |
| ----- ---------- |
| *K* 794.3 Hz |
| *L* 881.0 Hz |
| *M* 977.2 Hz |
| |
| *P* 1083.9 Hz |
| ----- ----------- |
| *Q* 1202.3 Hz |
| *R* 1333.5 Hz |
| *S* 1479.1 Hz |
+---------------------+
: **Alphabet-audio frequency equivalents**
An individual aircraft is given a SELCAL code upon application to the SELCAL code registrar, [Aviation Spectrum Resources, Inc.](http://www.asri.aero/our-services/selcal/) (ASRI). The code is technically assigned to the owner-operator of the aircraft rather than the aircraft itself; if an aircraft is sold, the new owners-operators must apply for a new code.
The code is a sequence of four letters, written or transmitted as an ordered two sets of two letters each (e.g. *AB-CD*). The letters are chosen from a subset of the Latin script comprising *A* through *S*, excluding *I*, *N* and *O*. The letters within a given pair are written or transmitted in alphabetical order (e.g., *AB-CD* is an allowable distinct SELCAL code, as is *CD-AB*, but *CD-BA* is not). A given letter can be used only once in a SELCAL code; letters may not be repeated (e.g. *AB-CD* is allowable, but *AA-BC* and *AB-BC* are not).
Each letter designates a specific audio tone frequency.
## Limitations
The rules for SELCAL code assignment, with sixteen available letters/tones, limit the number of possible allowable codes to 10,920. Additionally, SELCAL codes assigned previously use a subset of only twelve letters/tones. Therefore, more than one aircraft may be designated by the same code.
To avoid confusion from two or more aircraft using the same SELCAL code, ASRI tries to assign code duplicates to aircraft that do not usually operate in the same region of the world or on the same HF radio frequencies. However, aircraft commonly move between different geographical regions and it is now routine for two aircraft with the same SELCAL code to be found flying in the same region. Therefore, air crew always verify both SELCAL and call sign (i.e., aircraft tail registration, or telephony designator and flight identification) to be sure their aircraft is the intended recipient.
## SELCAL 32 {#selcal_32}
A SELCAL 32 Expansion Project is started after October 2018 under evaluation to increase the number of possible allowable codes
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# Pekka Marjamäki
**Pekka Tapani Marjamäki** (18 December 1947 -- 10 May 2012) was a Finnish ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Tappara.
Marjamäki also played for HV 71 during the 1979--80 season. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1990, and into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 1998.
Marjamäki had a heart attack when returning home from the supermarket on 7 May 2012. He was hospitalised and died in the intensive care unit of the hospital of Tampere during the early hours of 10 May
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# 1161 in Ireland
Events from the year **1161 in Ireland**.
## Incumbents
- High King: Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn
## Deaths
- Archbishop Gregory, Archbishop of Dublin
- Ragnall Ua Dálaigh, poet
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# Sharada Peeth
**Sharada Peeth** is a ruined Hindu temple and ancient centre of learning located in the Neelum Valley of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. Between the 6th and 12th centuries CE, it was among the most prominent temple universities in the Indian subcontinent. Known in particular for its library, stories recount scholars travelling long distances to access its texts. It played a key role in the development and popularisation of the Sharada script in North India, causing the script to be named after it, and Kashmir to acquire the moniker \"*Sharada Desh\"*, meaning \"country of Sharada\".
As one of the *Maha Shakti Peethas*, Hindus believe that it represents the spiritual location of the goddess Sati\'s fallen right hand. Sharada Peeth is one of the three holiest sites of pilgrimage for Kashmiri Pandits, alongside the Martand Sun Temple and the Amarnath Temple.
Sharada Peeth is located approximately 150 km from Muzaffarabad, the capital of Azad Kashmir, and 130 km from Srinagar, the capital of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is 10 km away from the Line of Control, which divides the Pakistani- and Indian-controlled areas of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is situated 1981 metres above sea level, along the Neelum River in the village of Sharda, in the valley of Mount Harmukh, believed by Kashmiri Pandits to be the abode of Shiva.
## History and etymology {#history_and_etymology}
Sharada Peeth translates to \"the seat of Sharada\", the Kashmiri name for the Hindu goddess Saraswati.
The beginnings of Sharada Peeth are uncertain, and the question of origins difficult, because Sharada Peeth might have been both a temple and an educational institution. It was probably commissioned by Lalitaditya Muktapida (r. 724 CE--760 CE) though no definitive evidence exists in favor. Al-Biruni recorded the place for the first time, as a revered shrine housing a wooden image of Sharda --- however, he had never ventured into Kashmir and based his observations on hearsay.
### As a centre of learning {#as_a_centre_of_learning}
Sharada Peeth is referred to by various historians, detailing its mythological status and prominence in ancient India. Its historical development is traced through references made to it by various historical sources. The Sharada script was used extensively in Sharada Peeth, and acquired its name from the institution.
### As a temple {#as_a_temple}
By the 8th century, the temple was a site of pilgrimage, attracting devotees from as far as present-day Bengal. By the 11th century, it was among the most revered places of worship in the Indian subcontinent, described in Al-Biruni\'s chronicle of India. Significantly, it featured not in his description of Kashmir, but in his list of the most famous Hindu temples in the Indian subcontinent, alongside the Multan Sun Temple, the Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple, and the Somnath temple.
Jonaraja describes a visit by the Kashmiri Muslim sultan Zain-ul-Abidin in 1422 CE. The sultan visited the temple seeking a vision of the goddess, but grew angry with her because she did not appear to him in person. In frustration, he slept in the court of the temple, where she appeared to him in a dream. In the 16th century, Abu\'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, Grand vizier to the Mughal emperor Akbar, described Sharada Peeth as a \"stone temple \... regarded with great veneration\". He also described the popular belief in miracles at the shrine: \"it is believed that on every eighth tithe of the bright half of the month, it begins to shake and produces the most extraordinary effect\".
### Legendary origins {#legendary_origins}
#### Legends
An alternative account holds that Shandilya prayed to the goddess Sharada with great devotion, and was rewarded when she appeared to him and promised to show him her real, divine form. She advised him to look for the Sharada forest, and his journey was filled with miraculous experiences. On his way, he had a vision of the god Ganesha on the eastern side of a hill. When he reached the Neelum river, he bathed in it and saw half his body turn golden. Eventually, the goddess revealed herself to him in her triple form of Sharada, Saraswati and Vagdevi, and invited him to her abode. As he was preparing for a ritual, he drew water from the *Mahāsindhu*. Half of this water transformed into honey, and became a stream, now known as the *Madhumati* stream.
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# Sharada Peeth
## Religious significance {#religious_significance}
### Importance to Kashmiri Pandits {#importance_to_kashmiri_pandits}
The Sharada temple has played a significant historical role in Kashmiri Pandit religious culture. It is believed to be the earliest shrine dedicated to Shaktism, or Hindu goddess worship in Kashmir, with later shrines including the Kheer Bhawani and Vaishno Devi temples. It also advanced the importance of knowledge and education in Kashmiri Pandit culture, which persisted well after Kashmiri Pandits became a minority group in Kashmir. Kashmiri Pandits believe that the goddess Sharada worshipped in Sharada Peeth is a tripartite embodiment of the goddess Shakti: Sharada (goddess of learning), Saraswati (goddess of knowledge), and Vagdevi (goddess of speech, which articulates power). In line with the Kashmiri Pandit belief that springs which are the abode of goddesses should not be looked at directly, the shrine contains a stone slab concealing the spring underneath, which they believe to be the spring in which the goddess Sharada revealed herself to Sandilya.
During Mughal and Afghan rule, Neelum Valley was ruled by Muslim chiefs of the Bomba tribe, and the pilgrimage decreased in importance. It regained its stead during Dogra rule, when Maharaja Gulab Singh repaired the temple and dedicated a monthly stipend to the Gautheng Brahmans who claimed the hereditary guardianship of the temple. Since then, a thriving Kashmiri Pandit community lived in the vicinity of the Sharada Peeth *teerth* (or pilgrimage). These included priests and traders, as well as saints and their disciples. As a religious ritual, Kashmiri Pandit theologians across Kashmir would place their manuscripts in covered platters before idols of the goddess Sharada, to obtain her blessings. They believed that the goddess would convey approval of the pages of writings by leaving them undisturbed, and disapproval by leaving the pages ruffled. In addition, an annual fair would be held at Shardi village, with pilgrims travelling through Kupwara (in Kashmir), in worship of the goddess Sharada. Kashmiri Pandits believe that the Sharada pilgrimage parallels Shandilya\'s journey, and that the act of bathing in the confluence of the Neelum River and Madhumati stream cleanses the pilgrim of their sins. In 1947, the Kashmiri saint Swami Nand Lal Ji moved some of the stone idols to Tikker in Kupwara. Some of those were subsequently moved to Devibal in Baramulla. The temple fell into disuse following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947--1948, which split the princely state of Kashmir into the Pakistani-administered territory of Azad Kashmir, and Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir. This caused large numbers of Kashmiri Pandits to migrate out of Shardi to Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir. Since then, Kashmiri Pandits unable to visit the shrine have created \"substitutes\" for the pilgrimage in places like Srinagar, Bandipore, and Gush in Jammu and Kashmir.
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# Sharada Peeth
## Post-Indian independence {#post_indian_independence}
Religious tourism to Sharada Peeth has declined considerably since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947--1948, which resulted in the division of Kashmir between India and Pakistan following the Karachi Agreement; most Kashmiri Pandits remained on the Indian side of the Line of Control, and travel restrictions have discouraged Indian Hindus from visiting the shrine. No Objection Certificates are required for Indians seeking to visit. Furthermore, the temple\'s close proximity to the Line of Control discourages tourism from within Pakistan as well. Tourists to the Neelum district often overlook the ruins of the shrine, instead spending time in the scenic valley surrounding it. In 2007, a group of Kashmiri Pandits who were permitted to visit Azad Kashmir were denied permission to visit the temple. In September 2009, the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies recommended increased cross-border religious tourism between India and Pakistan, including allowing Kashmiri Pandits to visit Sharada Peeth, and Pakistani Muslims to visit the Hazratbal Shrine in Srinagar.
The shrine remains politically significant, with Kashmiri Pandit organisations and leaders from Jammu and Kashmir urging the governments of India and Pakistan to facilitate cross-border pilgrimages. Senior Indian politicians have also called on Pakistan to renovate the temple, and it is discussed bilaterally as part of the Composite Dialogue between the governments of India and Pakistan. In 2019, Pakistan government opened the Kartarpur Corridor to allow Sikh pilgrims in India to visit the Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur across the border. This strengthened calls by Kashmiri Pandits to the Pakistani government to open a corridor to the Sharada Peeth site. In March 2019, Pakistani media reported that Pakistan had approved a plan for a Kartarpur-style corridor for Sharada Peeth. However, the Pakistani government has since said that a decision has not been made. In March 2023, Indian Home Minister Amit Shah stated that the government will forward towards opening a Kartarpur styled corridor for the temple. On 22 March 2023, Union Home Minister Amit Shah e-inaugurated the Sharda Devi temple in Teetwal, Karnah in Kupwara district, which is close to Line of Control. Sharada Peeth is situated barely 40 kilometers from Teetwal.
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# Sharada Peeth
## Architecture
The temple is built in the Kashmiri architectural style using red sandstone. Historical records of the temple\'s architecture are scarce. A late 19th century account by the British archaeologist Aurel Stein describes the temple\'s walls as intact to a height of approximately 20 ft, and its pillars rising approximately 16 ft. The compound is situated on a hill, approached on its west side through an imposing stone staircase. The facades are repetitive. Suggested reasons for this include that architects disliked plain outside walls, or that even if the spire collapsed, a visitor would be able to tell what the temple originally looked like. The design of the temple is simple, with a plain conical Sharada spire. It sits on a raised plinth, 24 sqft in area and 5.25 ft in height. The walls of the cella recede 2 ft from the edge of the plinth. The temple is surrounded by a quadrangle which measures 142 ft by 94 ft. The quadrangle is enclosed by walls of 11 ft in height and 6 ft in width. On the north, east, and south, the walls of the cella are adorned by trefoil arches and supporting pilasters, which are constructed in high relief. Below these are small, trefoil-headed niches covered by double pediments. Although a pyramidal stone roof is more typical to Kashmiri architecture, in Stein\'s description, the temple is covered by a low shingle roof. By the 21st century, the roof is no longer present and the interior of the temple is exposed to the elements. The temple appears imposing even from outside the walled enclosure, because of the plinths it is raised on to equalise the uneven elevations of the ground. The north side of the wall contained a small recess, in which two ancient *linga* could be seen.
The interior of the cella is plain, and forms a square of 12.25 ft on each side. It houses a large slab of stone measuring 6 ft by 7 ft. This slab covers the holy spring where the goddess Sharada is believed to have appeared to Rishi Shandilya. In the 19th century, this sacred spot was surmounted by a red cloth canopy and tinsel. The remainder of the interior was filled with ornaments of worship such as conches and bells.
## Associated Figures {#associated_figures}
- In the 11th century, the Vaishnava saint Swami Ramanuja traveled from Srirangam to Sharada Peeth to refer to the Brahma Sutras, before commencing work on writing his commentary on the Brahma sutras, the Sri Bhasya.
```{=html}
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- Vaṭeśvara, a tenth century Indian mathematician who presented several trigonometric identities. He was the author of Vaṭeśvara-siddhānta written in 904 AD, a treatise focusing on astronomy and applied mathematics.
- Utpaladeva (c. 900--950 CE) was an Indian philosopher and theologian from Kashmir. He belonged to the Trika Shaiva tradition and is the most important thinker of the Pratyabhijñā school of monistic idealism
- The Kashmiri Hindu historian Kalhana Pandit
- Hindu philosopher Adi Shankara
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# Mika Nieminen
**Mika Sakari Nieminen** (born 1 January 1966 in Tampere, Finland) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played in the SM-liiga. He played for Ilves, Jokerit and HIFK. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 2005.
During the 1994-1995 season, when playing for Luleå HF, he became the top scorer during both the regular Elitserien season and the Swedish national championship play-offs. He never won championships at club level, but he did win the 1995 World Championship with Finland.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------- ------------------------- --------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1983--84 Ilves FIN U20 27 22
1984--85 Ilves FIN U20 27 23
1985--86 Kiekkoreipas FIN.2 43 25
1986--87 Kiekkoreipas FIN.2 44 31
1987--88 Ilves SM-l 41 21
1988--89 Ilves SM-l 23 10
1989--90 Ilves SM-l 25 12
1990--91 Ilves SM-l 44 20
1991--92 Lukko SM-l 44 17
1992--93 Luleå HF SEL 40 17
1993--94 Luleå HF SEL 40 14
1994--95 Luleå HF SEL 38 18
1995--96 Grasshopper Club Zürich SUI.2 36 28
1996--97 Grasshopper Club Zürich SUI
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Mika Nieminen
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11,029,485 |
# Timo Nummelin
**Timo Kalevi Nummelin** (born 7 September 1948) is a Finnish former professional football and ice hockey player who played in SM-liiga (ice hockey) and the predecessor of Veikkausliiga (football).
He played for TPS both in ice hockey and in football, and also has won the Finnish Championship in both sports (ice hockey 1976, football 1968, 1971 and 1972). He is the only Finnish sportsman to be named player of the year both in football (1968) and ice hockey (1981). He has also played in the Finland national team both in ice hockey (225 games, 18+22=40) and football (14 appearances), and appeared in eight Ice Hockey World Championships.
Nummelin is considered to be the biggest icon of the TPS hockey organization. His number 3 jersey has been retired and can only be used by his son Petteri Nummelin. Nummelin is also known for his goal celebration, in which he imitates playing a violin with his stick. This is mentioned in TPS\'s goal song \"Hunajata\" with the words \"soi viulu\" (the violin plays) in the chorus.
Nummelin was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1991. In 2013--14, Nummelin played one match for Haka Hockey in the third league in Finland, becoming the oldest player, at age 65, to appear in an official ice hockey game played in Finland.
Nummelin is the father of the Finnish ice hockey player Petteri Nummelin and the father-in-law of the Finnish ice hockey player Antti Niemi
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11,029,507 |
# Lasse Oksanen
**Lasse Kalevi Oksanen** (born December 7, 1942) is a retired professional ice hockey player who mostly played in the SM-liiga. He played for Ilves. Oksanen played 23 years as a professional ice hockey player and ended his career in 1983, with the First Division team KOOVEE. He was inducted into the Finnish Hockey Hall of Fame in 1987. He also played 282 games for the Finland national men\'s ice hockey team, and was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 1999.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Regular season
----------------- -------------------- ---------------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1960--61 Ilves U20 Jr. A SM-sarja --- ---
1960--61 Ilves SM-sarja 2 1
1961--62 Ilves U20 Jr
| 118 |
Lasse Oksanen
| 0 |
11,029,546 |
# Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied, BWV 225
***Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied*** (*Sing unto the Lord a new song*), **BWV 225**, is a motet by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was first performed in Leipzig around (probably) 1727. The text of the three-movement motet is in German: after Psalm 149 for its first movement (`{{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Psalms|chapter=149|verse=1|range=–3}}`{=mediawiki}), the third stanza of \"Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren\" (a 1530 hymn after Psalm 103 by Johann Gramann) for the second movement, and after Psalm 150:2 and 6 for its third movement `{{Sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Psalms|chapter=150|verse=2|range=,6}}`{=mediawiki}.
The motet is described as being for double-choir (in other words eight voices divided into two four-part choirs). It may have been composed to provide choral exercises for Bach\'s students at the Thomasschule. The motet\'s biblical text would have been suited to that purpose. The final four-part fugue is titled \"Alles was Odem hat\" (\"All that have voice, praise the Lord!\").
Robert Marshall writes that it is \"certain\" that this motet was one heard by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart when he visited Leipzig\'s Thomasschule in 1789. Johann Friedrich Rochlitz, who graduated from the Thomasschule and remained in Leipzig to study theology in 1789, reported ten years later that Johann Friedrich Doles (a student of Bach, who through 1789 was cantor of the Thomasschule and director of the Thomanerchor) \"surprised Mozart with a performance of the double-choir motet *Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied* by Sebastian Bach\... he was told that the school possessed a complete collection of his motets and preserved them as a sort of sacred relic. \'That\'s the spirit! That\'s fine!\' \[Mozart\] cried. \'Let\'s see them!\' There was, however, no score\... so he had the parts given to him, and \... sat himself down with the parts all around him.\" Rochlitz also reports that Mozart requested a copy, and \"valued it very highly\...\" `{{Listen|type=music
|filename=Alles was Odem hat1928.oga
|title=Alles was Odem hat
|description=}}`{=mediawiki}
## Publication
The motet was included in the first edition of Bach motets, printed by Breitkopf & Härtel in two volumes in 1802/1803. The editor of both volumes is believed to have been Johann Gottfried Schicht, *Thomaskantor* from 1810
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# The Bruce Lee Band
Punknews.org \]
\| label = Asian Man Records \| website = `{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20030909042100/http://www.mikeparkmusic.com/ www.mikeparkmusic.com]}}`{=mediawiki} \| current_members = Mike Park\
Jeff Rosenstock\
Kevin Higuchi\
Dan Potthast\
\| past_members = Chris Demakes\
Roger Lima\
Vinnie Fiorello\
Derron Nuhfer\
Matt Embree\
Steve Choi\
Steve Borth\
Joe Troy\
Chris Tsagakis\
Chris Sheets\
Mike Huguenor\
Ted Moll\
Chris Diebold\
Chris Candy\
Gerry Lundquist\
John DeDomenici\
}} **The Bruce Lee Band** (or B. Lee Band) is the name given to the releases of Mike Park and his backing band which up until 2005 included members of Less Than Jake and the Rx Bandits. As of 2014, the collective consisted of touring and recording members from Skankin\' Pickle, MU330, Hard Girls, The Chinkees, Bomb the Music Industry, The Arrogant Sons of Bitches, among others.
The music played by Bruce Lee Band spans nearly all subgenres of ska music. Their 2005 release, *Beautiful World*, showcased a heavily two-tone influenced sound, using exclusively clean guitar and unusual song structure. In contrast, the debut release features more third-wave qualities, and a sound that was very typical of 1995---the year in which it was released.
Park has also used the name the B. Lee Band at times, in order to avoid legal complications with the estate of the late Bruce Lee. The first album was released under the name Bruce Lee Band and Lee\'s brother Robert, who happened to be the manager of the CD manufacturing plant responsible for pressing the album, contacted Park informally to warn him that Bruce Lee\'s name and likeness were copyrighted by the Bruce Lee Foundation and offered the friendly suggestion that Park change the band\'s name. Later pressings of the album were released under the B. Lee Band name.
Their *Community Support Group* EP was released January 28, 2014 on Really Records and introduced a new lineup that includes Jeff Rosenstock, Mike Huguenor, and Kevin Higuchi. Later on that year, the band released \"Everything Will Be Alright, My Friend.\" The band played a few shows in California in 2014, along with the New Generation of Ska Festival in South Korea. In 2019, Mike Park posted a picture on social media indicating that the band was working on new material. Featured in the picture were Dan Potthast, Mike Park, Kevin Higuchi and Jeff Rosenstock. Trombonist Gerry Lundquist of MU330 and Skankin\' Pickle and John DeDomenici of Bomb the Music Industry! frequently perform live with the band as well.
## Releases
Year Title Label
------ ----------------------------------------- -------------------
1995 *The Bruce Lee Band* Asian Man Records
2005 *Beautiful World EP* Asian Man Records
2014 *Community Support Group EP* Really Records
2014 *Everything Will Be Alright, My Friend* Asian Man Records
2019 \'\'Rental Eviction
2021 *Division in the Heartland EP* Asian Man Records
2022 *One Step Forward. Two Steps Back
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# Value change dump
**Value change dump (VCD)** (also known less commonly as \"variable change dump\") is an ASCII-based format for dumpfiles generated by EDA logic simulation tools. The standard, four-value VCD format was defined along with the Verilog hardware description language by the IEEE Standard 1364-1995 in 1996. An extended VCD format defined six years later in the IEEE standard 1364-2001 supports the logging of signal strength and directionality. The simple and yet compact structure of the VCD format has allowed its use to become ubiquitous and to spread into non-Verilog tools such as the VHDL simulator GHDL and various kernel tracers. A limitation of the format is that it is unable to record the values that are stored in memories.
## Structure/syntax
The VCD file comprises a header section with date, simulator, and timescale information; a variable definition section; and a value change section, in that order. The sections are not explicitly delineated within the file, but are identified by the inclusion of keywords belonging to each respective section.
VCD keywords are marked by a leading **\$**; in general every keyword starts a command which is terminated by an explicit \$end. Variable identifiers may also start with a \$, but these may be distinguished by context.
All VCD tokens are delineated by whitespace. Data in the VCD file is case sensitive.
### Header section {#header_section}
The header section of the VCD file includes a timestamp, a simulator version number, and a timescale, which maps the time increments listed in the value change section to simulation time units.
### Variable definition section {#variable_definition_section}
The variable definition section of the VCD file contains scope information as well as lists of signals instantiated in a given scope.
Each variable is assigned an arbitrary identifier for use in the value change section. The identifier is composed of one or more printable ASCII characters from ! to \~ (decimal 33 to 126), these are conventionally kept short (i.e. one or two characters). Several variables can share an identifier if the simulator determines that they will always have the same value, i.e. are the same wire in the scope of the overall netlist.
The scope type definitions closely follow Verilog concepts, and include the types module, task, function, and fork.
### \$dumpvars section {#dumpvars_section}
The section beginning with \$dumpvars keyword contains initial values of all variables dumped.
### Value change section {#value_change_section}
The value change section contains a series of time-ordered value changes for the signals in a given simulation model. The current time is indicated by \'#\' followed by the timestamp. For scalar (single bit) signal the format is signal value denoted by 0 or 1 followed immediately by the signal identifier with no space between the value and the signal identifier. For vector (multi-bit) signals the format is signal value denoted by letter \'b\' or \'B\' followed by the value in binary format followed by space and then the signal identifier. Value for real variables is denoted by letter \'r\' or \'R\' followed by the data using %.16g printf() format followed by space and then the variable identifier.
## Example VCD file {#example_vcd_file}
`$date`\
` Date text. For example: November 11, 2009.`\
`$end`\
`$version`\
` VCD generator tool version info text.`\
`$end`\
`$comment`\
` Any comment text.`\
`$end`\
`$timescale 1ps $end`\
`$scope module logic $end`\
`$var wire 8 # data $end`\
`$var wire 1 $ data_valid $end`\
`$var wire 1 % en $end`\
`$var wire 1 & rx_en $end`\
`$var wire 1 ' tx_en $end`\
`$var wire 1 ( empty $end`\
`$var wire 1 ) underrun $end`\
`$upscope $end`\
`$enddefinitions $end`\
`$dumpvars`\
`bxxxxxxxx #`\
`x$`\
`0%`\
`x&`\
`x'`\
`1(`\
`0)`\
`$end`\
`#0`\
`b10000001 #`\
`0$`\
`1%`\
`0&`\
`1'`\
`0(`\
`0)`\
`#2211`\
`0'`\
`#2296`\
`b0 #`\
`1$`\
`#2302`\
`0$`\
`#2303`
The code above defines 7 signals by using \$var:
`$var type bitwidth id name`
The id is used later on the value change dump. The value change dump starts after \$enddefinitions \$end and is based on timestamps. Timestamp is denoted as \'#\' followed by number. On each timestamp the list of signals that change their value is listed
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# Tomás Maldonado
**Tomás Maldonado** (25 April 1922 -- 26 November 2018) was an Argentine painter, designer and thinker, considered one of the main theorists of design theory of the legendary Ulm Model, a design philosophy developed during his tenure (1954--1967) at the Ulm School of Design (Hochschule für Gestaltung -- HfG) in Germany.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in the Argentine city of Buenos Aires, Maldonado\'s artistic formation took place at *Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes Prilidiano Pueyrredón*.
## Career
### The early years {#the_early_years}
In this early period he was involved with the Argentine Avant Gardes, in fact, he was one of the founders of the painters\' movement called *Arte Concreto-Invención*.
### The Italian experience {#the_italian_experience}
Between 1964 and 1967, in collaboration with his German colleague Gui Bonsiepe he created a system of codes for the design program of the Italian firm *Olivetti* and the department store *La Rinascente*. In 1967 he established himself in Milan, continuing to teach in the Faculty of Philosophy and Literature of the University of Bologna, working almost entirely now in philosophy and criticism influenced by semiotics. In one of his last essays, *\"The Heterodox\"*, he claims that the role of the intellectual is to awaken or reveal the collective conscience.
### The academic career {#the_academic_career}
- Tomás Maldonado was professor of Environmental Design (Progettazione Ambientale) at Politecnico di Milano University.
- Between 1954 and 1966 he taught at the Ulm School of Design (Hochschule für Gestaltung: HfG) in Germany and served as both Rector and Prorector. The leading contributor to the \"Ulm Model\", Maldonado oriented design education towards systems-thinking to attain a balance between science and design, and between theory and practice, incorporating planning methods, perceptual theory and semiotics, A description of the approach is his essay entitled, *\"Ulm, Science and Design\"*.
- In 1965 he was the \"Lethaby Lecturer\" at London\'s Royal College of Art. The following year, he became a Council of Humanities Fellow at Princeton.
- Between 1967 and 1970 he taught the \"Class of 1913\" chair at Princeton\'s School of Architecture (SoA).
- In 1971 he was appointed to the philosophical faculty of Bologna University. Between 1976 and 1984 he worked as full professor of Environmental Design (Progettazione Ambientale) at University of Bologna\'s Faculty of Humanities and Philosophy.
- In 2012 he was granted the Konex Special Mention for his trajectory in Visual Arts of Argentina.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- Max Bill, Editorial Nueva Visión, Buenos Aires 1955
- Ulm, Science and Design (1964)
- La Sperenza Progettuale (1970); Eng. trans
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# Pumper Nic
**Pumper Nic** (shortened to **Pumper** after 1989) was a popular chain of fast-food restaurants in Argentina that existed in the 1970s and 1980s. It is currently considered by many Argentines to be a cult classic. Its name is derived from the German pumpernickel, a type of bread.
## History
Pumper Nic was created by Alfredo Lowenstein in 1974, also an ex-owner of Quickfood, parent company of the renowned Argentine beef hamburger supplier *Paty* -- which was in turn founded by his brother Ernesto -- and the Las Leñas tourist complex. In 1975 the company became Argentina\'s first franchise and quickly expanded throughout the country, reaching a total of 70 restaurants and an annual revenue of 60 million dollars. The chain\'s rapid growth made it extremely difficult for its headquarters in Buenos Aires to keep a grip on the franchisees. A combination of poor management and a lack of standardization caused food quality to vary greatly between the restaurants.
Pumper Nic\'s logo was based upon Burger King\'s, before the latter began operating in Argentina. When McDonald\'s and Burger King opened their first venues in the country in 1986 and 1989 respectively, Pumper Nic was forced to change its logo and have its name shortened to *Pumper* due to a lawsuit by Burger King.
Lowenstein handed over Pumper Nic in 1990 to his sons Diego and Paula, who had little interest in running the business. The family sold the chain in 1995 and started from scratch by associating themselves with Wendy\'s, which had just opened its first restaurant in the country. Furthermore, the franchise system collapsed in its entirety the following year. Pumper Nic\'s new owners, real estate agents Goldstein and Rosenbaum, were unable to relaunch the company. Unable to compete with larger American fast-food chains, Pumper Nic finally declared bankruptcy in early 1999.
The last Pumper Nic restaurant is still operating at the Moreno shopping center in Buenos Aires.
## Products
Pumper Nic\'s signature sandwich was the *Mobur*, a sandwich with an egg in between. One of their famous menu items was *Dos por uno* − two burgers for the price of one. French fries were called *Frenys*. Names of other Pumper Nic sandwiches include: Jaque (*jamon y queso*, ham and cheese) and Jaque\'H.
## Slogans
Their most famous tagline was \"Pumper Nic, the new way of dining\" (*La nueva forma de comer*).
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
Nic the Hippo is featured among the animals that escape from the Los Angeles Zoo during an earthquake that hits Los Angeles in the animated short film *Logorama* (2009)
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# Duns Tew
**Duns Tew** is an English village and civil parish about 7+1/2 mi south of Banbury in Oxfordshire. The 2011 Census recorded the parish\'s population as 478. With nearby Great Tew and Little Tew, Duns Tew is one of the three villages known collectively as \"The Tews\". A \'tew\' is believed to be an ancient term for a ridge of land.
## Manor
Before the Norman conquest of England, Leofwine of Barton held the manor of Duns Tew along with those of Dunthrop, Little Tew and Westcott Barton. The Domesday Book of 1086 records four estates in the parish, of which the two largest belonged to Robert D\'Oyly and Robert de Stafford. In addition, Gilbert de Magminot, Bishop of Lisieux held an estate of three hides and Odo, Bishop of Bayeux and half-brother of William I held an estate of one hide. The present manor house contains 17th-century remnants and a wing added in the 19th century, but the main part of the present house is 18th-century. The house has a 17th-century dovecote. Priory Court, a 19th-century house east of the church, used to be the vicarage.
## Church and chapel {#church_and_chapel}
### Church of England {#church_of_england}
The Church of England parish church of St Mary Magdalene existed in the 12th century, from which period the font and one Early English Gothic lancet window in the chancel survive. The north aisle was added late in the 13th or early in the 14th century. The tower, south porch and many of the present windows were added late in the 14th or early in the 15th century. The tower collapsed in 1647, damaging the south side of the church. It was rebuilt in 1664--65. In 1861--62 Sir George Gilbert Scott completely rebuilt the chancel and north aisle and partly rebuilt the south wall of the nave.
