id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
11,033,975 |
# Nieu-Bethesda
**Nieu-Bethesda** (Afrikaans for *New Bethesda*) is a village in the Eastern Cape at the foot of the Sneeuberge, approximately 50 km north of Graaff Reinet. It was founded in 1875 as a church town, like many other Karoo villages, and attained municipal status in 1886. The name is of biblical origin (`{{bibleref|John|5:2-4|KJV}}`{=mediawiki}) and means \"place of flowing water\".
In 2023, it was proposed for Nieu-Bethesda to be renamed to Kwa-Noheleni.
## History
Nieu Bethesda is situated on the farm, Uitkyk, which belonged to BJ Pienaar. There was a very strong water supply on the farm and BJ Pienaar changed the course of the Gats River to drain the marshes and turn the area into fertile fields -- where Nieu Bethesda stands today. On 15 December 1874, the farmers of this area met for the first time with a view to establishing a village and Dutch Reformed Church congregation. A town council was elected. In February 1875, a petition group of 169 men met the church council of Graaff-Reinet, headed by the Reverend Charles Murray, son of the first preacher Andrew Murray. On the same day, negotiations were concluded to buy Uitkyk from Pienaar\'s sons. It was not until 1878 that Graaff-Reinet agreed to the petitions of the Nieu Bethesda people. Rev. Charles Murray named the new settlement Nieu Bethesda in reference to the strong fountain and its biblical reference. In 1880, the church struggled to run the village so, in 1886, it became a municipality, but with administrative rights only. The church retained the properties. This meant that residents had to pay two taxes, an arrangement that led to friction for many generations. The town experienced a period of growth from its establishment in 1870s to about 1930. Nieu-Bethesda was eclipsed by larger towns during the 1930s and '40s. The Great Depression, improved transport and the town\'s isolated location led to a mass exodus, leaving the town in an impoverished state.
The town of Nieu Bethesda carries a peculiar history and has therefore become a tourist attraction. The Dutch Reformed Church which was founded in 1875 in the area began holding its services in BJ Pienaar\'s wagon house. A new church building was inaugurated in 1905. The Wagon House (now known as the Old Church Hall) was then used as a church hall and a venue for English church services.
In the 1930s, a Nieu Bethesda-born teacher known as Helen Martins returned to the town. After her father\'s death in 1945, Martins began transforming her home into a work of art. She employed Koos Malgas, a Nieu Bethesda local to assist her with her artwork. She and Malgas constructed cement and glass statues inspired by biblical texts, the poetry of Omar Khayyam, and the works by William Blake. In 1976, Martins aged seventy-eight, took her own life by swallowing caustic soda. Martin\'s house known as The Owl House is now run by the Owl House Foundation formed in 1996 and is now a major tourist attraction.
The town was also thrust into the spotlight by one of its residents James Kitching, vertebrate palaeontologist. Kitching became famous for collecting specimens in Nieu Bethesda for Robert Broom, the keeper of vertebrate palaeontology at the South African Museum. Kitching was the first member of staff to be appointed to the Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, set up at the University of Witwatersrand in 1945. In 1970,he was the first person to collect and identify a specimen of a Karoo therapsid in Antarctica and so demonstrate that Antarctica and southern Africa were once connected. Today, Kitching\'s work is stored at the Kitching Fossil Exploration Centre which depicts the setting in the area around Nieu Bethesda 253 million years ago during the Permian Period.
The town is also the focal point in Athol Fugard\'s play, \"Road to Mecca\" in 1985.
## Nieu Bethesda today {#nieu_bethesda_today}
The town of Nieu Bethesda has about 1540 residents. The town is still racially divided with the African (25.06%) residents staying mostly in the Kloofroad area of Pienaarsig. The Coloured (65.19% of the town population) and Black African (22% of the population) residents abide in Pienaarsig, the former township and the White residents (8.70% of the town population) stay along the banks of the Gats River that runs through the town. Nieu Bethesda is surrounded by 8 commercial farms which provide employment for locals. There are also tourism projects such as Kitching Fossil Exploration Centre, Bethesda Arts Centre and The Owl House which generate income for the town. There are no ATMs in Nieu Bethesda and the town relies on Graaff Reinet for banking services. There is one school known as the Lettie de Klerk Primary School in Pienaarsig. For health services, Nieu Bethesda has one clinic and a resident sister
| 794 |
Nieu-Bethesda
| 0 |
11,033,981 |
# Think (The "5" Royales song)
\"**Think**\" is a rhythm and blues song written by Lowman Pauling and originally recorded by his group the \"5\" Royales. Released as a single on King Records in 1957, it was a national hit and reached number nine on the U.S. R&B chart.
