id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
11,032,581 |
# Jaiku
**Jaiku** was a social networking, micro-blogging and lifestreaming service comparable to Twitter, founded a month before the latter.
Jaiku was founded in February 2006 by Jyri Engeström and Petteri Koponen from Finland and launched in July of that year. It was purchased by Google on October 9, 2007.
When Jaiku Ltd was an independent company, its head office was in Helsinki.
## History
Jaiku was created in February 2006 by Helsinki-based Jaiku Ltd. The founders of Jaiku chose the name because the posts on Jaiku resembled Japanese haiku. Also, the indigenous Sami people of Finland have traditionally shared stories by singing joiks.
On January 14, 2009, it was announced that Google would be open-sourcing the product but would \"no longer actively develop the Jaiku codebase,\" instead leaving development to a \"passionate volunteer team of Googlers\". The financial terms of the deal were not released. It was said that the Jaiku team would also help Google on its upcoming G phone project. New user registrations were closed.
On March 12, 2009, Jaiku was re-launched on Google\'s App Engine platform and on March 13, 2009 the source code to JaikuEngine (the open source equivalent of the jaiku.com codebase) was released. The intent was to compete in the enterprise microblogging arena with a fully customizable microblogging offer.
On October 14, 2011, Google announced that Jaiku would be shut down by January 15, 2012. This announcement came around the same time Google shut down Google Buzz and iGoogle\'s social features.
On November 29, 2011, a group of former users launched Jaikuarchive.com -- The Jaiku Presence archiver \"to save an important part of our digital heritage.\" The original archive site shut down somewhere in 2014 and has since been offline.
As of February 2019, the domain led to an error page on Google\'s servers.
## Software
Jaiku consisted of a website, a mobile website and a client application which acts as a replacement address book that runs on S60 phones.
Jaiku was compatible with Nokia S60 platform mobile devices through its Jaiku Mobile client software. The software allowed users to make posts through the software onto their Jaiku page. Jaiku released their API, which allowed programmers to make their own third party software components such as Feedalizr. One of the main differences between Jaiku and its competitor Twitter was Lifestream, an internet feed that shared users online activities utilizing other programs such as Flickr for photos, last.fm for music, and location by mobile phone. Since Jaiku became open-source, the Lifestream function was removed.
## Features
Jaiku.com allowed users to post their thoughts, opinions, and comments in regards to their lives or any other subject. The posts that users created were called \"Jaikus\" and users had the option of making them publicly visible or private. The site allowed users to keep in touch and interact with friends either through the website, or through the mobile application
| 482 |
Jaiku
| 0 |
11,032,588 |
# Long Island Fury
**Long Island Fury** is an American women\'s soccer team, founded in 2005. The team is a member of the Women\'s Premier Soccer League, the second tier of women\'s soccer in the United States and Canada. The team plays in the Mid-Atlantic Division of the East Conference.
The team plays its home games at the Mitchel Athletic Complex in Uniondale, New York. The club\'s colors are red and navy blue.
The team is a sister organization of the men\'s Long Island Academy team, which plays in the National Premier Soccer League.
## Players
### Notable former players {#notable_former_players}
The following former Fury players have played at the senior international and/or professional level:
- Michelle Betos
- Maia Cabrera
- Marie Curtin
- Christina DiMartino
- Gina DiMartino
- Allie Long
- Rebecca Moros
- Alex Singer
- Sue Weber
## Year-by-year {#year_by_year}
Year Division League Reg
| 149 |
Long Island Fury
| 0 |
11,032,648 |
# Al Cohn's America
***Al Cohn\'s America*** is a jazz album by saxophonist Al Cohn, recorded in 1976 for Xanadu Records.
## Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow stated \"Al Cohn\'s series of albums for Xanadu were among the happiest and most exciting of his career. Freed of his usual writing duties, Cohn sounds exuberant jamming through seven songs\". `{{Music ratings
| rev1 = ''[[Allmusic]]''
| rev1Score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref name="Allmusic"/>
|rev2 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide]]''
| rev2Score = {{rating|5|5}}<ref name=RSJRG>{{Cite book
|editor-last=Swenson
|editor-first=J.
| author-link =
| year = 1985
| title = The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide
| publisher = Random House/Rolling Stone
| location = USA
| isbn = 0-394-72643-X
| pages = 42
}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"America the Beautiful\" (Katherine Lee Bates, Samuel A. Ward) - 5:04
2. \"Night and Day\" (Cole Porter) - 8:34
3. \"My Shining Hour\" (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer) - 8:33
4. \"Bright\" (Al Cohn) - 5:09
5. \"Skylark\" (Hoagy Carmichael, Johnny Mercer) - 6:18
6. \"Woody\'n You\" (Dizzy Gillespie) - 5:54
7
| 179 |
Al Cohn's America
| 0 |
11,032,652 |
# Lucanus formosanus
***Lucanus formosanus*** is a stag beetle which is endemic to Taiwan, and grows to a length of 45 -. Like other species in the Lucanid family, *L. formosanus* exhibits distinct sexual dimorphism and subsequent external morphological allometry in males. Males of the species develop mandibles of various forms depending on geographic location; i.e. northern, central, and southern morphs
| 61 |
Lucanus formosanus
| 0 |
11,032,670 |
# Melbourne University Regiment
The **Melbourne University Regiment** (MUR) is an officer training unit in the Australian Army Reserve (ARes). It has a depot at Grattan Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Australia.
## History
MUR traces its origins to 1884 as D Company, 4th Battalion of the Victorian Rifles, also known as Mount Alexander Rifles, founded in Bendigo on 30 June 1858, at which time it was known as the University Company. General Sir John Monash was a Colour Sergeant of this unit before taking a commission in the colonial and later Commonwealth militia.
The unit became the Melbourne University Rifles in 1910, providing military training for members of Melbourne University and the public schools of Melbourne and Geelong.
As a University Regiment the unit did not deploy with the AIF in either of the world wars and as such, it carries no Battle Honours on its Colours. However, many officers and soldiers of AIF units had received their initial military training or commissions with the University Rifles. In 1927, the regiment adopted the motto of **Postera crescam laude** (I will grow by the praise of posterity), the same motto as the University itself.
During the Second World War the regiment was disbanded; this occurred in 1942. In the post-war structure of the Australian Army the University Rifles was reformed as the present Melbourne University Regiment, officially raised on 1 April 1948. In 1953, the regimental march -- *The Thin Red Line* -- was approved.
Post Plan Beersheba, Monash University Regiment (MonUR) was disbanded and adsorbed into MUR in 2013.
Currently, MUR is a unit of 8th Brigade (8 Bde) where its headquarters is located in Sydney. MUR is a direct command unit of 8 Bde and as part of the 2nd Division, responsible for training of ARes officer cadets (OCDTs) and other ranks (ORs). MUR consist of three sub-units, these are Monash Company, Herring Company and Rhoden Company. MUR conducts training at three separate facilities: OCDT training at the former Monash University Regiment (MonUR) depot in Mt Waverley, Regimental headquarters and training company located in the Grattan Street, Carlton depot and newly established RIC at Simpson Barracks at Watsonia. It is one of the busiest Reserve units in Victoria where it conducts training courses throughout the year.
## Prominent former members of MUR {#prominent_former_members_of_mur}
- General Sir John Monash
- Sir Robert Menzies, the former Australian Prime Minister and founder of the Liberal Party
- Sir Ninian Stephen, the former judge of the High Court and Governor-General of Australia
- Sir Henry Winneke, the former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria and Governor of Victoria
- Sir Rupert Hamer, the former Premier of Victoria
| 445 |
Melbourne University Regiment
| 0 |
11,032,726 |
# Lucanus maculifemoratus
***Lucanus maculifemoratus*** is a beetle of the family Lucanidae. This species is known as **Miyama stag beetle**, or **deep mountain stag beetle**, in Japan. These beetles have a light covering of golden hair on their back, mostly around the rear edges.
*Lucanus maculifemoratus* is known from northeastern Asia, including Japan, Korea, China and Russia, Taiwan.
## Subspecies
- *Lucanus maculifemoratus*
- *Lucanus maculifemoratus adachii*
- *Lucanus maculifemoratus boileaui*
- *Lucanus maculifemoratus ferriei*
- *Lucanus maculifemoratus jilinensis*
- *Lucanus maculifemoratus maculifemoratus*
- *Lucanus maculifemoratus taiwanus*
L.dybowski was considered a sub-species of L.maculifemoratus but is now considered an independent species.
## Gallery
Image:Lucanus maculifemoratus taiwanus sjh.jpg\|*Lucanus maculifemoratus taiwanus* Image:Lucanus maculifemoratus maculifemoratus sjh
| 113 |
Lucanus maculifemoratus
| 0 |
11,032,750 |
# Lucanus mazama
***Lucanus mazama*** is a beetle of the family Lucanidae. Its common name is the **cottonwood stag beetle**. It is considered \"scaraboid\" but is not necessarily confined to deserts. They are often found in the wood chip ground covering at playgrounds. It is located primarily in the western and southwestern United States.
Image:Lucanus mazama variation sjh
| 58 |
Lucanus mazama
| 0 |
11,032,756 |
# True Blue (Al Cohn and Dexter Gordon album)
***True Blue*** is a jazz album by saxophonist Dexter Gordon and saxophonist Al Cohn, recorded in 1976 for Xanadu Records.
## Reception
Allmusic awarded the album 3½ stars with its review by Michael G. Nastos stating, \"*True Blue* is led in title under the auspices of Dexter Gordon as a welcome home party conducted by Don Schlitten for the expatriate tenor saxophonist in 1976. Essentially a jam session, this very talented septet features a two tenor-two trumpet front line, utilized to emphasize the soloing strength of the horns, not necessarily in joyous shouts or big-band like unison outbursts.\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Lady Bird\" (Tadd Dameron) - 10:59
2. \"How Deep Is the Ocean?\" (Irving Berlin) - 9:30
3
| 129 |
True Blue (Al Cohn and Dexter Gordon album)
| 0 |
11,032,757 |
# The Lost Continent: The Story of Atlantis
***The Lost Continent: The Story of Atlantis*** (1899) is a fantasy novel by English author C. J. Cutcliffe Hyne. It is considered one of the classic fictional retellings of the story of the drowning of Atlantis, combining elements of the myth told by Plato with the earlier Greek myth concerning the survival of a universal flood and restoration of the human race by Deucalion.
The novel was published first in serial form in *Pearson\'s Magazine* in the issues for July--December 1899, and in hardcover book form by Hutchinson (London) and Harpers (New York) in 1900. There have been several editions since. It was reissued by Ballantine Books as the forty-second volume of the Ballantine Adult Fantasy series during February 1972. Subsequent editions were issued by Oswald Train in 1974 and by Bison Books in 2002. The Ballantine edition includes an introduction by Lin Carter, the Train edition one by L. Sprague de Camp, and the Bison edition one by Harry Turtledove. Armchair Fiction released it as volume 12 of their \"Lost World-Lost Race\" series in 2017. The novel was also reprinted (slightly abridged) in the magazine *Famous Fantastic Mysteries* (December 1944), and in the anthology *Science Fiction by the Rivals of H. G. Wells* by Castle Books in 1979.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
The novel uses the common nineteenth-century device of a framing story to set its narrative in context and augment its believability. The story proper was written supposedly by Deucalion, a warrior-priest of ancient Atlantis; the text having been partly destroyed inadvertently by one of its discoverers at the time of its finding, it is not entirely complete. Deucalion\'s account describes his heroic but ultimately doomed battle to save Atlantis from destruction by its avaricious and selfish empress, Phorenice
| 299 |
The Lost Continent: The Story of Atlantis
| 0 |
11,032,761 |
# Stream pool
In hydrology, a **stream pool** is a stretch of a river or stream in which the water depth is above average and the water velocity is below average.
## Formation
A stream pool may be bedded with sediment or armoured with gravel, and in some cases the pool formations may have been formed as basins in exposed bedrock formations. Plunge pools, or plunge basins, are stream pools formed by the action of waterfalls. Pools are often formed on the outside of a bend in a meandering river.
## Dynamics
The depth and lack of water velocity often leads to stratification in stream pools, especially in warmer regions. In warm arid regions of the Western United States, surface waters were found to be 3--9 °C higher than those at the bottom
## Habitat
This portion of a stream often provides a specialized aquatic ecosystem habitat for organisms that have difficulty feeding or navigating in swifter reaches of the stream or in seasonally warmer water. Such pools can be important fish habitat, especially where many streams reach high summer temperatures and very low-flow dry season characteristics. In warm and arid regions, the stratification of stream pools provide cooler water for fish that prefer low water temperatures, such as the redband trout (*Oncorhynchus mykiss*) in the Western United States. Mosquito larvae, which prefer still and often stagnant water, can be found in stream pools due to the low water velocity
| 240 |
Stream pool
| 0 |
11,032,767 |
# Kill Hannah
**Kill Hannah** was an American rock band formed in 1993 in Chicago, Illinois. The band released six studio albums, seven EPs, and two compilation albums as well as three DVDs.
## History
Kill Hannah was formed by singer-songwriter Mat Devine in 1993. The band is named after Devine\'s ex-girlfriend. At the time, Devine was singing and playing guitar in a band called In a Jar UK. After the fallout with Hannah, Devine printed up stickers to place on In a Jar UK 7\" records bearing the name \"Kill Hannah.\" All of Kill Hannah\'s studio albums, EPs, promos, and demos between 1996 and 2000 were funded by entertainment lawyer Jack Daulton.
Kill Hannah signed with Atlantic Records in late 2002, while being managed by Steve Hutton. Kill Hannah has since parted company with Hutton. The band recorded their Atlantic Records debut *For Never & Ever* in Los Angeles, California in the winter of 2003 with producer Sean Beavan and mixer Tim Palmer. The album was mostly re-recorded versions of back-catalog songs and numbers that had been performed live for about a year prior. The band shot video for the song \"Unwanted,\" but did not release it until 2006, when they released it as an Internet-only clip. The band released their second album, *Until There\'s Nothing Left of Us,* with Atlantic Records, on August 1, 2006. They signed with Roadrunner Records outside of the US and released *Until There\'s Nothing Left of Us* for the UK on March 24. Kill Hannah\'s Atlantic albums have sold over 100,000 copies.
Through much of 2003 to 2007, Kill Hannah performed with Chevelle, HIM, Papa Roach, Thousand Foot Krutch, AFI, Dashboard Confessional, Neverending White Lights, and The Sounds, while also opening for bands such as Jane\'s Addiction, Everclear, Eve 6, Mindless Self Indulgence, Thirty Seconds to Mars, and The All-American Rejects.
The single \"Kennedy\" received some attention. It was performed on *Last Call with Carson Daly* and featured on television shows such as *Jack & Bobby*, *One Tree Hill*, and *North Shore*.
After finishing the US leg of the Hope for the Hopeless tour with InnerPartySystem, The White Tie Affair, and The Medic Droid, the European leg was interrupted when on October 21, 2008, Kill Hannah\'s tour bus caught fire while driving through Switzerland. Almost all of their personal belongings were burnt so badly that they were no longer usable, including clothing, laptops, passports and all of the gifts from fans they had acquired during the tour. Although no one was hurt, their schedules for Paris and Belgium had to be canceled whilst they waited for a replacement bus from Manchester, England. The tour then resumed in Stoke, England on October 24.
In an interview with *Kerrang!* magazine in 2008, vocalist Mat Devine stated that the band will begin preparation for the next studio album after the *Hope for the Hopeless* tour has ended. However, he stated that this album will be \"heavier\" and \"more aggressive\" than the last albums. Commenting on the album he said: \"I\'m not saying this will be the next Necrophagist or Burzum but its going to be a lot more aggressive and heavier than the others. But I am confident fans will enjoy it as we are 200% prepared so we know what to include and not to include. We\'ve always intended to make a heavy album and this is our time.\"
Guitarist Jonathan Radtke did not join the band on the Europe leg of their fall 2008 *Hope for the Hopeless* tour. Tom Schleiter, the guitarist from Powerspace, joined them in his place. Radtke returned to play the band\'s yearly \"New Heart for Xmas\" show in Chicago (during which the band premiered two new songs: \"Snowblinded\" and \"Radio\", but bassist Greg Corner later confirmed in a radio interview with Chicago\'s Q101 that Radtke had in fact left the band to pursue other projects and had not been present in recording their new album. Posts on Radtke\'s Twitter account refer to his new side project, Polar Moon.
Due to a change in record labels, Kill Hannah canceled their Spring 2009 United Kingdom tour. The new record deal has the band under a deadline to put out their newest album, *Wake Up the Sleepers*, by the end of summer 2009; thus forcing the band to stay in the United States to record. The remainder of their fall US tour dates also had to be cancelled after their van and equipment were stolen in Philadelphia in November 2009.
In August 2009, guitarist Michael Maddox joined the band and has since participated in several shows and tours.
In June 2010, Kill Hannah announced they would be touring with Smashing Pumpkins on a \"special U.S. run of intimate venues\" during the summer of 2010.
On October 3, 2010, Kill Hannah announced that their annual \"New Heart for Xmas\" concert in Chicago would be postponed until further notice due to Mat Devine\'s involvement in a Broadway musical and other member scheduling conflicts.
On October 11, 2011, Kill Hannah announced that New Heart For Xmas 8 would be at The Bottom Lounge in Chicago, with opening acts Awaken the Empire, and Comasoft. The band also announced that they would be playing an intimate \"Storytellers\" show at JBTV studios.
Mat Devine has stated that the band is planning on recording an album for a 2012 release. A couple of new songs have been played at concerts of 2013, but none have had an official release and there are only recordings of them from concerts.
On August 6, 2015, it was announced via the band\'s Facebook page that after 20 years the band will be performing their last show where it all began at The Metro in Chicago, IL on December 19, 2015, for New Heart For Christmas X.
## Members
### Final Lineup {#final_lineup}
- Mat Devine -- lead vocals
- Dan Wiese -- rhythm guitar, backing vocals
- Greg Corner -- bass
- Elias Mallin -- drums
- Jonathan Radtke -- lead guitar, backing vocals
| 1,001 |
Kill Hannah
| 0 |
11,032,767 |
# Kill Hannah
## Members
### Former
- Garrett Hammond -- drums
- James Connelly -- drums
- Allen Morgenstern -- bass
- Daniel Wenberg -- drums
- Michael Lee -- drums
- Isaac Bender -- guitar, keyboards
- Kerry Finerty -- lead guitar, backing vocals
- Michael Maddox -- lead guitar (live only)
- Mikey Way - bass (live only)
| 61 |
Kill Hannah
| 1 |
11,032,767 |
# Kill Hannah
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
Year Title Record label
------ ------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
1996 *The Beauty in Sinking Ships* Self-released
1998 *Here Are the Young Moderns* Self-released
1999 *American Jet Set* Baby Doll Records (CD), Arcadeltic Records (iTunes)
2003 *For Never & Ever* Atlantic Records
2006 *Until There\'s Nothing Left of Us* Atlantic Records
2008 *Hope for the Hopeless* Self-released
2009 *Wake Up the Sleepers* Original Signal Recordings/Universal Motown Records
### EPs
Year Title Record label
------ ------------------------------------ ------------------
1996 *Hummingbirds the Size of Bullets* Self-released
*Sleeping Like Electric Eels* Self-released
1997 *Stunt Pilots* Self-released
2001 *Unreleased Cuts 2000/2001* Self-released
2002 *Kill Hannah Tour EP* Self-released
2006 *Lips Like Morphine* EP Atlantic Records
### Compilations
------ ---------------------------- ---------------
2004 *The Curse of Kill Hannah* Self-released
------ ---------------------------- ---------------
### Promos
- *Lovesick/Nerve Gas* (cassette promo; 1997)
- \"All That He Wants (American Jet Set)\" (3-track single; 1999)
- \"Welcome to Chicago, Motherfucker\" (1-track single; 2000)
- *Kill Hannah Sampler* (\"Kennedy\"/\"Big Shot\" snippet; 2003)
- \"Kennedy\" (1-track single; 2003)
- *1993--1999* (5-track CD with four older songs plus \"Goodnight, Goodbye\"; 2003)
- \"A New Heart for Christmas\" (1-track single; 2003)
- \"Lips Like Morphine\" (1-track single; 2006)
- \"Lips Like Morphine\" Remixes (2006)
- \"Crazy Angel\" Remixes (2007)
- \"Boys and Girls\" (promo 3-track single; 2008)
- \"New York City Speed\" Remixes (iTunes maxi-single; June 2010)
- \"Promise Me\" (4-track single; February 7, 2011)
### DVDs
- *Welcome to Chicago* (December 2005)
- *New Heart for X-Mas 6* limited edition (December 2008)
- *Seize the Days* (December 2008)
### Singles
Year Song US Hot 100 U.S
| 268 |
Kill Hannah
| 2 |
11,032,769 |
# Rowland Croucher
**Rowland Croucher** (born 1937) is a retired Australian pastor, counsellor and author.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
He was brought up in the Open Brethren in Sydney.
Croucher graduated as a teacher from Bathurst Teachers\' College; BA University of New England; LTh., Dip.RE, Melbourne College of Divinity; ordained as a Baptist pastor, NSW Baptist Theological College; Master of Education University of Sydney; (post graduate) Bachelor of Divinity MCD., Doctor of Ministry Fuller Theological Seminary.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Croucher and his wife Jan were one of the earliest couples in Australia to be ordained to ministry in Baptist churches. She had several ministries - mostly part-time or voluntary - at Heathmont, Syndal, Boronia and Doncaster East Baptist churches and was for several years also involved in prison ministry to women. She died in 2017 after 57 years of marriage. They had four children.
## Career
After a five-year career as a high-school teacher, Croucher began training in 1964 for the Baptist ministry in New South Wales. He worked for the InterVarsity Fellowship (1968--1970) (now the Australian Fellowship of Evangelical Students (AFES)); then pastored churches in Australia: Narwee and Central Baptist Church - both in Sydney - and Blackburn Baptist Church in Melbourne, which became a \"megachurch\" in the late 1970s, with seven pastors, a salaried staff of 25 and 1,000 attending; plus several interim ministries. He was then, briefly, pastor at First Baptist Church, Vancouver, Canada. From 1983 to 1991 he worked for World Vision Australia.
Since 1991, Croucher has been founding director of John Mark Ministries, serving pastors, ex-pastors, church leaders and their spouses throughout Australia and elsewhere.Les Scarborough (NSW, now retired) and Psychologist/Trainer Tim Dyer (Tasmania and elsewhere) are colleagues. The John Mark Ministries website, with 20,000+ articles, claims to be one of the most accessed non-denominational religious websites in Australia.
In 2011, Croucher added his voice to those of other Christian leaders calling for the introduction of same-sex marriage in Australia
| 328 |
Rowland Croucher
| 0 |
11,032,771 |
# Gerard Alessandrini
**Gerard Alessandrini** (born November 27, 1953) is an American writer, director, lyricist and composer, best known for creating the off-Broadway musical revue *Forbidden Broadway*. He is the recipient of Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, four Drama Desk Awards (two for Outstanding Lyrics and two special awards for Lifetime Achievement), an Outer Critics Circle Award, and two Lucille Lortel Awards, as well as an Obie Award, the Drama League Award for Lifetime Achievement in Musical Theatre, and several honor honors.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Alessandrini was born in Boston, Massachusetts, grew up in suburban Needham, and graduated from Xaverian Brothers High School in 1972. After graduating from the Boston Conservatory of Music in 1977, he moved to New York City. As a young actor, he appeared in summer stock, regional theater, and dinner theater productions of *Kismet*, *The Fantasticks*, *Oklahoma!* and *Carousel*, among others. He also worked at the off-Broadway Light Opera of Manhattan.
In late 1981, Alessandrini conceived and wrote a musical parody revue featuring spoofs of songs from Broadway musicals, on which he had been working while employed as a waiter at Lincoln Center. After a few months of weekend performances starring Alessandrini and a few friends at Palsson\'s Supper Club, the show evolved into *Forbidden Broadway*, which opened on January 15, 1982 at Palsson\'s Supper Club, with a cast featuring Alessandrini, Nora Mae Lyng, Bill Carmichael, Chloe Webb, and Fred Barton. The revue caught the theatergoing public\'s attention after Rex Reed published a rave review and ultimately ran for 2,332 performances at Palsson\'s before moving on to other larger venues. It has subsequently been rewritten many times to include parodies of newer shows, and has had many different editions presented in New York City for more than 40 years. In 2006, the show and Alessandrini won Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre. The most recent incarnation, *Forbidden Broadway: Merrily We Stole a Song,* played Off-Broadway in 2024.
As a performer, Alessandrini can be heard on five of the 13 *Forbidden Broadway* cast albums, as well as the soundtracks of Disney\'s animated films *Aladdin* and *Pocahontas*. He also co-wrote (with Pete Blue) and performed in the television parody *Masterpiece Tonight*, a satirical salute to the 20th anniversary of *Masterpiece Theatre*. In 1995, some of his sketches were featured in Carol Burnett's CBS special, *Men, Movies and Carol*. He has also written comedy specials for Bob Hope and Angela Lansbury for NBC, as well as special material for Barbra Streisand\'s second duets album.
Alessandrini\'s directorial credits include a production of Maury Yeston\'s *In The Beginning* and a revue of Yeston\'s music and lyrics entitled *Anything Can Happen In The Theater*. He also \"politically updated\" and directed a tongue-in-cheek adaptation of the 1962 Irving Berlin musical *Mr. President*. In 2011, he co-created the musical comedy *The Nutcracker and I*, with music by Tchaikovsky, book by Peter Brash and lyrics by Alessandrini. The musical debuted at the George Street Playhouse in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
In 2016, Alessandrini wrote and directed *Spamilton*, which premiered at the Triad Theater in New York and subsequently played in London, Los Angeles and Chicago. The show parodies *Hamilton* and other Broadway musicals, and caricatures various Broadway stars.
In recent years, Alessandrini has continued to update both *Forbidden Broadway* and *Spamilton*. His original musicals include *Madame X*, written with Robert Hetzel, which was presented at part of the New York Musical Theatre Festival (NYMF) in 2011; and a musical version of *Moon Over Parador*, written with Paul Mazursky and Bill Conti.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Alessandrini currently lives with his husband, designer-artist-writer Glenn Bassett, in Connecticut
| 604 |
Gerard Alessandrini
| 0 |
11,032,781 |
# Lucanus placidus
***Lucanus placidus*** is a beetle of the family Lucanidae. It was described by American naturalist Thomas Say in 1825
| 22 |
Lucanus placidus
| 0 |
11,032,812 |
# Lucanus swinhoei
***Lucanus swinhoei*** is a herbivorous beetle of the family Lucanidae. It is endemic to Taiwan. It is a squat, heavyset beetle that ranges from around 35 to 55 mm in length, and can be easily identified due to the small \"teeth\" that line its mandibles
| 48 |
Lucanus swinhoei
| 0 |
11,032,814 |
# Bhopalpatnam
**Bhopalpatnam** is a tehsil, revenue division and development block in Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh, India. There lies a newly built bridge on indravati river connecting Chhattisgarh State to Maharashtra. NH-63 connects Jagdalpur- Sironcha-Chennuru, Telangana-Nizamabad, Telangana. The National Highway 163 begins here and connects to Warangal, Hyderabad in Telangana. There are 30 village panchayats in Bhopalpatnam.
Bhopalpatnam town lies 47 km west of the district headquarters in Bijapur.
## History
Bhopalpatnam struggle took place in 1795. It was one of the major revolts in Chhattisgarh during British period. This struggle was started as process to stop Captain Blunt from entering into Southern Bastar (mainly Bhopalpattnam) by the Gond tribals. Captain Blunt was the first English traveller in Bastar. He wandered for 17 days for entering into the capital. He was unsuccessful in travelling Bastar, but successful in travelling Kanker. Therefore, he had to return to Calcutta
| 146 |
Bhopalpatnam
| 0 |
11,032,858 |
# Jamie Bishop
**Christopher James Bishop** (November 9, 1971 -- April 16, 2007), known as **Jamie Bishop**, was an instructor of German language at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, as well as an artist and craftsman. He was among those shot and killed in the Virginia Tech shooting. He was the son of Michael Bishop, an award-winning science fiction author.