The tower has a ring of five bells. Richard Keene of Woodstock cast the second bell in 1668 and the third bell in 1694. Matthew III Bagley of Chacombe, Northamptonshire cast the tenor bell in 1768. Robert II Wells of Aldbourne, Wiltshire cast the treble bell in 1790. Charles and George Mears of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast the fourth bell in 1858. St Mary Magdalene\'s has also a Sanctus bell that Thomas II Mears of Whitechapel cast in 1828. In 1977 the parishes of Duns Tew and Sandford St. Martin were merged with the Benefice of Westcott Barton and Steeple Barton. In March 2015 the benefice was merged with that of Over Worton and Nether Worton to form the Benefice of Westcote Barton with Steeple Barton, Duns Tew and Sandford St Martin and Over with Nether Worton, also called the Barton Benefice.
### Baptist
A Baptist chapel was completed in 1809.
## Economic and social history {#economic_and_social_history}
The parish had a watermill by 1279. It was still recorded in 1618 but seems to have disappeared by 1722. In 1650 Anne Greene, a domestic servant at Duns Tew manor house, was convicted of the infanticide of her stillborn child. She was hanged at Oxford Castle but survived after being presumed dead and was given a free pardon. Most of the parish was farmed under two separate open field systems until 1794, when the common lands were enclosed.
A Sunday School for the parish was founded in 1798 and a day school had been added by 1808. By 1818 the Sunday school had been converted to the National School system. Sir George Dashwood provided and equipped a school building in 1830. The school outgrew its building and in 1874 new premises were completed with capacity for 100 children. In 1928 it was reorganised as a junior school, with senior pupils going to the school at Steeple Aston. The number of pupils declined and in 1969 Duns Tew school was closed. Since 1970 the building has served as Duns Tew village hall. On the 23rd of February 1976 BBC Nationwide ran a feature on the workshop of luthier David Rubio at the Ridgehouse.
## Amenities
Although there are no shops, Duns Tew has a public house, the *White Horse*. Duns Tew has a Community Action Group
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# Matt "Money" Smith
**Matt \"Money\" Smith** (born August 28, 1973) is an American sports radio personality, including play-by-play announcer for the Los Angeles Chargers.
## Biography
Smith graduated from Morgan Park Academy in Chicago in 1991. He attended Pepperdine University, graduating in 1995 with a double-major in political science and speech communication.
In 1995, Smith joined the program *Kevin and Bean* on KROQ-FM in Los Angeles. He was given the nickname \"Money\" when working with the show. From 2005 to 2009, he hosted the Los Angeles Lakers pregame, halftime and post-game shows (*Lakers Zone*) on AM 570.
On 8 January 2007 Smith began co-hosting the *Petros and Money Show*, with Petros Papadakis.
On 6 June 2017 Smith was named lead play-by-play announcer for the radio broadcasts of the Los Angeles Chargers on KFI.
Smith has 2 siblings. His brothers Kevin and Brandon still reside in the midwest
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# Washington Community High School
**Washington Community High School** (WCHS) is a public high school located in Washington, Illinois. The district, Washington Community High School District 308, was first chartered in 1920, but the current high school on Bondurant Street was opened in 1942 with an enrollment of 230. `{{As of|2017}}`{=mediawiki} there are 1359 students enrolled at WCHS.
The 1950s to 1970s saw rapid expansion in the student body and in campus development. The additions made in 1956, 1961, and 1962 tripled the size of the original building. During 1974 and 1975 the James Ashbrook building and new library were added. In 1977 the size of the student body reached 1720 students. In 2010 a multi-million bond ticket was passed to add the now brand new Multi-Purpose Room in the old teachers parking lot, thus connecting the main building, Ashbrook Tech and Torry Gym together, eliminating the need for students wearing PE uniforms to have to walk outside in the dead of winter with a t-shirt and shorts. A new addition to the building has been constructed, and has brought in dedicated section for the music departments, In short a new band and choir room.
## Sports
The school\'s mascot is the panther and the school colors are orange and black. The school has many sports teams, including baseball, football, boys\' and girls\' basketball, boys\' and girls\' lacrosse, girls\' volleyball, softball, golf, soccer, tennis, cross country, wrestling, cheerleader, boys\' and girls\' swimming, and boys\' and girls\' track, as well as other competitive activities such as marching band and scholastic bowl with the recent addition of a bass fishing team, a skeet/trap shooting team, and an Esports team.
In 1977, the girls\' basketball team finished second to Sterling High School in the first girls\' state basketball tournament in Illinois. In 2007, the boys\' baseball team won the Mid-Illini Conference championship for the first time in school history while placing third in the state in Class AA. It was the first state appearance for baseball. In 1985, the football team won the Class 4A state championship with a final record of 13 wins and 1 loss. This followed a second-place finish in 4A in 1983. The boys basketball team finished fourth in the state Class 3A tournament in 2008. The wrestling team finished as state runners-up in the 2014-2015 season with a school-record 3 state champions, 6 state finalists, and 7 state placers. The wrestling team won back to back 2A dual team state titles in 2016 and 2017.
Boys\' basketball alumnus Alec Peters played for Valparaiso University and was a second-round selection in the 2017 NBA draft.
## Journalism program {#journalism_program}
Prior to the 2009-2010 school year, the school newspaper, the *Advocate*, was advised by Michael Kenneth Blair. He died in December 2008. His family started a scholarship fund, the Michael Kenneth Blair Memorial Journalism Scholarship. Each year, this scholarship is given to a graduating senior who is planning to major in journalism, English or education. In 2010, the scholarship was awarded to Zack Anderson. In 2011, it was awarded to Brett Murray.
For the 2009-2010 school year, WCHS implemented its first ever journalism class, Journalism 1. Students learn about journalism and also produce the school\'s monthly newspaper, the *Advocate*, which had previously been produced by an extracurricular club. A Journalism 2 class started in the fall of 2010.
In 2014 WCHS received the prestigious Pacemaker award.
Jennifer Reiser is the current advisor for the *Advocate* school newspaper and teacher for the Journalism 1 and 2 classes.
The journalism team won back to back sectional titles in 2016 and 2017 at the IHSA journalism competition at Illinois State University.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Mason McCoy, baseball player
- Alec Peters, basketball player
- Colton Underwood, reality television personality and former football player
- Andrew Werner, baseball coach and former baseball pitcher
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# Washington Community High School
## Music programs {#music_programs}
The band programs are run by Jim Tallman and Lisa Parrott, these programs include four concert bands or varying difficulties, the WCHS Marching Panthers, as well as guitar classes and music theory.
As a music department, WCHS captured 7 IHSA Music Sweepstakes State Championships between 2014 and 2024.
The choir department is single-handedly run by director Dr. Lara Reem, who established three different choirs, including the Madrigal Singers.
The new band and choir room was completed by August 2019.
The Washington Marching Panthers won Grand Champions at the University of Illinois Marching Band Competition in 2022 and received the Governor's Trophy. This was the first time in WCHS history that this had been achieved. They were led to victory by directors Jim Tallman and Lisa Parrott, as well as drum majors Sebastian Leman, Renee Potts, and Alyssa Jarnigan
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# Víctor Ormazábal
**Víctor Ormazábal** (born April 2, 1985, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentinian footballer who most recently played for TP Hồ Chí Minh in Vietnam. He is currently without a club.
Ormazábal came through the youth team at Argentine giants Boca Juniors to make his debut on July 6, 2003, against Rosario Central. In 2004, he was part of the Boca Juniors squad that won the Copa Sudamericana title. Ormazábal left Boca in May 2006 after making only 25 appearances for the club in all competitions
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# Joyce Marcus
**Joyce Marcus** is an archaeologist and professor in the Department of Anthropology, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. She also holds the position of Curator of Latin American Archaeology, University of Michigan Museum of Anthropological Archaeology. Marcus has published extensively in the field of Latin American archaeological research. Her focus has been primarily on the Zapotec, Maya, and coastal Andean civilizations of Central and South America. Much of her fieldwork has been concentrated in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. She is known for her \"Dynamic model\", four-tiered hierarchy, and her use of interdisciplinary study.
## Biography
Joyce Marcus was born in California and attended Beverly Hills High School. She credits receiving a copy of *An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs* by S.G. Morley from Dr. Robert F. Heizer in 1969 after a field season in Lovelock, Nevada with influencing her to get into the field of hieroglyphics.
She received her B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1969, and went on to receive her M.A. in 1971 and her Ph.D. in 1974, both from Harvard University. She did her dissertation under her mentor, Tatiana Proskouriakoff, and Gordon R. Willey, Jeremy A. Sabloff, and Evon Z. Vogt. Her book, *Emblem and State in the Classic Maya Lowlands: An Epigraphic Approach to Territorial Organization*, is the published version of her dissertation.
Marcus has spent her entire teaching career at the University of Michigan, from 1973 to the present, though she has been invited to guest lecture all over the world. She became a curator for Latin American Archaeology for the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology in 1978. She has also consulted for the American Museum of Natural History in New York, the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania, the Cotson Institute of Archaeology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Peabody Museum at Harvard University.
In 1997, Marcus was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and in 2005, she became the first archaeologist elected to the council. In 2005, the University of Michigan awarded her the Robert L. Carneiro Distinguished University Professor of Social Evolution. Marcus is also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society, and Institute of Andean Studies. She is a member of the American Anthropological Association, the Society for American Archaeology, the American Society for Ethnohistory, the Midwest Andeanist Society, and the Midwest Mesoamerican Society.
She has received funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Ford Foundation, the Bowditch Fund at Harvard University, Dumbarton Oaks, the American Association for University Women, the National Science Foundation, and the University of Michigan.
William J. Folan invited her to record the Maya monuments at Calakmul, Campeche and surrounding areas in 1983-1984. She has done research at Dumbarton Oaks Center for Pre-Columbian Studies in Washington, DC. Marcus often works and publishes with her husband Kent V. Flannery. Marcus and Flannery directed the Valley of Oaxaca Human Ecology Project with the University of Michigan, a long-term project designed by Flannery.
## Awards
Source:
- 1979 The Henry Russel Award for Scholarly research from the University of Michigan
- 1992 Honorable mention for outstanding book in the social sciences and humanities by the Latin American Studies Association for her book *Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and history in four Ancient Civilizations*
- 1995 Literature, Science, and Arts Excellence in Research Award from the University of Michigan
- 1998-2005 Elman R Service Professor of Cultural evolution from the University of Michigan
- 2005 Robert L. Carneiro Distinguished University Professor of Social Evolution from the University of Michigan
- 2001 The Premio Caniem en el Arte Editorial award in Mexico for \"La Civilización Zapoteca: Como Evolucionó La Sociedad Urbana en el Valle de Oaxaca\" written with Kent Flannery
- 2003 Special recognition, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche
- 2007 Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award, the University of Michigan, Mentor Recognition Award, the University of California, San Diego
- 2008 The Cotson Book prize in archaeology for *Excavations at Cerro Azul, Peru: The Architecture and Pottery*
- 2014 Corresponding fellow of the Academia Mexicana de la Historia.
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# Joyce Marcus
## Publications
### Books and monographs {#books_and_monographs}
- Marcus, Joyce (1976) Emblem and State in the Classic Maya Lowlands: An Epigraphic Approach to Territorial Organization. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C.
- Flannery, Kent V. and Joyce Marcus (editors) (1983) The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations. School of American Research Series, Academic Press, NY. (This book resulted from a seminar, "The Cloud People: Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations of Oaxaca, Mexico", October 6--10, 1975 at the School of American Research in Santa Fe, New Mexico.)
- Marcus, Joyce (1987) Late Intermediate Occupation at Cerro Azul, Perú. A Preliminary Report. Tech. Report 20, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
- Marcus, Joyce (1987) The Inscriptions of Calakmul: Royal Marriage at a Maya City in Campeche, Mexico. Tech. Report 21, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
- Flannery, Kent V., Joyce Marcus, and Robert G. Reynolds (1989) The Flocks of the Wamani: A Study of Llama Herders on the Punas of Ayacucho, Peru. Academic Press, New York.
- Marcus, Joyce (editor) (1990) Debating Oaxaca Archaeology. Anthropological Paper, No. 84. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan. (Resulted from a symposium at the 1987 Northeast Mesoamericanist Society meeting in Philadelphia, which was organized as a response to criticism by William Sanders.)
- Marcus, Joyce (1992) Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
- Flannery, Kent V. and Joyce Marcus (1994) Early Formative Pottery of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca, No. 10. Memoir 27, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
- Marcus, Joyce and Judith F. Zeitlin (editors) (1994) Caciques and Their People: A Volume in Honor of Ronald Spores. Anthropological Paper, No. 89, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
- Marcus, Joyce and Kent V. Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico\'s Oaxaca Valley. Thames & Hudson, London.
- Feinman, Gary M. and Joyce Marcus (editors) (1998) Archaic States. School of American Research, SAR Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
- Marcus, Joyce (1998) Women\'s Ritual in Formative Oaxaca: Figurine-making, Divination, Death and the Ancestors. Memoir 33 of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
- Marcus, Joyce and Kent V. Flannery (2001) La Civilización Zapoteca: Como Evolucionó La Sociedad Urbana en el Valle de Oaxaca. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
- Flannery, Kent V. and Joyce Marcus (2005) Excavations at San José Mogote 1: The Household Archaeology. Memoir 40 of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
- Marcus, Joyce and Charles Stanish (2006) Agricultural Strategies. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Cotsen Advanced Seminar No. 2, UCLA.
- Marcus, Joyce (2008) Excavations at Cerro Azul, Peru: The Architecture and Pottery. UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.
- Marcus, Joyce and Jeremy A. Sabloff (editors) (2008) The Ancient City: New Perspectives on Urbanism in the Old and New Worlds. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press. (This book resulted from the Sackler Colloquium of the National Academy of Sciences, "Early Perspectives on Pre-industrial Urbanism", May 18--20, 2005 at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington DC.)
- Marcus, Joyce (2008) Monte Albán. El Colegio de México, Fideicomiso Historia de las Américas, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
- Marcus, Joyce and Patrick Ryan Williams (editors) (2009) Andean Civilization: A Tribute to Michael E. Moseley. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA.
- Flannery, Kent V. and Joyce Marcus (2012) The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
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# Powell v. Texas
***Powell v. Texas***, 392 U.S. 514 (1968), was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled that a Texas statute criminalizing public intoxication did not violate the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment. The 5--4 decision\'s plurality opinion was by Justice Thurgood Marshall. Justice Hugo Black and Byron White each wrote separate concurring opinions while Justice Abe Fortas dissented.
## Background
The defendant, Leroy Powell, worked in a tavern shining shoes for which he received approximately \$12/week. Though Powell had a family, he provided no support to them but would use his paycheck to buy wine, which he drank daily and, about once a week, to the point of intoxication.
Powell was no stranger to the court system; \"appellant had been convicted of public intoxication approximately 100 times since 1949, primarily in Travis County, Texas\" (though he had a few convictions in neighboring Bastrop County, Texas). Each time, he would be fined \$20 (for Travis County offenses) or \$25 (for Bastrop County offenses); he would almost always have no means to pay the fine and was thus obliged to work off the fine in jail at the rate of \$5/day.
In this specific case, Powell was arrested in Travis County in late December 1966 on yet another public intoxication charge. His case was heard before the Corporation Court of Austin, Texas (what the Austin municipal court was then called); Powell was once again found guilty and was once again fined \$20. This time, though, his defense counsel appealed the conviction to the Travis County Court of Law No. 1 on the grounds that Powell could not be arrested for being an alcoholic. The County Court heard the case de novo and Powell was again found guilty and fined him \$50. As no further appeals were available for Powell within the Texas judicial system, his counsel appealed to the United States Supreme Court.
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# Powell v. Texas
## Opinion of the Court {#opinion_of_the_court}
### Plurality opinion {#plurality_opinion}
Four members of the Court concluded that Powell, the defendant who was convicted of public intoxication, \"was convicted, not for being a chronic alcoholic, but for being in public while drunk on a particular occasion.\" Therefore, the Texas statute was not criminalizing the condition of alcoholism alone, but instead punishing the defendant for his public behavior. The majority distinguished the case from the earlier case *Robinson v. California* (1962), which ruled that drug addiction alone as a disease could not be criminalized.
### Concurring opinions {#concurring_opinions}
Justices Black and Harlan joined Marshall\'s plurality opinion. But in a separate concurrence, Justice Black (joined by Justice Harlan) expounded on the plurality\'s reasoning. He wrote that striking down public intoxication laws \"would significantly limit the States in their efforts to deal with a widespread and important social problem and would do so by announcing a revolutionary doctrine of constitutional law that would also tightly restrict state power to deal with a wide variety of other harmful conduct.\"
Justice White did not join the plurality opinion (had he done so, that would have made it a majority opinion). Instead, he concurred only in its judgment affirming Powell\'s conviction. In his view, for *Robinson* to apply to this case, the Court would have to find not only that Powell was compelled to drink but also that he was compelled to be in public---an element of the crime. Yet Powell provided no evidence to support that conclusion. Indeed, Powell \"had a home,\" and \"\[f\]or all we know from this record, \[he\] at the time knew precisely where he was, retained the power to stay off or leave the streets, and simply preferred to be there rather than elsewhere.\" The absence of such evidence precluded Powell\'s claim---regardless of whether his claim would otherwise have succeeded. Thus, White concluded, it was unnecessary for the Court to opine further on the legal questions presented in the case (as the plurality had done).
### Dissenting opinion {#dissenting_opinion}
Justice Fortas, writing for the dissent, argued that chronic alcoholism was a disease and was no different than the case in *Robinson*, which involved narcotic addiction. Therefore, regardless of where the intoxication took place, Powell should not have been convicted
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# Hypogeomys
***Hypogeomys*** is a genus of rodents in the family Nesomyidae, found in Madagascar. There is one extant species, the Malagasy giant rat (*Hypogeomys antimena*), currently an endangered species with a restricted range. There is also another species known from subfossils from a few thousand years ago, *Hypogeomys australis*. *H. antinema* measures 33 cm, making it the largest rodent in Madagascar, while *H. australis* seems to have been slightly larger
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# Rock Fujiyama
is a Japanese music variety television show that was broadcast by TV Tokyo from April 3, 2006, to March 26, 2007. It is the substantial remake of *Heavymeta-san* that was broadcast in 2005 in Japan. Despite the title, the key genre in the program is heavy metal, just like *Heavymeta-san*.
In June 2020, \"Rock Fujiyama\" official YouTube channel was established.
## List of guests {#list_of_guests}
- #01 - Kohei Otomo
- #02 - Hideki Saijo
- #03 - Masaki Kyomoto
- #04 - Kenji Ohtsuki
- #05 - Yoshio Nomura
- #06 - Nanase Aikawa
- #07 - Takanori Takeyama
- #08 - Shinya
- #09 - Shirō Sano
- #10 - Noriko Aota
- #11 - MCU
- #12 - Takahiro Azuma
- #13 - Kaela Kimura
- #14 - Andrew W.K
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# Steven Webber
**Steven Webber** is a fictional character from the American ABC soap opera, *General Hospital*. Steve was born in 1977, the character has appeared briefly in three different storylines, played each time by a different actor. As an infant in the late 1970s, the character was portrayed by Martin Hewitt. From 2004 to 2005, the character was portrayed as an adult by Shaun Benson. In late 2009, Scott Reeves was cast in the role, with Steve initially on recurring status as the head of the ER trauma unit at General Hospital. In February 2010, Reeves\' status was upgraded to contract. Reeves appeared from December 9, 2009 to March 5, 2013. Reeves reprised the role when Steven returned from October 24 to October 28, 2024.
## Storylines
### Background
Steven Lars Webber was born to Jeff Webber and Heather Grant. His paternal grandfather is General Hospital\'s former chief of staff and one of the show\'s original characters, Steve Hardy. He was named after Steve Hardy and Lars Webber. When Steven was conceived in 1976, Jeff was a newlywed, married to Monica Bard, who was having an affair with Jeff\'s brother Rick Webber. Jeff then had an affair with Heather, a scheming nanny, though when Heather became pregnant, Jeff told her to get an abortion, since he wanted to stay with his wife Monica. Heather gives birth to Steven Lars on July 11, 1977 and complications immediately follow. Shortly after, Heather sells the baby to Peter Taylor and his wife Diana Taylor for \$10,000, though she told Jeff that the baby had died. Later, when Monica divorced Jeff, he married Heather in 1978, still not knowing about the child. The relationship was strained when Heather got a job as her own child\'s nanny---the child was now going by the name Peter Taylor, Jr. In the winter of 1979, Heather became obsessed with seeing her son. She had planned to put LSD in the adoptive mother, Diana Taylor\'s, drink to make her go insane, but little Peter accidentally swapped the glasses, and Heather lost her own mind. Jeff was forced to institutionalize her.
After Peter Taylor Sr. died, Diana learned the truth about Steven while going through her husband\'s effects, finding a note which said, \"PJ is Steven Lars\". Afraid to lose her child, she tried to woo Jeff, though at the time he was interested in Anne Logan, a nurse who was Audrey Hardy\'s niece. He still did not know the child was his, until 1981 when Diana finally told him. Diana and Heather continued to compete for Jeff\'s attention, and plotting to kill each other to remove a rival. A scuffle ensued, and Diana was accidentally killed by Heather\'s mother, Alice Grant, though Heather tried to frame Anne for the murder. Jeff then took his infant son (renamed from Peter Taylor Jr. to **Steven Lars Webber**) and left town, to keep him safe from Heather\'s plotting. Off-screen, Jeff divorced Heather, married again to a woman later identified as \"Carolyn\", and had two more daughters, Elizabeth Webber and Sarah Webber, who grew up in Boulder, Colorado but in 1997 were sent back to Port Charles as teenagers to live with their \"grandmother\" Audrey Hardy, until Sarah too left the show, going to live with her father.
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# Steven Webber
## Storylines
### 2004--2005, 2009--2013
Now older, Steven returns to Port Charles. He was working for attorney John Durant to get to John\'s biological daughter Carly Corinthos. It was around the same time when his natural mother Heather came back as well, but other than several unplanned meetings, Steven had nothing to do with her. Steven briefly disappears from the show after `{{nowrap|[[A. J. Quartermaine]]'s}}`{=mediawiki} murder, before reappearing as Steve Webber in 2009, invited by his father's first wife Monica Quartermaine to be the acting chief of staff at General Hospital, so she could return to being a full-time cardiologist. He reveals during the intervening years, he had been running a trauma unit down in Memphis.
Steve becomes good friends with his fellow doctors, Robin Scorpio, her husband Patrick Drake, and Lisa Niles. When Dante Falconeri is brought to the hospital with a gunshot wound, Steve and Lisa help operate. Dante flatlines. Luckily, Steve revives him. Patrick is a little jealous. Steve and Lisa go to a Tim McGraw concert together when they discover they both like his music. Lisa wonders why such a decent guy like him isn\'t with anyone. He opens up to her about his girlfriend who he was planning on marrying. The day before the proposal, his girlfriend reveals she and his best friend are getting married. Lisa and Steve then make another date. Steve notices Patrick is jealous over his relationship with Lisa, though he denies it. Eventually, Steve discovers Patrick and Lisa slept together and breaks things off with her.
Steve and Cameron were involved in the ski resort bus crash that took place during late December 2010 to early January 2011. He and Cameron both survived as did others, except for the bus driver and Ali, a good friend of Kristina Corinthos-Davis.
In May 2011, Lisa, whom Patrick and Robin have been harassed by for months, is finally outed as the deranged woman she is and arrested, but escapes from Shadybrook a week later. When Steve finds out, he immediately blames himself. He states none of these events would have happened if he had just fired Lisa months ago, especially since Patrick and Robin had come to him repeatedly and told him what Lisa was trying to do to Robin.
During the hospital lock down in 2010, Olivia Falconeri helps Steve to save the life of Ethan Lovett after he gets shot. During the next few months, Steve and Olivia grow closer, and begin to flirt with each other. Steve and Olivia are also both chaperones on the General Hospital ski trip, but when their bus hits black ice, and goes off the road, Steve must help the injured citizens of Port Charles. Olivia is one of the most seriously injured, she suffered from internal bleeding. Steve helps to keep Olivia awake, until an emergency helicopter arrives, to take Olivia to General Hospital to be rushed into emergency surgery. Olivia thanks Steve for saving her life on the mountain, and Steve ends up taking Olivia home from the hospital.
Steve and Olivia continue to grow closer, and eventually make love on May 4, 2011.
In July, Steve stated that when he was 13, his grandfather told him to never show up empty-handed when taking a girl out.
On October 20, 2011, Elizabeth tells Matt that while Steve was in Memphis, he was involved with this girl and he even proposed; however, it later turned \"messy\".
In November 2011, a new doctor, Maggie Wurth, comes to General Hospital and it is revealed that she was the girl Steven proposed to. When she first shows up in town, she is dressed as a clown, wearing a mask and lurking around the hospital. We see her spying on Steve, and others while in disguise. It is later revealed that in Memphis, Steve killed a prisoner, who was his patient, when Maggie came to him needed the prisoner\'s heart to save a little girl she was treating. Olivia is originally suspicious of Maggie, and assumes she is still hung up on Steve; but Steve assures there that she has nothing to worry about.
In early 2012, Steve\'s mother, Heather Webber, is released from Ferncliff under Steve\'s watch. She eventually creates a lot of trouble for Steve, getting in several situations, that Steve has to get her out of. This later causes problems for him and Olivia.
Johnny Zacchara later finds out about the patient Steve killed, and blackmailed him into helping Johnny sell organs on the black market. After a while, Steve refuses, and Johnny calls the Memphis police and they arrest Steve. Dante travels to Memphis to help Steve, but he isn\'t released until Heather kills Maggie Wurth, and makes it look like Maggie killed herself, and was responsible for the patient in Memphis.
As soon as Heather gets released from Ferncliff, Olivia is suspicious of her, and continually tries to warn Steve about his mother. Steve believes that Heather is cured, and says he wants to believe the best of her. When Heather steals Olivia\'s car and disappears in the middle of the night, Olivia decides to hire Damian Spinelli, a private investigator, to look into Heather\'s actions. Heather continues to lie about everything she\'s done, and eventually Olivia goes to her son, Detective Dante Falconeri to help investigate Heather. When Steve finds this out, he\'s angry that Olivia went behind his back, and tells her that he thinks they should take a break from their relationship. Olivia tells Steve she loves him, and he confesses his love for her too, but can\'t let go of his loyalty to his mother. When Heather injects Olivia with LSD, sending her into hallucinations, and causing her to hold a knife to her throat, Steve is by her side, and promises to send Heather back to Ferncliff, where she will not hurt Olivia again. He is able to talk Olivia down from killing herself, and supports her while she deals with the side-effects from being injected. He also finds out about the numerous crimes Heather has committed. Heather is sent to Ferncliff, but not before Steve tells her he does not want anything to do with her.
Olivia starts having hallucinations that end up coming true. Eventually, Steve started to give her hallucinations more credit when they involve his mother. During the water poisoning scare in Port Charles, Steve received a call from Heather, saying she was worried about him, but Steve coldly rejected her. Afterwards, he finds out Heather escaped from Ferncliff. He\'s later approached by Jason Morgan, who tells him that Heather switched his wife, Sam\'s son with a stillborn infant. Steve is horrified by what his mother has done, and when Jason says he doesn\'t know where the other baby came from, Steve reveals he treated Téa Delgado and her newborn son the same night Sam gave birth. Jason eventually gets proof that Téa Delgado\'s \"son\" is Sam\'s baby, and tells Steve this. However, he also reveals that Heather has kidnapped the baby after posing as his nanny. After Jason leaves, Heather shows up, trying to make a new start with Steve and the baby, but Steve deceives her and tries to call the cops. Heather hits him over the head and escapes, and he\'s found by Olivia.
Olivia takes Steve to the hospital. Meanwhile, the police get a lead that Heather is in Port Charles, and try to track her down. However, Heather makes her way to the hospital to steal medication for the baby. Olivia finds her in the stairwell, and when she tries to grab the baby, Heather pushes her down the stairs. Steve finds Olivia and gets her help. Meanwhile, Heather goes to the roof with the baby, where she\'s cornered by Jason and Sam. Steve is about to go to the roof, when Dante comes and tells him that his mother fell from the roof and is severely injured. Steve goes out to help, but Elizabeth holds him back. Eventually, Heather ends up in a coma after surgery. While Heather is in the hospital, Steve monitors her. When he comes with Olivia, she freaks out when she sees Heather standing in front of her, but Steve stops her, because it\'s actually Todd Manning, Heather\'s former employer. Todd drops off Heather\'s belongings to Steve, and among them, Steve finds the paternity test for Sam Morgan\'s child, saying that Jason is the father of her baby, not Franco, and realizes Heather switched Sam\'s paternity test. He drops off the results to Sam. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Steve helped Monica fake her son, A.J. Quartermaine\'s, death. In early 2013, Steve proposes to his girlfriend of two years Olivia, and the two become engaged. On February 14, Heather is presumed dead after being choked and thrown into the harbor. On February 26, 2013, Heather is revealed alive. She attempts to kill Olivia with a knife. Steve rushes in, and Olivia\'s arm is slit open by Heather. Heather is about to stab Olivia, when Steve throws himself in between the two of them, saving his fiancée\'s life. Olivia calls an ambulance, and Heather flees. On February 27, Olivia tells Elizabeth and A.J. that Steve had been stabbed. Heather turns herself in. Steve comes out of surgery and speaks with Olivia and Elizabeth. Olivia is elated that Steve survived, so she quickly tasks Maxie with planning a wedding overnight. The wedding takes place on March 1, 2013. On March 5, 2013, Steve calls off his wedding to Olivia, because he is being sent to prison in Memphis.
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# Steven Webber
## Storylines
### 2004--2005, 2009--2013
## Reception
In 2023, Mala Bhattacharjee from *Soaps She Knows* commented that the soap show \"barely remembers\" that Steven \"exists\"
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# Stina Mårtensson
**Stina Mårtensson** (3 June 1882 -- 1962) was a Swedish missionary. She served with the Swedish Missionary Society in Chinese Turkestan (present day Xinjiang) and India.
Mårtensson was born in Ovanåker in Hälsingland, Sweden. She worked as a nurse midwife in Yarkand and Kashgar for more than 22 years in various periods during the years 1907--1936. In the 1930s, she worked with other missionaries to offer vocational training in farmwork.
From 1939 until 1946 she worked in India. She died in Sweden in 1962 at the age of 80
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# Rajesh Ramesh
**Rajesh Ramesh** (born 2 July 1982) is a Pakistani cricketer who has played first-class cricket for Karachi cricket teams and the Public Works Department.
## Career
A right-handed batsman and a right-arm pace bowler, Ramesh played in 67 first-class matches
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# Live at the Gorge 05/06
***Live at the Gorge 05/06*** is a seven-disc live box set by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam, released on June 26, 2007 through Rhino Entertainment/Warner Music Group. The box set documents the band\'s 2005 and 2006 shows at The Gorge Amphitheatre in George, Washington.
## Overview
The box set debuted at number 36 on the U.S. *Billboard* 200 chart with about 19,000 copies sold in its first week. As of April 2008, *Live at the Gorge 05/06* has sold around 30,000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan.
The band\'s show of September 1, 2005 took place at the beginning of its fall 2005 North American tour, while the two July 2006 shows concluded the second North American leg of the band\'s 2006 tour. Between the three concerts there were sixty-nine individual songs performed. The band\'s cover of Tom Petty\'s \"I Won\'t Back Down\" that was performed at the concert of September 1, 2005 was not originally released on the official bootleg for that show due to a DAT error. The track is present on this release. A mistake on the retail version of the packaging lists the show of September 1, 2005 as September 5, 2005.