## James Brown & the Famous Flames version {#james_brown_the_famous_flames_version}
In 1960, James Brown and the Famous Flames recorded a cover version of \"Think\". The song\'s instrumental backing featured a pronounced rhythmic attack that anticipated Brown\'s later funk music. Critic Peter Guralnick described Brown\'s version of the song as a \"radical reworking\... Sung rapid-fire with the kind of sharp prompting from the Famous Flames that was the aural equivalent of their precision steps, \'Think\' embodied an approach different from any in the past, with not only the song but the structure of the song turned inside out and a classic shuffle blues rhythmically and melodically transformed.\" Douglas Wolk called it \"\[Brown\'s\] first great dance record.\"
\"Think\" was released as a single on the King Records subsidiary label Federal Records and charted #7 R&B and #33 pop in June 1960, staying on the latter chart for eight weeks. (\"Think\"\'s B-side, \"You\'ve Got the Power\", was also a hit, reaching #14 R&B and #86 pop, the latter song only spending a week on the chart.) It was Brown and the Famous Flames\' first recording to enter the Pop top 40, and their next-to-last single for the Federal label before they switched to King. \"Think\" was also included on Brown\'s 1960 album of the same name.
### Personnel
- James Brown -- lead vocal
*and the Famous Flames:*
- Bobby Byrd -- vocals
- Bobby Bennett -- vocals
- Baby Lloyd Stallworth -- vocals
- Bill Hollings -- vocals
- Johnny Terry -- vocals
*with the James Brown Band*
- Alfred Corley -- alto saxophone
- J.C. Davis -- tenor saxophone
- Bobby Roach -- guitar
- Bernard Odum -- bass guitar
- Nat Kendrick -- drums
### Other James Brown versions {#other_james_brown_versions}
James Brown & the Famous Flames recorded an extremely fast live rendition of \"Think\" for their 1963 album *Live at the Apollo*. Brown also performs the song on *Live at the Apollo, Volume II* in a duet with Marva Whitney.
In 1967, Brown recorded \"Think\" in the studio as a duet with Vicki Anderson. The version grazed the bottom of the Pop chart, peaking at #100. Brown returned to \"Think\" again in 1973, when he released two different solo performances of the song as singles on the Polydor label, both of them backed with his cover of the Beatles\' \"Something\". Both versions charted, the former at #15 R&B and #77 Pop, the latter at #37 R&B and #80 Pop.
## Other cover versions {#other_cover_versions}
- Bobby John of the Kings of Rhythm covered the song which was released on Ike & Tina Turner\'s 1964 album *Revue Live*.
- Mick Jagger covered \"Think\" on his 1993 solo album *Wandering Spirit*.
- People! covered the song on their 1969 album *Both Sides of People* and again on *Best of People! Vol. 2* (2006).
- Booker T. & the M.G.\'s recorded an instrumental version of the song for their 1966 album *And Now!*.
- Linn County covered the James Brown version of the song on the 1968 album, *Proud Flesh Soothseer*
| 556 |
Think (The "5" Royales song)
| 0 |
11,033,988 |
# Nijrab
**Nijrāb** (Pashto/Persian: نجراب) is a city with five valleys in Kapisa Province, Afghanistan. It is located at 34.9775 N 69.5742 E at 1,613 m altitude. There is a medical clinic, schools, and a radio station in the District. Nijrab is the most populous city of Kapisa province, and Nijrab District, with a population of 114,726 (2015), is also the most populous district of Kapisa
| 66 |
Nijrab
| 0 |
11,033,997 |
# Black Star Canyon
**Black Star Canyon** is a remote mountain canyon in the Santa Ana Mountains, located in eastern Orange County, California. It is a watershed of the Santa Ana River. Black Star Canyon is a popular destination for mountain bikers as well as hikers due to its wild scenery. The California Historical Landmark associated with the canyon refers to the village of Puhú.