## Biography
Bishop grew up in Pine Mountain, Georgia, and earned his bachelor\'s and master\'s degrees in German from the University of Georgia. He was a Fulbright scholar at Christian-Albrechts University in Kiel, Germany. He helped run an exchange program at Darmstadt University of Technology in Germany. Bishop spent four years living in Germany, where (according to his web site) he \"spent most of his time learning the language, teaching English, drinking large quantities of wheat beer and wooing a certain fraulein,\" Stephanie Hofer, who later became his wife. From 1995 to 1996 he taught at the Zentrales Sprachlabor of Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, and collected survey data for his Master\'s Thesis, *Jugendsprache: a critical study of German \"Youth Language.\"*
Before teaching at Virginia Tech, Bishop worked in the Office of Arts and Sciences Information Services (OASIS) as an academic-technology liaison at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he provided technical support for faculty and staff members and graduate students. While at UNC, in addition to instructing German language classes, he developed a software package for students to digitally record and submit spoken language assignments to professors, a significant improvement over the previously used magnetic tape method. He received an OASIS Director\'s Choice Award in 2004.
He left UNC in 2004 for Virginia Tech, where he was an instructor in German, and taught information technology for VT\'s Faculty Development Institute. In addition to being a German teacher, Bishop was a multimedia artist, photographer and graphic designer, who spoke of \"changing the world with art\". He produced the cover art for Michael Jasper\'s book *Gunning for the Buddha*, and for five of Michael Bishop\'s books; and designed \"ingenious pieces of furniture.\" One of Bishop\'s \"haunting\" wrap-around book jackets is featured on the anthology *Passing for Human*, edited by Michael Bishop and Steve Utley.
According to Michael Bishop, Jamie \"spoke German like a native, understood computers inside out, played drums in a basement band, bicycled and hiked, followed the fortunes of the Atlanta Braves as obsessively as his mother, grandmothers, and I did, and made friends everywhere. He was a people lover from the get-go, and his energy levels put mine to shame.\"
## Death
Bishop was killed on April 16, 2007, during the Virginia Tech shooting, while teaching an Introductory German class with 15 to 20 students. Four students lost their lives: Lauren McCain, Michael Pohle Jr., Maxine Turner and Nicole White. Two more made it out alive without critical or serious injury while six others were injured and helped barricade the door to prevent the shooter entering the classroom a second time.
## Memorials
A scholarship fund was established in Jamie Bishop\'s name for German majors at Virginia Tech.
The annual \"Jamie Bishop Memorial Award for an Essay Not in English\" was established by the [International Association for the Fantastic in the Arts](http://www.iafa.org/) as a prize for an essay on the subject of science fiction or speculative fiction not written in English, open to students and scholars presenting papers at the International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts
| 573 |
Jamie Bishop
| 0 |
11,032,870 |
# Lucanus tetraodon
***Lucanus tetraodon*** is a stag beetle of the family Lucanidae.
## Description
Similar to *Lucanus cervus* and *Lucanus capreolus* it is, with a length of 30--48 mm, a relatively large lucanid beetle of the genus *Lucanus*. The male has long, curved upper jaws, while female\'s are shorter.
## Habitat
This species is diffused in Central and Southern Italy, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Southern France, Albania, Greece and Algeria. It is diffused in the mesophilic woods and in the maquis shrubland
| 82 |
Lucanus tetraodon
| 0 |
11,032,883 |
# Silver Blue
***Silver Blue*** is a jazz album by saxophonist Dexter Gordon and saxophonist Al Cohn, recorded in 1976 for Xanadu Records.
## Reception
Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars with its review by Scott Yanow stating \"Recorded at the same session as *True Blue*, this Xanadu LP gets the edge due to a remarkable version of \"On the Trail\" that is a fascinating unaccompanied duet\... Highly recommended for bop fans\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Allen\'s Alley\" (Denzil Best) - 13:37
2. \"Silver Blue\" (Al Cohn, Dexter Gordon) - 19:34
3
| 93 |
Silver Blue
| 0 |
11,032,893 |
# 2006 Slovak Air Force Antonov An-24 crash
On 19 January 2006, an Antonov An-24 aircraft operated by the Slovak Air Force crashed in northern Hungary, near the village of Hejce and town of Telkibánya. The airplane was carrying Slovak peacekeepers from Kosovo. Of the 43 people on board, only one survived. The crash remains the deadliest in Hungarian and Slovak history.
## Background
The airplane involved in the crash was an Antonov An-24V, the 50-seat version of the Antonov An-24, a twin turboprop transport aircraft. The aircraft was manufactured on 31 October 1969 in the Soviet Union with the serial number 97305605.
The airplane was carrying Slovak peacekeepers who had finished a six-month tour of duty in NATO\'s KFOR mission in Kosovo. The airplane was flying from Pristina International Airport in Pristina, Kosovo to Košice International Airport in Košice, Slovakia.
## Crash
At around 19:38 CET (18:38 GMT), the aircraft disappeared from air traffic controllers\' radar screens. The aircraft crashed in snowy and forested terrain on Borsó Hill at an elevation of 700 meters (2,300 feet) near the Hungarian villages of Hejce and Telkibánya. The crash site is about 20 km from Košice and about 3 km from the Slovak border.
According to the Hungarian Disaster Management Agency, the plane hit the tops of trees before catching fire and crashing. Tibor Dobson, of the disaster prevention unit of Hungarian Ministry of the Interior, was quoted as saying that bodies and wreckage were scattered over a large area, and Hungarian police spokesman László Garamvölgyi was quoted as saying that it was -18 C at the crash site and that the fuselage was completely burnt out.
### Emergency response {#emergency_response}
Emergency workers who arrived at the scene were tasked not only with looking for survivors, but also with putting out the fire at the crash site. Hungarian authorities reported that the heavily wooded and steep terrain, as well as the low temperatures, contributed to the destruction and hampered rescue efforts. It was also reported that helicopters were unable to land at the crash site. Access was also made difficult because the road leading to the site was covered in snow.
Michaela Farkasova, the wife of the sole surviving passenger, reported that she received a cellular telephone call from her husband, Martin Farkaš. She said that she received the call around 19:30 CET (18:30 GMT). She is quoted as saying that her husband told her that his plane had crashed in a forest. Shortly before the line went dead, he asked her to alert rescue services and the police.
## Sole survivor {#sole_survivor}
The sole survivor of the crash was Slovak Army First Lieutenant Martin Farkaš. He suffered minor brain swelling and lung injuries in the crash and was transported to Košice for further treatment afterwards. He was put into a medically induced coma, but he was soon reported to be in a stable condition.
According to rescuers, his survival was pure luck as he was found in the aircraft\'s lavatory, which received little damage.
| 503 |
2006 Slovak Air Force Antonov An-24 crash
| 0 |
11,032,893 |
# 2006 Slovak Air Force Antonov An-24 crash
## Reactions and aftermath {#reactions_and_aftermath}
United States Ambassador to Slovakia Rodolphe Vallee released a statement on 30 January expressing his condolences to the families and friends of the victims, to the Slovak Armed Forces, and to the Slovak Republic. Secretary General of NATO Jaap de Hoop Scheffer issued a statement hours after the incident in which he expressed his condolences.
### Memorials
Immediately after the crash, flags were lowered to half-staff and sirens sounded as a tribute to the victims.
On 30 March 2006, the United States Army Major General R. Martin Umbarger, Commanding General for the Indiana Army National Guard, presented a memorial to Slovak Army Major General Peter Gajdoš at a ceremony at the Slovak Ministry of Defense building in Bratislava. On 27 March the memorial travelled to Prešov and on 29 March to Trebišov before returning to Bratislava.
On 18 September 2006, the government of Slovakia allocated 1.5 million koruna from its reserve fund to build a memorial in the Hungarian village of Hejce, near the crash site. The Defence Ministry of Slovakia was able to raise 1.496 million koruna through fundraising. The Slovak Cabinet committed to match public donations and earmarked 1.5 million koruna. The memorial cost around 4.5 million koruna.
On 19 January 2007, the first anniversary of the crash was commemorated by the victims\' loved ones, Martin Farkaš and his wife, and the Slovak and Hungarian militaries. Among those attending was Slovak Defence Minister František Kašický, Slovak Army Chief of Staff Ľubomír Bulík, Hungarian Defence State Secretary József Bali, and Hungarian Deputy Army Chief of Staff János Mikita. The attendees laid wreaths and flowers and lit candles at the crash site. Also in the ceremony, Slovak and Hungarian clergy blessed the cornerstone of a monument to the victims that will be near a local church in the Hungarian village of Hejce.
<File:Rozlúčka> s obeťami pádu lietadla 2006 Prešov 18 Slovakia.jpg\|State memorial service in Prešov City Sport Hall, 26 January 2006. <File:KFOR> Slovakian Memorial.JPG\|Memorial to the victims of the crash commissioned by the KFOR <File:Hejce> emlékmű 4.JPG\|Memorial of the victims on the Borsó Hill
## Investigation
According to Tibor Dobson of the disaster prevention unit of Hungarian Ministry of the Interior, the aircraft had strayed 3 km off the flight path outlined in the flight plan after Slovak air traffic controllers had taken over the flight from Hungarian controllers.
The investigation indicates that the pilot descended too early in the dark towards the lights of Košice
| 419 |
2006 Slovak Air Force Antonov An-24 crash
| 1 |
11,032,917 |
# Sally Newmarch
**Sally Newmarch** (born 2 June 1975), now known as **Sally Callie**, is an Australian former rower -- a four-time national champion, a medal winning national representative who competed at World Rowing Championships from 1993 to 2004 and a three time Olympian.
## Club and state rowing {#club_and_state_rowing}
Newmarch attended Annesley College in Adelaide where she took up rowing. Her senior club rowing was from the Torrens Rowing Club in Adelaide.
From 1993 to 1998 she was selected as South Australia\'s single sculls representative to contest the Nell Slatter Trophy at the Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships although in 1996 she was selected but did not start. In 1999 Newmarch changed down to lightweight status and at state level was then selected in South Australian lightweight quads contesting the Victoria Cup at the Interstate Regatta. She stroked that quad in 1999 and in 2000 to a Victoria Cup victory. In 2003 and 2004 she crewed further South Australian quads to Victoria Cup wins.
In Torrens Rowing Club colours she contested national championship titles at numerous Australian Rowing Championships. She contested the 1994 and the 1996 open women\'s single scull and in 2003 and 2004 she raced in composite selections crews who won consecutive national lightweight quad sculls championship titles.
## International representative rowing {#international_representative_rowing}
Newmarch\'s Australian representative debut came in 1993 as a single sculler. She competed at the World Rowing Cup I in Melbourne that year and at the WRC II in Mexico City. Then at the 1993 Junior World Rowing Championships in Aarungen, Norway she was Australia\'s junior single sculls entrant and raced to a silver medal.
In 1994 aged nineteen she moved into the Australian senior women\'s quad scull. She stroked the quad at the 1994 World Rowing Championships in Indianapolis to fourth place. Newmarch and Marina Hatzakis held seats in the quad for the next three years. With Adair Ferguson and Fleur Spriggs they contested the 1995 World Rowing Championships in Tampere placing thirteenth and then with Jane Robinson and Bronwyn Roye they competed at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics finishing ninth overall.
In 1997 Newmarch competed in a single scull and won gold at the World Rowing U23 Championships in Milan. She came back into the senior quad in 1998 with Hatzakis, Robinson and Roye and after racing at the WRC III in Lucerne, they competed at the 1998 World Rowing Championships in Cologne and won a bronze medal.
In 1999 Newmarch changed down to the lightweight division where she rowed for the rest of her competitive career. She crewed the Australian senior lightweight double scull with Virginia Lee to a bronze medal at the 1999 World Rowing Championships in St Catharines, Canada. Lee and Newmarch built their 2000 Olympics campaign with appearances at two World Rowing Cups in Europe in 2000. At Sydney 2000 they placed second in their heat, won the repechage and placed third in the semi-final. In the Olympic final they finished some 6 sec outside medal contention but in overall fourth place. She took a break after Sydney 2000 but was back in national contention in 2003 and selected to row the lightweight quad at the WRC III in Lucerne and at the 2003 World Rowing Championships in Milan. At those Championships with Marguerite Houston, Bronwen Watson, and Miranda Bennett she won a bronze medal.
The 2004 Summer Olympics programme included only one lightweight women\'s sculling boat -- the double. Newmarch was vying for selection against Houston, Bennett, Amber Halliday, Zita van de Walle, Louise Auld and Jacqui Bain. The selection competition was fierce and Newmarch and Halliday were picked. Newmarch\'s preparations were hampered by a cycling accident in training. She broke three ribs three months out from the Olympics and was prevented from racing in the lead-up World Cups. In Athens 2004 Halliday and Newmarch\'s technical proficiency in blustery conditions saw them win both their heat and semi-final convincingly and they became gold medal favourites. In their heat they set a new world record time for the LW2X -- as of 2021 it still stands as an Olympic record. But the 2004 Olympic final was rowed in calm, glassy conditions and Newmarch and Halliday\'s disrupted fitness program showed. The Romanians rowed through them in the third 500 m and the Germans and Dutch also came over the top of the Australians. They finished in fourth place. It was Newmarch\'s third Olympics and final Australian representative appearance.
Newmarch set and as of 2021 still holds, the Australian ergometer record in the 19 to 29 year division for lightweights over 2000 m on a Concept2.
## Post-competitive rowing {#post_competitive_rowing}
Following her 2004 retirement Newmarch married former South African rower John Callie, became known as Sally Callie and embarked on a teaching career.
In 2006 Newmarch was employed at the Wilderness School in Adelaide as the rowing coordinator. In 2010 she taught at Methodist Ladies\' College, Perth and was Sports Coordinator and a rowing coach. Since 2013 she has been Director of Rowing at Brisbane Girls Grammar School
| 839 |
Sally Newmarch
| 0 |
11,032,933 |
# Sheikhdom
A **sheikhdom** or **sheikdom** (*translit=Mashyakhah*) is a geographical area or a society ruled by a tribal leader known as a sheikh (*links=no*). Sheikhdoms exist almost exclusively within Arab countries, particularly in the Arabian Peninsula (Arab States of the Persian Gulf), with some notable exceptions throughout history (e.g. the Sangage Sheikhdom).
Although some countries are ruled by a sheikh, they are not typically referred to as sheikdoms, but kingdom, emirate, or simply state, and their ruler usually has another royal title such as king or emir
| 87 |
Sheikhdom
| 0 |
11,032,966 |
# Mark Wilkins (racing driver)
**Mark Wilkins** (born May 9, 1983 in Toronto) is a Canadian professional racing driver who is currently a factory driver for Hyundai Motorsport and Bryan Herta Autosport (2018-Pres.) participating in the IMSA Michelin Pilot Challenge. He previously raced for Acura in Pirelli World Challenge and the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship.
Before racing in Grand-Am, Wilkins raced in the North American Fran Am 2000 Pro Championship with a best championship position of 4th in 2004. He then moved to the Star Mazda series for two seasons with the occasional Grand-Am race.
It was not until 2007 when Wilkins took part in a full season of Grand-Am when he finished fifteenth overall with no wins.
2008 was a breakthrough season for both Wilkins, co-driver Brian Frisselle and the rest of the AIM Autosport team in the championship. After four consecutive top ten finishes between rounds four and seven, their first real shot at victory was at Barber in the ninth round. With twenty minutes remaining, their car\'s engine failed while leading. At the very next race in Montreal, the team achieved their first race victory in one of the most chaotic final laps in history. Starting the last lap in third, Wilkins had the cars of Joey Hand and Darren Law in front of him. Coming out of turn eight, Hand\'s car ran out of fuel denying him and Bill Auberlen victory. Law assumed the lead but he too was running out of fuel. Having just negotiated the final chicane, Law\'s car stuttered and ran out. Wilkins and third-placed Antonio García had to take evasive action to avoid the Brumos Porsche with Wilkins going right and García being balked on the left just inches before the line. Wilkins held off the Spaniard by 0.064 seconds, in the closest finish in the series\' history. They then followed up that win with another the following weekend, at Watkins Glen International.
In 2009, Brian Frisselle left AIM for SunTrust Racing, so Wilkins\' co-driver was Brian\'s brother, Burt Frisselle. The pairing had a solid season, finishing nine of the twelve races in the top ten and claiming ninth in the championship.
For 2010, Wilkins joined American Le Mans Series team Level 5 Motorsports in the Le Mans Prototype Challenge category. Teamed with full season drivers Scott Tucker and Christohe Bouchot, the trio would claim the 2010 12 Hours of Sebring as well as Laguna Seca, handily winning the teams championship. Wilkins would return in 2012 in Pirelli World Challenge, this time as a factory driver for Kia. Despite running a limited schedule with a new car, Wilkins would pick up his first win at Mosport and finish 7th in standings. Although Wilkins would not win any drivers\' titles, he did pick up multiple victories as well as the GTS manufacturers\' championship for Kia in 2014.
With Kia departing PWC, Wilkins was left a free agent for 2015. For that year, he was tabbed by CORE Autosport to pilot their No. 54 ORECA for the IMSA North American Endurance Cup at Daytona. Unfortunately, the team would crash out of contention for the PC class victory in the late stages. Wilkins would reunite with CORE for 2016, taking home his second Sebring 12 Hour victory. In 2017, Mark was hired by Acura Motorsports as their factory endurance driver in IMSA
| 557 |
Mark Wilkins (racing driver)
| 0 |
11,032,981 |
# Guiara
***Euryzygomatomys*** is a genus of South American rodents, commonly called **guiaras**, in the family Echimyidae. It contains two extant and one fossil species, found in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay. They are as follows:
- Brandt\'s guiara (*Euryzygomatomys guiara*)
- Fischer\'s guiara (*Euryzygomatomys spinosus*)
- †*Euryzygomatomys hoffstetteri* `{{small|Goeldi 1901}}`{=mediawiki} - Tarija Formation, Bolivia
## Etymology
The genus name *Euryzygomatomys* derives from the three Ancient Greek words `{{wikt-lang|grc|εὐρύς}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{grc-transl|εὐρύς}}`{=mediawiki}, or *eury*), meaning \"wide, or which extends in width\", `{{wikt-lang|grc|ζύγωμα}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{wikt-lang|grc|ζύγωματος}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{grc-transl|ζύγωμα, ζύγωματος}}`{=mediawiki}), meaning \"a part of the forehead, or the zygomatic bone\", and `{{wikt-lang|grc|μῦς}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{grc-transl|μῦς}}`{=mediawiki}), meaning \"mouse, rat\".
## Phylogeny
*Euryzygomatomys* is the sister genus to *Clyomys*. Both taxa are closely related to the genus *Trinomys*. In turn, these three genera --- forming the clade of Euryzygomatomyinae --- share phylogenetic affinities with a clade containing *Carterodon* and members of the family Capromyidae.
Analyses of craniodental characters proposed that *Euryzygomatomys* --- and also *Clyomys* --- may be associated with *Carterodon*. However, molecular data suggest the polyphyly of this assemblage of fossorial genera
| 172 |
Guiara
| 0 |
11,032,999 |
# Sterculia colorata
***Sterculia colorata***, the **scarlet sterculia** (also known as **bonfire tree**, **colored sterculia** and **Indian almond**, in Assamese ওদাল (odal) and in Marathi known as \"कौशी\" \[kaushi\]), is a medium-sized tree with spreading branches. It sheds leaves before the onset of flowering. After leaf-shedding, buds sprout and develop into flowers. The tree flowers from March to April.
The genus *Sterculia* was named after the Latin god *Sterculius*. Stercus means dung. This name was given to this genus because of the foul-smelling flowers and leaves of some *Sterculia* species.
It produces flowers in short dense panicles which occur at the ends of the branches. The flowers are orange-red in colour and hang downwards. The flowering stalks together with flowers are covered with fine downy hairs giving the whole inflorescence a soft, velvety look. During flowering phase, the Scarlet Sterculia is quite prominent and presents a brilliant sight because of its orange-red flowers against a leafless state.
The flowers are large, 30 mm long. The flower tube is 13 mm long, tubular at the base and lobed at the tip. Its rim is surrounded by white soft hair. The corolla looks like it is united inside with the tubular sepals at the base. From the centre of the calyx tube, a staminal column protrudes bearing at its summit 30 anthers.
Scarlet sterculia is common in the forests of the Western Ghats and the Deccan of the Indian subcontinent
| 238 |
Sterculia colorata
| 0 |
11,033,000 |
# Peter Mochrie
**Peter Mochrie** (born 23 March 1959) is an Australian actor whose career spans over forty five years in the industry, primarily featuring in television serial dramas such as *The Restless Years*, *Water Rats* and *Janet King*. He has also worked in New Zealand, where he spent six years as Dr. Callum McKay in the soap opera *Shortland Street*.
## Biography
Mochrie born in March 1959, love of acting started at the age of 13 when he appeared in a play at Knox Grammar School, where he completed his schooling in 1976. He is also a producer of Fine Films and Profiles, presenter, teacher of \'The Art of Presenting\' and an Auctioneer for McGrath Estate Agents.
In 1978, he received his first big break appearing in TV soap opera *The Restless Years* as Ric Moran. He played this role for two years and soon caught the attention of other TV producers, and appearing in serials including *Holiday Island*, *Neighbours*, *Butterfly Island*, and *Sons And Daughters*, and Alex Buzo's made-for-TV film *Rooted* for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). He also appeared in two movies, *Winter of Our Dreams* and *Just in Time* and on stage in *The Shifting Heart*, *The Shrew*, *Maids of the Mill*, *The Bear* and *Fool for Love*.
In 1987, Mochrie was accepted into the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA). After graduation, he had roles in shows such as *Home and Away*, *G.P.*, *Time Trax*, *The Resting Place* and *Blue Heelers*
He played John 'Knocker' Harrison in *Water Rats*, the male lead Steve Hayden in *Murder Call*, Mark Kelman in *Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie*, Michael Allen in *Frauds*, Bill Albright in *The Cooks* and Rick Fontaine in the award winning children's series, *Cybergirl*.
Mochrie co-founded the Roar Theatre Company (NSW) and for ten years he was a regular tutor at NIDA as well as appearing in plays such as *Spinning Into Butter* at the Ensemble, *Pesthouse* for The NIDA Company and directing *Stuck Love* at the Newtown Theatre (NSW). He also produced and co-wrote the short films *Check Out* and *Film Lovers*.
In July 2006, Mochrie accepted the offer to play Dr. Callum McKay on the New Zealand television series *Shortland Street* which he played for six years, appearing in 637 episodes. He had previously travelled to Auckland three years earlier to film *Lucy; the story of Lucille Ball* for CBS*.*
In 2010, Mochrie played Vernon Bramwell in the New Zealand film, *Predicament*, and Officer Eastwood in the Bollywood film, *Love Has No Language*. He has also done voice-over work on both sides of the Tasman, as well as more recently, Los Angeles. Upon returning to Australia in 2013, he appeared as Geoff Hadley in *Janet King* for the ABC and started 2014 playing Fraser Collins in *In Your Dreams* for Southern Star. His role as Sam Dovinic in *The Health and Safety of All* helped the film win the Silver Medal at the 2015 New York Festival. Mochrie returned to the Ensemble Theatre in early 2016 to play Carl Kretzmer in David Williamson\'s *Jack of Hearts* and to television with roles in both the miniseries *House of Bond* on the Nine Network and *Blue Murder: Killer Cop* for Channel 7. He also reprised the role of Geoff Hadley in season 3 of *Janet King* for the ABC.
## Acting teacher {#acting_teacher}
Since 1997 Mochrie has been teaching \"Introduction to Screen Acting\" for NIDA\'s Open Program. He is also a regular tutor of acting & presentation skills. He has taught his course \'The Art of Presenting\' at the Sydney Drama School, the Australian Institute of Performing Arts, McGrath Estate Agents, Westpac,LJ Hooker,The Local Project, QBE, Laing & Simmons, Raine & Horne, Screenwise, The University of N.S.W. and the Actors Centre Australia.
| 628 |
Peter Mochrie
| 0 |
11,033,000 |
# Peter Mochrie
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Born in Sydney, Australia, he married for the first time in 2010 at the age of 50. His spouse is Sally Jane Mochrie, and they have a son, Cade.
## Filmography
### Film
Title Year Role Type
------- ------------------------------------------- ------------------ --------------
1982 *Winter of Our Dreams* Tim Feature film
1985 *Rooted* Richard TV movie
1992 *The Resting Place* Grant TV movie
1992 *Frauds* Michael Allen Feature film
1995 *Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie* Mr. Kelman Feature film
2003 *Lucy* Don Sharpe TV movie
2008 *Love Has No Language* Officer Eastwood Feature film
### Television
Title Year Role Type
----------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- -----------------
1979-81 *The Restless Years* Ric Moran TV series
1981-82 *Holiday Island* Tony Zackarakis TV series
1985 *Neighbours* Peter Kirk TV series
1985 *Butterfly Island* Bob Gallio TV series
1986 *Sons and Daughters* Justin Slade TV series
1990 *Home and Away* Doug TV series
1991 *G.P
| 155 |
Peter Mochrie
| 1 |
11,033,049 |
# St. Francis Medical Center (Lynwood)
**St. Francis Medical Center** is a for-profit hospital in Lynwood, California, United States, owned by Prime Healthcare Services.
## History
The hospital was founded in 1945 by the Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity. In 1981, it was acquired by the Daughters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul.
In January 1996, the hospital\'s emergency department was designated a level II trauma center.
After the August 2007 closure of the troubled nearby public hospital, Martin Luther King Jr.-Harbor Hospital (King-Harbor), St. Francis\' proximity caused it to receive the greater number of former patients. The hospital has since expanded its emergency department by 14 beds and seen an increase in patients to 180 per day (from 155), with the intensive care unit seeing an average rise from 26 patients to 33. As King-Harbor was long a major hospital for the city\'s sickest and poorest residents, the increase in uninsured and under-insured patients has put stress on the finances of the facility.
As the hospital continued to lose money, the California Medical Association and the California Nurses Association supported Daughters of Charity Health System selling the facility to Prime Healthcare Services, though Service Employees International Union opposed the sale. Prime Healthcare backed away from sale based on the terms set by Attorney General Kamala Harris.
On December 3, 2015, Harris conditionally approved transferring the hospital property to BlueMountain Capital, which promised \$250 million in capital improvements. Daughters of Charity Health System soon became Verity Health System.
Verity Health System filed for bankruptcy protection in 2018. In 2019, Verity agreed to sell St. Francis to KPC Group in Riverside for \$420 million, but the deal was not completed.
On April 9, 2020, Verity announced the sale of St. Francis to Prime Healthcare Services for over \$350 million; Prime committed to investing \$47 million in capital improvements, the deal was completed in August 2020.
## Description
, St. Francis has 384 beds, 375 doctors, and about 20,000 patients a year
| 335 |
St. Francis Medical Center (Lynwood)
| 0 |
11,033,063 |
# Zizek!
***Zizek!**\'\' or***Žižek!**\'\' is a 2005 documentary film directed by Astra Taylor. An international co-production of the United States and Canada, its subject is philosopher and psychoanalyst Slavoj Žižek, a prolific author and former candidate for the Presidency of Slovenia.
