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# Louan-Villegruis-Fontaine
**Louan-Villegruis-Fontaine** (`{{IPA|fr|lwɑ̃ vilɡʁɥi fɔ̃tɛn}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
## Geography
The river Aubetin forms part of the commune\'s northern border.
## Demographics
Inhabitants are called *Louannais*
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# Corrado Orrico
Orrico}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox football biography
| name = Corrado Orrico
| height =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|4|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Massa, Tuscany|Massa]], Italy
| currentclub =
| position =
| years1 = 1960–1966 | caps1 = | goals1 = | clubs1 = [[A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906|Sarzanese]]
| manageryears1 = 1966–1969 | managerclubs1 = [[A.S.D. Sarzanese Calcio 1906|Sarzanese]]
| manageryears2 = 1969–1970 | managerclubs2 = [[Carrarese Calcio|Carrarese]]
| manageryears3 = 1970–1972 | managerclubs3 = [[U.S. Massese 1919|Massese]]
| manageryears4 = 1972–1975 | managerclubs4 = [[A.S. Camaiore|Camaiore]]
| manageryears5 = 1975–1979 | managerclubs5 = [[Carrarese Calcio|Carrarese]]
| manageryears6 = 1979–1980 | managerclubs6 = [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]]
| manageryears7 = 1980–1983 | managerclubs7 = [[Carrarese Calcio|Carrarese]]
| manageryears8 = 1983–1984 | managerclubs8 = [[Brescia Calcio|Brescia]]
| manageryears9 = 1984–1986 | managerclubs9 = [[Carrarese Calcio|Carrarese]]
| manageryears10 = 1986–1987 | managerclubs10 = [[A.C. Prato|Prato]]
| manageryears11 = 1987–1988 | managerclubs11 = [[Carrarese Calcio|Carrarese]]
| manageryears12 = 1988–1991 | managerclubs12 = [[A.S. Lucchese-Libertas|Lucchese]]
| manageryears13 = 1991–1992 | managerclubs13 = [[Inter Milan]]
| manageryears14 = 1994–1995 | managerclubs14 = [[Carrarese Calcio|Carrarese]]
| manageryears15 = 1995–1996 | managerclubs15 = [[U.S. Avellino 1912|Avellino]]
| manageryears16 = 1996–1997 | managerclubs16 = [[A.C. Siena|Siena]]
| manageryears17 = 1997–1998 | managerclubs17 = [[U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912|Alessandria]]
| manageryears18 = 1998–1999 | managerclubs18 = [[Empoli F.C.|Empoli]]
| manageryears19 = 1999–2000 | managerclubs19 = [[A.S. Lucchese-Libertas|Lucchese]]
| manageryears20 = 2001–2002 | managerclubs20 = [[Treviso F.B.C. 1993|Treviso]]
| manageryears21 = 2002–2003 | managerclubs21 = [[U.S. Massese 1919|Massese]]
| manageryears22 = 2006–2007 | managerclubs22 = [[Carrarese Calcio|Carrarese]]
| manageryears23 = 2008–2009 | managerclubs23 = [[A.C. Prato|Prato]]
| manageryears24 = 2013 | managerclubs24 = [[U.S. Gavorrano|Gavorrano]]
}}`{=mediawiki} **Corrado Orrico** (born 16 April 1940) is an Italian football coach.
## Career
Orrico started his coaching career by serving as head in a number of minor division clubs in his native Tuscany, and he gained popularity after guiding Lucchese to impressive results in the Italian Serie B, narrowly missing a historic promotion in the top-flight; such results led Inter Milan chairman Ernesto Pellegrini to appoint him as new head coach for the 1991--92 season as a replacement for Giovanni Trapattoni, who had won the scudetto with the *nerazzurri* side in the 1988--89 season. One of his first moves was to assign the #5 shirt to German captain Lothar Matthäus instead of his usual #10. However, his career at Inter turned out to be extremely unsatisfactory, and he was sacked after a few games in the national league and a disappointing UEFA Cup campaign that ended with an early elimination by Boavista FC. His position was taken by Luis Suárez.
He then coached, with little success, a number of minor league teams, mostly from his native Tuscany. In 2008, he marked his football comeback by accepting an offer from Serie C2 team Prato. He left Carrarese in June 2009, after his son committed suicide; his dead body was found by Orrico himself.
In April 2013, following the sacking of Renato Buso, 73-year-old Orrico was appointed new head coach of Lega Pro Seconda Divisione strugglers Gavorrano, in deep relegation zone with four remaining games until the end of the season. He failed to escape relegation, with Gavorrano being defeated in the relegation playoffs
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# Luisetaines
**Luisetaines** (`{{IPA|fr|lɥiztɛn|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Persepha-Luisetaines.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a French commune located in the Seine-et-Marne *département*, in the Île-de-France *région*. `{{As of|2018}}`{=mediawiki}, the village had a population of `{{Formatnum:240}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Tagab, Kapisa Province
**Tagab** is a village and the center of Tagab District (Kapisa Province), Afghanistan. It is located at 34.8556 N 69.6494 E at `{{formatnum:1322}}`{=mediawiki} m altitude. The population in the village area was calculated to be `{{formatnum:6628}}`{=mediawiki} in the year 2007
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# Marek Uram
**Marek Uram** (born September 8, 1974) is a Slovak ice hockey player, currently playing for MHk 32 Liptovský Mikuláš.
Uram started his hockey career in his hometown Liptovský Mikuláš, where he played for the local club HK 32. In the 1999/00 season he got traded to the Czech Extraliga, he ended up in the team HC Znojmo along fellow Slovak center Peter Pucher. During his career in Znojmo he was of the team\'s best scorers. In a disappointing 2005/06 season Uram got traded to HC Vítkovice. After the end of that season he signed a contract with HC Slovan Bratislava and won two Slovak Extraliga titles there.
Uram represented Slovakia at the 2002 World Championships, where Slovakia won a gold medal
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# Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux
**Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux** (`{{IPA|fr|lymiɲi nɛl ɔʁmo|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Persepha-Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. The commune was created in 1973 by the merger of three villages: Lumigny, Nesles-la-Gilberde and Ormeaux.
On the northern side is Parc des Félins, a 60-hectare captive breeding reserve for big cats, covering 25 of the world\'s 41 species.
Ira and Edita Morris, who set up the Hiroshima Foundation for Peace and Culture, used to live in Nesles.
## Demographics
The inhabitants are called *Luminiciens* (in Lumigny) or *Neslois* (in Nesles)
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# Journal of Transnational Law & Policy
The ***Journal of Transnational Law & Policy*** is a law review that was established in 1991 as a scholarly forum for discussion of legal developments within the international community. Its articles span a variety of topics within the field of international law, including human rights, comparative law, and U.S. foreign policy.
## General information {#general_information}
The journal is published by students at the Florida State University College of Law, who may earn journal membership by achieving high grades and writing competition scores, along with completing weeks of specialized extracurricular training in legal research and writing. In addition to managing all aspects of publication, journal members also organize an ongoing series of lectures by scholars and authorities in the field, presented annually as the Lillich Lecture Series. The current editor-in-chief is Lyndsey R. Fuller.
## Scope
The journal shares the philosophy articulated by Philip Jessup, judge of the International Court of Justice, who defined \"transnational law\" as \"all law which regulates actions or events that transcend national frontiers.\" The term \"transnational\" is thus expansive; it includes both the international and comparative dimensions of law
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# Helmut Röpnack
**Hellmuth Adolph August \"Helmut\" Röpnack** (23 September 1884 in Läsikow, Ruppin -- 19 August 1935) was a German amateur footballer who played as an inside forward and defender, competing in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
## International career {#international_career}
He was a member of the German Olympic squad and played one match in the main tournament as well as one match in the consolation tournament. Overall he won ten caps but couldn\'t secure a win with the DFB in these matches
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# Luzancy
**Luzancy** (`{{IPA|fr|lyzɑ̃si|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Persepha-Luzancy.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
## Demographics
Inhabitants are called *Luzancéens*
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# The Pizza Triangle
***The Pizza Triangle*** (*lit=Drama of Jealousy (All the Details in the News)*), also released as ***A Drama of Jealousy (and Other Things)**\'\' and***Jealousy, Italian Style**\'\', is a 1970 romantic comedy-drama film directed by Ettore Scola, who co-wrote the screenplay with the screenwriter duo of Age & Scarpelli. It stars Marcello Mastroianni, Monica Vitti and Giancarlo Giannini. Spanish actors Manuel Zarzo and Juan Diego were dubbed into Italian.
## Plot
At Festa de *l\'Unità* in Rome, a florist named Adelaide Ciafrocchi meets Oreste Nardi, a middle-aged communist bricklayer. She tells him that she once saw him passing her flower stand at the Campo Verano cemetery, and they fall in love, despite the fact that he is married to the much older Antonia. Upon discovering the affair, Antonia confronts Adelaide at her flower stand. When Adelaide vehemently refuses to leave Oreste and mistakes Antonia for his mother, Antonia physically attacks Adelaide, who ends up hospitalised. Visiting Adelaide at the hospital, Oreste excitedly tells her that they are free to be together now that he has left Antonia.
While dining with Oreste at a pizzeria, Adelaide catches the attention of a young Tuscan pizza chef, Nello Serafini, who sends her a heart-shaped pizza. Oreste and Nello later bond after they both attend a PCI protest march. Oreste formally introduces Nello to Adelaide, and the three soon become inseparable friends. Adelaide begins an affair with Nello, but finds herself torn between the two men as she loves both. After seeing Adelaide and Nello in bed together, a vengeful Oreste takes her to the pizzeria where Nello works and publicly exposes their affair, causing a scene. Adelaide expresses no remorse, prompting Oreste to beat her, and she is hospitalised for the second time.
Adelaide undergoes psychoanalysis to discuss her obsession with both Oreste and Nello. Overcome with guilt, she attempts suicide by inhaling gas and is rushed to the hospital for the third time. Still unable to choose between Oreste and Nello, Adelaide proposes a threesome, but the men end up fighting and she abandons both of them. On the advice of her older sister Silvana, a prostitute, Adelaide begins a relationship with a wealthy and crude butcher, Ambleto, for the purpose of marriage, but she eventually leaves him to reconcile with Nello, who has attempted suicide because of her.
In a desperate attempt to win Adelaide back, Oreste, who is now unemployed, pleads with a Gypsy couple to cast a love spell, to no avail. Shortly after their wedding, Adelaide and Nello drive by Oreste as he sleeps in a street market. Nello stops to talk to Oreste, who becomes angry when he realises that Adelaide and Nello have married without telling him. The newlyweds attempt to drive off, but the car will not start. Oreste pulls Nello out of the car and beats him with a stick. To defend himself, Nello attacks Oreste with a pair of shears. In the ensuing chaos, Oreste grabs hold of the shears and inadvertently stabs Adelaide. As she dies, she declares that she loves Oreste more.
Using the insanity defense, Oreste is sentenced to five years in prison and two years in an insane asylum. After serving his sentence, he wanders around the city and, now completely out of his mind, engages in imaginary conversations with his beloved Adelaide, convinced that he will always have her by his side.
## Cast
`{{Cast listing|
* [[Marcello Mastroianni]] as Oreste Nardi
* [[Monica Vitti]] as Adelaide Ciafrocchi
* [[Giancarlo Giannini]] as Nello Serafini
* [[Manuel Zarzo]] (credited as Manolo Zarzo) as Ughetto
* [[Marisa Merlini]] as Silvana Ciafrocchi
* [[Hercules Cortez]] as Ambleto Di Meo
* [[Fernando Sánchez Polack]] as district head of Communist Party
* Gioia Desideri as Adelaide's friend
* [[Juan Diego (actor)|Juan Diego]] as Antonia's son
* [[Bruno Scipioni]] as pizza maker
* {{ill|Josefina Serratosa|es}} as Antonia
* {{ill|Giuseppe Maffioli|it}} as lawyer
* [[Corrado Gaipa]] as judge
* Paola Natale as flower seller
* {{ill|Brizio Montinaro|it}} as restaurant night guard
* [[Nerina Montagnani]] as Adelaide's old colleague
}}`{=mediawiki}
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# The Pizza Triangle
## Accolades
Marcello Mastroianni won the Best Actor award at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival
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# Cimade
The **Cimade** is a French NGO founded at the beginning of the World War II by French Protestant student groups, in particular the Christian activist and member of the French Resistance Madeleine Barot, to give assistance and support to people uprooted by war, in the first instance those who were evacuated from the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine located on the border with Germany. Under German occupation, the Cimade continued its operations, working with refugees, many of whom were Jewish, who, having fled from Germany and other war affected European countries, were interned in Southern France. Later they were active in underground work that provided protection for Jews in France. Today, they continue their work with uprooted people, especially undocumented immigrants in France.
## History
### Beginnings
In 1939, many French citizens from Alsace and Lorraine, mainly Protestants, were evacuated away from the border with Germany to Southwestern France. In October 1939 several Protestant youth movements set up the *Comité inter-mouvements auprès des évacués* (Cimade), whose main function was to set up teams that would live among and assist the displaced in the camps.
### Wartime
After the German invasion in 1940, the focus changed to working with the many refugees from the rest of Europe who were interned by the French government in camps in Southern France. Pressure by Cimade officials on the government resulted in permission for the team members to live as well as work in the camps.
In 1942 deportations of Jews to Germany (and beyond) greatly accelerated and Cimade teams in many cases went underground, working closely with local Protestant parishes to hide Jews and finally to smuggle them toward Spain and particularly Switzerland where the Cimade worked closely with the developing ecumenical movement which became the World Council of Churches in 1948.
### Liberation
After the war, Cimade teams were deeply involved in working with displaced populations in France. Temporary housing units were donated by the Swiss churches and many volunteers from other countries joined the teams as "fraternal workers" to work on reconstruction and resettlement efforts. Later Cimade teams were involved in reconciliation projects with Germans, notably in Berlin, Bonn, Mainz, and Ludwigshafen.
## Present activities {#present_activities}
Having developed a vocation of working with displaced populations, the Cimade was prepared for the waves of uprooted people who came from Eastern Europe, and North Africa in the first instance, later from Latin America, the Caribbean and Southeast Asia. Today, the flow continues with the new immigrants arriving from Africa and the Middle East. They are the lead agency recognized by French law working with undocumented immigrants (however their unique role has been challenged by the current French Immigration and National Identity minister, Éric Besson, with the result that a number of other organisations have now been authorised to offer services to illegal immigrants held in the expanded network of detention centres). The Cimade have been active advocates by participating in the legal defence of foreigners and migrant workers, and combatting discrimination and racism.
While the major focus of Cimade\'s work has been within Metropolitan France, teams were also active in foreign countries i.e. in Algeria (both during and after the Algerian war for independence), Senegal, and Rwanda (after the genocide).
## Ethos
Perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of Cimade\'s work is the commitment to show active solidarity with refugees, migrants, and oppressed people by being "present" (fr. *présence*) with them, that is by living among the communities and sharing their daily lives as well as providing assistance. This was a distinctive practice already in the internment camps of the Second World War. Such a *présence*has led directly to an emphasis on enabling those affected by displacement rather than just delivering assistance to them.
While the Cimade was founded by religious movements and works closely with church organizations, it is essentially a secular organization that respects the beliefs of the people with whom it works and does not engage in proselytism. The organization has tended to define itself by the actions of its teams (which have been composed of people of varying beliefs) rather than their motivations or theologies
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# Discrete phase-type distribution
The **discrete phase-type distribution** is a probability distribution that results from a system of one or more inter-related geometric distributions occurring in sequence, or phases. The sequence in which each of the phases occur may itself be a stochastic process. The distribution can be represented by a random variable describing the time until absorption of an absorbing Markov chain with one absorbing state. Each of the states of the Markov chain represents one of the phases.
It has continuous time equivalent in the **phase-type distribution**.
## Definition
A **terminating Markov chain** is a Markov chain where all states are transient, except one which is absorbing. Reordering the states, the transition probability matrix of a terminating Markov chain with $m$ transient states is
$${P}=\left[\begin{matrix}{T}&\mathbf{T}^0\\\mathbf{0}^\mathsf{T}&1\end{matrix}\right],$$
where ${T}$ is a $m\times m$ matrix, $\mathbf{T}^0$ and $\mathbf{0}$ are column vectors with $m$ entries, and $\mathbf{T}^0+{T}\mathbf{1}=\mathbf{1}$. The transition matrix is characterized entirely by its upper-left block ${T}$.
**Definition.** A distribution on $\{0,1,2,...\}$ is a discrete phase-type distribution if it is the distribution of the first passage time to the absorbing state of a terminating Markov chain with finitely many states.
## Characterization
Fix a terminating Markov chain. Denote ${T}$ the upper-left block of its transition matrix and $\tau$ the initial distribution. The distribution of the first time to the absorbing state is denoted $\mathrm{PH}_{d}(\boldsymbol{\tau},{T})$ or $\mathrm{DPH}(\boldsymbol{\tau},{T})$.
Its cumulative distribution function is
$$F(k)=1-\boldsymbol{\tau}{T}^{k}\mathbf{1},$$
for $k=1,2,...$, and its density function is
$$f(k)=\boldsymbol{\tau}{T}^{k-1}\mathbf{T^{0}},$$
for $k=1,2,...$. It is assumed the probability of process starting in the absorbing state is zero. The factorial moments of the distribution function are given by,
$$E[K(K-1)...(K-n+1)]=n!\boldsymbol{\tau}(I-{T})^{-n}{T}^{n-1}\mathbf{1},$$
where $I$ is the appropriate dimension identity matrix.
## Special cases {#special_cases}
Just as the continuous time distribution is a generalisation of the exponential distribution, the discrete time distribution is a generalisation of the geometric distribution, for example:
- Degenerate distribution, point mass at zero or the **empty phase-type distribution** -- 0 phases.
- Geometric distribution -- 1 phase.
- Negative binomial distribution -- 2 or more identical phases in sequence.
- Mixed Geometric distribution -- 2 or more non-identical phases, that each have a probability of occurring in a mutually exclusive, or parallel, manner. This is the discrete analogue of the Hyperexponential distribution, but it is not called the Hypergeometric distribution, since that name is in use for an entirely different type of discrete distribution
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# Clifton Observatory
**Clifton Observatory** (`{{gbmapping|ST564733}}`{=mediawiki}) is a former mill, now used as an observatory, located on Clifton Down, close to the Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England.
## History
The building was erected, with the permission of the Society of Merchant Venturers, as a windmill for corn in 1766 and later converted to the grinding of snuff, when it became known as \'The Snuff Mill\'. This was damaged by fire on 30 October 1777, when the sails were left turning during a gale and caused the equipment to catch alight. It was then derelict for 52 years until in 1828 William West, an artist, rented the old mill, for 5 shillings (25p) a year, as a studio.
By 1842, West had converted the building into an observatory incorporating reflecting and achromatic telescopes and a camera obscura, charging one shilling for visitors or an annual membership of 10s. 6d.
In 1977, the Merchant Venturers sold the observatory to Honorbrook Inns; however, they were obliged to maintain public access to the camera obscura whose ownership was retained by the Merchant Venturers.
It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II\* listed building and is on the Buildings at Risk Register. In February 2015 the Observatory was bought by Ian Johnson, a local Clifton-born entrepreneur, who also owns the Clifton Rocks Railway and the [Wellhead cocktail bar](https://www.wellheadbristol.com/).
## Camera obscura {#camera_obscura}
West installed telescopes and a camera obscura, which were used by artists of the Bristol School to draw the Avon Gorge and Leigh Woods on the opposite side. Many examples of these paintings can be seen in Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery. The pictures which originated from images within the camera obscura he called \'photogenic drawing\' and were based on the work of William Fox Talbot.
A 5 in convex lens and sloping mirror were installed on the top of the tower; these project the panoramic view vertically downward into the darkened room below. Visitors view the true image (not a mirror image) on a fixed circular table 5 ft in diameter, with a concave metal surface, and turn the mirror by hand to change the direction of view. It has been placed on the top of Clifton Tower since 1828.
## Cave
West also built a tunnel from the Observatory to St Vincent\'s Cave (also known as Ghyston\'s Cave or Giants\' Cave), which opens onto St Vincent\'s Rocks on the cliff face, 250 ft above the floor of the Avon gorge and 90 ft below the cliff top. The tunnel, which is 200 ft long, took two years to build at a cost of £1300, and first opened to the public in 1837.
This cave was first mentioned as being a chapel in the year AD 305 and excavations, in which Romano-British pottery has been found, have revealed that it has been both a holy place and a place of refuge at various times in its history. Although the cave is in limestone, there are few formations in the natural passages
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# Oakland Skates
The **Oakland Skates** were a professional roller hockey team and were a member team in Roller Hockey International (RHI) from 1993 through 1996. In 1993 the Skates were a finalist for the RHI league championship, named the Murphy Cup, for one of the league founders, Dennis Murphy, losing to the Anaheim Bullfrogs. After two mediocre seasons in 1994 and 1995 the Skates returned to the playoffs in 1996 losing to the Vancouver Voodoo.
The Skates played their home games in Oakland, California at the Oakland--Alameda County Coliseum Arena from 1993 until 1995, until having to move to the Henry J. Kaiser Arena in 1996 due to the remodeling of the Oakland--Alameda County Coliseum arena (now called Oakland Arena) for the Golden State Warriors. Skates majority owner Murray Simkin was unwilling to keep the Skates in their temporary home (which opened in 1914) for another season, waiting for the arena remodeling to finish and went on league \"hiatus\" status after the 1996 season. The team never returned to play.
The Skates qualified for the playoffs for the Murphy Cup in 1993 making it to the finals by beating St. Louis and Calgary before being swept by Anaheim in a two-game series, losing the final by a 9-4 score. In 1994 they didn\'t make the playoffs in the expanded league of 24 teams. The 1995 season saw a contraction of the league to 18 teams with the Skates finishing 2nd in their division (with a record of 10-10-4 after a 1-6 start) and qualifying for the playoff again but losing in the first round to the Vancouver VooDoo by a score of 10-4. Their cross bay rivals the San Jose Rhino\'s ended up winning the title against Montreal. In 1996, the team made it to the playoffs, but were knocked off by Vancouver for a second consecutive season, losing by a score of 12-3
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# DFS 331
After the success of the 1940 airborne assaults involving the DFS 230, the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM/German Aviation Ministry) invited the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug/DFS and Gotha to submit plans for a larger capacity glider. The result was the **DFS 231**, a twenty-seat troop designed by Hans Jacobs, who had previously produced the successful, nine seat DFS 230.
The visibility from the cockpit was good, with the entire nose being glazed, and the body was very wide, allowing it to carry light Flak guns and small military vehicles. A single prototype, the V1, was built and flown in 1941. The best glide ratio, at fully loaded weight, was 17.5. The project was passed over in favour of the Gotha Go 242
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# Agony in Paradise
***Agony in Paradise*** is a live album from the American death metal band Possessed. The recording took place on January 26, 1987, in Parma, Ohio. It was released by Agonia Records in 2004
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# Stratford on Avon and Broadway Railway
The **Stratford on Avon and Broadway Railway** project (**SBR**) was an English railway project whose aim was to re-open the closed railway line from `{{stnlnk|Stratford-upon-Avon}}`{=mediawiki}, Warwickshire to Honeybourne railway station, Worcestershire for main-line re-connection.
A later extension was planned to Broadway, Worcestershire where the line could link up with the proposed northern extension of the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway.
The railway operated at the former Long Marston Ministry of Defence depot. The railway operated at the north west corner of the site which is now the location of the proposed new Middle Quinton Eco-town.
## Activities
A short section of track remains as a freight-only line from Honeybourne to Long Marston and initial efforts were concentrated on this. A newsletter for members was published under the title *The Shakespeare Express*.
The SBR project was run by the **Stratford on Avon and Broadway Railway Society (1999) Limited** (SBRS) and the Society had locomotives and rolling stock stored at the former Ministry of Defence depot at Long Marston. The site was not generally open to the public but there were occasional open days. The site was also visited by railtours.