Allmusic staff writer Jason Birchmeier gave the box set three and a half out of five stars. He said \"it\'s a great package of shows that fans will want to hear, especially anyone who missed Pearl Jam on their sold-out summer 2006 tour.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### September 1, 2005 {#september_1_2005}
#### Disc one {#disc_one}
1. \"I Believe in Miracles\" (Dee Dee Ramone, Daniel Rey) -- 6:08
2. \"Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town\" (Dave Abbruzzese, Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, Mike McCready, Eddie Vedder) -- 4:56
3. \"Off He Goes\" (Vedder) -- 5:01
4. \"Low Light\" (Ament) -- 4:06
5. \"Man of the Hour\" (Vedder) -- 5:23
6. \"I Am Mine\" (Vedder) -- 4:03
7. \"Crazy Mary\" (Victoria Williams) -- 7:16
8. \"Black\" (Vedder, Gossard) -- 7:07
9. \"Hard to Imagine\" (Gossard, Vedder) -- 4:44
#### Disc two {#disc_two}
1. \"Given to Fly\" (McCready, Vedder) -- 3:50
2. \"Last Exit\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 2:28
3. \"Save You\" (Ament, Matt Cameron, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 3:44
4. \"Do the Evolution\" (Gossard, Vedder) -- 3:55
5. \"Alone\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 2:43
6. \"Sad\" (Vedder) -- 3:29
7. \"Even Flow\" (Vedder, Gossard) -- 6:07
8. \"Not for You\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 6:45
9. \"Corduroy\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 4:40
10. \"Dissident\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 5:23
11. \"MFC\" (Vedder) -- 2:35
12. \"Undone\" (Vedder) -- 4:27
13. \"Daughter\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 6:34
14. \"In My Tree\" (Gossard, Jack Irons, Vedder) -- 4:45
15. \"State of Love and Trust\" (Vedder, McCready, Ament) -- 3:48
16. \"Alive\" (Vedder, Gossard) -- 7:08
17. \"Porch\" (Vedder) -- 7:29
#### Disc three {#disc_three}
1. \"Encore Break\" -- 1:40
2. \"Love Boat Captain\" (Boom Gaspar, Vedder) -- 5:03
3. \"Insignificance\" (Vedder) -- 4:43
4. \"Better Man\" (Vedder) -- 5:24
5. \"Rearviewmirror\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 9:17
6. \"I Won\'t Back Down\" (Tom Petty) -- 3:31
7. \"Last Kiss\" (Wayne Cochran) -- 3:26
8. \"Crown of Thorns\" (Ament, Bruce Fairweather, Greg Gilmore, Gossard, Andrew Wood) -- 6:36
9. \"Blood\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 5:26
10. \"Yellow Ledbetter\" (Ament, McCready, Vedder) -- 5:18
11. \"Baba O\'Riley\" (Pete Townshend) -- 4:47
### July 22, 2006 {#july_22_2006}
#### Disc one {#disc_one_1}
1. \"Wash\" (Ament, Gossard, Dave Krusen, McCready, Vedder) -- 4:28
2. \"Corduroy\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 4:30
3. \"Hail, Hail\" (Gossard, Vedder, Ament, McCready) -- 3:28
4. \"World Wide Suicide\" (Vedder) -- 3:33
5. \"Severed Hand\" (Vedder) -- 5:03
6. \"Given to Fly\" (McCready, Vedder) -- 3:43
7. \"Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder)-- 3:17
8. \"Even Flow\" (Vedder, Gossard) -- 7:50
9. \"Down\" (Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 3:22
10. \"I Am Mine\" (Vedder) -- 3:53
11. \"Unemployable\" (Cameron, McCready, Vedder) -- 3:03
12. \"Daughter\" / \"It\'s Ok\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder / Dead Moon) -- 8:50
13. \"Gone\" (Vedder) -- 4:17
14. \"Black\" (Vedder, Gossard) -- 7:45
15. \"Insignificance\" (Vedder) -- 4:37
16. \"Life Wasted\" (Gossard, Vedder) -- 3:46
17. \"Blood\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 3:23
#### Disc two {#disc_two_1}
1. \"Encore Break\" -- 1:36
2. \"Footsteps\" (Gossard, Vedder) -- 5:03
3. \"Once\" (Vedder, Gossard) -- 3:23
4. \"Alive\" (Vedder, Gossard) -- 5:56
5. \"State of Love and Trust\" (Vedder, McCready, Ament) -- 3:26
6. \"Crown of Thorns\" (Ament, Fairweather, Gilmore, Gossard, Wood) -- 6:06
7. \"Leash\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 2:59
8. \"Porch\" (Vedder) -- 8:52
9. \"Last Kiss\" (Cochran) -- 3:13
10. \"Inside Job\" (McCready, Vedder) -- 6:30
11. \"Go\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 2:52
12. \"Baba O\'Riley\" (Townshend) -- 6:03
13. \"Dirty Frank\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 5:25
14. \"Rockin\' in the Free World\" (Neil Young) -- 9:10
15. \"Yellow Ledbetter\" / \"Little Wing\" / \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" (Ament, McCready, Vedder / Jimi Hendrix / Francis Scott Key, John Stafford Smith) -- 9:13
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# Live at the Gorge 05/06
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### July 23, 2006 {#july_23_2006}
#### Disc one {#disc_one_2}
1. \"Severed Hand\" (Vedder) -- 4:50
2. \"Corduroy\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 4:36
3. \"World Wide Suicide\" (Vedder) -- 3:26
4. \"Gods\' Dice\" (Ament) -- 2:25
5. \"Animal\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 2:34
6. \"Do the Evolution\" (Gossard, Vedder) -- 5:05
7. \"In Hiding\" (Gossard, Vedder) -- 4:38
8. \"Green Disease\" (Vedder) -- 2:45
9. \"Even Flow\" (Vedder, Gossard) -- 8:46
10. \"Marker in the Sand\" (McCready, Vedder) -- 4:12
11. \"Wasted Reprise\" (Gossard, Vedder) -- 1:04
12. \"Better Man\" / \"Save It for Later\" (Vedder / Roger Charlery, Andrew Cox, Everett Morton, David Steele, Dave Wakeling) -- 7:35
13. \"Army Reserve\" (Ament, Vedder, Damien Echols) -- 3:55
14. \"Garden\" (Vedder, Gossard, Ament) -- 3:39
15. \"Rats\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 3:49
16. \"Whipping\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 2:37
17. \"Jeremy\" (Vedder, Ament) -- 5:19
18. \"Why Go\" (Vedder, Ament) -- 3:36
#### Disc two {#disc_two_2}
1. \"Encore Break\" -- 2:50
2. \"I Won\'t Back Down\" (Petty) -- 3:08
3. \"Life Wasted\" (Gossard, Vedder) -- 3:46
4. \"Big Wave\" (Ament, Vedder) -- 3:19
5. \"Satan\'s Bed\" (Vedder, Gossard) -- 3:02
6. \"Spin the Black Circle\" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) -- 2:59
7. \"Alive\" (Vedder, Gossard) -- 7:03
8. \"Given to Fly\" (McCready, Vedder) -- 3:53
9. \"Little Wing\" (Hendrix) -- 5:12
10. \"Crazy Mary\" (Williams) -- 8:08
11. \"Comatose\" (McCready, Gossard, Vedder) -- 2:14
12. \"Fuckin\' Up\" (Young) -- 8:12
13. \"Yellow Ledbetter\" / \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" (Ament, McCready, Vedder / Key, Stafford Smith) -- 7:14
## Personnel
Pearl Jam
- Jeff Ament -- bass guitar
- Matt Cameron -- drums
- Stone Gossard -- guitars
- Mike McCready -- guitars
- Eddie Vedder -- vocals, guitars
Additional musicians and production
- Fernando Apodaca -- director of cover images
- John Burton -- recording, mixing assistance/Pro Tools engineering
- Brett Eliason -- mixing
- Boom Gaspar -- Hammond B3, Fender Rhodes
- Joe Gastwirt at Gastwirt Mastering -- mastering
- Brad Klausen -- design and layout
- Ananda Moorman -- cover images
- Jason Mueller -- artistic facilitator
| 366 |
Live at the Gorge 05/06
| 1 |
11,029,863 |
# Live at the Gorge 05/06
## Chart positions {#chart_positions}
Chart (2007) Position
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Top Internet Albums{{cite magazine artist=pearl jam\|chart=Internet Albums}}
Croatian Albums Chart{{cite web url=<http://www.topoftheshops.com.hr/index.php?q=pregled_albuma&id_album=624>
Italian Albums Chart{{cite web url = <http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_result_artisti.php?anno=2007&mese=06&id=51>
US *Billboard* 200 36
New Zealand Albums Chart 36
Belgian Albums Chart (Vl) 43
Dutch Albums Chart 50
Irish Albums Chart 71
German Albums Chart{{cite web url=<http://www.musicline
| 61 |
Live at the Gorge 05/06
| 2 |
11,029,875 |
# Hornbach (retailer)
**Hornbach Baumarkt AG** (`{{IPA|de|ˈhɔʁnˌbax|-|De-Hornbach.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a German DIY-store chain offering home improvement and do-it-yourself goods. Hornbach is one of the leading DIY-store chains in Germany. In the 2020/2021 financial year (March 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021), the *Hornbach Baumarkt Group* generated sales of Euro 5.1 billion. The stores are owned and operated by Hornbach Baumarkt AG.
The *Hornbach Baumarkt Group* currently operates a total of 171 DIY megastores with garden centers and online stores in nine European countries, of which 96 stores are located in Germany (plus: Austria, the Czech Republic, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland and Slovakia), as well as two specialist stores for hard flooring (Bodenhaus) in Germany.
Until March 2014, it was 21% owned by Kingfisher plc, a UK company, who also own the B&Q and Castorama DIY chains. Kingfisher sold off the interests as it was planning expansion in new markets that would be in direct competition with Hornbach. Kingfisher has since launched its Screwfix stores in Germany and Brico Dépôt stores in Romania, where Hornbach operates.
## History
In the 1960s, the Wilhelm Hornbach OHG was in a bad state, so his grandson Otmar Hornbach launched the idea of a do-it-yourself home improvement store after a visit to the United States. The business was filed on the stock exchange in 1987 and has expanded to a chain of 163 stores.
Otmar Hornbach died on 2 August 2014
| 237 |
Hornbach (retailer)
| 0 |
11,029,893 |
# Ernst Hollstein
**Ernst Hollstein** (9 December 1886 in Karlsruhe -- 9 August 1950) was a German amateur football (soccer) player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the German Olympic squad and played one match in the main tournament as well as in the consolation tournament
| 52 |
Ernst Hollstein
| 0 |
11,029,908 |
# History of Maryland Transit Administration
The Maryland Transit Administration was originally known as the **Baltimore Metropolitan Transit Authority**, then the **Maryland Mass Transit Administration** before it changed to its current name in October 2001. The MTA took over the operations of the old **Baltimore Transit Company** on April 30, 1970.
Many routes of the agency\'s current bus lines are based on the original streetcars operated by the Baltimore Transit Company and its parent companies between the 1890s and 1960s. All of these routes were ultimately converted to rubber tire bus operations, and many were consolidated, extended into newly developed areas, or otherwise reconfigured to keep up with the ridership demands of the times. Additional routes and extensions were added in later years to serve newly developed communities and to feed into Metro and Light Rail stations.
With the growth in popularity of the private automobile during the 20th century, streetcar and bus ridership declined, and the needs for public transportation changed. Mass transit in Baltimore and other cities shifted from a corporate operation to a service funded and run by the government. The amount of service provided was greatly reduced. Some areas once served by streetcars are now served minimally by buses or not at all.
The demise of the Baltimore streetcar took place between the years of 1947 and 1963, hastened by National City Lines\' acquisition, which said that buses offered lower maintenance and had greater flexibility in traffic. With its rails demolished, Baltimore was no longer a streetcar city. As transit needs and trends changed, rail transit did return to the city, with the Metro Subway opening in 1983 and the Light Rail in 1992.
The track gauge was `{{RailGauge|5ft4.5in|lk=on}}`{=mediawiki}. This track gauge is now confined to the Baltimore Streetcar Museum.
| 294 |
History of Maryland Transit Administration
| 0 |
11,029,908 |
# History of Maryland Transit Administration
## Parent companies {#parent_companies}
The following bus companies operated many of the services later provided by the Maryland Transit Administration:
### Baltimore Transit Company {#baltimore_transit_company}
The **Baltimore Transit Company** (BTCO) was a privately owned public transit operator that provided streetcar and bus service in Baltimore from 1935. It was the successor to the old United Railways and Electric Company, formed in 1899 to consolidate and operate Baltimore\'s streetcar lines. The company was purchased in 1948 by National City Lines and the streetcar system was then run down in favor of buses, a process repeated in many places, which became known as the Great American Streetcar Scandal. The last streetcar ran in 1963. Between 1940--1959, Baltimore Transit also operated trolley buses (or \"trackless trolleys\") on six lines, including Howard Street and Federal Street.
BTCO was absorbed by what is now the Maryland Transit Administration in 1970. The BTC oversaw the elimination of streetcar service in favor of bus service in 1963 when the last streetcar routes, the number 8 providing service from Catonsville to Towson and the number 15 (Overlea to Walbrook Junction) were eliminated on November 3, 1963.
In the midst of the Civil Rights Movement, the BTCO fired a white bus driver who claimed to be the Grand Wizard of the Baltimore Ku Klux Klan. A labor arbitrator ruled in favor of BTCO in this firing, which was in part spurred by other white drivers threatening to strike if the man was not dismissed.
### Old Court Bus Lines {#old_court_bus_lines}
**Old Court Bus Lines** was a service that provided van transport in northwest Baltimore County. Its lines served places including Stevenson and Villa Julie College. These services have been provided by MTA since 1973, though much of them have been cut back or modified. Bus Route 60 serves Stevenson University, which used to be known as Villa Julie.
### Rosedale Passenger Lines {#rosedale_passenger_lines}
Operated service in eastern Baltimore County. Most of its services later became a part of Bus Route 23. The only one still provided by MTA is service to Victory Villa, on Route 4.
### Dundalk Bus Lines {#dundalk_bus_lines}
**Dundalk Bus Lines** provided service in various parts of southeast Baltimore County between 1940 and 1972. MTA serves some of these areas with Bus Route 4.
### McMahon Services {#mcmahon_services}
Operated in northeast Baltimore County to locales such as Lutherville and Jacksonville. The only route incorporated by MTA was **Route 19A**, which later became known as **Route 105**. Discontinued in 2005.
### Job Express Transit {#job_express_transit}
Operated several routes during the 1960s. Most notably, **Route H** became known as the #7 Rosewood Express serving Rosewood Center for more than 30 years. The #7 Rosewood Express service ultimately became Route 102 in 2000, and was absorbed by Route M-17 in 2005. Route M-17, along with this service, was eliminated in 2009.
### Auxiliary Bus Lines {#auxiliary_bus_lines}
Operated some of the routes around the city, such as what is now Route 51.
### Baltimore Streetcar Museum {#baltimore_streetcar_museum}
A track providing service at the Baltimore Streetcar Museum was designated in 1970 as Route 25, and was renamed LocalLink 25 in June 2017.
### June 2017 Bus Redesign {#june_2017_bus_redesign}
There was a bus redesign in June 2017 called BaltimoreLink.
| 543 |
History of Maryland Transit Administration
| 1 |
11,029,908 |
# History of Maryland Transit Administration
## Local routes prior to June 2017 {#local_routes_prior_to_june_2017}
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route | Terminus | Division Operation | Major Streets | Places Served | Corridor Line | Replaced by |
+==========+==================================================+====================+====================================+========================================+=======================================================+==================================+
| Route 1 | - Sinai Hospital (NB) | Bush Street (1) | - Greenspring Ave | - Coldspring-Newtown | Greenspring Ave/Fulton Ave-Fort McHenry Line | LocalLink 91, 94\ |
| | - Mondawmin station (NB) | | - Fulton Ave | - Druid Hill Park | | CityLink Navy |
| | - Fort McHenry (SB) | | - Fort Ave | - Mondawmin | | |
| | | | | - Sandtown-Winchester | | |
| | | | | - Baltimore Arena | | |
| | | | | - Inner Harbor | | |
| | | | | - Federal Hill | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 3 | - Cromwell Bridge Rd Park & Ride (NB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Loch Raven Blvd | - Loch Raven | Charles St-33rd St-Loch Raven Blvd Line | CityLink Silver, Green\ |
| | - Sheppard Pratt (NB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - 33rd St | - Eudowood | | LocalLink 53 |
| | - Taylor Avenue (NB) | | - Charles St | - Ramblewood | | |
| | - Inner Harbor (SB) | | - St. Paul St | - Good Samaritan Hospital | | |
| | | | | - Union Memorial Hospital | | |
| | | | | - Waverly | | |
| | | | | - Johns Hopkins University | | |
| | | | | - Charles Village | | |
| | | | | - Penn Station | | |
| | | | | - Mt. Vernon | | |
| | | | | - Enoch Pratt Free Library | | |
| | | | | - Baltimore Arena | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 4 | - CCBC Essex (NB) | Eastern (2) | - Rossville Blvd | - Franklin Square Hospital Center | Dundalk-Eastern Ave-Essex Line | LocalLink 62 |
| | - Turner\'s Station (SB) | | - Eastern Ave | - Golden Ring Plaza | | |
| | | | - North Point Rd | - Middle River | | |
| | | | - Wise Av | - Essex | | |
| | | | | - Eastpoint Mall | | |
| | | | | - CCBC Dundalk | | |
| | | | | - North Point | | |
| | | | | - Dundalk | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 5 | - Mondawmin station (WB) | Eastern (2)\ | - Druid Hill Ave/McCulloh St | - Reservoir Hill | Druid Hill-Sinclair Ln Line | CityLink Yellow, Purple, Pink |
| | - Federal Street (EB) | Northwest (4) | - Eutaw St | - Madison Park | | |
| | - Cedonia (EB) | | - Fayette/Baltimore St | - Lexington Market | | |
| | | | - Federal St | - Baltimore Arena | | |
| | | | - Sinclair Ln | - Johns Hopkins Hospital | | |
| | | | | - Collington Square | | |
| | | | | - Moravia | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 7 | - Mondawmin station (WB) | Eastern (2)\ | - Pennsylvania Ave | - Upton | Pennsylvania Ave-Canton Line | LocalLink 65, 73\ |
| | - Canton (EB) | Northwest\ | - Paca/Greene St | - UMB | | CityLink Lime |
| | | (4) | - Pratt/Lombard St | - Oriole Park | | |
| | | | | - Inner Harbor | | |
| | | | | - National Aquarium | | |
| | | | | - Little Italy | | |
| | | | | - Butcher\'s Hill | | |
| | | | | - Patterson Park | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 8 | - Lutherville station (NB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Greenmount Ave/York Rd | - Goucher College | Greenmount Ave-York Rd Line | CityLink Red |
| | - North Ave (NB) (SB) Selected Trips | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Fayette/Baltimore St | - Towson Town Center | | |
| | - UMB Transit Center (SB) | | | - Towson | | |
| | | | | - Towson University | | |
| | | | | - Belvedere Square | | |
| | | | | - Senator Theater | | |
| | | | | - Govans | | |
| | | | | - Waverly | | |
| | | | | - First Mariner Arena | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 9 | - Lutherville station (NB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - York Rd | - Timonium station | Hunt Valley Line | LocalLink 93 |
| | - International Circle (SB) | | - Deereco Rd | - Timonium Fairgrounds | | |
| | | | - Warren Rd | - Cockeysville | | |
| | | | - McCormick Rd | - Warren Road station | | |
| | | | | - McCormick Industrial Park | | |
| | | | | - Hunt Valley Town Center | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 10 | - Catonsville (WB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Frederick Rd | - Yale Heights | Frederick Ave-Eastern Ave Line | CityLink Purple, Navy |
| | - Dundalk & Center Pl (EB) | Eastern (2) | - Pratt/Lombard St | - Pigtown | | |
| | - Bullneck (EB) | | - Eastern Ave | - B&O Railroad Museum | | |
| | | | - Dundalk Ave | - Inner Harbor | | |
| | | | | - National Aquarium | | |
| | | | | - Little Italy | | |
| | | | | - Fells Point | | |
| | | | | - Patterson Park | | |
| | | | | - Highlandtown | | |
| | | | | - Turner\'s Station | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 11 | - Towson Town Center (NB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Charles St | - Towson Courthouse | Charles St Line | LocalLink 51 |
| | - Bedford Square (NB) | | - Bellona Ave | - Towson University | | |
| | - Inner Harbor Layover (SB) | | - Pratt/Lombard St | - Rodgers Forge | | |
| | | | | - Homeland | | |
| | | | | - Loyola College | | |
| | | | | - NDMU | | |
| | | | | - Johns Hopkins University | | |
| | | | | - Baltimore Museum of Art | | |
| | | | | - Charles Village | | |
| | | | | - Penn Station | | |
| | | | | - Mt. Vernon | | |
| | | | | - Washington Monument | | |
| | | | | - Baltimore Arena | | |
| | | | | - Convention Center | | |
| | | | | - Inner Harbor | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 12 | - Kirk Avenue Division (SB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Greenmount Ave/York Rd | - Towson | Greenmount Ave-York Rd Line | LocalLink 52 |
| | - Stella Maris (NB) | | - Dulaney Valley Rd | - Hampton | | |
| | | | | - Goucher College | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 13 | - Walbrook Junction (WB) | Eastern (2)\ | - North Ave | - Coppin State College | (Crosstown)\ | CityLink Gold\ |
| | - North Ave & Patterson Park Ave (EB) | Northwest (4) | - Washington/Wolfe St | - Johns Hopkins Hospital | North Ave-Canton Line | LocalLink 21 |
| | - Canton (EB) | | | - Penn-North station | | |
| | | | | - North Avenue station | | |
| | | | | - Great Blacks in Wax Museum | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 14 | - Patapsco station (NB) | Bush Street (1) | - Patapsco Ave | - Brooklyn Park | Ritchie Hwy Line | LocalLink 69, 70 |
| | - Jumpers Hole (SB) | | - Ritchie Hwy | - Glen Burnie | | |
| | - Annapolis (SB) | | - Crain Hwy | - Harundale | | |
| | | | - Baltimore-Annapolis Blvd | - Pasadena | | |
| | | | | - Severna Park | | |
| | | | | - MVA Headquarters | | |
| | | | | - Cromwell station (now Glen Burnie) | | |
| | | | | - Arundel Medical Center | | |
| | | | | - Marley Station Mall | | |
| | | | | - AACC | | |
| | | | | - U.S. Naval Academy | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 15 | - Security Square Mall (WB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Security Blvd | - Social Security | Windsor Hills-Saratoga St-Belair Rd Line | CityLink Brown\ |
| | - Walbrook Junction (WB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Windsor Mill Rd | - Woodlawn | | LocalLink 34, 79, 80 |
| | - Westview Mall (WB) | | - Forest Park Ave | - Lorraine | | |
| | - Rutherford Business Park (WB) | | - Poplar Grove St | - Kernan Hospital | | |
| | - Gardenville (EB) | | - Edmondson Ave | - Forest Park | | |
| | - Overlea (EB) | | - Saratoga St | - Rosemont | | |
| | - Perry Hall (EB) | | - Belair Rd | - Belair-Edison | | |
| | | | | - Gardenville | | |
| | | | | - Fullerton | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 16 | - Mondawmin station (NB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Hilton Street | - Coppin State College | (Crosstown)\ | LocalLink 29 |
| | - Brooklyn (SB) | Northwest (4) | - Caton Avenue | - Rosemont | Patapsco Ave Line | |
| | | | - Patapsco Avenue | - Violetville | | |
| | | | | - Patapsco station | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 17 | - Patapsco station (NB) | Bush Street (1) | - Annapolis Rd | - Nursery Road station | Nursery Rd-BWI Airport Line | LocalLink 75 |
| | - BWI Airport (SB) | | - Nursery Rd | - Linthicum | | |
| | - Arundel Mills (SB) | | - Aviation Blvd | - BWI Airport | | |
| | - Parkway Center (SB) | | - Route 100 | - BWI Business District | | |
| | | | | - BWI Rail Station | | |
| | | | | - Arundel Mills | | |
| | | | | - Hanover | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 19 | - Carney (NB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Gay St | - Montebello State Hospital | Harford Rd Line | LocalLink 54 |
| | - Goucher & Taylor (NB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Harford Rd | - Hamilton | | |
| | - State Center station (SB) | | - Hillsway/Northern Pkwy | - Parkville | | |
| | | | - McLean Blvd | - Hillendale | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 20 | - Security Square Mall (WB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Fayette/Baltimore St | - Woodlawn | Baltimore St/Fayette St Line | CityLink Green\ |
| | - Edmondson Village (WB) | Eastern (2) | - Old Frederick Rd | - Westview Mall | | LocalLink 78 |
| | - City Hall (EB) | | - Crosby Rd | - Westview | | |
| | | | - Rolling Rd | - Edmondson Village | | |
| | | | - Gay St | - Grace Medical Center | | |
| | | | | - Baltimore Arena | | |
| | | | | - City Hall | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 21 | - Mondawmin station (WB) | Eastern (2) | - Gilmor St | - Sandtown-Winchester | (Crosstown)\ | CityLink Lime, Pink, Navy |
| | - Fells Point (EB) | | - Dolphin St | - Mt. Royal | Sandtown-Preston/Biddle Streets-Caroline St Line | |
| | | | - Preston/Biddle St | - State Center station | | |
| | | | - Caroline St | - Meyerhoff Symphony Hall | | |
| | | | | - MICA | | |
| | | | | - University of Baltimore | | |
| | | | | - Sojourner-Douglass College | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 22 | - Mondawmin station (WB) | Eastern (2)\ | - University Pkwy | - BCCC Liberty Campus | (Crosstown)\ | LocalLink 22 |
| | - Highlandtown (EB) | Northwest (4) | - 33rd St | - Druid Hill Park | 42nd St-Highland Ave Line | |
| | - Bayview Medical Center (EB) | | - Erdman Ave | - Television Hill | | |
| | | | - Edison Hwy | - Hampden | | |
| | | | - Highland Ave | - Johns Hopkins University | | |
| | | | - Eastern Ave | - Waverly | | |
| | | | | - Highlandtown | | |
| | | | | - Union Memorial Hospital | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 23 | - Catonsville (WB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Edmondson Avenue | - Allendale | Edmondson Ave-Eastern Ave-Fox Ridge Line | LocalLink 77\ |
| | - Wildwood (WB) | Eastern (2) | - Franklin/Mulberry St | - Rosemont | | CityLink Blue, Orange |
| | - Fox Ridge (EB) | | - Saratoga St | - West Baltimore station | | |
| | | | - Fayette/Baltimore St | - Baltimore Arena | | |
| | | | - Eastern Ave | - Shot Tower | | |
| | | | | - Patterson Park | | |
| | | | | - Bayview Medical Center | | |
| | | | | - Eastpoint | | |
| | | | | - Essex Park & Ride lot | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 24 | - Moravia (WB) | Eastern (2) | - Eastern Blvd | - Martin State Airport | Eastern Ave-Armistead Gardens Line | LocalLink 59 |
| | - Whispering Woods (EB) | | - Sinclair Ln | - Bowley\'s Quarters | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 26 | - Downtown Fayette Plaza (WB) | Eastern (2) | - Fayette/Baltimore St | - Downtown Baltimore | Downtown Baltimore-Dundalk Line | LocalLink 65; CityLink Orange |
| | - Dundalk Marine Terminal (EB) | | - Highland Ave | - Baltimore Arena | | |
| | | | - Eastern Ave | - Charles Center | | |
| | | | - Broening Hwy | - Phoenix Shot Tower | | |
| | | | | - Johns Hopkins Hospital | | |
| | | | | - Highlandtown | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 27 | - Reisterstown Plaza station (NB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Belvedere Ave | - Pimlico | Falls Rd-Howard St-Cherry Hill Line | LocalLink 26, 31, 71, 73, 82, 94 |
| | - Port Covington (SB) | Northwest (4) | - Falls Rd | - Pimlico Race Course | | |
| | | | - Howard St | - Sinai Hospital | | |
| | | | - Russell St | - Mt. Washington | | |
| | | | - Cherry Hill Rd | - Cross Keys | | |
| | | | | - Hampden | | |
| | | | | - Meyerhoff Symphony Hall | | |
| | | | | - Lexington Market | | |
| | | | | - Oriole Park | | |
| | | | | - Greyhound Terminal | | |
| | | | | - Cherry Hill | | |
| | | | | - Harbor Hospital | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 31 | - State Center station (WB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Eutaw St | - State Center station | MLK Blvd/Downtown Baltimore-Dundalk Ave Line | CityLink Navy, Gold\ |
| | - Dundalk & Center Place (EB) | Eastern (2) | - MLK Blvd | - MLK Blvd | | LocalLink 65 |
| | - CCBC Dundalk (EB) | | - Pratt St | - Downtown Baltimore | | |
| | | | - Lombard St | - Inner Harbor | | |
| | | | - Boston St | - Harbor East | | |
| | | | - Dundalk Ave | - Fells Point | | |
| | | | | - Canton | | |
| | | | | - Boston Street | | |
| | | | | - Center Place | | |
| | | | | - CCBC Dundalk | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 33 | - Rogers Avenue station (WB) | Eastern (2)\ | | | Coldspring Ln-Moravia Line | LocalLink 28 |
| | - Moravia (EB) | Northwest (4) | | | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 35 | - White Marsh (EB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Philadelphia Rd | - Franklin Square Hospital Center | Wilkens Ave-Pulaski Hwy/Philadelphia Rd Line | LocalLink 56, 76\ |
| | - Blind Industries (WB) | Eastern (2) | - Pulaski Hwy | - Essex Community College | | CityLink Yellow |
| | - UMBC (WB) | | - Monument/Madison St | - Golden Ring Plaza | | |
| | | | - Wilkens Ave | - Rosedale | | |
| | | | | - Johns Hopkins Hospital | | |
| | | | | - Inner Harbor | | |
| | | | | - St. Agnes Hospital | | |
| | | | | - Elm Ridge | | |
| | | | | - Arbutus | | |
| | | | | - Lansdowne | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 36 | - Northern Pkwy & York Rd (NB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - The Alameda | - Cedarcroft | Washington Blvd-The Alameda Line | LocalLink 53\ |
| | - Monroe Street (SB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Kirk Ave | - Ramblewood | | CityLink Yellow |
| | - Kirk Avenue (NB) | | - Guilford Ave | - Waverly | | |
| | - Riverview (SB) | | - Washington Blvd | - Washington Village | | |
| | | | - Hollins Ferry Rd | - Carroll Park | | |
| | | | | - Pigtown | | |
| | | | | - Lansdowne | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 44 | - Rosedale Industrial Park (EB) | Kirk Avenue (3)\ | - Woodlawn Dr | - Gardenville | (Crosstown)\ | LocalLink 30, 31 |
| | - Cedella Loop (EB) | Northwest (4) | - Gwynn Oak Ave | - Hamilton | Northern Pkwy-Belvedere Ave Line | |
| | - Rogers Avenue station (WB) | | - Rogers Ave | - Good Samaritan Hospital | | |
| | - Security Square Mall (WB) | | - Northern Pkwy | - Homeland | | |
| | - Social Security Administration (WB) | | - Belvedere Ave | - Roland Park | | |
| | | | - Echodale Ave | - Sinai Hospital | | |
| | | | - Frankford Ave | - Pimlico Race Course | | |
| | | | - Moravia Park Dr | - Rogers Avenue station | | |
| | | | | - Arlington | | |
| | | | | - Gwynn Oak Park | | |
| | | | | - Woodlawn | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 51 | - Rogers Avenue station (NB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Hilton St | - Arlington | (Crosstown)\ | LocalLink 26, 73, 82 |
| | - Patapsco station (SB) | Northwest (4) | - Gwynn Falls Pkwy | - Gwynns Falls | Hilton/Pulaski Streets-South Baltimore Line | |
| | | | - Pulaski St | - Mondawmin Mall | | |
| | | | - Monroe St | - Rosemont | | |
| | | | - Hollins Ferry Rd | - Cherry Hill | | |
| | | | - Cherry Hill Rd | - Mt. Winans | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 52 | - Mondawmin station (EB) | Northwest (4) | - Liberty Heights Ave/Liberty Rd | - Lochearn | Liberty Line | CityLink Lime |
| | - Milford Mill (WB) | | | - Woodmoor | | |
| | | | | - Howard Park | | |
| | | | | - BCCC Liberty Campus | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 53 | - Old Court station (NB) | Northwest (4) | - Reisterstown Rd | - Pikesville | Reisterstown Rd-Old Court Line | LocalLink 83 |
| | - Mondawmin station (SB) | | - Old Court Rd | - Reisterstown Road Plaza | | |
| | | | | - Park Heights | | |
| | | | | - Park Circle | | |
| | | | | - Druid Hill Park | | |
| | | | | - Maryland Zoo | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 54 | - Penn-North station (SB) | Northwest (4) | - Pennsylvania Ave | - Mondawmin | Liberty Rd-Milford Mill-Park Heights Ave Line | LocalLink 81, 85 |
| | - Milford Mill station (NB) | | - Park Heights Ave | - Park Circle | | |
| | - Randallstown (NB) | | - Milford Mill Rd | - Park Heights | | |
| | | | - Liberty Rd | - Pimlico | | |
| | | | | - Glen | | |
| | | | | - Fallstaff | | |
| | | | | - Pikesville | | |
| | | | | - Sudbrook Park | | |
| | | | | - Milford Mill | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 55 | - Towson Town Center (WB) | Eastern (2)\ | - Joppa Rd | - Towson Town Center | (Crosstown)\ | LocalLink 36 |
| | - Overlea Loop (EB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Goucher Blvd | - Towson Marketplace | Northern Pkwy-Fox Ridge Line | |
| | - Fox Ridge (EB) | | - Hillsway/McLean Blvd | - Parkville | | |
| | | | - Northern Pkwy | - Overlea | | |
| | | | - Kenwood Ave | - Rosedale | | |
| | | | - Rossville Blvd | - Golden Ring Plaza | | |
| | | | - Back River Neck Rd | - Franklin Square Hospital Center | | |
| | | | | - Essex Community College | | |
| | | | | - Middle River | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 56 | - Owings Mills Town Center (SB) | Northwest (4) | - Reisterstown Rd | - Reisterstown | Reisterstown Rd Line | LocalLink 87 |
| | - Glyndon (NB) | | | | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 57 | - Rogers Avenue station (NB) | Northwest (4) | - Gwynn Oak Ave | - Howard Park | Gwynn Oak Ave-Woodlawn Line | LocalLink 31, 34 |
| | - Gwynn Oak Park (SB) | | - Woodlawn Dr | - Gwynn Oak Park | | |
| | - Security Square Mall (SB) | | - Security Blvd | - Windsor Mill | | |
| | - Social Security (SB) | | | - Woodlawn | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 58 | - Reisterstown Plaza station (WB) | Northwest (4) | - Park Heights Ave | - Reisterstown Road Plaza | Park Heights-Northern Pkwy Line | LocalLink 33, 34\ |
| | - Mount Washington station (EB) | | - Glen Ave | - Cheswolde | | CityLink Brown |
| | - Overlea (EB) | | - Greenspring Ave | - Fallstaff | | |
| | - White Marsh (EB) | | | | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 59 | - Reisterstown Plaza station (SB) | Northwest (4) | - Reisterstown Road | - Reisterstown Road Plaza | Reisterstown Rd Line | LocalLink 89 |
| | - Owings Mills Town Center (NB) | | | - Pikesville | | |
| | - Red Land Court (NB) | | | - Garrison | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 60 | - Reisterstown Plaza station (WB)/(SB) | Northwest (4) | - Clarks Ln | - Reisterstown Road Plaza | Park Heights-Falls Rd Line | LocalLink 34 |