*Zizek!* premiered at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2005, and opened in one theatre in New York City on November 17. It eventually grossed \$20,177 in the US and \$20,154 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of \$40,331.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
A. O. Scott of *The New York Times* observed, \"Ms. Taylor, clearly thrilled by her proximity to her hero, seems incapable of the analytical distance that would provide insight into either his ideas or the cultural phenomenon he represents. On the basis of this film, it is hard to know whether Mr. Žižek\'s superstar status is merited, or to say what his cult says about the state of contemporary thought. *Zizek!* is entertaining without being especially illuminating.\"
Eddie Cockrell of *Variety* called the film a \"verbose profile\" of Žižek containing \"a lot of esoteric, eccentric theories, and little context within his globetrotting life.\"
Sean Axmaker of the *Seattle Post-Intelligencer* graded the film B and said it \"attempts to put Žižek\'s philosophy into practical, accessible terms. Accessible, of course, being a relative term --- key concepts are dropped through the film in snippets and sound bites that are gone before you\'ve had a chance to really chew them over. You may not grasp his ideological philosophy, but you\'ll have a good time making the attempt.\"
Peter Bradshaw of *The Guardian* rated the film three out of five stars, adding he thought it \"doesn\'t quite have the interest and focus of Sophie Fiennes\' recent Žižek documentary, *The Pervert\'s Guide to Cinema*.\"
Jonathan Rosenbaum: \"his frenetic and lucid manner is neatly captured by the jazzy style of director Astra Taylor
| 316 |
Zizek!
| 0 |
11,033,144 |
# Great Divide (song)
Great Divide § Music}} `{{More citations needed|date=April 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox song
| name = Great Divide
| cover = Hanson-greatdivide.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Hanson (band)|Hanson]]
| album = [[The Walk (album)|The Walk]]
| released = November 28, 2006
| recorded = 2006
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Pop rock]]
| length =
* {{duration|m=3|s=43}} (album version)
* {{duration|m=3|s=30}} (radio edit)
| label = [[3CG Records|3CG]], [[Cooking Vinyl]]
| writer = [[Hanson (band)|Hanson]]
| producer = Hanson
| prev_title = [[Someone (Laissons nous une chance)]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Go (Hanson song)|Go]]
| next_year = 2007
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|eEdoYyajTU8|"Great Divide"}}}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
\"**Great Divide**\" is a song written and performed by the American pop/rock band Hanson. It is the first single from their fourth album, *The Walk* (2007). Lead vocals are provided by Taylor Hanson.
The song was released on iTunes in the UK and the U.S. as an exclusive single before the release of the album. All proceeds from the online purchase went to the Perinatal HIV Research Unit in Soweto, South Africa - a hospital that helps reduce the transmission of pre-natal HIV/AIDS.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
Written by Isaac Hanson, Taylor Hanson and Zac Hanson.
1. \"Great Divide\" (Album version) -- 3:43
### Promotional single listing (released to mainstream radio) {#promotional_single_listing_released_to_mainstream_radio}
1
| 233 |
Great Divide (song)
| 0 |
11,033,174 |
# George S. Johnson
**George Sidney \"Mallee\" Johnson** (31 May 1879 -- 5 September 1948) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Carlton Football Club in the VFL between 1905 and 1909.
## Career
Commencing at Richmond in the VFA in 1901, \'Mallee\' Johnson became \"*a folk hero to the club \... the first of the super-heroes*\". By 1902 he was the dominant big man in the competition and an integral part of Richmond winning their first premiership.
He left Punt Road for the VFL prior to the 1905 season and in his five seasons at Carlton the team played in the finals every year, winning the premiership in 1906, 1907 and 1908. Johnson represented the VFL at the 1908 Melbourne Carnival.
When legendary Carlton coach Jack Worrall was pressured into resigning in 1909, Johnson was one of the players who chose to leave the club at the end of the season. He went back to the VFA and played in North Melbourne\'s 1910 premiership side and later with Melbourne City, where he was the inaugural captain, and Prahran
| 181 |
George S. Johnson
| 0 |
11,033,188 |
# Hinckley Town F.C.
**Hinckley Town F.C.** was an English association football club based in Hinckley, England.
## History
The club was the first from the town of Hinckley, being formed in the 19th century, by young sportsmen expelled from the Christ Church Club for going ice skating on a Sunday; it was originally known as **Hinckley Association** but added the Town epithet in 1890. They played in the Leicestershire Senior League and Midland League before dissolving in 1906.
The club was re-formed in 1972 and subsequently played in the FA Cup, FA Trophy and FA Vase.
In 1997 they merged with Hinckley Athletic to form Hinckley United.
## Colours
The club originally wore blue and black jerseys with white knickers. It adopted red and blue halved shirts (described as \"quarters\") in 1892.
## Ground
The club\'s first ground was known as the Well or Holywell Ground, as the Holy Well was off one corner of the field
| 158 |
Hinckley Town F.C.
| 0 |
11,033,219 |
# Anar Rzayev
**Anar Rasul oghlu Rzayev** (*Anar Rəsul oğlu Rzayev*; born 14 March 1938, Baku), known mononymously as **Anar**, is an Azerbaijani writer, dramatist, film director, and the Chairman of the Writers\' Union of Azerbaijan. Anar is primarily a novelist and short-story writer, although in the past, he has also authored screenplays and directed films as well as acted in a film.
## Early years {#early_years}
Anar was born to the family of Azerbaijani poets Rasul Rza (1910--1981) and Nigar Rafibeyli (1913--1981). After finishing a 10-year music school in Baku, he entered the Philology Department at the Baku State University. He later completed courses on screenwriting and production in Moscow.
## Works
Anar began publishing in the 1960s. His works include: \"Longing for the Holiday\" (Bayram Həsrətində), \"The Rain Stopped\" (Yağış Kəsdi), \"White Port\" (Ağ Liman), \"A Person\'s Person\" (Adamın Adamı), \"The Sixth Floor of the Five-Storey Building\" (Beşmərtəbəli Evin Altıncı Mərtəbəsi) later used for the movie *Tahmina*, \"Opportunity\" (Macal), \"I\'ve Come to You\" (Sizi Deyib Gəlmişəm), \"Without You\" (Sizsiz), \"Summer Days of the City\" (Şəhərin Yay Günləri), \"Hotel Room\" (Otel Otağı), and \"Me, You, Him and the Telephone\" (Mən, Sən, O və Telefon).
He has written the scripts for various movies, including *Torpaq. Dəniz. Od. Səma* (\"The Land. The Sea. The Fire. The Sky\"), *Gün Keçdi* (\"The Day Passed\") and *Dədə Qorqud*. Anar was the scenarist and producer of the film *Üzeyir Ömrü* (\"The Life of Uzeyir\").
## Recognition
Anar has been recognized with the following awards: Honored Art Worker of Azerbaijan (1976), Azerbaijan State Prize (1980) and Istiglal Order (*Order of Sovereignty*) in 1998.
Anar is the President of the Writers\' Union of Azerbaijan and was a Member of the Supreme Soviet and National Assembly several times.
## Volumes Published in English {#volumes_published_in_english}
- [Volume 1: Dante\'s Jubilee & Other Short Stories](https://www.academia.edu/32787583/Dantes_Jubilee_and_Other_Short_Stories_by_ANAR_Rezayev_) (2017) (PDF -- Free download)
- [Volume 2: Hotel Room & Other Stories](https://www.academia
| 318 |
Anar Rzayev
| 0 |
11,033,298 |
# Eastern High School (Beaver, Ohio)
**Eastern High School (EHS)** is a public high school in Beaver, Pike County, in Southern Ohio. It is the only high school in the Eastern Local School District. The mascot is the Eagle and the school colors are brown and white.
## History
The Eastern Local School District was officially formed on October 5, 1959 by a vote of the Pike County Board of Education. The district was a consolidation of the Beaver, Stockdale, and Union Local School Districts. The district covers approximately 107 square miles. Most of the district is located in Pike County with portions extending into both Jackson and Scioto counties.
The newly formed Eastern district built a new high school near the intersection of Tile Mill Road and Beaver Pike. The district, for many years, utilized the Beaver and Stockdale buildings for grades K-8, and the new high school for grades 9-12.
In 1997, voters approved a bond issue to fund the local portion of a state-sponsored project that resulted in the construction of the current facility. That facility, which houses all grades, opened 2002, and is also located on the Tile Mill property. Upon completion of the new K-12 facility, the Beaver and Stockdale buildings were note razed. Those buildings, no longer owned by the district, served their respective communities in a variety of non-school capacities.
Currently, the district serves over 950 students, including a portion of the juniors and seniors who attend the Pike County Career Technology Center. The district employs over 120 staff members, including administrators, teachers, and support personnel such as custodians, cooks, bus drivers, secretaries, and aides.
## Academics
Eastern High School is currently rated as \"Effective\" per the Ohio Department of Education for the 2010-2011 school year.
## Athletics
The school\'s athletic affiliation is with the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) and the Southern Ohio Conference (SOC), which has seventeen member schools and is divided into two divisions (SOC I & SOC II) based on the schools\' enrollment
| 335 |
Eastern High School (Beaver, Ohio)
| 0 |
11,033,300 |
# BASIX
**BASIX** or Building Sustainability Index is a scheme introduced by the government of New South Wales, Australia on 1 July 2004 to regulate the energy efficiency of residential buildings. It offers an online assessment tool for rating the expected performance of any residential development in terms of water efficiency, thermal comfort and energy usage. It aims to reduce water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by 40% compared to pre-BASIX (2004) buildings. In order to meet these expectations, many people install rainwater tanks and environmentally friendly, water saving spouts.
Developers have complained about additional costs for apartment buildings.
## Monitoring
Monitoring of occupied BASIX single dwellings conducted by Sydney Water confirmed that the actual water savings were 40.6% in 2008 and 37.6% in 2009. BASIX has won a number of awards in Australia, the most recent one being in 2007 for \"Energy in Society - For contributing to policy, law and the community\" at the Australian Institute of Energy. Experts of Economics say that by 2050, the total net savings in New South Wales is between \$294 million and \$1.1 billion
| 182 |
BASIX
| 0 |
11,033,310 |
# Indianapolis Braves
**Indianapolis Braves** were an American soccer team, the men\'s professional team of the Indianapolis-based soccer organization, FC Pride, which competed in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), the third tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, for just one season, in 2007.
They played their home games at the Kuntz Memorial Soccer Stadium in the city of Indianapolis, Indiana, 3 mi north-west of downtown Indianapolis.
Their playing squad included defender Eric Descombes, a current full international player for Mauritania who played in both of that country\'s 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying games against Zimbabwe in 2003, as well as former professionals John Swann, Brian Brooks, and Moussa Dagnogo
| 110 |
Indianapolis Braves
| 0 |
11,033,325 |
# Renaissance and Baroque Society of Pittsburgh
**Renaissance & Baroque**, formerly known as the **Renaissance and Baroque Society of Pittsburgh** is a non-profit performing arts organization in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania that presents performances of music from the Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque and early Classical periods with an emphasis on historically informed performance. *The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians*, describes it as having \"developed one of the area\'s most faithful and enthusiastic followings.\" Its main performance venue is Synod Hall, adjacent to the Cathedral of Saint Paul. Among the ensembles which have been presented by the society are Apollo\'s Fire, Trio Medieval, Quadriga Consort and The Academy of Ancient Music.
The society was established in 1969 with Colin Sterne as one of its key founders. Sterne, a professor at the University of Pittsburgh, where he taught for 38 years until his retirement in 1986, was an expert on early music performance practice and the founder of the period-instrument ensemble, Ars Antiqua Players. According to the *Pittsburgh Post-Gazette*, both the Ars Antiqua Players and the Renaissance and Baroque Society \"helped stimulate interest in pre-Bach music nationwide.\"
## 40th Anniversary Season {#th_anniversary_season}
In the 2008--2009 season, the society celebrated its 40th anniversary. The program included performances by Tallis Scholars, Richard Egarr and Flanders Recorder Quartet as well as a new work commissioned by the society to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the Battle of Fort Duquesne. *Battle of the Forks*, an arrangement of writings and music from the period including two pieces of music by the English general John Reid (1721--1807), premiered on September 27, 2008 at Synod Hall in Pittsburgh performed by the Chris Norman Ensemble, Concerto Caledonia and members of the Carnegie Mellon University School of Drama.
## Re-branding {#re_branding}
During the 2010--2011 season, Managing Director Gail M. Luley and the Board of Director decided to drop the \"society\" from the organization\'s name, and re-brand as Renaissance & Baroque, with the accompanying tagline: \"bringing early music to Pittsburgh.\"
## 50th Anniversary Season {#th_anniversary_season_1}
In the 2019--2020 season, Renaissance & Baroque will be celebrating its 50th anniversary
| 345 |
Renaissance and Baroque Society of Pittsburgh
| 0 |
11,033,326 |
# Farah, Mathura
**Farah** is a town and a nagar panchayat in Mathura district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
## Education
- Sachdeva Institute of Technology
- Hindustan College of Science and Technology
## Demographics
As of the 2001 Census of India, Farah had a population of 8,199. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Farah has an average literacy rate of 52%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 61%, and female literacy is 41%. In Farah, 20% of the population is under 6 years of age.
## Climate
Farah features a semiarid climate that borders on a humid subtropical climate. The town features mild winters, hot and dry summers and a monsoon season. However the monsoons, though substantial in Farah, are not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India. This is a primary factor in Farah featuring a semiarid climate as opposed to a humid subtropical climate.
## Geography
Farah is located at 27.33 N 77.77 E. It has an average elevation of 172 metres (564 feet)
| 180 |
Farah, Mathura
| 0 |
11,033,333 |
# Damiani (jewelry company)
**Damiani S.p.A** or *Damiani Group*, is an Italian luxury jewelry corporate group that designs, manufactures, distributes and sells jewelry and luxury watches. It was founded in Italy in 1924. The company uses celebrity endorsements to market its products. In the early 2000s the company had a dispute with Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston regarding the use of their names and wedding ring designs. The dispute was settled for \$50 million and the couple helped Damiani create and market a line of products. Damiani expanded across Asia and the US. It went public in 2007 and its most well-known jewelry product brands are Calderoni, Salvini, Alfieri & St. John and Bliss.
## History
Damiani was founded in 1924 by Enrico Grassi Damiani, in Valenza, Italy. It became popular among affluent Italians. Damiani\'s son led the company from 1960-1990. It started selling products on the US market in 2001 and introduced a \$2.5 million ad campaign the following year.
Damiani experienced negative press after Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston filed a lawsuit. They said Damiani was selling reproductions of the ring custom-designed by Brad Pitt and made exclusively for their wedding in violation of their agreement with Damiani. Damiani said they never made that agreement and that the rings were merely chosen from a collection of wedding rings. A settlement was reached for \$50 million in January 2002. As part of the settlement, Mr Pitt designed a ring for Damiani, which Aniston would model in its advertisements for it.
By 2003 it had 25 stores which each sold a single brand of products, in Italy, Asia and the US.
In 2007, Damiani announced an initial public offering, which valued the company at €150.8 million (USD\$215.4 million) (in 2007 exchange rates). Rocca S.p.A., an Italian jewelry and watch retailer, was purchased by Damiani for €7 million (US\$9.81 million) in 2008
In 2010, Damiani had a net loss of €18.2 million (USD\$25.6 million). The company\'s estimated total sales (in 2010/2011) were €150 million. In 2010, Birks & Mayors agreed to distribute all Damiani Group\'s brands, for five years, in the United States. In 2012, Damiani entered into a partnership with MingFung/Hengdeli Group to distribute its watches and jewelry in China. Also, in 2012, Damiani received permission by the Government of India to invest in the Indian jewelry market.
As of November 2012, Damiani had an annual revenue of €151.6 million (USD\$193.3 million). In the fiscal year ending March 2013, Damiani S.P.A. had sales of €137.82 million (USD\$185.75 million) Currently, Damiani is run by the third generation of the Damiani family, that has been on the board of directors since 1996.
In 2012, the company became the first jeweler to obtain the authorization to hold a 51% controlling interest in an Indian-based entity, **Damiani India**. In November 2013, Damiani raised funds for the Italian Red Cross to support people affected by the storms in Sardinia by donating 20 percent of certain sales in Damiani's flagship stores in Italy and watch retailer Rocca.
The President Guido Damiani received the *America Award* of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2013.
In December 2018, Leading Jewels, the holding company of Damianis, announced it will buy Casa Damiani\'s shares for 11.8 million euros total, in order to delist it from the Milan bourse. The same year, the brand announced a partnership with the Rossoneri becoming AC Milan\'s \"luxury partner\".
In January 2019, the company launched a takeover bid for delisting from the Stock Exchange: since its debut it has lost more than 75% of its value.
In March 2019 the company returns to being family-owned after having exceeded 96% of ownership of the shares with an offer of € 0.855 per share and the consequent delisting after the bidder has exercised the right to purchase.
### Centenary celebration {#centenary_celebration}
On March 14, 2024 the company celebrates 100 years since its foundation, with a special gala with Sophia Loren and Jessica Chastain at the Alcione Theater in Milan. Alessandra Mastronardi, Bebe Vio and Matteo Bocelli, son of Andrea Bocelli, are also present among the guests. From 19 March 2024 to 28 April 2024, an exhibition *100x100 Italiani* has been scheduled at the Gallerie d\'Italia in Milan where it will exhibit 100 exclusive pieces for the centenary celebration.
## Brands
Damiani designs and markets jewelry and watches, as well as jewels and unique pieces. The company\'s major market is in Italy. It is sold in other major markets worldwide through subsidiaries and boutiques. It has won 18 consecutive Diamonds International Awards.
All Damiani suppliers are part of a restricted circle of selected organizations respecting UN regulations on the certification and origin of conflict-free diamonds. There are 35 retail boutiques and 19 other franchises such as jewelry stores.
The main brands of Damiani are:
- Salvini
- Alfieri & St. John
- Bliss (which is distributed, in Japan, by BGioielli Ltd.)
- Calderoni
| 813 |
Damiani (jewelry company)
| 0 |
11,033,333 |
# Damiani (jewelry company)
## Marketing
Damiani collaborates with celebrities like Isabella Rossellini, Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston to promote their products. Gwyneth Paltrow was featured in its ads in 2004.
Damiani created the \"Aro Necklace, which Aro, a leader of the Volturi ruling vampire clan,\" in the Twilight movie, *The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn -- Part 2*, gives to Bella Swan. It also created the 2009 Harlequin Fantasy Bra, worn by model Marisa Miller during the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. The bra has an 18k gold frame with 2,355 colorless and cognac diamonds, with a focal point of a 16-carat, champagne-color, heart-shape diamond, for a total of nearly 150 carats total weight.
Damiani has a tradition of collaborating with celebrities to create unique, high-profile pieces. For example, Giorgio Damiani, inspired by the film *Burlesque* starring Christina Aguilera and Cher, worked with designer Christina Bagnari to create a special collection. One of the standout designs, a bracelet inspired by the film\'s costumes, featured a clasp that mimics the closure of a corset. This bracelet was worn by Sharon Stone during a press event for the reopening of Damiani\'s Milan boutique
| 190 |
Damiani (jewelry company)
| 1 |
11,033,367 |
# Walter Wykes
**Walter Wykes** (born October 31, 1969) is an American playwright. A graduate of the MFA playwriting program at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, he has had over thirty plays produced across the United States and internationally. Four times he has received the American College Theater Festival\'s Award for Excellence in Playwriting.
Wykes is known for writing intense roles and dark subject matter. The bulk of his dramatic work has an absurdist or surrealist bent, creating a dreamlike or nightmarish atmosphere that reflects the sometimes senseless nature of the modern world.
## Plays
- *The Father Clock* (1997)
- *The Profession* (1997)
- *The Salmon Tribunal* (1997)
- *Borrowed Parts* (1998)
- *Fading Joy* (2000)
- *The Worker* (2007)
- *Family 2.0* (2007)
- *The Spotted Man* (2007)
- *The Unwanted* (2008)
- *Beer Girl* (2009)
- *The Fly* (2010)
- *Tainted Love* (2010)
- *The Secret Origin of Mojo Man* (2011)
- *Certificate of Death* (2012)
## Trivia
- From June 1998 to February, Wykes played the role of Ensign Thomas in *Star Trek: The Experience*, an interactive show at the Las Vegas Hilton.
- He has appeared as an actor in numerous television commercials including spots for Burger King, Dunkin\' Donuts, Helio, Best Western, Qwestdex, Long John Silver\'s, and Domino\'s Pizza
| 216 |
Walter Wykes
| 0 |
11,033,368 |
# Wilkinson v. Austin
***Wilkinson v. Austin***, 545 U.S. 209 (2005), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that while the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment gives rise to a liberty interest in not being placed in a Supermax prison, Ohio\'s procedures for determining which prisoners should be placed there satisfied the requirements of due process.
## Background
The State of Ohio opened its Supermax facility, the Ohio State Penitentiary, in 1998 after a riot in one of its maximum security prisons. The OSP is more restrictive than a maximum security unit, a \"highly restrictive form of solitary confinement\". Inmates remain at OSP indefinitely, up to the maximum term of their sentences; if a prisoner is serving a life sentence, he may remain at OSP until he dies.
The Ohio prison system determines which inmates will be placed at the OSP Supermax in the following manner. When an inmate enters the prison system, he is assigned a numerical ranking based on his security risk, from 1 to 5. The higher number represents a greater security risk. Inmates assigned level 5 are placed at OSP. Initially, there were no criteria governing which inmates would be rated 5, and some inmates who did not, in fact, pose tremendous security risks nevertheless received ratings of 5. The Ohio prison system formulated criteria for classifying inmates in 1999 and again in 2002. Under the 2002 policy, inmates were classified either upon entry into the prison system or after certain conduct took place. A three-member committee convenes to review the inmate\'s file and hold a hearing. At least 48 hours before the hearing, the inmate is notified about the conduct that triggered the classification. The inmate may attend the hearing and offer \"pertinent information\" or objections to OSP placement, but he may not call witnesses. The committee may decline to recommend OSP placement, at which point the process terminates.
If, however, the committee does recommend placement in OSP, the committee reports its recommendation to the warden of the inmate\'s current prison or, if the review took place upon the prisoner\'s initial entry into the prison system, to another designated official. The warden may veto the recommendation, at which point the process also terminates. If the warden concurs, he provides a written explanation and forwards both his recommendation and the committee\'s to the Bureau of Classification, an agency of the Ohio prison system. The inmate may also submit written objections to the Bureau. The Bureau may also veto the committee\'s recommendation; if it does not, the inmate is transferred to OSP.
Inmates assigned to OSP are reviewed within 30 days of arriving there. If the reviewer determines that the inmate is not appropriately placed, the reviewer provides a written report to the warden at OSP. The warden forwards the report, along with his own report, to the Bureau. If the Bureau agrees with the recommendation, the inmate is transferred to a lower-security prison. Otherwise, he will remain at OSP for at least another year, at which time another such review will take place.
## Procedural history {#procedural_history}
Austin and other OSP inmates brought suit against officials of the Ohio prison system under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Ohio\'s procedure for determining which inmates will be placed at OSP violates their Fourteenth Amendment due process rights. The United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio held an eight-day trial at which it heard testimony from expert witnesses. It concluded that the inmates had a liberty interest protected by the Due Process Clause in not being assigned to OSP, and demanded that the Ohio prison system make significant substantive and procedural changes to the process by which it assigned inmates to OSP. The State appealed to the Sixth Circuit, which affirmed the procedural modifications but set aside the substantive modifications. As a result of the Sixth Circuit\'s ruling, Ohio prison officials were required to:
1. Furnish to the inmate before the hearing a list of all the grounds upon which OSP placement could be based, and were thus forbidden to rely on factors not on that list;
2. Allow the prisoner to make an oral or written statement to the committee, and call witnesses on his behalf in a manner consistent with prison security concerns;
3. Explain in greater detail after the hearing the reason for the committee\'s decision; and
4. Explain to the inmate, every six months, what conduct would allow the inmate to be removed from OSP placement.
The State of Ohio asked the U.S. Supreme Court to review the Sixth Circuit\'s decision, and it agreed to do so.
| 773 |
Wilkinson v. Austin
| 0 |
11,033,368 |
# Wilkinson v. Austin
## Opinion of the Court {#opinion_of_the_court}
The Court first had to decide whether the prison inmates had a protected liberty interest in avoiding placement in OSP. In the Sixth Circuit, Ohio had taken the position that they did not. In the Supreme Court, however, Ohio conceded that they did. Of its own force, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment does not guarantee that state prisoners will not be placed in more restrictive conditions of confinement. However, individual state procedural guarantees may give rise to a protected liberty interest, as the Court had held in *Sandin v. Conner*, `{{ussc|515|472|1995}}`{=mediawiki}. In *Conner*, the Court held that a protected liberty interest can arise only after examining the \"ordinary incidents of prison life\". Short periods of administrative segregation imposed as punishment for violating prison rules thus did not implicate a liberty interest, because inmates in the general population experience periods of lockdown, the degree of confinement in administrative segregation was not excessive, and the duration of the segregation period was not disruptive to the inmate\'s environment.
The Court did not find it necessary to define what the \"ordinary incidents\" of prison life were, vis-à-vis confinement in Supermax conditions, for \"assignment to OSP imposes an atypical and significant hardship under any plausible baseline.\" Prisoners in OSP are forbidden \"almost all human contact\". They may not converse with each other from cell to cell. Lights are on 24 hours a day, though for some periods of time the light is dimmed. Inmates are allowed only one hour of exercise per day, in a small indoor room. These circumstances may be common to mere administrative segregation; however, unlike the administrative segregation considered in *Conner*, placement at OSP was for an indefinite period of time, and such placement rendered an inmate ineligible for parole. The Court found that the combination of these two sets of conditions rose to the level of an \"atypical and significant hardship within the correctional context\", and hence gave rise to a liberty interest in avoiding placement in OSP. This is so despite any purported necessity of controlling the danger posed by high-risk inmates.
Having found a liberty interest in avoiding placement in OSP, the Court went on to consider whether Ohio afforded its inmates the required procedural protections. The particular protections required emerged from a three-part balancing test first articulated in *Mathews v. Eldridge*, `{{ussc|424|319|1976}}`{=mediawiki}. The three factors are (1) the private interest affected by the official action, (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation by the procedures used, and the marginal value of any increased protections, and (3) the burden on the government that adding those increased protections would impose. After weighing these factors, the Court concluded that Ohio afforded its inmates the requisite procedures. The interest in avoiding assignment to a Supermax facility must be \"evaluated\... within the context of the prison system and its attendant curtailment of liberties.\" Ohio afforded inmates notice that it was considering placing them in OSP and a fair opportunity for rebuttal; this was consistent with the procedural protections afforded in other prison administration contexts. Furthermore, Ohio\'s requirement that it explain the factual basis for the classification review and offer the inmate an opportunity for rebuttal \"safeguards against the inmate being mistaken for another or being singled out for insufficient reason\". At each of the three levels, the reviewing administrator can decline to recommend OSP placement, at which point the process terminates. The Court found this arrangement preferable to Ohio\'s former system, under which inmates were sometimes placed in OSP without any explanation at all. Because the inmate will always have an explanation of the reasons for recommended OSP placement, he will always have something to argue against when he proceeds to the next level of review or comes up for his next suitability hearing.
The third prong of *Mathews* addresses the burden on the state; in the prison context, this factor is a dominant consideration. Prison security, particularly the management of prison gangs, \"provides the backdrop of the State\'s interest\". As the State of California pointed out in an amicus brief, \"clandestine, organized, fueled by race-based hostility, and committed to fear and violence as a means of disciplining their own and their rivals, gangs seek nothing less than to control prison life and to extend their power outside prison walls.\" Testifying against a member of the gang can bring swift, lethal retribution. And because many heinous gang members are serving life sentences, the ordinary deterrent of a prison sentence for new crimes is diminished.
Furthermore, prison is an expensive proposition. Ohio spends nearly \$35,000 to house one inmate in a maximum security prison for one year, and over \$49,000 to house an inmate at OSP for the same period of time. The prison system can devote its scarce resources to Supermax prisons for some dangerous inmates, or it can spend money on vocational and rehabilitative programs for inmates whose prospects are better. Courts should \"give substantial deference to prison management decisions before mandating additional expenditures for elaborate procedural safeguards when correctional officers conclude that a prisoner has engaged in disruptive behavior\". In light of the danger to potential witnesses on behalf of candidates for OSP placement, particularly the difficulty in predicting when certain inmate-witnesses will be the targets of reprisal from gangs, the Court concluded that allowing the inmate to call witnesses to testify at a classification hearing was not required by due process.