## Dissolution
On 14 February 2010 the *Stratford on Avon and Broadway Railway Society (1999) Limited* was dissolved because \"\...with little chance of opening the line between Stratford and Honeybourne within the next 10 years and the fewer volunteers, we only had two choices: find a new home or sell the stock\".
It was envisaged that the rolling stock would be moved to the Berkeley Vale Railway which plans to use the Sharpness Branch Line. The Vale of Berkeley Railway eventually moved into the old engine shed at Sharpness Docks in August 2015. Some of the stock was sold and the remainder will be loaned to other railway societies. The Somerset & Dorset Railway Heritage Trust took delivery of two ex-Navy goods vans and a two-car diesel multiple unit on loan in October/November 2011.`{{failed verification|date=February 2016}}`{=mediawiki} As of January 2016 the railway has some 80 members and has moved some of the assets to their new engineering base.
## Locomotives
SBR locomotives
### Steam
- Hawthorn Leslie and Company 0-4-0ST, works no. 2800, *Met*
- Hawthorn Leslie and Company 0-4-0ST, works no. 3718, *Swanscombe No.4*
- Peckett and Sons 0-4-0ST, works no. 1903, *LITTLE LADY*
- Barclay 0-4-0ST, works no. 2220, *Invicta No.8*
### Diesel
- Barclay 0-4-0DM, works no. 362, *Mulberry 70047*
- Fowler 0-4-0DM, works no. 4220022, *ROF Chorley No.4*
The Long Marston site is also used for the storage of surplus main line locomotives and rolling stock which do not form part of the SBR fleet
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# Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur les Mouvements Trotskyste et Révolutionnaires Internationaux
The **Centre d\'Etudes et de Recherches sur les Mouvements Trotskyste et Révolutionnaires Internationaux** or **Centre for Study and Research on the International Trotskyist and Revolutionary Movements** (CERMTRI) is an archive of primarily Trotskyist material in Paris, France. Its origin lies with the documentation of the OCI and its members but it has grown to include other historical publications, documents and archives as well
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# La Madeleine-sur-Loing
**La Madeleine-sur-Loing** (`{{IPA|fr|la madlɛn syʁ lwɛ̃|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Xenophôn-La Madeleine-sur-Loing.wav}}`{=mediawiki}, literally *La Madeleine on Loing*) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
## Demographics
Inhabitants are called *Magdaléniens*
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# 13th Hong Kong Film Awards
The **13th Hong Kong Awards** ceremony, honored the best films of 1993 and took place on 22 April 1994 at Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. The ceremony was hosted by Lydia Shum and John Sham, during the ceremony awards are presented in 17 categories.
## Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in **boldface**, and indicated with a double dagger (`{{double-dagger}}`{=mediawiki})
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# Windows Mobile Device Center
**Windows Mobile Device Center** is a synchronization software program developed by Microsoft, and the successor to ActiveSync. It is designed to synchronize various content including music, video, contacts, calendar events, web browser favorites, and other files between Windows Mobile devices and the Microsoft Windows operating system.
## History
Windows Mobile Device Center was written as a successor to the ActiveSync program that was previously used to synchronize Windows CE based devices with Windows operating systems prior to Windows Vista. The first public release was available in October 2006 as a beta version meant for use with Windows Vista RC1. In February 2007, the first official release was made available for download, and in June 2007, Windows Mobile Device Center was updated to work with the Windows Mobile 6 operating system. With the release of Windows Mobile Device Center, Pocket PC 2000 and Pocket PC 2002 operating systems were effectively phased out of full native support with Windows Vista. However, basic connectivity became available for these devices with the 6.1 version release.
Other versions of Windows, such as Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 can also be WMDC enabled.
## Features
While Windows Vista has a base driver built-in to interface with Windows Mobile devices in Windows Explorer, Windows Mobile Device Center offers a front-end for users to integrate their data in multiple Windows applications.
The base driver in Windows Vista allows browsing the device, copying files and syncing with Windows Media Player. For complete functionality including synchronization of tasks, calendar data, contacts, email etc. with Microsoft Office Outlook, Windows Mobile Device Center needs to be downloaded, which includes the additional drivers as well. Synchronization with Windows Mail, Windows Calendar, Windows Contacts, Outlook Express, Outlook 2010 x64 and any version of Outlook prior to Outlook 2003 is not supported. Whenever a Windows Mobile device is connected, the *Mobile Device Center* pane pops up giving options to manage media and other files on the device, as well as control their settings.
Ways to interface Windows Mobile devices with Windows Mobile Device Center include Bluetooth, USB, and for legacy purposes, Serial. However, synchronizing via the serial port is not activated by default, and it is required that the user alters the Windows Registry to do so.
Visual Studio 2005 and 2008 came with Remote Tools, that could be used to edit the registry of a tethered mobile device, and view the running processes. These Remote Tools utilised the ActiveSync Service, part of Windows Mobile Device Center
Windows Mobile Device Center 6.1 had the ability to synchronize the following:
- PIM information with Microsoft Outlook 2003 and later
- Photos with Windows Photo Gallery
- Videos with Windows Media Player
- Music with Windows Media Player
- Tasks and Calendar Events, Synced to Microsoft Outlook 2007
- Favorites with Internet Explorer
- Folders/General files with Windows Explorer
- OneNote Notes taken with OneNote Mobile
- Windows Mobile programs and version updates
## Major version releases {#major_version_releases}
- **Windows Mobile Device Center Beta 3**, released on October 6, 2006. (First public release)
- **Windows Mobile Device Center 6.0**, released on February 1, 2007. (First official release, Outlook 2002 supported.)
- **Windows Mobile Device Center 6.1**, released in June 2007. (Added support for Windows Mobile 6 devices, added Windows 7 support, removed Outlook 2002 support
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# Magny-le-Hongre
**Magny-le-Hongre** (`{{IPA|fr|maɲi lə ɔ̃ɡʁ|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Xenophôn-Magny-le-Hongre.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is part of Val d\'Europe Agglomération together with the communes of Bailly-Romainvilliers, Chessy, Coupvray and Serris.
## Demographics
Inhabitants are called *Hongrémaniens* in French. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
## Education
There are four groups of preschools and elementary schools in Magny: Charles Fauvet, Éric Tabarly, Les Semailles, and Simone Veil. The commune has one junior high school, Collège Jacqueline de Romilly.
The area high school/sixth-form college is Lycée Emilie du Châtelet in Serris
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# Roya (river)
The **Roya** (French, `{{IPA|fr|ʁwaja||}}`{=mediawiki}), **Roia** (Italian), or **Ròia** (Brigasc, Occitan) is a river of France and Italy, discharging into the Ligurian Sea. It is 59 km long, of which 40.1 km in France. Its drainage basin is about 660 km2, of which 601 km2 in France.
## River course {#river_course}
The river rises in French territory near the Col de Tende and flows through the Mercantour National Park. The river passes through the communes of Tende, Saorge, Breil-sur-Roya, La Brigue, before entering Italy in the commune of Olivetta San Michele. The remainder of its course remains within the province of Imperia and, after crossing Airole the river enters the sea at Ventimiglia.
Its main tributaries are the Lévensa, the Bévéra, the Bendola, the Réfréi and the Maglia
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# Maincy
**Maincy** (`{{IPA|fr|mɛ̃si|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Xenophôn-Maincy.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
The chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte is located in the commune.
## Demographics
Inhabitants are called *Maincéens*
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# Otto Thiel
**Otto Thiel** (23 November 1891 -- 10 July 1913) was a German amateur footballer who played as a forward and competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the German Olympic squad and played one match in the consolation tournament
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# Reginald Croom-Johnson
**Sir Reginald Powell Croom-Johnson** (27 July 1879 -- 29 December 1957) was a British barrister, judge, and Conservative Member of Parliament for Bridgwater. He was a noted philatelist with a specialist collection of the stamps of the British Solomon Islands.
## Biography
Reginald Croom-Johnson was born at Clifton, Bristol, on 27 July 1879 to Oliver Croom-Johnson (1854--1925), of 36, St John\'s Road, Clifton, a director of a grain warehousing company, and his wife Agnes Emma Jane (née White). He was educated at Bristol Cathedral School and London University (LLB).
Croom-Johnson began his career as a solicitor in 1901. He was called to the bar, Inner Temple, in 1907 and appointed Kings Counsel in 1927. He was recorder of Bath 1928--38. From October 1938 to January 1954, he was a judge in the King\'s Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. Later, he was a justice of the peace for Somerset and deputy chairman of the Quarter Sessions.
During the First World War he assisted in raising the Old Boys\' Corps. He was a lieutenant in the King\'s Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and subsequently attached to the Judge Advocate-General\'s Department for special services in connection with the Mesopotamia Commission.
In 1929, he was elected the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Bridgwater. In 1938, he resigned his seat after being appointed a justice of the High Court. His resignation precipitated the 1938 Bridgwater by-election.
Croom-Johnson died at age 78 at his home, Hillbrook House, at Trull, near Taunton, Somerset, on 29 December 1957.
## Family
He married Ruby Ernestine, daughter of Edwin Ernest Hobbs, in 1909; they had three sons, the second of whom, Oliver Powell Croom-Johnson, was killed on active service in 1940, the youngest son being Sir David Powell Croom-Johnson (1914-2000), who served as a Lord Justice of Appeal from 1984 to 1989.
## Other activities {#other_activities}
Croom-Johnson was a noted philatelist with a specialised collection of the stamps of the British Solomon Islands and wrote a book on that subject that was published in 1927. He also wrote a hobby guide to stamp collecting. While still a junior barrister, he represented Jonas Lek in 1926 in his claim against his insurers for items lost from a valuable stamp collection.
Croom-Johnson was the chairman of the original committee for the foundation of Stowe School and wrote a book about its origins that was published in 1953. He was a member of the Carlton and Garrick clubs. He was a member of the council of the Men of the Trees.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- *Postage-Stamp Collecting \... Illustrated*. Bazaar, Exchange & Mart, London, 1923.
- *Stamps of the British Solomon Islands (les timbres-poste des Iles Salomon)*. Editrice Filatelica (Collana di Pubblicazioni Filateliche 16), Turin, 1928.
- *The origin of Stowe School*. W.S. Cowell, Ipswich & London, 1953
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# 2005 SAFF Gold Cup
The **2005 SAFF Gold Cup** was the sixth edition of **SAFF Gold Cup**. It was the second time the competition was held in Pakistan. All matches were held at the People\'s Football Stadium in Karachi. The tournament started on 7 December and ended on 17 December.
India won their fourth title after defeating Bangladesh 2--0 in the finals. Both sides contested the finals in the 1999 edition with India coming out victorious with the same result and Bhaichung Bhutia scored in that finals as well.
Ahmed Thariq, Ali Ashfaq and Ibrahim Fazeel of Maldives were the top-scorers of the tournament, all scoring three goals each.
## Participating teams {#participating_teams}
+---------+------------+----------------------------------+---------------+
| Country | Appearance | Previous best performance | FIFA ranking\ |
| | | | Dec 2005 |
+=========+============+==================================+===============+
| (Host) | 6th | Third-place 1997 | 168 |
+---------+------------+----------------------------------+---------------+
| | 2nd | Group stage (2003) | 198 |
+---------+------------+----------------------------------+---------------+
| | 5th | **Champions** (2003) | 170 |
+---------+------------+----------------------------------+---------------+
| | 2nd | Group stage (2003) | 189 |
+---------+------------+----------------------------------+---------------+
| | 6th | **Champions** (1993, 1997, 1999) | 135 |
+---------+------------+----------------------------------+---------------+
| | 4th | Runners-up (1997, 2003) | 147 |
+---------+------------+----------------------------------+---------------+
| | 6th | Third-place (1993) | 181 |
+---------+------------+----------------------------------+---------------+
| | 6th | **Champions** (1995) | 144 |
+---------+------------+----------------------------------+---------------+
## Squads
## Venue
The tournament was held at the People\'s Football Stadium in Karachi.
Karachi
---------------------------- --
People\'s Football Stadium
Capacity: **40,000**
## Group stage {#group_stage}
### Group A {#group_a}
{{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|update=complete \|source=[RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/saffgold05.html)
\|team1=MAL \|team2=PAK \|team3=AFG \|team4=SRI \|result1=KO \|result2=KO
\|win_MAL=2 \|draw_MAL=1 \|loss_MAL=0 \|gf_MAL=11 \|ga_MAL=1 \|win_PAK=2 \|draw_PAK=1 \|loss_PAK=0 \|gf_PAK=2 \|ga_PAK=0 \|status_PAK=H \|win_AFG=1 \|draw_AFG=0 \|loss_AFG=2 \|gf_AFG=3 \|ga_AFG=11 \|win_SRI=0 \|draw_SRI=0 \|loss_SRI=3 \|gf_SRI=1 \|ga_SRI=5
\|name_MAL=`{{fb|Maldives}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_PAK=`{{fb|PAK}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_AFG=`{{fb|AFG|2004}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_SRI=`{{fb|SRI}}`{=mediawiki}
\|res_col_header=Q \|col_KO=green1 \|text_KO=Advance to knockout phase }} `{{footballbox
| date = 7 December 2005
| team1 = {{fb-rt|PAK}}
| score = 1–0
| report = http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/saffgold05.html
| team2 = {{fb|SRI}}
| goals1 = [[Imran Hussain (footballer)|Hussain]] {{goal|38}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Peoples Football Stadium]]
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{footballbox
| date = 7 December 2005
| team1 = {{fb-rt|Maldives}}
| score = 9–1
| report = http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/saffgold05.html
| team2 = {{fb|AFG|2004}}
| goals1 = [[Umar Ali|Ali]] {{goal|11}}<br/>[[Ibrahim Fazeel|Fazeel]] {{goal|27||45+2||60}}<br/>[[Ali Ashfaq|Ashfaq]] {{goal|32||88}}<br/>[[Ahmed Thariq|Thariq]] {{goal|45+3||46||86}}
| goals2 = [[Sayed Maqsood|Maqsood]] {{goal|39}}
| stadium = [[Peoples Football Stadium]]
| location = [[Karachi]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Group B {#group_b}
{{#invoke:Sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|update=complete \|source=[RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/saffgold05.html)
\|team1=BAN \|team2=IND \|team3=NEP \|team4=BHU \|result1=KO \|result2=KO
\|win_BAN=2 \|draw_BAN=1 \|loss_BAN=0 \|gf_BAN=6 \|ga_BAN=1 \|win_IND=2 \|draw_IND=1 \|loss_IND=0 \|gf_IND=6 \|ga_IND=2 \|win_NEP=1 \|draw_NEP=0 \|loss_NEP=2 \|gf_NEP=4 \|ga_NEP=5 \|win_BHU=0 \|draw_BHU=0 \|loss_BHU=3 \|gf_BHU=1 \|ga_BHU=9
\|name_BAN=`{{fb|BAN}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_IND=`{{fb|IND}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_NEP=`{{fb|NEP}}`{=mediawiki} \|name_BHU=`{{fb|BHU}}`{=mediawiki}
\|res_col_header=Q \|col_KO=green1 \|text_KO=Advance to knockout phase }}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Knockout phase {#knockout_phase}
### Bracket
{{#invoke:RoundN\|N4 \|style=white-space:nowrap\|widescore=yes\|bold_winner=high\|3rdplace=no\|color=yes \|RD1=Semi-finals \|RD2=Final \|14 Dec -- Islamabad\|`{{fb|MDV}}`{=mediawiki}\|0\|`{{fb|IND}}`{=mediawiki}\|1 \|14 Dec -- Islamabad\|`{{fb|BAN}}`{=mediawiki}\|1\|`{{fb|PAK}}`{=mediawiki}\|0 \|17 Dec -- Islamabad\|`{{fb|IND}}`{=mediawiki} \|2\|`{{fb|BAN}}`{=mediawiki}\|0 }}
### Semi-finals {#semi_finals}
### Final
## Statistics
### Goalscorers
3 goals
- Ali Ashfaq
- Ahmed Thariq
- Ibrahim Fazeel
2 goals
- Ariful Kabir Farhad
- Jahid Hasan Ameli
- Rokonuzzaman Kanchan
- Bhaichung Bhutia
- Mehtab Hossain
- Umar Ali
- Basanta Thapa
1 goal
- Sayed Maqsood
- Hafizullah Qadami
- Abdul Maroof Gullestani
- Mohammed Sujan
- Bikash Pradhan
- Abdul Hakim
- Climax Lawrence
- Mahesh Gawli
- Mehrajuddin Wadoo
- N.S. Manju
- Bijaya Gurung
- Surendra Tamang
- Imran Hussain
- Muhammad Essa
- G.P.C
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# Live Recordings from the Louisiana Hayride
***Live Recordings from the Louisiana Hayride*** is a compilation album credited to Johnny Cash and June Carter featuring live musical and comedy performances primarily by Carter, along with additional performances in duet with her future husband, Cash, dating from the early 1960s on the *Louisiana Hayride* radio program.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Thirty Days\"
2. \"Big Iron\"
3. \"Elvis Story & Poem\"
4. \"Gotta Travel On\"
5. \"He Don\'t Love Me Anymore\"
6. \"Bury Me Under the Weeping Willow\"
7. \"Poetry & Comedy Routine\"
8. \"Wildwood Flower\"
9. \"Where No One Stands Alone\"
10. \"Worried Man Blues\"
11. \"Poor \'Ol Heartsick Me\"
12. \"John Henry\"
13. \"The Heel\"
14. \"It Ain\'t Me, Babe\"
- With Johnny Cash
15
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# Camillo Ugi
**Camillo Ugi** (21 December 1884 -- 9 May 1970) was a German footballer who played as a forward, competing in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In the main he played for his hometown club VfB Leipzig with which he won a national championship, but had numerous stints with other clubs in three countries on two continents.
## Football career {#football_career}
Between 1908 and 1912 Ugi was called up 15 times to play for Germany during his time with VfB Leipzig, Vereinigte Breslauer Sportfreunde in today\'s Wrocław and FSV Frankfurt and captained the team on nine occasions. He scored one goal. Ugi was a member of the German Olympic squad 1912. The midfielder also was part of the side that defeated Russia in the consolation tournament 16--0, which still is the record win for Germany.
Ugi started participating in the German gymnastics movement aged 14, but soon found interest in the then new game of football. In 1902 he joined *Leipziger Ballspielclub 1893*, one of the first football clubs in Leipzig. In 1905 the trained electrical mechanic, specialising in cinema equipment, was lured by career prospects to join *Sport Club Germânia*, today\'s EC Pinheiros in São Paulo, Brazil. After a few months he returned to Germany, as his language skills proved insufficient to meet his vocational ambitions.
Back in Germany he joined VfB Leipzig for the first time, a club he should be with for the majority of his years, albeit with several interruptions. He won with the VfB the German Championship of 1906, which should remain his sole title. With the VfB he reached another championship final in 1911, losing it to Viktoria Berlin. In his long career he played amongst others also for Dresdner SC, FSV Frankfurt, Vereinigte Breslauer Sportfreunde. In 1911 he played briefly for the now extinct club Stade Helvétique Marseille in France, where he was taken aback by the conditions; a wooden cabin to change was all on offer. Often he changed clubs in order to follow career prospects. He ended his playing career in the mid-1920s in Leipzig.
## Life after football {#life_after_football}
After this his attempts to attain paid positions as coach or sports teacher remained unsuccessful. On the other side, with the cinematographic equipment manufacturer he worked, her swiftly obtained promotion to operations manager. After World War II he worked for a medical equipment manufacturer in the then East Germany. Ugi, who married in 1921 had three daughters. Already in the early 1950s he suffered a heart attack. After retirement in 1954 he continued to attend matches of 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, the successor to VfB after the war, and eagerly followed the matches of both German national sides.
He died in Markkleeberg in 9 May 1970, aged 85
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# Loughborough Canal Festival
The **Loughborough Canal and Boat Festival** was an annual event that was held in Loughborough, England, every year from 1997 to 2014, every year since except for 2001 due to that year\'s foot and mouth crisis.
The Canal and Boat festival was started as part of a campaign by the *Loughborough Echo* in 1997 to draw attention to redevelopment plans which would have involved the infilling of part of the Canal System. The plans by Charnwood Borough Council were subsequently abandoned.
The festival was centred on a location known as Chain Bridge in Loughborough. This point is the intersection of the Loughborough Navigation, the Leicester Navigation and Loughborough Wharf of the Grand Union Canal.
The fair typically ran for the first weekend in May of each year and attracted boaters from around the country, many arriving a week earlier to secure moorings. During the weekend there were various stalls providing food, drink, music, entertainment and demonstrations. On the Saturday night the boats were illuminated.
The festival was the largest to be held in the Midlands with approximately 10,000 people attending
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# Bible Society Australia
**Bible Society Australia** is an Australian non-profit, non-denominational, Christian organisation. It is part of a worldwide network of Bible Societies. Bible Society Australia maintains that the Bible is a significant historic text which has deeply influenced society and culture and is still relevant today. The organisation is involved in translating, publishing, and distributing the Christian Bible, from print, to audio, to digital versions. Bible Society Australia is also involved in Bible advocacy, the publication of Bible reading materials, and the provision of literacy support, both in Australia and overseas.
## History
The Bible Society is the oldest continually operating organisation in Australia. The Bible Society of Australia was inaugurated at the instigation of Governor Lachlan Macquarie in Sydney on 7 March 1817. Moved by a scarcity of Scriptures in the new colony, Lady Elizabeth Macquarie influenced her husband to form an Auxiliary Bible Society in New South Wales. Governor Lachlan Macquarie called a meeting of \"the Magistrates, Clergymen and other inhabitants of Sydney.\" In a packed court-house, the leading citizens of Sydney established the New South Wales Auxiliary of the British and Foreign Bible Society, as the Bible Society was then known. One of the first acts of the new Auxiliary was to establish a Scripture depository after the discovery that \"more than one-third of the dwellings, and nearly three-fifths of the inhabitants who can read, are without a Bible\". In the first two years, nearly 3000 Scriptures were distributed. The first new translation published in Australia was a selection of Scripture passages in the Maori language in 1827.
The formal establishment of Bible Society Auxiliaries in each colony occurred between 1817 and 1884. Each Auxiliary operated autonomously in the early days. The Auxiliary Bible Society of Van Diemen\'s Land (Tasmania) began in 1819. In Melbourne, \'The Auxiliary Bible Society of Australia Felix\' was formed in 1840, eleven years before Victoria officially became a colony. Likewise, an Auxiliary was formed in Queensland at Moreton Bay in 1855, while Queensland was still part of NSW.
South Australia opened an Auxiliary in 1845, and later published the first printed Scriptures in an indigenous language, after George Taplin completed his translation of Scripture selections into Narrinyeri (Ngarrindjeri) in 1864. An Auxiliary opened in Western Australia in 1884, soon responding to a huge rise in population due to the Gold Rush.
The French term, \'colporteur\' was used by the Bible Society worldwide to describe its individual Bible distributors. Bible Society \'colporteurs\' were once found in every corner of Australia, distributing Bibles on foot, horse and cart, and later, bicycles. In the 1800s, colporteurs visited diggers in the goldfields and axemen\'s remote timber camps. The last of Australia\'s colporteurs, Rev Harry Cottrell-Dormer, was appointed in 1956. He was allotted half of Australia, an area of four million square kilometres. \"My parish,\" said Harry, \"is the Aborigines, the stockmen, the miners, the prospectors, the oilrig crews, the road gangs, the shearers, the fencers, the fettlers and the dam sinkers -- all who inhabit the lonely places.\"
In 1887, the Bible Societies gave a Penny Testament to every schoolchild in Australia to mark the diamond jubilee of the reign of Queen Victoria. During the 1870s and 80s Bibles were also placed by the beds of every hospital in Australia, every prison cell and in every hotel room.
There was a growing recognition of the need to unify the work nationally and in 1908 the first conference of State Secretaries met. In 1925, a National Council was formed which met annually.
During both World Wars the famous khaki New Testament was issued to members of the Australian Army. Likewise the New Testament was issued in two different blues to the Navy and Air Force.