| | - Mount Washington station (EB) | | - Smith Ave | - Mt. Washington | | |
| | - Stevenson University (NB) | | | - Greenspring Station | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 61 | - Bellemore Road (NB) | Bush Street (1) | - Roland Ave | - Johns Hopkins University | Roland Park Line | LocalLink 95 |
| | - Inner Harbor (SB) | | - University Pkwy | - Union Memorial Hospital | | |
| | | | - St. Paul St | - Charles Village | | |
| | | | | - Penn Station | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 64 | - North Avenue (NB) | Bush Street (1) | - St. Paul/Calvert St, Light St | - Penn Station | Light St-Hanover St-Curtis Bay/Fort Smallwood Rd Line | CityLink Silver\ |
| | - Curtis Bay (SB) | | - Hanover St | - Mercy Hospital | | LocalLink 67 |
| | - Energy Parkway (SB) | | - Pennington Ave | - Inner Harbor | | |
| | - Riviera Beach (SB) | | - Hawkins Point Rd | - Federal Hill | | |
| | | | - Fort Smallwood Rd | - Port Covington | | |
| | | | | - Brooklyn | | |
| | | | | - Energy Parkway | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 77 | - Old Court station (NB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Old Court Rd | - Randallstown | (Crosstown)\ | LocalLink 37\ |
| | - Patapsco station (SB) | Northwest (4) | - Rolling Rd | - Windsor Mill | Rolling Rd-Lansdowne Line | CityLink Yellow |
| | | | - Windsor Mill Rd | - Rutherford Business Park | | |
| | | | - Security Blvd | - Woodlawn | | |
| | | | - Ingleside Ave/Bloomsbury Rd | - Social Security Administration | | |
| | | | - Washington Blvd | - Security Square Mall | | |
| | | | - Hammonds Ferry Rd | - Westview Mall | | |
| | | | - Hollins Ferry Rd | - Catonsville | | |
| | | | | - CCBC Catonsville | | |
| | | | | - UMBC | | |
| | | | | - Arbutus | | |
| | | | | - Halethorpe station | | |
| | | | | - Lansdowne | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Route 91 | - Sinai Hospital (NB) | Northwest (4) | - Belvedere Ave | - Pimlico | Garrison Blvd-Eutaw Pl Line | LocalLink 31, 80\ |
| | - Rogers Avenue station (NB)(SB) All Trips VIA | | - Garrison Blvd | - Pimlico Race Course | | CityLink Gold, Yellow |
| | - City Hall (SB) | | - North Ave | - Rogers Avenue station | | |
| | | | - Eutaw Pl/St | - Arlington | | |
| | | | | - Walbrook | | |
| | | | | - Coppin State College | | |
| | | | | - Penn-North station | | |
| | | | | - Bolton Hill | | |
| | | | | - State Center station | | |
| | | | | - Maryland General Hospital | | |
| | | | | - Lexington Market | | |
| | | | | - First Mariner Arena | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| | | | | | | |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| 4,998 |
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# History of Maryland Transit Administration
## Neighborhood Shuttle Bug routes prior to June 2017 {#neighborhood_shuttle_bug_routes_prior_to_june_2017}
+----------+-----------------------+---------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| Route | Terminus | Division\ | Major Streets | Places Served | Corridor Line | Replaced by |
| | | Operation | | | | |
+==========+=======================+===============+============================+=============================+===========================+==============+
| Route 97 | - Mondawmin station | Northwest (4) | - Liberty Heights Avenue | - BCCC Liberty campus | **Mondawmin Shuttle Bug** | LocalLink 82 |
| | | | - Coldspring Lane | - Arlington | | |
| | | | - Park Heights Avenue | - Park Heights | | |
| | | | - Reisterstown Road | - Coppin State University | | |
| | | | - North Avenue | - Walbrook | | |
| | | | - Gwynns Falls Parkway | | | |
+----------+-----------------------+---------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| Route 98 | - Woodberry station | Northwest (4) | - Roland Avenue | - Hampden | **Hampden Shuttle Bug** | LocalLink 21 |
| | | | - 41st Street | - The Rotunda | | |
| | | | - Keswick Avenue | | | |
+----------+-----------------------+---------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
| | | | | | | |
+----------+-----------------------+---------------+----------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------+--------------+
## Shuttle and Circulator routes prior to June 2017 {#shuttle_and_circulator_routes_prior_to_june_2017}
+----------+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------------+
| Route | Terminus | Division Operation | Major Streets | Places Served | Frequency\ | Bus Transfers | Replaced by |
| | | | | | (P/M/E/Sa/Su) | | |
+==========+=========================================+====================+=========================+======================================+================+============================+=========================+
| Route 29 | - Cherry Hill\ | - Bush Street\ | - Cherry Hill Road | - Cherry Hill Light Rail Stop | 20/20/20/20/- | LocalLink 26, LocalLink 71 | **Cherry Hill Shuttle** |
| | (counter-clockwise) | (1) | - Waterview Avenue | - Cherry Hill | | | |
| | | | | - Cherry Hill Multi-purpose center | | | |
| | | | | - Harbor Hospital Center | | | |
+----------+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------------+
| Route 50 | - Mannasota Avenue & Mayfield Avenue\ | - Kirk Avenue\ | - Mannasota Avenue | - Mayfield | 20/40/40/40/40 | **Belair-Erdman Shuttle** | LocalLink 57 |
| | (clockwise) | (3) | - Bowleys Lane | - Herring Run Park | | | |
| | | | - Sinclair Lane | - Parkside Shopping Center | | | |
| | | | - Chesterfield Avenue | - Claremont Senior Homes | | | |
| | | | - Clifmont Avenue | | | | |
+----------+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+----------+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------+--------------------------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------------+
| 430 |
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# History of Maryland Transit Administration
## School Supplementary routes prior to June 2017 {#school_supplementary_routes_prior_to_june_2017}
+----------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
| Route | Terminus | Division Operation | Major Streets | Places Served | Corridor Line | Replaced by |
+==========+===========================================+====================+=============================+==============================+=============================+==============+
| Route 18 | - Glen Avenue & Key Avenue (SB) | Northwest (4) | - Park Heights Avenue | - Cheswolde | Park Heights Schools Line | LocalLink 92 |
| | - Velvet Valley (NB) | | - Old Court Road | - Bonnie Ridge | | |
| | - Copper Ridge (EB) | | - Smith Avenue | - Pikesville | | |
| | - Scotts Hill (WB) | | - Cross Country Boulevard | - Old Court station | | |
| | | | - Glen Avenue | | | |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
| Route 38 | - North Bend (WB) | Bush (1) | - Edmondson Avenue | - Edmondson Village | (Crosstown)\ | LocalLink 38 |
| | - Grandview Road & Coldspring Lane (EB) | | - Poplar Grove Street | - Rosemont | West Baltimore Schools Line | |
| | | | - Liberty Heights Avenue | - Walbrook | | |
| | | | - Greenspring Avenue | - Windsor Hills | | |
| | | | - Coldspring Lane | - Forest Park | | |
| | | | | - BCCC Liberty Campus | | |
| | | | | - Park Circle | | |
| | | | | - Druid Hill Park | | |
| | | | | - Cold Spring Lane station | | |
+----------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+
| 277 |
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# History of Maryland Transit Administration
## Local Express routes prior to June 2017 {#local_express_routes_prior_to_june_2017}
+----------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Route | Terminus | Division Operation | Major Streets | Places Served | Corridor Line |
+================+======================================+====================+========================================+===============================+===================================================+
| Route 103\ | - Inner Harbor (IB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Loch Raven Boulevard | - Loch Raven | Loch Raven Blvd (Express) Line |
| (Formerly 3X) | - Cromwell Bridge Park & Ride (OB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Charles Street | - Eudowood | |
| | | | - St. Paul Street | - Ramblewood | |
| | | | | - Good Samaritan Hospital | |
| | | | | - Penn Station | |
| | | | | - Mt. Vernon | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Route 105\ | - Downtown (IB) | Eastern (2)\ | - Eutaw Street | - Lexington Market | Johns Hopkins Hospital-Sinclair Ln (Express) Line |
| (Formerly 5X) | - Cedonia (OB) | Northwest (4) | - Fayette/Baltimore Streets | - Baltimore Arena | |
| | | | - Monument/Madison Street | - Johns Hopkins Hospital | |
| | | | - Sinclair Lane | - Moravia Road | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Route 110\ | - Catonsville (OB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Frederick Road | - Yale Heights | Frederick Ave (Express) Line |
| (Formerly 10X) | - Light Street (IB) | Eastern (2) | - Pratt/Lombard Streets | - Pigtown | |
| | | | | - B&O Railroad Museum | |
| | | | | - Inner Harbor | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Route 115\ | - Downtown (IB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Saratoga Street | - Johns Hopkins Hospital | Johns Hopkins Hospital-Belair Rd (Express) Line |
| (Formerly 15X) | - Perry Hall (OB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Monument/Madison Street | - Belair-Edison | |
| | | | - Belair Road | - Gardenville | |
| | | | | - Fullerton | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Route 119\ | - Carney (OB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Howard Street/Eutaw Street | - Montebello State Hospital | Harford Rd (Express) Line |
| (Formerly 19X) | - Goucher & Taylor (OB) | | - Gay Street | - Hamilton | |
| | - State Center (IB) | | - Harford Road | - Parkville | |
| | | | - Hillsway/McLean Boulevard | - Hillendale | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Route 164\ | - North Avenue (IB) | Bush Street (1) | - St. Paul-Light/Calvert Streets | - BCPSS Headquarters | Hanover St-Fort Smallwood Rd (Express) Line |
| (Formerly 64X) | - Riviera Beach (SB) | | - Hanover Street | - Penn Station | |
| | | | - Pennington Avenue | - Mercy Hospital | |
| | | | - Hawkins Point/Fort Smallwood Roads | - Inner Harbor | |
| | | | | - Brooklyn | |
| | | | | - Energy Parkway | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
Note:
- All AM trips are to Downtown Baltimore
- All PM trips are to outer-points usually the suburbs of Baltimore
- Local express routes are not individual routes
| 551 |
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# History of Maryland Transit Administration
## QuickBus routes prior to June 2017 {#quickbus_routes_prior_to_june_2017}
+------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Route | Terminus | Division\ | Major Streets | Places Served | Corridor Line | Replaced by |
| | | Operation | | | | |
+============+============================================+==================+===============================+==========================================+===============================================+=======================+
| Route qb40 | - CMS Headquarters (WB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Security Blvd/Cooks Ln | - Social Security | U.S. Route 40-Eastern Ave (Limited-Stop) Line | CityLink Blue, Orange |
| | - Downtown City Hall Selected Trips (EB) | Eastern (2) | - Edmondson Avenue | - Woodlawn | | |
| | - Middle River (EB) | | - U.S. Route 40 | - Edmondson Village | | |
| | | | - Fayette/Baltimore Streets | - West Baltimore station | | |
| | | | - Eastern Avenue | - UMB | | |
| | | | | - Baltimore Arena | | |
| | | | | - Shot Tower | | |
| | | | | - Patterson Park | | |
| | | | | - Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center | | |
| | | | | - Eastpoint Mall | | |
| | | | | - Essex Park & Ride | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Route qb46 | - Paradise Loop (WB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Frederick Road | - Yale Heights | Frederick Ave-Sinclar Ln (Limited-Stop) Line | CityLink Purple, Pink |
| | - Cedonia (EB) | Eastern (2) | - Pratt/Lombard Streets | - Pigtown | | |
| | | | - Baltimore Street | - B&O Railroad Museum | | |
| | | | - Federal Street | - Baltimore Arena | | |
| | | | - Sinclair Lane | - Johns Hopkins Hospital | | |
| | | | | - Collington Square | | |
| | | | | - Moravia | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Route qb47 | - Walbrook Junction (WB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Poplar Grove Street | - Rosemont | Rosemont-Belair Rd (Limited-Stop) Line | LocalLink 80\ |
| | - Overlea (EB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Saratoga Street | - West Baltimore station | | CityLink Brown |
| | | | - Belair Road | - Belair-Edison | | |
| | | | | - Gardenville | | |
| | | | | - Fullerton | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| Route qb48 | - Towson Town Center (NB) | Bush Street (1)\ | - Greenmount Ave/York Rd | - Goucher College | Greenmount Ave-York Rd (Limited-Stop) Line | CityLink Red |
| | - UMB Transit Center (SB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Fayette/Baltimore St | - Towson Town Center | | |
| | | | | - Towson | | |
| | | | | - Towson University | | |
| | | | | - Belvedere Square | | |
| | | | | - Senator Theater | | |
| | | | | - Govans | | |
| | | | | - Waverly | | |
| | | | | - Baltimore Arena | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| | | | | | | |
+------------+--------------------------------------------+------------------+-------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-----------------------+
| 558 |
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# History of Maryland Transit Administration
## Express routes prior to June 2017 {#express_routes_prior_to_june_2017}
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Route | Terminus | Division Operation | Corridors Served | Places Served | Corridor Line |
+===========+===========================================+====================+==============================+=================================+=======================================================+
| Route 102 | - Sheppard Pratt/Towson University (WB) | Eastern (2) | - Joppa Road | - Sheppard Pratt Hospital | White Marsh-Towson Expressbus Link Line |
| | - White Marsh Park & Ride (EB) | | - I-695 | - Towson University | |
| | | | | - Towson Town Center | |
| | | | | - North Plaza | |
| | | | | - Walther Center | |
| | | | | - White Marsh Mall | |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Route 104 | - Cromwell Bridge Road Park & Ride (NB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | - Loch Raven Blvd | - Johns Hopkins Hospital | Loch Raven Blvd-Johns Hopkins Hospital (Express) Line |
| | - Johns Hopkins Hospital (SB) | | - Washington St/Wolfe St | - Loch Raven Boulevard | |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Route 120 | - White Marsh Park & Ride (EB) | Eastern (2)\ | - I-95 | - Johns Hopkins Hospital | White Marsh (Express) Line |
| | - Downtown Baltimore (WB) | Kirk Avenue (3) | | - White Marsh Mall | |
| | - Johns Hopkins Hospital (WB) | | | - White Marsh Park-and-Ride | |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Route 150 | - Columbia (WB) | Bush Street (1) | - U.S. Route 40 | - City Hall | Columbia-U.S. Route 40 (Express) Line |
| | - Downtown Baltimore (EB) | | - Edmondson Avenue | - West Baltimore MARC station | |
| | | | - U.S. Route 29 | - Catonsville | |
| | | | - Little Patuxent Parkway | - Edmondson Village | |
| | | | - Twin Rivers Road | - Mall in Columbia | |
| | | | - Harpers Farm Road | - Harper\'s Choice | |
| | | | | - Ellicott City | |
| | | | | - Normandy | |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Route 160 | - Whispering Woods (EB) | Eastern (2) | - I-95 | - Middle River | Eastern Blvd (Express) Line |
| | - Fox Ridge (EB) | | - Eastern Ave/Eastern Blvd | - Essex | |
| | - Downtown Baltimore (WB) | | | - Eastwood | |
| | - Johns Hopkins Hospital (WB) | | | | |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | |
+-----------+-------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 439 |
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# History of Maryland Transit Administration
## Former bus routes {#former_bus_routes}
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Route | Major Streets | Places Served | Years of operation | Replaced by | Notes |
+======================================================================+==============================================================================================================================================================================================================+========================================================================================================================+=========================================================================+=========================================================================================================================================================================+=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| **0**\ | Druid Hill Ave, Paca, Lombard, Exeter, Pratt | | 1893--1920 (streetcar) | Route 5 | |
| Druid Hill Park -- Patterson Park | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **2**\ | Pennsylvania Ave, Cumberland St, Carey St, Charles St, Fort Ave | | 1893--1959 (streetcar before 1948) | Route 1 | Merged with Route 1 when both trackless trolley routes were converted to bus |
| Druid Hill Park -- Fort McHenry | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **2**\ | Rossville Blvd, Kenwood Ave | Golden Ring Mall\ | 1972--1977 | Route 55 | |
| Fox Ridge -- Overlea | | Franklin Square Hospital\ | | | |
| | | Essex Community College\ | | | |
| | | Rosedale | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **2**\ | Rolling Road\ | Yale Heights\ | 1982--2005 | Route 10 | Combined with Route 10 as part of GBBI to provide single-seat crosstown service |
| Catonsville -- City Hall | Frederick Road\ | B&O Railroad Museum | | | |
| | Pratt Street\ | | | | |
| | Lombard Street | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **4**\ | Windsor Mill Rd, Bloomingdale Rd, Poplar Grove St | | 1894--1954 (was a streetcar) | Route 15 | |
| Windsor Hills -- Downtown | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **5**\ | Fremont Avenue | Bolton Hill\ | 1894--1910 (was a streetcar) | renumbered Route 30 | |
| Clement & Charles -- Charles St. & North Avenue | | Ridgely\'s Delight | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6\ | Hanover Street\ | Curtis Bay\ | 1892--1977 (was a streetcar before 1948) | Routes 61, 62, 63 (now Route 64), and 64 | Was split into four routes. Service today is provided in the Roland Park area by Route 61 (peak hours only), in East Baltimore on Route 35, and south of downtown on Route 64. |
| Wagner\'s Point -- Roland Park\ | St. Paul Street\ | Federal Hill\ | | | |
| East Monument | Roland Avenue\ | Charles Village\ | | | |
| | Monument Street | Johns Hopkins University\ | | | |
| | | Johns Hopkins Hospital | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **6**\ | North Point Road | North Point\ | 1996--1999 | not replaced | Previously, Ft. Howard had been served by other routes including the #26 Streetcar, Bus Route 9, and the current Bus Route 4. Route 4 service was eliminated in 1993 and replaced by a private contractor. Route 6 restored MTA service there in October 1996, but was eliminated in January 1999. |
| Eastpoint -- Ft. Howard | | Edgemere | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **6**\ | Baltimore Street\ | Downtown Baltimore\ | 2008-2010 | Routes 30, 46 | West side service replaced with a new Route 30. Eastside service replaced with Route 46 Quickbus. |
| Edmondson Village -- Cedonia | Federal Street\ | Johns Hopkins Hospital | | | |
| | Sinclair Lane\ | | | | |
| | Cedonia Avenue | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **9**\ | Frederick Road | Oella | 1893--1957 (streetcar before 1955) | not replaced at time | Route 150 provides service between Baltimore and Ellicott City during peak hours |
| Catonsville -- Ellicott City | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **9**\ | North Point Road | Edgemere | 1971--1973 | Routes 4, 10 | |
| Sparrows Point -- Ft. Howard | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **11**\ | Roland | | 1890s--1924 (was a streetcar) | Renumbered Route 28 | |
| Lakeside to\ | | | | | |
| Roland & University Parkway | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **12**\ | McCulloch, North, John Avenue, Lafayette, Park, Camden, Paca, Fremont, Ridgely, Annapolis | | 1893--1938 (was a streetcar) | portions replaced by Route 17 (later merged into route 28; service now provided by Route 27), rest not replaced | |
| Cloverdale & McCulloch -- Westport | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **12**\ | Wilkens Avenue, Park Heights Avenue | | 1948--1959 | Routes 3, 5 | |
| Halethorpe -- Downtown | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **12**\ | U.S. Route 40\ | Catonsville\ | 1972--1991 | Routes 150, 160 | Route 12 was the designation for express routes from both the western and eastern suburbs. The route was redesignated in 1991. |
| Westview/Essex -- Downtown | Interstate 95 | Essex | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **12**\ | Nursery Road\ | Linthicum\ | 1993--1996 | Route 17 | Route 12 was formed in 1993 as a replacement for Route 230, which was eliminated in conjunction with the opening of the south end of the Light Rail. It also served a part of Route 17, which had been rerouted at the time. In 1996, Routes 12 and 17 were combined, with portions of both routes eliminated and not replaced. |
| North Linthicum station -- Parkway Center | Hammonds Ferry Road\ | BWI Airport\ | | | |
| | Camp Meade Road\ | BWI Amtrak | | | |
| | Aviation Boulevard\ | | | | |
| | Dorsey Road | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **14**\ | | | 1898-1954 (streetcar) | Route 23 | |
| Ellicott City -- Downtown | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **15A**\ | Overlea | Belair Road | 1973--1991 | Route 43 (now Route 15) | Was redesignated as Route 43 in 1991. Route 43 Kingsville service was merged into Route 15 in 1992. Route 43 White Marsh service was merged into Route 66 at the same time, but Route 66 was eliminated in 1993, and White Marsh service became a part of Route 15. Service between Overlea and White Marsh Mall/White Marsh Town Center is now provided by Route 58. |
| Kingsville/Perry Hall/White Marsh -- Downtown Baltimore | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **16**\ | Madison Avenue, Eutaw Street, Baltimore Street, Broadway | | 1893-1959 (streetcar before 1948) | not replaced | |
| Madison Avenue & Clover -- Broadway & Thames | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **16**\ | Aviation Boulevard\ | BWI Airport\ | 1973-1989 | Route 230 and Route 240 | |
| Odenton/Ft. Meade/BWI Airport -- Downtown | Dorsey Road | BWI Amtrak | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **16**\ | Baltimore-Washington Parkway | *express service* | 1993--1995 | Private carrier (now other agencies) | Connect-a-ride Route K provides service to Ft. Meade from Arundel Mills |
| North Linthicum station -- Ft. Meade | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **17** | | St. Paul Street | 1893--1947 (was a streetcar) | Route 3 and Route 28 (which was discontinued in 2001) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **17** | Butcher\'s Hill | Fayette Street | 1949--1950 | Route 23 | Route 17 was formerly the St. Paul Street streetcar but was replaced by Route 3 and Route 28 (which was discontinued in 2001) in 1947 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **18**\ | Pennsylvania Avenue | | 1894--1959 (streetcar before 1952) | Route 7 | |
| Canton -- Downtown | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **18**\ | York Road\ | Cockeysville\ | 1973--1992 | Light Rail | |
| Hereford/Warren Road/\ | Interstate 83 | Timonium | | | |
| Timonium Park & Ride -- Downtown | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **18**\ | York Road | Cockeysville | 1992-1993 | Route 9 | Route nearly duplicated Route 9 |
| Fairgrounds station -- Hunt Valley Mall | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **18**\ | Oakwood Road\ | Glen Burnie | 1993--1996 | not replaced | In 1995, service after 7 pm was discontinued. In 1996, line was completely discontinued due to low ridership. |
| Cromwell station -- Old Mill | Elvaton Road\ | | | | |
| | Old Mill Road | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **20**\ | Orleans Street | | 1894--1929 (streetcar) | Route 6 (later split; this section served by Route 62, later Route 35) | |
| Patterson Park -- Downtown | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **20**\ | Gwynn Oak, not a street, Belview, and Belvedere | | 1930 (was a streetcar) | Temporary service when Route 33 was suspended during the Great Depression | |
| Gwynn Oak Junction -- Pimlico | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **20**\ | | | 1930-1936 (was a streetcar) | not replaced | |
| Dundalk Short Line | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **22**\ | Washington Street | | 1895--1938 (streetcar) | Route 34 (later merged into Route 22) | |
| Canton | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **23**\ | Washington Street | | 1895--1942 (streetcar) | Route P (which was changed to Route 23 in 1950) | |
| Middle River -- Downtown | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **24**\ | Eastern Avenue\ | | 1903--1926 (streetcar) | renumbered Route 26 | |
| Sparrows Point -- Downtown | Dundalk Avenue | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **24**\ | Roland | | 1929--1950 (was a streetcar) | replaced by expanded trips on Route 56 (now Route 11) | Only operated from 1:30am to 5:30am. |
| Lakeside to\ | | | | | |
| Roland & University Parkway | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **24**\ | | | 1974--1984 | Metro Subway | |
| Pimlico Park & Ride | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **24**\ | | Patapsco Avenue | 1986--1987 | Route 22 | |
| Brooklyn -- Curtis Bay | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **25**\ | | Falls Road | 1897--1959 (streetcar before 1949) | Route 10 | |
| Belvedere -- Camden Station | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **26**\ | Eastern Avenue\ | | 1926--1959 (streetcar before 1958) | Route 10 (no Sparrows Point service) | This route has recently been resurrected to serve between Downtown Baltimore and Dundalk Marine Terminal, including the new Amazon Distribution Facility on Holabird Avenue. |
| Sparrows Point -- Highlandtown | Dundalk Avenue | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **26**\ | *express service* | Towson | 1976--1993 | Shuttle to Light Rail | Was an express service that operated through Towson, then downtown via I-83. In 1992, along with the Light Rail opening, the number of trips were cut in half. In 1993, all express service was discontinued. A shuttle was formed in response to protests to total elimination. |
| Providence Road Park & Ride -- Downtown Baltimore | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **26**\ | Fairmount Avenue\ | Towson Town Center\ | 1993--1995 | not replaced | |
| Providence Road Park & Ride -- Lutherville station | Seminary Avenue\ | Hampton | | | |
| | Ridgely Road | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **27**\ | Washington Boulevard | Pigtown | 1905--1959 (streetcar until 1938, trolley until 1957) | Route 11 | Merged into Route 11. Service is provided by Route 36. |
| Washington Boulevard line | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **28**\ | | | 1908--1910 (streetcar) | Route 3 | |
| Gwynn Oak Park | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **28**\ | | | 1924--1924 (streetcar) | Renumbered Route 11 | |
| Guilford | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **28**\ | Roland | | 1924--1929 (streetcar) | Renumbered Route 24 | |
| Lakeside -- Roland & University Parkway | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **28**\ | Liberty Road/Liberty Heights Avenue\ | Mondawmin\ | 1947--2001 | Routes 5, 27, 29, 91, M-1, M-6 | In 1984, service west of Mondawmin was replaced with \"M-lines\" during Metro\'s hours. In 1993, service south of the Cherry Hill Light Rail Stop was replaced with Routes 29 and 30 .\ |
| Randallstown -- Cherry Hill/Baltimore Highlands | Eutaw Street/Place | Reservoir Hill\ | | | In 1996, all Monday-Saturday service was discontinued. Route 5 was modified to replace service in Reservoir Hill, Route 27 was extended to Cherry Hill, and service elsewhere on the route was provided already by other existing lines.\ |
| | | Bolton Hill | | | In 2001, the remaining service on Sunday was discontinued when M-lines started to operate on Sundays. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **29**\ | Roland Avenue\ | Charles Village\ | 1908--1959 (streetcar before 1947) | Route 6\ | |
| Roland Park to Downtown Baltimore | University Parkway\ | Johns Hopkins University | | (now 61) | |
| | St. Paul Street | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **29**\ | I-83 | *express service* | 1983--1988 | Route 18 (now Light Rail) | |
| Timonium Park-and-Ride -- Downtown Baltimore | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **30**\ | Fremont Avenue | Bolton Hill\ | 1910--1993 (was a streetcar before 1950, and a trolley before 1958) | not replaced | In 1992, service on this route was cut in half. When discontinued in 1993, no replacement service on route was provided, but other buses operate near entire route. |
| Clement & Charles -- Charles St. & North Avenue | | Ridgely\'s Delight | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **30**\ | Hollins Ferry Road | Mt. Winans\ | 1993--2001 | Route 51 | Merged into Route 51 |
| Cherry Hill station -- Patapsco station | | Baltimore Highlands | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **30**\ | Old Frederick Road, Fayette/Baltimore Streets, Pratt/Lombard Streets, Eastern Avenue | Edmondson Village\ | 2010--2015 | additional service on Route 20 and rest covered by Route 10 | |
| City Hall/Bayview Medical Center -- Edmondson Village | | Bon Secours Hospital\ | | | |
| | | Baltimore Arena\ | | | |
| | | Inner Harbor\ | | | |
| | | National Aquarium\ | | | |
| | | Little Italy\ | | | |
| | | Fells Point\ | | | |
| | | Patterson Park\ | | | |
| | | Highlandtown | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **31** | | Garrison Boulevard | 1917--1952 (streetcar) | Route 19 | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **31**\ | Wilkens Avenue | UMBC\ | 1987--2005 | Routes 35 and 77 | Service between UMBC and downtown merged into Route 35 in 2005 as part of GBBI. Service between UMBC and Halethorpe replaced by Route 77. |
| Halethorpe -- Penn Station | | St. Agnes Hospital | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **32**\ | Milford Mill\ | Liberty Heights Avenue | 1920--1959 (streetcar before 1955) | Route 28 | Routes 52 and 54 provide service on Liberty Road/Heights Avenue |
| Randallstown -- Downtown Baltimore | Howard Park | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **32**\ | Waverly\ | Perring Parkway\ | 1979--1982 | not replaced | |
| Hillen Road Park & Ride -- Downtown Baltimore | Charles Village | Hillen Road\ | | | |
| | | 33rd Street\ | | | |
| | | St. Paul Street\ | | | |
| | | Calvert Street | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **33** | | Hudson Street | 1920--1924 | Route 18 (later Route 7) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **33**\ | | Gwynn Oak, not a street, Belview, Belvedere, and Heights Avenue | 1924--1948 | Route 5 (portion converted to buses) and a branch of Route 32 (remaining streetcar portion) | |
| Gwynn Oak Junction -- Downtown | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **33** | | Milton Street | 1950--1954 | Route 13 | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **34**\ | Fells Point | Wolfe Street\ | 1907--1975 (streetcar before 1950) | 10, 13, and Route 22 | |
| North & Washington -- Canton/Highlandtown | | Eastern Avenue | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **35**\ | Windsor Hills | Forest Park Avenue | 1904--1966 (streetcar before 1954) | Route 15 | |
| Lorraine -- Walbrook Junction | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **35**\ | | Wilkens Avenue\ | 1966 | College operated shuttles | Route 77 provides service between UMBC and CCBC Catonsville |
| UMBC -- Catonsville Community College | | Rolling Road | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **35**\ | Arington\ | Coldspring Lane | 1968--1969 | Route 33 | |
| Garrison Boulevard -- Morgan State University | Roland Park\ | | | | |
| | Homeland | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **37**\ | Milford Mill\ | Liberty Heights Avenue\ | 1947--1974 | Route 28 (now Routes 54, 52, 5, 91, and 27) | No. 37 designation was specifically reserved for trips on the route of bus no. 28 going *to* Cherry Hill |
| Randallstown -- Cherry Hill | Lochearn\ | Eutaw Street\ | | | |
| | Howard Park\ | Russell Street | | | |
| | Mondawmin\ | | | | |
| | Reservoir Hill\ | | | | |
| | Bolton Hill\ | | | | |
| | Westport | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **38**\ | | | 1951--1952 | Dundalk Bus Lines | (service not provided now) |
| Sparrows Point -- Ft. Howard | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **40**\ | Owings Mills\ | Reisterstown Road | 1948--1951 | Route 5/Route 7 (since split) | Routes 56 and 59 operate along this route |
| Pikesville -- Glyndon | Reisterstown | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **43**\ | Overlea | Belair Road | 1990--1992 | Route 15 | |
| Kingsville/White Marsh -- Downtown Baltimore | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **44X**\ | Hamilton | Northern Parkway | 1970--1990 | Route 66 | Route 58 now serves this area, and Route 55 covers the portion of this line between McLean Blvd and Overlea. |
| Springlake Way & Bellona Avenue -- Overlea | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **45**\ | | Loch Raven Boulevard | 1949--1956 | Route 3 | |