Finally, after balancing the *Mathews* factors, the Court concluded that Ohio\'s procedure for assigning inmates to OSP is adequate to safeguard an inmate\'s liberty interest in avoiding being sent there. The state was not directly trying to take away credit toward a sentence that an inmate had already earned, an action that requires greater procedural safeguards. The heavy reliance on the expertise of prison administrators also supported the conclusion that Ohio\'s procedures were adequate
| 979 |
Wilkinson v. Austin
| 1 |
11,033,377 |
# Nanaco
**Nanaco** (trademarked in lowercase as **nanaco**) is a prepaid cash-rechargeable contactless electronic money card, and point based loyalty program used at Seven & I Holdings--owned stores in Japan, which are 7-Eleven convenience stores, Denny\'s restaurants, and Ito-Yokado merchandise stores. In addition, Nanaco can be used at more than 7,000 third party stores outside the company\'s group, like Sogo and Seibu Department Stores
Nanaco cards can be instantly issued at all 7-Eleven convenience stores in Japan, after completing an application form. It is similar to other point based loyalty cards as users can earn points and use them for purchases or discounts.
As of March 2016, 45 million nanaco cards have been issued, and 215,300 stores accept nanaco payment.
## History
- April 23, 2007 -- pilot program launched at 1,500 7-Eleven stores in Tokyo
- May 2007 -- service is expanded nationwide at all 7-Eleven stores
- September 3, 2007 -- Nanaco card charging service begins at Seven Bank ATMs
- October 10, 2007 -- 5 million cards distributed
- February 2008 -- Nanaco cards accepted at all Denny\'s restaurants
- March 25, 2008 -- Nanaco cards accepted at Ito-Yokado stores
- June 1, 2008 -- Credit card charging service starts for IY Card branded credit cards (later renamed as Seven Card)
- March 30, 2010 -- Nanaco cards accepted at Coca-Cola multi-money vending machines
- March 31, 2010 -- 10 million cards distributed
- April 18, 2014 -- The number of monthly transactions exceeded 100 million
Supplied by IY Card Service Co., Ltd. (later renamed Seven Card Service Co., Ltd.), a subsidiary of Seven & I Holdings Co., Ltd., Nanaco is available as **Nanaco card** (plastic card) and **Nanaco mobile** (Osaifu-Keitai application for mobile phones with embedded contactless chip). The Nanaco format also features a postpay function (on the QUICPay scheme), which was made available to IY Card (since renamed \"Seven Card\") credit card holders since the summer of 2007. Purchases with Nanaco earn points, which can later be used to make more purchases. The cards uses Sony\'s FeliCa technology, which is also used in a wide variety of contactless smart cards including Suica, Edy, and Pasmo. Services began on April 23, 2007, and the number of members is more than 3.8 million as of end-June 2007.
\"Nana\" means \"seven\" in Japanese, and the giraffe\'s head and neck is in the shape of the number \"7\", in reference to \"7-Eleven\" and \"Seven & i Holdings\".
The \"Nanaco card\" issued by Seven-Eleven Japan became the most frequently used e-wallet within three months after it was introduced in April 2007
| 431 |
Nanaco
| 0 |
11,033,392 |
# Syrian Canadians
**Syrian Canadians** refers to Canadians who claim Syrian ancestry and newcomers who have Syrian citizenship. According to the 2016 Census, there were 77,050 Syrian Canadians compared to the 2011 Census where there were 50,840.
## History
Syrians started immigrating to the Americas in the early part of the 1880s, while the vast majority migrated to South America, a small percentage made their way to America, and an even smaller percentage settled in Canada. The overwhelming majority of Syrians who settled in Canada from the 1880s to 1960s were of the Christian faith. The so-called Shepard of the lost flock, Saint Raphael Hawaweeny of Brooklyn, New York, came to Montreal in 1896 to help establish a Christian association called the *Syrian Benevolent Society* and then later on an Orthodox church in Montreal for the newly arrived Syrian faithful.
Since Justin Trudeau was elected as Prime Minister of Canada in 2015, over 25,000 Syrian refugees have settled in Canada.
## Demography
### Religion
Religious group 2021
---------------------------------------- --------
`{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}`{=mediawiki}
Islam 47,895
Christianity 39,115
Irreligion 9,365
Judaism 595
Hinduism 35
Buddhism 20
Indigenous spirituality 20
Sikhism 10
Other 1,200
Total Syrian Canadian population 98,250
: Syrian Canadian demography by religion
## Economic life {#economic_life}
The leading factor for the immigration of Syrians has been to find better employment. The early immigrants found themselves engaging in basic commerce, with the term \'peddler\' becoming almost synonymous with \'Syrian\'. Most of these peddlers were successful, and, with time, and after raising enough capital, some became importers and wholesalers, recruiting newcomers and supplying them with merchandise. Others opened small businesses in urban centers all over the country. Later, these merchants would go towards larger urban locations, where the economy was improving. Smaller number of Syrians worked as laborers in factories, miners, or as plumbers. Also, some became pioneers in the Southern prairie regions of Western Canada, and worked in farming. These workers settled in communities such as Swift Current, Saskatchewan, and Lac La Biche, Alberta. Few reached the Northwest Territories, the best known being Peter Baker, author of the book *An Arctic Arab*, and later elected as a member of the legislative assembly of the Northwest Territories. By the 1930s, many towns in the Maritimes, Quebec, Ontario, and Western Canada had one or more retail stores run by Syrian immigrants.
Women also worked occasionally, in addition to housekeeping, and usually helped run the family store if they had one, and in the cities they would sell goods from door to door.
## Notable Syrian Canadians {#notable_syrian_canadians}
- Omar Alghabra, former Minister of Transport and Member of Parliament from Mississauga Centre
- René Angélil, Canadian singer and manager (father was of Syrian descent)
- Paul Anka, Canadian singer and songwriter (father was Syrian)
- Feras Antoon, businessman
- Ayah Bdeir, entrepreneur and founder of LittleBits
- Tirone E. David, cardiac surgeon and professor of surgery at the University of Toronto. Known for developing the \"David Operation".
- Tony Clement, Canadian Member of Parliament from Parry Sound-Muskoka. Mother of Syrian descent.
- Moshe Safdie, architect who designed Marina Bay Sands and Jewel Changi Airport
- Dov Charney, founder of American Apparel and Los Angeles Apparel
- Sam Hamad, former Member of the Quebec National Assembly (MNA) for the riding of Louis-Hebert and former Quebec Minister of Employment and Social Solidarity.
- Jamal Murray, NBA basketball player
- Jack Kachkar, Syrian Canadian businessman of Armenian descent
- Wiz Kilo, Canadian hip hop and R&B artist
- Ruba Nadda, Canadian film director of mixed Syrian-Palestinian origin
- Rami Sebei, Canadian professional wrestler best known for his work under the ring name El Generico, currently signed to WWE under the ring name Sami Zayn
- Sammy Yatim, Canadian shot by a Toronto police officer
- Molham Babouli, Syrian Canadian professional soccer player for York United and the Syrian national football team
- Marshall Rifai, Marshall Rifai Syrian Canadian professional Ice Hockey player for the Toronto Maple Leafs and Toronto Marlies
## Popular culture {#popular_culture}
*Sabah*, a 2005 film directed by Ruba Nadda, portrays a Syrian Canadian family in Toronto
| 680 |
Syrian Canadians
| 0 |
11,033,399 |
# Derek Charke
**Derek Charke** (`{{IPAc-en|tʃ|ɑːr|k}}`{=mediawiki}; born 1974) is a Canadian classical composer and flutist.
## Career
In 2012, Derek Charke won the Juno Award for Classical Composition of the Year for his work, \"Sepia Fragments.\" The following year Charke\'s work, \"Between the Shore and the Ships\" received an ECMA for Classical Composition of the Year. Derek\'s compositions increasingly pair electroacoustic elements---many of which are derived from environmental sounds---with acoustic instruments. Ecological sound as an artistic statement on environmental issues has become an impetus for many works, and his interest in the Arctic has like-wise played a role in many of his compositions. His music bridges a divide between this play of pure sound, collecting natural and environmental sound, and a continuation of the Western \"classical\" tradition---albeit with contemporary and popular influences.
Derek Charke earned his bachelor\'s degree in composition at the University of North Texas, a master\'s degree in composition from the Royal Academy of Music, a master\'s degree in flute and a doctorate degree in composition from the University at Buffalo. While at Buffalo he studied composition with David Felder and flute with Cheryl Gobbetti Hoffman. Previous composition teachers included Louis Andriessen, Steve Martland and Cindy McTee.
Charke is currently an associate professor of music theory and composition at Acadia University School of Music in Nova Scotia, Canada. Charke is also co-director of the Acadia New Music Society, and he actively performs as both a soloist and new music improvisor on the flute. In addition to his responsibilities as a full professor at Acadia University, Charke is an associate composer of the Canadian Music Centre (CMC).
To date, Charke has received numerous awards and commissions, including a BMI student composer award for his work *Xynith*, the Outstanding Undergraduate Award in Composition from the University of North Texas, and an honorable mention from the Kubik Prize for his composition *What do the Birds Think?* Charke has been commissioned by ensembles such as Duo Turgeon, the Kronos Quartet, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, and the St. Lawrence String Quartet. Dr. Charke and his wife currently live in Kentville, Nova Scotia.
## Discography
- 2010 -- *Sea to Sea* (St. Lawrence String Quartet Centrediscs / Centredisques CD-CMCCD 16310) (Includes *Sepia fragments*)
- 2011 -- *A Canadian Music Sampler: Centrediscs 30 Years* (Centrediscs / Centredisques CD-CMCCD 17311) (Includes *Sepia fragments*)
- 2012 -- *\...Between the Shore and the Ships\...* (Centrediscs / Centredisques CD-CMCCD 17912) (Includes *Blizzard*; *Between the Shore and the Ships*)
- Anderson, Chenoa. *Krishna\'s Flute.* Brent Lee, Derek Charke, Ian Crutchley, Keith Hamel, John Oliver, & W.L. Altman. Earsay Productions, 2014. CD.
- Charke, Derek. *In Sonorous Falling Tones.* Derek Charke (soloist) and WIRED! Ensemble. Mark Hopkins. Centrediscs, CD-CMCCD 23917, 2017. CD.
- Charke, Derek., et al. *Kitchen Party.* Derek Charke & Mark Adam. Centrediscs, 2014. CD.
- Charke, Derek. *Live Wired.* NBG Ensemble and Acadia University Wind Ensemble. Mark Hopkins. Canadian Music Centre Distribution Service, CD-ANMS 001, 2015. CD.
- Charke, Derek. *Tundra Songs.* Tanya Tagaq & Kronos Quartet. Centrediscs, CD-CMCCD 21015, 2015. CD
| 508 |
Derek Charke
| 0 |
11,033,405 |
# Pokhriabong
**Pokhriabong** (also spelt as Pokhribong or Pokhrabong) is a village in the Jorebunglow Sukhiapokri CD block in the Darjeeling Sadar subdivision of the Darjeeling district in West Bengal, India.
## Geography
### Location
Pokhriabong is located at 26.9615 N 88.1806 E display=inline.
Pokhriabong is located 29 kilometres from the town of Darjeeling on the **Nagri spur** which divides the waters of Balason River from its tributary Rangbhang. Pokhriabong Rangbhang valley as it known has a total of eight Tea Estate. Pokhriabong has a very hospitable environment with summer temperatures reaching up to 24°C and winters with temperatures dropping down to -1°C/2°C. Pokhriabong has many villages within it and within the villages are many sub-villages and more. The region has a great production of tea fruits and vegetables. Pokhriabong valley has two main rivers. Flowing on the northeast is the River Balason and on the southwest is the mighty River Rangbhang. Pokhriabong also attracts a wide number of tourists as it is very natural and people here are very friendly. Languages spoken here are Nepali, English, Bengali, Hindi, Rai, limbu, Lepcha, Tibetan
### Area overview {#area_overview}
The map alongside shows a part of the southern portion of the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in the Darjeeling district. In the Darjeeling Sadar subdivision 61.00% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 39.00% of the population lives in the urban areas. In the Mirik subdivision 80.11% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 19.89% lives in the urban areas. There are 78 tea gardens/ estates (the figure varies slightly according to different sources), in the district, producing and largely exporting Darjeeling tea. It engages a large proportion of the population directly/ indirectly. Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as census towns or villages. Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
## Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Pokhriabong Khasmahal had a total population of 3,051 of which 1,511 (50%) were males and 1,540 (50%) were females. There were 252 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Pokhriabong Khasmahal was 2,473 (81.06% of the population over 6 years).
## Wildlife
This area has a small population of the endangered Chinese pangolin. For the avid bird watcher, there is a plethora of Himalayan bird life in the area, treepies, barbets, pheasants, flycatchers, sunbirds and orioles to name a few. Also different species of butterflies can be seen if one is lucky enough. There is also snakes wild boar black deer if lucky or unlucky one might get a chance to see a leopard
| 483 |
Pokhriabong
| 0 |
11,033,517 |
# Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana
The **National Museum of Fine Arts of Havana** (**Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana**) in Havana, Cuba is a museum of fine arts that exhibits Cuban art collections from the colonial times up to contemporary generations.
## History
It was founded on February 23, 1913, due to the efforts of its first director, Emilio Heredia, a well-known architect. After frequent moves it was finally placed on the block once occupied by the old Colon Market. In 1954, a new Palacio de Bellas Artes was opened, designed by the architect Rodriguez Pichardo.
## Overview
There are now two buildings belonging to the museum, one dedicated to Cuban art in the *Palacio de Bellas Artes* and one dedicated to the universal art, in the *Palacio del Centro Asturiano*.
The *Palacio de Bellas Artes* (Palace of Fine Arts) is dedicated exclusively to housing Cuban art collections. Spanning the 17th and 19th centuries, it has rooms devoted to landscape, religious subjects and the *Costumbrismo* narrative scenes of Cuban life. A gallery devoted to the 1970s is marked by a preponderance of Hyperrealism and the latest generation of Cuban artists whose works all reflect the strong symbolic imagery that has been prevalent in recent`{{when|date=August 2022}}`{=mediawiki} decades. The most notable works are those of René Portocarrero and Wifredo Lam. A modernist sculpture by the noted Cuban artist Rita Lonja stands outside the main entrance.
Other Cuban artists on display include Leopoldo Romañach, Víctor Manuel, Federico Beltrán Masses, Rafael Lillo, Jose A. Bencomo Mena, Manuel Vega, Domingo Ramos, Guillermo Collazo, Mariano Rodriguez, Carlos Enríquez Gómez and Jorge Arche.
The *Palacio del Centro Asturiano*, built in 1927 by the architect Manuel Bustos, houses European paintings and sculptures, along with a collection of ancient art. Originally, it was a club for natives of the Spanish province of Asturias and, after the 1959 Revolution, it housed the Supreme Court of Justice.
## Gallery
<File:José> Nicolás de Escalera - La Santísima Trinidad.JPG\|José Nicolás de la Escalera - *The Holy Trinity*, 18th century. <File:Form> Space and Light.jpg\|*Forma, Espacio y Luz*, sculpture of Rita Longa at the main entrance. <File:Museo> Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana.jpeg\|One of the towers of the museum <File:Palacio> del Centro Asturiano.jpg <File:La> havane musee beaux-arts cuba ext.JPG\|The new museum headquarters made in 1954
| 387 |
Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de La Habana
| 0 |
11,033,520 |
# University of Kansas Health System St. Francis Campus
**University of Kansas Health System St. Francis Campus** (KU Topeka), formerly known as **St. Francis Health Center** is a for-profit hospital and branch of the University of Kansas Medical School in Topeka, Kansas, United States. The hospital was founded in 1909 by the Catholic organization Sisters of Charity of Leavenworth. On May 4, 2017, a press conference announced that The University of Kansas Hospital would take over operations of the hospital from SCL Health, in a partnership with Ardent Health. The purchase was finalized on November 1, 2017.
## Country Legends 106.9 *Miracle Marathon for Kids Radiothon* {#country_legends_106.9_miracle_marathon_for_kids_radiothon}
Since 2006, KTPK has done a radiothon for the Children\'s Miracle Network Hospitals (CMN) at St. Francis Health Center in Topeka, Kansas. The radiothon takes place at Topeka\'s West Ridge Mall, each year during a week in August, on a Tuesday through Thursday from 6 AM to 6 PM. While on air, they not only raise money for the sick and injured children, but tell stories, as well. 2009 was a record breaking year for the fundraiser, as they raised a record breaker \$105,205.59, up from 2008, where they raised just over \$102,000. Since then, they\'ve raised amounts between \$90,000 and \$102,000. The Radiothon is the largest fundraiser of the year for the local CMN
| 222 |
University of Kansas Health System St. Francis Campus
| 0 |
11,033,525 |
# Radio atmospheric signal
A **radio atmospheric signal** or **sferic** (sometimes also spelled \"spheric\") is a broadband electromagnetic impulse that occurs as a result of natural atmospheric lightning discharges. Sferics may propagate from their lightning source without major attenuation in the Earth--ionosphere waveguide, and can be received thousands of kilometres from their source. On a time-domain plot, a sferic may appear as a single high-amplitude spike in the time-domain data. On a spectrogram, a sferic appears as a vertical stripe (reflecting its broadband and impulsive nature) that may extend from a few kHz to several tens of kHz, depending on atmospheric conditions.
Sferics received from about `{{nowrap|2,000 kilometres'}}`{=mediawiki} distance or greater have their frequencies slightly offset in time, producing *tweeks*.
When the electromagnetic energy from a sferic escapes the Earth-ionosphere waveguide and enters the magnetosphere, it becomes dispersed by the near-Earth plasma, forming a whistler signal. Because the source of the whistler is an impulse (i.e., the sferic), a whistler may be interpreted as the impulse response of the magnetosphere (for the conditions at that particular instant).
## Introduction
A lightning channel with all its branches and its electric currents behaves like a huge antenna system from which electromagnetic waves of all frequencies are radiated. Beyond a distance where luminosity is visible and thunder can be heard (typically about 10 km), these electromagnetic impulses are the only sources of direct information about thunderstorm activity on the ground. Transients electric currents during return strokes (R strokes) or intracloud strokes (K strokes) are the main sources for the generation of impulse-type electromagnetic radiation known as sferics (sometimes called atmospherics). While this impulsive radiation dominates at frequencies less than about 100 kHz, (loosely called long waves), a continuous noise component becomes increasingly important at higher frequencies. The longwave electromagnetic propagation of sferics takes place within the Earth-ionosphere waveguide between the Earth\'s surface and the ionospheric D- and E- layers. Whistlers generated by lightning strokes can propagate into the magnetosphere along the geomagnetic lines of force. Finally, upper-atmospheric lightning or sprites, that occur at mesospheric altitudes, are short-lived electric breakdown phenomena, probably generated by giant lightning events on the ground.
| 356 |
Radio atmospheric signal
| 0 |
11,033,525 |
# Radio atmospheric signal
## Source properties {#source_properties}
### Basic stroke parameters {#basic_stroke_parameters}
In a typical cloud-to-ground stroke (R stroke), negative electric charge (electrons) of the order of `{{nowrap|{{mvar|Q ≈}} 1 C}}`{=mediawiki} stored within the lightning channel is lowered to the ground within a typical impulse time interval of `{{nowrap|{{mvar|τ {{=}}}}`{=mediawiki} 100 μs .}} This corresponds to an average current flowing within the channel of the order of `{{nowrap|{{mvar|J ≈ {{frac|Q|τ}} {{=}}}}`{=mediawiki} 10 kA .}} Maximum spectral energy is generated near frequencies of `{{nowrap|{{mvar|f ≈ {{frac|1|τ}} {{=}}}}`{=mediawiki} 10 kHz ,}} or at wavelengths of `{{nowrap|{{mvar|λ {{=}} {{frac|c|f}} ≈}}`{=mediawiki} 30 km}} (where `{{mvar|c}}`{=mediawiki} is the speed of light). In typical intracloud K-strokes, positive electric charge of the order of `{{nowrap|{{mvar|Q ≈}} 10 mC}}`{=mediawiki} in the upper part of the channel and an equivalent amount of negative charge in its lower part neutralize within a typical time interval of `{{nowrap|{{mvar|τ ≈}} 25 μs .}}`{=mediawiki} The corresponding values for average electric current, frequency and wavelength are `{{nowrap|{{mvar|J ≈}} 400 A ,}}`{=mediawiki} `{{nowrap|{{mvar|f ≈}} 40 kHz ,}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{nowrap|{{mvar|λ ≈}} 7.5 km .}}`{=mediawiki} The energy of K-strokes is in general two orders of magnitude weaker than the energy of R-strokes.
The typical length of lightning channels can be estimated to be of the order of `{{nowrap|{{mvar|ℓ ≈ {{sfrac|1|4}}λ {{=}}}}`{=mediawiki} 8 km}} for R-strokes and `{{nowrap|{{mvar|ℓ ≈ {{sfrac|1|2}}λ {{=}}}}`{=mediawiki} 4 km}} for K-strokes. Often, a continuing current component flows between successive R-strokes. Its \"pulse\" time typically varies between about `{{nowrap|10–150 ms ,}}`{=mediawiki} its electric current is of the order of `{{nowrap|{{mvar|J ≈}} 100 A ,}}`{=mediawiki} corresponding to the numbers of `{{nowrap|{{mvar|Q ≈}} 1–20 C ,}}`{=mediawiki} `{{nowrap|{{mvar|f ≈}} 7–100 Hz}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{nowrap|{{mvar|λ ≈}} 3–40 Mm .}}`{=mediawiki} Both R-strokes as well as K-strokes produce sferics seen as a coherent impulse waveform within a broadband receiver tuned between 1--100 kHz. The electric field strength of the impulse increases to a maximum value within a few microseconds and then declines like a damped oscillator. The orientation of the field strength increase depends on whether it is a negative or a positive discharge
The visible part of a lightning channel has a typical length of about 5 km. Another part of comparable length may be hidden in the cloud and may have a significant horizontal branch. Evidently, the dominant wavelength of the electromagnetic waves of R- and K-strokes is much larger than their channel lengths. The physics of electromagnetic wave propagation within the channel must thus be derived from full wave theory, because the ray concept breaks down.
### Electric channel current {#electric_channel_current}
The channel of a R stroke can be considered as a thin isolated wire of length L and diameter d in which negative electric charge has been stored. In terms of electric circuit theory, one can adopt a simple transmission line model with a capacitor, where the charge is stored, a resistance of the channel, and an inductance simulating the electric properties of the channel. At the moment of contact with the perfectly conducting Earth surface, the charge is lowered to the ground. In order to fulfill the boundary conditions at the top of the wire (zero electric current) and at the ground (zero electric voltage), only standing resonant waves modes can exit. The fundamental mode which transports electric charge to the ground most effectively, has thus a wavelength λ four times the channel length L. In the case of the K stroke, the lower boundary is the same as the upper boundary. Of course, this picture is valid only for wave mode 1 (λ/4 antenna) and perhaps for mode 2 (λ/2 antenna), because these modes do not yet \"feel\" the contorted configuration of the real lightning channel. The higher order modes contribute to the incoherent noisy signals in the higher frequency range (\> 100 kHz).
| 629 |
Radio atmospheric signal
| 1 |
11,033,525 |
# Radio atmospheric signal
## Transfer function of Earth--ionosphere waveguide {#transfer_function_of_earthionosphere_waveguide}
Sferics can be simulated approximately by the electromagnetic radiation field of a vertical Hertzian dipole antenna. The maximum spectral amplitude of the sferic typically is near 5 kHz. Beyond this maximum, the spectral amplitude decreases as 1/f if the Earth\'s surface were perfectly conducting. The effect of the real ground is to attenuate the higher frequencies more strongly than the lower frequencies (Sommerfeld\'s ground wave).
R strokes emit most of their energy within the ELF/VLF range (ELF = extremely low frequencies, \< 3 kHz; VLF = very low frequencies, 3--30 kHz). These waves are reflected and attenuated on the ground as well as within the ionospheric D layer, near 70 km altitude during day time conditions, and near 90 km height during the night. Reflection and attenuation on the ground depends on frequency, distance, and orography. In the case of the ionospheric D-layer, it depends, in addition, on time of day, season, latitude, and the geomagnetic field in a complicated manner. VLF propagation within the Earth--ionosphere waveguide can be described by ray theory and by wave theory.
When distances are less than about 500 km (depending on frequency), then ray theory is appropriate. The ground wave and the first hop (or sky) wave reflected at the ionospheric D layer interfere with each other.
At distances greater than about 500 km, sky waves reflected several times at the ionosphere must be added. Therefore, mode theory is here more appropriate. The first mode is least attenuated within the Earth--ionosphere waveguide, and thus dominates at distances greater than about 1000 km.
The Earth--ionosphere waveguide is dispersive. Its propagation characteristics are described by a transfer function T(ρ, f) depending mainly on distance ρ and frequency f. In the VLF range, only mode one is important at distances larger than about 1000 km. Least attenuation of this mode occurs at about 15 kHz. Therefore, the Earth--ionosphere waveguide behaves like a bandpass filter, selecting this band out of a broadband signal. The 15 kHz signal dominates at distances greater than about 5000 km. For ELF waves (\< 3 kHz), ray theory becomes invalid, and only mode theory is appropriate. Here, the zeroth mode begins to dominate and is responsible for the second window at greater distances.
Resonant waves of this zeroth mode can be excited in the Earth--ionosphere waveguide cavity, mainly by the continuing current components of lightning flowing between two return strokes. Their wavelengths are integral fractions of the Earth\'s circumference, and their resonance frequencies can thus be approximately determined by *f~m~* ≃ *mc*/(2π*a*) ≃ 7.5 *m* Hz (with *m* = 1, 2, \...; *a* the Earth\'s radius and *c* the speed of light). These resonant modes with their fundamental frequency of *f*~1~ ≃ 7.5 Hz are known as Schumann resonances.
| 467 |
Radio atmospheric signal
| 2 |
11,033,525 |
# Radio atmospheric signal
## Monitoring thunderstorm activity with sferics {#monitoring_thunderstorm_activity_with_sferics}
About 100 lightning strokes per second are generated all over the world excited by thunderstorms located mainly in the continental areas at low and middle latitudes. In order to monitor the thunderstorm activity, sferics are the appropriate means.
Measurements of Schumann resonances at only a few stations around the world can monitor the global lightning activity fairly well. One can apply the dispersive property of the Earth--ionosphere waveguide by measuring the group velocity of a sferic signal at different frequencies together with its direction of arrival. The group time delay difference of neighbouring frequencies in the lower VLF band is directly proportional to the distance of the source. Since the attenuation of VLF waves is smaller for west to east propagation and during the night, thunderstorm activity up to distances of about 10,000 km can be observed for signals arriving from the west during night time conditions. Otherwise, the transmission range is of the order of 5,000 km.
For the regional range (\< 1,000 km), the usual way is magnetic direction finding as well as time of arrival measurements of a sferic signal observed simultaneously at several stations. Presumption of such measurements is the concentration on one individual impulse. If one measures simultaneously several pulses, interference takes place with a beat frequency equal to the inversal average sequence time of the pulses.
## Atmospheric noise {#atmospheric_noise}
The signal-to-noise ratio determines the sensibility and sensitivity of telecommunication systems (e.g., radio receivers). An analog signal must clearly exceed the noise amplitude in order to become detectable. Atmospheric noise is one of the most important sources for the limitation of the detection of radio signals.
The steady electric discharging currents in a lightning channel cause a series of incoherent impulses in the whole frequency range, the amplitudes of which decreases approximately with the inverse frequency. In the ELF-range, technical noise from 50 to 60 Hz, natural noise from the magnetosphere, etc. dominates. In the VLF-range, there are the coherent impulses from R- and K-strokes, appearing out of the background noise. Beyond about 100 kHz, the noise amplitude becomes more and more incoherent. In addition, technical noise from electric motors, ignition systems of motor cars, etc., are superimposed. Finally, beyond the high frequency band (3--30 MHz) extraterrestrial noise (noise of galactic origin, solar noise) dominates.