The Bibleman show commenced on radio station 2CH in the 1930s.
In 1957, building operations started on the site of the Memorial Bible House in Canberra, what was to become the national headquarters of the Society in Australia. The National Headquarters were officially opened on 13 February 1960. The land was donated by the Commonwealth of Australia and the building was opened by the Hon. Robert Menzies, Prime Minister of Australia.
The year 1961 marked the 350th anniversary of the Authorised King James Version of the Bible and the publication of the New Testament of the New English Bible. Hundreds of thanksgiving services and celebrations were held across Australia and radio and television was used to promote \'Bible Year\'.
A 1967 Australia Post stamp commemorated 150 years of the British and Foreign Bible Society.
A special commissioning service was held in August 1968 for Bible Society\'s Flying Bibleman, Trevor Booth, who saw the need for an itinerant ministry to serve the remote communities in Western Australia. Flying Bibleman was renamed Flying Bible Ministries in 2013 and continues to distribute Bibles and Scripture resources by plane to an area of over three million square kilometres.
In 2010, the Bible Societies of Australia in each state merged into a single organisation, Bible Society Australia with Greg Clarke named CEO.
In September 2014, Bible Society Australia celebrated the 150th Anniversary of the first Scriptures published in an Aboriginal language, the Ngarrindjeri language of South Australia. Bible Society CEO Greg J Clarke read from the 1864 minutes of the British And Foreign Bible Society South Australian Auxiliary that resolved to print the Bible in Aboriginal languages.
In 2015, the organisation commemorated the centenary of Gallipoli with *Their Sacrifice*, a multi-media travelling exhibition and website that highlighted the comforting presence of the Bible in times of conflict, from the Boer War to Afghanistan. The campaign was launched by Governor David Hurley at Government House in Sydney.
In 2016, Bible Society Australia acquired Acorn Press, an Australian Christian publisher. It has published a number of notable titles since the acquisition including among others, *Mr Eternity: The Story of Arthur Stace, Metanoia* and *Christ Centred Mindfulness: Connected to Self & God.*
In 2017, Bible Society Australia celebrated its Bicentenary with a number of events and activities. This included a national celebration service on Sunday 5 March, held at the Hillsong Church main auditorium in Sydney and live streamed across the nation, and the launch of \'Our Mob, God\'s Story: Australian and Torres Strait Islanders Artists Share Their Faith\', an art book that celebrates the impact of the Bible on Indigenous Australians. The book was awarded Christian Book of the Year, 2017.
The Bible Society Campaign, Keeping it Light, attracted controversy when it featured Liberal MPs Andrew Hastie and Tim Wilson appearing in a Bible Society video to debate same-sex marriage.
In July 2017, Bible Society Australia hosted 230 delegates from 90 Bible Societies for the annual United Bible Societies Roundtable Exchange conference.
After an unprecedented positive season of development, Greg Clarke resigned in June 2019. In the interim Melissa Lipsett became Acting CEO of the Bible Society.
In October 2019, Bible Society Chairperson Anne Robinson announced then current ordained Australian Christian Churches minister, Hillsong Church board member (resigned March 2021) and former Chief Marketing Officer Grant Thomson has become CEO. As well as her role at the Bible Society, Anne (through her own legal business) works closely with Hillsong\'s board in forming and developing a number of their governing processes.
Grant\'s leadership style in contrast to his predecessor is more reserved, less publicly engaged and more focused on forming strategic relationships such as with key political figures and Australian Pentecostal movement leaders.
Bible Society reported a net deficit of \$1.4 million for the year ended 30 June 2023, and reported a net deficit of \$7.3 million for the year ended 30 June 2024. The poor results in 2023-2024 were attributed to \"difficulties with the new IT system installed in September 2023 for our retail operations (Koorong)\", causing sales to fall by \$4 million and incurring additional costs of \$3.7 million related to the project.
Grant resigned from his role in December 2024. Simon Smart, Bible Society\'s Chief Media Officer, assumed the role of Acting CEO.
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# Bible Society Australia
## Projects
### Translation
Bible Society Australia supports the translation of the Bible into the world\'s languages, as well as typesetting and publication, including the production of audio versions of the Bible. This includes translations in the indigenous languages of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and a project to translate the Bible into Auslan (Australian sign language) for the more than 10,000 people who use that language. Overseas projects include Bible translations of the New Testament for ethnic minority groups in Vietnam, and in the Pacific Islands.
### Engagement
Bible Society Australia is involved in a number of projects that foster greater engagement with the Christian Bible. For example, in September 2009, the Bible Society launched the largest promotional campaign ever undertaken by Christians in Australia, the Jesus---All About Life campaign, involving 1500 churches from 15 Christian denominations. In October 2012, the Bible Society\'s \"25 words campaign\" encouraged Australian Christians to commit to reading just one verse (or 25 words) from the Bible a day, for 31 days. The Bible Society also creates resources to help all ages engage with the Bible. The Wild Bible is a project that offers 34 free Bible animations for children.
### Advocacy
In response to rising secularism in Australia the Bible Society engages with media outlets and the public to demonstrate the continuing relevance of the Bible in Australian society. In 2012 Bible Society Australia formed a partnership with Centre for Public Christianity, a not-for-profit media company that promotes the public understanding of the Christian faith. Since 2014 the Bible Society has run Masterclass youth events across Australia. CEO Greg Clarke\'s book, The Great Bible Swindle, was the 2015 winner of Australian Christian Book of the Year, arguing for the continued literary relevance of the Bible.
### Publications
The Aussie Bible, first released in 2003, was a bestseller. In late 2016, Bible Society Australia bought Acorn Press and in July 2015, the organisation acquired leading Christian retailer Koorong. Roy Williams\' book, \'In God They Trust\', was launched in 2013 at NSW Parliament House by then NSW Liberal Treasurer Mike Baird and Labor Senator Ursula Stephens. The book examines the religious beliefs of Australia\'s Prime Ministers since Federation. In 2016, Bible Society Australia published, \'The Bible Down Under\' by historian Meredith Lake.
### Literacy
Bible Society Australia has supported literacy projects across the globe, from Africa (South Africa, South Sudan) to the Middle East, to South East Asia. Recent literacy projects in Egypt, Pakistan and South Africa aim to benefit lower socioeconomic groups, such as women and children.
### Distribution
In 2016, Bible Society distributed 70,000 Scripture resources to Christian ministries, including free Bibles to mission groups, chaplains in hospital, prison and the defence force, as well as school Scripture teachers. Overseas, Bible Society Australia supported the distribution of Scriptures and Bible reading materials to children in war torn Syria, hospitalised children in Nicaragrua, and prisoners in South Africa.
### Digital
In 2016, a new *Eternity* digital news service was designed and launched. *Eternity* is Australia\'s largest Christian newspaper and is named in honour of \'Mr Eternity\', Arthur Stace. Eternity\'s founding editor, John Sandeman, departed in early 2022, and Eternity was closed on 30 April 2024.
In 2017, Bible Society Australia ran a campaign telling the story of Easter through a series of text messages. Given an uptake in the use of social media, particularly Bible apps, Bible Society Australia partnered with YouVersion to offer users a series of customised Bible reading plans, as part of its 200-year birthday celebrations.
### Infrastructure
Bible Society Australia supports smaller Bible Societies across the world with infrastructure development such as training and the provision of resources. For example, Bible Society Australia supports the Arab Israeli Bible Society with ongoing funding of its projects.
### Indigenous (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders) {#indigenous_aboriginal_and_torres_strait_islanders}
The Bible Society has long been engaged in Indigenous translation, and aims to maximise the ownership and contribution of Indigenous translators. Bibles are also produced in audio format. The organisation has always been the major publisher of Scriptures in Indigenous languages. Bible Society has published Scripture in almost all of these languages, ranging from portions and single Gospels through to full New Testament. The whole Bible has been published in Kriol. The Yumplatok New Testament was published by Bible Society Australia in 2014 after a translation process that took 27 years and Bible Society Australia is currently involved in The Pitjantjatjara Bible Translation Project.
In March, 2017 CEO Greg Clarke told the ABC there was a need to be honest about the mistakes of missionaries in the past who were involved in suppressing Indigenous languages and that Bible Society Australia is working to produce translations of the Bible in the very languages that were once suppressed
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# Free State of Bottleneck
The **Free State of Bottleneck** (*Freistaat Flaschenhals*) was a short-lived quasi-state that existed from 10 January 1919 until 25 February 1923. It was formed from part of the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau as a consequence of the occupation of the Rhineland following World War I. The Bottleneck is now part of the German states of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate.
## Creation
Following the Armistice of 1918, Allied forces occupied the German territory west of the Rhine. To maintain a military presence on the eastern side, the Allied powers extended their zones of occupation by creating three semi-circular bridgeheads of 30 km radius, radiating from Cologne (British zone), Koblenz (American zone), and Mainz (French zone).
The French and American zones did not meet entirely, leaving a narrow gap on the eastern side of the Rhine containing the Wisper valley, the towns of Lorch and Kaub, and villages of Lorchhausen, Sauerthal, Ransel, Wollmerschied, Welterod, Zorn, Strüth and Egenrod.
Surrounded by the two Allied bridgeheads, the Rhine to the south-west and no roads nor railways to speak of towards the north-east, this tiny region was effectively cut off from the rest of Germany and subsequently separated from the administration of the Weimar Republic.
Owing to the circular nature of the Allied bridgeheads, this enclosed territory took on the shape of a bottleneck, hence the name that was given to the microstate, when it was declared on 10 January 1919.
## Life in the Bottleneck {#life_in_the_bottleneck}
The region contained approximately 17,000 people and its largest town, Lorch, was established as the capital. The Mayor of Lorch, Edmund Pnischeck, was subsequently elected president of the small territory. Pnischeck headed the Bottleneck\'s administration for all of its existence, which even oversaw the production of its own stamps and currency.
There were no roads connecting the Bottleneck to unoccupied Germany, trains were not permitted to stop there, and air or river transportation was impossible. The movement of goods and post to and from the state was only made possible by smuggling. Once, a French train loaded with coal from the Ruhr valley was hijacked from neighbouring Rüdesheim am Rhein and taken to the Bottleneck, where the coal was distributed among the populace for heating purposes.
## Foreign relations {#foreign_relations}
The state issued passports to its citizens, and had plans to establish an embassy in Berlin. Furthermore, it was intended to establish diplomatic relations with other countries, but the state was dissolved before these plans were realised.
## Abolition
After four years of existence, the Free State of Bottleneck was abolished on 23 February 1923 following the French Occupation of the Ruhr. The Bottleneck was eventually reincorporated with the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau.
## The Bottleneck today {#the_bottleneck_today}
The former territory of the Bottleneck is now part of the Rhine Gorge UNESCO World Heritage Site. The history of the Bottleneck is now a tourist attraction in the area, particularly in the former Free State\'s major towns of Kaub and Lorch.
Bottleneck stamps and currency are now sought-after rarities. Wine that was smuggled in from occupied Germany and stored in Lorch and Kaub can also fetch high prices
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# Karl Uhle
**Heinrich Karl Uhle** (16 July 1887`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}12 October 1969) was a German amateur footballer who played as a forward and competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the German Olympic squad and played one match in the consolation tournament
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# Public/social/private partnership
**Public/social/private partnerships** are methods of co-operation between private and government bodies.
## Background
### Models of cooperation between the market and the state: examples from Austria {#models_of_cooperation_between_the_market_and_the_state_examples_from_austria}
The name "public social private partnership" (PSPP) is a development of Public Private Partnership (PPP).
PPP is one expression of a strong trend towards (re)privatisation, which in some European countries has arisen as a result of more difficult economic conditions in recent years and the associated structural crisis in the public sector (see Eschenbach, Müller, Gabriel: 1993).
The growth in public-private partnerships as a way of fulfilling public tasks in partnership between the state administration and private enterprises must be seen in this context.
In political discussions, lack of public funds is often put forward as a limit on state activities. Instead of financing infrastructure projects alone, the government increasingly looks to cooperations with private investors. Also, the EU policy on competitive tendering of public works and services has forced changes towards a more market-oriented approach to delivering tasks for which the state is responsible. Another relevant factor are the arguments in debates on privatisation that state bodies are inefficient and that management concepts typical in the commercial sector should be used to achieve more cost-effective provision of public services. All these factors taken together result in a shift away from a role of the state as "producer" towards one as "quality assurer" and a trend away from collective, tax-based financing of infrastructure to financing models in which these are paid for by their users (see Budäus 2006).
The term PPP has gained currency for this increased cooperation of government with private partners in the German-speaking countries since about the middle of the 1990s.
**Public private partnership contrasted with conventional provision of public services** PPPs can be said to differ from other forms of provision of public services in the following 3 points:
- In PPPs, the ownership of the project is shared. The heart of a PPP is thus the sharing of risks and profits.
- Compared to providing the service directly, in a PPP the state can concentrate on its core competences. The state does not need to allocate experts of its own for the implementation of the project and is thus less intimately involved.
- Additionally, PPPs exhibit a trend away from conventional, tax-based financing approaches towards financing through contributions of individual users (e.g. tolls for motorways).
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# Public/social/private partnership
## Background
### From PPP to PSPP {#from_ppp_to_pspp}
In the social services sector, PPPs have been implemented mainly in the health services and overseas development until now. As current discussions about PPPs in the social services sector show (see e.g. the EQUAL development partnership "Public Social Private Partnership" [1](https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/equal/jsp/dpComplete.jsp?cip=AT&national=3B-18%2F314); workshop at the University of Cologne, Germany "PPP in social and educational services", March 2006; Conference: "Partnerships in Work Integration: Added Value for Enterprises?", Zürich, Switzerland, October 2005), this sector has special requirements and will need special conditions and criteria for possible PPPs. The definition of goals is a particularly central and sensitive issue in finding a suitable form and modalities of implementation of PPPs in this area. Existing types of PPP will likely need to be modified to include extra mechanisms and criteria in order to function adequately in social services.
In other words, public social private partnership (PSPP) is not merely an extension of the PPP idea, but a precondition for ensuring that a PPP with a social goal:
- assures and implements the public aims, agendas and tasks in the sense of community benefit, welfare, etc.;
- adheres to and sustains the agendas and aims of cooperations in the mid- and long-term;
- plans and suitably applies the necessary conditions and resources (e.g. financing) for sustainable results.
For the state side of the partnership the redefinition from PPP to PSPP means that mid- to long-term solutions are found for functions that the state needs to fulfil for reasons of the common good or welfare provision. By addressing state functions in the form of partnerships, the state partner gains options for action: firstly through a cooperative form of outsourcing (including financing) and secondly by involving additional partners from private enterprise and social enterprise in doing things which the state has responsibility for. Both of these aspects allow the state to do its job in a more rounded, professional and sustainable way by bringing in additional finance, expertise and practical resources.
For private enterprises, PSPP opens up possibilities for new kinds of business activity through the cooperation with the state and social enterprise.
PSPPs offer social enterprises an opportunity to act in their ideal role of intermediaries between the state and private sectors, helping to make sure that each partner\'s contribution to the project is in an area where they have special competence. This reduces the risks for all partners. The social enterprise partners stand to gain from a PSPP in terms of planning, development and quality due to the mid- and long-term nature of the projects.
Finally, for target groups of disadvantaged people, PSPPs can mean the assurance of services that they need, and that the welfare state has led them to expect; and also, mid- and long-term PSPPs have the chance to anticipate future needs and develop innovative solutions and services.
To summarize, application of a PPP model to fulfilling social aims for people in disadvantaged situations naturally leads to expansion of the PPP to a PSPP. PSPP rather than PPP criteria become applicable when public aims such as the common good and welfare are being pursued. In this area, all the mid- and long-term indicators of success belonging to the agendas and goals of the cooperation depend on the correct adherence to PSPP specifications.
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# Public/social/private partnership
## PSPP: public social private partnership -- description of the model {#pspp_public_social_private_partnership_description_of_the_model}
### Description
Observing the discussions among representatives of social enterprise on the issue of "public social private partnership", it becomes apparent that it is necessary to distinguish between a broad and a narrow definition. The definition can be regarded as a basis on which a specification is to be constructed. PSPP in the broad definition covers, like PPP, cooperation models between the participants. In the case of public social private partnership these are not only agencies of the state and private enterprises (as in PPP) but also social enterprises and social economic organizations. The focus is on the partnership formed between the participating organizations and enterprises with the aim of working out and implementing social aims. The two main characteristics of a PSPP in the broad definition are therefore:
1. The social purpose: Carrying out activities for the protection, support and improvement of opportunities for disadvantaged people or groups of disadvantaged people.
2. Implementation in partnership: The concept of partnership between firstly public, secondly purely commercial and thirdly social economic organizations and enterprises.
The specification of the PSPP model makes sense because of the needs of disadvantaged people and of the social economy and also those of the state and private enterprise mentioned above. In order to ensure that disadvantaged people are not excluded completely or partially from social participation, their needs must be supplied long-term and uninterruptedly. To do this, the relevant social services must be provided. This can only be guaranteed through longer-term financing. For that reason, the narrow definition of "public social private partnership" picks up on the financing aspect of the functional description of PPP and attempts to see how this can be harnessed for social interests. Also in this case the partnership aspect is important (see below), and only through it can the long-term nature and opening up of new fields of action be achieved.
A PSP partnership is thus related to a specific field of activity and has the explicit purpose of assuring long-term financing and generation of resources for products and services in order to fulfil purposes of social protection, support and improvement of opportunities for disadvantaged people or groups of disadvantaged people: PPP as a financing and resource-generating instrument becomes PSPP in this case.
The following three main characteristics make up a public social private partnership:
1. The "S" of the name indicates exactly the goal and purpose of the financing tool: the servicing of social protection and support interests and activities for the improvement of opportunities for disadvantaged people or groups of disadvantaged people.
While PPPs as described in the literature as being used to execute public tasks in general, in PSPP the scope is narrowed to specifically social topics.
1. A PSPP has the character of a financing or resource-generating instrument.
In order to act in the interest of social protection and support, i.e. to provide social services or introduce social products, in many cases it is necessary to set up and operate infrastructure. PSPP projects therefore aim at financing infrastructure that is used to realize social services and products. In this respect PSPPs do the same thing as PPP projects, which are also usually set up to finance infrastructure. To provide social services it may not always be necessary to set up infrastructure on a large scale, but it is always necessary to carry out a phase of developing, planning and organizing the prerequisites for providing the social services. PSPP as a financing instrument can thus also be used to finance the development and preparation of social products and services that do not require any large infrastructure investments. Different financing instruments are used depending on whether infrastructure needs to be financed or not.
1. "Partnership" means that to operate the tool at least two partners are required that will generate the finance and other resources needed to achieve the shared goal "s".
The PSPP characteristic "partnershaft" is also similar to a PPP. Three characteristics of PPPs identified by Budäus (2006:19) will be integrated at this point:
- Partnership principle in the sense that the aims and expectations of benefit of the participating partner enterprises and organizations are compatible with each other.
- Partnership principle in the sense of creation of synergies.
- Identity of the partner enterprises and organizations remains intact.
Also in this point PSPP differs from the conventional methods of delivering state services. In contrast to PPP projects, which can be formed with only two partners, "partnership" in the case of PSPP ideally involves a minimum of three partners, since there are three essential but different roles to be filled: The financing of the project, the project leadership and the demand for the social services.
In a PSPP three functions must therefore be exercised: At least one of the partners ensures the financing (financing level), at least one of the partners takes on the overall responsibility for the project and thus leads the coordination of the project from planning through setting-up and realization of the social product or service (project leadership) and at least one of the partners ensures the flow of funds into the project by buying the product or service (so also contributing to the financing). These three functions are -- as described under roles and functions -- ideally taken on by three partner enterprises and/or organizations that have the relevant competences and responsibilities. As a minimum, the synergies can also be created between two partner enterprises or organizations, so long as the three functions are present. In this way, a PSPP partnership is a partnership between two levels: the financing and the practical level.
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# Public/social/private partnership
## PSPP: public social private partnership -- description of the model {#pspp_public_social_private_partnership_description_of_the_model}
### Purposes
According to their historically conditioned self-understanding, contemporary European states have highly diverse tasks. A centrally important role is the social interest in various protective functions and activities. Besides the basic function of the state and community to stabilize or if possible to improve socially precarious or unstable conditions, the state has the duty to protect the weak and endangered at all levels of state activity, i.e. by law, in the justice system and in the administration.
Typical areas in which the state intervenes to protect people in weaker positions are consumer law, residential property rental and of course social law. The way the state(s) go about implementing these measures has to be seen against the background of the whole legal framework; the legal principles and practical methods involved are subject to continual theoretical (e.g. in terms of sociology, political science or philosophy) and practical (e.g. in the popular media or political interest groups) discussion. Connected to the issue of "protection" are terms such as "common good", "human dignity", "equality", "welfare", "clientele politics", etc.
If the duty of the Hobbesian "Leviathan" to guarantee and provide protection is primarily related to individuals or subgroups of the state\'s population, then the interests of social maintenance directed towards the state will focus mainly on the assurance of whole-society pluralities and minimum standards. The interest in social maintenance stands alongside the interest in protection and complements it. For example, the laws that regulate the entitlement to unemployment money belong to the "protection" sphere, whereas the laws on the activities of political parties belong to the "maintenance" sphere; the overlapping of the two spheres of interests becomes evident when various parties, according to their political programmes, (can) take influence on the laws that govern the situation of unemployed people, by changing laws through the mechanisms provided by law for creating legislation.
Such social "protection" and "maintenance" interest being addressed to the state place a duty upon it to serve these interests through legislation and in the exercise of executive power; both in the inner sphere of lawgiving, justice and administration and in the outer sphere of cooperation with non-state actors in the form of "social partnerships".
The legal phrase "*Gesellschaftliche Schutz- und Erhaltungsinteressen*\", i.e. social protection and maintenance interests, only partly defines the goals of a PSPP. This needs to be expanded for the purpose of the present discussion to "activities to improve the living situation and opportunities of people and groups of people in disadvantaged circumstances". This expansion is more specific because it refers to people. However, the question as to when people or groups of people are or become socially disadvantaged remains open.
As a point of reference for PSPP the principles of action of a democratic state should be chosen. The democratically legitimated state follows principles of the common good as a way of "guaranteeing \[its citizens\] optimal overall opportunities for living and expression/development" (Reinhold 2000:204). The state\'s conception of what the common good is, is expressed in laws. This makes constitutions and city statutes the most suitable indicators of the smallest-common -denominator consensus as to what can be considered to be the common good in a democratically organised society. Beyond this, at any particular point in time the current government is an expression of the society\'s current vision of the common good. If we follow the chain of the "common good" orientation down from the national to the local level, we arrive at other structures e.g. in Austria the provinces and the local communities/municipalities, each of which has to some extent its own definition of the common good. If certain people or groups of people do not have full access to the elements of what, as legitimated by the democratic legal system, is regarded as an acceptable minimum level of income, welfare, general living conditions and social participation, then we can say that they are socially disadvantaged.
The state has the task of preventing social disadvantage and therefore has a duty to intervene wherever these basic needs cannot be filled by the market alone. The reactions of the so-called civil society to disadvantageous circumstances may make disadvantage visible. This is most obvious when non-governmental alternative organizations and projects are started by citizens in order to relieve the disadvantages. These could be individual citizens, social economic organizations, self-help groups, and social projects in general.
We emphasize at this point that this does not imply a normative or prescriptive definition of what should be classified as social disadvantage. A descriptive approach, which takes account of the overall social system and its mechanisms of legitimation, was chosen.
Also, on the descriptive level -- based on this definition -- diverse characteristics of people or groups of people can be described, as a consequence of which these people may be disadvantaged:
The results of empirical social research show that there are three main factors that have a stronger and more predictable effect on social standing and opportunities, and therefore potential disadvantage, than others: These factors are:
- Social class
- Gender
- Ethnicity and/or nationality
Besides these, many other factors can also be important. The most often mentioned are physical and intellectual abilities, sexual orientation, age, religion and educational level (in strong correlation with social class). The list of potential factors that could contribute to social disadvantage can, however -- since it depends on the dimension mentioned above, the society\'s consensus on what represents the common good -- never be complete, because factors that can cause disadvantage are always dependent on specific situations and issues.