## History
### Tongva-Gabrieliño {#tongva_gabrieliño}
Black Star Canyon is perhaps best known to historians as an important archaeological site as much information concerning the daily lives of the Tongva-Gabrieliño people has been uncovered through studies of artifacts found in the canyon. It is known that many of the native Tongva people fled to the mountains in the summer, searching not only for relief from the heat, but also for acorns, their main source of food, which were easy to find among the canyon\'s many mature oak trees. It is very likely that the settlement -- located in the upper part of the canyon -- was inhabited for only part of the year. The site of the settlement is now California Historical Landmark number 217. Indian settlements were very sporadic, as the grizzly bear population of the Santa Anas was comparatively high for such a small mountain range.
The village of Puhú was a major residential area for the Tongva, Acjachemen, Payómkawichum, and Serrano in the area and the site of a massacre in 1831. According to a story recounted by early settler J. E. \"Judge\" Pleasants, a battle between American fur trappers, led by William Wolfskill, and a group of Tongva Indians occurred as follows:
This event has more recently been identified as a communal massacre. More recent in-depth research has revealed flaws in this memorialization of the villagers both in relation to the size of the village and the activities of the villagers. The claim that villagers were consuming horse flesh has been identified as a common trope promoted by Spanish colonial authorities, particularly in the Alta California region. Scientific analysis of the village\'s midden found that no horse or European livestock remains were present.
| 351 |
Black Star Canyon
| 0 |
11,033,997 |
# Black Star Canyon
## History
### Spanish, Mexican, early American eras {#spanish_mexican_early_american_eras}
Under Spanish, and later Mexican rule, the canyon was called *Cañada de los Indios*. Much of grassy foothill terrain to the west (across Irvine Lake) was part of the expansive Mexican land grant of \"Rancho Lomas de Santiago (Ranch of Saint James\' Hills)\". The rancho later fell into the hands of the pioneer and horticulturalist William Wolfskill, and finally James Irvine, before becoming part of the Cleveland National Forest in the late 1880s.
After discovering coal deposits in the canyon, August Witte founded the Black Star Coal Mining Company in 1879, which gave the canyon its current name. The coal was originally dug from a shallow pit on the hill just east of the canyon mouth, used almost exclusively by the canyon\'s few residents. While the operation lasted, six to ten tons of medium- to low-grade coal were extracted each day from the mine\'s 900 feet of tunnel. From there, mule teams hauled the cargo to Anaheim or Los Angeles by wagon. However, a survey was run of the mine in the late 1870s, previously thought to be operating on government land, and it was found that the land actually belonged to the Irvine Ranch. Promptly losing interest in the mine, James Irvine sold the operation back to its former owners, destroying any possibility of profit.
The Black Star mining operation was later replaced by the Santa Clara Mine, a more successful enterprise that sustained the town of Carbondale (once existed at the mouth of Silverado canyon), before it was taken over by AT&SF Railroad.
The armed conflict in 1831 between trappers led by William Wolfskill and Native Americans has led to many urban legends stating the mine is haunted to this day.
The mine has operated on and off until it closed for good in the early 20th century.
## Park
Traces of the Black Star mining operation can still be found, including rusted mining equipment, abandoned shafts, and piles of low-grade coal scattered about the floor of the canyon (similar to those found in Fremont Canyon to the north). In the early 1920s, the United States Forest Service built a narrow but well-graded road up Black Star Canyon and down the eastern slope of the mountains to Corona, thus opening the ranchlands of the upper canyon to hikers. Today, public access to the canyon\'s upper reaches in the Cleveland National Forest is currently allowed via a county easement through the lower section of the canyon, although Orange County officials do not maintain the road.
The lower part of the canyon, along both sides of Black Star Canyon Road from Santiago Canyon Road, is OC Parks property. The area is open for scheduled programs only, managed by Irvine Ranch Conservancy. This portion of the canyon is part of a National Natural Landmark, known as the Irvine Ranch Natural Landmarks. A listing of programs is available on the Landmarks\' [website](http://letsgooutside.org).