| Baynesille -- Waverly | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **46**\ | | Union Avenue | 1901--1970 (streetcar before 1949, but was not numbered 46 until later) | Route 22 (now Route 98) | |
| Clipper Mill -- Hampden | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **46**\ | Robert Poole, Falstaff, and Pimlico Middle Schools, and Northwestern High School | | 1999--2003 | absorbed by line services | |
| Northwest School Trips | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **47**\ | | Cross Country Boulevard | 1950--1989 (streetcar before 1950, but was not numbered 47 until later) | not replaced | Riders directed to take bus to Metro. Route 58 serves area and connects to Metro and Light Rail. |
| Cheswolde -- Downtown | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **47**\ | Benjamin Franklin and Lombard Middle Schools, and Southern High School | | 1998--2002 | absorbed by line services | |
| Bush School Trippers | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **48**\ | | Belvedere Avenue, Pimlico Road, Ken Oak, Cross Country, and Kelly Avenue | 1949--1951 (streetcar before 1950) | Route 25 (service later obtained on Route 10, and until June 2017 on Route 27) | |
| Belvedere Loop -- Mount Washington | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **48**\ | | | 1988--1989 | not replaced | |
| S.E.E.T. Shuttle | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **48**\ | Hamilton Middle School and Northern High School | | 1997--2004 | absorbed by line services | |
| Kirk School Trips | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **49**\ | | Belvedere Avenue, Pimlico Road, Ken Oak, Cross Country, and Kelly Avenue | 1950--1952 | Route 20 | |
| Edmondson Village | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **49**\ | | | 1988--1989 | not replaced | |
| S.E.E.T. Shuttle | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **49**\ | Thurgood Marshall and Southeastern Middle Schools, Schools #170 and #171, and Patterson High School | | 1996--2004 | absorbed by line services | |
| Eastern School Trips | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **52**\ | | Washington Boulevard\ | 1948--1957 | Route 27 | Now served by Route 36 |
| Lansdowne -- Morrell Park | | Hammonds Ferry Road | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **53**\ | | Harford Road | 1948--1956 | Route 19 | |
| Parkville -- Carney | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **54**\ | Milford Mill\ | Liberty Road\ | 1948--1955 | Route 32 | Served by routes 52 and new Route 54 (unrelated) |
| Randallstown -- Gwynn Oak Junction | Lochearn\ | Milford Mill Road | | | |
| | Sudbrook Park | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **55** | | North Point Road | 1948--1952 | Dundalk Bus Lines (now Route 4) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **56**\ | Homeland\ | Charles Street | 1948--1953 | Route 11 | |
| Murray Hill -- Bedford Square | Roland Park | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **57**\ | Waverly | Gorsuch Avenue | 1947--1975 | not replaced | |
| Old York Rd & 33rd St -- Harford Rd | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **58**\ | Fallstaff | Cross Country Boulevard | 1948--1973 | Route 44 (now new Route 58) | |
| Brighton -- Greenspring Manor | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **58**\ | | Pimlico Road | 1973--1975 | Route 44 (now new Route 58) | |
| Pimlico -- Ranchleigh | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **58**\ | Pikesville | Smith Avenue | 1976--1978 | not immediately replaced (served now by current Route 58 and Route 60) | |
| Reisterstown Road Plaza -- Mt. Washington | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **58A**\ | Pikesville\ | Stevenson Road\ | 1973--1975 | Route 5 (later Metro connection routes; service to Stevenson University (formerly Villa Julie) is now provided by Route 60; service on Stevenson Road is not provided.) | |
| Reisterstown Road Plaza -- Greenwood | Villa Julie College | Greenspring Valley Road | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **59**\ | | | 1948--1953 | not replaced | |
| Ponca & Holabird -- Colgate Warehouses | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **61**\ | Downtown Baltimore | Howard Street\ | 1946--1949 | not replaced | |
| Pier 6 Parking Lot -- Preston Street Parking Lot | | Saratoga Street | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **62**\ | Armistead Gardens\ | Pulaski Highway\ | 1977--2000 | Route 35 | |
| Hollander Ridge -- Inner Harbor | Johns Hopkins Hospital | Madison/Monument | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **63**\ | | Pennington Avenue | 1948--1951 | Route 6 | |
| Curtis Bay -- Davison Chemical | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **63**\ | | Ft. Smallwood Road\ | 1977--1996 | Route 64 | |
| Riviera Beach -- Downtown (1977--1993)/Patapsco station (1993--1996) | | Pennington Avenue | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **64**\ | | | 1955--1957 | not replaced | |
| Northwood Shopping Center | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **65**\ | | | 1956--early 1960s | not replaced | Only personnel from the U.S. Air Force could ride this bus. |
| A.R.D.C. Shuttle | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **65**\ | | Patapsco Avenue\ | 2003--2005 | not replaced | |
| Patapsco station -- Wagner\'s Point | | Frankfurst Avenue | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **66**\ | Hamilton | Northern Parkway | 1974--1982 | not replaced | |
| Arundel Crosstown | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **66**\ | Hamilton | Northern Parkway | 1991--1993 | Routes 36, 55 and current Route 58 | |
| Bellona and Springlake -- Overlea | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **67**\ | Sudbrook Park\ | Reisterstown Road | 1956--1968 | not replaced (Metro Subway serves route) | |
| Howardsville Station -- Pleasant Street | Pikesville | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **67**\ | Pimlico Shuttle | | ?--? | not replaced | |
| Rogers Avenue station -- Pimlico Racetrack | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **68**\ | Forest Park\ | Forest Park Avenue | 2003--2007 | Route 15 | Provided local service to Windsor Hills while Forest Park Avenue bridge over Gwynns Falls was being replaced |
| Walbrook Junction -- Windsor Hills | Dickeyville Historic District | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **70**\ | Downtown Baltimore | | 1990--1992 | not replaced | |
| Fallsway Park & Ride shuttle | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **71**\ | | | 1988--1995 | Metro Subway extended to Hopkins in 1995 | |
| Charles Center station -- Johns Hopkins Hospital station | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **73**\ | *MARC shuttle* | | 1991 | not replaced | |
| Penn Station -- Downtown Baltimore | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **73**\ | *Monet - BMA Shuttle* | | 1992--1993 | not replaced | |
| Eastern High School -- Baltimore Museum of Art | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **76**\ | | | 1985--1990 | not replaced | |
| Towson shuttle | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **80**\ | | | 1959--1962 | not replaced | |
| Uptown shuttle | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **86**\ | *various routes* | | 1960--2005 | not replaced; riders directed to use other lines | |
| various locations -- Social Security | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **87**\ | | | 1974--1975 | not replaced | Park & Ride Service to Hopkins Hospital from Westview, Timonium, Pimlico, Memorial Stadium, City Hall, and GEM Lot East |
| Johns Hopkins Hospital Express | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **87**\ | West Baltimore | North Avenue\ | 1985--1990 | not replaced; riders directed to use other lines | |
| North & Milton -- Social Security | | Edmondson Avenue | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **88**\ | | | 1984--1985 | not replaced | |
| White Marsh Mall | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **90**\ | *Sinai Hospital Shuttle* | | 1959--1960 | 19 | |
| Sinai Hospital -- Belvedere Loop | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **92**\ | Baseball Service | | 1992 | not replaced | |
| Lombard & Pratt Streets | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **93**\ | Baseball Service | | 1992--2003 | not replaced | |
| Paca & Eutaw Streets | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **96**\ | | | 1987--1988 | discontinued when Subway hours expanded | |
| Metro Clean Up | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **96**\ | | | 1997--2001 | not replaced | |
| Zoo Shuttle | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **99**\ | | | 1950--1951 | renumbered Route 38 | only shown on a 1950 map |
| Fort Howard Shuttle | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **99**\ | Randallstown, Windsor Mill, Rutherford Business Park, Woodlawn, Social Security Administration, Security Square Mall, Westview Mall, Catonsville, CCBC Catonsville, UMBC, BWI Airport, BWI Business District | Old Court Road, Rolling Road, Windsor Mill Road, Security Boulevard, I-695 (Beltway), Bloomsbury Road, I-195, Elm Road | ?-2016 | | |
| Old Court station -- BWI Airport | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **102**\ | Rosewood Lane\ | Owings Mills\ | 2001--2005 | Route M-17 (now completely defunct) | |
| Rosewood Center -- Fremont Avenue | Reisterstown Road\ | Pikesville\ | | | |
| | Park Heights Avenue\ | Park Heights | | | |
| | Pennsylvania Avenue\ | | | | |
| | Fremont Avenue | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-1**\ | Baltimore City Community College\ | Liberty Heights Avenue/Liberty Road | 1984--2009 | Redesignated Route 52 | |
| Mondawmin station -- Milford Mill | Howard Park\ | | | | |
| | Gwynn Oak\ | | | | |
| | Lochearn | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-2**\ | Park Heights\ | Reisterstown Road\ | 1984--2009 | Redesignated Route 53 | |
| Mondawmin station -- Old Court station | Reisterstown Road Plaza\ | Old Court Road | | | |
| | Pikesville | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-3**\ | Park Heights\ | Park Heights Avenue\ | 1984--2009 | Route 54 | Originally started at Mondawmin station |
| Penn-North station -- Milford Mill station | Pimlico Race Course\ | Slade Avenue | | | |
| | Druid Hill Park\ | | | | |
| | Mondawmin | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-5**\ | Cheswolde\ | Glen Avenue\ | 1987--1992 | Route M-10 (now provided by Route 58 between Reisterstown Plaza Station and Mt. Washington) | |
| Rogers Avenue station -- Towson | Mt. Washington\ | Greenspring Avenue\ | | | |
| | Ruxton | Smith Avenue\ | | | |
| | | Falls Road\ | | | |
| | | Ruxton Road\ | | | |
| | | Bellona Avenue\ | | | |
| | | Joppa Road | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-6**\ | Howard Park\ | Gwynn Oak Avenue\ | 1987--2009 | Redesignated Route 57; no routing changes made | |
| Rogers Avenue station -- Security Square Mall | Woodlawn\ | Woodlawn Drive | | | |
| | Social Security Administration | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-8**\ | Milford Mill\ | Milford Mill Road\ | 1987--2009 | Route 54 | |
| Rogers Avenue station -- Randallstown | Northwest Hospital | Liberty Road | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-9**\ | Pikesville\ | Reisterstown Road\ | 1987--2008 | Routes 56 and 59 | |
| Reisterstown Plaza station -- Glyndon | Garrison\ | Painters Mill Road | | | |
| | Owings Mills | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-10**\ | Cheswolde\ | Clarks Lane\ | 1987--2008 | Routes 58 and 60 | |
| Reisterstown Plaza station -- Villa Julie College | Fallstaff\ | Glen Avenue\ | | | |
| | Ranchleigh\ | Greenspring Avenue\ | | | |
| | Mt. Washington\ | Smith Avenue\ | | | |
| | Greenspring Station | Falls Road | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-12**\ | Stevenson\ | Stevenson Road\ | 1987--2005 | Service to Villa Julie replaced by Route M-10 (now Route 60). Service to other parts of line not replaced. | |
| Milford Mill station -- Greenwood/Caves Road | Villa Julie College | Greenspring Valley Road\ | | | |
| | | Park Heights Avenue | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-13**\ | | Milford Mill Road\ | 1987--1988 | Route M-1 | |
| Milford Mill station -- Milford Mill/Bellemore Farms | | Scotts Level Road | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-15**\ | | Liberty Road\ | 1987--1992 | Route M-9 | |
| Randallstown -- Pikesville/Owings Mills | | Old Court Road\ | | | |
| | | Reisterstown Road | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-16**\ | | Reisterstown Road | 1987--1997 | Route M-9 (now Route 56) | |
| Owings Mills station -- Reisterstown | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-17**\ | | | 1987--1992 | Routes M-9 and M-16 (now Routes 56 and 59) | |
| Owings Mills station -- Owings Mills Town Center | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **M-17**\ | Rosewood Center | Red Run Boulevard | 1997--2009 | 59 replaced service on Red Run; no replacement for Rosewood service | |
| Owings Mills station -- Business Center at Owings Mills | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **P-1**\ | Pikesville\ | Reisterstown Road | 1984--1987 | Routes M-9 and M-16 | |
| Reisterstown Plaza station -- Reisterstown | Owings Mills | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **P-2**\ | Stevenson | Stevenson Road\ | 1984--1987 | Route M-12 (service not provided on this route) | |
| Reisterstown Plaza station -- Caves Road | | Park Heights Avenue | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **P-3**\ | Stevenson\ | Stevenson Road\ | 1984--1987 | Route M-12 (service to Villa Julie provided by Route 60).) | |
| Reisterstown Plaza station -- Greenwood | Villa Julie College | Greenspring Valley Road | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **P-4**\ | Pikesville | Reisterstown Road\ | 1984--1987 | Route M-9 (now Route 59) | |
| Reisterstown Plaza station -- Owings Mills Mall | | Painters Mill Road | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **P-5**\ | | Stevenson Road | 1984--1987 | Route M-12 (service not provided on this route) | |
| Reisterstown Plaza station -- Halcyon Gate | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **P-6**\ | Sudbrook Park | Milford Mill Road\ | 1984--1987 | Route M-13 | |
| Reisterstown Plaza station -- Bellemore Farms | | Scotts Level Road | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **P-7**\ | Fallstaff | Clarks Lane | 1984--1987 | Route M-10 (now Route 60) | |
| Reisterstown Plaza station -- Ranchleigh | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **R-2**\ | Cheswolde | Glen Avenue\ | 1984--1987 | Route M-5 (now Route 58) | |
| Rogers Avenue station -- Mt. Washington | | Greenspring Avenue\ | | | |
| | | Smith Avenue | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **R-3**\ | Howard Park\ | Gwynn Oak Avenue | 1984--1987 | Route M-6 | |
| Rogers Avenue station -- Social Security | Gwynn Oak\ | | | | |
| | Woodlawn | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **R-4**\ | Milford Mill\ | Liberty Road | 1984--1987 | Route M-8 (now Route 54) | |
| Rogers Avenue station -- Randallstown | Northwest Hospital | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **A**\ | Johns Hopkins University\ | Charles Street | 1915--1947 | Route 11 | |
| Charles Village -- Downtown | Penn Station | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **B** | | Mt. Royal Avenue | 1922--1947 | Routes 28 and 37 (no buses operate on Mt. Royal Avenue; Route 91 operates closest of all parallel routes) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **C** | Waverly | The Alameda | 1924--1943 | not replaced (other buses operate nearby) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **D** | Rosemont | Bentalou Street | 1923--1948 | Route 51 | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **E**\ | Lochearn\ | Liberty Road | 1931--1948 | Route 54 (now Route 32) | |
| Randallstown -- Gwynn Oak Avenue | Howard Park | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **F** | Patterson Park | Chester Street | 1924--1950 | Route 33 (now Route 13) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **G** | Butcher\'s Hill | Fayette Street | 1925--1949 | Route 17 (now provided by several routes, not including current Route 17) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **H** | North Point | North Point Road | 1925--1948 | Route 55 (now provided by Route 4) | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **I** | Arlington\ | Monroe Street\ | 1925--1948 | Route 51 | |
| | Rosemont | Dolfield Road | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **J**\ | | Washington Boulevard | 1927--1948 | Route 52 (now provided by Route 36) | |
| Morrell Park -- Lansdowne | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **K** | Mt
| 6,035 |
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# Bridgeland, Calgary
**Bridgeland-Riverside**, formerly known as **Bridgeland** and **Germantown**, is a neighbourhood in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, is located northeast of Downtown Calgary. It is bounded to the south by the Bow River, to the east by Deerfoot Trail, to the west by Edmonton Trail and to the north by the community of Renfrew.
The community is primarily residential with a mix of parkside condominiums and single-family houses. Bridgeland contains a variety of restaurants, food markets, retail shopping, offices, financial services, churches and schools. The Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo, Telus Spark, The Bridges urban renewal development and access to the city\'s large network of pedestrian pathways (the Bow River pathway) and parks are unique focal points for the community and surrounding region.
Bridgeland borders a natural environment composed of the confluence of the Bow River and Elbow River. Tom Campbell\'s Hill park lies on the eastern edge of Bridgeland and overlooks the downtown, Bow River and northeastern part of the city. St. Patrick\'s Island and St. George\'s Island lie in the southern part of Bridgeland. St. George\'s Island is home to the Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo, Canada\'s second largest zoo.
Bridgeland is the site of the Telus Spark, a \$160-million facility that opened on October 29, 2011 and Canada\'s first purpose-built science centre in more than 25 years.
## History
The community of Riverside was established by Russian-German immigrants during Calgary\'s first population boom in the 1880s, when Riverside was known as Germantown. At the beginning of the 20th century, immigrants were mostly of Italian and Ukrainian origin.
The name \"Bridgeland\" appeared as a result of the Dominion Bridge Company operating nearby.
Riverside incorporated as a village on July 6, 1903, and was subsequently annexed by the City of Calgary in 1910. In 1910, the Riverside School opened and served the community for 50 years. In 1908, the Bridgeland-Riverside Community Association was founded. A *Red Light District* survived in the neighbourhood until the First World War. In 1910, the Calgary General Hospital was built in this area. It was closed in 1997 and was demolished in a controlled explosion on October 4, 1998.
Parts of lower Bridgeland were popularly known as \"Little Italy\" in emulation of similarly named enclaves in other cities of immigrants of Italian stock. The concentration of Italian bakeries, restaurants and groceries has diminished over time but the strip along 1st Avenue NE is sometimes still referred to by this name.
The Wilder Institute/Calgary Zoo was established on St. George\'s Island in 1929 with 36 mammals and 78 birds. By 2006, it had expanded to over 1,000 animals with 290 different species with exhibits from Destination Africa, Canadian Wilds, Australia, Botanical gardens, Eurasia, Prehistoric Park and South America. This area was severely damaged in the 2013 flood in southern Alberta.
Over 5,000 people participated in a public process that is underway in 2010 to develop a master plan for St. Patrick\'s Island.
In modern times, the community is recognized as a \"distinct bobo (bohemian/bourgeois) residential neighbourhood\" and having a high degree of walkability. In 2013, Bridgeland/Riverside was ranked by Fast Forward Weekly magazine as the third \"most livable neighbourhood\" in Calgary.
## Demographics
In the City of Calgary\'s 2012 municipal census, Bridgeland/Riverside had a population of `{{nts|5594}}`{=mediawiki} living in `{{nts|3274}}`{=mediawiki} dwellings, a 6.5% increase from its 2011 population of `{{nts|5254}}`{=mediawiki}. With a land area of 3.1 km2, it had a population density of `{{Pop density|5594|3.1|km2|sqmi}}`{=mediawiki} in 2012.
The City of Calgary adopted an area redevelopment plan for this community in 2006, which regulates construction of buildings and recreational areas, with the intention of increasing population density in certain areas, as well as development of a public transit oriented community.
At the beginning of the 21st century, gentrification was occurring in Bridgeland. This resulted in new residents and business moving into the community. In addition, household incomes rose by +44.7% within Bridgeland between 2005 and 2015. This compares against a household income growth of +22.7% in the rest of Calgary over the same period.
## Crime
Historically Bridgeland was a very challenged area, but has been undergoing redevelopment throughout the 2000s.
Rate Crime Rate (/100 pop.)
------ ------------------------
2018 5.1
2019 5.5
2020 6.0
2021 4.1
2022 5.9
2023 5.4
: Crime Rate
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# Bridgeland, Calgary
## Government
The community is represented in the Calgary City Council by Gian-Carlo Carra and Druh Farrell, wards 9 and 7 respectively. On a provincial level, Bridgeland is part of the Calgary-Mountain View constituency in Alberta\'s Legislative Assembly and is represented by Liberal MLA Dr. David Swann. On a federal level, Bridgeland falls in the electoral district of Calgary Centre-North and is represented in the House of Commons of Canada by MP Len Webber.
## Recreation
Bridgeland is the start and finish point for the Scotiabank Calgary Marathon, Canada\'s longest running marathon. In 2009, the Scotiabank Calgary Marathon was rated as Alberta\'s best road race and is a qualifier for the Boston Marathon.
Public recreational facilities within Bridgeland include Harvie Passage whitewater kayak park, soccer pitch, tennis court, community garden, baseball field, off-leash dog park, disc golf course, children\'s playground and toboggan run.
In 2010, based on an Ipsos-Reid Needs and Preferences study, the Bridgeland-Riverside Community Association initiated a conceptual design for an ice rink.
Bridgeland has a summer farmer\'s market on Thursday afternoon and evenings.
The Calgary Tool Library was established in 2014. The first of its kind in Alberta, members pay a small annual fee and in return have access to some of the most essential household tools without having to buy, store or repair their own.
## Infrastructure
### C-Train stations {#c_train_stations}
The community is served by the Bridgeland/Memorial Station and Zoo Station of the light rail C-Train transit system. As of 2007, there were 1,900 boardings per day at the Bridgeland/Memorial Station, and 1,700 boardings per day at the Zoo Station.
#### The Bridges {#the_bridges}
A major redevelopment dubbed \"The Bridges\" commenced in 2004 on land previously occupied by the General Hospital and is underway as of 2007. It is a 37 acre inner city development, consisting of multi-family residential and mixed use buildings. The project includes 11.7 acre of parks and open space.
The Bridges is a transit-orientated development. The three phase project is located next to the Bridgeland-Memorial LRT station which is on the 202 Saddletowne/69 Street line of the city\'s LRT, the C-Train. Early success of the project has seen it become an example development for cities interested in creating TODs.
Due to its proximity to downtown and access to great restaurants, shops and parkland, Bridgeland has been a focal point for multi-family development. Currently being built in The Bridges community are Bridgeland crossing I & II, Steps Bridgeland and Radius by Bucci is set to go to market in the fall of 2015.
### St. Patrick\'s Bridge {#st._patricks_bridge}
A design competition was held in 2009, by the Calgary MLC for St. Patrick\'s Island Bridge, a new pedestrian bridge. The bridge will link Bridgeland and St. Patrick\'s Island to the East Village in the south and the Bow River pathway system. It will provide improved linkages to many different nearby communities including Bridgeland, Inglewood, East Village and Downtown Calgary. The international design competition received 33 entries, with the winning design selected as RFR of France and Halsall of Calgary. The design is said to, \"remind the public of a stone skipping across the river or an arch of clouds in the Calgary sky. The goal of the design was to have as little structure as possible in the river channel, to respect the context of the island and to provide a pedestrian and cyclists link.\" Construction is scheduled for 2010 at an estimated cost of \$25 million.
### Reconciliation Bridge {#reconciliation_bridge}
The Reconciliation Bridge was opened in 1910 and was initially named Langevin Bridge for Sir Hector-Louis Langevin, one of the Fathers of the Canadian Confederation. In 2017, the City council voted to change the bridge\'s name to Reconciliation Bridge.
In 2009, the City of Calgary set up 5,600 programmable lights on the bridge for Christmas, at a cost of \$370,000, as a part of Downtown East Village re-vitalization efforts. The LED, built by Montreal-based Lumenpulse, is composed of 5600 LED grouped in 156 programmable light assemblies, and is part of the RiverWalk project, an effort to improve the pathways along the Bow and Elbow rivers adjacent to the East Village.
## Education
The community is served by the following schools:
**Elementary**
- Delta West Academy (private)
- St. Angela School (Catholic)
- Riverside School (public; specialized science program)
**Junior High**
- Delta West Academy (private)
- Christine Meikle School (public; special needs)
- Riverside School (public; specialized science program)
**High School**
- Delta West Academy (private)
- Christine Meikle School (public; special needs)
Bridgeland is also served by the following schools in adjoining neighbourhoods:
- Stanley Jones Elementary School (public; Renfrew neighbourhood)
- Colonel McLeod Junior High School (public; Renfrew neighbourhood)
- Crescent Heights High School (public; Crescent Heights neighbourhood)
- St. Alphonsus Junior High School (Catholic; Renfrew neighbourhood)
- St
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# Frank Ebersole
**Frank B. Ebersole** (1919--2009) was an American philosopher who developed a unique form of ordinary language philosophy.
## Biography
Frank B. Ebersole was born in Indiana. He majored in zoology at Heidelberg College (now Heidelberg University (Ohio)). After years as a philosophy graduate student at Yale University, he transferred to the University of Chicago, where he worked with Rudolf Carnap, one of the founders of logical analysis, and with Charles Hartshorne, an advocate of process philosophy and a theorist of physiological psychology. Ebersole received his Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Chicago in 1947 (He also won the 1945 Fiske Poetry Prize). His dissertation was entitled \"Biology and the theory of knowledge : an analytical method for the theory of knowledge, and its relation to biological laws.\" The thesis contains 7 chapters: I. Determination of the subject and Method II. Relations of Truth and Knowledge: Logic and Epistemology III. The Order of Knowledge and the Phenomenally Given IV. Causal Deliverances in the Given, and the Memory Premiss V. Analysis and the A Priori VI. Special Problems Concerning Memory; Polemic and; VII. Summary of the Main Argument. The thesis starts with general discussion of theory of knowledge (epistemology) and how knowledge must be founded in the \"phenomenally given\" on page 48 it states, \"Here we have if anywhere the foundation of the order of knowledge, in knowledge of the phenomenally given.\" From that point, Ebersole goes on to examine memory in Ch. IV and the relationship of Biology to questions in theory of knowledge. Ending with problems of memory concerning other areas of philosophy and science. Ebersole later directly challenges these ideas concerning memory and the \"phenomenally given\" in his book, \"Things We Know.\"
Ebersole taught philosophy at colleges and universities, including Carleton, Oberlin, San Jose State, Stanford, and Alberta, but most of his academic career was at the University of Oregon, where he was department chairman and director of graduate studies. He published essays in a number of journals, however, many of his essays were not accepted for journal publication and are available only in his three self-published books: *Things We Know*, *Meaning and Saying*, and *Language and Perception*.
Besides his involvement with philosophical issues, he was a photographer, and author of two books of poetry (*Many Times of Year* and *Song of the Crow*).
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# Frank Ebersole
## Philosophy
Initially Ebersole was interested in philosophers who brought a zoological perspective to their philosophy (Henri Bergson, Alfred North Whitehead, and Charles Hartshorne, for example). He also was influenced by ideas of logical analysis (especially as practised by his teacher Rudolf Carnap). In the early 1950s he read Ludwig Wittgenstein\'s *Blue Book* and *Philosophical Investigations*, and this changed his direction considerably:\
> Like many another I was once committed to a certain type of philosophical endeavor---a type that goes under the names of \"linguistic analysis\" or \"conceptual analysis\"\.... Then I read Wittgenstein. My first reaction was to add footnotes to the things I had been writing. Then I added appendices. Finally I tore the things up; and I have been trying in various ways ever since to overcome a state of paralysis, without success.
By the later 1950s Ebersole found a new way in philosophy, partly stimulated by the thinking of Wittgenstein and the writings of other early ordinary language philosophers. In 1957 he read his first paper based on his new thinking; it was about Descartes\' dream argument.\
Ebersole\'s work from his mature period (available in his three books) \"requires---and often succeeds in producing---a radical reorientation of one\'s thinking\". Ebersole\'s essays give form to his personal struggles with philosophical problems. In most of the essays he attempts to remove crustations from traditional philosophical ideas so that he can identify and address the central issues underlying a philosophical problem from his own personal point of view. Often he contrasts the philosophical conception of words that are central to a philosophical problem with examples of how these same words are used in the context of ordinary (non-philosophical) discourse. Using examples, he reveals significant differences between the ways we think when we are in the grip of a philosophical problem and when we are not so gripped. Ebersole concludes that philosophical problems often arise from philosophers\' tendency to think in terms of philosophy.
He has written mainly on topics in epistemology, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language. Ebersole is generally taken to be part of the school of ordinary language philosophy and he argues in several essays that two main critics of ordinary language philosophy (Paul Grice and John R. Searle) pose questions raised by the robust form of ordinary language philosophy he practiced. For an appraisal of Ebersole\'s work, see Don S. Levi\'s paper *Ebersole\'s Philosophical Treasure Hunt.* His writing is unconventional in style and content, as he acknowledges in this excerpt from one of his poems:
\"People stopped and puzzled when I talked,\
wondered what to make of\
anything I said.\
And if I made them ask themselves\
What of heads or tails to make\
of a philosopher\'s talking,\
that was a good thing I did,\
I would say.\
Yes, I would say that
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# French Creek Council
The **French Creek Council** serves Boy Scouts in six counties in northwestern Pennsylvania and one township in Ohio. The council was organized in 1972 from a merger of the former Washington Trail Council of Erie, Custaloga Council of Sharon and Colonel Drake Council of Oil City, Pennsylvania. It has headquarters in Erie, Pennsylvania.
## Organization
- Chief Kiondashawa District serves Crawford and Mercer Counties (west of I-79; including Meadville, PA) and Brookfield Township, Ohio.
- Colonel Drake District serves Crawford and Mercer Counties (east of I-79), Venango County, Clarion County and Forest County.
- Oliver Perry District serves Erie County, Pennsylvania.
## Camps
The French Creek Council owns and operates a 525 acre facility known as Custaloga Town Scout Reservation, located along French Creek in Mercer and Venango counties.
### Native American history {#native_american_history}
Chief Custaloga of the Wolf Clan of Lenape arrived at the present site of Custaloga Town Scout Reservation in the mid 18th century and built a sizeable village here, which became his principal seat. Custaloga\'s name first appeared in western Pennsylvania\'s history in \"George Washington\'s Journal of 1753\". When Washington arrived at Fort Machault in the village of Venango (present Franklin, PA), Custaloga was in charge of the wampum of his nation.
Since Custaloga had aided Chief Pontiac in his rebellion, the Iroquois Confederacy sent the Seneca sachem Garistagee to live at Custaloga\'s Town, to maintain a watchful eye on Custaloga. The Seneca warrior Guyasuta is believed to have died at, and was buried at Custaloga\'s Town.