The definition of aims is the heart of a PSPP. Because of this, all components of a PSPP (the interactions between the participating partner enterprises and organizations, the roles and functions in the partnership and the setting-up and practical implementation of the project) must be compatible with the specific set of aims defined by the partnership and must serve to realize these aims. On the other hand, the route to realization of a specific, agreed goal and the structures that are set up to allow the project to be realized, should conform to the general definition of aims described here. This means that the structures and agreements of the partnership and the project process itself must be designed so that these also serve to improve the living situation of disadvantaged people as defined above.
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# Public/social/private partnership
## PSPP: public social private partnership -- description of the model {#pspp_public_social_private_partnership_description_of_the_model}
### Roles and functions {#roles_and_functions}
In a PSPP three main roles are exercised:
1. **Financing** of the infrastructure for implementation of social products and services, i.e. Financing of development of social products and services
2. **Project Leadership** i.e. research / analysis of needs, ideas, coordination from planning through set-up and operation
3. **Demand**: Assurance of cash flow by agreeing to buy the products and services
All three roles can be done by different partners. But in the different sectors involved (state, social economy, private enterprise) each has its own interests and areas of competence, so that they will naturally have different interests and priorities as to the roles they wish to play in the partnership.
### Preconditions for a PSPP {#preconditions_for_a_pspp}
Building on the previous remarks on the PPP concept and the related quality model PSPP, we can posit as a precondition for the step from a PPP to a PSPP the willingness of all parties involved to define / accept only solutions, aims and agendas that will have mid- to long-term character. (By this we do not mean that the products of the partnership could only be generated in the mid- to long-term; this is not the same thing). This applies both to the goals themselves and also in the sense that conditions should be created that make it possible for the products of the partnership to have a lasting effect. This condition, arises, in contrast to a PPP, from the fact that the agendas of a PSPP are tasks and aims of the state (common good / welfare) that do not obey the laws of supply and demand. These goals and contents lie instead in the delivery of an agreed level of common good to civil society. Such fundamental social agreements are central and necessary building blocks for a social peace based on security and justice, where citizens can rely on pre-agreed levels of state functions and can set up their lives accordingly. This is a precondition for preventing people from being disadvantaged or finding themselves in living situations that tend towards them becoming disadvantaged. In this way, "mid-term" PSPPs can be defined as those that have a similar lifetime to the electoral cycles of municipalities and states; any that take place on a longer time base can be called long-term (quantitatively), and can be seen as (qualitatively) supporting the long-term assurance of state supports promised in constitutions and municipal statutes.
### Order of events {#order_of_events}
The starting point of a PSPP is a recognition by a social enterprise of a social problem (e.g. an organization working with disabled people realizes that many people with disabilities in rural areas are faced with a problem of distance between their homes and workplaces). An idea is formed about how this problem could be solved, and the social enterprise develops a concept -- drawing on their long experience and expertise in the area -- for a social service, for which some infrastructure needs to be set up (e.g. sheltered accommodation close to the workplace, in which various needs, depending on gender, age or cultural background, can be catered for). In order to be able to realize the project, the social enterprise approaches a partner enterprise that could supply the necessary finance (e.g. a local bank) and brings in a state agency that has an interest in the project being done (e.g. the local social service responsible for people with disabilities, or the regional social department). This ensures the cash flow by buying the social service and makes possible a more economical financing by the commercial partner. The social enterprise then plans the execution of the project, sets up if necessary a legal vehicle for the project, sets up the necessary infrastructure (builds the sheltered housing project) and realizes & runs the social service (the support of the inhabitants). In this example, the order of events and some division of roles is already evident. The phases of a PSPP can be summarized again as follows:
1. **Needs analysis**
In the needs analysis, factors that cause and/or reinforce disadvantage are researched and analysed.
1. **Idea**
2. **Development of social products and services**
3. **Setting-up of the financing partnership** with state and commercial organizations
4. **Planning** of the practical implementation
5. **Setting-up** of the infrastructure or other preparations for realizing the products / services
6. **Implementation**: Operation of the infrastructure and provision of the social services / supply of the social products
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# Public/social/private partnership
## PSPP: public social private partnership -- description of the model {#pspp_public_social_private_partnership_description_of_the_model}
### Financing
The classification of the models is based on PPP models, since forms of cooperation between two partners can be taken as a starting point for forms involving three partners. The description above thus includes the models to be found in PPP practice, with the exception of the company management (Betriebsführung) and company transfer (Betriebsüberlassung) models, since in these no positive effects are to be expected if a third partner were brought in, and these forms exhibit the lowest efficiency gains of all PPPs.
Financing instruments as additional elements of PSPP:
- Factoring
The starting point of (true) factoring is a long-term contractual arrangement between the municipality and a private person, on the basis of which the private person provides a public service. Due to the assured flow of payments (payment according to time) this model could in principle be considered for all PSPPs. The factoring consists in the further stage in which the private operator / owner sells a part of the future income from the contract with the state at cash value (minus a commission) to a factoring institute and uses the price to finance the project, so that only a low level of owner\'s equity is needed. (see Kirchhoff 1995). This is especially useful for medium-sized enterprises, in order to compete with the strongly capitalized large corporations.
- Municipality Guarantee
In addition to the factoring by the private partner, it is not uncommon to further optimise the financing costs in PSPP by adding a guarantee given by the municipality / state authority to the other forms of security provided for loans.
- Silent partnership
Silent partnerships involve a limited-term raising of capital by bringing in a silent partner, who normally comes in simply for the dividend. (see Kirchhoff 1995).
- Public financing aids
In certain models for communal social economic purposes, public financing aids in the form of reduced-interest loans or investment grants can be availed of in addition to private-sector capital and equity. The EU, the federal republic and the provinces offer grants for research, planning and implementation of communal social investments.
- Sponsoring
Sponsoring is essentially an exchange transaction (see Arnold, Maelicke 2003). The sponsor pays the sponsored organization in the form of money, in kind, or services. In return the sponsor acquires certain rights to advertise its involvement. It therefore uses the sponsored organization as an element of its advertising strategy. Both sides ought to derive benefit from the exchange. A further constitutive feature of sponsoring is the contractual definition of the quid pro quo. Both parties must clearly understand their contractual obligations. A written contract is not mandatory, but is much to be recommended.
- Social Bonds
Another possible financing method is the issuing of bonds. Investors can take out a bond with a reduced interest rate and in this way make an indirect donation to PSPP projects. Compared with typical bond schemes, whose interest levels are coupled to the credit rating of the company, and have minimum volume limits of approximately €50 million (or €5 million in the case of the new mid cap bonds), social bonds, with the waiver of a part of the interest by the investors, have definite advantages for social enterprises. A successful example is the "ELAG SOCIAL bond" (ELAG=Elisabeth Liegenschafts-Entwicklungs-Aktiengesellschaft, Elisabeth Real Estate Development Stock Corporation). This stock company formed by the Caritas of the diocese of Linz and the KOOP Lebensraum Beteiligungs-AG has used the bond issue to ensure compliance with its investment rules, which specify low-risk investment, charitable-social purpose and investment in properties that should yield dividends not less than the rate of inflation.
Sample List of Corporations and Investors active in the financing, ownership and development of Public-Private Partnerships around the world.
- Balfour Beatty
- Cintra
- SNC Lavalin
- Carlyle Group
- Alinda Capital Partners
- National Standard Finance
- Meridiam/AECOM
- Siemens
- Barclays
- CH2M Hill
- Acciona
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# Public/social/private partnership
## PSPP: public social private partnership -- description of the model {#pspp_public_social_private_partnership_description_of_the_model}
### Description of various PSPP models {#description_of_various_pspp_models}
#### Service models {#service_models}
- Complex contracting-out
Contracting-out generally means hiving off organizational units as private entities and/or purchase of services from private providers under the state contracting/tendering rules. This is the state equivalent of the already well-established trend in commercial business of outsourcing in order to concentrate on one\'s core competence (see Müller, Prankebenberg 1997).
#### Special financing forms {#special_financing_forms}
- Leasing and fund leasing
The minimal specifications of PPP as regards communal leasing mean that not all leasing activities of municipalities qualify for the title of PPPs. Especially, much product leasing, such as simple leasing of equipment without services, does not fall under the definition of PPP. The leasing variants that qualify as a form of PPP are those in which an investor chosen by competitive bidding supplies more than the mere provision of financing, e.g. by providing complementary services and taking on additional practical tasks. The private partner in such cases is responsible for major pieces of implementation of a project. (see Höftmann 2001).
- Concession model
Concession models are similar to leasing models conceptually and in terms of the applicable accounting rules, but all the restrictions of leasing, particularly problems of tax and property law, are avoided. At the centre of the model is the waiver of preferential tax treatment both on the part of the project leader and the finance provider, so that in the concession model no savings can be made on the basis of taxation technicalities. The less stringent conditions for setting up such a vehicle thus have their price and are reflected in higher annual rates of rent compared to leasing (see Scheele 1993).
#### Provider model {#provider_model}
- Provider Model
The basic idea of a provider model is that the municipality hands over the fulfilment of its statutory tasks to a private provider in such a way that the complete task is temporarily outsourced. The municipality private capital and expertise is brought into a project during the setting-up and operational phases, without the private partner acquiring shares in the operating company -- effectively a form of limited-term privatisation (see Rudolph, Büscher 1995).
- BOT Model (Build-Operate-Transfer)
Since the operator models with a lifetime of 20--30 years are long-term arrangements and a premature transfer back to the municipality is not possible, BOT (build, operate, transfer) models with a lifetime of three to ten years have been developed as a shorter-term variant. (see Kirchoff 1997). These are basically transitional solutions with private-sector planning and setting-up as well as temporary private-sector operation in the relatively risk-intensive early years, so that BOT models could be called short-term operator models (see Höftmann 2001).
- Cooperation model
The basic idea of a cooperation model is the setting-up of a private legal entity, in which both the municipality and at least one private enterprise hold shares either directly or indirectly (through an intermediate holding company). This type of mixed municipal/private, or semi-state ownership has been in common use for about 100 years, especially in utilities with a local monopoly on provision (see Hering, Matschke 1997).
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# Public/social/private partnership
## PSPP: public social private partnership -- description of the model {#pspp_public_social_private_partnership_description_of_the_model}
### Limits and risks {#limits_and_risks}
PSPPs offer not only opportunities but also bring risks, especially for the state partner (and their budget). Entry into a PSPP on the part of the state is based on the expectation that additional resources can be generated or mobilized in order to increase the scope of public social services. Due to the responsibilities of the state, the state partner must carefully evaluate what is made the subject of a PSPP -- with whom, for how long and under what conditions. Long-term effects must be anticipated. The evaluation process needs comprehensive, long-term and operational criteria, quality assurance, a political decision and a critical analysis of the PSPP as to its suitability as an instrument for the intended purpose. For public institutions, a PSPP can increase the room for manoeuvre, but this process must not take place at the expense of erosion or abdication of responsibility by the state authority. The state must be careful not to surrender control of activities over which it is democratically mandated to exercise adequate control. This issue is the subject of extensive discussions as it applies to PPPs: the growing influence of private actors and the correspondingly retreating influence of the state (see e.g. B. Pölzl/Preisch 2003: 41). This makes it all the more important to emphasize that PSPP models should only be supported by the state in cases where they serve the long-term social needs of disadvantaged members of society. This responsibility belongs to the state and the state only.
To reap the full benefits of a PSPP for all involved parties, it must be ensured that the clear definition of social aims and partnership process on the one hand is not outweighed by the impetus to generate and mobilize resources and finance on the other hand. It is essential for the implementation of a PSPP to preserve the partnership throughout. This means that the autonomy of the social economic partners must be protected and they must not be brought into a position of such dependency by entering a PSPP that their autonomy is sacrificed or weakened.
Since public goals and agendas can be matched to mid- and long-term solutions by using PSPPs, a qualitative approach can be used.
Some concern about the quality of the services that are provided in the course of PPPs exists both in public opinion and among some representatives of the state sector. The specification of a PSPP in terms of the social aims (in contrast to PPPs) is a positive quality factor. Due to the orientation of the model according to these aims and the resulting processes and conditions (needs analysis and product development by experts working in the social sector, partnership principles, etc.), the model places great emphasis on the quality of implementation of the PSPP. Nonetheless, it must be said that the quality of the social products and services produced will always be the responsibility of
- the people and organizations who have the decision-making competence in development and implementation of the social products and services;
- the internal project controlling;
- and the enterprises and organizations that control all the relevant aspects of the environment in which the project takes place (financing, regulation of activities, etc.) through the partnership negotiation process; this requires responsible and serious behaviour not only on the part of the private and social-economic actors but also crucially on the part of the state representatives.
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# Public/social/private partnership
## PSPP: public social private partnership -- description of the model {#pspp_public_social_private_partnership_description_of_the_model}
### Prospects: opportunities and potential {#prospects_opportunities_and_potential}
If the conditions for when a PSPP should be used, and the quality criteria, are respected, a PSPP can be of great benefit for the social target group it aims to help as well as for the participating organizations and enterprises.
In a PSPP, needs of disadvantaged people or groups of people that have been previously neglected can be met, or the spectrum of services available to them can be expanded. Private enterprises are usually strongly oriented towards meeting customer (consumer) demands. In a PSPP this also applies to the social enterprises, which in contrast to non-social economic enterprises and organizations exhibit a stronger responsiveness towards the needs of their clients.
The solutions developed in a PSPP can also be offered on a mid- to long-term basis and thus contribute to a sustainable establishment of new activities and structural change.
For private or social economic enterprises / organizations, the participation in a PSPP offers an expansion of their fields of business and the opportunity to become active in already established and newly developed fields as competent partners. Social economic organizations or enterprises gain an opportunity to make necessary longer-term investments which would not be possible in a conventional working relationship with the state (i.e. by simple buying of services by the state).
On the other hand, the state can make use of the specialist expertise of the social economic and private companies. This should allow all the participants to concentrate on their core competences. The state can gain an opportunity to do the tasks it is responsible for efficiently, cost-effectively and without delays due to budgetary bottlenecks.
In addition to the special benefits for disadvantaged people, the positive effects of "classical" PPPs apply (Pölzl/Preisch 2003):
- Exploitation of synergy effects through mutual sharing of information and capabilities
- Opening up of new ways of financing investments
- Goal-oriented division of tasks and functions results in increased efficiency
- The previous two points, taken together, result in time savings
- Smaller risks for individual participants through sharing of risks
The opportunities offered by PSPPs can be exploited best when the participating organizations can avail of the necessary know-how in the form of accompanying consulting and support by appropriate professionals. In Austria, even PPP is still a relatively new phenomenon -- in contrast to Germany, neither a national "PPP Facilitation Act" nor PPP Task Forces to ensure professional setting up of PPPs. The expansion of the PPP concept by adding the qualitative aspect of the explicit social aims is even more dependent on competent support to implement the relatively complex projects with good quality and successfully. Not only purely private/commercial approaches on the one hand need and public administration principles, rules and procedures on the other hand need to be dealt with, but also the competences needed for the social service elements need to be fitted together suitably.
From the point of view of social policy, PSPPs, if the procedure described is followed and needs analysis is done by social economic organizations and enterprises working in the field, can open up new fields of activity, not only for the social and private enterprises but also for the state. PSPPs are a chance for development of social services not as a purely top-down process (in which the state formulates the needs and contracts the corresponding works) but that needs can be recognized and formulated by agents and organizations of civil society and these can be met in cooperation with the state. To make use of this chance, the state must be flexible and open to innovation and the political and legal environment must be compatible with this bottom-up approach. Many established social phenomena, e.g. the Red Cross movement or the women\'s emancipation movement, began in the private or civil-society spheres and were later picked up and supported by the state; and through state support, their development was importantly influenced.
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# Public/social/private partnership
## Literature
- Brooks, Stephen: \"The Mixed Ownership Corporation as an Instrument of Public Policy\". In: *Comparative Politics*, Vol. 19 (1987), No. 2, p. 173--191
- Budäus, Dietrich (Hg., 9): \"*Kooperationsformen zwischen Staat und Markt. Theoretische Grundlagen und praktische Ausprägungen von Public Private Partnership*\", *Schriftenreie der Gesellschaft für öffentliche Wirtschaft, Heft* 54, Baden-Baden 2006.
- European Commission: Green Paper on Public Private Partnership, Brussels 2004; [2](https://web.archive.org/web/20070514141946/http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/publicprocurement/ppp_en.htm)
- Kukovetz, Brigitte; Leonhardt, Manfred; Loidl-Keil, Rainer: Public Social Private Partnership zur Realisierung sozialer Dienstleistungen, In: kontraste, 02/07.
- Mitchell-Weaver, Clyde; Manning, Brenda: Public-Private Partnerships in Third World Development: A Conceptual Overview. In: Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 26 (1991--92), No. 4, p. 45--67.
- Modigliani, Franko; Miller Merton: \"The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment\". In: *American Economic Review* (June 1958).
- Parkin, Frank: \"Strategies of social closure in class formation\", In Parkin, Frank (Hg.): *The social analysis of class structure*, London 1978, p. 1--18
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# Super Locomotive
is a side-scrolling train action video game developed by Sega and released for arcades in 1982.
## Gameplay
The objective of the game is to guide a train from one station to next. Along the route, the player must avoid obstacles such as other trains, planes, red signals, trucks crossing intersections, and guide the train along multiple routes by changing tracks en route. The player is armed with a steam fire bullet for destroying airborne targets, and a temporary force field which protects the train for a limited period of time. The use of the bullets and shields rapidly deplete an energy bar which must be maintained between levels by picking up oil items en route. Upon completion of a level, a bonus stage is played which involves the train attempting to shoot as many airborne enemies within a finite time period. The bonus awarded is dependent upon the number of enemies destroyed. The game then resumes on more challenging levels.
## Soundtrack
The game\'s soundtrack features a chiptune rendition of Yellow Magic Orchestra\'s synthpop hit \"Rydeen\" (1979) playing throughout the main gameplay.
The same tune later appeared in several personal computer games, including Rabbit Software\'s *Trooper Truck* (1983) and Superior Software\'s *Stryker\'s Run* (1986), and as the Ocean Software loader theme for *Daley Thompson\'s Decathlon* (1984).
The Sega Genesis Mini 2 version replaces \"Rydeen\" with the song \"Ryzeen\" by Oriental Magnetic Yellow, a YMO parody band led by composer Shinji Hosoe.
## Reception
*Computer and Video Games* magazine reviewed the game in its September 1983 issue. They said it is an \"enjoyable romp\" with \"a good setting\" and \"a marvelous rousing tune that adds immediately to the action.\"
## Legacy
The game was sold in Japan and Europe. In the UK, a machine was sited in a small arcade in a wooden building next to a small funfair in the seaside town of Morecambe. The arcade and funfair shut down in the 1980s and the site is now a car park, behind and to the left of the Johnny\'s Fun Factory arcade.
While no official conversion of the game existed until 2022, the computer games *Trooper Truck* (1983) and *Loco* (1984) are heavily inspired by *Super Locomotive*. In 2022, Sega released the Sega Genesis Mini 2 (also known as the Mega Drive Mini 2), which included a Genesis port of *Super Locomotive* developed by M2.
The game is considered one of the earliest train video games, making it a precursor to train simulator video games such as Ongakukan\'s *Train Simulator* series (1995 debut) and *Densha de Go!* (1996 debut)
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# Albert Weber (footballer)
**Albert Weber** (21 November 1888, in Berlin -- 17 September 1940) was a German amateur football (soccer) player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the German Olympic squad and played one match in the main tournament as goalkeeper
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# Sparrow Hills (building)
**Sparrow Hills** or **Vorobyovy Gory** (*Воробьёвы Го́ры*) is a residential complex in Moscow. The complex located at the base of Sparrow Hills and comprises seven buildings. 1,039 apartments are located in that complex, that was completed in 2004. As of 2007, its building 2 is the 4th tallest building in Moscow and the 3rd tallest residential building in Europe, with the tallest being a fellow Muscovite, the Triumph-Palace. The complex\' address is Mosfil\'movskaya ulitsa, 70
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# Opening Remarks
***Opening Remarks*** is a 1978 studio album by jazz guitarist Ted Dunbar, recorded for Xanadu Records.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Entrance\"
2. \"Two Areas\" - 9:08
3. \"Hang In There\" - 7:43
4. \"Lazy Lane\" - 4:41
5. \"Never Again\" - 5:23
6. \"Tonal Search\" - 8:06
7. \"Grand Mal - Petit Mal\"
8. \"Exit\" - 5:42
All music composed by Ted Dunbar
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# Karl Wegele
**Karl Wegele** (27 September 1887 -- 11 November 1960) was a German amateur football (soccer) player who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
## Career
The forward won the German football championship in 1909 with Phönix Karlsruhe.
He was a member of the German Olympic squad and played one match in the main tournament as well as one match in the consolation tournament. Overall Wegele won 15 caps before the First World War
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# Alexander Hangerli
**Alexander Hangerli** or **Handjeri** (*Αλέξανδρος Χαντζερής*, *Alexandre Handjeri*, *Alexandru Hangerli* or *Hangerliu*, Russian: Александр Ханжерли, *Aleksandr Hanzherli*, Александр Хангерли, *Aleksandr Hangerli* or Александру Хангерли, *Aleksandru Hangerli;* 1768 -- 12 June 1854) was a Dragoman of the Porte of the Ottoman Empire, and Prince of Moldavia between March 7 and July 24, 1807. He spent the latter part of his life as a refugee in the Russian Empire, where he became noted as a linguist. He was the brother of Constantine Hangerli, who reigned as Prince of Wallachia before being executed in 1799.
## Life
Born in Constantinople, Hangerli received a thorough education, was trained to speak several European languages, as well as Ottoman Turkish and Arabic, and prepared for a high-ranking position in the Danubian Principalities. In his twenties, he married a princess of the Callimachi family.
Although coming into conflict with Ottoman officials on several occasions, Hangerli was advanced to the position of Dragoman of the Porte in 1805, and maintained the office for the following two years, until Sultan Selim III appointed him Prince of Moldavia in place of the deposed Alexander Mourousis. He was nevertheless prevented from reaching his court in Iaşi by the Russian occupation of the country, and instead followed the Ottoman Army in their offensive (*see Russo-Turkish War (1806--1812)*). He was able to gain his throne after the Treaty of Bucharest, and played a major part in reestablishing the country\'s administration.
Hangerli was ultimately deposed from his throne and replaced by Scarlat Callimachi. Sources diverge in respect to the reason for this measure: according to the 1858 *Nouvelle biographie générale*, feeling insecure of his position as opposition to Sultan Selim mounted throughout the Empire, he had asked for his own deposition; a French traveler to the region, Captain Aubert, recorded that pressures had been made on him by the Porte to provide it with more income, and he had been ousted after not being able to fulfill the requirements.
Upon the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, Hangerli felt threatened by a possible Ottoman move against the Phanariotes. He was allegedly warned by the Russian ambassador to the Porte, Alexander Grigoriyevich Stroganov, that, as a prominent Greek in Istanbul, he risked being assassinated, and decided to flee the country. Hangerli and his family (including his two sons, Gregory and Telemach), embarked on a small ship and took sail across the Black Sea, taking harbor in Odessa (where they were given asylum by Novorossiya\'s governor, Alexandre Langeron).
Alexander Hangerli soon moved to Moscow, where he was received with honors by Emperor Alexander I. His title was recognized by Russian nobility, and his two sons were appointed Counsellors.