The beginning of the canyon is marked with signs which declare the road as private, which is half-true since the lower part of the road is privately maintained, although the county and, therefore the forest service, have an easement of public right-of-passage on the road, and have had that right for many decades.
| 546 |
Black Star Canyon
| 1 |
11,033,997 |
# Black Star Canyon
## Stories and legends {#stories_and_legends}
### Hidden Ranch murder {#hidden_ranch_murder}
The canyon would find itself the scene of a second murder. In 1899, long after the canyon had been settled by both Anglo-American and Mexican homesteaders, a shooting occurred at Hidden Ranch that would forever change Orange County\'s early political scene
| 55 |
Black Star Canyon
| 2 |
11,034,045 |
# Éric Pécout
**Éric Pécout** (born 17 February 1956) is a French former professional footballer who played as a forward. He obtained 5 caps (one goal) for the France national team
| 31 |
Éric Pécout
| 0 |
11,034,057 |
# Peter Corrigan
**Peter Russell Corrigan** `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|AM}}`{=mediawiki} (6 May 1941 -- 1 December 2016) was an Australian architect and was involved in the completion of works in stage and set design.
## Background
### Education
Corrigan was educated at Christian Brothers College, St Kilda and then completed his degree in architecture, in 1966 at Melbourne University. He further pursued his studies at Yale University in 1969, completing a master\'s degree in Environmental Design.
### Architecture career {#architecture_career}
After working for Philip Johnson, Paul Rudolf, César Pelli and Kevin Roche in New Haven, he returned to Australia in 1974 where he formed his practice, Edmond and Corrigan, a partnership with his wife, Maggie Edmond, initiated in 1975. As a part of Edmond and Corrigan, they won 35 RAIA state awards and four Australian National Architecture Awards.
### Academic career {#academic_career}
Corrigan was a Professor of Architecture at RMIT University and taught architectural design and history for over 30 years. He marked his name as an internationally renowned architect, theatre designer, author and academic, based in Melbourne. He completed costume set design for numerous productions in Australia including Hoopla Productions, Opera Australia, the Australian Performing Group, Melbourne Theatre Company, Last Laugh Theatre Restaurant, Playbox Theatre, Anthill, Going Through Stages, Nightshift, Victoria State Opera, South Australian Theatre Company, Queensland Lyric, Gilgul Theatre Company (Theatre of Principle), Belvoir Street Theatre, Sydney Theatre Company and The Bell Shakespeare Company.
He had an enduring interest in architectural history and culture and collected an internationally significant large private library of architectural books, including many rare works on drawing and design. Corrigan\'s extensive collection of books and periodicals related to architecture and design was left to RMIT University Library after his death.
In 1983--84 Corrigan was a guest professor at Graduate School of Design Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, and in 1991 he was a guest lecturer at the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy. In the same year he was promoted at the Third Belgrade Triennial of World Architecture exhibition in Galerija Kulturmog Centra Beograda \"39 prominent architects of the world\". Likewise the work of Edmond and Corrigan has been exhibited internationally in 1991, 1999 and 2002 at the Venice Biennale of Architecture.
He obtained his honorary Doctor of Architecture in 1989, for his contribution to Australian Architectural theory and design. Further Adjunct Professor in 1989, at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT).
### *Cities of Hope* Exhibition {#cities_of_hope_exhibition}
An exhibition of Corrigan\'s life work was held at RMIT Gallery in 2013 entitled *Cities of Hope*. It traced the \"creative focus of this remarkable Australian architect, bringing to life many of his designs over four decades including architectural models and drawings by Edmond and Corrigan; set and costume designs for theatre; artworks, records and notations from his personal collection and key works selected from public collections which have enriched his practice\". This material has since been donated to the RMIT Design Archives and RMIT Library respectively.
| 487 |
Peter Corrigan
| 0 |
11,034,057 |
# Peter Corrigan
## Recognition
### Australian civil honours {#australian_civil_honours}
On 9 June 2008 Peter Corrigan was recognised as a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) \"for service to architecture as an academic, educator and practitioner and to the arts, particularly through theatre production design.\"
### Architecture honours {#architecture_honours}
In 2003 Peter Corrigan was awarded the Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal, albeit with his partner Maggie Edmond notably overlooked, when other firms or partnerships had been awarded as a group, including Denton Corker Marshall in 1996 and Gilbert Nicol and Ross Chisholm in 1983. She was added to the award twenty years later at the Australian National Architecture Awards in Canberra, on 31 October 2023.