The atmospheric noise depends on frequency, location and time of day and year. Worldwide measurements of that noise are documented in CCIR-reports
| 414 |
Radio atmospheric signal
| 3 |
11,033,535 |
# Less-than sign
The **less-than sign** is a mathematical symbol that denotes an inequality between two values. The widely adopted form of two equal-length strokes connecting in an acute angle at the left, `{{char|<}}`{=mediawiki}, has been found in documents dated as far back as the 1560s. In mathematical writing, the less-than sign is typically placed between two values being compared and signifies that the first number is less than the second number. Examples of typical usage include `{{math|1 < 4}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|−2 < 0}}`{=mediawiki}.
Since the development of computer programming languages, the less-than sign and the greater-than sign have been repurposed for a range of uses and operations.
## Computing
The **less-than sign**, `{{char|<}}`{=mediawiki}, is an original ASCII character (hex 3C, decimal 60).
### Programming
In BASIC, Lisp-family languages, and C-family languages (including Java and C++), comparison operator `<` means \"less than\".
In Coldfusion, operator `.lt.` means \"less than\".
In Fortran, operator `.LT.` means \"less than\"; later versions allow `<`.
#### Shell scripts {#shell_scripts}
In Bourne shell (and many other shells), operator `-lt` means \"less than\". Less-than sign is used to redirect input from a file. Less-than plus ampersand (`{{code|<&}}`{=mediawiki}) is used to redirect from a file descriptor.
#### Double less-than sign {#double_less_than_sign}
The **double less-than sign**, `{{char|<<}}`{=mediawiki}, may be used for an approximation of the *much-less-than sign* (`{{char|≪}}`{=mediawiki}) or of the opening guillemet (`{{char|«}}`{=mediawiki}). ASCII does not encode either of these signs, though they are both included in Unicode.
In Bash, Perl, and Ruby, operator `{{code|<<EOF}}`{=mediawiki} (where \"EOF\" is an arbitrary string, but commonly \"EOF\" denoting \"end of file\") is used to denote the beginning of a here document.
In C and C++, operator `{{code|<<}}`{=mediawiki} represents a binary left shift.
In the C++ Standard Library, operator `{{code|<<}}`{=mediawiki}, when applied on an output stream, acts as *insertion operator* and performs an output operation on the stream.
In Ruby, operator `{{code|<<}}`{=mediawiki} acts as *append operator* when used between an array and the value to be appended.
In XPath the `{{code|<<}}`{=mediawiki} operator returns true if the left operand precedes the right operand in document order; otherwise it returns false.
#### Triple less-than sign {#triple_less_than_sign}
In PHP, operator `{{code|<<<OUTPUT}}`{=mediawiki} is used to denote the beginning of a heredoc statement (where `OUTPUT` is an arbitrary named variable.)
In Bash, `{{code|<<<word}}`{=mediawiki} is used as a \"here string\", where `{{code|word}}`{=mediawiki} is expanded and supplied to the command on its standard input, similar to a heredoc.
#### Less-than sign with equals sign {#less_than_sign_with_equals_sign}
The less-than sign with the equals sign, `{{code|1=<=}}`{=mediawiki}, may be used for an approximation of the less-than-or-equal-to sign, `{{char|≤}}`{=mediawiki}. ASCII does not have a less-than-or-equal-to sign, but Unicode defines it at code point U+2264.
In BASIC, Lisp-family languages, and C-family languages (including Java and C++), operator `{{code|1=<=}}`{=mediawiki} means \"less than or equal to\". In Sinclair BASIC it is encoded as a single-byte code point token.
In Prolog, `{{code|1==<}}`{=mediawiki} means \"less than or equal to\" (as distinct from the arrow `{{code|1=<=}}`{=mediawiki}).
In Fortran, operators `{{code|.LE.}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{code|1=<=}}`{=mediawiki} both mean \"less than or equal to\".
In Bourne shell and Windows PowerShell, the operator `{{code|-le}}`{=mediawiki} means \"less than or equal to\".
#### Less-than sign with hyphen-minus {#less_than_sign_with_hyphen_minus}
In the R programming language, the less-than sign is used in conjunction with a hyphen-minus to create an arrow (`{{code|<-}}`{=mediawiki}), this can be used as the left assignment operator.
#### Spaceship operator {#spaceship_operator}
The less-than sign is used in the spaceship operator.
#### HTML
In HTML (and SGML and XML), the less-than sign is used at the beginning of tags. The less-than sign may be included with `<`. The less-than-or-equal-to sign, `{{char|≤}}`{=mediawiki}, may be included with `≤`.
## Unicode
Unicode provides various *less than* symbols:
Symbol Unicode name Code Point
-------- -------------- ------------
\< U+003C
≤ U+2264
≦ U+2266
≨ U+2268
≪ U+226A
≮ U+226E
≰ U+2270
≲ U+2272
≴ U+2274
⋖ U+22D6
⋘ U+22D8
⋜ U+22DC
⋦ U+22E6
⍃ U+2343
⥶ U+2976
⥷ U+2977
⦓ U+2993
⦖ U+2996
⧀ U+29C0
⩹ U+2A79
⩻ U+2A7B
⩽ U+2A7D
⩿ U+2A7F
⪁ U+2A81
⪃ U+2A83
⪅ U+2A85
⪇ U+2A87
⪉ U+2A89
⪍ U+2A8D
⪕ U+2A95
⪗ U+2A97
⪙ U+2A99
⪛ U+2A9B
⪝ U+2A9D
⪟ U+2A9F
⪡ U+2AA1
⪣ U+2AA3
⪦ U+2AA6
⪨ U+2AA8
⫷ U+2AF7
⫹ U+2AF9
﹤ U+FE64
＜ U+FF1C
The less-than sign may be seen for an approximation of the opening angle bracket, `{{char|⟨}}`{=mediawiki}. True angle bracket characters, as required in linguistics notation, are expected in formal texts.
| 728 |
Less-than sign
| 0 |
11,033,535 |
# Less-than sign
## Mathematics
In an inequality, the less-than sign and greater-than sign always \"point\" to the smaller number. Put another way, the \"jaws\" (the wider section of the symbol) always direct to the larger number.
The less-than-sign is sometimes used to represent a total order, partial order or preorder. However, the symbol `{{char|<math>\prec </math>}}`{=mediawiki} is often used when it would be confusing or not convenient to use `{{char|<}}`{=mediawiki}. In mathematical writing using LaTeX, the TeX command is `{{code|\prec }}`{=mediawiki}. The Unicode code point is `{{nobr|{{unichar|227A}}}}`{=mediawiki}
| 87 |
Less-than sign
| 1 |
11,033,536 |
# Greater-than sign
The **greater-than sign** is a mathematical symbol that denotes an inequality between two values. The widely adopted form of two equal-length strokes connecting in an acute angle at the right, **`{{char|>}}`{=mediawiki}**, has been found in documents dated as far back as 1631. In mathematical writing, the greater-than sign is typically placed between two values being compared and signifies that the first number is greater than the second number. Examples of typical usage include `{{math|1.5 > 1}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|1 > −2}}`{=mediawiki}. The less-than sign and greater-than sign always \"point\" to the smaller number. Since the development of computer programming languages, the greater-than sign and the less-than sign have been repurposed for a range of uses and operations.
## History
The earliest known use of the symbols `{{char|<}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{char|>}}`{=mediawiki} is found in *Artis Analyticae Praxis ad Aequationes Algebraicas Resolvendas* (*The Analytical Arts Applied to Solving Algebraic Equations*) by Thomas Harriot, published posthumously in 1631. The text states \"*Signum majoritatis ut* a \> b *significet* a *majorem quam* b (The sign of majority a \> b indicates that a is greater than b)\" and \"*Signum minoritatis ut* a \< b *significet* a *minorem quam* b (The sign of minority a \< b indicates that a is less than b).\"
According to historian Art Johnson, while Harriot was surveying North America, he saw a Native American with a symbol that resembled the greater-than sign, in both backwards and forwards forms. Johnson says it is likely Harriot developed the two symbols from this symbol.
## Usage in text markup {#usage_in_text_markup}
### Angle brackets {#angle_brackets}
The greater-than sign is sometimes used for an approximation of the closing angle bracket, `{{char|⟩}}`{=mediawiki}. The proper Unicode character is `{{unichar|232A|RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE BRACKET|html=}}`{=mediawiki}. ASCII does not have angular brackets.
### HTML
In HTML (and SGML and XML), the greater-than sign is used at the end of tags. The greater-than sign may be included with `{{code|>}}`{=mediawiki}, while `{{code|≥}}`{=mediawiki} produces the greater-than or equal to sign.
### E-mail and Markdown {#e_mail_and_markdown}
In some early e-mail systems, the greater-than sign was used to denote quotations. The sign is also used to denote quotations in Markdown.
| 355 |
Greater-than sign
| 0 |
11,033,536 |
# Greater-than sign
## Usage in programming {#usage_in_programming}
The \'greater-than sign\' `{{char|>}}`{=mediawiki} is encoded in ASCII as character hex 3E, decimal 62. The Unicode code point is `{{unichar|003E|GREATER-THAN SIGN}}`{=mediawiki}, inherited from ASCII.
For use with HTML, the mnemonics `{{code|>}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{code|>}}`{=mediawiki} may also be used.
### Programming language {#programming_language}
BASIC and C-family languages (including Java and C++) use the comparison operator `{{code|>}}`{=mediawiki} to mean \"greater than\". In Lisp-family languages, `{{code|>}}`{=mediawiki} is a function used to mean \"greater than\". In Coldfusion and Fortran, operator `{{code|.GT.}}`{=mediawiki} means \"greater than\".
### Double greater-than sign {#double_greater_than_sign}
is used for an approximation of the *much-greater-than sign* `{{char|≫}}`{=mediawiki}. ASCII does not have the much greater-than sign.
The double greater-than sign is also used for an approximation of the closing guillemet, `{{char|»}}`{=mediawiki}.
In Java, C, and C++, the operator `{{code|>>}}`{=mediawiki} is the right-shift operator. In C++ it is also used to get input from a stream, similar to the C functions `{{code|getchar}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{code|fgets}}`{=mediawiki}.
In Haskell, the `{{code|>>}}`{=mediawiki} function is a monadic operator. It is used for sequentially composing two actions, discarding any value produced by the first. In that regard, it is like the statement sequencing operator in imperative languages, such as the semicolon in C.
In XPath the `{{code|>>}}`{=mediawiki} operator returns true if the left operand follows the right operand in document order; otherwise it returns false.
### Triple greater-than sign {#triple_greater_than_sign}
is the unsigned-right-shift operator in JavaScript. Three greater-than signs form the distinctive prompt of the firmware console in MicroVAX, VAXstation, and DEC Alpha computers (known as the SRM console in the latter). This is also the default prompt of the Python interactive shell, often seen for code examples that can be executed interactively in the interpreter:
``` pycon
$ python
Python 3.9.2 (default, Feb 20 2021, 18:40:11)
[GCC 10.2.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> print("Hello World")
Hello World
>>>
```
### Greater-than sign with equals sign {#greater_than_sign_with_equals_sign}
`{{code|1=>=}}`{=mediawiki} is sometimes used for an approximation of the greater than or equal to sign, `{{char|≥}}`{=mediawiki} which was not included in the ASCII repertoire. The sign is, however, provided in Unicode, as `{{unichar|2265|Greater-than or equal to|html=}}`{=mediawiki}.
In BASIC, Lisp-family languages, Lua and C-family languages (including Java and C++) the operator `{{code|1=>=}}`{=mediawiki} means \"greater than or equal to\". In Sinclair BASIC it is encoded as a single-byte code point token.
In Fortran, the operator `{{code|.GE.}}`{=mediawiki} means \"greater than or equal to\".
In Bourne shell and Windows PowerShell, the operator `{{code|-ge}}`{=mediawiki} means \"greater than or equal to\".
### Hyphen-minus with greater-than sign {#hyphen_minus_with_greater_than_sign}
`{{code|->}}`{=mediawiki} is used in some programming languages (for example F#) to create an arrow. Arrows like these could also be used in text where other arrow symbols are unavailable. In the R programming language, this can be used as the right assignment operator. In the C, C++, and PHP, this is used as a member access operator. In Swift and Python, it is used to indicate the return value type when defining a function (i.e., `{{code|func foo() -> MyClass {...}|swift}}`{=mediawiki}).
### Shell scripts {#shell_scripts}
In Bourne shell (and many other shells), greater-than sign is used to redirect output to a file. Greater-than plus ampersand (`{{code|>&}}`{=mediawiki}) is used to redirect to a file descriptor.
### Spaceship operator {#spaceship_operator}
Greater-than sign is used in the \'spaceship operator\', `{{code|1=<=>}}`{=mediawiki}.
### ECMAScript and C# {#ecmascript_and_c}
In ECMAScript and C#, the greater-than sign is used in lambda function expressions.
In ECMAScript:
``` javascript
const square = x => x * x;
console.log(square(5)); // 25
```
In C#:
``` c#
Func<int, int> square = x => x * x;
Console.WriteLine(square(5)); // 25
```
### PHP
In PHP, the greater-than sign is used in conjunction with the less-than sign as a not equal to operator. It is the same as the `!=` operator
| 628 |
Greater-than sign
| 1 |
11,033,540 |
# Grand Archives
**Grand Archives** was an American indie rock band that formed in Seattle. They were originally called **Archives** and are led by singer-songwriter Mat Brooke, formerly of Carissa\'s Wierd and Band of Horses.
## History
### *The Grand Archives* {#the_grand_archives}
Following his departure from Band of Horses in 2006, Mat Brooke (vocals and guitar) formed a new band with Jeff Montano (bass and vocals) and Curtis Hall (drums and vocals). Ron Lewis (keyboards, guitar and vocals) was added to the lineup later in the year, and Thomas Wright (guitar and vocals) joined in early 2007.
The band emerged, under their original name, in March 2007 by posting two tracks to their MySpace page. After a show with Brooke\'s former Carissa\'s Wierd bandmate Sera Cahoone they had their track \"Sleepdriving\" added to Pitchfork Media\'s Forkcast playlist, which provided them with substantial internet exposure.
Once the band switched to their current name, Pitchfork published a more in-depth feature on the band, which discussed all four demos from their MySpace page. Soon afterwards they supported Modest Mouse on seven west-coast tour dates and subsequently signed to Sub Pop for a full-length album.
The band released *The Grand Archives* in February 2008 and toured the U.S. and Europe in support of it. In April 2008 the band played \"Torn Blue Foam Couch\" on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. Ron Lewis left the band in November 2008 to tour with The Shins and rejoin The Fruit Bats.
### *Keep in Mind Frankenstein* {#keep_in_mind_frankenstein}
Following the release of their second album, *Keep in Mind Frankenstein*, Grand Archives embarked on extensive tours of the United States, Canada, and Europe, playing their first UK concert on February 5, 2010. For these live shows the four piece band was augmented by Robin Peringer (guitar & keyboards). Jason Kardong (pedal steel guitar) has also played with the band following Lewis\'s departure. The band toured the West Coast of the United States in July 2010 and Europe in August.
In February 2010 the band covered the song \"Cupid\" by Sam Cooke for Starbucks\' *Sweethearts* compilation series.
### *Villains Demos* and inactivity {#villains_demos_and_inactivity}
During their tour in late 2010, Grand Archives previewed several new songs from their yet to be recorded third album. At their show at The Hoxton in London on August 2, Mat Brooke revealed that the band hoped to record the new album after they had completed the tour. On October 7, 2010, the band made demos of four songs from the new album available for free download on their official website and followed this with three more free tracks in June 2011. The title of the new album appeared to be *Villains*.
Grand Archives third album has, as yet, still not been recorded and the band now appear to be inactive. Brooke has concentrated on running bar / restaurants, such as The Redwood in Seattle which he co-owns with his wife Lisa.
## Band members {#band_members}
### Members
- Mat Brooke (formerly of Carissa\'s Wierd and Band of Horses) -- vocals, guitar.
- Jeff Montano (The New Mexicans) -- bass, backing vocals.
- Thomas Wright (The Can\'t See) -- guitar, backing vocals.
- Curtis Hall (The New Candidates) -- drums, backing vocals.
### Former members {#former_members}
- Ron Lewis (The Fruit Bats, Mines, Joggers, Ghost Stories) -- keyboards, guitar, vocals.
### Additional live musicians {#additional_live_musicians}
- Robin Peringer (Carissa\'s Wierd, 764-HERO, Elliott Smith, Modest Mouse) -- guitar.
- Jason Kardong (Sera Cahoone) -- pedal steel.
## Discography
- *Demo/Tour EP* (2007)
- *The Grand Archives* (2008)
- *Keep in Mind Frankenstein* (2009)
- *Villains Demos I & II* (2010/2011 -- free downloads)
| 608 |
Grand Archives
| 0 |
11,033,540 |
# Grand Archives
## Television
- \"Torn Blue Foam Couch\" was featured in episode 10, season 8 of *Scrubs*.
- \"Sleepdriving\" was featured in episode 5, season 2 of *Chuck*.
- \"Torn Blue Foam Couch was used in a 2012 commercial for the Washington Lottery.
## Chart history {#chart_history}
+---------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+----------------------+
| Year | Album details | Peak chart positions |
+=============================================+=================================+======================+
| U.S
| 63 |
Grand Archives
| 1 |
11,033,607 |
# North American Boxing Federation
The **North American Boxing Federation** (**NABF**) is a not-for-profit regional sanctioning body that awards regional boxing titles. It is a boxing federation within the World Boxing Council (WBC).
## History
The WBC established the NABF in 1969 as part of its creation of a variety of regional boxing federations. These regional federations would sanction championship bouts and crown regional champions. These champions would be given consideration in the world rankings put out by the WBC. The first NABF title bout was between Sonny Liston and Leotis Martin on December 6, 1969.
According to the International Boxing Research Organization, \"the appearance of the NABF in 1969 marked the start of major 12-round title bouts in western countries\..
| 121 |
North American Boxing Federation
| 0 |
11,033,642 |
# The Pervert's Guide to Cinema
***The Pervert\'s Guide to Cinema*** is a 2006 documentary directed and produced by Sophie Fiennes, and scripted and presented by Slavoj Žižek. It explores a number of films from a psychoanalytic theoretical perspective.
Fiennes and Žižek released a follow-up, *The Pervert\'s Guide to Ideology* on 15 November 2012, with a similar format; Žižek speaks from within reconstructed scenes from films.
## List of films discussed {#list_of_films_discussed}
- *Possessed* (1931)
- *Monkey Business* (1931)
- *Frankenstein* (1931)
- *City Lights* (1931)
- *Duck Soup* (1933)
- *The Testament of Dr. Mabuse* (1933)
- *Pluto\'s Judgement Day* (1935)
- *The Wizard of Oz* (1939)
- *The Great Dictator* (1940)
- *Saboteur* (1942)
- *Dead of Night* (1945)
- *The Red Shoes* (1948)
- *Kubanskie Kazaki* (1949)
- *Alice in Wonderland* (1951)
- *Rear Window* (1954)
- *To Catch a Thief* (1955)
- *The Ten Commandments* (1956)
- *Vertigo* (1958)
- *Ivan the Terrible: Part II* (1958)
- *North by Northwest* (1959)
- *Psycho* (1960)
- *The Birds* (1963)
- *Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb* (1964)
- *Seconds* (1966)
- *Persona* (1966)
- *Solaris* (1972)
- *The Exorcist* (1973)
- *The Conversation* (1974)
- *Alien* (1979)
- *Stalker* (1979)
- *Dune* (1984)
- *Blue Velvet* (1986)
- *Wild at Heart* (1990)
- *Three Colors: Blue* (1993)
- *Lost Highway* (1997)
- *Alien: Resurrection* (1997)
- *The Matrix* (1999)
- *Fight Club* (1999)
- *Eyes Wide Shut* (1999)
- *Mulholland Drive* (2001)
- *The Piano Teacher* (2001)
- *In the Cut* (2003)
- *Dogville* (2003)
- *Star Wars: Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith* (2005)
## Reception
*The Pervert\'s Guide to Cinema* holds an 87% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on reviews from 23 critics
| 297 |
The Pervert's Guide to Cinema
| 0 |
11,033,647 |
# As the Bell Rings
***As the Bell Rings*** is a Disney Channel short franchise, based on the original Disney Channel Italian series *Quelli dell\'intervallo*, that has been adapted for numerous other markets worldwide:
## As the Bell Rings franchise {#as_the_bell_rings_franchise}
### Original version {#original_version}
Region/Country Local name Language Network Seasons Date premiered Date ended
---------------- --------------------------- ---------- ---------------------- --------- ------------------ ------------------
*Quelli dell\'intervallo* Italian Disney Channel Italy 7 4 September 2005 26 December 2008
### Other versions {#other_versions}
A range of Disney Channel networks aired these versions in various regions and countries in different local languages. The number of seasons for which these versions were aired also varied, from one to five seasons
| 114 |
As the Bell Rings
| 0 |
11,033,675 |
# Aberdeen Castle
**Aberdeen Castle** was a late Middle Ages fortification, in Aberdeen, Scotland. It was situated on Castle Hill, a site today known as the Castlegate, and the location of the castle is now occupied by blocks of flats.
## Burned and demolished {#burned_and_demolished}
It is thought the castle and fortifications were slighted by King Robert the Bruce as was his policy on recaptured castles in June 1308, during the Wars of Scottish Independence immediately following the Harrying of Buchan. Bruce and his men laid siege to the castle before massacring the English Garrison to prevent its use by the English troops of Edward II. It is said the Scots showed no mercy but \"slew every man who fell into their hands. Edward I, indeed, had already set the example of executing his prisoners. It was not to be expected that the other side would fail to follow the same course\" However, as of August 1308, Gilbert Pecche and the last troops were allowed to leave Aberdeen; though this is unlikely to be accurate. On 10 July 1308, English ships left Hartlepool to help the English garrison.
Legend tells that the city\'s motto, Bon Accord, came from the password used to initiate Bruce\'s final push and destruction of the castle.
## Surrender to the English {#surrender_to_the_english}
The castle was surrendered to the English in 1295, and on 14 April 1296, the English King, Edward I arrived in Aberdeen and stayed in the castle as part of his campaign in the east coast of Scotland, having defeated the Scots.
## Wallace
However, the following year, in 1297, after defeating the English at Dunnottar Castle, William Wallace marched his men to Aberdeen as part of their campaign to reclaim the east coast from the English army.
They found the English preparing to leave with an armada of one hundred ships. The speed of Wallace\'s arrival from Dunnottar caught the English unawares. At low tide, the stranded ships were attacked in the harbour: the crew and soldiers were slaughtered, the cargo was seized, and the ships were burned.
## John Balliol {#john_balliol}
The English Sheriff of Aberdeen, Sir Henry de Lazom, had been left in charge of the castle, but during the chaos of the attack, he defected and declared the castle in the name of the Scottish King, John Balliol
| 389 |
Aberdeen Castle
| 0 |
11,033,682 |
# Societal marketing
Societal responsibility of marketing is a marketing concept that holds that a company should make marketing decisions not only by considering consumers\' wants, the company\'s requirements, but also society\'s long-term interests.
The **societal marketing** concept holds that the organization\'s task is to determine the needs, wants, and interests of a target market and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors in a way that preserves or enhances the well-being of both the individual consumer and society in general. Therefore, marketers must endeavor to satisfy the needs and wants of their target markets in ways that preserve and enhance the well-being of consumers and society as a whole. `{{ref|Kotler2000}}`{=mediawiki} It is closely linked with the principles of corporate social responsibility and of sustainable development.
## Definition
Societal marketing can be defined as a \"marketing with a social dimension or marketing that includes non-economic criteria\". Societal marketing \"concerns for society\'s long term interests\". It is about \"the direct benefits for the organization and secondary benefit for the community\". Societal marketing distinguishes between the consumer\'s immediate satisfaction and longer term consumer and social benefits. Accordingly, Andreas Kaplan defines societal management as \"management that takes into account society\'s overall welfare in addition to mere profitability considerations.\" It is a 3 dimensional concept of marketing -- social welfare, individual welfare, organization profit
## Objectives
Various attempts to define the objectives of societal marketing have been noted, such as:
- \"Social responsibility implies that a business decision maker. is obliged to take actions that also protect and enhance society\'s interests.
- \"Business has the responsibility to help \[the consumer\] .It is the duty of business to promote proper consumption values.\"
- \"Business leaders are not mandated to adopt roles of leadership
`in the advancement of our society to new levels of moral conduct."They may help in mutual understanding of the reasons`
| 312 |
Societal marketing
| 0 |
11,033,682 |
# Societal marketing
## History
The concept of societal marketing emerged in the early 1970s, promoting a more socially responsible, moral and ethical model of marketing in an effort to counter some of the more serious criticisms of marketing that had arisen out of the consumerist movement around that time.
Philip Kotler is generally credited with introducing the societal marketing concept to the literature in a 1972 article \"What Consumerism Means for Marketers\" in the *Harvard Business Review* of 1972. Certainly Kotler believed that he had coined the term, \"societal marketing\" and was the first to codify it within the marketing literature. Some marketing historians, notably Wilkie and Moore, have argued that a societal perspective was not new, and that evidence for it could be found in marketing theory and in marketing texts, since the discipline\'s inception in the early 1900s. Kotler introduced both the concept of social marketing (extending marketing technologies into non-business areas) and societal marketing, arguing that the marketing concept and its technologies must be tempered and ultimately revised by adopting a more explicit social orientation. The novelty of Kotler\'s concept was the idea of \"long-run consumer welfare\", emphasizing that the short-term desires might not support the consumer\'s long term interests or be good for the society as a whole.
The societal marketing concept adopts the position that marketers have a greater social responsibility than simply satisfying customers and providing them with superior value. Instead, marketing activities should strive to benefit society\'s overall well-being. Marketing organisations that have embraced the societal marketing concept typically identify key stakeholder groups including: employees, customers, local communities, the wider public and government and consider the impact of their activities on all stakeholders. They ensure that marketing activities do not damage the environment and are not hazardous to broader society. Societal marketing developed into sustainable marketing. Societal marketing requires businesses to include social, ethical and ecological considerations in product and market planning.
## Instruments
Kotler identified four categories of products, classified in terms of long term benefits and immediate satisfaction:
1. Deficient products, which bring neither long-run or short term benefits
2. Pleasing products, which bring a high level of immediate satisfaction, but can cause harm to the society in the long run
3. Salutary products, which bring low short term satisfaction, but benefit the society in the long run
4. Desirable products, which combine long-run benefit and immediate satisfaction
Kotler\'s concept of societal marketing suggested that for the well-being of society, deficient products should be eliminated from the market, pleasing and salutary products should go through a product modification process to acquire desirable status, by incorporating missing short term benefits into salutary products and long term benefits into pleasing products, and the companies\' ultimate goal should be to develop desirable products. Rather than focusing on selling products, which can be good or bad for the consumers, companies should focus on consumer and society\'s well-being.
| 483 |
Societal marketing
| 1 |
11,033,682 |
# Societal marketing
## Examples
Most companies recognize that socially responsible activities improve their image among customers, stockholders, the financial community, and other relevant publics. Ethical and socially responsible practices are simply good business, resulting not only in favorable image, but ultimately in increased sales.
- The Body Shop: The Body Shop International plc is the original, natural and ethical beauty brand. The company uses only plant-based materials for its products. It is against Animal testing, supports community trade, activate Self Esteem, Defend Human Rights, and overall protection of the planet. They have also their own charity, The Body Shop Foundation, to assist those working to achieve progress in the areas of human and civil rights, environmental and animal protection. Thus Body shop is really following the concept of Societal Marketing.
- AVON Product inc. has started an initiative known as Avon breast cancer awareness crusade in 1993 in partnership with National Alliance of breast cancer Foundation (NABCO).They started selling pink ribbon pins which depicts the international symbol for breast cancer for\$2 and donates \$1 to NABCO. Through the crusade, Avon sales representatives have raised billion of dollars for breast cancer education and access to early detection services for underserved women. In addition, Avon\'s 45,000 US salespeople have been trained to discuss breast cancer and the importance of early detection with their customers and distributed 80 million flyers on breast cancer detection.