Late in life, Custaloga may have moved to Custalogas Town, Ohio, then perhaps returned to Kuskusky. In February 1778, Custaloga\'s sister (the mother of Captain Pipe) was killed at Kuskusky during the Squaw Campaign of General Edward Hand. On November 29 1778, Colonel James Smith led 400 troops on the French Creek Expedition from Fort Pitt to Custaloga\'s Town, but found it evacuated. After this date very little is recorded about Custaloga. Captain Pipe was Custaloga\'s successor as leader of the Wolf Clan of the Lenape.
### European settlers {#european_settlers}
The first log cabin on site was built in 1794 and the Heydrick Homestead was started by Dr. Charles Heydrick in 1820. This over 200-year-old building is still in use by the French Creek Council. The Heydrick farm continued to be operated through 1946.
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# French Creek Council
## Camps
### Camp history {#camp_history}
In 1963, the Mercer County Council purchased the land for the development of a camp to replace Camp Kiondashawa. Jim Dunlop was president for four years during the fund drive and construction of the reservation. Carlton Hutchison was chairman of the camp fund drive. John Gross, the person who found this site, was the architect of buildings and camp layout. Vern Smith was camp development chairman for Mercer County Council.
Custaloga Town Scout Reservation opened to Scout camping in the summer of 1967. A year later, in 1968 the first Scout summer camp season was held, with Dr. Frederick J. Brenner serving as Camp Director. Custaloga Town Scout Reservation was officially dedicated on Saturday, July 19, 1969. In the summer of 2018, Custaloga Town celebrated its 50th anniversary with a camp-wide celebration. Concurrent with this was the official ribbon cutting ceremony for a newly remodeled bridge that crosses Deer Creek.
A Scout reservation refers to a camping facility that include more than one camp. As such, Custaloga Town includes Camp Hank Forker---which is and has always been the only camp. It is for this reason that the name Hank Forker is almost always ignored on promotional materials, patches, and programs. Plans for a second camp on the reservation have been in the making for many years. However, camp is always referred to as Custaloga Town.
Mercer County Council, which had been renamed the Custaloga Council, would later merge with Washington Trail and Colonel Drake councils to form the French Creek Council. After the closings of the other two former council camps, Sequoyah- on the shores of Lake Erie, and Coffman- now a YMCA camp in Venango and Clarion counties, Custaloga Town became the primary camping facility for the French Creek Council.
Each year Custaloga Town Scout Reservation hosts hundreds of Scouts from all over the United States, but mostly the Northeastern United States.
## Langundowi Lodge {#langundowi_lodge}
The Order of the Arrow Lodge for the French Creek Council is Langundowi Lodge #46. This Lodge came into existence in 1972 with the merger of the former Eriez Lodge #46 (Erie, PA), Hoh-Squa-Sa-Gah-Da Lodge #251 (Sharon, PA) and the Skanondo Inyan Lodge #256 (Oil City, PA). The name \"Langundowi\" means \"Peaceful One\" in Lenape. The Lodge totem is the Iroquois Great Tree of Peace. Langundowi Lodge has been a strong and integral part of the French Creek Council since the merger and continues to be a leader in the local, sectional and national levels
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# Rachel O. Wingate
**Rachel Orde Wingate** (c. 1901-11 June 1953) was an English linguist and missionary to Xinjiang (Western China). She served with the Swedish Missionary Society.
## Family
Wingate was the eldest daughter of Colonel George Wingate, the founder of the Central Asia Mission. Her brother, Major General Orde Wingate, led the Bamar Chindits into Burma during World War II, he is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Washington D.C. and a memorial stands in Charlton Cemetery, South East London. Many in the family were active members of the Open Brethren.
## Education
Wingate studied Arabic, Persian and History at Cambridge University where she obtained her degree in Arabic and History.
## Work
She joined the mission in 1924 as a voluntary worker. At times, especially in the early years, there has been some friction between the missionaries in the field, but the disagreements seemed to be more or less over in the 1920s. Many of the Swedish missionaries who arrived in the early 1920s remained in service until \'the bitter end\' in 1938. The missionary women were a tremendous asset in the whole missionary undertaking in a society marked by male chauvinism and prejudices where their gender-counterparts were segregated and could only be approached by women. In 1928 she returned to England where she became a secretary for the Royal Central Asian Society. Several years after she left Xinjiang, she assisted Sir Denison Ross in his research into the Eastern Turkish language.
Wingate never married. She died while in Woking on 11 June 1953, aged 52. Her burial took place in Charlton Cemetery where her mortal remains rest among other members of her family.
## Writings
After working in Xinjiang, she wrote The Steep Ascent, a summary of the work and results of the Church combined with the historical events of the time. The Steep Ascent has since been translated into Chinese as well
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# Walter Price (Worcestershire cricketer)
**Walter Longsdon Price** (2 February 1886 -- 26 December 1943) was an English first-class cricketer who played three games for Worcestershire in July 1904. His best bowling return of 4/86 came in his second game, against Surrey at Worcester.
Price was born in Toxteth Park, Liverpool; he died at age 57 at Warren Cross Farm, Lechlade, Gloucestershire
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# Srđan Mrkušić
**Srđan Mrkušić** (May 26, 1915 -- October 30, 2007) was a Yugoslav footballer who played as a goalkeeper, legendary \"third back\" and forestry engineer.
With a long professional football career that spanned more than two decades, he is known for representing Yugoslavia at the 1950 World Cup as well as for being one of only seven footballers who represented both the pre and post World War II national team.
He also went down in history as one of the founders of Red Star Belgrade football club in early March 1945 and the first goalkeeper of the Serbian nation team.
Simultaneous to his football career, Mrkušić managed to earn a university degree in forestry. Following the end of his football playing days, he began working as an engineer.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born during World War I in the Podgora village near Makarska where his Kotor-born lawyer father got assigned to practice law, Mrkušić\'s family soon moved to Šibenik and eventually in 1930 to Split where he commenced his secondary education at a local gymnasium. Simultaneously, teenage Mrkušić started playing football despite vehement protestations from his parents, especially mother, who felt that football isn\'t socially suitable and proper activity for their son.
## Club career {#club_career}
Mrkušić began playing organized football with AŠK Split. In 1934, the 18-year-old got spotted by Luka Kaliterna who persuaded the youngster to join Hajduk Split\'s youth ranks.
In 1935, Mrkušić made his first team debut for Hajduk. Only a year later, after graduating high school, having played a total of 35 matches for Hajduk, Mrkušić moved to Belgrade where he started playing for powerhouse BSK, a team for which he ended up appearing in more than 350 competitive matches over the next decade.
His career would soon be put on hold due to World War II. He formally stayed on BSK\'s roster despite the fact the team didn\'t compete in any league. Mrkušić saw virtually no football action over the next four years.
Mrkušić played in the first post-WW2 league championship in the new communist Yugoslavia. He represented the People\'s Republic of Serbia team that ended up winning the national title that year.
In those years, simultaneous to re-establishing the nationwide league championship, new Yugoslav communist authorities were also busy dissolving existing pre-war football clubs and founding new ones. In reality this mostly meant that players and infrastructure from old clubs were reassigned and reassembled under a new name and new leadership. Mrkušić got assigned to such a club that was in the process of being formed by the state security. The club would eventually be named Red Star, and Mrkušić ended up becoming one of its founders.
Over the next decade, he grew into a dependable keeper, helping Red Star to three Yugoslav Cup titles.
On 9 September 1953 Mrkušić played in what would turn out to be the last competitive match of his career as his Red Star faced Spartak Subotica. At 38 years, three months and thirteen days of age, he became the oldest player to appear in a Yugoslav First League match.
## International career {#international_career}
On 23 March 1941, some two weeks before the Nazi German invasion of Yugoslavia, 25-year-old Mrkušić made his debut for Kingdom of Yugoslavia national team in a match versus Hungary.
Following the end of World War II, he appeared 10 more times in the Federal People\'s Republic of Yugoslavia national team jersey (three of those caps came at the 1950 World Cup in Brazil). He contributed greatly to Yugoslavia\'s 1950 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, putting in a particularly glowing performance on 11 December 1949 in Florence versus France in the deciding qualifying playoff game that Yugoslavia won 3-2 after extra-time.
At the World Cup in Brazil, 35-year-old Mrkušić played all three of Yugoslavia\'s group stage matches --- wins against Switzerland and Mexico followed by a loss to Brazil in the deciding match. Yugoslavia finished second in the group, failing to progress to the next stage.
Mrkušić\'s very last national team appearance took place on 8 October 1950 in a friendly versus Austria. Already 35 years old at this point, he stepped aside, making way for up-and-coming 22-year-old Vladimir Beara.
## Post-football {#post_football}
After retirement from football, Mrkušić continued living in Belgrade.
Since he graduated from University of Belgrade in 1946 with a forestry degree, he decided to seek employment in that field after his football career ended in 1955. He worked in his second profession for decades afterwards, during which among other things he was involved in construction and long-term maintenance of football pitches.
He was also actively involved with Red Star Belgrade veterans\' organization.
Mrkušić died in Belgrade, after a short illness, on October 30, 2007
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# David Klass
**David Klass** is an American screenwriter and novelist. He has written more than 40 screenplays for Hollywood studios and published 14 young adult novels. His screenplays are primarily character-based thrillers for adults, while his novels often tell the stories of teenagers in crisis.
## Biography
Klass was born in Vermont and raised in Leonia, New Jersey, the son of Sheila Solomon Klass, English professor and author, and Morton Klass, professor of anthropology at Barnard College and the brother of Perri Klass, a pediatrician, author, educator, and a contributing columnist for *The New York Times*. His uncle was science fiction author Philip Klass, who wrote under the name *William Tenn*.
Klass attended Leonia High School. He received his BA in History from Yale University in 1982 and later graduated from USC School of Cinema-Television (1989). Klass lives in New York City with his wife, Giselle Benatar, and their two children.
## Novels
Klass's writing career began with the novel *The Atami Dragons*, inspired by his experiences as an English teacher in Japan. His 1994 book *California Blue* gathered very positive reviews for its quiet yet compelling treatment of environmental issues. In 2001 Klass published *You don't know me*, which uses an edgy first-person narrative to tell the story of a teenage boy's life with an abusive stepfather-to-be. The book has been published in 18 languages, was named an ALA Best Book For Young Adults, and continues to be popular with young adult audiences in the United States and internationally.
*Firestorm* is the first book of the Caretaker Trilogy, a series of science fiction thrillers with an ecological theme. *Firestorm* was the first book ever endorsed by Greenpeace and was praised by critics for its combination of entertainment value and environmental message, garnering an American Library Association (ALA) Best Book citation, a starred review from *Publishers Weekly*, and a favorable review by *The New York Times Book Review*. The story focuses on Jack Danielson, a teenager sent back from the future to save the world's oceans.
*Whirlwind*, the second book in the Caretaker Trilogy, tells the story of Jack's efforts to save the Amazon rain forest; published in March 2008 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The third book in the trilogy is *Timelock*, published in fall 2009.
*Firestorm* has been optioned by Warner Bros. and the production company Thunder Road. A screenplay for the movie version is now in active development.
*Out of Time* is an adult novel about a talented young FBI agent in pursuit of an ecoterrorist.\<Tom Nolan, Wall Street Journal, July 11, 2020 \>
## Screenplays
Klass has also written more than 40 Hollywood screenplays, including the adaptation of James Patterson\'s *Kiss the Girls* for the movie version starring Morgan Freeman and Ashley Judd. His most recent produced screenplay was the remake of *Walking Tall* starring The Rock. Klass wrote the screenplay for the thriller *Desperate Measures* starring Michael Keaton and Andy García, which was based on his original idea. With his sister, playwright and Truman Scholar Judy Klass, he adapted Julia Alvarez\'s novel *In the Time of the Butterflies* into the 2001 movie starring Salma Hayek and Edward James Olmos
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# Phoenix Country Day School
**Phoenix Country Day School** is a college-preparatory school located in Paradise Valley, Arizona, United States.
The student-faculty ratio at Phoenix Country Day School is 8 to 1.
Facilities on the campus include access to most sports and indoor activities.
## History
Phoenix Country Day School was founded in 1960, when a group of educators led by Franz and Mae Sue Talley agreed to found a nonsectarian, nonprofit, college preparatory day school based on the traditional east coast private school model. Franz Talley was the founder of an aerospace/defense contractor in Mesa, which grew into conglomerate Talley Industries before the businesses were largely sold off in the years after his death in 1978.
On September 12, 1961, Phoenix Country Day School opened with ninety-three students in grades 3-9 with a faculty and staff of 14. By 1965, kindergarten and grades 1 and 2 were added, and grades 10 through 12 were added to graduate the first senior class in 1965. By the 1969--1970 academic year, enrollment was at 386.
In the 1970s, facilities were expanded to accommodate the growing student body and the development of competitive sports teams. The school\'s graduating classes measured in the teens and twenties, and the upper school program offered core graduation requirements and courses and electives that reflected faculty interests and abilities.
In the 1980s, having purchased the second half of the school\'s now 40 acres in 1968, Phoenix Country Day School was able in 1982 to build a new upper school complex and a gymnasium for indoor sports on the east side of the Cudia Wash, and a dedicated music facility on the west side of campus. A bridge was built to join the lower and middle schools with the upper school.
By 1996 enrollment reached 700. Between 1993 and 2008, the school replaced or renovated a large portion of its classrooms. Every division saw major construction and renovation, including the addition of state-of-the-art science labs and an outdoor experimental science garden, visual art and performance facilities, and technology facilities. The entire lower school was replaced, and an early childhood learning center was added. This part of campus also has a library, science center, art studio, and children\'s garden.
## School sections {#school_sections}
The lower school consists of 220 students in grades K through 4, and the curriculum includes the study of music, art, science, physical education, technology, library science, and Spanish.
The middle school has 230 students in grades 5 through 8. For these students, the school offers athletics programs, class trips, electives, and grade-level projects.
The upper school has 308 students in grades 9 through 12. The upper school students mix a liberal arts-based academic schedule with sports, social activities, and community service. Although AP courses are no longer offered, AP tests can still be taken at the end of the year. and students can select from 17 varsity sports and 15 extracurricular activities.
## Thrive campaign {#thrive_campaign}
On the school\'s annual Blue and Gold Day (October 17, 2014), the school kicked off its THRIVE fundraising campaign with a video featuring many faculty members and students. The campaign promised to bring about new projects, such as a new indoor athletic complex and art/science center.
## Extracurricular programs {#extracurricular_programs}
Phoenix Country Day School offers extracurricular programs for middle and upper school students.
### Junior Classical League {#junior_classical_league}
The school\'s Junior Classical League has won many State Conventions in the Junior Classical League. The school has both a middle school and upper school team which it sends to the convention every year, with the upper school having won the past three conventions in a row.
### Speech and Debate {#speech_and_debate}
The school\'s policy debate team won a number of 1A-3A state competitions over the past 10 years. The Lincoln-Douglas Debate and Speech started in 2013, very successfully.`{{When|date=April 2011}}`{=mediawiki} Today, the congressional debate team is one of the strongest in the nation, with countless finals, including one competitor in the National Senate Final, in addition to briefly being the leader in bids for the Tournament of Champions in 2023 and 2024.
### Robotics
The For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology Robotics team, Blue Tide Robotics, started in 2007 with several middle-school students\' participation in FIRST Lego League. In 2014, they qualified for the semifinals again and also won the Quality Award.
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# Phoenix Country Day School
## Athletics
Phoenix Country Day School competes as a member school of the Arizona Interscholastic Association.
### Varsity football {#varsity_football}
PCDS competed in tackle football from 1964 until 1972. PCDS enjoyed their best season in 1966.
#### 1964 season
In the first year of the PCDS varsity football, the team won no games, lost 6, and tied in 1.
#### 1965 season {#season_1}
In the 1965 season, the team improved winning 1 game, but losing 6.
#### 1966 season {#season_2}
The 1966 season was the best season of PCDS varsity football. The team posted a record of 5 wins and 3 losses. The offense scored an average of 21 points per game, and the defense held their ground too, shutting out four of their eight opponents. The offense\'s ground-and-pound play style led to the breakout seasons of star halfbacks Dick Usher and Rob Backing. Each running back recorded 8 touchdowns throughout the season. Triple-threat quarterback Marc Brooks threw for 7 touchdowns and completed 70% of his passes.
#### 1967--1972 seasons
Not much information could be found on the 1967-1972 seasons
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# Comcast Interactive Media
**Comcast Interactive Media (CIM)** was a division of Comcast focusing on digital media. CIM was created in 2005 and originally led by President, Amy Banse, and Executive Vice President, Sam Schwartz. Comcast Interactive Media products included: www.comcast.net (portal), fancast.com, Fandango, thePlatform, and StreamSage.
On May 15, 2008, Comcast Interactive Media acquired social-networking site Plaxo for between \$150 and \$170 million, which was subsequently shut down on December 31, 2017. On August 5, 2008, Comcast Interactive Media acquired newsletter service site DailyCandy for a rumored \$125 million
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# Throne and Liberty
***Throne and Liberty*** is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by FirstSpark Games and published by NCSoft. It was published in North America, South America, Europe, and Japan by Amazon Games.
The game was originally part of the *Lineage* series and a sequel to the first *Lineage*, but was repurposed and restructured well into development. The game was first announced as ***Lineage Eternal*** in November 2011 but suffered numerous delays in its release schedule. The first South Korea closed beta took place in 2016. NCSoft renamed the game ***Project TL**\'\' in 2017 and***Throne and Liberty**\'\' in 2022.
## Development and release {#development_and_release}
The game has suffered from numerous delays during development. NCSoft officially announced *Lineage Eternal* as the sequel to the first *Lineage*, released in 1998, in November 2011. The first gameplay videos debuted at the G-Star 2011 gaming convention in South Korea on November 9. In August 2013, NCSoft was preparing to roll out the beta schedule of *Lineage Eternal* by the end of that year. The developers planned to initiate beta testing in Korea towards the end of year of 2015, but during a conference call in November, they confirmed that closed beta testing would be delayed until 2016. A closed beta in Korea was scheduled for November 2016.
By March 2017, the development team\'s leadership for *Lineage Eternal* was changed due to the results of the closed beta, according to NCSoft. The game was delayed by August when NCSoft moved from a proprietary game engine that was used in *Guild Wars* to Unreal Engine 4. By November, the game was called *Project TL*.
By February 2022, *Project TL* was expected to launch in the second half of the year. The game was officially rebranded as *Throne and Liberty* the following month.
Amazon acquired the publishing rights in 2023 and planned to release *Throne and Liberty* in Americas, Europe, and Japan, for PC, PlayStation 5, and Xbox Series X/S with full cross-platform support. An open beta started in July 2024, and was scheduled to be released on September 17. The beta attracted nearly 60,000 players at launch and leveled off to around 38,000 by the next day.
In July 2024, the Korean version of the game received the Leap Update, which added a multi-level challenge dungeon, new life skills, a boost server, and a skill system that lets players customize weapon abilities. The updates were carried over to the global version when it launched in September. NCSoft expanded service to 19 countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East.
After early access started on September 26, the game was released on October 1. Within its first week, the game attracted over 3 million players worldwide, with over 24 million hours of gameplay recorded.
## Reception
*Throne and Liberty* received \"mixed or average\" reviews from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.
Earlier, *Throne and Liberty* experienced a strong launch, particularly on Steam, when it was released on October 1, 2024, for PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X\|S, and PC. The game climbed to become the No. 4 most-played game on Steam, reaching a peak concurrent player count of over 300,000 within its first few days. This performance placed it ahead of major titles like *PUBG: Battlegrounds* and *Grand Theft Auto V*, and behind only *Counter-Strike 2* and *Dota 2*. Despite releasing midweek, the game was expected to see a further rise in player numbers over the weekend.
*Throne and Liberty*{{\'}}s early success was attributed to its free-to-play model, its MMORPG elements that encourage guild-based gameplay, and its appeal to both PvP and PvE players. Set in the new world of Solisium, the game offers large-scale PvP battles, quests, and typical MMORPG features such as crafting and fishing. Its narrative-driven approach, emphasized by developers NCSOFT and publisher Amazon Games, helped distinguish it from other genre titles. Although its peak numbers have yet to match those of other Amazon-published MMORPGs like *New World* and *Lost Ark*, the early reviews positioned *Throne and Liberty* as one of the better games of the genre.
On February 14, 2025, just four months after the game\'s release in Japan and the West, *Throne and Liberty* servers were consolidated from 107 down to 25 due to sparse population density
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# The Tender Hook
***The Tender Hook**\'\' is a 2008 Australian film noir directed by Jonathan Ogilvie and starring Hugo Weaving, Rose Byrne and Matthew Le Nevez. The film was retitled***The Boxer and the Bombshell**\'\' for its North American DVD release.
## Plot synopsis {#plot_synopsis}
The film tells the story of a love triangle set in a stylised version of Sydney\'s criminal/boxing underworld in the 1920s. The story is about Iris\' rise to the apex of a love/power triangle that includes her English con man, lover, McHeath, and Art an honest, young boxer. Within the flawed moral landscape each character struggles to establish their sovereignty.
## Cast
- Hugo Weaving as McHeath
- Rose Byrne as Iris
- Matt Le Nevez as Art Walker
- Pia Miranda as Daisy
- Luke Carroll as Alby \"Othello\" O\'Shea
- John Batchelor as Ronnie
- Tyler Coppin as Donnie
## Production
*The Tender Hook* is the second feature by writer/director Jonathan Ogilvie, and stars Hugo Weaving, Rose Byrne, and Matt Le Nevez.
Producers are Michelle Harrison and John Brousek.
The crew includes: director of photography, Geoffery Simpson; editor, Ken Sallows; production designer, Peter Baxter; costume designer, Cappi Ireland and composition of the score by Chris Abrahams from The Necks.
The film was financed by the Film Finance Corporation Australia, and Parkland Pictures (UK), with support from Film Victoria. Parkland Pictures (UK) handled international sales, with Icon Films distributing in Australasia.
## Reception
The film was not a box-office success, earning only \$64,232 against its \$7 million budget.
Critics gave the film negative to average reviews. David Stratton and Margaret Pomeranz both gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, with Stratton explaining the film has \"some very strong elements\... \[but\] never really works as a thriller or as a romance\"
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# Black Tears
\"**Black Tears**\" is a song by Australian alternative rock band Powderfinger, from their sixth studio album *Dream Days at the Hotel Existence*. The song is an acoustic ballad in a folk music style, beginning with one guitar and a lead vocal, later introducing a guitar with a synthesised effect from the first chorus. Following the *Dream Days at the Hotel Existence* release, live versions of the song have been released on other recordings.
The song did not cause the release of the album to be delayed, despite claims that the song\'s lyrics could interfere with the 2004 Palm Island death in custody case.
## Controversy
On 2 May 2007, *mX*, an afternoon newspaper in Brisbane, revealed that the defence team for Senior Sergeant Chris Hurley would be referring the song to Queensland Attorney-General Kerry Shine, due to concerns that the song\'s lyrics could prejudice the 2004 Palm Island death in custody, where Hurley had been charged for manslaughter. On 2 May Hurley\'s lawyer Glen Cranny said \"The content and proposed timing of the song's release raises some serious concerns regarding Mr Hurley's trial.\" It was claimed by the defence team that the song\'s lyrics were similar to the events that took place surrounding the death of Mulrunji. The band\'s manager, Paul Piticco, conceded the song was about the case but insisted they were not specific enough to cause a problem. The album was set to be released 10 days before Hurley would face Townsville Supreme Court, on 12 June. There were concerns that the case\'s jury could potentially be biased by the lyrical content.
Due to the concerns raised, Powderfinger sought legal advice. Then Queensland premier, Peter Beattie, who had legal experience, said the song was likely to be protected by free speech laws, noting \"The matter would have to go pertain specifically to the issues of the trial\" for a \"prejudice\" argument to be raised.
Several days after the initial threats of legal action, Powderfinger backed down and announced they would change the song. The band\'s lawyers sent Shine a copy of the new, altered lyrics. It was then reported that an analysis of the new lyrics found they were safe to release. This was the version that would later be used on the album. A statement from Shine\'s office stated that \"Crown Law has examined the lyrics. Crown Law have advised Mr Shine\'s office the lyrics raise no legal concern.\"
In a June 2007 interview, Fanning noted that Powderfinger hoped to re-release the original version of the song in the future, after the case had been settled. He also said that he was not angry about having to change his lyrics, but lamented the lack of Australian musicians willing to challenge the status quo.
The legal threats against the song were attacked heavily by some writers, including Andrew Stafford of *The Bulletin*. He noted that it was highly unlikely \"Black Tears\" would be released as a single, so potential jurors would need to \"buy a copy of *Dream Days* in the ten days between its release and Hurley\'s trial just to hear the song\". He also noted that Piticco had stated the lyrics could just as easily refer to a death in Brisbane, not on Palm Island.
## Musical content {#musical_content}
In a media statement published on the band\'s MySpace web page, lead singer Bernard Fanning, who originally wrote the song, said the inspiration came to him after \"a trip that I took last year to Uluru\". He said it discussed the issue of people climbing the rock, which is sacred in Aboriginal folklore, despite \"the prevalence of literature and signage\" asking people not to. Fanning compared climbing Uluru to climbing the Vatican, which he noted would be highly offensive to Catholics.
Fanning said the second part of the song, which contained the controversial lyrics, was written following the Queensland Director of Public Prosecutions passing down its finding in the death in custody case. He said that the band believed the song would have no bearing on the legal procedure, they would nonetheless include an alternative version of the song on *Dream Days at the Hotel Existence*.
The alternate version of the song still contains the lyrics *An island watchhouse bed* / *A black man\'s lying dead.* but not the lyrics that followed.
Upon announcing that the album would contain an altered version, Fanning noted his initial reasons for the song, stating \"to bring attention to the obvious disadvantage that is still being suffered by Aboriginal people in this country\", which he said included the issue of \"Indigenous deaths in custody\". Despite the claimed lyrical change, some early versions of *Dream Days at the Hotel Existence* were shipped with a version of \"Black Tears\" that included the controversial lyrics, which were also published on the band\'s website
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# Conspiracy of silence (expression)
A **conspiracy of silence**, or **culture of silence**, describes the behavior of a group of people that by unspoken consensus does not mention, discuss, or acknowledge a given subject. The practice may be motivated by positive interest in group solidarity or by negative impulses such as fear of political repercussion or social ostracism. Unlike a taboo subject or the use of euphemisms, a conspiracy of silence is limited to specific social and political contexts rather than to an entire culture.
Some instances of such a practice are sufficiently well-known or enduring to become known by their own specific terms, including the code of silence, the refusal of law enforcement officers to speak out against crimes committed by fellow officers, and omertà, the cultural code of organized crime in Sicily.
Compare the Streisand effect, where deliberate efforts to suppress a particular topic or information result instead in increased awareness of the subject.
## Examples
Examples of the use of the term vary widely and include:
- An 1854 report on unrest in Hungary said the rulers of the Austrian Empire were powerless because \"It cannot keep up its infamous rule, but by terror. There is a conspiracy without any doubt spread over the whole country--the conspiracy of silence and watchful expectation. \... \[W\]e will patiently await the right moment, and then rise as one man.\"
- In 1885, London\'s *Pall Mall Gazette* reported that prominent men were patronizing brothels. When authorities accused the paper of obscenity and tried to block its distribution, the paper\'s editors thanked them for \"thereby breaking the conspiracy of silence maintained by the press concerning \[their\] revelations\".
- The early lesbian novel *The Well of Loneliness* (1928) by Radclyffe Hall was written to \"smash the conspiracy of silence\" around homosexuality and the damage of that silence to the lives of LGBT people. The phrase would also be applicable to the banning of the book under UK censorship laws.
- A conference of social workers and medical personnel in 1936 urged greater efforts to prevent the spread of syphilis by New York City and state. An official of the federal government said they needed to bring the problems \"out in the open\" to overcome a \"conspiracy of silence\" that prevented public education efforts.
- On 19 March 1937, Pope Pius XI used the term in his encyclical *Divini Redemptoris* to characterize the failure of the non-Catholic press in Western Europe and the U.S. to cover the persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union, Mexico, and Spain.
- In 1945, British writer George Orwell published a novel about totalitarian life, *Animal Farm*. It soon became famous. He wrote a preface to the novel, but never published it. It first appeared in 1972. Orwell wrote:
```{=html}
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```
- Richard Shaull has described how Paulo Freire discovered the \"culture of silence\" in the foreword of the *Pedagogy of the Oppressed*. Paulo realized that the ignorance and lethargy in the life of poor and dispossessed are the direct product of the whole situation of economic, social, and political domination and of the paternalism of which they were the victims. Rather than being encouraged and equipped to know and respond to the concrete realities of the world, they were kept \"submerged\" in a situation in which such critical awareness and response were practically impossible. And it became clear to him that the whole educational system was one of the major instruments for the maintenance of this culture of silence.
- Between 1972 and 1994, members of the Charlestown community in Massachusetts were unwilling to share information that would facilitate homicide investigations because of their reliance on vigilante justice, fear of retaliation by criminals, and anti-police sentiment.
- *The Conspiracy of Silence*, a 1995 PBS documentary about domestic violence in the United States.
- *Breaking the Conspiracy of Silence: Christian Churches and the Global AIDS Crisis* (2006), a book criticizing the activities of Christian churches.
- *Conspiracy of Silence*, a 2004 film drama about the sexual activity of some Irish Roman Catholic clergy.
- Political adversaries, according to the *New York Times* in 2013, sometimes agree to avoid topics they all find difficult: \"But on one topic, there was a conspiracy of silence: Republicans and Democrats agreed that they did not really want to talk about the Iraq war.\"
- Co-workers may avoid criticizing a colleague, for example, pilots not reporting another pilot\'s alcohol problem.
- An unspoken agreement of journalists and media outlets to suppress coverage of topics that their readers, advertisers, or sources prefer to avoid.
- Chris Lamb\'s *Conspiracy of Silence: Sportswriters and the Long Campaign to Desegregate Baseball* describes the consistent refusal of white sportswriters to report the decades-long efforts to integrate professional baseball in the United States.
- Men in positions of high power who have sexually harassed or assaulted women, children, and men in the U.S. were able to suppress the cases through financial settlements and nondisclosure agreements. The backlash against this practice starting in the entertainment industry in October 2017 became known as the Weinstein effect. *Time* magazine named the \"Silence Breakers\", the people who spoke out against sexual abuse and harassment, including the figureheads of the Me Too movement, as its 2017 *Time* Person of the Year
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# Derek Kickett
**Derek Thomas Kickett** (born 6 October 1962) is a former Australian rules footballer. Kickett played with seven different VFL/AFL, WAFL and SANFL clubs during his career.
## Early career {#early_career}
Derek is related to a number of other past and present high-profile AFL footballers from the Kickett family, including Dale Kickett and Lance \"Buddy\" Franklin, who are both his nephews. His other nephews are Byron Pickett and Jarrod Garlett. A well-known cousin of Derek Kickett\'s is Nicky Winmar.
Kickett played in the junior ranks at Central District in the South Australian National Football League, including their U-19s Premiership in 1981. Beginning his senior career in the West Australian Football League with `{{WAFL|WP}}`{=mediawiki}, he was the leading goalkicker at West Perth in 1984. After falling out with the Falcons early in the 1986 season, Kickett, along with veteran Peter Spencer, applied for a clearance to Claremont, which at first was denied but accepted a week later. Whilst Spencer played only two senior games for Claremont and returned for his last season to his original home at East Perth, Derek Kickett fitted in perfectly and was a key member of the Tigers' record-breaking 1987 team that finished with twenty-one consecutive unbeaten matches and their sixth senior flag. Kickett polled 46 votes in the Sandover Medal in 1987, which was the most of any player that season, but was ineligible to win due to a suspension for slapping East Fremantle\'s Tim Gepp. Kickett would have won the Sandover Medal by sixteen votes if he had been eligible.`{{Ref|1|Note 1, }}`{=mediawiki}
Kickett returned to Central District in 1988 for one season. In 1989, he was recruited by North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League, where he also played only one season before being delisted.