In 2013 Corrigan was awarded the Neville Quarry Architectural Education Prize. The jury citation described his teaching;
> \"At a time when education emphasises the acquisition of skills, Peter Corrigan holds to the idea of educating the whole person. He has done so not only by teaching in a manner tailored to individual students, but also by embedding students in the culture of their field. Regardless of the theme of the design studio, students are pointed toward the activities of the local scene -- the performance of a play, an exhibition or a big game at the MCG. In the larger world of ideas they are exposed to everyone from W. B. Yeats to Allen Ginsberg, from the Renaissance to contemporary politics. The results of this process are students who feel immersed in a culture and begin to sense their own place in it. Peter Corrigan teaches architecture in order to make good architects.\"
| 271 |
Peter Corrigan
| 1 |
11,034,057 |
# Peter Corrigan
## Key projects {#key_projects}
### Chapel of St Josephs, 1978 {#chapel_of_st_josephs_1978}
thumb\|upright=.682\|Chapel of St Josephs The Chapel of St Josephs is located at 27--29 Strabane Avenue, Mont Albert North and is located in the middle of the site with an inflected curve plan. A long curved ramp from the street provides access to the building. The car park is located at the back of the building which provides space to view the building in the round, as one drives through.
The chapel is a postmodern, three-dimensional solid brick building, with a flat-roofed canopy that is the most significant feature of the building. The use of red and cream brick creates subtle highlighted architectural effects not only on the front façade, but also within its surrounds. The timber framed rectangular north-east facing windows, with the identical sized windows to the right of the curved wall, brings about a dynamic contrast to the mostly curved-shaped building.
The chapel won the RAIA Victorian Chapter Merit Award for Outstanding Architecture, New Buildings Category in 1983. Later it won the RAIA (Victorian Chapter) inaugural 25 Year Award in 2003.
### RMIT Building 8, 1996 {#rmit_building_8_1996}
thumb\|upright=.682\|RMIT Building 8 The RMIT Building 8 built in 1993, is one of Corrigan\'s most recognised buildings, and \"combines the bold vision and whimsical style that is Corrigan's trademark\". It is located in Swanston street Melbourne at the University of RMIT. The building creates characteristics of its own along with its structure, several colours and situated materials. Built on a budget with tough constraints, the designing of building 8 needed to accommodate buildings below and next door as it is currently sitting on top of John Andrew's unfinished union building. Following the construction of Building 8 it was found necessary to include a \"new lift and service core\" to allow access to the upper floors. In addition to this \"the deep floor plate\" was also maximised allowing further developed for rooms located on the upper floors. Detail within the interior such as \"balustrades and hand railing\" have been positioned in a way giving the building a unique yet chaotic sentiment. Noticeable along the streetscape of Swanston street, Building 8\'s roof gives the building part of its individuality. The positioning of the multiple roof structures, form and materiality make this building unique. The building structure also provides examples of many different uses of materials for different areas, some of which include \"coloured stone facades, steel pipe strut supports and a polychrome and polygon brick\" shown within parts of the building, all of which affect RMIT\'s atmosphere.
### Readings Bookshop, 2005---2012 {#readings_bookshop_20052012}
thumb\|upright=.682\|Readings Book Shop The Readings Bookshop was located in the heritage listed Port Melbourne Post Office, built in 1910, which underwent renovation as a bookshop and completed in 2005 and located at 253 Bay Street, Port Melbourne. The interior included a mezzanine and a freestanding form in the middle of the room, designed with sharp angles and flat surfaces, it filled the interior of the bookshop. Surrounding the room were bookshelves up to the first floor. The bookshop closed in 2012
| 514 |
Peter Corrigan
| 2 |
11,034,066 |
# Mao Inoue
**Mao Inoue** (井上 真央, *Inoue Mao*, born January 9, 1987), is a Japanese actress. She is best known to Japanese television drama audiences as Makino Tsukushi in the *Boys Over Flowers* series and as Sugi Fumi (ja) in the 54th taiga drama *Burning Flower*. She has also appeared in several films, including *I Give My First Love to You*, *Rebirth,* and *The Snow White Murder Case*.