- Coca-Cola: Coca-Cola is an American multi-national carbonated beverage. The company manufactures and retails of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. It also produces soft drinks such as Tab, Fanta, and sprite. Fanta was originally an orange-based soft drink in bottle and can. In 2004, it published the song \'America is Beautiful\' in different languages. It shows cultural harmony from a large point of view.
| 296 |
Societal marketing
| 2 |
11,033,682 |
# Societal marketing
## Societal marketing v social marketing {#societal_marketing_v_social_marketing}
Societal marketing should not be confused with social marketing. Societal marketing is a philosophy or mindset that informs marketing decisions whereas social marketing is a distinct branch within the marketing discipline. Societal marketing is concerned with the consideration of the social and ethical aspects of marketing planning. Social marketing is concerned with facilitating social change. A key difference is that the greater \'social good\' is the *principal* consideration in social marketing while social benefits are one of a number of considerations in societal marketing.
On the other hand, social marketing is a sub-branch of marketing that began in 1971, with the publication of an article by Kotler and Zaltman, emphasising a planned approach to achieving social change. It is primarily concerned with encouraging pro-social behaviours (e.g. recycling, sun-safety, safe driving practices) and discouraging anti-social behaviours (e.g. littering, drink-driving). It is defined as an \"adaptation of commercial marketing technologies to programs designed to influence the voluntary behavior of target audiences to improve their personal welfare and that of the society of which they are a part\".
Social marketing uses more traditional commercial techniques and strategies, focusing on persuasion, to achieve goals for the greater social good. Its campaigns can either encourage merit goods, as for example fundraising for not-for-profit organizations or dissuade the use of demerit goods promoting society\'s well-being, as non-smoking campaigns or promote the use of seat belts. Another characteristic of social marketing is that is planned to influence individual behaviour to improve well-being. It includes more than just advertising in traditional mass media, and may extend to educational programs and formal enforcement regimes in the case of road safety campaigns. It planned campaigns, implemented by governmental and non-governmental organisations. A clear example that differentiates societal from social marketing is a marketing campaign on non-smoking. A smoking cessation advertisement is an example of social marketing, but if the marketing strategies and techniques used in that campaign focus on increasing the well-being of society, that same campaign can be an example of societal marketing.
The societal marketing concept was a forerunner of sustainable marketing in integrating issues of social responsibility into commercial marketing strategies. In contrast to that, social marketing uses commercial marketing theories, tools and techniques to influence social change. Social marketing applies a \"customer orientated\" approach and uses the concepts and tools used by commercial marketers in pursuit of social goals like Anti-Smoking-Campaigns or fundraising for NGOs.
## Corporate social responsibility (CSR) {#corporate_social_responsibility_csr}
Unlike societal marketing, CSR has existed for many years. Another difference is that CSR \"focuses more in a corporate level and stakeholders\", while societal marketing is more concerned about the consumer and their long term benefits. CSR social and environmental concerns are integrated into all business operations. CSR is mainly run by companies, while social marketing mainly by government or non-profit organizations. One example of CSR among companies is what Häagen-Dazs is doing with their \"microsite\" to raise awareness to the general public about the preservation of the honeybee.
| 504 |
Societal marketing
| 3 |
11,033,682 |
# Societal marketing
## Branding
Corporations are the one who are striving during the whole time for improvements. They are turning to all kind of forms of corporate societal marketing programs to help build and repair their brand images.
Corporate social marketing (CSM), usually refers to marketing efforts that have at least one social related objective, such as charity founding, among its goals. Typical examples are releasing a certain percentage of the final sale product to a charity related to the product, or sponsoring events that encourage social well-being such as the Olympic Games. Corporate Social Marketing benefits a company in many ways, but its main goal is to improve the image the public has of the company. A company that appears committed to improving the lives of others, the environment or other worthy causes is seen in a better light than one who doesn\'t, and more and more business are hoping to benefit from that.
So, it can be so, that CSM programs are becoming extremely popular because the leaders believe that it is a good business to be viewed as a socially responsible company. However, even though past research suggests that CSM may be effective in improving brand equity and increasing market share, there are limits to the effectiveness of these initiatives.
An example of his is how corporate social initiatives adversely affected purchase intentions if consumers perceived that the company would forgo product quality in order to be socially responsible.
Depending on the nature of the CSM program, the intent of the corporation may not be as obvious to the consumers. This happens if the benefits to the corporation are not apparent or conflicts with what the consumer already believes about a specific firm or industry.
Since firms exist to make a profit, consumers may spend considerable energy in an attempt to infer motives related to the profit-oriented goals. As an example, a consumer may be suspicious of a tobacco company that undertakes a campaign to prevent underage smoking. If this is successful, the company would be affected and the cigarette sales will be lowered. So, in this situation, consumers\' suspicions may lead them to infer motives that would actually protect the companies financial condition -- as they are trying to improve their image to sell more cigarettes to adults. However, if a tobacco company undertook a CSM Campaign, that would sustain their business, consumers may be able to infer profit motives more easily and then have a more favorable attitude toward the partnership. Therefore, it can be concluded that the attitude of the consumers could be better if they knew more about the motives of the companies and they were more obvious.
Another aspect that may cause suspicion with consumers is the amount of harm that a company has already done, either because of unsafe products or harmful production practices. It is logical that consumers are more suspicious to companies that sell harmful products. Again examples are the tobacco companies and alcohol companies as well. They will meet resistance from consumers when they undertake socially-oriented campaigns aimed at mitigating the effects of their products. That is why when different industries are separated, two very general dimensions are used -- the harmful nature of the products and the harmful nature of the production methods.
This classification can briefly show how consumers are influenced by the various CSM efforts. Companies that work in this \"dangerous\" industries are not that successful always, because the consumers may be suspicious of any societal efforts the company attempts to undertake. Consumers will infer less society-serving motives and more self-serving motives for corporate societal marketing programs undertaken by firms that operate in mixed or sin industries.
Based on how easily consumers could infer profit-driven motives, are classified the types of CSM campaigns: Positively tied to product sales, positively tied to product sales, not directly tied to sales but aimed at sustaining the company\'s business, completely unrelated.
| 653 |
Societal marketing
| 4 |
11,033,682 |
# Societal marketing
## Criticisms
Societal marketing has been the subject of a number of criticisms:
A key issue concerns the question of who decides what is in the public\'s best interests. The moral agenda implicit in the societal marketing concept is underdeveloped and often implicit. Gaski argued that marketers should step away from their classic goal of customer satisfaction and profit maximization while respecting the minimum governmental standards imposed by law and enter this public policy area, since marketers themselves would have to decide what actions are consistent with public welfare. Marketers might have neither the competence nor the right to determine the \"public interest.\" Instead, it should be the customers who decide what is good for them, or their political representatives and dictate that to the industry.
Some scholars have argued that societal marketing is not a distinct concept, but rather it is a mere extension of the marketing concept. Others have pointed out that the literature in the field is vague, poorly defined and underdeveloped. The societal marketing concept has become an excellent strategy for promotions with social dimensions and for exploring consumers\' behavioural response to such corporate \'doing good\'.
Future development of the concept:
Societal marketing is gaining the marketers and consumer attention and there is every reason to expect it to continue to evolve in practice. It focuses on providing win-win opportunities to companies, consumers and society. But achieving the compelling benefits for each party involved is very complicated. So much more research is needed. To achieve a win situation for organization involved, is dependent largely upon how the key constituents react. In this context, anticipating consumer reaction is really challenging which can be affected by number of factors that often vary across different segments. The several research questions remain to be answered like how different factors affects reaction to societal marketing and how do the various factors interact? How can societal initiatives be designed to leverage positive reaction and mitigate negative ones?
For consumers to win, societal marketing must provide them with compelling benefits that increase their overall welfare. What benefits did societal marketing initiative actually provided to consumers? Are there direct benefits such as increased satisfaction with their interaction with commercial or nonprofit organization? Determining whether there is a win situation for society by societal marketing initiative is the most difficult question to be answered. We turn to the two questions proposed by Bloom, Hussien and Szykmann (1995): Is the society better off because of this program? Does corporate involvement result in better performance than if it would have been managed by NGOs or government agencies? Societal marketing is becoming globally popular but there exists a scarcity of research in this field. Therefore, extensive future research is needed particularly investigating questions with respect to its impact on consumer attitudes to corporate image, product image and their purchase intention or brand choice as well as on positive impact on society
| 486 |
Societal marketing
| 5 |
11,033,722 |
# Rasa Komuter station
Commuter rail station \| image = <File:Rasa> KTM Station outview (220712) 03.jpg \| image_caption = The overall view of the Rasa station. \| address = Rasa, Hulu Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia. \| line = `{{lnl|KTM|West Coast}}`{=mediawiki} \| other = \| platform = 2 side platforms. \| tracks = 2 \| parking = Available, free. \| bicycle = \| passengers = \| pass_year = \| pass_percent = \| pass_system = \| opened = 21 April 2007 \| rebuilt = \| electrified = 21 April 2007 \| accessible = Y \| code = `{{KLRT color code|KA|13}}`{=mediawiki} \| owned = Keretapi Tanah Melayu \| zone = \| services = `{{Adjacent stations|system=KTM Komuter|line=Port Klang|left=Kuala Kubu Bharu|right=Batang Kali}}`{=mediawiki} \| mpassengers = }}
The **Rasa Komuter station** is a Malaysian commuter train station stationed at the northern side of and named after the town of Rasa, Hulu Selangor, Selangor. The station was opened on 21 April 2007, alongside the Batang Kali and Serendah stations. It was the third stop in the Rawang--Tanjung Malim shuttle service (formerly known as the Rawang--Kuala Kubu Bharu shuttle service) until the service was merged with the Port Klang Line in 2016.
The station, as are all the other stations along the shuttle route (except the Tanjung Malim Komuter station), is situated along two railways with two platforms, like most station halts along KTM Komuter lines, but contains facilities normally reserved for medium-to-large stations along three or more lines. In addition to ticketing facilities and basic amenities, the station contains spaces for administrative occupants, as well as a \"kiosk\" and an additional foot bridge (fused with a foot bridge exclusively for Komuter users) for pedestrians that simply intend to cross the railway lines. The station also includes low-tech support for disabled passengers. The station exits southwest towards a branch road that leads into the town centre of Rasa.
The Rasa station\'s two side platforms are designated as platform 1 (adjoining the main station building at the west, intended for northbound trains) and platform 2 (at the east, intended for southbound trains).
## Gallery
<File:Rasa> KTM Station main entrance (220712).jpg\|Main entrance of the Rasa station. <File:Rasa> KTM Station Platform 1 (220712).jpg\|A platform view of the Rasa station
| 367 |
Rasa Komuter station
| 0 |
11,033,727 |
# Opuntia bentonii
***Opuntia bentonii*** was proposed by some botanists to be a synonym of *Opuntia stricta*. However, *O. bentonii*, which grows in Texas, is separate and distinct from *O. stricta.* *O. bentonii* was clearly described by Griffiths in 1911. Along with *O. stricta*,*O. bentonii* was one of the pest pears of Australia in the early Twentieth Century.
## The Details {#the_details}
Like so many *Opuntia* species, *O. bentonii* has been mistaken for a coastal form of *O. lindheimeri* in Texas, but there are sustained differences. For instance, *O. bentonii* plants are often less than 60 cm in height and the fruit is more globular (less inclined to narrow at the base). *O. bentonii* plants have fewer spines than *O. lindheimeri*, zero to 3 (often only 1 or 2). One important difference is that the stigmas of *O. bentonii* flowers are yellow and not green as in *O. lindheimeri.* Another individual feature of *O. bentonii* is that the veins are often visible between areoles.
Opuntia-bentonii-galv-5.jpg\|Mature *O
| 166 |
Opuntia bentonii
| 0 |
11,033,733 |
# Opuntia dillenii
***Opuntia dillenii*** is a species of prickly pear native to the tropical and subtropical Americas. It is naturalized in many other parts of the world. It differs from *O. stricta* by having more spines per arose (usually more than 3)
| 43 |
Opuntia dillenii
| 0 |
11,033,749 |
# Third National Assembly at Troezen
The **Third National Assembly at Troezen** (*translit=*) was a Greek national assembly that convened at Troezen in 1827 during the latter stages of the Greek war of independence. Its aim was to complete the work of the 1826 \'Third National Assembly of Epidaurus\' - which had been interrupted due to the war events. The Third National Assembly at Trozen eventually ratified the first definitive charter of the First Hellenic Republic, the \"Political Constitution of Greece\". Additionally, statesman Ioannis Capodistrias was elected as the first Governor of the Hellenic State.
## Convening of the Assembly {#convening_of_the_assembly}
The long-delayed Third National Assembly was initially convened in April 1826 at Piada, but cut short by the news of the Fall of Missolonghi. Attempts to arrange a new Assembly in the autumn also failed due to disagreements among the various factions. Instead, two rival assemblies were established at Aegina and Kastri. Finally, after much deliberation, all parties agreed to participate in an assembly at Troezen. 168 delegates assembled there on 19 March 1827, under the chairmanship of Georgios Sisinis.
## Election of Capodistrias {#election_of_capodistrias}
Having suffered from internal dissensions, the Assembly decided to create a supreme post to preside over the Executive, creating thus the office of *Governor of Greece*, to which it elected the then most distinguished Greek, Count Ioannis Kapodistrias, for a seven-year term, on April 3. A Governmental Commission was set up to administer Greece until his arrival.
## The new Constitution {#the_new_constitution}
On 1 May, the Assembly approved by vote of the *Political Constitution of Greece*. For the first time, the Constitution was not labeled \"Provisional\", signaling the Greek aspirations for complete independence from the Ottoman Empire. This Constitution consisted of 150 articles. It established key principles in Greek Constitutional history which remain to this day, such as the statement \"*Sovereignty lies with the people; every power derives from the people and exists for the people*\". It established a strict separation of powers, vesting the executive power to the Governor and assigning to the body of the representatives of the people, named Boule, the legislative power. The Governor only had a suspending veto on the bills, and lacked the right to dissolve the Parliament. He was *inviolable*, while the *Secretaries of the State*, in other words the Ministers, assumed the responsibility for his public actions (thus introducing into the text of the 1827 Constitution the first elements of the so-called *parliamentary principle*).
On 4 May 1827, a day before its dissolution, the Assembly also voted for establishing Nafplion as the capital of Greece and seat of both parliament and government
| 436 |
Third National Assembly at Troezen
| 0 |
11,033,788 |
# José Mindlin
**José Ephim Mindlin** (September 8, 1914 -- February 28, 2010) was a Brazilian lawyer, businessperson and bibliophile, born to Ukrainian Jewish parents from Odessa.
## Life
Son of dentist Ephim Mindlin and of Fanny Mindlin, both born in Odessa, he graduated from the University of São Paulo law school. He worked as a lawyer for 15 years, until he founded with some friends Metal Leve, an automobile piston company, which went on to become a large international player in the automobile parts industry. After years of successful management of the firm as a Director, the opening of the Brazilian markets in the 1990s has reduced Metal Leve\'s profits, and he and his business associates had to sell the firm in 1996 to German firm Mahle Group.
Mindlin was married to Guita Mindlin, who died in 2006, and they had 4 children and 11 grandchildren.
He was the owner of the largest private library in Latin America, with more than 38,000 titles. A large number (about half) of the collection was donated to the University of São Paulo in May 2006, mostly regarding Brazilian studies. On March 23, 2013 a building was built in the university\'s campus specifically to maintain this massive library, named after the Guita and José Mindlin Foundation, who made the donation. Mindlin had said he wanted to keep the library alive through the continuous growth of the collection and scientific contributions by academics.
Mindlin and Antônio Ermírio de Moraes were the only two Brazilian businessmen who refused cooperation with Henning Albert Boilesen in the sponsorship of the so-called Operação Bandeirante - a repressive structure to be created to cooperate with the military dictatorship in Brazil. Its main interface with the military regime and the business world was the businessman Henning Albert Boilesen. It is believed that Henning Albert Boilesen was supported by the CIA. The organization was responsible for torture, disappearance and extra judicial killings and kidnappings of numerous Brazilians who opposed the dictatorship.
After retiring from the business world, Mindlin began collecting and preserving rare books, beginning with a 1740 edition of *Discours sur l\'Histoire universelle (Discourse on Universal History)* by Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet.
On 20 June 2006, Mindlin was elected member of the Academia Brasileira de Letras, occupying chair number 29, left open since the death of Brazilian author Josué Montello.
He was also a member of the Vitae Foundation and is the editor of Edusp publishing firm.
## Death
He died from a multiple organ failure at the age of 95 on February 28, 2010
| 423 |
José Mindlin
| 0 |
11,033,814 |
# Nijrab District
**Nijrāb District**, (Pashto/Persian: نجراب), also called **Nijrāw**, is situated in the central part of Kapisa Province, Afghanistan. It is located in a valley about 120 km northeast of Kabul. It borders Mahmud Raqi and Koh Band districts to the west, Parwan Province to the north, Laghman Province and Alasay District to the east and Tagab District to the south. The district center is Nijrab, located in the southern part of the district. The population of Nijrab District is 99,600 (2006), making it the most populous district of Kapisa.
## Geography
Nijrab District contains very rugged terrain and many areas are still inaccessible. The mountains that form the boundary with Laghman Province are the highest points in the district and reach a height of around 14,000 feet. Snowfall on the mountains melts slowly and flows into the valleys below. The farmers in Nijrab irrigate the melted snow to water their fields. The total population in Nijrab was a lot more than 100,000 back in 1950-1960s.
Rivers from the nearby Hindu Kush mountains and springs provide the majority of drinking water for district residents; however, hundreds of hand pump wells have been installed by the National Solidarity Program (NSP). Kapisa and Parwan PRT funded several more wells in late 2008 for Afghania.
## Demographics
The population of Nijrab District consists of Pashtuns, Tajiks, Pashai, Parachi and Nuristanis.
## Economy
The Nijrab district\'s economy is primarily agricultural, growing products such as wheat, corn, red beans, walnuts, almonds, and pine nuts.
## Education
The district contains a number of primary and high schools. According to Nijrab\'s Director of Education Ghulam Mayudin, Nijrab has 44 schools. The Nijrab Department of Education is located in a rented office within the bazaar near the District Center. Nijrab suffers from a lack of qualified teachers, especially female teachers. Many schools in Nijrab have received new schools from several US and international organizations. The countries contributing the most to the funding of new schools in Nijrab are the US, Bangladesh (BRAC), and Japan.
Kapisa and Parwan PRT has recently (late 2008) approved funding for Kohi Girls School (Afghania), Shahed Nick mhomad (pachaghan), Mohammed Ayoob (Pachagan), khowaja roshnay walley (pachaghan), Engineer Habib Urahman (Kharj), Abdul Manan (Farakh Shah), and Abdul Salam (Pachagan). Qazi Abdul Jamil (Afghania) and Farakh Shah High School (Farakh Shah) were nearing completion as of December 2008.
All areas within Nijrab educate female students to include the Pashtun area of Afghania. There are several girls schools in Afghania. There was an incident in April 2008 in which the Taliban set fire to a girls school in the Afghania area. The villagers extinguished the fire and only one classroom was heavily damaged. Aside from that one act of arson, no attacks, threats, or acts of vandalism toward female schools had taken place during 2008. A large majority of villagers in Nijrab support the education of females and request new school buildings (half of the girls schools in Nijrab are without a building at all) with a perimeter wall for protection and privacy
| 507 |
Nijrab District
| 0 |
11,033,818 |
# Danskin's theorem
In convex analysis, **Danskin\'s theorem** is a theorem which provides information about the derivatives of a function of the form $f(x) = \max_{z \in Z} \phi(x,z).$
The theorem has applications in optimization, where it sometimes is used to solve minimax problems. The original theorem given by J. M. Danskin in his 1967 monograph provides a formula for the directional derivative of the maximum of a (not necessarily convex) directionally differentiable function.
An extension to more general conditions was proven 1971 by Dimitri Bertsekas.
## Statement
The following version is proven in \"Nonlinear programming\" (1991). Suppose $\phi(x,z)$ is a continuous function of two arguments, $\phi : \R^n \times Z \to \R$ where $Z \subset \R^m$ is a compact set.
Under these conditions, Danskin\'s theorem provides conclusions regarding the convexity and differentiability of the function $f(x) = \max_{z \in Z} \phi(x,z).$ To state these results, we define the set of maximizing points $Z_0(x)$ as $Z_0(x) = \left\{\overline{z} : \phi(x,\overline{z}) = \max_{z \in Z} \phi(x,z)\right\}.$
Danskin\'s theorem then provides the following results.
Convexity
: $f(x)$ is convex if $\phi(x,z)$ is convex in $x$ for every $z \in Z$.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
Directional semi-differential
: The semi-differential of $f(x)$ in the direction $y$, denoted $\partial_y\ f(x),$ is given by $\partial_y f(x) = \max_{z \in Z_0(x)} \phi'(x,z;y),$ where $\phi'(x,z;y)$ is the directional derivative of the function $\phi(\cdot,z)$ at $x$ in the direction $y.$
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
Derivative
: $f(x)$ is differentiable at $x$ if $Z_0(x)$ consists of a single element $\overline{z}$. In this case, the derivative of $f(x)$ (or the gradient of $f(x)$ if $x$ is a vector) is given by $\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} = \frac{\partial \phi(x,\overline{z})}{\partial x}.$
### Example of no directional derivative {#example_of_no_directional_derivative}
In the statement of Danskin, it is important to conclude semi-differentiability of $f$ and not directional-derivative as explains this simple example. Set $Z=\{-1,+1\},\ \phi(x,z)= zx$, we get $f(x)=|x|$ which is semi-differentiable with $\partial_-f(0)=-1, \partial_+f(0)=+1$ but has not a directional derivative at $x=0$.
### Subdifferential
: If $\phi(x,z)$ is differentiable with respect to $x$ for all $z \in Z,$ and if $\partial \phi/\partial x$ is continuous with respect to $z$ for all $x$, then the subdifferential of $f(x)$ is given by $\partial f(x) = \mathrm{conv} \left\{\frac{\partial \phi(x,z)}{\partial x} : z \in Z_0(x)\right\}$ where $\mathrm{conv}$ indicates the convex hull operation.
## Extension
The 1971 Ph.D. Thesis by Dimitri P. Bertsekas (Proposition A.22) proves a more general result, which does not require that $\phi(\cdot,z)$ is differentiable. Instead it assumes that $\phi(\cdot,z)$ is an extended real-valued closed proper convex function for each $z$ in the compact set $Z,$ that $\operatorname{int}(\operatorname{dom}(f)),$ the interior of the effective domain of $f,$ is nonempty, and that $\phi$ is continuous on the set $\operatorname{int}(\operatorname{dom}(f)) \times Z.$ Then for all $x$ in $\operatorname{int}(\operatorname{dom}(f)),$ the subdifferential of $f$ at $x$ is given by $\partial f(x) = \operatorname{conv} \left\{\partial \phi(x,z) : z \in Z_0(x)\right\}$ where $\partial \phi(x,z)$ is the subdifferential of $\phi(\cdot,z)$ at $x$ for any $z$ in $Z
| 492 |
Danskin's theorem
| 0 |
11,033,826 |
# Mary Strong Clemens
**Mary Strong Clemens** (3 January 1873 -- 13 April 1968) was an American botanist and plant collector. A fanatical botanist, she collected plants assiduously throughout her long life, in the remote parts of the Philippines, Borneo, China, New Guinea and Australia. The latter part of her life was spent in Australia, where she died in Brisbane, Queensland.
## Life
Born in New York as Mary Knapp Strong, she married Joseph Clemens, a Methodist Episcopalian minister, in 1896. He joined the United States Army in 1902 as a chaplain, with the rank of captain, and served in the Philippines, America, and then France during the First World War, retiring in 1918. During the period spent in the Philippines in 1905--1907, she made extensive trips through Luzon and Mindanao. After her husband\'s retirement, he became her assistant and the couple worked as a team of professional, full-time botanical collectors. Usually Clemens collected the plants while her husband dried them and prepared them for shipment.
Between the First and Second World Wars the Clemenses visited Hebei and Shandong provinces in China as well as Indo-China, British North Borneo, Sarawak, Java and Singapore. Especially notable are their visits to Mount Kinabalu in northern Borneo in 1915, and again in 1931--1934, where they amassed the largest collections of plants ever made from that mountain.
In August 1935 they went to the Mandated Territory of New Guinea where Joseph Clemens died in January 1936 of food poisoning from contaminated wild boar meat. Mary Clemens continued to work in New Guinea until December 1941 when she was compulsorily evacuated to Australia because of impending war.
In Australia she was allocated some space at the Queensland Herbarium in Brisbane, in a shed behind the main building, which she used as a base from which she continued her botanical collecting. Although the provision of facilities at the Herbarium was intended to be temporary and occasional, she settled in for the next 20 years. Living in a hostel 5 km away, she would walk to the herbarium early in the morning, and sometimes cook meals and sleep in her shed overnight, despite being ordered not to.
Her strong religious faith was expressed in such ways as writing quotations from the Bible daily in her field journal, frequent hymn-singing that brought complaints from co-residents and neighbours, and payment for field-trip accommodation with scripture lessons and hymn-singing.
Later in life Clemens restricted her botanical work in Australia to the state of Queensland and made field trips to Charleville (1945), the Jericho district (1946), the Mackay area (1947), the Maryborough district (1948), and to Ingham and Tully in North Queensland (1949). A broken hip in 1950 marked the end of extended field trips but she continued to work at the Queensland Herbarium until the early 1960s. She died peacefully on 13 April 1968, at the age of 95.
## Legacy
The following species of plants are named after her:
- *Diospyros clementium* Bakh. (with Joseph Clemens)
- *Melicope clemensiae* T.G.Hartley
- *Pseuduvaria clemensiae* Y.C.F.Su & R.M.K.Saunders
- *Saurauia clementis* Merr.
- *Decalobanthus clemensianus* (Ooststr.) A.R.Simões & Staples
- *Erycibe clemensae* Ooststr
| 522 |
Mary Strong Clemens
| 0 |
11,033,830 |
# Philippine Historical Association
The **Philippine Historical Association** (*Kapisanang Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas* in Tagalog) is a professional association of historians in the Philippines and is considered one of the oldest organizations of historians in the country. It was founded on September 18, 1955 by a group of prominent historians at Carbungco Restaurant located at Lepanto St., Manila. Among the group were Encarnacion Alzona, Gabriel Fabella, Gregorio Zaide, Nicolas Zafra, Celedonio Resurreccion, Teodoro Agoncillo and Esteban de Ocampo.
The association is a non-stock, non-profit, non-sectarian and a non-partisan organization. Its national office is located in Manila. It was established in 1955 by members of the Philippine National Historical Society.
The objectives and purposes of the association are the following:
1. to promote and propagate historical knowledge and studies
2. to collect and preserve relics, manuscripts, documents and the like pertaining to the Philippines
3. to undertake any and other activities that will promote the objectives and purposes of the association.
## Board of Governors {#board_of_governors}
A board of governors directs the annual activities of the PHA. It consists of eleven (11) regular members in good standing who are elected in the Annual General Assembly which is held on the last Sunday of January. The board of governors serves as the governing body of the association and manages its affairs and business. Upon their election, the board of governors elect among themselves the president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and auditor. Also elected are other officers such as the press relations officer, the editor-in-chief of the Historical Bulletin and the chairs of the committees on membership, curriculum, and research.
The post of executive director was added to the board in 1975. The first executive director was Jorge Revilla. In the following year, Gloria Santos assumed the post. She has held this office till the present time, making her the longest running and continuously serving executive director.
Senior members of the association, the immediate past president and the chairmen of the National Historical Institute and the Philippine History Foundation constitute the Board of Consultants.