In 1840-1842, he published a three-volume dictionary of French, Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Turkish words, which was printed by the Russian state; in full, it was titled **Dictionnaire français-arabe, persan et turc, enrichi d\'exemples en langue turque, avec des variantes, et beaucoup de mots d\'arts et de sciences**. In recognition of this work, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna. According to the **Nouvelle biographie générale**, he had begun work on the volumes as early as 1806, upon the request of Armand Charles Guilleminot, future Ambassador to the Porte. Hangerli retired from public life after that date, and dedicated himself to the education of his grandson, Michel Ulangali (a literary critic, the latter settled in France)
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# Nemosis
**Nemosis** is a process of cell activation and death in human fibroblasts. Initially discovered as programmed necrosis, the name nemosis, is a derivative from the Goddess Nemesis in Greek mythodology. This name was adopted for fibroblast activation based on its initiation by direct cell--cell interactions as opposed to preference for extracellular matrix (ECM) contacts. Contacts between normal diploid fibroblasts induce cell activation leading to programmed cell death, PCD. This type of PCD has features of necrosis rather than apoptosis.
Nemosis of fibroblasts, or mesenchymal cells in general, generates large amounts of mediators of inflammation, such as prostaglandins, as well as growth factors such as hepatocyte growth factor. It is thus indicated to contribute to processes like acute and chronic inflammation, and cancer. Factors secreted by nemotic fibroblasts also break down the ECM. Such factors include several matrix metalloproteinases, and plasminogen activation
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# DJ Riddler
**Richie Pangilinan** (born in Chicago, Illinois), better known as **DJ Riddler** or **The Riddler**, is an American dance DJ, producer, remixer, streamer, music director and radio personality, formerly with Houston\'s 92.1 Radio Now. Prior to that, he was on the radio with New York City\'s WKTU 103.5FM, WHTZ 100.3FM, on Portland\'s KKRZ 100.3FM and KKHH \"Hot 95.7 FM\" in Houston.
He became the first Asian-American and Filipino-American mixshow DJ to be on commercial radio in New York, Austin, and San Antonio. DJ Riddler was also part of the group Mynt who had several hits including \"How Did You Know\", \"Stay\" and \"Still Not Sorry\". DJ Riddler has released over 19 commercial mix compilations on such record labels as Tommy Boy Records, Strictly Hype Records (SHR), MCA Records and Ultra Records selling over one-million copies. *Billboard* magazine lists The Riddler as one of the top 10 acts of all time with the most entries on the Dance/Electronic Albums chart.
## Career
Pangilinan began his career in Houston, Texas back in 1987, working for a rhythmic top 40 station KNRJ (now KHMX 96.5) under a different DJ name, Rippin\' Rich. However, his break into the radio world was when in 1993, joined KRBE 104.1 FM under Tom Poleman and Paul \"Cubby\" Bryant and became DJ Rich. From there he held radio mixshows with KHFI-Austin and KTFM-San Antonio. In 1995, he left Texas for New York City to work for WHTZ-Z100 and Tommy Boy Records.
While at Tommy Boy Records, Pangilinan was credited for his work on the platinum-selling \"Jock Jam Megamix\" and *Jock Jams* compilations. The \"Jock Jam Megamix\" was one of the first legalized mash-ups to sell over 500,000 copies according to SoundScan in the late 1990s. In addition, he helped Filipino-American dance artist, Jocelyn Enriquez, signed to Tommy Boy Records in 1997. In 2003, Pangilinan was the executive producer for Enriquez\' third album *All My Life*.
Pangilinan has also held positions at Capitol Records, MCA Records and Ultra Records in A&R, marketing, and radio & club promotions.
On New York radio, Pangilinan became the first Asian-American mixshow DJ. DJ Rich started on New York\'s Top 40 station Z100 every weekend with his Planet Z radio mixshow featuring the current club hits. In 2000, Pangilinan was moved to WKTU 103.5 FM from Z100 and was given the name DJ Riddler. His radio mixshow on WKTU quickly became noticed and won several awards like Best Radio Mixshow DJ at the International Dance Music Awards in Miami, Florida during the Winter Music Conference in 2001 and again in 2003.
In 2003, DJ Riddler joined Sirius Satellite Radio and was given his own show called *Riddler Remixed* on The Beat 36. On November 12, 2008, Sirius-XM replaced The Beat with BPM and took *Riddler Remixed* off the air. On August 8, 2009, Sirius-XM brought back The Riddler on BPM on the show *Adrenaline*.
Pangilinan is also part of the production team Al B. Rich along with Albert Castillo that produced for MYNT and other artists. In 2007, DJ Riddler along with his partner Albert Castillo also produced the song \"The Anthem\" for Pitbull featuring Lil Jon, which appears on Pitbull\'s album *The Boatlift*. Pangilinan was also asked by Disney Films to create a megamix similar to the *Jock Jams* in 2007 for the film *High School Musical*.
In July 2008, DJ Riddler returned to Houston on the new KKHH Hot 95.7 FM for the Hot Mix at 5 every week day.
In August 2010, The Riddler was named Best Mixshow DJ 2011 at the Promo Only Summer Sessions/DJ Times Convention in Atlantic City. He also won that title in 2011 and 2013.
In 2011, The Riddler was nominated again for Best Radio Mixshow DJ at the International Dance Music Awards in Miami, Florida during the Winter Music Conference along with Armin Van Buuren, Tiësto, Above and Beyond, Markus Schulz, Dennis Ruyer and Pete Tong. In May 2011, Riddler\'s show on Sirius-XM was changed to *Riddler\'s Revolution* and featured weekly guest DJs including R3hab, Zedd, Nervo and more.
In 2012, The Riddler was nominated again for Best Radio Mixshow DJ and Best Podcast at the International Dance Music Awards in Miami, Florida during the Winter Music Conference. By April 2012, Riddler left Sirius-XM and took his *Revolution* show to IHeartRadio Club Phusion. He also released another commercial CD compilation called *Dance Mix USA: In the Club, Vol. 2* on Phase One. In October 2012, Riddler released his solo EP *Enigma* on Soltrenz/Strictly Rhythm, which featured the vocals from DreamRoc\'a, Dragonfly, Nick Fowler and Jay R.
In January 2013, The Riddler was nominated for the second straight year Best Podcast at the International Dance Music Awards in Miami during the Winter Music Conference. In January 2014, *Billboard* magazine listed The Riddler as one of the top 10 acts of all time with the most entries on the Dance/Electronic Albums chart.
In 2015, Pangilinan started doing productions under another alias, Sneaker Snob where he remixed such artists like Ariana Grande, Selena Gomez, OneRepublic, the 1975, and others.
In June 2016, he was named Assistant Program Director/Music Director for CBS Radio KKHH Hot 95.7 and Program Director for KKHH HD-2 Energy 95.7 until December 30, 2016 when CBS Radio flipped formats to Adult Classics. In March 2017, he was named Assistant Program Director/Music Director and Afternoon Drive On-Air Personality on Radio One KROI \"92.1 Radio Now\" in Houston. In August 2018, he added Assistant Program Director/Music Director duties for Top 40 WNOW-FM \"Radio Now 100.9\" Indianapolis with Urban One. In April 2019, he left KROI.
In March 2019, Riddler won Best Radio Mixshow DJ at the Remix Awards held in Miami, FL during Miami Music Week at the Fontainebleau Hotel.
In January 2020, he released his first solo single, \"HOU\".
In January 2021, Riddler became Director of Entertainment and Digital Content for Rise Rooftop in Houston, TX, a 13,000 music venue with the largest retractable roof that is not a sports stadium.
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# DJ Riddler
## Discography
### Mixed compilations {#mixed_compilations}
Year Title Label
------ -------------------------------------- -----------------------------
2000 *MTV: Grind, Vol. 1* Tommy Boy Records
*Planet Dance* Tommy Boy Records
2001 *Club Series, Vol. 4* Strictly Hype Records (SHR)
*Club Series, Vol. 5* Strictly Hype Records (SHR)
*Dance Mix NYC* Tommy Boy Records
2002 *Dance Mix NYC, Vol. 2* Tommy Boy Records
2002 *Club Nation America. Vol. 2* MCA/Ministry Of Sound
2003 *Dance Mix NYC, Vol. 3* Tommy Boy Records
*Dance Mix NYC, Vol. 4* Tommy Boy Records
*Rewind: Greatest Party Hits* Tommy Boy Records
2004 *Dance Mix NYC, Vol. 5* Tommy Boy Records
2005 *Ultra.Dance 06* Ultra Records
*Ultra.Trance:5* Ultra Records
2006 *Club Anthems Vol. 3* Ultra Records
2007 *Ultra.Dance 08* Ultra Records
2008 *Ultra 2009* Ultra Records
2012 *Dance Mix USA: In the Club, Vol. 2* Phase One
### Also appears on {#also_appears_on}
Year Title Label
------ ------------------------ -------------------
1997 *Jock Jams, Volume 3* Tommy Boy Records
2003 *Deborah Cox: Remixed* J Records
### Singles/EPs
Year Title Label
------ -------------------------------- --------------------------
2010 \"Higher\" (feat. Craig Smart) Amerada Music
2012 *Enigma* (EP) Soltrenz/Strictly Rhythm
2020 *HOU* (single) AL B Rich Music
### Selected remixography as DJ Riddler {#selected_remixography_as_dj_riddler}
- A Great Big World - \"Say Something\"
- Ally Brooke - \"Higher\"
- Avenue Beat - \"F2020\"
- Backstreet Boys - \"Straight Through My heart\"
- Bella Thorne - \"Call It Whatever\"
- Britney Spears - \"Criminal\"
- Celine Dion - \"Ashes\"
- Celine Dion - \"Flying on My Own\"
- Charli XCX featuring Rita Ora - \"Doing It\"
- Cher Lloyd - \"I Wish\"
- Christina Aguilera - \"Beautiful\"
- Chris Brown - \"Yeah 3X\"
- Chromeo - \"Jealous\"
- Ciara - \"Oh\"
- Demi Lovato - \"Heart Attack\"
- Dido - \"Don\'t Leave Home\"
- Dido - \"White Flag\"
- Dillon Francis - \"When We Were Young\"
- DNCE - \"Cake by the Ocean\"
- D.R.A.M. - \"Broccoli\"
- Drake - \"Find Your Love\"
- Erika Jayne - \"One Hot Pleasure\"
- Flo-Rida - \"Zillionaire\"
- Foster The People - \"Pumped Up Kicks\"
- Frankie J - \"More Than Words\"
- Frankie J - \"Obsession\"
- Frankie J - \"Don\'t Wanna Try\"
- Hailee Steinfeld - \"Love Myself\"
- Hot Chelle Rae - \"Tonight, Tonight\"
- High School Musical - \"High School Musical Megamix\"
- Idina Menzel - \"At This Table\"
- Ivy Levan featuring Diplo - \"27 Club\"
- Janet Jackson - \"I Want You\"
- Janet Jackson - \"R&B Junkie\"
- Janet Jackson - \"Son of a Gun\"
- Jason Derulo - \"It Girl\"
- Jewel - \"Intuition\"
- Jess Glynne - \"Don\'t Be So Hard\"
- J. Cole - \"Power Trip\"
- John Holiday - "Love Finds a Way"
- Jordin Sparks - \"Battlefield\"
- Joss Stone - \"You Had Me\"
- Julia Michaels - \"Issues\"
- Kelly Clarkson - \"Behind These Hazel Eyes\"
- Kelly Clarkson - \"Catch My Breath\"
- Lil Wayne - \"How to Love\"
- Lorde - \"Greenlight\"
- Luther Vandross - \"I\'d Rather\"
- Mariah Carey - \"Never Too Far\"
- Mariah Carey - \"Hero\"
- Mariah Carey - \"You\'re Mine\"
- Maroon 5 - \"This Summer\"
- Max featuring Gnash - \"Lights Down Low\"
- Melanie C - \"Never Be the Same\"
- Mike Posner - \"Please Don\'t Go\"
- MYNT feat. Kim Sozzi - \"How Did You Know\"
- MYNT - \"Still Not Sorry\"
- Nelly - \"Just a Dream\"
- Paramore - \"I\'m into You\"
- Paramore - \"Ain\'t It Fun\"
- Pink - \"Feel Good Time\"
- Pink - \"Just Like a Pill\"
- Pink - \"Please Don\'t Leave Me\"
- Pink - \"Raise Your Glass\"
- Pink - \"Perfect\"
- Pitbull - \"The Anthem\"
- Pitbull - \"Rain Over Me\"
- Pitbull - \"Feel This Moment\"
- Pitbull - \"Timber\"
- Rita Ora - \"R.I.P.\"
- Ricky Martin - \"Adios\"
- Ricky Martin - \"Mr
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# Adolf Werner
**Adolf** \"**Adsch**\" **Friedrich August Werner** (19 October 1886 in Kiel -- 6 September 1975) was a German amateur football player.
## Club career {#club_career}
With his club Holstein Kiel he won the German football championship in 1912.
## International career {#international_career}
Werner competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. As member of the German Olympic squad and he played two matches in the consolation tournament as goalkeeper. Overall he won 13 caps for Germany.
His younger brother August Werner was also an international footballer (they are among 14 sets of siblings to have played for Germany)
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# Andrea Anastasi
**Andrea Anastasi** (born 8 October 1960) is an Italian professional volleyball coach and former player. He was a member of the Italy national team from 1981 to 1991, and during his career won the 1990 World Champion title.
## Career
### As a player {#as_a_player}
Anastasi played 141 matches for the Italian national team. Anastasi winning the gained 1990 World Championship, 1989 European Championship, gold medalist of the 1990 World League and 1991 World League with Azzurri. Anastasi at club level first team in the Parma from 1977 to 1980. He with Modena, Falconara and Treviso won three CEV Challenge Cup.
### As a coach {#as_a_coach}
Anastasi started profession as a head coach with Brescia in 1994. Then from 1995 to 1999 coached Montichiari at Serie A1. In 1999, he was chosen as head coach of Italy. He achieved many success with Italian national team. He led the team to double gold in 1999 during the 1999 European Championship and 1999 FIVB World League. In 2000 he repeated success and won World league, in addition the achieved bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics. in final Italy against Argentina (3-0) to reach bronze medals. Anastasi in the third year gained with Italy two silver medals at 2001 FIVB World League and 2001 European Championship. At 2002 FIVB World Championship Italy took fifth place along with Poland and United States. In the last year of coaching Italy, Anastasi gained with them bronze medal of 2003 FIVB World League and gold medal of the 2003 European Championship.
From 2003 to 2005, he was employed in the Italian Serie A League. Piemonte took fourth place twice and won 2005 Italian Cup.
Then Anastasi moved to coaching Spain. In 2007 European Championship he led Spanish to historic title of European Champions held in Moscow. Spain beat hosts in the finale and made 15 victories in a row. Received Silver medal in Mediterranean Games his latest achievement.
In 2007 Anastasi came back to work with Italy. However, this time without many success (4th place at the 2008 Summer Olympics, 10th place at the European Championship and 4th place at the 2010 World Championship). He was fired in 2010.
Poland after bad year 2010 decided to change a head coach and squad. Andrea Anastasi began work as head coach on 23 February 2011, when Poland was ranked 11th in the FIVB ranking. His assistant was Andrea Gardini. 2011 was very successful for Anastasi and his team. On 10 July 2011 Poland won first medal of the World League in history. Then on 18 September 2011 Poland beat Russia (3--1) and achieved their second bronze in 2011. Polish national team qualified to the Olympics on 3 December 2011. Anastasi led Poland to silver medal of the 2011 FIVB World Cup. For the first time in the history Polish national team won three medals in one year. In next year, on 8 July 2012, won the final match of 2012 FIVB World League against United States (3-0). At 2012 Olympic Games his team took 5th place. In October 2013 Andrea Anastasi was fired as coach of the Polish national team. The reason for this decision were unsuccessful Polish losses in 2013 and getting worse team game. Poland, while working of Andrea Anastasi, took 3rd place in the FIVB World Rankings.
In June 2014, the Andrea Anastasi was officially presented as the Lotos Trefl Gdańsk new head coach. Team took 3rd place in regular season of PlusLiga and winner 2014--15 Polish Cup. His team won 19 and lost 7 matches. On 23 February 2015 Andrea Anastasi signed new two-years contract, because of good results in regular, season till 2017. LOTOS Trefl advanced to the final of 2014--15 PlusLiga after winning in semifinal. It was the first, historical promotion of LOTOS Trefl to the final of Polish Championship and Anastasi led the team to silver medal of 2015 Polish Championship.
On 14 March 2018 Anastasi extended his contract with Polish club Trefl Gdańsk and became a new head coach of Belgium
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# Silvetty Montilla
**Silvio Cássio Bernardo** (born 10 July 1967 in São Paulo), better known as **Silvetty Montilla**, is a Brazilian drag queen, actor, comedian, television presenter and reporter. Montilla has acted in several theatre plays, performed regularly in the main São Paulo gay clubs and participated in television programs. He works in comedy clubs and in 2015 has launched his own stand-up comedy piece. He is also a judge on the YouTube reality show \"*Academia de Drags*\" (Drags Academy)
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# Nicolás Suárez Callaú
**Nicolás Suárez Callaú** (1851 in Portachuelo -- 1940 in Cachuela Esperanza) set up a multinational rubber empire in South America at the beginning of the 20th century.
Attracted by the rubber boom, Nicolas Suárez with three of his brothers crossed the Andes at the end of the 19th century and founded *Cachuela Esperanza* at the rapids of Río Beni as a headquarters for the rubber export. In 1905, *The India Rubber World* reporter C.J. Post dubbed Nicolás as \'the Rockefeller of the Rubber Trade\'.
During the heyday of the rubber boom, his empire had branches at Acre, Manaus, Belém, and London, and Nicolás Suárez Callaú owned 80,000 square kilometres of land in the Bolivian Beni and Pando departments, 50,000 heads of cattle and six steamboats.
## Early life {#early_life}
Nicolás had entered the region of northern Bolivia in 1872, at the age of 21 in attempt to catch the end of the cinchona boom. Shortly after, he gained a reputation for being a risky explorer: willing to venture alone into wild, unexplored areas in search of cinchona, and later hevea brasiliensis. In 1880 during the beginnings of the rubber boom in Bolivia, Edwin R. Heath confirmed that the river Beni flowed into the Madeira river. At the time, it was believed that they were completely separate and the explored area was inhabited by \'abnormally hostile\' natives. Nicolás Suárez, who had been dealing with rubber in Reyes was one of the most interested benefactors of this news.
After absorbing news of this discovery, Suárez went down stream of the Beni to settle a new trading site close to the Brazil-Mamoré river border. Near one of the rivers rocky rapids his ship capsized and Nicolás was lucky to survive. The location demanded a short portage around a water fall: and anyone who wanted to pass the cachuela would have to face this delay. Just before his thirtieth birthday in 1881, Nicolás started to establish himself in this location, having the site cleared of vegetation before erecting a warehouse and crude dwellings. Thus establishing the settlement of Cachuela Esperanza. Shortly after, two of his brothers joined him there to establish the Suárez Hermanos firm. In 1890, after one of the Suárez hermanos became the Bolivian Consul-General in London, and the Suárez Hermanos & Co. was formed with headquarters in London. He later sent the two brothers to set up commercial branches at Manaus, Pará and at San Antonio below the Madeira falls. Heath\'s discovery had led to a wave of migration into the lower Beni: with other people following Suárez to prospect for rubber. Key competitors like Antonio de Vaca Díez, Antenor Vásquez and Maison Braillard also expanded their businesses into the region.
Nicolás constantly ranged along the \'rubber rivers,\' becoming personally familiar with the routes his boats would have to take. An effort was made to secure as many of the waterfalls / cachuelas as possible: taxing and controlling the traffic along the portage points. The Madeira and Mamoré rivers had eighteen individual cachuelas interrupting travel. He advised the building of warehouses, supply posts, cart tracks between stations, as well as securing and disciplining labor. Apart from establishing large rubber collection centers as well as their attendant stations, Nicolás continued to establish his role as a general trader: emphasizing the distribution of supplies and supply posts. In an attempt to confirm the Bolivian claim to the land settled by rubber tappers: Vaca Díez, Vásquez, Suárez along with other prominent families, began to organize convoys of immigrants from the south. There were insufficient numbers of migrants, as the northern regions of Bolivia had a labor shortage, and shortage of people willing to make such a demanding journey. In response, valleys in the Yungas, Pando, Beni, and department of Santa Cruz were \'scoured\' for natives to work as a source of labor. A few of the vulnerable tribes exploited by these rubber tappers include, but are not limited to: various Araona groups, Toromona, and Tacana The Suarez family also exploited various Harakmbut, Mascho-Piro, and Cashinahua groups.
Around 1893, the explorer and rubber baron Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald discovered the Fitzcarrald Isthmus. The isthmus was a series of portage crossings that connected the Urubamba river concentrated in Peru, and the Madre de Dios basin of Bolivia. On September 4, 1894, Carlos docked at a Suarez port: surprising Nicolas and his employees. They arrived on the steamboat the 'Contamana' with the Peruvian flag hoisted. The two later negotiated a business partnership and future plans.
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# Nicolás Suárez Callaú
## The Suárez brothers {#the_suárez_brothers}
Nicolás had five brothers, and two sisters. His two youngest brothers died in childhood, leaving Nicolás as the youngest son of the family. Rómulo, Gregorio, and Francisco were instrumental in founding the Suárez rubber empire. Each of these brothers had their own branches named after them, however trading never took place under the name Nicolás Suárez.
Francisco Suárez, the eldest of the brothers had left Bolivia before the start of the rubber boom. He journeyed to England in 1871 and became the Bolivian Consul-General in London that same year. He soon opened up a trading house in London, and Suárez rubber was exclusively sent to the English market for a while. In June 1890, Francisco opened up his own company F. Suárez Hermanos & Co. Shortly after, the family decided that Francisco should also set up the European headquarters of the newly launched Suárez Hermanos & Co: gaining an early lead in the London rubber market. He later helped Vaca Díez established the Orton Rubber Company, which Francisco became a director in. Due to his position as Bolivian consul-general, he was also trusted with the power of attorney for Vaca Díez. Francisco died in 1897, near the beginning of February at the age of sixty-four and he left behind £74,000 in assets.
Rómulo Suárez was sent to establish multiple branches in Brazil around the start of the 1890s. He established agencies in Pará, Manaus, and Santo Antônio which was below the Madeira falls. These branches formed part of their own company named R. Suárez & Co. Shortly after founding this company Rómulo moved south to manage the ranching enterprise for the family. He bought multiple ranches in the surrounding land around a Suarez headquarters port at La Loma. Rómulo managed the ranches from La Loma, where jerked beef was sent by wagon to then be distributed to the Suárez plantations by boat. Erland Nordenskiöld referred to Rómulo as \"The Great Exterminator\" and in a book titled *Indios y Blancos*, he described how Rómulo was terrorizing the indigenous population and had flogged some of the natives to death. Rómulo was murdered in 1908 by one of his servants at La Loma (Loma Suárez) near the city of Trinidad.
Gregorio, third of the Suarez sons was stationed at the Madeira-Mamoré falls to administer the movement of rubber downstream and supplies going upstream. He supervised and personally traversed the route for many years before his death sometime around 1908. While moving upstream with three boats loaded with supplies for Cachuela Esperanza, Gregorio was hailed by a group of Caripunás. He recognized a couple of the natives on the river bank and went ashore to meet them. The natives challenged Gregorio to a test of marksmanship. After Gregorio\'s turn was done, the native up to the test turned from the target and shot him in the heart. The rest of Gregorio\'s group was in turn killed with the exception of two survivors. Nicolas Suarez immediately took off down river when he heard the news and started a mission to track the natives. Eventually they were found, surrounded by cases of supplies and Gregorio\'s severed head attached to a spear. Nicolas and his men surrounded the natives and \"annihilated every man\" within the camp.