## Career with Essendon {#career_with_essendon}
In 1990, Kickett moved to the Essendon Football Club, where he played four seasons, and became a popular cult figure, known for confident playing style, high leap, evasive skills and his long kicking ability. He was a renowned proponent of the torpedo punt. He played every match in 1992 and 1993, up to the preliminary final of 1993, before being infamously omitted from the Bombers\' winning 1993 AFL Grand Final team by coach Kevin Sheedy. The omission continues to be one of the most controversial decisions of Sheedy\'s coaching career, but Sheedy still defends the decision, stating that Kickett\'s form was poor (as he had a total of 15 disposals in the three finals) and that his lack of endurance would have been a specific weakness for the team against `{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki}, Essendon\'s opponent on the day. Kickett immediately walked out on the club; he did not watch the Grand Final, nor did he celebrate the victory with his teammates. Kickett and Sheedy did not speak to each again until 2018, some 25 years later.
## Move to Sydney {#move_to_sydney}
After leaving Essendon, Kickett was drafted by the Sydney Swans. He played three seasons at Sydney, and his last game of AFL football was in the 1996 AFL Grand Final, which Sydney lost against North Melbourne. Kickett returned to the WAFL in 1997, playing that season with Subiaco, before retiring.
Kickett has made several notable appearances in the E. J. Whitten Legends Game. In 2007, he ran development programs for AFL Victoria working with indigenous children.
In 2017, Kickett was inducted into the West Australian Football Hall of Fame
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# Transamerica (soundtrack)
***Transamerica*** is the original soundtrack, on the Nettwerk label, of the 2005 film *Transamerica* starring Felicity Huffman and Kevin Zegers. The album consists of songs from various artists in the country and bluegrass genres.
## Travelin\' Thru {#travelin_thru}
The song \"**Travelin\' Thru**\" was written and performed by Dolly Parton. It was nominated for the Academy Award, Golden Globe, and Grammy Award for Best Song from a Movie. Parton is a supporter of LGBT rights, including marriage equality.
This song is about a journey on the road to find home and identity. Parton references \"The Wayfaring Stranger (song)\" and \"I Am a Pilgrim\", both examples of American folk music about the search for identity on the road. Parton said she wrote the song because of her status as an outsider and her belief that \"It\'s all right to be who you are.\" She wrote the song on her tour bus in one day.
In 2006, the song was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. During the 78th Academy Awards broadcast of March 5, 2006, Parton gave a rousing performance of the song live on stage. The award went to \"It\'s Hard out Here for a Pimp\" by Paul Beauregard, Jordan Houston, and Cedric Coleman.
The song was also nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Original Song and for the Broadcast Film Critics Association for Best Song, though it won neither award. According to the *New York Times* website, \"Travelin\' Thru\" won for best original song at the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 2005.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"I Will Be a Woman\" -- Dialogue 0:14
2. \"Jol\'Inkomo\" -- Miriam Makeba 2:57
3. Headin\' West 1:53
4. \"Church of the Potential Father\" -- Dialogue 0:05
5. \"Take \'Em Away\" -- Old Crow Medicine Show 3:34
6. \"Lay My Burden Down\" -- Larry Sparks 4:53
7. \"I Am a Pilgrim\" -- Duncan Sheik 4:04
8. \"Fish Song\" -- The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band 3:33
9. \"Quel Dommage\" -- Dialogue 0:11
10. \"There\'s a New Moon Over My Shoulder\" -- Larry Sparks 3:00
11. \"Lost in the Lonesome Pines\" -- Jim Lauderdale, Ralph Stanley and the Clinch Mountain Boys 3:45
12. \"I Find Jesus\" -- The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band 3:53
13. \"You\'re Gonna Love Me One Day\" -- Heather Myles 3:13
14. \"We\'re All in This Together\" -- Old Crow Medicine Show 4:49
15. High Plains 1:26
16. \"Beautiful Dreamer\" -- Graham Greene 0:55
17. Beautiful Dreamer (Score) 2:16
18. \"That\'ll Put Hair on Your Chest\" -- Dialogue 0:08
19. \"Odessa Yodel\" -- Wylie and the Wild West 1:49
20. \"Like a Rose\" -- Lucinda Williams 2:36
21
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# National Ride to Work Day
The Australian **National Ride to Work Day** (also **National Ride2Work Day**) is a commuter cycling social movement and participatory event that encourages commuters to bicycle to and from work. The event is held in October annually at various location in most Australian states and territories. The event is organised by various Australians state and territory bicycle organisations and local government authorities. It is a free event for individuals to register and participate, with registrations over 100,000 in 2010. Workplace bicycle user groups are formed and workplace coordinators are encourage other colleagues to participate. Workplaces are recognised for outstanding participation.
## Event synopsis {#event_synopsis}
The inaugural event was held in 1994 in Melbourne, organised by the Bicycle Network (then Bicycle Victoria) with 615 cyclists. Since then, the event has grown substantially and this year`{{when|date=December 2016}}`{=mediawiki} there was an estimated over 60,000 active participants from all over the country. In October 2006, 10,000 first-time riders and regular commuters registered prior to the event. An estimated 30,000 took part on the day throughout Victoria including sponsorship by more than 1,300 businesses. 34% of those who took up riding in the Victorian event in 2006 were still riding to work five months later.
Nationally, the event features public breakfasts in Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, `{{NTcity|Darwin}}`{=mediawiki}, Hobart, Launceston, Melbourne (at Federation Square), `{{WAcity|Perth}}`{=mediawiki} and Sydney. The event also often includes free massage, helmet hair repair, bike engravings by police, \"Spokespersonalities\", high-profile ambassadors including CEOs and politicians, prizes and giveaways.
In 2005, up to 6,000 cyclists met at Federation Square to have breakfast as part of Ride to Work Day, double the number from 2004. About 10,000 Victorians are estimated to have left their cars at home in favour of the bike
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# Claim rights and liberty rights
Some philosophers and political scientists make a distinction between **claim rights** and **liberty rights**. A *claim right* is a right which entails responsibilities, duties, or obligations on other parties regarding the right-holder. In contrast, a *liberty right* is a right which does not entail obligations on other parties, but rather only freedom or permission for the right-holder. The distinction between these two senses of \"rights\" originates in American jurist Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld\'s analysis thereof in his seminal work *Fundamental Legal Conceptions, As Applied in Judicial Reasoning and Other Legal Essays* (1919).
Liberty rights and claim rights are the inverse of one another: a person has a liberty right permitting him to do something only if there is no other person who has a claim right forbidding him from doing so; and likewise, if a person has a claim right against someone else, that other person\'s liberty is thus limited. This is because the deontic concepts of obligation and permission are De Morgan dual; a person is permitted to do all and only the things he is not obliged to refrain from, and obliged to do all and only the things he is not permitted to refrain from.
## Overview
A person\'s *liberty right to x* consists in his freedom to do or have *x*, while a person\'s *claim right to x* consists in an obligation on others to allow or enable him to do or have *x*. For example, to assert a *liberty right* to free speech is to assert that you have permission to speak freely; that is, that you are not doing anything wrong by speaking freely. But that liberty right does not in itself entail that others are obligated to help you communicate the things you wish to say, or even that they would be wrong in preventing you from speaking freely. To say these things would be to assert a *claim right* to free speech; to assert that others are obliged to refrain (i.e. prohibited) from preventing you from speaking freely (that is, that it would be wrong for them to do so) or even perhaps obliged to aid your efforts at communication (that is, it would be wrong for them to refuse such aid). Conversely, such claim rights do not entail liberty rights; e.g. laws prohibiting vigilante justice (establishing a legal claim right to be free thereof) do not thereby condone or permit all the acts which such violent enforcement might otherwise have prevented.
To illustrate: a world with only liberty rights, without any claim rights, would by definition be a world wherein everything was permitted and no act or omission was prohibited; a world wherein none could rightly claim that they had been wronged or neglected. Conversely, a world with only claim rights and no liberty rights would be a world wherein nothing was merely permitted, but all acts were either obligatory or prohibited. The assertion that people have a claim right to liberty -- i.e. that people are obliged only to refrain from preventing each other from doing things which are permissible, their liberty rights limited only by the obligation to respect others\' liberty -- is the central thesis of liberal theories of justice.
## Second-order rights {#second_order_rights}
Hohfeld\'s original analysis included two other types of right: besides *claims* (or *rights* proper) and *liberties* (or *privileges*), he wrote of *powers*, and *immunities*. The other two terms of Hohfeld\'s analysis, *powers* and *immunities*, refer to second-order liberties and claims, respectively. Powers are liberty rights regarding the modification of first-order rights, e.g. the U.S. Congress has certain powers to modify some of U.S. citizens\' legal rights, inasmuch as it can impose or remove legal duties. Immunities, conversely, are claim rights regarding the modification of first-order rights, e.g. U.S. citizens have, per their Constitution, certain immunities limiting the positive powers of the U.S. Congress to modify their legal rights. As such, immunities and powers are often subsumed within claims and liberties by later authors, or grouped together into \"active rights\" (liberties and powers) and \"passive rights\" (claims and immunities).
These different types of rights can be used as building blocks to explain relatively complex matters such as a particular piece of property. For example, a right to use one\'s computer can be thought of as a liberty right, but one has a power right to let somebody else use your computer (granting them a liberty right), as well as a claim right against others using the computer; and further, you may have *immunity rights* protecting your claims and liberties regarding the computer
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# James Aitken (bishop)
Bishop **James Aitken** (1613--1687) was a 17th-century Scottish prelate.
## Life
He was born in 1613 in Kirkwall, Orkney, the son of Henry Aitken, commissary and sheriff of Orkney and Shetland, and his wife, Elizabeth Buchanan.
After his school days at Kirkwall Grammar School, he attended the University of Edinburgh, graduating on 23 July 1636, with an MA. Subsequently, he travelled to England to study divinity at the University of Oxford. Returning to Scotland as the chaplain of James, Marquess of Hamilton, he was given charge of the churches of Harray and Birsay on 27 June 1641.
Aitken remained a staunch royalist during the English Civil War, and after the failure in 1650 of the campaign of James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, fled to the Netherlands. He returned to Scotland during the Cromwellian Protectorate and resided in Edinburgh for most of the period between 1653 and 1660, moving his family from Orkney. With the Restoration of the latter year and the return of the monarchy, Aitken\'s known loyalty to the crown was rewarded with patronage. This began with a cash payment in May 1661, and later in that year, the church of Winfrith in Dorset.
After about 16 years in England, in June 1676 Aitken was elevated to the position of Bishop of Moray, receiving consecration two years later, on 28 October 1679. His brief period as Bishop of Moray came to an end when, on 6 February 1680, he was translated to the diocese of Galloway. As Bishop of Galloway, he received permission to reside in Edinburgh because, in the words of Robert Keith, \"it was thought unreasonable to oblige a reverend prelate of his years to live among such a rebellious and turbulent people\" He died on 15 November 1687, and was buried in Greyfriars Church, Edinburgh. The cause of death was apoplexy. John Hamilton, Bishop of Dunkeld, carried out his funeral eulogy
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# Daniel McPherson
**Daniel McPherson** (born 5 July 1975) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with the Sydney Swans in the Australian Football League. Originally from Matong, a small town in New South Wales, McPherson played for the Swans between 1994 and 2003. He has served as the forward coach of the Melbourne Football Club since October 2013.
After retiring from playing, he turned to coaching, leading North Shore Australian Football Club in the Sydney AFL in 2005. He then joined the Sydney coaching staff and coached the Sydney reserves in the AFL Canberra league in 2010
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# Glacial River Warren
**Glacial River Warren**, also known as **River Warren**, was a prehistoric river that drained Lake Agassiz in central North America between about 13,500 and 10,650 BP calibrated (11,700 and 9,400 ^14^C uncalibrated) years ago. A part of the uppermost portion of the former river channel was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1966.
## Geological history {#geological_history}
Lake Agassiz was formed from the meltwaters of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Wisconsin glaciation of the last ice age. Agassiz was an enormous body of water, up to 600 -- deep, and at various times covering areas totaling over 110000 sqmi. Blocked by an ice sheet to the north, the lake water rose until about 13,500 BP calibrated (11,700 ^14^C uncalibrated) years ago when it overtopped the *Big Stone Moraine*, a ridge of glacial drift left by the receding glacier, at the location of Browns Valley, Minnesota. The lake\'s outflow was catastrophic, and carved a gorge through the moraine 1 mi wide and 130 ft deep, which is now known as the Traverse Gap. The channel through the moraine, between Lake Traverse and Big Stone Lake, is now crossed by the divide between the watersheds of the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson Bay. Its significance was recognized by designation as a National Natural Landmark under the Historic Sites Act.
From Traverse Gap issued Glacial River Warren. From its inception until final abandonment of Agassiz\' southern outlet, this stream drained the meltwater of that lake to the Mississippi valley. The drainage was not continuous, as Lake Agassiz periodically had other outlets. The Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated and advanced with climatic variations and these changes in ice cover contributed to isostatic adjustments in the level of the land over which the watercourses ran. These changes in turn uncovered or blocked the lake\'s other outlets to the sea.
## Course
While active this turbulent stream cut and eroded a bed up to 5 mi wide and 250 ft deep, leaving a valley which starts at Traverse Gap near Browns Valley, Minnesota, goes southeast to Mankato, then turns northeast to the Twin Cities. River Warren was joined by the comparatively small Mississippi at Fort Snelling, from which the valley continues northeast to present-day Saint Paul, where the massive River Warren Falls once graced the landscape. Over 1700 years this waterfall retreated upstream and undercut the Mississippi at the site of Fort Snelling. The falls then split. The Mississippi falls migrated upstream to form Saint Anthony Falls and create Minnehaha Falls in Minneapolis. The River Warren falls receded west in the Minnesota River valley until they reached an older buried river valley about 2 mi west of the confluence, where the falls were extinguished.
From Saint Paul the great valley goes southeast to Prescott, Wisconsin, where it is joined by the St. Croix River, itself once the outlet of another proglacial lake, Glacial Lake Duluth which occupied the western part of Lake Superior. From its confluence with the St. Croix the valley continues southeast along the Minnesota--Wisconsin border. River Warren\'s effects include the creation of bluffs along the valleys of the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers, and contributed to the formation of Lake Pepin.
## Disappearance
By about 9400 BP, the ice sheet finally retreated sufficiently far to the north that Lake Agassiz permanently took another outlet and receded below the level of Traverse Gap. River Warren then ceased to run. The Lake Agassiz area watershed now feeds the Red River of the North which flows north, ultimately to Hudson Bay. River Warren\'s upper valley in the Traverse Gap is now occupied by the tiny Little Minnesota River, which flows into Big Stone Lake and the Minnesota River, which follows the greater river\'s ancient bed to its confluence with the Mississippi River. These misfit streams occupy only a small cross-section of River Warren\'s riverbed.
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# Glacial River Warren
## Name
The hydrology of the oversized valley was first explained by General G. K. Warren in 1868. He made a detailed survey of the valley in his search for possible transcontinental railroad routes. In appreciation of this work, the glacial river that was the outlet of Lake Agassiz was named River Warren
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# Joshua Grenier
**Joshua Grenier** (born July 16, 1979, in Manchester, New Hampshire) is a retired American soccer player. He played college soccer New Hampshire College (now Southern New Hampshire University) and Clayton State University. He last played for TuS Koblenz in Germany\'s second division, the 2. Bundesliga. He played as a central defender.
Grenier made over 100 competitive appearances for Koblenz from 2003 until 2008
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# Princess Pantha
**Princess Pantha** is a jungle heroine that appeared in comic books published by Nedor Comics. The character was revived twice; first by AC Comics, and then by writer Alan Moore for his Tom Strong spin-off, *Terra Obscura*. She first appeared in *Thrilling Comics* #56 (October 1946).
## Nedor Comics {#nedor_comics}
Princess Pantha is one of the many characters inspired by Sheena, Queen of the Jungle that appeared in the 1940s. Her origin story is told in her first appearance: Pantha is a circus performer visiting Africa to find a legendary wild gorilla for her act. She was accidentally stranded in the jungles of Africa for several months, and survived by virtue of her ability to sound like a gorilla. She soon replaces her Western clothing with her trade-mark leopard-skin bikini. Even after being rescued by adventurer Dane Hunter, Pantha decides to stay in Africa to search for the mysterious white gorilla.
The adventures of Princess Pantha appeared in *Thrilling Comics* from issue #56 until #74 (October 1949), when she was replaced by stories about cowboy Buck Ranger. Art Saaf illustrated most of Pantha\'s stories, with Alex Schomburg drawing all her cover appearances.
One story, \"The Land of the Black Python\" (*Thrilling Comics* #66, June 1948), has been cited as an example of racial insensitivity: \"a white Princess Pantha taught black Africans to overcome racial prejudice in a near-classic example of \"blame-the-victim\" mentality\".
## AC Comics {#ac_comics}
During the 1990s, AC Comics reprinted the adventures of Princess Pantha, along with many other characters from the Golden Age of Comic Books. AC comics later published new adventures featuring Princess Pantha for their *Jungle Girls: Wild Side* series.
## America\'s Best Comics {#americas_best_comics}
Princess Pantha is one of the many Nedor Comics characters revived by Alan Moore for his Tom Strong spin-off, *Terra Obscura*. The stories were published by America\'s Best Comics, originally an imprint of Wildstorm, now an imprint of DC Comics.
In *Tom Strong* #11 (January 2001), Strong visits the alternate Earth of Tom Strange, which he names Terra Obscura. The superhero team of Terra Obscura, SMASH, had been imprisoned in suspended animation since facing an alien menace in 1969. Strong and Strange are able to overcome the alien menace thirty years later, and free SMASH. Princess Pantha is one of the heroes freed by the duo in *Tom Strong* #12 (June 2001).
Pantha appears in *Terra Obscura* vol. 2 (October 2004 - May 2005), as an associate member of SMASH. She also begins dating Doc Strange, as her husband Dale Hunter had died while she was in suspended animation. These stories were written by Peter Hogan, based on plots provided by Alan Moore. The artwork was supplied by Yanick Paquette.
The stories featuring Princess Pantha have been collected in several trade paperbacks:
- *Tom Strong: Book Two*, issues 8-14 (hardcover: `{{ISBN|1-84023-456-3}}`{=mediawiki}, paperback: `{{ISBN|1-56389-880-2}}`{=mediawiki}).
- *Terra Obscura* v2 (`{{ISBN|1-4012-0622-0}}`{=mediawiki}, 2005). Collects issues #7-12.
## Powers and abilities {#powers_and_abilities}
Princess Pantha has no superhuman powers. She is highly athletic, skilled in hand-to-hand combat and has mastery of jiu-jitsu. She is also an accomplished animal trainer
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# Wayne Jobson
**Wayne Jobson** (born December 4, 1954), also known as **Native Wayne**, is a Jamaican record producer of European ancestry. He has worked with such artists as No Doubt, Gregory Isaacs and Toots & the Maytals. He hosts the weekly radio show \"Alter Native\" every Sunday afternoon on Indie 103.1. He previously hosted a similar radio show, \"Reggae Revolution\", at Indie\'s main competitor KROQ-FM. Jobson is also known as a musician. He recorded an album in 1977 produced by Lee \'Scratch\' Perry at the Black Ark.
In the punk rock and post punk period in London, Jobson contributed some Discomixes to Jah Wobble\'s debut album, which featured a largely \"guitar-free\" sound, infused in reggae and punk-inspired dub.\" According to *Trouser Press*, Wobble \"accentuates his reggae pretensions, fiddles with electronics and overdubbing and plays shadowy, threatening bass.\"
Wayne Jobson also provided Jah Wobble with a Black Ark Discomix, which Wobble retitled \"Dreadlock Don\'t Deal in Wedlock\" , with Jah Wobble toasting over backing tracks provided to him by Wayne Jobson. The backing track Jobson provided was originally titled \"Black Tracks,\" originally recorded by Lee Perry, September 1977 at Channel One Studios.
Born on Dec 4, 1954 in Jamaica, Wayne Jobson also known as \"Native Wayne\", is a Jamaican record producer and produces films, is a radio personality, host a syndicated radio show and a music historian. He grew up in the hills of St. Ann, just nine miles from 'Nine Mile' the birthplace of Bob Marley, Wayne started off with close ties to both reggae and the Marley family. Diki Jobson, a cousin started Island Records along with Chris Blackwell and managed Bob Marley and the Wailers, while another cousin, Diane Jobson was Marley\'s attorney.
After graduating high school in Jamaica, Jobson studied law at Kings College in London and received a Master of Laws in Entertainment Law. As both writer and producer of the documentary film "STEPPING RAZOR-RED X", which follows the life story of Reggae legend, Peter Tosh, Wayne was awarded with a nomination for a Canadian Academy Award, a 'Genie', and won for "Best Documentary" at the Jamaican Film Festival in Jamaica.
In addition, he produced two "Behind the Music" episodes for Viacom\'s VH1. "Behind the Music" is considered the most successful music television show in recent history. Jobson produced both an episode on Peter Tosh and also on the life of Bob Marley which made history by being the first show to air for 90 minutes versus the standard one hour.
No stranger to successful films and television shows produced in Jamaica, Wayne assisted with the production of the Alec Baldwin/Meg Ryan Film "PRELUDE TO A KISS' and helped put together the music for the most successful Jamaican film of all time, Disney\'s "COOL RUNNINGS" which was made for \$14 million and grossed over \$200 million, with its soundtrack going gold. He was also a part of putting together the ABC TV series "GOING TO EXTREMES" with "NORTHERN EXPOSURE" producers Falsey and Brand.
Wayne helped Adam Sandler put together the reggae soundtrack for his '50 First Dates' movie which went gold and was #1 on Billboard soundtrack charts.
As a Producer on NO DOUBT\'s multiplatinum album 'ROCK STEADY', Wayne/s singles 'HEY BABY' and 'UNDERNEATH IT ALL' both went to #1 in America and won him two Grammys, with the album reaching 25 million sold worldwide.
He has also produced two compilations for Polygram which spent 6 months at #1 on Billboard\'s reggae chart and sold over a half of a million copies.
A renowned artist himself, "Native Wayne" was spotted by Clive Davis' Arista Records and was the first Reggae artist to be signed to the label. With his band, "NATIVE", he recorded albums for Arista, RCA, Buddah, A&M and MCA Records. "NATIVE" opened shows for both reggae greats, Bob Marley and Peter Tosh. NATIVE performed at its biggest show ever at the US Festival in California with David Bowie where the audience was over 300,000 people. He produced the critically acclaimed compilation "REGGAE BLITZ ALL STARS" which featured such artists as Maxi Priest, Toots and the Maytals, Third World, Black Uhuru, Big Mountain, Shabba Ranks and the Gregory Isaacs.
Wayne has recorded with and produced a wide range of artists including: Keith Richards of "THE ROLLING STONES", Jimmy Cliff, Toots and the Maytals, Willie Nelson (playing guitar and putting together the 'Countryman' reggae album), Gregory Isaacs, 311, Thievery Corporation, Paris Hilton, Herb Alpert and Garth Brooks.
As a songwriter he has had his songs covered by such artists as Willie Nelson, Leon Robinson, Richie Stevens and Junior Reid. Wayne co-wrote with Jimmy Buffett, one of the songs on the Jimmy Buffett album "FAR SIDE OF THE WORLD" which entered the Billboard album charts at #5.
Diving into the world of radio, Wayne was both producer and DJ at the #1 modern rock station in the world, KROQ 106.7 FM in Los Angeles, on which he had the #1 reggae show in America, "REGGAE REVOLUTION" running for a seven-year period.
A longtime grammy member, Wayne has also worked as consultant to the Grammy Foundation, hosted P&E Wing events, and continues to be involved in Reggae Grammy nominations and submissions.
Jobson also produced a live album and DVD for Jamaican guitar legend Ernie Ranglin featuring Robbie Krieger (from the Doors), Elliot Easton (from the Cars) and No Doubt. This resulted in a film on the history of reggae music and Ernie Ranglin called 'Roots of Reggae' which was voted as one of the top films at the Flashpoint Film Festival in 2007 -- Photo: Arthur Gorson "Native" Wayne was Program Director at XM Satellite Radio in Washington DC, the first nationwide, 24 hour, 7 day a week station in America. As program director and DJ for "The Joint", Jobson helped to bring reggae to a national audience. When they launched the largest (\$2 billion) radio operation on the planet in 2001, Wayne arranged for Bob Marley\'s 'One Love' to be the first song ever to be broadcast.
Wayne worked as consultant and DJ with Jimmy Buffett on his Radio Margaritaville, which can be heard on Sirius Satellite Radio.
Wayne also worked as a consultant to Napster to develop their Reggae and World Music Department.
Wayne is presently a producer and DJ at modern rock powerhouse Indie 103.1 Radio in Los Angeles which Rolling Stone describes as 'the best station in America'
As producer and remixer, Wayne\'s recent project include Gavin Rossdale (Bush), Salvador Santana (Carlos\'s son), OAR (Atlantic Records), Long Beach Dub Allstars (Sublime), Brand New Heavies, The Doors, Jason Mraz, Maroon 5, No Doubt, Garbage, Shaggy and Magic.
Wayne is developing a feature film on the life of reggae legend Peter Tosh with Academy Award-winning director Kevin Mcdonald.
Wayne is currently working with Academy Award-winning director Daniel Junge on the Alpha documentary about the famous music school in Jamaica.
The recordings were released in a CD format in 2007.
He won two grammies w No Doubt as executive producer for the songs \"Hey Baby\" and \"Underneath it All\" from the Rock Steady Album. On the same album Wayne Jobson also was executive producer for \"Underneath it All\" which was a nominee for a Grammy. Wayne Jobson also has made the following documentaries
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# Eilert Falch-Lund
**Eilert Dietrichson Falch-Lund** (27 January 1875 -- 2 February 1960) was a Norwegian businessperson and sportsperson. As a yacht racer, he competed in the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics, winning one Olympic gold medal.
He was born in Kristiania. He finished Kristiania Commerce School in 1894 and worked in the offices of the companies Fr. Meyer from 1894 to 1904 and J. E. Mowinckel in Bergen from 1904 to 1905. He then stayed in England for a year. In 1914 he started his own company E. Falch-Lund in *Tollbodgaten*.
In 1908, he was part of the Norwegian *Fram*, which finished fourth in the 8 metre class competition. Four years later, he was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Magda IX*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class. He represented the clubs Royal Norwegian Yacht Club and Bergen SF. He was also a co-founder of the skiing club SK Ondur in 1891, and was a member of Oslo Rotary Klub.
He died in February 1960 and was buried in Vestre gravlund
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# Garry Foulds
**Garry Foulds** (born 13 May 1956) is a former Australian rules footballer who played 300 games for the Essendon Football Club between 1974 and 1989. Described as \"a ball magnet\", Foulds spent the majority of his career playing on the wing or floating across the half-back line. He made his Victorian Football League (VFL) debut against Fitzroy in round 8 1974, after playing in the Essendon under--19s. He struggled to hold his place in the side before becoming a regular in 1977. Foulds was part of Essendon\'s Grand Final winning sides over Hawthorn in 1984 and 1985, along with playing in the 1983 Grand Final loss against the same opposition.
## Biography
While he attended St Bernard\'s College \[college of fellow VFL/AFL 300 gamers, Simon and Justin Madden in Melbourne, Foulds played with West Essendon juniors in the Essendon District Football League. Then Essendon senior Victorian Football League \[now AFL\] captain, Des Tuddenham convinced Foulds to train with Essendon. \"I was playing under-17s at the time and had just got home from training. My brother told me Des Tuddenham was at the door but I didn\'t believe him so I didn\'t bother to check. He came again and said he was waiting for me --- I thought I would play along and went out to check and got the biggest shock of my life,\" Foulds said. By the end of the week he was training with Essendon and was playing in the under--19s.
He spent two years playing reserves and under--19s football before he made his senior debut in round 8 1974, against Fitzroy at Lake Oval. He struggled to hold his place in the side in the coming seasons, until he had a breakout season in 1977. The year saw him often win the ball across half-back or the midfield. Some experts said that Foulds would often have an \"uncanny ability to be in the right play at the right time,\" and was a \"dangerous player when he had the ball.\" His teammate Robert Shaw said that Foulds had \"one of the best kicks you would ever see. He was over six feet tall and had real pace so he could carry the ball.\" In response, Foulds said: \"I just used to try and sum up situations and if I thought my opponent was running to the wrong place I would go the other way.\" His last Australia Football League \[AFL\] coach Kevin Sheedy, was full of praise for Foulds: \"He was a very accomplished footballer. I put him to full-forward and against Richmond in 1981 and he kicked seven goals on Francis Bourke,\" Sheedy said. \"He was a very smart footballer --- not a crash and bang type of player but very calculating. He was unselfish, a good team man.\"
Despite being only one of five players to play 300 matches for the Essendon Football Club, Foulds says the 1984 Grand Final victory over Hawthorn was \"probably his greatest memory,\" and was \"more satisfying than playing 300 games.\" Commenting further on the 1984 victory he said: \"After being at Essendon for 10 years, it was a pretty big achievement to know that we had won a Grand Final.\" Foulds was also a part of Essendon\'s 1983 Grand Final loss to Hawthorn and their 1985 victory over the same opposition.
Though Foulds played 300 games, he was not an iconic figure at the club. \"When I played at Essendon I wasn\'t in the media much and it suited me and enabled me to concentrate on football. I was happy playing the game. I enjoyed playing and the people I played with and the friends I made out of football,\" said Foulds.
In 2025, Garry Foulds was named at Number 23 in Don The Stat\'s Top 100 Essendon Players Since 1980
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# Clearfield Coalfield
The **Clearfield Coalfield** is a bituminous coal mining area in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, United States. The coal seams are found in most parts of Clearfield County, with the notable exception of the northern part of the county.
## Mining history {#mining_history}
The entrance of the Pennsylvania Railroad\'s extension from Tyrone, northwest to Philipsburg and Clearfield opened much of the field to coal mining. Later the New York Central (NYC) built the Beech Creek Railroad from Jersey Shore up Beech Creek and entered Clearfield from the northeast. This line bypassed Clearfield and extended south to Mahaffey and eventually into Indiana County. Other rail lines included the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railroad\'s extension down Anderson Creek to Clearfield, NYC\'s extension to Clearfield and down the Susquehanna River to Keating, and the Bell\'s Gap Railroad, which ran through the southern part of the county through Mahaffey. Each railroad opened numerous coal company towns such as Surveyor, Croft, Karthaus and Bald Hill on NYC\'s Susquehanna River line. Numerous other towns were built such as Gaazam, Glen Richey, Peale, Winburne (Summerville), Hawk Run, Morrisdale and Irvona.
The active mining of these fields has been greatly reduced since the 1970s. Some coal is obtained via strip-mining for the power plant at Shawville and other private enterprises. There were no active underground mines in Clearfield County as of 2007
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# The Secret Sense
\"**The Secret Sense**\" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, published in *Cosmic Stories* in March 1941. It takes place against the background of an ancient and highly developed culture living in large underground cities on Mars.
## Publication
Asimov wrote the story in 1939 and submitted to the magazine *Astounding SF*, but was rejected by its editor John W. Campbell, Jr. It could not be placed by Asimov\'s agent, Frederik Pohl, and eventually it was taken for no payment by a new and short-lived magazine, *Cosmic Stories*, in March 1941, although Asimov did ask for a token payment of \$5 from the editor, Donald A. Wollheim, or else for the story to be published under a pseudonym, before the story was published. This was requested on the grounds that \"even though the story might be worth nothing, my name was worth something\". Wollheim reluctantly agreed to a payment of \$5, commenting that it was an effective word rate of \$2.50 per word, since he was paying only for the use of Asimov\'s name. Asimov described the letter from Wollheim with the \$5 payment as \"needlessly nasty\". He later commented to Damon Knight that he might have just given Wollheim the \$5 back in cash after receiving the check, but that the option never occurred to him at the time. The story was reprinted in the collection *The Early Asimov* in 1972.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Lincoln Fields, a rich Earthling from New York City living on Mars, is discussing the merits of the highly developed sense of sight and hearing that humans possess, which the Martians do not. Garth Jan, his Martian friend, counters with the merits of the senses that the Martians possess, and unintentionally lets slip that there is also one secret sense. Fields asks him to give it to him but Garth Jan refuses at that time. Six months later, using Martian social law in an unethical fashion, Fields forces him to let him feel this sense and Jan reluctantly agrees.