A meeting held by the association\'s founders on October 2, 1955 resulted in the election of the first board of governors.
| 360 |
Philippine Historical Association
| 0 |
11,033,830 |
# Philippine Historical Association
## Presidents
The first president of the association was Gabriel Fabella who occupied the post for three years. He was succeeded by a host of prominent scholars, among them, Dalmacio Martin, Ricardo Arcilla, Sixto Orosa, Celedonio Resurreccion, Diosdado Capino, Bonifacio Salamanca, Romeo Cruz, Oscar Evangelista, Napoleon Casambre, Epitacio Palispis, Cesar Pobre, Ambeth Ocampo, Celestina Boncan, and Evelyn Songco.
### Honorary presidents {#honorary_presidents}
The association holds the distinction of having had Philippine presidents as its honorary presidents. President Ramon Magsaysay was the first honorary president of the association. Since then, the association has been graced by the honor of having Presidents Carlos Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal, Ferdinand Marcos, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in its roster as honorary president.
The first board of governors was inducted into office by President Ramon Magsaysay on December 12, 1955 in Malacañang Palace. Another incumbent president, Fidel Ramos, inducted into office the 1996 Board of Governors. This signature honor also took place in Malacañang Palace.
President Carlos P. Garcia gave the keynote address of the association\'s annual seminar which was held at the University of the East on November 28--29, 1958. In 1976, President Ferdinand Marcos invited the association to hold its annual seminar in Malacañang Palace and delivered the keynote address. In 1998 President Fidel Ramos designated the association to bring the spirit of the centennial celebration to all four corners of the archipelago through the project The Centennial Goes to the Barrio. In 1999 President Ramos graciously accepted the association\'s invitation to be the guest of honor and speaker in the launching of its book Philippine Presidents: 100 Years.
| 272 |
Philippine Historical Association
| 1 |
11,033,830 |
# Philippine Historical Association
## Philippine Historical Foundation {#philippine_historical_foundation}
One accomplishment of the 1980 Board of Governors was the creation of the Philippine Historical Foundation. As it was envisioned by its creators, the foundation was to be a non-stock, non-profit, non-denominational private organization for scholarly, educational, and cultural purposes.
In particular, the aims and objectives of the foundation are the following: 1) to foster, encourage and support scholarly research on any area of Philippine history; 2) to initiate, create, maintain and support a Philippine History Library and Museum to be administered by the Philippine Historical Association; 3) to provide financial support to worthwhile historical publications and projects; 4) to establish, assist and support professorial and research chairs in Philippine history; and 5) to collaborate with the Philippine Historical Association in achieving its purposes, aims and objectives and in implementing its program of activities and projects.
A Board of Trustees consisting of eleven members serves as the governing body of the foundation. The Board is presided over by a chairman who is joined by a vice chairman, secretary, treasurer, executive director, legal counsel and public relations officer. The other six members seat in the Board as trustees. There are four sectoral committees \-\-- academe, business, international and professional---which are in charge of getting pledges of commitment.
Pursuant to the nature of its organization, the Philippine History Foundation will raise funds, accept donations, grants, bequests and legacies in cash or in kind which it shall hold in trust.
Past presidents, namely, Celedonio Resurreccion and Minerva Gonzalez, assisted the members of the incumbent board of governors in framing the constitution and by-laws of the foundation. Governor Antonio Avecilla was the first chairman of the foundation.
## PHA Historical Bulletin {#pha_historical_bulletin}
The association promotes historical research and scholarship among its members through the publication of their works. The association has an official journal which is published every year. The journal first came out in 1957 and was called Buletin ng Kapisanang Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas. The Bulletin was renamed Historical Bulletin in 1959.
The association has come up with special issues of the Historical Bulletin. One such type of special issue is in honor of Filipino heroes and statesmen. Vol. XXII (1978) is devoted to Commonwealth President Manuel Quezon (Quezon: In Retrospect), edited by Mauro Garcia and Juan F. Rivera. Volume IV (June 1960), edited by Sixto Y. Orosa, and Vol. V (1961), edited by Carlos Quirino, are on Jose Rizal, the national hero. Volume IV (March 1960), edited by Teodoro A. Agoncillo, is on Claro M. Recto. Volume III (1959) is on Emilio Aguinaldo.
Another type of special issue is on significant events in Philippine history. Vol. XII (1968) is on the Japanese Occupation featuring the operations of the United States Army Forces in the Philippines, North Luzon.
There have also been special issues of the Historical Bulletin that dealt on themes in Philippine history. Volume XVII (1973) is on the study, teaching and writing of history.
## PHA Balita {#pha_balita}
The association maintains a newsletter called the PHA Balita. It was created in 1980 during the association\'s Silver Jubilee Year. The newsletter keeps the members informed of the activities of the association. It comes out twice a year.
## PHA Annual Conference {#pha_annual_conference}
The main annual activity of the association is the holding of an annual conference whose theme deals with timely and relevant issues of national concern. The themes of the PHA Annual Conference in the last five years include Historical Development of Philippine Political Parties (2006), Kababaihan at Kabayanihan (2005), In Search of Good Governance: Retrospect and Prospects (2004), Terrorism: Historical Perspective and Implications (2003), and RP-US Relations: A Historical Perspective (2002).
| 611 |
Philippine Historical Association
| 2 |
11,033,830 |
# Philippine Historical Association
## Historical Milestones {#historical_milestones}
### 50th Anniversary of the Philippine Assembly {#th_anniversary_of_the_philippine_assembly}
In 1957 President Carlos P. Garcia designated the association to take the lead for the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Philippine Assembly, the first all-Filipino legislature in the country.
### International Conference of Historians of Asia (IAHA) {#international_conference_of_historians_of_asia_iaha}
When it was just on its fifth year of existence, the association took the bold step of organizing an international conference of historians in Manila. It was the first international conference of its kind to be held in the country. The First International Conference of Historians of Asia was held on November 25--30, 1960. Appointed to oversee the preparations of the conference was a three-man committee made up of Nicolas Zafra, as chairman, and Jorge Revilla and Celedonio Resurreccion, as members.
The conference had two aims. The first was to afford scholars in different countries an opportunity to come together for an exchange of views, ideas and information regarding conditions and problems of historical study and research in their respective countries. The second was to bring about, through an association of scholars from Asia, the establishment of closer cultural relations among Asian countries and the enhancement of the effectiveness and usefulness of written history as a means of promoting international peace, goodwill and understanding.
The conference was a success. Australia, Burma, Republic of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Korea, Japan, Macao, Pakistan, Ryukyus, Singapore, Thailand, and the United States sent delegates to the conference. No less than President Carlos P. Garcia addressed the delegates at the opening ceremony which was held at the Session Hall of the House of Representatives.
Speakers for the Philippines included Horacio de la Costa, S.J., Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil, Carlos Quirino, Encarnacion Alzona, Teodoro Agoncillo, Jose Maceda, Gregorio Zaide, Henry Otley Beyer, and Gabriel Fabella.
Aside from bringing together various historians in a meaningful discussion of historical research and study, the conference became the instrument for the creation of the International Association of Historians of Asia. Two days before the conference adjourned, the delegates adopted a constitution for the IAHA and elected its first officers. Constituting the first board of the IAHA were Domingo Abella, president; Chang Kuei-Yung, first vice-president; Yu-Kai Wang, second vice-president; Toshio Kawabe, third vice-president; Horacio de la Costa, S.J., secretary-general; Lao Kan, treasurer; and Sun Kwo-Tung, auditor.
The Filipino charter members of the IAHA include Domingo Abella, Teodoro Agoncillo, Celedonio Ancheta, Ricardo Arcilla, Horacio de la Costa, S.J., Pacifico Dumandan, Sr., Gabriel Fabella, Silvina Laya, Dalamcio Martin, Esteban de Ocampo, Sixto Orosa, Celedonio Resurreccion, Jorge Revilla, Leopoldo Yabes, Nicolas Zafra and Gregorio Zaide.
### June 12 Independence Day {#june_12_independence_day}
It was the association that proposed to then President Diosdado Macapagal to change our Independence Day celebration from July 4 to June 12.
### Promotion of Philippine History {#promotion_of_philippine_history}
The association supported two initiatives of its prominent member, Teodoro Agoncillo, that have had a great impact in the promotion of Philippine history.
#### Commission on Philippine Historical Research {#commission_on_philippine_historical_research}
The first is the creation of a Commission on Philippine Historical Research which eventually became the National Historical Institute.
#### Rizal Law {#rizal_law}
The second is the teaching of the life and works of our national hero, Jose Rizal, which was eventually mandated under Republic Act No. 1425.
#### Decade of Centennials of Nationalism and Independence {#decade_of_centennials_of_nationalism_and_independence}
The association launched in 1988 a movement to celebrate the centennial of the Revolution. Every year from hereon till 1998 the annual seminars of the association would focus on a theme that was appropriate to the centenary celebration of that year. Hence, it was the Propaganda Movement for 1988, the publication of the La Solidaridad in 1989, the founding of the La Liga Filipina and the Katipunan in 1992, and the outbreak of the Revolution in 1996. Bannered as the "Decade of Centennials of Nationalism and Independence," the movement follows the tradition of the Association of celebrating significant events in the country\'s history and observing the centenaries of leading historical personalities.
### Paligsahan sa Kasaysayan {#paligsahan_sa_kasaysayan}
In 1996, the Philippine History Foundation was made a member of the Rizal Martyrdom Centennial Commission under the Philippine Centennial Commission. The contribution of the foundation in this endeavor was the awarding of plaques for the Paligsahan sa Kasaysayan, a national high school competition on the life and martyrdom of the national hero, Jose Rizal, and the 1896 Philippine Revolution. The contest was launched in 1996 by the National Historical Institute as part of the Centennial Celebration. The winners in the regional contests went on to become the finalists of the Grand National Finals which were to be held in Manila. The first Grand National Finals was held in 1997 at the RPN Channel 9 Studio with Senator Orlando Mercado as quizmaster.
The first Paligsahan proved to be a success. In the following year, the feedback from the regions was to continue the contest. The National Historical Institute expanded the contest to include culture as another theme of the contest and thus renamed it as Paligsahan sa Kasaysayan at Kultura ng Pilipinas.
Members of the association also participated in the Paligsahan. They sat as members of the board of judges in the grand national finals. They also assisted the National Historical Institute in the formulation and evaluation of the questions.
### "The Centennial Goes to the Barrio" {#the_centennial_goes_to_the_barrio}
The association actively participated in the celebration of the centennial of the 1896 Revolution. A project initiated by past president Pablo Trillana III became one of the projects of the Philippine Centennial Commission. This was The Centennial Goes to the Barrio Project which is aimed at bringing the celebration of the centennial to the different regions of the country through a lecture-forum and a photo exhibit on the Philippine Revolution and a seminar-workshop on the study, teaching and writing of local history.
From 1997 to 1998 the association convened a total of fourteen such conventions \-\-- Laoag, Ilocos Norte (Region 1), Santiago City (Region 2) Tarlac City (Region 3), Calaca, Batangas (Region 4), Kalibo, Aklan (Region 6), Cebu City (Region 7), Catbalogan, Samar (Region 8), Zamboanga City (Region 9), Iligan City, Lanao del Norte (Region 10), Malaybalay, Bukidnon (Region 12), Novaliches (National Capital Region) and Baguio City (Cordillera Administrative Region).
| 1,041 |
Philippine Historical Association
| 3 |
11,033,830 |
# Philippine Historical Association
## Historical Milestones {#historical_milestones}
### Projects: "Towards the Effective Teaching of History" {#projects_towards_the_effective_teaching_of_history}
The aim of the association is to promote the study and appreciation of history, in particular, Philippine history. In line with this aim, the association initiates, sponsors and supports the holding of seminars on the teaching of history in Manila and in different parts of the country. Projects: Akademyang Pangkasaysayan In 1996, the association brought one step higher its mission of enhancing the teaching of history. It had been widely observed that many teachers of Philippine history in the secondary and tertiary levels are not majors in history. The association sought the endorsement of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports and the Commission on Higher Education to allow it to conduct accreditation seminars that would be carried out under the program called Akademyang Pangkasaysayan. As far as it was possible, the seminars would be held in Northern Philippines, Southern Philippines, National Capital Region, Visayas and Mindanao.
The program consists of two parts. Part I covers the period from pre-historic times up to the end of the 19th century including the Philippine Revolution. Part II covers the period from the American Occupation up to the present. The association envisions that at the end of the two-part course history teachers who are deficient in the subject shall attain a core of knowledge and methodology. On the other hand, the Akademya will serve as a refresher course to history majors. The association also intends to conduct intensive courses in the teaching of Asian and World History under the Akademyang Pangkasaysayan.
The association launched the Akademyang Pangkasaysayan on June 26--28, 1996 at St. Mary\'s College in Quezon City. Since then, it has brought the Akademyang Pangkasaysayan to various parts of the country \-\-- Leyte Normal University in Tacloban City, Leyte, Aquinas University in Legazpi City, Albay, University of St. Anthony in Iriga City, Camarines Sur, Divine Word College in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Ateneo de Davao in Davao City, and Ateneo de Cavite in Cavite City.
## Publications
- Carballo, Maria Lourdes. *Historical Bulletin, Volume 5*. Quezon City: Philippine Historical Association, December 1961. Print
- Onorato, Michael Paul. *A Brief Review of American Interest in Philippine Development And Other Essays*. Berkeley, California: McCuthchan, 1968. Print
- Philippine Historical Association. *Philippine Presidents: 100 Years*. Quezon City: New Day Publisher, 1999. Print. `{{ISBN|9789711010263}}`{=mediawiki}
| 394 |
Philippine Historical Association
| 4 |
11,033,830 |
# Philippine Historical Association
## 20th Anniversary {#th_anniversary}
In 1975, the association decided to advance the celebration of its twenty-fifth anniversary. The board of governors then felt that the association need not wait until its silver jubilee. In the words of the association\'s president, Celedonio Resurreccion, "age is fast overtaking many of the founders of the association and we want them to enjoy the ultimate satisfaction that their labors and contributions to the history profession are appreciated and recognized."
It was for this reason that the association held a Recognition Day Ceremony on January 18, 1975 to confer a plaque of recognition with the highest distinction to thirteen members. The recipients of the awards were Encarnacion Alzona, Gabriel Fabella, Esteban de Ocampo, Mauro Garcia, Gloria Santos, Celedonio Ancheta, Carlos Quirino, Gregorio Zaide, Nicolas Zafra, Teodoro Agoncillo, Horacio de la Costa, S.J., Sixto Orosa, and Digno Alba (posthumous).
## 25th Anniversary {#th_anniversary_1}
Five years later, in 1980, the association nevertheless kept its date with destiny. A Silver Jubilee Committee was created to draw up plans for the celebration. The committee was made up of past presidents of the association. The incumbent president, Bonifacio Salamanca, was unanimously designated as committee chairman.
The association launched its Silver Jubilee Year on June 12, 1980 with an exhibit on the past twenty-five years of the association which was set up on the second floor of the National Library on T.M. Kalaw St. in Ermita, Manila. Renowned historian and one of the founders of the association, Encarnacion Alzona, cut the ribbon to open the exhibit. In the evening, a dinner-lecture forum was held at the Club Filipino in cooperation with the Mabuhay ang Pilipino Movement. The guest speaker was Hon. Paco Albano, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, who spoke on the topic "History and Liberty: The Philippine Experience."
The association held two seminars during the year. The first, on the topic "Towards the Effective Teaching of History," was held at the Divine Word College in Legazpi City, Albay on September 12--13, 1980. The second, the annual seminar, was held on December 4--5, 1980 on the topic "Kasaysayan: Lingap sa Nakaraan, Gabay ng Kaunlaran" (History: Custodian of the Past, Guardian of the Future).
| 367 |
Philippine Historical Association
| 5 |
11,033,830 |
# Philippine Historical Association
## 50th Anniversary {#th_anniversary_2}
At the 2005 Annual General Assembly a resolution was passed to retain the 2004 Board of Governors as the 50th Anniversary Board to enable it to formulate a calendar of activities to mark the golden jubilee of the association. It was also decided to make the golden jubilee a year-long celebration.
A concert entitled "An Evening of Philippine Music Featuring the UST Singers" launched the anniversary activities. This was held on December 18, 2004 at the Philam Life Theater at United Nations Avenue, Manila.
Two conferences were held in Manila. The first was the Bonifacio Salamanca Commemorative Program which had as its theme "Philippine-American Relations Revisited." It was held at the College of Arts & Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila on July 7, 2005. The second was the 2005 Annual Conference which coincided with the celebration of Linggo ng Kasaysayan whose theme this year was "Kasaysayan: Kandungan ng Kagitingan." It was held at the National Library Auditorium on September 16--17, 2005.
The Palawan Regional Conference was held at the Palawan State University in Puerto Princesa City on March 4--5, 2005. The conference theme was "America's Legacy in Palawan with a focus on Culion Leper Colony and Iwahig Penal Colony."
The PHA organized together with the National Historical Institute a conference as part of the commemoration of the 109th Death Anniversary and Martyrdom of Jose Rizal. The conference was held on December 2--3, 2005 at the Rizal Shrine in Dapitan City on the theme "Teaching Rizal in the Classroom: Making the Rizal Course Relevant in our Time."
Members of the PHA Board toured selected historical sites during the summer break. These were Banaue on April 15--17, 2005, Corregidor on May 20, 2005 and San Miguel (Bulacan) on June 12, 2005.
Vols. 34 and 35 of the Historical Bulletin were launched on September 17, 2005 at the National Library during the 2005 Annual Conference.
| 321 |
Philippine Historical Association
| 6 |
11,033,830 |
# Philippine Historical Association
## Presidents of the Philippine Historical Association {#presidents_of_the_philippine_historical_association}
+----------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| ------ ----------------------------- | ------ --------------------------- | ------ ---------------------- |
| 1955 Gabriel F. Fabella | 1973 Celedonio O. Resurreccion | 1992 Cesar Pobre |
| 1956 Gabriel Fabella | 1974 Celedonio O. Resurreccion | 1993 Milagros Guerrero |
| 1957 Gabriel Fabella | 1975 Diosdado G. Capino | 1994 Epitacio Palispis |
| 1958 Nicolas Zafra | 1976 Diosdado G. Capino | 1995 Epitacio S. Palispis |
| 1959 Gabriel F. Fabella | 1977 Ma. Minerva A. Gonzalez | 1996 Oscar L. Evangelista |
| 1960 Esteban A. de Ocampo | 1978 Ma. Minerva A. Gonzalez | 1997 Oscar Evangelista |
| 1961 Dalmacio Martin (on leave) | 1979 Bonifacio S. Salamanca | 1998 Pablo Trillana III |
| Ricardo A. Arcilla (acting) | 1980 Bonifacio S. Salamanaca | 1999 Pablo Trillana III |
| 1962 Nicolas Zafra | 1981 | 2000 Ambeth Ocampo |
| 1963 Esteban A. de Ocampo | 1982 Romeo V. Cruz | 2001 Ambeth Ocampo |
| 1964 Esteban A. de Ocampo | 1983 Romeo V. Cruz | 2002 Cesar Pobre |
| 1965 Gregorio F. Zaide | 1984 Rosario M. Cortes | 2003 Cesar Pobre |
| 1966 Gregorio F. Zaide | 1985 Rosario M. Cortes | 2004 Evelyn Miranda |
| 1967 Celedonio A. Ancheta | 1986 Oscar L. Evangelista | 2005 Evelyn Miranda |
| 1968 Sixto Y. Orosa | 1987 Oscar L. Evangelista | 2006 Celestina Boncan |
| 1969 Esteban A. de Ocampo | 1988 Napoleon J. Casambre | 2007 Celestina Boncan |
| 1970 Esteban A. de Ocampo | 1989 Napoleon J. Casambre | ------ ---------------------- |
| 1971 Gregorio F. Zaide | 1990 Cesar Pobre (acting) | |
| 1972 Gloria M
| 298 |
Philippine Historical Association
| 7 |
11,033,848 |
# William S. Tilney
**William Stephen \"Bill\" Tilney** (born 1939) served as mayor of El Paso, Texas from 1991--93. He later taught United States history from 2000--03 at Jackie Robinson Academy in Long Beach, California. Prior to assuming his mayoral role, Tilney was the U.S. Consul General in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico
| 51 |
William S. Tilney
| 0 |
11,033,853 |
# Darwinia macrostegia
***Darwinia macrostegia***, commonly known as **Mondurup bell**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a straggly shrub with elliptic leaves and clusters of pendent flowers surrounded by red and white bracts.
## Description
*Darwinia macrostegia* is a straggly shrub that typically grows to a height of 30--90 cm. It has scattered elliptic leaves with a pointed tip and the edges turned down, 1.3--1.8 mm long. The flowers are arranged in bell-shaped clusters surrounded by red and white bracts nearly 3.8 mm long. Flowering mainly occurs from August to November.
## Taxonomy and naming {#taxonomy_and_naming}
The species was first formally described in 1849 by Nikolai Turczaninow who gave it the name *Genetyllis macrostegia* and published the description in *Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou*. In 1865, George Bentham changed the name to *Darwinia macrostegia* in *The Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany*. The specific epithet (*macrostegia*) means \"large roof\" or \"tent\", referring to the floral bracts.
A 1951 newspaper article about \"Mondurup\", a \"long mountain that dominates the western end of the range\", described this plant as \"The Climber\'s Badge\".
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
Mondurup bell occurs in and near the Stirling Range National Park in five separate populations, and grows in stony soils on rocky hillsides and in gullies in the Esperance Plains and Jarrah Forest bioregions of south-western Western Australia.
## Conservation status {#conservation_status}
*Darwinia macrostegia* is listed as \"Priority Four\" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that it is rare or near threatened
| 273 |
Darwinia macrostegia
| 0 |
11,033,862 |
# Battle of Arachova
The **Battle of Arachova** (*Μάχη της Αράχωβας*), took place between 18 and 24 November 1826 (N.S.). It was fought between an Ottoman Empire force under the command of Mustafa Bey and Greek rebels under Georgios Karaiskakis. After receiving intelligence of the Ottoman army\'s maneuvers, Karaiskakis prepared a surprise attack in vicinity of the village of Arachova, in central Greece. On 18 November, Mustafa Bey\'s 2,000 Ottoman troops were blockaded in Arachova. An 800-man force that attempted to relieve the defenders three days later failed.
On 22 November Mustafa Bey was mortally wounded and Ottoman morale plunged, as cold weather and heavy rainfall plagued the hunger-stricken defenders. At midday on 24 November the Ottomans made a disastrous attempt at breaking out. Most were killed in the fighting or perished from the cold. The Greek victory at Arachova gained the rebels valuable time before the Great Powers came to their assistance a year later.
## Background
In February 1821, Filiki Eteria launched the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire. By 1826, the First Hellenic Republic had been severely weakened by infighting and Ibrahim\'s invasion of Mani. Ibrahim\'s well-trained Egyptian army pillaged much of Morea, turning the tide of the war in the favor of the Ottomans. Following the decisive Ottoman victory at the Third Siege of Missolonghi on 10 April 1826, fighting was restricted to the Siege of the Acropolis. The Ottomans seemed to have gained the upper hand in Central Greece, with many Greek rebels accepting Grand Vizier Mehmed Reshid Pasha\'s amnesty in order to take a break from the hardships of the war. Defeatism affected a number of Moreote Christian notables (*kodjabashis*) who began advocating for peace in return for a limited autonomy such as the one granted by the Ottomans to Wallachia after the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806.
In October 1826, Greek general Georgios Karaiskakis took a number of fighters who managed to break out from Missolonghi, heading south-east towards Morea. On 27 October he arrived at Domvrena, besieging the 300-man Ottoman garrison who had taken refuge in tower houses. On 14 November, Karaiskakis broke off the siege after receiving news that Mustafa Bey\'s 2,000-man army (including 300 cavalrymen) had begun its descent from Livadeia towards Amfissa, in order to relieve the latter\'s garrison and protecting the Ottoman gunpowder dump at Atalanti; putting the Greek forces in the area in grave danger. On the early morning of 16 November, Karaiskakis reached the Hosios Loukas monastery, spending the rest of the day there. Shortly before the dawn of 17 November, Greek troops set camp at Distomo. On the same day Mustafa Bey dispersed Greek pickets at Atalanti, later camping at the Agia Ierousalim monastery outside Davleia.
There he questioned the monastery\'s *hegumenos* about Karaiskakis\' whereabouts and whether he knew of his intention to relieve Amfissa. The *hegumenos* lied, claiming that Karaiskakis had yet to leave Domvrena and that he was oblivious to the Ottoman maneuvers. Mustafa Bey believed him, nevertheless ordering his soldiers to keep an eye on the monks and promising to execute them should one of them try to betray his presence at the monastery. As Mustafa Bey and his lieutenant (*kehaya*) were discussing their future plans while dining, a monk who was fluent in Turkish overheard their conversation. The monks convened in secret, deciding to dispatch one of their number to Distomo and inform Karaiskakis of the route the Turks were to take. A young monk named Panfoutios Charitos managed to evade the Turkish sentries, inform Karaiskakis, and, again evading the Turkish guards, return to his bed before the Turks recounted the number of the monks present in the next morning.
Karaiskakis immediately ordered his officers Georgios Hatzipetros, Alexios Grivas and Georgios Vagias to occupy the church of Agios Georgios in Arachova and the surrounding houses. They were to strike the Turks with a force of 500 men once their enemies emerged from the passes of Mount Parnassus. Small bands were stationed between Arachova and Distomo in order to signal the outbreak of hostilities, at which point the main force would come to their aid. Christodoulos Hatzipetros and his unit of 400 men covered a passage south of Arachova. Karaiskakis\' secretary then sent messages to all known guerrilla bands in the surrounding areas, informing them of the impending battle.
| 721 |
Battle of Arachova
| 0 |
11,033,862 |
# Battle of Arachova
## Battle
At 10:00 on 18 November, Greek lookouts signaled that the Turks were approaching Arachova from the north--east. An advanced column of Turks arrived at the village and was waiting for the rest of the army when Albanian soldiers in Ottoman service noticed that several houses had freshly carved loopholes. Taking cover behind huge rocks standing inside the village they initiated a firefight with the Greeks. This came as a surprise to the majority of the villagers who had remained oblivious of the situation until the last minute; they now fled in panic in fear of future reprisals. The Turks continued to funnel fresh troops into the village, steadily approaching the Greek positions which were the source of continuous volleys of shots. In the meantime Christodoulos Hatzipetros\' troops redeployed to the Kumula hill overlooking the village from the south. Karaiskakis\' troops appeared on the outskirts of Arachova around midday, and rebels from the surrounding areas gathered west of the village, thus completely encircling the Turks. Mustafa Bey reacted by sending a detachment of 500 infantrymen to hold Karaiskakis\' advance. The rest of the Turkish army occupied a hill overlooking the village, while the detachment barricaded themselves inside the nearby houses.
Upon descending the Mavra Litharia hillock the Greeks under Karaiskakis were engaged by the Turkish detachment that had stayed behind in the village. A quarter of an hour later the Turks had successfully repelled the attack from the hillock, moreover the Greek right flank broke ranks and fled. The situation was reversed when a unit of Souliotes under Georgios Tzavelas mounted a second offensive, killing a Turkish officer and rallying deserters to return to the battlefield. Morale in the Turkish right flank plunged, those who managed to escape were intercepted west of the village and annihilated. Yet the Ottoman center and left flank held fast and Karaiskakis sought other ways to break the stalemate. 300 Greeks under Giotis Danglis passed west of the Zervospilies hill, taking a hill which overlooked the one the main Turkish force had occupied. This came as a complete surprise to Mustafa Bey, who led a Turkish counter attack, sword in hand. Being favored by the terrain, the Greeks crushed three waves of attackers within half an hour. In the meantime Karaiskakis overcame the resistance that faced him, joining his comrades in arms at the Agios Georgios church. The Turkish camp was surrounded and besieged just as night fell and hostilities were suspended.