## Career
### Dramas and films {#dramas_and_films}
Inoue Mao began her acting career at the age of five, appearing in the television series *Kids War* from 1999 to 2003. She gained widespread recognition in 2005 for her portrayal of Tsukushi Makino in *Boys Over Flowers*, earning her a Best Actress Award from the Television Drama Academy.
Inoue made her film debut in 2006 with *Check It Out, Yo!* and subsequently starred in the television drama *First Kiss* alongside Yūta Hiraoka. She continued to take on prominent roles in television, including the drama special *Hanaikusa*, in which she played a maiko-turned-geisha, and *Anmitsu Hime* (2008), where she portrayed a princess. She reprised her role in *Anmitsu Hime 2* (2009), also contributing to the theme song alongside Shoko Nakagawa.
Following the success of *Boys Over Flowers* and its 2007 sequel, Inoue starred in the film adaptation, *Boys Over Flowers: Final* (2008). The film topped the Japanese box office and became the second-biggest-earning film of that year, contributing to her nickname, the \"10 Billion Yen Actress.\"[1](https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1800111/bio/?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm)
After a brief break from acting to focus on her studies at Meiji University, Inoue returned to acting in *Boku no Hatsukoi wo Kimi ni Sasagu (2009)*, in which she shared the lead with Masaki Okada; it was released in theaters in October 2009. In April of the following year, *My Darling is a Foreigner* was released in theaters with Inoue starring opposite Jonathan Sherr.
Three years after her last drama, she reunited with *Boys Over Flowers* co-star Shun Oguri for the drama `{{Nihongo|''Jūi Dolittle''|獣医ドリトル|Veterinarian Dolittle}}`{=mediawiki}, which began airing in October 2010. She also starred in the 84th asadora drama `{{Nihongo|''[[Ohisama]]''|おひさま|The Sun}}`{=mediawiki}, portraying a young woman who lived through World War II in Nagano prefecture. For her role, she won \"Best Actress\" in the 70th The Television Drama Academy Awards.
In February 2011, Inoue, together with Yutaka Takenouchi, co-starred in *Oba: The Last Samurai*, a film about World War II holdout Captain Sakae Ōba. Filming took place in Thailand. It was also announced in late September 2010 that Inoue would star in the film *Rebirth* which was released in April 2011. Both films were successful at the box office. In Rebirth, her portrayal of a daughter with a difficult past earned her several film awards, including her first \"Best Starring Actress\" award in the 35th Japan Film Academy Awards. The film also won nine other awards that year.
Inoue was chosen to chair the Red team in the New Year\'s Eve Singing Contest *Kōhaku Uta Gassen 2011*. This team became the first female-led Red team to win the *Kōuhaku Uta Gassen* in seven years.
Because of her performance in *Oba: Miracle in the Pacific*, she was chosen to star in the comedy *Tug of War!* Released in 2012.`{{update inline|date=August 2015}}`{=mediawiki}
It was announced in May 2012 that Inoue would play the lead role in a summer drama called *Tokkan Tokubetsu Kokuzei Choushukan*, reuniting her with director Tsuna Hiichatta. The drama aired in July 2012.
She appeared alongside V6\'s member Junichi Okada and Haruma Miura in the war film *The Eternal Zero* in 2013. The film topped the Japan Box Office for eight consecutive weeks and broke box office records. The film also won The Audience Award at the Udine Far East Film Festival.
It was announced that she would reunite with some of her co-stars and her *Tug of War!* Director in the comedy film *King of Apology*, which was released in September 2013.
In March 2014, Inoue appeared in a leading role in the mystery suspense film *The Snow White Murder Case*, directed by Yoshihiro Nakamura.
In June 2014, it was announced that Inoue would play the lead role of Sugi Fumi in the 2015 NHK taiga drama, *Burning Flower*. After the series experienced historically low ratings during its run, Inoue publicly took responsibility for the viewership, stating, \"I am the starring actress, so it has to be from my lack of ability.\"
Following this, she took a year and a half hiatus from acting and later returned to Television in the Fuji TV drama *School Counselor*, which aired in the fall.