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# Nicolás Suárez Callaú
## Rubber baron {#rubber_baron}
In 1897 Carlos Fitzcarrald drowned along with Antonio de Vaca Diez in the Urubamba river when their boat sank. Nicolas Suárez and Julio César Arana, an infamous rubber baron in Peru, were the two biggest benefactors of the 1897 accident. Suárez acquired a substantial portion of Fitzcarrald\'s fleet, along with a portion of his work force. While Arana lost his biggest competitor in Peru. Nicolas was also able to absorb Vaca Diez\'s rubber collecting business, which dominated the Orthon river. This same year Nicolás\'s romantic partner, Constanza Roca, perished at the age of twenty-one, and Nicolás had a marble statue imported from Italy to Cachuela Esperanza to commemorate her. In 1901, Suárez owned the *Sucre* and *Santa Cruz* which operated on the Mamoré River, while his fleet on the Beni River consisted of the *Campa*, *Roca*, *Esperanza* and *Sena* steamships. The liquidation of Vaca Diez\'s enterprise was finalized in 1901 after Suárez was granted power of attorney of the firm, and he acquired the *Inambary* steamship on the Mamoré River, as well as the steamships *Sernambí* and *Ortón* on the Beni River.
Anthropologist Klaus Rummenhoeller describes that during this time period natives were persecuted in the region due to the correrias, or slave raids carried out by Suárez\'s employees. These raids led to the destruction of their homes, the capture of men, women and the killing of children as well as the elderly.
In response to the Acre revolution breaking out in 1899, Nicolas Suarez founded the Porvenir column, a \"vigilante band\" of hired guns. This unit was stationed near a strategic point along the Tahuamanu River during a portion of the conflict. The column was most notable for retaking Cobija in 1902. Brazil and Bolivia signed the Treaty of Petrópolis after the end of the conflict. Due to Nicolás\'s contribution toward the war effort, the Bolivian government granted him a concession that was composed of almost 8,000 square miles of land near the Beni region. In exchange for Brazil receiving the Acre territory from Bolivia, Brazil would pay for the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad. Between 1907 and 1912 the project claimed thousands of lives from the demanding situation in the jungle, which earned it the nickname of the \'Devils railroad\'.
Nicolás reorganized the three separate Suárez companies in 1909, registering them in London as Suárez Hermanos & Co. Ltd: starting with a nominal capital of £750,000. Three steamships, with two smaller launches along with other boats were listed on the Amazon River, six steamships on the Beni River, three steamers on the Mamoré River and 20,629 estradas along with other assets were listed included in this company\'s prospectus. Nicolás retained £363,900 worth of shares for himself. While in London, he added on to properties he owned in West Hampstead, purchasing three more houses for the family. Many of Nicolás\'s children spent time in London, especially his eldest daughter Esperanza, who lived there most of her life. The nephew of Nicolás, Pedro Suárez, succeeded his uncle Francisco as the Bolivian Consul-General in the city. In this position, Pedro countered any rumors of the family, and declared the Suárez estates to be open: inviting any representatives to investigate the region if they\'d like. This was in response to allegations of \'another Putumayo in Bolivia.\' When a British minister visited in 1913, he was not permitted to venture very far into the estate, instead being limited to the companies principal properties.
British minister Cecil Gosling and explorer Percy Fawcett both visited the rubber territory owned by Suarez. They both agreed that the rubber stations operated on a peonage system. Gosling stayed in the Suárez rubber estates for 5 months on a tour in 1913, and labelled the peonage system as \"undisguised slavery.\". Both the natives exploited by Suárez and official employees were subject to the system where credit was forwarded. The company charged everything on credit, indebting many and virtually trapping them in the region. The contract provided to employees stipulated that they would liquidate their personal assets to pay back a debt to the company if need be. As well as promising to a pay a certain amount of bolivianos to compensate the company if they attempted to run away. Bolivian historian Pilar Gamarra Tellez estimated that between 1895 and 1912 the Suárez companies obtained around 10,750 estradas through debts and or missed payments. An estrada typically consisted of 150 rubber trees spread throughout the forest. Work relations did not change much after the price of rubber collapsed in 1913. The cheap work force tied to the rubber industry by debts continued to be the most important financial asset for Suárez. The price collapse made it harder for the debtors to repay the company, further worsening the financial situation of the workers. Instead of production levels decreasing due to the fluctuation of the price, Bolivia and the Suárez estates exported more rubber after 1913.
The railway saw about one year of operation before the price of rubber collapsed, and rendered the project uneconomical. The three trains a week in July 1912 turned into 1 train delivery a week by November 1913. Around this time the price of rubber dropped to around .73 cents a pound or less in Bolivia. Most of the rubber transported on the railway was produced in the Suárez estate, where it would be shipped to Riberalta and then delivered to Porto Velho
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# Luke Bell (triathlete)
**Luke Bell** is an Australian triathlete, specializing in long course triathlons, particularly half-ironman and Ironman distance. Bell was born in Portland, Australia, but currently resides in Melbourne. Bell spends time training in Boulder, Colorado during the Australian winter.
## Professional triathlete {#professional_triathlete}
His best results in full-distance Ironman Triathlons include 5th place in Hawaii in 2003 at the relatively young age of 24. He also has second-place finishes at Ironman Australia, Ironman Brazil and Ironman New Zealand. He has won multiple half-ironman races, including California, Shepparton, and Tasmania. His former coach is Paul Huddle, husband of Ironman legend Paula Newby-Fraser, and current coach is Matt Dixon from Purple Patch Fitness.
## Additional information {#additional_information}
Bell was featured in the Ironman documentary entitled *What it Takes*, which tracked four triathletes competing for the Ironman World Championships in Kona, Hawaii. The film also featured fellow triathletes Peter Reid, Heather Fuhr, and Lori Bowden
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# William Kerr (Canadian politician)
**William Kerr** (February 27, 1836 -- November 22, 1906) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He represented Northumberland West in the House of Commons of Canada from 1874 to 1878 as a Liberal member and served in the Senate of Canada from 1899 to 1906.
## Life
He was born in Ameliasburg, Upper Canada in 1836, the son of Francis William Kerr, an Irish immigrant, and Olive Shelley, and was educated at Victoria University in Cobourg. Kerr later served as a member of the University\'s senate and as its bursar. He was called to the bar in 1859 and set up practice in Cobourg. Kerr served on the town council for Cobourg and was mayor from 1867 to 1873. After his re-election in 1874, he was unseated on appeal but won the subsequent by-election. He was made a Queen\'s Counsel in 1876. He ran unsuccessfully for the federal seat in 1878 and 1882. Kerr was named to the Senate in 1899 and died in office in 1906 in Toronto, Ontario.
He married Myra Jane Field, the sister of MPPs John C. and Corelli C. Field. His daughter, Edith Kerr Macdonald (1870--1957), was the first woman to hold a municipal office in Cobourg
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# Long Marston, Warwickshire
**Long Marston** is a planned new town under development, formerly village, and civil parish about 5 mi southwest of Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England. The southern and western boundaries of the parish form part of the county boundary with Worcestershire. Historically, the town was in Gloucestershire. The 2021 census recorded the parish\'s population as 1,630.
Talk of expanding Long Marston dates back to May 2007, when Gordon Brown announced that it was one potential site for an eco-town, which would have seen it be renamed Middle Quinton. Though the Middle Quinton plan was ultimately scrapped in 2010, in a January 2017 announcement the idea was revived when Long Marston was targeted for expansion by the government a second time. This time, it was classified as a garden village and has held the title since, a designation for new towns drawing inspiration from Ebenezer Howard\'s garden city movement. The garden villages have been described as intended to be \"modern market towns with a focus on mixed use\".
The first residents moved into *Fernleigh Park*, Long Marston\'s first newbuild housing development as part of the garden village project, in early 2022. In 2025, Long Marston was also labelled one of several \"potential New Settlement\" locations by Warwickshire County Council, which would see even more homes built if approved.
## History
Long Marston was part of Gloucestershire until 1931, when the Provisional Order Confirmation (Gloucestershire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire) Act moved Marston Sicca Rural District into Warwickshire. The civil parish was also renamed from Marston Sicca to Long Marston in 1931. It is recorded in the Domesday Book \"In Celfledetorn Hundred, St Mary\'s Priory and Cathedral in Merestone, holds 10 hides. In lordship 3 ploughs; 15 villagers and 3 smallholders with 12 ploughs. 6 slaves; meadow at 10s. The value was £8; now 100s. The name of the hundred, *Celfledethon* means Ceolflaed\'s thorn, perhaps indicating that the original meeting place in the centre of the hundred was a thorn tree.
Long Marston is known as one of the \"Shakespeare villages\". William Shakespeare is said to have joined a party of Stratford folk which set itself to outdrink a drinking club at Bidford-on-Avon, and as a result of his labours in that regard to have fallen asleep under the crab tree of which a descendant is still called Shakespeare\'s tree. When morning dawned his friends wished to renew the encounter but he wisely said \"No I have drunk with Piping Pebworth, Dancing Marston, Haunted Hillboro\', Hungry Grafton, Dodging Exhall, Papist Wixford, Beggarly Broom and Drunken Bidford\' and so, presumably, I will drink no more.\" The story is said to date from the 17th century but of its truth or of any connection of the story or the verse to Shakespeare there is no evidence.
On 10 September 1651 Charles II stayed in Long Marston at the house of a kinsman of Jane Lane called Tomes, on his way from Bentley Hall to Abbots Leigh during his escape following the defeat of the army at the Battle of Worcester. He was traveling incognito as a servant to Jane Lane, sister-in-law of George Norton, the owner of the house at Abbots Leigh to which they were bound. In keeping with his outward guise as a servant, the cook of the house put him to work in the kitchen winding the jack used to roast meat in the fireplace. Charles was clumsy at this but explained his clumsiness by saying that as the son of poor people, he so rarely ate meat that he did not know how to use a roasting jack. Given the state of the economy at the time, his story was accepted and he was not identified.
## Parish church {#parish_church}
The Church of England parish church of Saint James the Great has a 14th-century Decorated Gothic nave and chancel, but was rebuilt in the 19th century. The pulpit is Jacobean. The church is a Grade I listed building. Its parish is part of the Benefice of Quinton, Welford-on-Avon, Weston-on-Avon and Marston Sicca.
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# Long Marston, Warwickshire
## Railway
In 1859 the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway opened a branch line from `{{rws|Honeybourne}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{rws|Stratford upon Avon}}`{=mediawiki}. Long Marston railway station opened at the same time as one of the stops on the line. In 1966 British Railways withdrew passenger services between Honeybourne and Stratford, closed Long Marston station and removed the track between Long Marston and Stratford. The line between Honeybourne and Long Marston remains open for non-passenger trains to and from the former MoD depot.
Long Marston Military Railway (LMMR) was a project at the MoD depot to keep alive military railway skills. A \"Military Railfest\" was planned for 6--10 May 2015 which was expected to include about 20 former army locomotives. Barclay 0-4-0 DM *Mulberry* was already at Long Marston railway station and was to be joined by USATC S160 Class 2-8-0 number 3278 on 22 April 2014. The project had been using the shed vacated by the Stratford on Avon and Broadway Railway. In March 2015, it was reported that the project had collapsed and that the majority of the site would be redeveloped for housing, with sidings retained for the storage of London Underground District line stock for Vivarail\'s conversion into British Rail Class 230 multiple units.
The Shakespeare Line Promotion Group is promoting a scheme to reopen the 9 mi of line south of Stratford upon Avon to `{{rws|Honeybourne}}`{=mediawiki} where it would link to the Cotswold Line. Called the \"Avon Rail Link\", the scheme (supported as a freight diversionary route by DB Schenker) would make Stratford-upon-Avon station a through station once again with improved connections to the South, and would open up the possibility of direct services to `{{rws|Oxford}}`{=mediawiki} and Worcester via `{{rws|Evesham}}`{=mediawiki}. The scheme faces local opposition. There is, however, a good business case for Stratford-Cotswolds link.
## Airfield
Long Marston Airfield is north-east of the village. It was built in 1940 as RAF Long Marston and decommissioned as a military airfield in 1958. Since 1987 the airfield has been the venue of the Bulldog Bash, considered to be one of Europe\'s most popular annual motorcycle festivals. Since 2001 the airfield has also been the venue of the annual Global Gathering club music festival.
## Former military depot {#former_military_depot}
Long Marston depot is a former Ministry of Defence facility south-east of the village. Since the privatisation of British Rail in the mid-1990s, rolling stock companies (ROSCOs) have used the depot to store out-of-lease rolling stock. In about 2009 the depot\'s owners, St. Modwen Properties, along with The Bird Group of Companies, proposed to redevelop the site as Middle Quinton eco-town. In 2021, it was announced that Porterbrook had leased the site for rail rolling stock storage.
## Amenities
Long Marston has a public house, the Mason\'s Arms, and a community shop called the \"Poppin\". When developed, it\'s anticipated that the garden village will include a town centre in its own right including a community hall, medical centre and schools
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# Baron Jermyn
**Baron Jermyn**, of St Edmundsbury, was a title in the Peerage of England.
It was created in 1643 for Henry Jermyn, with remainder, failing heirs male of his own, to his nephews. In 1660 he was further honoured when he was made **Earl of St Albans**, with normal remainder to the heirs male of his body. On Lord St Alban\'s death in 1684 the earldom became extinct while he was succeeded in the barony according to the special remainder by his nephew, the second Baron. He had earlier represented Bury St Edmunds in Parliament.
On his death the title passed to his younger brother, the third Baron. He had already been created Baron Dover in 1685. In 1689 the deposed James II created him **Baron Jermyn of Royston**, **Baron Ipswich**, **Viscount Cheveley** and **Earl of Dover** in the Jacobite Peerage. However, these titles were not recognised by the English government, although Jermyn was generally known as the Earl of Dover. All the titles became extinct on Jermyn\'s death in 1708.
The family seat was Rushbrooke Hall in Rushbrooke, Suffolk.
## Barons Jermyn (1643) {#barons_jermyn_1643}
- Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans, 1st Baron Jermyn (c. 1604--1684)
- Thomas Jermyn, 2nd Baron Jermyn (d. 1703)
- Henry Jermyn, 3rd Baron Jermyn, 1st Baron Dover (c
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# Arthur Elliott (photographer)
**Arthur Elliott** (1870, New York City -- 20 November 1938, Cape Town), was an American born South African photographer who recorded the architecture and daily life of the Cape. Elliott took over 10,000 photographs of Cape Dutch architecture, creating an unrivalled pictorial record of early 20th century buildings at the Cape.
## Life
Elliott was born in New York City in 1870 to Scottish parents. He was orphaned at 12 years old and worked in a series of odd jobs. A job as a ships crew member took him to England and India before arriving in South Africa at the age of 30. He tried his hand at various jobs such as phonograph salesman, scene-painter and production manager at the Luscombe Searelle Acting Company in Johannesburg.
Elliott died in Cape Town on November 30, 1938.
## Work
Anglo-Boer war prompted Elliott to started taking photographs. The war caused him to move to Cape Town as a war refugee in 1900 where he took to photography as a fulltime profession and passion. He acquired a quarter-plate (3.25 × 4.25 inches) camera from a friend and had his first success selling selling photographs of Boer prisoners of war to British soldiers in the Cape.
His home in Cape Town is commemorated by a plaque at 134 Long Street. He had a number of major exhibitions in Cape Town ; in 1910, 1913 (with a catalogue compiled by Theal and F.K. Kendall\'s article on Cape architecture), in 1926 (with an introduction by Sir George Cory, the historian), another in 1930, arranged by W.R. Morrison. His final exhibition, in 1938, was titled \"The Cape, Quant and Beautiful" and included a catalogue edited by Victor de Kockin. These gave him widespread recognition and enabled him to eke out a living through the selling of prints. During his life he took more than 11,000 photographs of the Cape, the most comprehensive collection of images of life at the Cape during that period ever collected.
Elliott seems to have been determined to record as much as he was able of the old farmhouses, buildings and streets that were rapidly disappearing with the ever-growing pressure to modernize. During his lifetime only a portfolio of some of his images was published for the use of schools, but in 1969 he authored selection of his best images, showing farmsteads and historic buildings, with an introduction and annotations by Hans Fransen. Before his death, Elliott offered his collection of photographs to the local government for £5000; the offer was declined. After his death, his collection was acquired by the Government and presented to the Cape Archives. A further 1,000 photographs from the collection of W.R. Morrison were added later. The *Elliott Collection*, as his set of images came to be called, has been used extensively by authors writing about all aspects of old Cape architecture.
### Gallery of work {#gallery_of_work}
<File:Arthur> Elliott03.jpg\|`{{center|'''Alphen, 18th century farmhouse'''}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Arthur> Elliott01.jpg\|`{{center|'''Cottage at [[Bishopscourt, Cape Town|Bishopscourt]]'''}}`{=mediawiki}\|alt=Cottage at Bishopscourt KITLV A700 - Rhone, landhuis te Stellenbosch bij Kaapstad, KITLV 54491.tif\|`{{center|'''Rhone House, Stellenbosch'''}}`{=mediawiki} Palm Tree Mosque c.1915.jpg\|`{{center|'''The [[Palm Tree Mosque]], 1915'''}}`{=mediawiki} KITLV A700 - Twee kinderen bij de tombe van Sheik Yusuf (Sherk Josephs \' Tomb) in de Zandvliet Hoeve te Stellenbosch bij Kaapstad, KITLV 100379.tif\|`{{center|'''Two children outside the tomb of [[Sheikh Yusuf|Sheik Yusuf]]'''}}`{=mediawiki} KITLV A700 - Main Street te Swellendam bij Kaapstad, KITLV 100860.tif\|`{{center|'''Main Street, [[Swellendam]] at the turn of the 20th century'''}}`{=mediawiki} <File:KITLV> A700 - Jonkershuis van het landgoed Groot-Constantia bij Kaapstad, KITLV 87323
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# Ferdinando De Giorgi
**Ferdinando De Giorgi** (born 10 October 1961) is an Italian professional volleyball coach and former player, a participant in the Olympic Games Seoul 1988, three--time World Champion (1990, 1994, 1998), and the 1989 European Champion. He serves as head coach for the Italy national team.
## Career as coach {#career_as_coach}
In March 2015, he signed a contract with ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle. On 20 December 2016, he was appointed new head coach of the Poland national team. He replaced the previous head coach, Stéphane Antiga
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# Home Is Where the Soul Is
***Home Is Where The Soul Is*** is a jazz album by pianist Kenny Drew, recorded in 1978 for Xanadu Records.
## Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states \"The years overseas had not hurt the pianist in the least and he had clearly grown as an improviser. Worth searching for\". `{{Music ratings
| rev1 = ''[[Allmusic]]''
| rev1Score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref name="Allmusic"/>
|rev2 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide]]''
| rev2Score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref name=RSJRG>{{Cite book
|editor-last=Swenson
|editor-first=J.
| author-link =
| year = 1985
| title = The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide
| publisher = Random House/Rolling Stone
| location = USA
| isbn = 0-394-72643-X
| pages = 65
}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Track listing {#track_listing}
*All compositions by Kenny Drew except as indicated*
1. \"Work Song\" (Nat Adderley) - 5:59
2. \"Prelude to a Kiss\" (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills) - 7:15
3. \"West of Eden\" (Austin Wells) - 5:18
4. \"It Could Happen to You\" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke) - 4:34
5. \"Only You\" - 3:49
6. \"Three and Four Blues\" - 6:23
7. \"Ending\" - 6:10
8
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# Kugayama
is a neighbourhood of Tokyo in Suginami ward, west of Shinjuku in Japan.
Kugayama is a residential community located along the Keiō Inokashira Line. It is served by local and express trains. The surrounding stations are Fujimigaoka and Mitakadai
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# Minister of Foreign Affairs (Libya)
This is a **list of foreign ministers of Libya**.
## Names
Title of foreign minister varies depending on political regime. For example, during the Jamahiriya era (1977--2011), the title was *Secretary of People\'s Committee for Foreign Communication and International Cooperation
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| 0 |
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# For Sure! (Kenny Drew album)
***For Sure!*** is a jazz album by pianist Kenny Drew, recorded in 1978 for Xanadu Records.
## Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states \"This rare quintet outing features Drew playing at the peak of his powers. The material is strong, is sometimes quite boppish and contains plenty of variety. This out-of-print LP was underrated at the time and is worth searching for\". The Proper Good Time Review, (a contemporary critic site which reviews classic Jazz of the 70s and 80s), states \"Kenny Drew\'s aromatic beep-boppin\', hip-hoppin\', scoop-boopin\' masterpiece enthrals audiences with magical, smooth, insightful Jazz. Pure from the very bottom of Kenny Drew\'s soul. Curve-balling the game of Jazz from the slow, stagnant blues of the not so swinging\' sixties. Would listen to it on the weekends. 12 good nights out of a possible 17.\" `{{Music ratings
| rev1 = ''[[Allmusic]]''
| rev1Score = {{rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="Allmusic"/>
|rev2 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide]]''
| rev2Score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref name=RSJRG>{{Cite book
|editor-last=Swenson
|editor-first=J.
| author-link =
| year = 1985
| title = The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide
| publisher = Random House/Rolling Stone
| location = USA
| isbn = 0-394-72643-X
| pages = 65
}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Track listing {#track_listing}
*All compositions By Kenny Drew except as indicated*
1. \"For Sure\" - 6:08
2. \"Mariette\" (Rochlin) - 6:28
3. \"Arrival\" (Horace Parlan) - 6:53
4. \"Blues Wail\" - 6:52
5. \"Dark Beauty\" - 5:56
6. \"Context\" - 5:48
7
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# Ben Lomond (Otago)
**Ben Lomond** is a mountain close to Queenstown, New Zealand. It was named after Ben Lomond in Scotland by the early shepherd Duncan McAusland. The summit is approximately 4 km northwest of the town centre and reaches a height of 1748 m. Connected to Ben Lomond are the large but slightly shorter Bowen Peak (1,631 m) and Bob\'s Peaks, while nearby is the dominant feature of Queenstown Hill. There are scenic views available from a range of places on the mountain with the top giving a 360-degree panorama of much of the Wakatipu Basin including Lake Wakatipu, The Remarkables Mountains, Cecil Peak and Walter Peak.
## Access
The Ben Lomond track can be accessed via three main routes that start at the *One Mile Carpark*, the access road on *Lomond Crescent* or from the Skyline Building on *Brecon Street*. If using the third option the easiest form of access is via the *Skyline Gondola* which takes you part way up the mountain, with foot access from the same location via the *Tiki Trail*.
Alternative much harder routes are from the Moonlight Track starting at either Moke Lake or Arthurs Point which both lead to the Ben Lomond saddle. There are also several entrances in the suburb of Fernhill.
## Tracks
The main track runs through exotic Douglas Fir forest upwards passing occasionally through Mountain Beech before opening up into tussock grasslands. The track follows a ridgeline up to the saddle between Ben Lomond and Bowen Peak before becoming quite steep for the summit track to the top.[New Zealand Mountain Safety Council\'s video on the Ben Lomond Track](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtqdppBv-gc)
There are many smaller tracks other than the one that leads to the summit: The **Fernhill Link Track** is an easy grade track that links the suburbs of Fernhill and Sunshine Bay with Queenstown. There are several bridges that pass over streams. The **Fernhill Loop Track** is a large medium fitness level walk or bike that runs through Mountain Beech forest but is currently closed due to maintenance issues. From the One Mile Powerhouse carpark there is a track that runs up and follows a stream through native forest, later on it turns into Douglas Fir forest. The **Tiki Trail** runs from the base of the Skyline base building going all the way to the Luge area. These tracks are just a selection of many that criss-cross Ben Lomond\'s slopes which can be hiked or run.
## Activities
There are a variety of walking/biking tracks on Ben Lomond most of which are located in area around the base called the **Ben Lomond Scenic Reserve**.
The biking activities in the area are extensive and include a network of trails for Downhill mountain biking. These can be accessed either by biking uphill, using a vehicle to transport the bikes or the popular Skyline Gondola option.
Foot access is also available on a vehicle service road which services the businesses on Cemetery Hill (misnamed Bob\'s Peak). The main access routes from the bottom are either via the One Mile carpark or the Skyline access road. Both tracks join and then follow a ridge up to a saddle before a steep route on private land leads to the peak, most of the route is clearly marked.