On 19 November, the two sides exchanged fire, causing only minor damage to each other\'s barricades. The rest of the day was uneventful. In the early hours of 20 November, the Greeks received 450 men in reinforcements, most of them were sent on guard duty to the roads leading to Arachova. On 21 November, 800 soldiers under Abdullah Agha appeared outside Davleia where they broke into two forces. The smaller marched down to the Agia Ierousalim monastery while the larger headed towards Zemeno. Zemeno was to be the point where Abdullah Agha would strike the Greek rear, enabling Mustafa Bey to break out of the encirclement. The first formation was to act as a distraction.
Mustafa Bey\'s troops hurriedly attacked Zemeno before Abdullah Agha\'s arrival and were pushed back. In the meantime, Abdullah Agha\'s vanguard was ambushed at a narrow passage leading to Zemeno. 30 Turks were killed and many were wounded before a disorganized retreat was conducted; the rebels captured 80 animals packed with supplies. The situation in the Turkish camp was desperate, as cold weather and heavy rainfall plagued the hunger-stricken defenders. His soldiers pressured Mustafa Bey into negotiations. Karaiskakis demanded that the Turks hand over all their weapons and money, give the *kehaya*\'s and Mustafa Bey\'s brother as hostages, and abandon Livadeia and Amfissa, promising safe passage in return. The terms were rejected, by a messenger who exclaimed \"War!\" three times. In the morning of 22 November, Karaiskakis ordered salvos to be fired on the Turkish camp from all sides.
Mustafa Bey, who had emerged from his tent to encourage his troops, was mortally wounded in the forehead. On the following day the *kehaya* assumed command, as a snowstorm swept through the area. Once Mustafa Bey\'s condition became known to his officers, the Albanian officers threatened to lay down arms unless the terms of the Greeks were satisfied. On the midday of 24 November, 700 Ottomans charged at a small picket guarding the road towards the Agia Ierousalim monastery. At the same time, Abdullah Aga ordered the retreat of his forces. Although the initial breakout was successful, the Greeks regrouped, splitting the Turks in half. The 500 Turks who still held the camp were surrounded and slain, as were most of those who broke out. The soldiers who encountered the *kehaya* ignored his pleas for mercy as they did not speak Turkish, killing him.
| 809 |
Battle of Arachova
| 1 |
11,033,862 |
# Battle of Arachova
## Aftermath
Out of the initial force of 2,000 only 300 Turks survived the onslaught, escaping with the help of a Greek turncoat named Zeligiannaios; most of them perished in the snowstorm. The Greeks took 50 prisoners, most of whom also died from the effects of hypothermia. Greek losses amounted to 12 killed and 20 injured. The Greeks also captured all the pack animals that were still alive, 23 flags and large amounts of weaponry and ammunition. Karaiskakis ordered the construction of a pyramid of 300 severed heads, in accordance with Ottoman tradition. A stone was placed in front of the pyramid bearing the inscription \"Tropaion of Greek victory over the barbarians\", while the heads of Mustafa Bey and the *kehaya* were placed on its sides. The severed ears of the slain Ottomans were cured and shipped to the Greek capital of Nafplio, mimicking another Ottoman practice of celebrating significant victories. The victory was widely celebrated in liberated areas of Greece and became the subject of a folk song that was recorded in Karaiskakis\' journals.
With this victory at Arachova Karaiskakis kept the revolution alive in eastern Greece. He then sought to disrupt Mehmed Reshid Pasha\'s supply lines between Thessaly and Attica. On 5 December 1826, his troops destroyed a large Turkish supply convoy at Tourkochori in the vicinity of Atalanti. In the meantime, the Ottomans continued to transfer troops towards south central Greece, aiming at breaking the Greek siege of Amfissa the reinforcing the Ottoman force blockading Acropolis. The victory at Arachova won Greece valuable time before the persistence of the Greek revolutionaries and the war crimes of their adversaries, led the Great Powers to sign the 1827 Treaty of London which resulted in their intervention into the war on Greek side; decisively turning the tide of the war against the Ottomans
| 307 |
Battle of Arachova
| 2 |
11,033,867 |
# Batang Kali railway station
The **Batang Kali Komuter station** is a Malaysian commuter train station stationed at the northwest of and named after the town of Batang Kali, Hulu Selangor, Selangor. The station was opened on 21 April 2007, alongside the Rasa and Serendah stations.
It was the second stop in the Rawang--Tanjung Malim shuttle service (formerly known as the Rawang--Kuala Kubu Bharu shuttle service) until the service merged with the Port Klang Line in 2016.
The station, as are all the other stations along the shuttle route (except the Tanjung Malim Komuter station), is situated along two railways, each assigned with one platform like most station halts along KTM Komuter lines, but contains facilities normally reserved for medium-to-large stations along three or more lines. In addition to ticketing facilities and basic amenities, the station contains spaces for administrative occupants, as well as a \"kiosk\" and an additional foot bridge (fused with a foot bridge exclusively for Komuter users) for pedestrians simply intending to cross the railway lines. The station also includes low-tech support for disabled passengers. The station exits southeast towards a road that passes through Batang Kali.
The Batang Kali station\'s two side platforms are designated as platform 1 (adjoining the main station building at the east, intended for southbound trains) and platform 2 (at the west, intended for northbound trains).
## Gallery
<File:Batang> Kali station (Rasa-Rawang Line), Batang Kali.jpg\|none\|A platform view of the Batang Kali station
| 240 |
Batang Kali railway station
| 0 |
11,033,890 |
# List of Japanese World War II navy bombs
This is a complete list of all aerial bombs used by the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Second World War.
## Types
The Japanese navy produced a large number of different types of bombs, these were sub-divided into three main categories:
- Land bombs - for use against land targets. They were normally not produced to a high standard consisting of a simple cylindrical case, riveted or welded to a cast steel nose.
- Ordinary bombs - for use against ships. They were produced in general purpose and semi-armor-piercing types. They were of higher quality and generally had a smooth machined case
- Special bombs - for various purposes.
## Color coding system {#color_coding_system}
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Bomb type/\ | Marking scheme | | |
| mark | | | |
+==============+================+==========+============+
| Nose color\ | Body\ | Tail\ | Body band\ |
| / band color | color | color | color |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Land | Green | Grey | Green |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Ordinary | Green | Grey | Green |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Dummy | Green / Black | White | White |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Practice | Green | Black | White |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Training | Black overall | | |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Smoke | Green / Black | Grey | Grey |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 1 | Green / Yellow | Grey | Yellow |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 2 | Blue | Grey | Blue |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 3 | Silver | Grey | Silver |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 4 | Green / White | Grey | Red |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 5 | Green / White | Grey | Grey |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 6 | Green / Red | Grey | Red |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 7 | Green / Purple | Grey | Purple |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 8 | Green / Brown | Grey | Grey |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 19 | \- | \- | \- |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 21 | Green / Brown | Grey | Grey |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 22 | \- | \- | \- |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 23 | Green / Brown | Grey | Grey |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 24 | \- | \- | \- |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 25 | \- | \- | \- |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 26 | \- | \- | \- |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 27 | Green / Silver | Grey/Red | \- |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 28 | Green / Brown | Silver | Red |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| Mark 31 | Grey | Grey | Grey |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| | | | |
+--------------+----------------+----------+------------+
| 450 |
List of Japanese World War II navy bombs
| 0 |
11,033,890 |
# List of Japanese World War II navy bombs
## Bombs
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Designation</p></th>
<th><p>Type</p></th>
<th><p>Weight</p></th>
<th><p>Content weight</p></th>
<th><p>Content type </p></th>
<th><p>Construction</p></th>
<th><p>Length</p></th>
<th><p>Suspension lugs</p></th>
<th><p>Nose</p></th>
<th><p>Tail</p></th>
<th><p>Fuze</p></th>
<th><p>Notes</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>No.6</p></td>
<td><p>Land Bomb</p></td>
<td><p>63.5 kg (140 lb)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Picric acid or later Type 98 explosive (mod 1)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Cast steel</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Type 2 Model 2 mod 0 or mod 1</p></td>
<td><p>Obsolete during the war. Case is similar to the Type 99 No. 6 Mk. 2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Type 97 No.6</p></td>
<td><p>Land Bomb</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Picric acid or Type 98 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>Welded and riveted 1/4 in steel</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal navy type</p></td>
<td><p>Cast steel</p></td>
<td><p>long sheet steel</p></td>
<td><p>A-3(a)</p></td>
<td><p>Capable of penetrating 200 mm of reinforced concrete </p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Type 2 No.6 Model 5</p></td>
<td><p>Land Bomb</p></td>
<td><p>(approx)</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Five 7 kg high-explosive bombs with bursting charge</p></td>
<td><p>Sheet 1/16 in steel</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal navy type</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>A-3 (a) or A-3 (b)</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>No.25</p></td>
<td><p>Land Bomb</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Type 98 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>Welded and riveted 1/4 in steel</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal navy type</p></td>
<td><p>Cast steel</p></td>
<td><p>long sheet steel</p></td>
<td><p>A-3 (a), A-3 (b), C-2 (a), C-1 (a)</p></td>
<td><p>Designed in 1938, production ceased early in the Second World War </p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Type 98 No.25</p></td>
<td><p>Land Bomb</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Picric acid or Type 98 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>Welded and riveted 1/2 in steel</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal navy type</p></td>
<td><p>Cast steel</p></td>
<td><p>long sheet steel</p></td>
<td><p>A-3 (a), A-3 (b), C-2 (a), C-1 (a)</p></td>
<td><p>The bomb was used by Japanese forces at the Battle of Midway. Designed in 1937 adopted in 1938. Capable of penetrating 400 mm of reinforced concrete.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>No.80</p></td>
<td><p>Land Bomb</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Picric acid or Type 98 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>Welded and riveted 1/2 in steel</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal, two guide studs, and carrying band</p></td>
<td><p>Cast steel</p></td>
<td><p>long 1/8 in steel</p></td>
<td><p>A-1 (c), B-3 (b), A-3 (d)</p></td>
<td><p>The bomb was used by Japanese forces at the Battle of Midway. The bomb was designed in 1937 and adopted in 1938, and will penetrate 400 mm of reinforced concrete.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Type 99 No.25</p></td>
<td><p>Ordinary Bomb</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Type 91 explosive (Trinitroanisol)</p></td>
<td><p>One piece of machine forged 3/4 in steel</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal navy type</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>long 1/16 in steel</p></td>
<td><p>A-3 (a), A-3 (b), B-2 (a)</p></td>
<td><p>Designed in 1938 and adopted in 1939, it is capable of penetrating 50 mm of armor.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Type 2 No. 50 Model 1</p></td>
<td><p>Ordinary Bomb</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Cast blocks of Type 98 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>One piece of machine forged steel 1 to thick</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal, two guide studs and suspension band</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>long sheet steel</p></td>
<td><p>A-3 (f), B-2 (a)</p></td>
<td><p>Teardrop shaped</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>No.80 Model 1</p></td>
<td><p>Ordinary Bomb</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Type 91 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>One piece of machine forged steel 0.75 in thick</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal, two guide studs, and suspension band</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>long 5/32 in thick steel</p></td>
<td><p>A-1 (c), A-3 (c), A-3 (d), tail: B-3 (b)</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>No.3 Model 2</p></td>
<td><p>Ordinary Bomb</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>?</p></td>
<td><p>Picric acid</p></td>
<td><p>One piece of machined steel</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal stud on either side of the body</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>A-1 (a), A-3 (a)</p></td>
<td><p>Teardrop shaped. Obsolete since the early stages of the war.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>No.6 Model 2</p></td>
<td><p>Ordinary Bomb</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Picric acid</p></td>
<td><p>One piece of machined steel</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal stud on either side of the body</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>A-1 (a), A-3 (a)</p></td>
<td><p>Teardrop shaped. Production ceased sometime between 1940 and 1941, although they continued to be used.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>No.25 Model 2</p></td>
<td><p>Ordinary Bomb</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Picric acid</p></td>
<td><p>One piece of machined steel 5/8 in thick</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal, navy type</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>A-3 (a), B-3 (a)</p></td>
<td><p>Teardrop shaped. The bomb was used by Japanese forces at the Battle of Midway</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>No.50 Model 2</p></td>
<td><p>Ordinary Bomb</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Type 98 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>One piece of machined steel 4 to thick</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal, two guide studs and suspension band</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>A-3 (a), B-3 (a)</p></td>
<td><p>Teardrop shaped</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Type 99 No.6 Mk 2</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Type 98 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>Cast nose plug welded to a 3/16 in thick cylindrical body</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal, two guide studs and suspension band</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>A-3 (a)</p></td>
<td><p>A Mod 1 version of the bomb was also produced with a cylindrical steel anti-ricochet attachment spot welded to the nose giving it a blunt profile.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Type 1 No.25 Mk 2 Model 1</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Type 98 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>Cast nose welded to a 1/4 in thick cylindrical body</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal, two guide studs and suspension band</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>followed<br />
by a 15 in plywood extension</p></td>
<td><p>A-3 (a), B-3 (a)</p></td>
<td><p>A Mod 1 version of the bomb was also produced with a cylindrical steel anti-ricochet attachment spot welded to the nose giving it a blunt profile.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Type 99 No.80 Mk 5</p></td>
<td><p>Armor-piercing</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Type 91 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>Single piece of machined forged steel 4 in thick at the nose and 2 in at the tail</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Two guide studs and suspension band</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Two B-2 (b) tail fuzes</p></td>
<td><p>Tear drop shaped bomb, eight recesses around the nose could allow the fitting of a wind shield if used as a projectile. Adopted in 1941, basically a converted 40 cm AP shell, capable of penetrating 150 mm of armor.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Type 2 No.80 Mk 5</p></td>
<td><p>Armor-piercing</p></td>
<td><p>(approx)</p></td>
<td><p>(approx)</p></td>
<td><p>Type 91 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>Single piece of machined forged steel</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Two B-2 (b) tail fuzes</p></td>
<td><p>Intended to supersede the Type 99 No.80. Not produced in large numbers. Designed in 1939, and adopted in 1942.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Type 3 No.150 Mk 5</p></td>
<td><p>Armor-piercing</p></td>
<td><p>(approx)</p></td>
<td><p>(approx)</p></td>
<td><p>Type 91 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>Single piece of machined forged steel</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Two B-2 (b) type tail fuzes</p></td>
<td><p>Intended to supersede the Type 99 No.80. Not produced in large numbers. Designed in 1942 and tested in 1944, was in experimental production at the end of the war.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Type 3 No.25 Mk 8 model 1</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>(approx)</p></td>
<td><p>(approx)</p></td>
<td><p>Type 97 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>Cast steel nose, welded to cylindrical body 0.5 in thick</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Horizontal type navy</p></td>
<td><p>Cast steel</p></td>
<td><p>long</p></td>
<td><p>A-3 (a)</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Type 3 No.6 Mk 23 model 1</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>(approx)</p></td>
<td><p>(approx)</p></td>
<td><p>Type 98 explosive<br />
or Picric acid</p></td>
<td><p>Cast steel nose, welded and riveted to cylindrical body 0.25 in thick</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Normal type navy</p></td>
<td><p>Cast steel with anti-riccochet cone</p></td>
<td><p>inches long</p></td>
<td><p>C-2 (a)</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Type 4 No.25 Mk 29</p></td>
<td><p>Air-to-air bomb</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>Explosive with white phosphorus filled steel pellets</p></td>
<td><p>Sheet steel with wooden blocks in the nose</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>D-2(a) fuze</p></td>
<td><p>Under development at the end of the war to replace No.25 Mk 3 for use against bomber formations, having a larger explosive charge and less incendiary shrapnel.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Type 3 No.25 Mk 31 Model 1</p></td>
<td><p>Airburst</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Type 98 explosive</p></td>
<td><p>Sheet steel cylinder 0.5 in thick with blunt nose</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Normal navy type</p></td>
<td><p>Blunt steel with flange</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Type 3 electric firing device B-3(a)</p></td>
<td><p>Type 3 fuze triggers the bomb at a height of about 7 meters using an electro optical sensor.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Type 3 No.80 Mk 31 Model 1</p></td>
<td><p>Airburst</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Type 98 explosive cast into blocks</p></td>
<td><p>Sheet steel cylinder 9/16 in thick with blunt nose</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Two guide studs and a suspension band</p></td>
<td><p>Blunt steel with flange</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>Type 3 electric firing device B-3(b)</p></td>
<td><p>Type 3 fuze triggers the bomb at a height of about 7 meters using an electro optical sensor.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Type 5 No.25 Mk 33</p></td>
<td><p>Airburst</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>Explosive with a layer of cylindrical steel fragments</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>Rounded with plummet fuze holder</p></td>
<td><p>-</p></td>
<td><p>Plummet electrical fuze with backup Type 15 model 2 fuze</p></td>
<td><p>The bomb uses four retarding drogue plates that are opened by an atmospheric pressure fuze to slow descent and release the all-ways plummet fuze, which is suspended by a twenty-meter silk-clad copper to the main bomb. When the plummet fuze touches the ground the bomb is triggered.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
### Rocket bombs {#rocket_bombs}
| 1,341 |
List of Japanese World War II navy bombs
| 1 |
11,033,890 |
# List of Japanese World War II navy bombs
## Bombs
### Rocket bombs {#rocket_bombs}
The Japanese produced a number of bombs with rocket motors installed, intended for air-to-air use against bomber formations, or as armor-piercing weapons. Only two saw service, the **Type 3 No.25 Mk 4** armor-piercing rocket bomb, and the **Type 3 No.6 Mk.27** air-to-air rocket bomb.
Model Weight Description
------------------------- -------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Type 3 No.25 Mk 4 Mod 1 315 kg Work on this design began in 1935 and production commenced in 1943. 1.9 meters long, the bomb is an armor-piercing design, with a thick forged steel nose. The bomb attained a speed of about 100 meters per second when launched. The principal drawback was the small 3.5-kilogram bursting charge.
Type 5 No.1 Mk 9 Mod 1 An experimental design, intended for use against surfaced submarines. The bomb carried 2.2 lb of explosives, and had a velocity of about 230 meters per second. Experiments were conducted in June 1944, and it was adopted in 1945. Production had started at the end of the war, but it had not been used. Capable of penetrating up to 25 mm of armor.
Type 3 No.6 Mk 9 An experimental design, intended for use against landing craft and small ships. The bomb carried 22 lb of explosives, and had a velocity of about 230 meters per second.
Type 3 No.6 Mk 27 An anti-aircraft rocket that replaced the Type 99 No.3 Mk.3 in air-to-air bombing. It consisted of a large rocket motor with a 5.5 lb incendiary shrapnel warhead triggered by a clockwork time fuze with an adjustable delay of up to 10 seconds. The rocket had a maximum velocity of around 270 m/s, and the warhead contained 140 iron pellets with white phosphorus embedded in them, these were scattered in a 60 degree cone when the warhead was triggered. The bomb was designed in January 1944 and adopted in February 1945.
Type 3 No.1 Mk 28 An experimental anti-aircraft rocket with a 1.32 lb high-explosive warhead. Experiments were conducted in late 1944. This rocket used 2 kg of propellent and had a maximum velocity of 400 m/s.
| 357 |
List of Japanese World War II navy bombs
| 2 |
11,033,890 |
# List of Japanese World War II navy bombs
## Bombs
### Incendiary bombs {#incendiary_bombs}
- Type 99 No.3 Mk 3
- Type 3 No.6 Mk 3 bomb model 1
- Type 2 No.25 Mk 3 bomb model 1
- Type 98 No.7 Mk 6 bomb model 1
- Type 98 No.7 Mk 6 bomb model 2
- Type 1 No.7 Mk 6 bomb model 3 mod 1
\~ Type 45 No.44 Mk 6 bomb model 1
### Gas bombs {#gas_bombs}
- No. 6 Mk 1
- Type 1 No.6 Mk.1
- Type 4 No.6 Mk 1
### Cluster type bombs {#cluster_type_bombs}
- Type 2 No.6 Mk 21 bomb model 1
- Type 2 No.6 Mk 21 bomb model 2
- 1 kg hollow-charge bomb
- 1 kg anti-personnel bomb
### Practice bombs {#practice_bombs}
- 1 kg Practice bomb Mod 2
- 1 kg Practice bomb Mod 3
- No.3 Practice bomb Model 1
- Type 99 No.3 Practice bomb
### Flares
- Type 96 landing flare
- Landing flare
- 5 kg parachute flare Model 2 mod 1
- Type 0 parachute flare Model 1
- Type 0 parachute flare Model 1 mod 1
- Type 0 parachute flare Model 2
- Type 0 parachute flare Model 3 mod 1
- Experimental model 11 parachute flare
- Type 94 float light
- Experimental float light
- Type 94 model 2 float light
- Type 0 model 1 float light
### Smoke floats and markers {#smoke_floats_and_markers}
- 2 kg smoke float
- 43 kg smoke float
- Type 0 Model 1 sea marker
- Type 0 Model 2 sea marker
- Cardboard type sea marker
- Type 3 No.6 target marker bomb
- Type 2 2 kg target indicator
### Misc
- 2 kg Window (Chaff) bomb
## Fuzes
Japanese Navy bomb fuzes designation system was unknown to the Allies until after the end of the Second World War. As a result, a designation system was created to describe the fuzes as follows. It consists of a capital letter, a numeral and a lower-case parenthetical letter.
The capital letter designates the fuzes type as follows:
- A - nose impact
- B - tail impact
- C - long delay fuze
- D - airburst fuze
- E - protective fuze
The numeral approximates the order in which the fuzes were captured by the allies. Finally the lower-case letter in parentheses indicates the different but similar designs.
Where possible the original Japanese designation is given.
- A-1(a)
- A-1(b)
- A-1(c)
- A-3(a) Type 97 Mk 2 nose fuze
- A-3(b) Type 1 nose fuze model 2
- A-3(c) Type 2 nose indicator
- A-3(d) Type 97 Mk 2 nose fuze Model 1
- A-3(e) Type 3 nose indicator
- A-3(f) Type 2 No.50 Ordinary bomb fuze model 1
- A-3(g)
- A-5(a)
- B-2(a) Type 99 No.25 Ordinary bomb fuze
- B-2(b) Type 99 No
| 486 |
List of Japanese World War II navy bombs
| 3 |
11,033,892 |
# The Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga)
***The Daily Advertiser*** is the regional newspaper which services Wagga Wagga, New South Wales Australia and much of the surrounding region. It is published Monday to Friday but also appears as a sister publication called *The Weekend Advertiser* on Saturdays. The paper reaches about 31,000 people during its Monday to Friday printing, equating to 85% of all people aged over 14 who live in the paper\'s main coverage area.
## History of the paper {#history_of_the_paper}
The paper started its life as *The Wagga Wagga Advertiser* and was founded by two wealthy local pastoralists, Auber George Jones and Thomas Darlow. It was first printed on 10 December 1868, only 80 years after the commencement of European settlement in Australia. The paper is older than a large number of city newspapers and is one of the oldest regional newspapers in the country.
The first edition was edited by Frank Hutchison, who was an Oxford graduate, and the paper was initially managed by E G Wilton, who had been trained in London. When it commenced publication, Wagga Wagga was also serviced by the *Wagga Wagga Express and Murrumbidgee District Advertiser*.
The *Wagga Wagga Advertiser* originally sold for sixpence and was printed bi-weekly in the form of a four-page broadsheet, but became a tri-weekly publication in 1880. On 3 January 1911 the newspaper was renamed *The Daily Advertiser* and became a \"daily\" on 31 December 1918.
Other than normal daily publication the paper has on occasion printed a special edition such as the issue of 7.30pm on 11 November 1918. On that day the paper\'s office, learning of the end of World War I, rushed its special *The Daily Advertiser Extraordinary* on to the streets and it was through that medium that the citizens of Wagga Wagga first heard of the end of the War.
In 1962 the newspaper reduced in size from a broadsheet to a tabloid format.
From 1991 to 2002, the editor of the *Daily Advertiser* was Michael McCormack, a future federal member of parliament, and Deputy Prime Minister of Australia. During McCormack time as editor, he wrote controversial articles such as supporting the Death penalty and mocking women's sport.
The paper has for some years printed the following quote by John Milton on its front page, to profess its ethos:
> This is true liberty, when free-born men,\
> Having to advise the public, may speak free
## Publication as a part of the Riverina Media Group {#publication_as_a_part_of_the_riverina_media_group}
The current version of the paper is owned and published by Riverina Media Group, which also owns and prints *The Riverina Leader*; *The Rural*; *The Area News*; *The Australian Senior*; *The Southern Cross*; *The Colypoint Observer*; and *The Irrigator*.
Rural Press bought Riverina, five weeks before Rural Press merged into Fairfax Media; *The Daily Advertiser* is currently published by Australian Community Media.`{{fact|date=November 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
## Digitisation
The paper has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program project of the National Library of Australia
| 499 |
The Daily Advertiser (Wagga Wagga)
| 0 |
11,033,957 |
# Serendah Komuter station
Commuter rail station \| image = Serendah Railway Station 1.jpg \| image_caption = The main entrance of the Serendah station. \| address = Serendah, Selangor, Malaysia. \| line = `{{lnl|KTM|West Coast}}`{=mediawiki} \| other = \| platform = 2 side platforms \| tracks = 2 \| parking = Available, free. \| bicycle = \| passengers = \| pass_year = \| pass_percent = \| pass_system = \| opened = 1893 \| rebuilt = 21 April 2007 \| electrified = 21 April 2007 \| accessible = Y \| code = `{{KLRT color code|KA|11}}`{=mediawiki} \| owned = Keretapi Tanah Melayu \| zone = \| services = `{{Adjacent stations|system=KTM Komuter|line=Port Klang|left=Batang Kali|right=Rawang
|header2=Future development
|system3=MRL
|line3=|type3=Westport|left3=Jalan Kastam|right3=Bentong}}`{=mediawiki} \| mpassengers = }}
The **Serendah Komuter station** is a Malaysian commuter train station stationed roughly two kilometres northwest from the town of Serendah, Selangor. The station is located on the KTM West Coast Line.
The station is served by the KTM Komuter\'s `{{lnl|KTM Komuter|Port Klang}}`{=mediawiki} since 2016. Before that, it was served by the Rawang--Tanjung Malim shuttle service until this service was merged with the Port Klang Line (now Tanjung Malim--Port Klang Line), resulting in the northern terminus of the line moving from the Rawang railway station to the Tanjung Malim railway station.
## Facilities
The station is situated along two tracks but contains facilities normally reserved for medium-to-large stations along three or more lines. In addition to ticketing facilities and basic amenities, the station contains spaces for administrative occupants, as well as a \"kiosk\" and an additional foot bridge (fused with a foot bridge exclusively for Komuter users) for pedestrians that simply intend to cross the railway lines. The station also includes low-tech support for disabled passengers. The station exits northeast towards a road, which reaches the town of Serendah an estimated two kilometres south.
The Serendah station\'s two side platforms are designated as platform 1 (adjoining the main station building at the east, intended for southbound trains) and platform 2 (at the west, intended for northbound trains).
## History
The West Coast Line reached Serendah in 1893 when the stretch between the town and Rawang to the south was completed and opened to traffic.
Prior to the Rawang--Ipoh Electrification and Double-Tracking Project, the old Serendah railway station was located in town, accessed by a side road running westwards from the main road at the police station. There are no records as to whether this station, a masonry building, was the first station at Serendah, and whether the station was built and completed together with the opening of the railway line in 1893.
The old masonry station had one main track and a loop for trains to pass along the single track. There were also sidings for stabling of freight wagons to the south of the station. One unique feature was that the station was located on the first loop track and not the main line, resulting in trains which are channelled into the loop stopping at the station platform.
The old station was not a stop for passenger trains and was used mostly for trains to pass.
The old station was demolished under the Rawang--Ipoh electrification and double-tracking project between 2002 and 2007, as the location was required for the future double tracks.
The current new station was built at a new location two kilometres north of Serendah and opened on 21 April 2007 together with the Rasa and Batang Kali stations. It was the first stop in the Rawang--Tanjung Malim shuttle service until the service was merged with the Port Klang Line in 2016
| 594 |
Serendah Komuter station
| 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.