In 2019, Inoue starred in the comedic period film *Talking the Pictures* and in the special 5-episode NHK drama *Boy Torajiro*. The following year, on January 8, 2020, her film *Angry Rice Wives,* set during the 1918 Rice Riots, was released in cinemas across Japan.
In May 2020, it was confirmed that Inoue would appear in the NTV drama *Pay To Ace*, alongside Yuya Yagira and Shigeaki Kato. The series was originally scheduled to air in July 2020 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.`{{Clarify|reason=when did it get postponed to?|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
### Print and television endorsements {#print_and_television_endorsements}
Aside from acting in films, Inoue has been chosen to represent Mizuho Bank and Chocola BB Eisai series, NTT fleet West and Asahi Breweries\'s Asahi Direct Shot, collaborating with Tomohisa Yamashita. She also appears on the covers of various magazines, such as *Bomb, Steady, Weekly Shonen*, among others.
| 901 |
Mao Inoue
| 0 |
11,034,066 |
# Mao Inoue
## Career
### Voice acting {#voice_acting}
In 2014, Inoue debuted as a voice actress, providing the voice of Apple Boy in one of the Anpanman films. The anime film was released in July 2014.
Her next voice project was the animated film 3DCG *Rudolf and the Black Cat*. It was announced on July 31, 2015. The film was released on August 6, 2016.
### Stage
Inoue was cast in a stage play called MIWA in 2013.
Inoue starred in the stage play *Anger*, which ran from January to April 2016.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Inoue revealed in a show that her mother encouraged her to participate in acting, art and music at age 4.`{{Where|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki} Though acting was not her priority early on, she decided to continue upon receiving her first fan letter. Although she entered show business at a young age, she gave her school priority. In 2004, she rose in popularity from her role in the *Kid\'s War* series. Despite this, she chose to put her acting on hold as she concentrated on graduating from the University of Japan. In 2005, at age 18, Inoue enrolled in Meiji University, majoring in theater and literature; she chose Chinese as her second language elective. In March 2009, she graduated from Meiji University.
| 215 |
Mao Inoue
| 1 |
11,034,066 |
# Mao Inoue
## Filmography
### Television dramas {#television_dramas}
Year Title Role Notes
------ --------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- --
1992 *Gakkō ga Abunai!* Mami Asakura
*Itsumitemo Haran Banjō* Midori Satsuki
*Tsubusareta Kao! Zankoku na Shashin*
1993 *Kokoro no Tabi Series*
1994 *Kagishi*
*Mayonaka no Jōkyaku*
*Ninja Sentai Kakuranger* Tsuruhime/Ninja White as a young child
1995 *Tōryanse*
*Kura*
1996 *Genki o Ageru* Maiko Nitani
*Asahi ni Wakare no Seppun o*
1997 *Abarenbō Shōgun VII* Sayo Episode 17
*Mito Kōmon 25th Series* Episode 14
*Terakoya Yume Shinan*
*Kin no Tamago* Episode 3
*Shin Hanshichi Torimonochō*
*Gourmet Mystery Onna Shutchō Ryōrinin ga Iku!*
1998 *Tōyama no Kinsan vs Onna Nezumi* Tonbo Episode 8
*Hi no Ryōsen*
1999 *Kai* Ayako Tomita
*Kids War Zaken na yo* Akane Imai
2000 *Kids War 2 Zaken na yo* Akane Imai
*Otōsan* Yū Ōmura
2001 *Kids War 3 Zaken na yo* Akane Imai
2002 *Kids War Special Zaken na yo* Akane Imai
*Kids War 4 Zaken na yo* Akane Imai
*Kids War Special Ai Koso Subete da! Zaken na yo* Akane Imai
2003 *Kids War 5 Zaken na yo* Akane Imai Lead role
*Kids War Special Kore de Final! Zaken na yo* Akane Imai
2004 *Home Drama* Shōko Nagamine
2005 *Kyūmei Byōtō 24 Ji*
*Boys Over Flowers* Makino Tsukushi Lead role
*Grave of the Fireflies* Natsu Sawano TV movie
2007 *Boys Over Flowers 2* Makino Tsukushi Lead role
*Ōsama no Shinzō* Sakura Kariya
*First Kiss* Mio Fukunaga Lead role
*Hanaikusa* Mineko Iwasaki Lead role