## Cemetery Hill or Bob\'s Peak {#cemetery_hill_or_bobs_peak}
Highly visible from Queenstown is Cemetery Hill (also known as Bob\'s Peak) which is part of Ben Lomond. Although mainly covered in Douglas Fir forest, Cemetery Hill is used by several businesses for leisure activities; the most visible is the Skyline Complex and associated Luge Track. Paragliding occurs regularly depending on the weather. A zipline flying fox company also operates near the complex, with the lines running down as far as Brecon Street.
While this is the common usage location for Bob\'s Peak, most maps point to a different location of the Moke Lake area.
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# Ben Lomond (Otago)
## Flora and fauna {#flora_and_fauna}
At lower levels there is a large forest of Douglas fir which is often incorrectly referred to as a pine tree. There are small pockets of mountain beech left which are slowly being crowded out by the faster-growing fir trees. At higher levels there are larger patches of beech forest and large tracts of native tussock and herb fields.
The most common bird seen is the New Zealand pipit which flits around the tussocks looking for food. Also commonly seen are tūī and bellbirds. Less common are the tomtit, Australasian harrier, wood pigeon and occasionally kea.
Numerous feral goats can be seen and smelt all over the mountain. As part of Ben Lomond forms the Ben Lomond Station there are also many domestic cattle and sheep especially on the trail from the saddle to Arthurs Point.
## Conservation due to exotic forest spread {#conservation_due_to_exotic_forest_spread}
Douglas Fir forest was originally sown on the lower slopes of Cemetery Hill in the late 19th century as part of a beautification project led by a local pharmacist Louis Hotop. In the early to mid 20th century further plantings became part of the town\'s Arbor Day activities. Since the 1960s, following the culling of feral goats, which up to then had kept seedling-spread in check, they have rapidly grown and have been spreading quickly up and along Ben Lomond\'s slopes. The Department of Conservation did some control operations, but the responsibility has since passed on to the local council and various volunteer groups such Eco Action Network. These fir trees, although exotic, grow at a rate faster than in their original homeland of North America and create a monocultural forest devoid of the variety of native vegetation normally growing in the area. It has in some areas overtaken even mature beech forest. Control methods include: Hand pulling small seedlings, lopping the base of larger trees that are about one to three metres high, using chainsaws to chop down big tree above three metres in height, occasionally aerial spraying by helicopter is used in higher altitude areas that are hard to access by foot
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# Andrea Sartoretti
**Andrea Sartoretti** (born 19 June 1971) is an Italian former volleyball player.
## Biography
Born at Perugia, Sartoretti debuted in the Italian Serie in 1991, winning the Award as best Under 23 player. A 1.94 cm athlete, he usually played opposite hitter. Sartoretti was known for his powerful serve, which gained him the nickname of *Sartorace*.
Sartoretti won one Italian Serie A1 national title in 1997, with Pallavolo Modena. He also won three CEV Champions Leagues and two European Supercups in his stay at Messaggero Ravenna (1991--1996).
Sartoretti earned his first cap for Italy national team in 1993. He won four World Leagues (two times declared MVP), two European (2001 and 2003) and a World (1998) titles. He has won two silver medals and a bronze medal in three Olympic Games between 1996 and 2004.
Sartoretti ended his playing career in 2009. He is currently part GM of Modena Volley. Sartoretti made 330 appearances for the national team of Italy
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# Swedish Polytechnic
The **Swedish Polytechnic** (*Svenska yrkeshögskolan*) was an institution of higher professional education (vocational university) in Vaasa, Finland. It offered bachelor\'s and master\'s degree programmes in Swedish in the fields of technology, health care, social welfare in Vaasa and within culture in Nykarleby and Jakobstad.
On August 1, 2008, the University merged with the Sydväst Polytechnic to form the Novia University of Applied Sciences
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# Virgin of Azahar
`{{Refimprove|date=April 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
**Virgin of Azahar** is one of the invocations of Mary, having her origin in the Spanish city of Beniaján, near Murcia. Beniaján is known worldwide by the abundant production of citrus fruits that its factories export around the world. Citrus is the most important industrial activity in this town.
The statue is a polychrome wooden sculpture carved by Hernández Navarro, and takes its name from the fact that it is holding a natural orange blossom in its hands. The sculpture receives cult in a small hermitage erected in city\'s outskirts, in a fecund place called *Rincón de Villanueva*. Her name comes from the natural citrus blossom branch (*Azahar* in Spanish) which is on the Virgin\'s hands. Orange citrus and lemon trees are around this small church.
## Festivity
The festivity date is 1 May. The sculpture is carried from Beniaján to the hermitage, crossing gardens and fields, in a folk procession
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# Shelim Hussain
**Shelim Hussain** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|MBE}}`{=mediawiki} (born 20 February 1973) is a Bangladeshi-born British entrepreneur, and founder, chairman and managing director of Euro Foods.
## Early life {#early_life}
Hussain was born in Bangladesh and was brought to the United Kingdom by his uncle and aunt in 1985. After a year of living in London, his uncle moved to Cardiff in 1986, when he was 11, and he was enrolled at Cathays High School.
## Career
At the age of 17, Hussain started working as a waiter at the Indian Ocean restaurant in Gabalfa. Around 1991, at the age of 18, when the local prawn supplier went out of business, having seen a gap in the market, Hussain took £20 worth of fuel and the money to buy six cases of prawns -- and sold them on. He started his business while working evenings as a part-time as a waiter in the restaurant and studying at college for his A Levels at Coleg Glan Hafren. He saw an opportunity in the market for prawn supply and started off by selling a few boxes of frozen prawns with his friend, delivering them at night while continuing with his education during the day. He started the business with an initial capital of only £20. The annual turnover for his business is around £80 million as of 2010.
### Euro Foods (UK) {#euro_foods_uk}
In 1993, Hussain formed Euro Foods (UK) and the company has grown rapidly since. He employs over 200 staff and has food processing units in Newport, Barking and Sunderland. Hussain is the chief executive of Newport-based Euro Foods which has an annual turnover of £80m, as well as a £20m subsidiary empire in Asia. He also has a new plant and four factories in Bangladesh, and has started a subsidiary in New York City. He also has invested in property development business in Wales. At present he is founder, chairman and managing director of the following companies: Euro Foods (UK) Ltd, S & B Developments Ltd, SRS Poultry Ltd (commencing late 2003), Eurasia Food Processing (BD) Ltd (Bangladesh), Euro, Linen Service (UK) Ltd, Horizon Seafood Ltd, Saidowla Enterprise, Euro Foods (BD) Ltd & Rosemco foods Ltd (BD). All of factory setup by latest machine and as per HACCP rule.
## Awards and recognition {#awards_and_recognition}
In 2003, Hussain was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2003 New Year Honours for his services to business in Wales. In 2003, he won the *Eastern Eye* Young Achiever Award that was presented by Prince Charles, The Prince of Wales, and he was nominated for Young Achiever at the Asian Jewel Awards. In 2005, he won the AoC Gold Award for Further Education Alumni. In 2011, he was awarded the Personality of the Year at the British Curry Awards, presented on video message by David Cameron
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# Sudbury (provincial electoral district)
**Sudbury** is a provincial electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario since 1908. It is one of the two districts serving the city of Greater Sudbury.
Its population in 2001 was 89,443.
Sudbury was given its own riding provincially in the 1908 election, when the former riding of Nipissing West was divided into Sudbury and Sturgeon Falls. It initially included a large portion of the Sudbury District; in 1952, the boundaries were narrowed significantly to include only the city of Sudbury, the geographic township of McKim and the town of Copper Cliff. The rest of the original Sudbury riding was incorporated into the new riding of Nickel Belt. The riding of Sudbury East was additionally created in 1967.
Federally, however, the city remained part of the Nipissing electoral district until 1947.
## Geography
Sudbury electoral district consists of the part of the City of Greater Sudbury bounded on the west and south by the Greater Sudbury city limits, and on the north and east by a line drawn from the western city limit of Greater Sudbury east along the northern limit of the former Town of Walden, north, east and south along the limits of the former City of Sudbury, west along Highway 69 and Regent Street, south along Long Lake Road, west along the northern boundary of the Township of Broder, southwest along Kelly Lake, and south along the eastern limit of the former Town of Walden to the southern city limit of Greater Sudbury.
## Demographics
: *According to the 2022 Canadian census*
**Ethnic groups:** 87.9% White, 8.4% Aboriginal\
**Languages:** 65.3% English, 23.6% French\
**Religions:** 77.3% Christian (55.6% Catholic, 5.4% United Church, 4.3% Anglican, 1.7% Lutheran, 1.5% Baptist, 1.3% Pentecostal, 1.2% Presbyterian, 6.3% Other Christian), 20.8% No religion
## History
The provincial electoral district was first contested in the 1908 election. Prior to its creation, the town of Sudbury was part of the district of Nipissing West.
In 1996, Ontario was divided into the same electoral districts as those used for federal electoral purposes. They were redistributed whenever a readjustment took place at the federal level.
In 2005, legislation was passed by the Legislature to divide Ontario into 107 electoral districts, beginning with the next provincial election in 2007. The eleven northern electoral districts are those defined for federal purposes in 1996, based on the 1991 census (except for a minor boundary adjustment). The 96 southern electoral districts are those defined for federal electoral purposes in 2003, based on the 2001 census. Without this legislation, the number of electoral districts in northern Ontario would have been reduced from eleven to ten
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# Bhattanagar
**Bhattanagar** is a neighbourhood in Howrah of Howrah district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA). Bhattanagar is under the jurisdiction of Liluah police station of Howrah City Police.
## Location
Bhattanagar is approximately 2.5 km from Liluah railway station, 7 km from Howrah Station and 8 km from Kolkata. The place is mostly rural and has no hospital.
## Education
One of the oldest schools of Howrah district, Bhattanagar Kulakamini Vidyamandir, is located there. Other educational institutions include the Don Bosco Self Employment Research Institute.
## Economy
Two banks are available there: Co-operative Bank and State Bank of India.
## Culture
Ramkrishna Sangha Club is a distinguished sports club established in 1977. The club organizes the annual Durga Puja since 1986. It also organizes cultural programs and events. Bhattanagar Netaji Sangha club organizes Kali Puja since the 1950s.
Beside Ramkrishna Sangha club there are other club like Arabindanagar Sahgha, Athletic club, Sporting club re also organized Durga Puja and many other cultural programs throughout the year. The main two attractions are the Ramkrishna Asram and Basanti Puja Mela.
Celebratory like Ms. Imon Chakraborty (national award winner singer), Ms. Esha Saha (Bengali movie actress), Mr. Srivats Goswami (cricketer) were leaved in Bhattanagar.
## Transport
### Bus
- 39 Bhattanagar - Esplanade
### Train
Bhattanagar railway station sits on its western side. The station is mainly used by freight trains. Passengers embark at Liluah railway station, approximately 2.5 km away
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# Quaid Road
**Southedge-Wangetti Road Corridor (**formerly and unofficially **Quaid Road)** is a 32 km stretch of road in Far North Queensland. It links the Captain Cook Highway at Wangetti on the coast just north of Cairns, to the Mulligan Highway at Southedge, just south of Mount Molloy. In November 1983 George Quaid wanted to legally build the road corridor with the approval of the Queensland Government, which was granted. In April 1988 the Australian Government made a regulation under the World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 to prevent the road opening. However, the road was completed in early 1989 through some rainforest areas that were later declared Wet Tropics World Heritage Area in late 1989.
## Route description {#route_description}
The Southedge-Wangetti Road Corridor links Wangetti on the coast just north of Cairns, to Southedge, just south of Mount Molloy, over a distance of 32 km. The road corridor is currently`{{Clarify timeframe|date=November 2018}}`{=mediawiki} closed to public access and has a number of locked gates along its route. The road corridor closure is due to the Wet Tropics Management Authority not allowing access to certain parts of the road. The road corridor is maintained by the road owners, with both engineering and environmental reports submitted annually to the Wet Tropics Management Authority. Motorised vehicular access is by permit only and granted only by the Wet Tropics Management Authority.
The road corridor was initially built as a private access road corridor and a future potential supplementary route to the Atherton Tableland and the Mulligan Highway, not as an alternative to the Kuranda Range Crossing. Travel times from Cairns CBD to Mount Molloy are cut from 1hr 45 min to less than an hour.
The design and construction of the Southedge-Wangetti Road Corridor was carried out under National Association of Australian State Road Authorities guidelines.
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# Quaid Road
## History
In November 1983 George Quaid wanted to legally build the road with the approval of the Queensland Government, which was granted. In April 1988 the Australian Government made a regulation under the World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 to prevent the road opening. However, the road was completed in early 1989 through some rainforest areas that were later declared Wet Tropics World Heritage Area in late 1989. Ever since its construction as a private road, the road has been a hot issue in Far North Queensland. For years after its construction, the road was suggested as an alternative route to the Atherton Tableland for everyday traffic as well as evacuations during cyclones. However, in 1997, Transport and Main Roads Minister Vaughan Johnson announced that the state government was no longer considering gazetting the Southedge-Wangetti Road as a State-controlled road because it would put additional pressure on the Captain Cook Highway and divert funding away from upgrades of other parts of State road network in Far North Queensland.
During Cyclone Larry in 2006, all road access to the major regional city of Cairns was blocked and the city was isolated from surrounding areas for three days. This was caused by flooding south of the city near Innisfail and landslides near Port Douglas and on the Kuranda Range Highway. After this period of isolation, Tablelands MP Rosa Lee Long proposed that Southedge-Wangetti Road be used as another route to truck food into Cairns and evacuate people but the Queensland State Government again rejected the proposal. The Cook Shire Council expressed Council\'s disappointment with this decision by forwarding a letter to the then-current Minister for Transport and Main Roads, Paul Lucas.
After the Cairns tsunami scare of April 2007, this idea has become more popular with the city\'s population once again
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# Melaenornis
***Melaenornis*** is a genus of small passerine birds in the large family Muscicapidae commonly known as the Old World flycatchers. They are restricted to sub-Saharan Africa.
## Taxonomy
The genus *Melaenornis* was introduced in 1840 by the English zoologist George Gray. It was a replacement name for *Melasoma* that had been introduced in 1837 by William Swainson with the northern black flycatcher as the type species. *Melasoma* was pre-occupied by \"*Melasoma* Dillwyn\" that had been introduced in 1831 by James Stephens for a genus of insects. The name *Melaenornis* combines the Ancient Greek *melas*, *melaina* meaning \"black\" with *ornis* meaning \"bird\".
## Species
The genus contains the following seven species:
Image Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- ---------------------------------
Angola slaty flycatcher *Melaenornis brunneus* Angola
White-eyed slaty flycatcher *Melaenornis fischeri* eastern Afromontane
Abyssinian slaty flycatcher *Melaenornis chocolatinus* Ethiopian Highlands
Nimba flycatcher *Melaenornis annamarulae* Western Guinean lowland forests
\- Yellow-eyed black flycatcher *Melaenornis ardesiacus* Albertine Rift montane forests
Northern black flycatcher *Melaenornis edolioides* northern Sub-Saharan Africa
Southern black flycatcher *Melaenornis pammelaina* southern Sub-Saharan Africa
This genus formerly included fewer species. The results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 led to a reorganization of the Old World flycatchers family in which the four species in *Bradornis* and the single species in *Sigelus* were merged into *Melaenornis*. The genus formerly included the pale flycatcher and the chat flycatcher. Based on a phylogenetic study published in 2023, they were moved to the resurrected genus *Agricola*
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# Miyagegashi
`{{nihongo||土産菓子|'''Miyagegashi'''|also {{transliteration|ja|'''miyagekashi'''}}; {{lit|souvenir sweet}}}}`{=mediawiki} refers to a sweet made with the purpose of selling it as a souvenir. As with most other Japanese souvenirs (`{{transliteration|ja|[[omiyage]]}}`{=mediawiki}), the typical `{{transliteration|ja|miyagegashi}}`{=mediawiki} is a regional specialty (`{{transliteration|ja|[[meibutsu]]}}`{=mediawiki}) and cannot be bought outside its specific geographic area. The making and selling of `{{transliteration|ja|omiyagegashi}}`{=mediawiki} is an important part of Japan\'s souvenir (`{{transliteration|ja|omiyage}}`{=mediawiki}) industry.
## List of `{{transliteration|ja|miyagegashi}}`{=mediawiki} {#list_of}
- Available everywhere:
- Japanese cheesecake
- Fukuoka:
- , rolled pastry containing red bean paste
-
-
- Fukushima:
-
- Mamador
- Hiroshima:
-
- Hokkaido:
-
- Royce\'
- Hyōgo:
- Castella, a sponge cake made of sugar, flour, eggs, and starch syrup. Castella was brought to Japan by Portuguese merchants in the 16th century. The name is derived from Portuguese *Pão de Castela*, meaning \"bread from Castile\". Castella cake is usually sold in long boxes, with the cake inside being approximately 27 cm long.
-
-
- Kumamoto:
-
- Kyoto:
- , one of the region\'s best known `{{transliteration|ja|[[meibutsu]]}}`{=mediawiki}. It is made from glutinous `{{Nihongo|rice flour|上新粉|jōshinko}}`{=mediawiki}, sugar and cinnamon. Baked, it is similar to `{{transliteration|ja|[[senbei]]}}`{=mediawiki}. Raw, unbaked `{{transliteration|ja|yatsuhashi}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{transliteration|ja|nama yatsuhashi}}`{=mediawiki}) has a soft, mochi-like texture and is often eaten wrapped around `{{Nihongo|[[red bean paste]]|餡|an}}`{=mediawiki}, and may come in a variety of different flavours.
- Nagoya:
-
- Okinawa:
- , a traditional small biscuit made of mostly lard and flour, with a mild and sweet flavor very similar to shortbread.
- , a variety of citrus peeled and reduced in sugar for up to several days, then dusted with toppings
- Tokyo:
- Tokyo Banana, which is manufactured and sold by `{{Interlanguage link multi|Grapestone Co.|ja|3=グレープストーン}}`{=mediawiki}. The individually wrapped steamed sponge cake filled with a sweet banana custard went on sale in 1991 and is massively popular
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# Potassium ferrioxalate
**Potassium ferrioxalate,** also called **potassium trisoxalatoferrate** or **potassium tris(oxalato)ferrate(III)** is a chemical compound with the formula `{{chem2|K3[Fe(C2O4)3]|auto=1}}`{=mediawiki}. It often occurs as the trihydrate `{{chem2|K3[Fe(C2O4)3]*3H2O}}`{=mediawiki}. Both are crystalline compounds, lime green in colour.
The compound is a salt consisting of ferrioxalate anions, `{{chem2|[Fe(C2O4)3](3-)}}`{=mediawiki}, and potassium cations `{{chem2|K(+)}}`{=mediawiki}. The anion is a transition metal oxalate complex consisting of an iron atom in the +3 oxidation state and three bidentate oxalate `{{chem2|C2O4(2-)}}`{=mediawiki} ligands. Potassium is a counterion, balancing the −3 charge of the complex. In solution, the salt dissociates to give the ferrioxalate anion, `{{chem2|[Fe(C2O4)3](3-)}}`{=mediawiki}, which appears fluorescent green in color. The salt is available in anhydrous form as well as a trihydrate.
The ferrioxalate anion is quite stable in the dark, but it is decomposed by light and high-energy electromagnetic radiation.
## Preparation
The complex can be synthesized by the reaction between iron(III) sulfate, barium oxalate and potassium oxalate:
:
As can be read in the reference above, iron(III) sulfate, barium oxalate and potassium oxalate are combined in water and digested for several hours on a steam bath. Oxalate ions from barium oxalate will then replace the sulfate ions in solution, removing them as `{{chem2|BaSO4}}`{=mediawiki} which can then be filtered and the pure material can be crystallized.
## Structure
The structures of the trihydrate and of the anhydrous salt have been extensively studied. which indicates that the Fe(III) is high spin; as the low spin complex would display Jahn--Teller distortions. The ammonium and mixed sodium-potassium salts are isomorphous, as are related complexes with `{{chem2|Al(3+), Cr(3+), and V(3+)}}`{=mediawiki}.
The ferrioxalate complex displays helical chirality as it can form two non-superimposable geometries. In accordance with the IUPAC convention, the isomer with the left-handed screw axis is assigned the Greek symbol *Λ* (lambda). Its mirror image with the right-handed screw axis is given the Greek symbol *Δ* (delta).
## Reactions
### Photoreduction
The ferrioxalate anion is sensitive to light and to high-energy electromagnetic radiation, including X-rays and gamma rays. Absorption of a photon causes the decomposition of one oxalate ion to carbon dioxide `{{chem2|CO2}}`{=mediawiki} and reduction of the iron(III) atom to iron(II). This photo-sensitive property is used for chemical actinometry, the measure of luminous flux, and for preparation of blueprints. This light-catalyzed redox reaction once formed the basis of some photographic processes. However due to their insensitivity and ready availability of advanced digital photography, these processes are obsolete.
### Thermal decomposition {#thermal_decomposition}
The trihydrate loses the three water molecules at 113 °C.
At 296 °C, the anhydrous salt decomposes into the iron(II) complex potassium ferrioxalate, potassium oxalate, and carbon dioxide:
:
## Uses
### Photometry and actinometry {#photometry_and_actinometry}
The discovery of the efficient photolysis of the ferrioxalate anion was a landmark for chemical photochemistry and actinometry. The potassium salt was found to be over 1000 times more sensitive than uranyl oxalate, the compound previously used for these purposes.
### Chemistry education {#chemistry_education}
The synthesis and thermal decomposition of potassium ferrioxalate is a popular exercise for high school, college or undergraduate university students, since it involves the chemistry of transition metal complexes, visually observable photochemistry, and thermogravimetry.
### Blueprints
Before the ready availability of wide ink-jet and laser printers, large-size engineering drawings were commonly reproduced by the cyanotype method.
That was a simple contact-based photographic process that produced a \"negative\" white-on-blue copy of the original drawing---a blueprint. The process is based on the photolysis of an iron(III) complex which gets converted into an insoluble iron(II) version in areas of the paper that were exposed to light.
The complex used in cyanotype is mainly ammonium ferric citrate, but potassium ferrioxalate is also used
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# Ephraim Hawley House
The **Ephraim Hawley House** is a privately owned Colonial American wooden post-and-beam timber-frame saltbox house situated on the *Farm Highway*, Route 108, on the south side of *Mischa Hill*, in Nichols, a village located within the town of Trumbull, Connecticut, the U.S. It was expanded to its present shape by three additions. Over time, the location of the house has been identified in four different named townships, as jurisdictional boundaries changed, but it has never been moved. These towns were Stratford (1670--1725), Unity (1725--1744), North Stratford (1744--1797), and Trumbull (1797--present).
## Research
The *Hawley Homestead* was dated to 1690 during the Works Progress Administration Federal Writers\' Project conducted during the Great Depression. Joan Oppenheim created a research report on the house while studying at the Yale School of Fine Arts in the 1930s. She concluded after examining the structure and researching land records, probate records and *The Hawley Record* (1890), that the house was built between 1683 and 1690 by farmer Ephraim Hawley. In 1683 he had married Sarah Welles, daughter of Colonel Samuel and Elizabeth (Hollister) Welles, and granddaughter of Connecticut Colony Governor Thomas Welles.
The date of construction was based not only upon architectural details of the house, but also upon comparisons with other homes of the period, and facts given to Oppenheim by the Curtiss family, who owned the house at the time. *The Hawley Record* (1890), stated that Ephraim had resided in *Trumbull*. Oppenheim said that the dating of the house compared with that of *S.S.*, on file at the School of Fine Arts at Yale.
When the Trumbull Historical Society organized in 1964, they dated the house to between 1683 and 1690. The house was dated to 1671--1683 in the *Historic and Architectural Resource Survey* (2002) produced for the Connecticut Historical Commission by Geoffrey Rossano, PhD. The *Historic and Architectural Survey of the Town of Trumbull, Connecticut* (2010), produced by Heather C. Jones and Bruce G. Harvey PhD for the Connecticut Commission on Culture and Tourism, dates the house to 1670--1683.