Fields is injected by a Martian physician with a hormone extract that will activate the sense in him, but only for five minutes, after which it will be unusable ever again. Jan\'s music teacher commences playing a musical composition on a Martian instrument, the *portwem*.
After a few minutes, Fields starts to experience the wonders of the portwem, first with colours and sounds and odours all directly affecting the senses, which transition into a new, indescribable sense. He is devastated, as Jan knew he would be, when his time is up and he loses the ability to experience the secret sense
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# Russell Greene
Russell Green}} `{{Infobox AFL biography
| name = Russell Greene
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1957|5|30|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| originalteam = Frankston Peninsula
| debutdate = Round 1, 1974
| debutteam = {{AFL StK}}
| debutopponent = {{AFL Fit}}
| debutstadium = [[Moorabbin Oval]]
| height = 185 cm
| weight = 78 kg
| position = Utility
| statsend = 1988
| years1 = 1974–1980
| club1 = {{AFL StK}}
| games_goals1 = 120 {{0}}(52)
| years2 = 1980–1988
| club2 = {{AFL Haw}}
| games_goals2 = 184 {{0}}(82)
| games_goalstotal = 304 (134)
| careerhighlights = * 3× VFL premiership player: [[1983 VFL Grand Final|1983]], [[1986 VFL Grand Final|1986]], [[1988 VFL Grand Final|1988]]
* [[Leigh Matthews Trophy|VFLPA MVP]]: 1984
* [[Peter Crimmins Medal|Peter Crimmins Perpetual Memorial Trophy]]: 1984
* [[All-Australian team]]: 1983, 1984, 1985
* Hawthorn Hall of Fame: 2005
* VFL Team of the Year: 1983, 1984
* AFL Life member
* HFC Life member
* Victorian State of Origin Captain
* Australian Sports Medal
* Haydn Bunton Medal
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Russell Greene** (born 30 May 1957) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the St Kilda Football Club and Hawthorn Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
He was just sixteen when he made his VFL debut in round 1, 1974 for `{{AFL StK}}`{=mediawiki}. After playing eight games with St Kilda in 1980, he joined `{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} for the rest of that season and was a key player during a successful decade for the club. He won the VFL Players Association Most Valuable Player award, now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy, as well as Hawthorn\'s best and fairest honours in 1984. Greene was chosen in the All-Australian team in 1983, 1984 and 1985. Greene\'s last game was the 1988 grand final win over Melbourne.
Greene has been involved at a few different clubs over the years, in 1994 at North Melbourne, Greene was the fitness advisor, a position he also held in 1997 at St. Kilda.
Since retiring from football, Greene has worked as a PE teacher, first at Melbourne Grammar School, and currently (2011 -- present) at Marnebek School in Cranbourne
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# Dee Hardison
**William David \"Dee\" Hardison** (May 2, 1956 -- April 21, 2018) was an American professional football player who was a defensive end and defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills (1978--1980), New York Giants (1982--1985), San Diego Chargers (1986--1987) and Kansas City Chiefs (1988). He played college football for the North Carolina Tar Heels.
Hardison helped the Bills win the 1980 AFC East Division and helped the Bills defense lead the NFL in fewest passing yards allowed in 1978 and the AFC in 1979 and 1980 and NFL in fewest total yards allowed in 1980 and the Chiefs lead the NFL in fewest passing yards allowed in 1988.
In ten seasons, Hardison had nine sacks.
Hardison died on April 21, 2018, at the age of 61
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# Kent Flannery
**Kent Vaughn Flannery** (born 1934) is an American archaeologist who has conducted and published extensive research on the pre-Columbian cultures and civilizations of Mesoamerica, and in particular those of central and southern Mexico. He has also worked in Iran and Peru.
Flannery grew up in Maryland on a farm near the Susquehanna River, and attended the Gilman School in Baltimore. His father was artist Vaughn Flannery. He entered the University of Chicago after his sophomore year of high school, and gained his B.A. degree in zoology in 1954. He began studying for an M.A. in zoology, but shifted to Anthropology following fieldwork in Mexico; he then excavated in Iran with Robert Braidwood in 1960. His 1961 M.A. differentiated wild and domestic pigs in Near Eastern Neolithic sites. His 1964 Ph.D. examined the Tehuacán formative.
Flannery is known for proposing the Broad Spectrum Revolution in 1961. In the 1960s and 70s, Flannery was a leading proponent of Processual Archaeology and the use of Systems Theory in archaeology. He has published influential work on origins of agriculture and village life in the Near east, pastoralists in the Andes, and cultural evolution, and many critiques of modern trends in archaeological method, theory, and practice. From 1966 to 1980 he directed project \"Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico,\" dealing with the origins of agriculture, village life, and social inequality in Mexico.
At the University of Michigan, Flannery is the James B. Griffin Professor in the Department of Anthropology and the Curator of Human Ecology and Archaeobiology at the Museum of Anthropological Archaeology. He has chaired thirteen doctoral dissertation committees. His students include Robert Drennan, Susan H. Lees, and Charles S. Spencer.
Flannery was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1978, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996, and the American Philosophical Society in 2005. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Pennsylvania in 1987, and in 1992 his scholarship was recognized by the American Anthropological Association with the Alfred Vincent Kidder Award for Eminence in the Field of American Archaeology.
In 1973 Flannery married fellow archaeologist and frequent collaborator Joyce Marcus.
## Major publications {#major_publications}
- Flannery, Kent V. (1972) The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3:399-426.
- Flannery, Kent V. (editor) (1976) The Early Mesoamerican Village. Academic Press, New York.
- Flannery, Kent V. (1985) Guila Naquitz: Archaic Foraging and Early Agriculture in Oaxaca, Mexico. Academic Press, New York.
- Flannery, Kent V. (2006) On the Resilience of Anthropological Archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 35:1-13.
- Flannery, Kent V. and Joyce Marcus (editors) (1983) The Cloud People: Divergent Evolution of the Zapotec and Mixtec Civilizations. Academic Press, New York.
- Flannery, Kent V. and Joyce Marcus (1994) Early Formative Pottery in the Valley of Oaxaca. Memoirs vol. 27. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
- Flannery, Kent V. and Joyce Marcus (2005) Excavations at San José Mogote 1: The Household Archaeology. Memoirs vol. 40. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
- Hole, Frank/Flannery, Kent V./Neely, James A.(1969) Prehistory and human ecology of the Deh Luran plain. An early village sequence from Khuzistan, Iran. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan 1. Ann Arbor.
- Marcus, Joyce and Kent V. Flannery (1996) Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico\'s Oaxaca Valley. Thames and Hudson, New York.
- Flannery, Kent V. and Joyce Marcus (2012) The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
## Fiction
- Flannery, Kent V. \"The Golden Marshalltown: A Parable for the Archeology of the 1980s.\" American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Jun
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# Trade (finance)
In finance, a **trade** is an exchange of a security such as stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, derivatives or any valuable financial instrument for \"cash\". Such a financial transaction is usually done by participants of an exchange such as a stock exchange, commodity exchange or futures exchange with a short-dated promise to pay in the currency of the country where the \'exchange\' is located.
The price is agreed between the buyer and seller on the execution of the trade and is guided by the supply and demand for that financial instrument. Once the trade is executed a number of steps take place until the trade is finally settled. There is a pre-defined settlement period for this to happen in each market.
Trading in financial markets is key part of a countries economics, providing liquidity, enabling price discovery, and facilitating efficient capital allocation. When trading in financial markets, financial traders balance risk and potential reward to attempt to make profit from the trades.
## Life cycle {#life_cycle}
The securities trade life cycle involves:
1. Order initiation and execution. (Front office function)
2. Risk management and order routing. (Middle office function)
3. Order matching and conversion into trade. (Front office function)
4. Affirmation and confirmation. (back office function)
5. Clearing (back office function)
6. Settlement. (back office function)
## Participants
Participants in the financial markets include:
- Speculators or retail traders
- Institutional traders such as insurance companies, private funds, hedge funds
- Central banks such as the U.S
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# Walter Price (Australian cricketer)
**Walter Price** (24 March 1886 -- 29 July 1944) was an Australian cricketer, who played a single first-class match: for South Australia against Victoria in the 1913-14 Sheffield Shield. He scored 7 and 5 not out, and took the wickets of Eugene Carroll and Carl Willis.
Price was born in Hawthorn, South Australia; he died in Adelaide at the age of 58
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# Diego del Gastor
**Diego del Gastor** (March 15, 1908 in Arriate Málaga, Spain -- July 7, 1973 in Morón de la Frontera, Sevilla) was a Spanish flamenco guitarist. He was the creator and exponent of the guitar playing tradition of Morón de la Frontera. This tradition was continued by his nephews, grandnephews and nieces.
## Discography
### Soloist
- *Misterios de la guitarra flamenca* (Ariola 10521-A, 1972)
- *Evocaciones* (Pasarela, 1990)
- *El eco de unos toques* (book + CD, El Flamenco Vive, 2007), incl. *Misterios de la guitarra flamenca* y *Evocaciones.*
- *Flamenco y Universidad Vol
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# Nadir Afonso
**Nadir Afonso**, GOSE (4 December 1920 -- 11 December 2013) was a Portuguese geometric abstractionist painter. Formally trained in architecture, which he practiced early in his career with Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer, Nadir Afonso later studied painting in Paris and became one of the pioneers of Kinetic art, working alongside Victor Vasarely, Fernand Léger, Auguste Herbin, and André Bloc.
As a theorist of his own geometry-based aesthetics, published in several books, Nadir Afonso defended the idea that art is purely objective and ruled by laws that treat art not as an act of imagination but of observation, perception, and form manipulation.
Nadir Afonso achieved international recognition early in his career and many of his works are in museums. His most famous works are the *Cities* series, which depict places all around the world. He was known to have painted into his later years and died on 11 December 2013, one week after his 93rd birthday, at a hospital in Cascais. During his life he achieved great honors, representing his country at the finest level.
## Biography
### Formative years {#formative_years}
Nadir Afonso Rodrigues was born in the rural, remote town of Chaves, Portugal, on 4 December 1920. His parents were Palmira Rodrigues Afonso and the poet Artur Maria Afonso. His very unusual first name was suggested by a gypsy to his father on his way to the Civil Registry, where he was due to be registered as Orlando.
By the age of four, he made his first \"painting\" on a wall at home: a perfect red circle, which anticipated his life as under the signs of rhythm and geometric precision. His teen years were dedicated to painting, and he won his first national prize at age 17. It was only natural that he was sent to the bigger city of Porto to enroll in the School of Fine Arts to pursue a degree in painting. However, at the registration desk, he took the advice of the clerk, who told him that his high school diploma allowed him to enroll in Architecture, which was then a more promising career. As he later admitted, he made a mistake by listening to that man.
Nadir Afonso took on the challenge and graduated in architecture, though he flunked the third year because some of his professors could not accept his artistic style. Settled in Porto, he started to design houses and industrial buildings, while at the same time painting the city around him under his other surname, Rodrigues. As a member of the artist collective Independentes, he took part in all their art exhibitions until 1946 and became a favorite with the national critics. His oil *A Ribeira* was purchased by the Contemporary Art Museum of Lisbon in 1944, when he was only 24 years old.
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# Nadir Afonso
## Biography
### Art and architecture {#art_and_architecture}
In 1946, Nadir Afonso left Porto for Paris with a number of unfinished works from his \"Iris period\", and changed his signature with the surname Afonso. There, a Brazilian painter Candido Portinari helped him secure a scholarship from the French Government to study art and painting at the *École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts*. He resided at the *Hôtel des Mines* in the Latin Quarter and spent his time regularly at students hangouts. Nadir Afonso recalls this period of his life as the first time that he was in contact with the great world of art. Because his scholarship lasted only one year, Nadir Afonso worked until 1948 (and again in 1951) with the architect Le Corbusier who, knowing his passion for painting, gave him the mornings off without cutting his salary. He also worked for a while, with the artist Fernand Léger.
While working under Le Corbusier in Paris, Nadir Afonso gradually developed his own style of geometric abstractionism. His new fundamentals of aesthetics reoriented his concepts of the origin and essence of art that resulted in his 1948 research thesis controversial to his architectural work, *Architecture Is Not an Art*. \"Architecture is a science, a team elaboration\", and therefore a means of expression that cannot satisfy a solitary soul like him. In 1949, Nadir Afonso left Paris and for a while immersed himself fully in his paintings. He went through a period of inspiration in the Portuguese Baroque, followed by an Egyptian period.
From December 1951 to 1954, Nadir Afonso crossed the Atlantic to answer an invitation to work with the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer; it was three years of \"necessary architecture and obsessive painting\". That obsession forced him to return to Paris, looking for artists researching kinetic art. He joined the group of the Denise René Gallery, connecting with French-Hungarian painter Victor Vasarely (father of Op-art), Danish painter Richard Mortensen, French painter Auguste Herbin, and French architect André Bloc, culminating in 1958 with the public showing at the *Salon des Réalités Nouvelles*, of his animated painting *Espacillimité* (now on display at the Chiado Museum in Lisbon). His first book, *La Sensibilité Plastique*, was published the same year with the support of art critic Michel Gaüzes, patron Madame Vaugel and Victor Vasarely. In 1959, his first anthology exhibition took place at the *Maison des Beaux-Arts* in Paris, while initial exhibitions of his new style in his native country initially failed to raise as much interest as in the early expressionist years.
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# Nadir Afonso
## Biography
### Full-time painter {#full_time_painter}
Paris was a world center of the arts but the fierce competition between artists proved too much for Nadir Afonso. In 1965, conscious of his social inadaptation, he moved back to his hometown of Chaves and gradually took refuge in isolation and accentuated the orientation of his life towards the creation of art. He terminated the architecture practice and pursued his aesthetics studies based on geometry, which he considered the essence of art. Once in a while, he left his hideout to return to Paris and meet with friends, author Roger Garaudy, painter Victor Vasarely, and critic Michel Gaüzes. By indication of Garaudy, he traveled to Toulouse to meet aestheticist Pierre Bru, with whom he reviewed the syntactic form of his studies, before publishing *Les Mécanismes de la Création Artistique* (The Mechanisms of Artistic Creation), the book where he introduced his original theory of art as an exact science.
In 1974, he had a solo exhibition at the Selected Artists Galleries, in New York. U.S. critics acclaimed him as *\"one of the first proponents of geometric abstraction in Portugal \[and\] one of the new generation European artists.\"*
Living in reclusion, Nadir Afonso defined himself in 2006 as *\"Portuguese and a son of the inner country. I learned from tradition to be humble, to praise the masters, and to live these eighty-six years with the simplicity that my lowly status has always guaranteed me. To do a balance of my existence and of my work now is absurd.\"* He spent the last three decades of his life painting, exhibiting, and writing with regular and growing comfort. He was twice married, with five children, born between 1948 and 1989.
Nadir Afonso exhibited regularly in Lisbon, Porto, Paris, New York, and all over the world. His work is in museums in Lisbon and Porto (Portugal), Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (Brazil), Budapest (Hungary), Paris (Pompidou Center), Wurzburg and Berlin (Germany), among others. He formed a foundation bearing his name, to which he donated his personal artwork collection, and engaged Pritzker Prize-winner architect Álvaro Siza to design its headquarters in his hometown of Chaves.
## International recognition {#international_recognition}
The recognition of Nadir Afonso\'s talent came early in his career, both in his home country and internationally. Aged 24, an oil of his, *A Ribeira*, had already been purchased by the Contemporary Art Museum of Lisbon and the Portuguese government invited him twice to represent Portugal at the São Paulo Art Biennial. By the age of 50, he was well known and regularly exhibited in New York and Paris.
However, his reclusive personality and the memory of his first attempt in 1946 to show his paintings at an art gallery in Paris, which snubbed him and left him humiliated, caused him to shy from publicity and he did not personally promote his exhibitions. Victor Vasarely, the father of op art, had already noticed it in 1968:
: *\"This artist I have known for over 20 years is undoubtedly the most important Portuguese contemporary painter and his work is unjustly little known across the world.\"*
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# Nadir Afonso
## Personal aesthetics theory {#personal_aesthetics_theory}
Art is usually conceived as subjective, but for Nadir Afonso it was purely objective and ruled by laws. *\"Art is a show of exactitude\"*, *\"a game of laws in spaces but not of significations in objects\"*. From these axioms, his own personal theory of geometry-based *\"rational aesthetics within an intuitive art\"* evolved, which he published in book form, alongside his philosophical thoughts on the Universe and its laws. These works are the key to understanding the artist and his art, and are summarized by himself in a few words:
: *\"Searching for the absolute, for an art language in which shapes possess a mathematical rigorousness, where nothing needs to be added nor removed. The feeling of total exactitude.\"*
Because of his rationalism, Nadir Afonso confronted Kandinsky, the father of abstract art, and criticized him for subduing geometry to the human spirit instead of making it the essence of art. This *\"geometry of art\"* is not however the *\"geometry of geometrists\"*, as it is not about symbols nor anything in particular; rather, it is the spatial law itself, with the four qualities of perfection, harmony, evocation, and originality.
His work is methodical, because *\"an artwork is not an act of \'imagination\' (\...) but of observation, perception, form manipulation.\"* *\"I start with shapes, still arbitrary. I put ten shapes on the frame; I look at it and suddenly a sort of spark ignites. Then the form appears. Color is secondary, used to accentuate the intensity of the form.\"* Nadir Afonso did not renege on his early expressionist and surrealist works: *\"An individual initially does not see the true nature of things, he starts by representing the real, because he is convinced therein lies the essence of the artwork. I thought that too. But, as I kept working, the underlying laws of art, which are the laws of geometry, slowly revealed themselves in front of my eyes. There was no effort on my part, it was just the daily work what led me to that result, guided by intuition.\"* The illustrations in this article are a chronological representation of the evolution of Nadir Afonso\'s style and thought towards the original geometric alphabet with which he created his artworks, as explained in his books and seen most prominently in his *Cities* series.
## Artworks
Nadir Afonso produced mainly paintings and serigraphs. His preferred materials were acrylic paint on canvas (bigger works), and gouache on paper (smaller works, often studies for bigger works). His best-known and most distinctive work is the *Cities* series, each painting usually representing a city from anywhere in the world.
, approximate prices for his *Cities* works were €1,500 for a 35x50 cm serigraph (typical edition of 200), €18,000 for a 30x40 cm gouache on paper, and €55,000 for a 90x140 cm acrylic on canvas. In 2007, Nadir Afonso exhibited his first oversized (176x235 cm) canvases, *Seville* and *Pouvoirs Surnaturels*, at a price of €100,000 each. Other values are mentioned in the list of Nadir Afonso artworks.
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# Nadir Afonso
## Exhibitions
Only solo international and major exhibitions are shown.
- 1940 First exhibitions as a student and (until 1946) as a member of artist collective \* 1944 (collective) 9th Exhibition of Modern Art of the SNI-National Information Secretariat, Lisbon
- 1956, 1957 Gallerie Denise René, Paris
- 1958 (collective) *Salon des Réalités Nouvelles*, Paris
- 1959 *Maison des Beaux-Arts*, Paris
- 1961, 1969 São Paulo Art Biennial
- 1970 (anthological) Centre Culturel Portugais, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Paris, then at the Foundation\'s premises in Lisbon
- 1970 Centre de Culture TPN, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- 1972 Galeria Alvarez, Porto
- 1974 Selected Artists Galleries, New York
- 1976, 1978, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1996 Art-Service Gallerie, Paris
- 1979 Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Paris
- 1985 La Madraza, Granada, Spain
- 1986 Embassy of Portugal, Brasília
- 1995 Cooperativa Árvore, Porto. Catalog: *Síntese Estética* (Po/Fr) features two texts by Nadir Afonso and an interview; `{{no ISBN}}`{=mediawiki};
- 2001 Cultural Center of Cascais, Portugal. Catalog features an interview; `{{no ISBN}}`{=mediawiki}; print run: 300
- 2003 Cultural Center of Orense, Spain (catalog: `{{ISBN|84-96011-43-7}}`{=mediawiki})
- 2003 (anthological) 25th International Biennial of Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal
- 2005 - Nadir Afonso: cidades de um flâneur ou de como um viajante o é, Univ. Lusíada, Lisbon
- 2007 - Nadir Afonso, Futuro, Galeria Jornal de Notícias, Porto
- 2007 - Nadir Afonso, Futuro, Galeria Jornal de Notícias, Lisbon
- 2007 - Nadir Afonso, O Futuro Renascimento Centro de Exposições de Odivelas da Câmara Municipal de Odivelas, Lisbon
- 2009 - Nadir Afonso: As Cidades no Homem. Assembleia da República, Lisbon 2009
- 2009 - Nadir Afonso no século XXI, Museu Municipal Edifício Chiado, Galeria de Exposições Temporárias, Coimbra
- 2010 - Nadir Afonso Sem Limites, National Museum Soares dos Reis, Porto
- 2010 - Nadir Afonso Sem Limites, Museu do Chiado, Lisbon
- 2010 - Nadir Afonso: Absoluto 2010, Museu da Presidência da República, Lisbon
- 2011 - Nadir Afonso: Absoluto, Fundação Eugénio de Almeida, Évora
- 2011 - Nadir Afonso: Absoluto, Museu do Abade de Baçal, Bragança
- 2012 - Nadir Afonso, Museo Carlo Bilotti, Rome
- 2012 - Nadir Afonso, Palazzo Loredan, Venice
An additional 60 solo exhibitions in Portugal were recorded between 1949 and 2012 (last one: Palazzo Loredan, Venice). Additional international collective exhibitions include: 1967 Brussels, 1968 Paris, 1973 Barcelona, 1984 Dublin, 1986 Honolulu and Fall River, U.S.; 1993 Salamanca, Spain.
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# Nadir Afonso
## Written works {#written_works}
The following books were written by Nadir Afonso in Portuguese, unless otherwise stated. Additional written works appear in exhibition catalogs and are noted in the list of Nadir Afonso exhibitions.
Theory and philosophy
- 1958 *La Sensibilité Plastique* (Fr), Presses du Temps Présent, Paris
- 1970 *Les Mécanismes de la Création Artistique* (Fr/En/Ge), Éditions du Griffon, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- 1974 *Aesthetic Synthesis* (En), Ed. Galeria Alvarez, Porto, Collab. Selected Artists Galleries, New York. No ISBN
- 1983 *Le Sens de l´Art* (Fr), Imprensa Nacional, Lisbon. Print run: 2,750 + 250 with a numbered and signed serigraph. No ISBN. Translated in 1999 as *O Sentido da Arte*, Livros Horizonte, Lisbon. `{{ISBN|978-972-24-1054-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2000 *Universo e o Pensamento*, Colecção Obras Clássicas da Literatura Portuguesa, Livros Horizonte, Lisbon. `{{ISBN|978-972-24-1094-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2002 *Sobre a Vida e Sobre a Obra de Van Gogh*, Chaves Ferreira Publicações, Lisbon. Print run: 980, numbered and signed. Best art book of the 2003 Frankfurt Book Fair. `{{ISBN|978-972-9402-81-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2003 *O Fascínio das Cidades*, Câmara Municipal de Cascais, Cascais. `{{ISBN|978-972-98153-5-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2003 *Da Intuição Artística ao Raciocínio Estético*, Chaves Ferreira Publicações, Lisbon. Print run: 980, numbered and signed by the author. `{{ISBN|978-972-9402-92-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2005 *As Artes: Erradas Crenças e Falsas Críticas/The Arts: Erroneous Beliefs and False Criticisms* (Po/En), Chaves Ferreira Publicações, Lisbon. Numbered and signed by the author. `{{ISBN|978-972-9402-99-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2008 *Nadir Face a Face com Einstein/ Nadir Face to Face with Einstein*, Chaves Ferreira Publicações, Lisbon. `{{ISBN|978-972-8987-11-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2010 *Manifesto: O Tempo Não Existe* (Po/En), Dinalivro, Lisbon. `{{ISBN|978-972-576-567-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2010 *Universo e Pensamento*, Edições Afrontamento, Lisbon. `{{ISBN|978-972-36-1085-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2011 - O Trabalho Artístico. Reflexões. Lisboa Athena Editora.
Monographs
- 1968: Guedes, Fernando. *Nadir Afonso*, Editorial Verbo, Lisbon
- 1986: *Nadir Afonso* (Po/En/Fr), Colecção Arte Contemporânea, Livraria Bertrand, Lisbon. Print run included 200 numbered and signed copies, with a serigraph. `{{ISBN|978-972-25-0062-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- 1990: *Da Vida à Obra de Nadir Afonso*, Livraria Bertrand, Lisbon. Print run included 250 numbered and signed copies, with a serigraph. `{{ISBN|978-972-25-0541-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- 1994: *Nadir Afonso*, Bial, Porto. No ISBN
- 1998: *Nadir Afonso*, Livros Horizonte, Lisbon. `{{ISBN|978-972-24-1041-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- 1999: *Obra Gravada*, Edições Coelho Dias. `{{ISBN|978-972-97444-1-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2000: *O Porto de Nadir*, Edições Coelho Dias, Porto. `{{ISBN|978-972-97444-4-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2008: *Nadir Afonso: O Futuro Renascimento*, Dinalivro, Lisbon. `{{ISBN|978-972-576-501-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2008: *Nadir Afonso: Itinerário (Com)Sentido*, Edições Afrontamento, Porto. `{{ISBN|978-972-36-1009-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2010: Ginga, Adelaide (coord) Nadir Afonso Sem Limites/Without Limits, Lisboa `{{ISBN|978-972-776-408-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2010: Chaves, Mário; Nadir Afonso: arquitecto e pintor, no Mundo. Universidade Lusíada Editora, Lisboa `{{ISBN|978-989-640-068 2}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2012: Nadir Afonso: Conversa com Agostinho Santos, Âncora Editora, Lisboa. `{{ISBN|978-972-780-345-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2012: Ferreira, António Quadros, Nadir Afonso: Arte, Estética e Teoria, de Ferreira, Edições Afrontamento, Porto. `{{ISBN|978-972-36-1009-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2012: Cecchetto, Stephano (coord) Nadir Afonso: Percorsi per una nuova estetica, Carlo CambiEditore, Rome
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# The Teenage Harlets
**The Teenage Harlets** was a surf`{{clarify|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki} garage punk band based in San Francisco. They got together in 1999 and broke up in 2008. The band was characterized by its fast, `{{clarify span|to-the-point musical style and the venue-trotting antics of their vocalist.|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
The Teenage Harlets gained recognition at the 2006 SXSW music festival by playing 18 shows by making appearances between bands at outdoor venues all across Austin, Texas. They completed several national tours, including multiple dates on The Vans Warped Tour minor stages.
## Members
Final members:
- Johnny Dismal - vocals
- Atom Bomb - drums
- Chris Van Dyke - guitar
- Diamond D - bass
Earlier members:
- Mark - guitar
- Chreehos - bass
- Mikey Quattro - bass
- Joebot 2.0 - organ
- Boss OC-3 - bass
- Kid Kris - bass
- Pablo Fiasco - organ
- Theo Logian - bass
- Buttons - bass
- Rob Lawless - bass
- Jason Spizz Darling - drums
- Kyle Gibson - drums
## Discography
The Harlets released eight CD, 7\" and 12\" records, including \"up the fixx\", their final LP on Springman Records
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# Banded knifefish
The **banded knifefish** (***Gymnotus carapo***) is a species of gymniform knifefish native to a wide range of freshwater habitats in South America. It is the most widespread species of *Gymnotus*, but it has frequently been confused with several relatives, including some found outside its range like the Central America *G. maculosus*. The English name \"banded knifefish\" is sometimes used for the entire genus *Gymnotus* instead of only the species *G. carapo*.
## Range and habitat {#range_and_habitat}
This South American fish is found in the Amazon, Orinoco and Río de la Plata basins, as well as rivers in the Guianas, northeastern Brazil (only those exiting along the country\'s northern coast, such as Parnaíba) and northern Argentina (south to the 36th parallel south), and in Trinidad. This makes it the most widespread species of *Gymnotus*.
*G. carapo* occurs in virtually any freshwater habitat in its range, such as rivers and streams (both slow- and fast-flowing), floodplains, estuaries, swamps and lakes. However, it is not known from deep river channels. It can survive in low-oxygen habitats by breathing air with a modified swim bladder, areas affected by pollution, and for a period on land if its aquatic habitat dries out.
## Appearance
*G. carapo* reaches up to 76 cm in total length, but it rarely surpasses 42 cm and depending on exact population average is 15-26 cm. In a study where two breeding males were located one was 18 cm long and the other 33.5 cm. It is brown with an oblique banded pattern. The strength and details of this pattern varies, both individually and depending on region. There are also some morphometric variations depending on location. A review found that these were insufficient for recognizing the populations as separate species, but did recommend recognizing them as subspecies: *G. c. carapo* (French Guiana and Suriname), *G. c. australis* (Río de la Plata basin), *G. c. caatingaensis* (Parnaíba river basin), *G. c. madeirensis* (upper Madeira river basin), *G. c. occidentalis* (Western Amazon, and Rio Negro and Essequibo river basins), *G. c. orientalis* (Eastern Amazon) and *G. c. septentrionalis* (Orinoco river basin and Trinidad).
## Behavior
This species, as with all Gymnotiformes, is an electric fish that has the capability to generate weak electric charges, and then measure the disturbance in the field of electricity created. This system is used for navigation, finding prey and communicating with other *G. carapo*. They are highly territorial and will react aggressively if detecting the electric field of another individual of their species. However, they are not able to generate a strong electric field that can be used for incapacitating prey or enemies, like the related electric eel.
*G. carapo* are nocturnal and eat benthos, such a worms, insects, crustaceans, small fish and plant material.
The male takes care of the young by mouth brooding, and making and watching over a \"nest\", a depression in the bottom where the female lays the eggs
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# Great Apes (novel)
***Great Apes*** is a 1997 novel by Will Self.
## Plot synopsis {#plot_synopsis}
After a night of drug use, Simon Dykes wakes up in a world where chimpanzees have evolved to be the dominant species with self-awareness, while humans are the equivalent of chimps in our world.
## Reviews
*\"Planet of the Apes meets Nineteen Eighty-Four. Simon Dykes wakes up one morning to a world where chimpanzees are self-aware and humans are the equivalent of chimps in our world. Simon has lived a life of quick drugs, shallow artists and meaningless sex. But this London, much like a PG Tips advert, has chimps in human clothing but with their chimpness intact. The carnivalesque world is humorous, gripping and provocative
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# Sobrante Park, Oakland, California
**Sobrante Park** is a neighborhood located in East Oakland, California, which is partially separated from the rest of the city by two railroad tracks and San Leandro Creek. It was built shortly after World War II, first as a White-Only Lockout and then gradually becoming a White flight red-zone in the mid to late 1950s, and in the early 1960s it became a working-class black neighborhood. It was projected by planners that there would be no in-road into San Leandro\'s Davis St. residential area which was developed during the same period.
In the 1980s the neighborhood became a center of crack cocaine dealing. A large gang from the neighborhood gave itself the nickname, \"11-5\" (or \"11-500\") which refers to the section of California State\'s legal code for drug crimes. A memorial to 32 men and six women members of the gang who have been killed since then (as of 2002) was painted on the basketball court in Tyrone Carney Park, a local park named after a young man from the neighborhood who died in the Vietnam War. The city installed a fence around the park in an attempt to reduce the murders and drug dealing that had been taking place in and around the park.
Sobrante Park is a mostly African-American and Latino neighborhood, with African-Americans forming 53.5%, and Latinos forming about 38%[1](http://www.neighborhoodlink.com/zip/94603).
Sobrante Park and the informally named \"Ghost Town\" have been two of the most crime-ridden areas on Oakland.
Recently, the Alameda County Department of Health, local organizations, and community members established a Time Bank project for the neighborhood in order to facilitate skill sharing among residents, rebuild trust, and revitalize the community of Sobrante Park
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