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# Ephraim Hawley House
## Structure
Began as a Cape Cod cottage
The house was built as a `{{frac|1|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}-story Cape Cod cottage thirty-six feet wide by twenty-six feet deep with an eight-foot-wide central stone chimney with three fireplaces. There were three rooms on the first floor; a parlor, dining room and kitchen. The second floor was an undivided loft.
Oak frame and siding
The white oak post-and-beam frame has eight by ten inch girts, eight by eight inch plates, and eight by ten inch splayed posts. The common rafters are eight by eight inches and taper to six by six inches at the ridge; they have six by six inch chamfered collar beams.
The floor joist are six by six inches and are twenty inches apart. The six inch by ten inch summer beams, or tie beams are parallel to the façade, dovetailed into the girts and concealed within the plaster ceiling.
The roof sheathing and flooring is vertically quarter sawn, one-inch-thick oak boards with random widths between twelve and thirty inches. The flooring is laid directly over one-inch-thick oak boards that were not suitable to be used as flooring. The mortise-and-tenon joints are held by wooden pins, and the flooring is nailed with large hand-wrought iron nails (see image).
The four- to six-foot-length hand-riven oak clapboard siding is nailed directly to the oak studs with large flat rose-headed nails, which was the typical material and application for the earliest New England homes (see images).
Stone chimney
The first floor of the house is at ground level. There is a partial dirt cellar located on the south side of the house. The eight-foot-wide stone fireplace has three flues with clay mortar. The kitchen hearth is nine feet six inches wide by five feet seven inches deep. There is a one-foot crawl space around the chimney foundation below the first floor and a fieldstone foundation.
A forty-inch deep brick beehive oven is built into the right rear wall of the kitchen fireplace and its opening has a wrought iron lintel. The brick are seven and one-half inches long by three and one-half inches wide by two inches thick. In October 1685, because a variety of sizes of brick were being used, the Colony of Connecticut ordered that all future brick be nine inches long by four and one-half inches wide by two and one-half inches thick.
There is a small tinder box in the left wall of the kitchen firebox. The fireplace inside dimensions are four feet four inches high by six feet ten inches wide and is spanned by the original ten-by-ten-inch oak lintel, which rests on oak blocks. The side walls of the kitchen firebox are roughly dressed granite. Cooking pots were hung from a lug pole. Above the ridge, the chimney flue outside measurements are forty eight inches wide by thirty eight inches deep, with a course of three-inch thick dripstones in the front and back.
Interior finish
The original stairs were parallel to the front wall of the house and situated behind the wall separating the parlor and the kitchen. There is poplar paneling alternating in width of thirteen inches and fifteen inches. The ceilings and walls are plaster, made up of calcined oyster shells with red cattle hair. The plaster was applied on riven oak lath attached with small hand wrought iron nails. McKee writes about a Massachusetts contract dating to 1675 that specified the plasterer, "Is to lath and siele (seal) the four rooms of the house betwixt (between) the joists overhead with a coat of lime and hair upon the clay; also to fill the gable ends of the house with ricks (bricks) and plaster them with clay. To lath and plaster partitions of the house with clay and lime, and to fill, lath, and plaster them with lime and hair besides; and to siele and lath them overhead with lime; also to fill, lath, and plaster the kitchen up to the wall plate on every side. The said Daniel Andrews is to find lime, bricks, clay, stone, hair, together with laborers and workmen... ." Records of the New Haven colony mention rates for plaster and lath as early as 1641.
The ceiling heights are between six feet two inches and seven feet two inches on the first floor. The rear exterior door opening is five feet three inches high. An original casement window opening located on the east rear wall, in the kitchen, is twenty two inches square and is fifty four inches from the floor. This small opening was plastered over when the lean-to was built behind the wall in 1840. The upstairs ceiling height is six feet. The surviving oak sash window frames have dimensions of twenty eight inches wide by forty six inches high with the studs forming their jambs. The original interior doorways are twenty eight inches wide by five feet eleven inches high and the interior partitions are made of `{{frac|1|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}-inch-thick vertical oak boards.
Additions
The first lean-to was built shortly after the main house was completed and is used as a buttery (room) or pantry. The exterior walls are solid two-inch-thick oak boards. When the lean-to was built, the roof was extended, without a break, to within six feet six inches of the ground and gave the house its saltbox shape. The second lean-to addition was added before 1881, when stairs were installed in front of the kitchen fireplace, the front roof was raised to a full two-stories in height, and the second floor was partitioned into five rooms, turning the house into a two-family residence. The original hand-riven oak clapboard exterior siding and original rafter feet are preserved in the lean-to attics.
Captain Robert Hawley
In 1787, Captain Robert Hawley gifted the house to his son Eliakim when he married his second cousin Sally Sara Hawley. Sally Sara Hawley lived in the house for 60 years until her death in 1847.
Truman Bradley
In April 1881, Truman Mauwee (Schaghticoke), also known as Truman Bradley, bought the house from Charles Nichols Fairchild for \$450 (\$100 in cash and a \$350 mortgage to Fairchild). He completed the second floor Colonial Revival renovations. In October 1882, Bradley sold the house to his neighbor Clarissa Curtis for \$525 (\$175 cash, and Curtiss assumed the \$350 mortgage to Fairchild).
## Farm Highway {#farm_highway}
On December 7, 1696, the *Farm Highway*, present-day Nichols Avenue Connecticut Route 108, was laid out by the Stratford selectmen to the south side of *Mischa Hill*. The highway was 12 rods wide, or 198 feet, where Broadbridge Brook runs off the south side of Mischa Hill, at the Zachariah Curtiss house, his land, and at *Captain\'s Farm*. Broadbridge Brook runs off Mischa Hill west of the present-day intersection of Route 108 and the Merritt Parkway, and flows southwesterly to Broadbridge Avenue in Stratford.
In October 1725, when the Connecticut Colony approved the Parish of Unity, they referred to the Farm Highway as *Nickol\'s Farm\'s Road*. The Nichols Avenue portion of Route 108 in Trumbull is the third-oldest documented highway in Connecticut after the Mohegan Road, Connecticut Route 32 in Norwich (1670) and the King\'s Highway, or Boston Post Road Route 1 (1673).
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# Ephraim Hawley House
## 1964 house tour {#house_tour}
The Trumbull Historical Society organized its first historic house tour on October 24, 1964. Tickets to the event were \$2.00. The society printed a brochure with historical information on each house on the tour, which included the Ephraim Hawley House. The brochure proclaimed *the Ephraim Hawley House was unequivocally the oldest house in Trumbull*. It was presumed that the house was *built by Ephraim Hawley between 1683 when he married and 1690 when he died*. Elliott P. Curtiss owned and was residing in the house at this time, and put many of his 17th and 18th century antiques on display. The Hawley house was also featured on the cover of the first modern street map of the town of Trumbull, published in 1965.
## The house today {#the_house_today}
Over the last few centuries, the appearance of the house has evolved as each family has left their mark while expanding, adapting or preserving the house to accommodate changing ideas about space, function, comfort, privacy, cleanliness and fashion.
Many original architectural details remain preserved including; partial dirt cellar, field stone foundation, oak post and beam frame, oak roof sheathing, stone chimney with brick beehive oven, oak interior walls, wide-board quarter-sawn oak flooring, calcined oyster shell lime plaster walls and ceilings over riven oak lath, poplar paneling, oak batten doors, oak window frames and the original riven oak clapboard siding preserved in the lean-to attic.
## Images
Image:Bake oven.JPG\|Brick beehive oven Image:Ephraim Hawley brick oven ceiling.JPG\|Brick beehive oven ceiling Image:Ephraim Hawley House oak flooring 2010
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# Angola slaty flycatcher
The **Angola slaty flycatcher** (***Melaenornis brunneus***) is a small passerine bird in the flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is sometimes placed in the genus *Dioptrornis* instead of *Melaenornis*. As suggested by its common name, it is endemic to Angola
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# Maisoncelles-en-Brie
**Maisoncelles-en-Brie** (`{{IPA|fr|mɛzɔ̃sɛl ɑ̃ bʁi|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Xenophôn-Maisoncelles-en-Brie.wav}}`{=mediawiki}, literally *Maisoncelles in Brie*) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
## Demographics
Inhabitants are called *Maisoncellois*
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# Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni
***Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni*** is an Indian musical drama (film and television)drama television series that aired on STAR Plus from 23 April 2007 to 17 January 2008. The series starred Ashima Bhalla, Saumya Tandon and Karan Grover.
## Plot
Meri Awaz Ko Mil Gayi Roshni is a story about Raj (Karan Grover) and Sudha\'s (Ashima Bhalla) love, and Sudha\'s desire to become a singer to fulfill her late mother\'s dreams. The show takes a 360 degrees when Raj\'s former employer takes a liking to him and does everything in her power to sabotage his relations with Sudha.
## Music and Lyrics {#music_and_lyrics}
Nida Fazli has written seven songs for the serial. A \"musical saga\", the serial has scores by Pritam\'s erstwhile partner Jeet Ganguly. And the songs have been sung by Gayatri Iyer-Ganjawala, Mahalaxmi Iyer and Hamsika Iyer. Nida Fazli says that the \"musical\" serial has the \"possibility for good lyrics\" as it deals with human relations and clash of egos. And an understanding music director (Jeet) was a bonus. \"I was given a free hand to give my kind of lyrics for the serial. I agreed to write its songs only after I was convinced that it had a good storyline. Deepak Segal (Fox Television Studios India country head), like his father (Mohan Segal) has a sense of good poetry,\" says Nida, lamenting that many of today\'s songs are \"concocted wordings\", which fail to find any connect with the storyline.
## Cast
- Ashima Bhalla \... Sudha Malik
- Karan Grover \... Raj Malik
- Saumya Tandon\... Ria Sahani
- Salim Shah \... Vijayendra Malik
- Shama Deshpande \... Meenakshi Malik
- Manish Goel\... Rehan Kapoor
- Sahil Chauhan\... Ishaan
- Kishwer Merchant\... Rama Chopra
- Jiten Lalwani\... Prakash Chopra
- Ritu Chaudhary\... Sunita Chopra
- Mihir Mishra\... Rishi Oberoi
- Avinash Singh Chauhan\... Pappu Singh
- Kulbir Baderson\... Chachi Ji
## Production
The series was mainly filmed at SJ studio in Sakinaka, Mumbai.
The story is based on a real life character portrayed by Ashima Bhalla in the series as Sudha. Karan Grover while in *Saarrthi* bagged the lead role of Raj in 2007. Not being able to manage both, he quit the former series for this series for his character was killed in it.
In November 2007, Grover and Saumya Tandon playing Ria quit the series after which the series took a leap focussing on Bhalla\'s character.
This is the first Indian production of Fox Entertainment Group\'s Indian Subsidiary.
Initially aired at 9:00 pm (IST) slot, with the not expected ratings, in October 2007, it was replaced by *Sapna Babul Ka\... Bidaai* and it shifted to 8:00 pm slot
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# Maisoncelles-en-Gâtinais
**Maisoncelles-en-Gâtinais** (`{{IPA|fr|mɛzɔ̃sɛl ɑ̃ ɡɑtinɛ|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-Xenophôn-Maisoncelles-en-Gâtinais.wav}}`{=mediawiki}; literally \"Small Houses in Gâtinais\") is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
## Demographics
Inhabitants are called *Maisoncellois*
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# David King (footballer, born 1972)
**David King** (born 7 March 1972) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the North Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). After his playing career, he became a radio and television football commentator.
## Football career {#football_career}
He debuted for the Kangaroos in 1994 after being recruited from Port Melbourne Football Club at the age of 22. He went on to play 241 games and kicked 145 goals, winning premierships in 1996 and 1999.
He represented Victoria in State of Origin on more than one occasion, including in 1998. He is notable for holding a VFL/AFL record by playing in preliminary finals for seven consecutive years (along with teammates John Blakey, Wayne Carey, Mick Martyn, Corey McKernan & Craig Sholl) from his debut year in 1994 to 2000.
He was twice an AFL All-Australian and retired at the end of the 2004 season. He then joined the Richmond Football Club as an assistant coach in 2005.
## Post-playing career {#post_playing_career}
He is currently a commentator for Fox Footy and SEN 1116. King was awarded the Most Outstanding Television Special Comments award at the 2012 AFL Media Awards. He also is a panellist on the Fox Footy show *First Crack*.
## Legal issues {#legal_issues}
On 19 February 2015, Australian media reported that King was being investigated by police about successful bets he made predicting the winner of the 2014 AFL Rising Star award.
On 14 January 2019, King was fined for fleeing the scene of a car crash and drink driving in Melbourne in October 2018. King was driving his grey Nissan X-Trail at 12.10am on 3 October when he crashed into a stationary taxi at Southbank. Police later arrested King nearby at Crown Casino, after which he blew a blood alcohol reading of 0.10---twice the legal limit---fined \$1200, had his licence suspended for 10 months, and had an interlock device fitted to his car.
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# David King (footballer, born 1972)
## Statistics
:
\|- \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1994 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} \| 34 \|\| 19 \|\| 4 \|\| 11 \|\| 154 \|\| 66 \|\| 220 \|\| 21 \|\| 21 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 8.1 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 11.6 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 1.1 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1995 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} \| 34 \|\| 22 \|\| 8 \|\| 5 \|\| 228 \|\| 90 \|\| 318 \|\| 42 \|\| 21 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 10.4 \|\| 4.1 \|\| 14.5 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 1.0 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" \| bgcolor=F0E68C \| **1996**^\#^ \|\| `{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} \| 34 \|\| 25 \|\| 5 \|\| 2 \|\| 280 \|\| 115 \|\| 395 \|\| 79 \|\| 31 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 11.2 \|\| 4.6 \|\| 15.8 \|\| 3.2 \|\| 1.2 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1997 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} \| 34 \|\| 23 \|\| 8 \|\| 5 \|\| 348 \|\| 73 \|\| 421 \|\| 67 \|\| 23 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 15.1 \|\| 3.2 \|\| 18.3 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 1.0 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 1998 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} \| 34 \|\| 22 \|\| 10 \|\| 12 \|\| 322 \|\| 86 \|\| 408 \|\| 54 \|\| 28 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 14.6 \|\| 3.9 \|\| 18.5 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 1.3 \|- \| bgcolor=F0E68C \| **1999**^\#^ \|\| `{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} \| 34 \|\| 21 \|\| 8 \|\| 8 \|\| 286 \|\| 74 \|\| 360 \|\| 64 \|\| 21 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 13.6 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 17.1 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 1.0 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2000 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} \| 34 \|\| 25 \|\| 27 \|\| 11 \|\| 399 \|\| 105 \|\| 504 \|\| 92 \|\| 50 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 16.0 \|\| 4.2 \|\| 20.2 \|\| 3.7 \|\| 2.0 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2001 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} \| 34 \|\| 19 \|\| 19 \|\| 11 \|\| 291 \|\| 99 \|\| 390 \|\| 64 \|\| 28 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 15.3 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 20.5 \|\| 3.4 \|\| 1.5 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2002 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} \| 34 \|\| 22 \|\| 22 \|\| 23 \|\| 308 \|\| 87 \|\| 395 \|\| 70 \|\| 34 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 14.0 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 18.0 \|\| 3.2 \|\| 1.5 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2003 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} \| 34 \|\| 21 \|\| 26 \|\| 27 \|\| 286 \|\| 51 \|\| 337 \|\| 99 \|\| 44 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 13.6 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 16.0 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 2.1 \|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2004 \|style=\"text-align:center;\"\|`{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} \| 34 \|\| 22 \|\| 8 \|\| 9 \|\| 271 \|\| 65 \|\| 336 \|\| 94 \|\| 37 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 12.3 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 15.3 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 1.7 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3\| Career ! 241 ! 145 ! 124 ! 3173 ! 911 ! 4084 ! 746 ! 338 ! 0.6 ! 0.5 ! 13.2 ! 3.8 ! 16.9 ! 3.1 ! 1
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# Children's Liver Disease Foundation
**Children\'s Liver Disease Foundation** (**CLDF**) is a UK charity taking action against the effects of childhood liver disease, providing information, emotional support, research funds and a voice for all affected.
CLDF was founded in 1980 by the parents of a little boy named Michael McGough, who died before be could receive a liver transplant. The name was later changed to Children\'s Liver Disease Foundation.
Today the charity works in four main areas, support of families and young people affected by childhood liver disease, funding medical and social research into all aspects of childhood liver disease and education, providing educational services to the general public and the medical profession and providing a voice for all affected by childhood liver disease. The charity works closely with the three UK specialist paediatric liver centres: Birmingham Children\'s Hospital, King\'s College Hospital, London and Leeds General Infirmary.
CLDF provides support to families and young people affected by childhood liver disease, including an 'on-call' telephone and email service and face to face meetings with parents and young people at hospitals and clinics.
The charity has also developed a range of literature for families, young people and healthcare professionals. CLDF\'s literature series includes a medical series, with leaflets on the main liver diseases affecting children (biliary atresia, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Wilson\'s disease etc.) CLDF has also produced a nutrition series, a support series for families and information written especially for children and young people. CLDF also provides the paediatric liver transplant units with a series of leaflets on transplantation to accompany the paediatric liver transplant programme.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## Yellow Alert campaign {#yellow_alert_campaign}
CLDF\'s prolonged jaundice awareness campaign, *Yellow Alert* aims to promote the early identification and appropriate referral of babies with prolonged jaundice -- a sign of possible liver disease
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# Château de Domfront
The **Château de Domfront** is a ruined castle in the town of Domfront, in the Orne département of France.
The Château de Domfront has been protected as a *monument historique* by the French Ministry of Culture since 1875. The ruins include the keep, the enceinte, ramparts, towers, casemates and the former Sainte-Catherine et Saint-Symphorien chapels. The castle ruins have been repaired since 1984 by the **Association pour la Restauration du Château de Domfront**.
The ruins stand in a public park and are open to the public free of charge.
## History
In 1051, the castle at Domfront, belonging to Guillaume II Talvas, lord of Bellême, and occupied by the forces of Geoffrey of Anjou, was besieged by William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy. In 1092, the people of Domfront revolted against Robert II de Bellême, Earl of Shrewsbury, transferring their allegiance to the third son of William the Conqueror, Henri Beauclerc, who became Duke of Normandy (1106) and King of England (1100).
In 1169, it was at the Château de Domfront that Henry II of England received the papal legates who came to reconcile him with Thomas Becket.
Taken in 1204 - Domfront being the personal possession of John Lackland - it was conceded to first to Renaud de Dammartin, Count of Boulogne, and later to Philippe Hurepel. With the death of his successor, Jeanne, in 1251 Domfront returned to the royal domain.
In 1259, Louis IX of France gave Domfront to Robert II, Count of Artois, as dowry for his wife. After his death (1302), in compensation for not getting Artois, in 1332 his grandson Robert III of Artois was given the Norman property and appanages that had been confiscated.
In 1342, Philip VI of France ceded the Domfront country to the Count of Alençon who, in 1367, reunited Domfront and Alençon.
In the meantime, in 1356, troops of Charles II of Navarre (Charles the Bad), king of Navarre, commanded by Sir Robert Knolles, took the place and held it until 1366.
During the winter of 1417-1418, the castle was besieged by the English commanded by the Duke of Clarence and fell on the 10 July 1418. The French recaptured it for a time in 1430. It was finally taken by the French on 2 August 1450.
Ownership was again disputed in 1466--1467.
In 1574, the Château de Domfront, serving as a refuge for the Count of Montgomery, was besieged by royal troops under the Marshal of Matignon, capitulating on 27 May. The count was beheaded in Paris in 1574 on the orders of the Queen.
Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully ordered the demolition of the castle in 1608
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# Maison-Rouge
**Maison-Rouge** (`{{IPA|fr|mɛzɔ̃ ʁuʒ|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Xenophôn-Maison-Rouge.wav}}`{=mediawiki}, literally *Red House*) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
## Demographics
Inhabitants are called *Mansyrubiens*
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# Keystones!
***Keystones!*** is a jazz album by pianist Red Garland, recorded in 1977 for Xanadu Records at Keystone Korner in San Francisco, CA.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Autumn Leaves
2. It\'s Impossible
3. Daahoud / New York (theme)
4. It\'s All Right With Me
5
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# Icatibant
**Icatibant**, sold under the brand name **Firazyr**, is a medication for the symptomatic treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema (HAE) in adults with C1-esterase-inhibitor deficiency. It is not effective in angioedema caused by medication from the ACE inhibitor class.
It is a peptidomimetic consisting of ten amino acids, which is a selective and specific antagonist of bradykinin B~2~ receptors.
## Mechanism of action {#mechanism_of_action}
Bradykinin is a peptide-based hormone that is formed locally in tissues, very often in response to a trauma. It increases vessel permeability, dilates blood vessels and causes smooth muscle cells to contract. Bradykinin plays an important role as the mediator of pain. Surplus bradykinin is responsible for the typical symptoms of inflammation, such as swelling, redness, overheating and pain. These symptoms are mediated by activation of bradykinin B~2~ receptors. Icatibant acts as a bradykinin inhibitor by blocking the binding of native bradykinin to the bradykinin B~2~ receptor. Little is known about the effects of icatibant on the bradykinin B~1~ receptor.
## Society and culture {#society_and_culture}
### Legal status {#legal_status}
Icatibant received orphan drug status in Australia, the EU, Switzerland, and the US for the treatment of hereditary angioedema (HAE).
In the EU, the approval by the European Commission (July 2008) allows Jerini to market Firazyr in the European Union\'s 27 member states, as well as Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Iceland, making it the first product to be approved in all EU countries for the treatment of hereditary angioedema. In the US, the drug was granted FDA approval in August 2011
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# The Velocity of Gary
***The Velocity of Gary**\'\', also known as***The Velocity of Gary\* \*(Not His Real Name)**\'\', is a 1998 American drama film directed by Dan Ireland and written by James Still, based on his homonymous play. It stars Thomas Jane in the title role, along with Salma Hayek and Vincent D\'Onofrio.
The film was screened at the 1998 San Sebastián International Film Festival, and was released in Los Angeles and New York City on July 16, 1999.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Gary (not his real name, which is never revealed) is a hustler walking through the streets of New York City, looking for business. On the way, he saves Kid Joey, a young deaf transvestite who just arrived in New York, from a group of gay bashers, but he regrets it afterwards because Kid Joey becomes infatuated with Gary and follows him everywhere. Gary introduces him to his friends: Valentino, a former porn star, and Mary Carmen, a Mexican young woman who works as a doughnut shop waitress and is in love with Valentino, with whom she has been living for some time. Together they form a bohemian family, which includes Veronica, a still-active porn star, and Nat, a tattoo artist. Gary is also in love with Valentino, who is dying of AIDS. Through the stages of the disease, Mary Carmen and Gary argue over what kind of care he should be receiving, and who is going to supply that care. As Valentino draws near death, Mary Carmen finds out she is carrying Valentino\'s baby. The three take stock of themselves and their relationships with one another.
## Cast
## Reception
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 22% based on reviews from 18 critics.
Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, saying \"It\'s more fun to see conventional characters break the rules than for outlaws to follow them.\" He further commented, \"there is never quite the feeling that these people occupy a real world; their colorful exteriors are like costumes, and inside are simply actors following instructions.\" *TV Guide* was more positive, writing \"Once the noise dies down enough that you can concentrate on the characters, a nicely acted, three-way drama is allowed to emerge. Leads Jane, D\'Onofrio and Hayek throw themselves fearlessly into their roles (perhaps a little well-placed trepidation might have quieted Hayek down a bit, but that\'s a relatively minor complaint), and have a series of genuinely touching scenes together.\" The review added \"this doomed love story stands firmly in the tradition of *Midnight Cowboy*, driven by the corrosive effects of street life and the fragile alliances that protect down-and-outers against an uncaring world
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The Velocity of Gary
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# Marchémoret
**Marchémoret** (`{{IPA|fr|maʁʃemɔʁɛ|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Xenophôn-Marchémoret.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne département in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.
## Demographics
Inhabitants are called *Marchois*
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