2008 *Anmitsu Hime* Anmitsu Hime/Tokoroten Lead role
2009 *Anmitsu Hime 2* Anmitsu Hime/Tokoroten Lead role
*Karei naru Spy* Ami Yoshizawa Episode 1
*Kinkyu Special Kyumei Byoto 24-ji Kyumei Kusush* Episode 4
*Tengoku de Kimi ni Aetara* Natsuko Nonogami Television film
*Yonimo Kimyō na Monogatari: Aki no Tokubetsuhen* Kanako Okazaki Lead role
2010 *Mominoki wa Nokotta* Uno
*Veterinarian Dolittle* Asuka Tashima
2011 *Sunshine* Yōko Sudō Lead role; *Asadora*
2012 *Gooko\'s Life* Suzumiya Miki Lead role
2013 *Paji* Momo Special appearance
2015 *Burning Flower* Sugi Fumi Lead role; *Taiga* drama
2017 *School Counselor* Hinata Aizawa Lead role
2019 *Shōnen Torajirō* Mitsuko Kuruma Lead role; miniseries
2021 *Pay to Ace* Mai Sakura
2023 *Why Didn\'t I Tell You a Million Times?* Yui Sōma Lead role
### Films
Year Title Role Notes
------ -------------------------------------------- ------------------- ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2006 *Check It Out, Yo!* Yui Haebaru {{cite web\|url=<https://eiga
| 387 |
Mao Inoue
| 2 |
11,034,133 |
# Kaligram
**Kaligram** is a second largest village in Chanchal-I Block of District Malda in the state of West Bengal, India. It is under Kaligram-Gram-Panchayat of The Block Chanchal-I of the district Malda. It falls under the jurisdiction of Chanchal police station. It dates back to Mughal Era. It is widely believed that a commander of Goud saltanate named Kali Khan fled Goud when Sher-Sah- suri attacked Goud in 1538 and came to this village and it was named after him. In the history of Bengal it was mentioned that Raja Ganesha fled from his capital by using the Kadali River in his way to Dinajpur. Kadla, named after the extinct river is in Kaligram.
The climate is rather extreme hot and sultry during summer season, with plentiful rains and moisture in the air throughout the year. There are four seasons in the year. The cold season starts about the middle of November and continues till the end of February. The period from March to May is the summer season. The rainy season starts in June with the coming of south-west monsoons and continues until the middle of September. October and the first half of November constitutes the post monsoons season. The maximum precipitation occurs during the period from June to September.
Kaligram is located at 25.383425°N 88.045163°E under Chanchal subdivision
| 221 |
Kaligram
| 0 |
11,034,143 |
# National Highway 63 (India)
**National Highway 63** (**NH 63**) is a National Highway in India, total length 1065 km. It passes through the states of Maharashtra, Telangana, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh & Odisha.
## Route
- The highway starts at Daund and passes through:
- Maharashtra: Karmala, Kuslamb Barshi, Ramling, Yedshi, Latur, Renapur, Ashtamod, Nalegaon Udgir, Deglur, Sironcha, Kopela and Pathagudam
- Telangana: Bodhan, Nizamabad, Armoor, Metpalli, Koratla, Jagtial, Luxettipet, Dharmapuri, Mancherial and Chennur
- Chhattisgarh: Bhopalpatnam, Madded, Bijapur, Nimed, Bhairamgarh, Varetumnar, Gidam, Bagmundi and Jagdalpur
- Odisha: Kotpad, Borigumma and Koraput
- The highway crosses National Highway 52 at Yedshi.
- The highway crosses National Highway 548B at Latur, Renapur.
- The highway crosses National Highway 361 at Ashtamod.
- The highway crosses National Highway 50 at Udgir.
- The highway crosses National Highway 44 at Armoor.
- National Highway 163 joins this highway at Bhopalpatnam.
- National Highway 563 joins this highway at Jagtial.
- National Highway 363 joins this highway at Mancherial.
- National Highway 30 joins this highway at Jagdalpur.
- National Highway 26 joins this highway at Borigumma which ends at Vizianagaram.
The highway crosses Godavari River on border of Peddapalli district and Mancherial district of Telangana state, Pranahita River on border of Maharashtra and Telangana and Indravati River on border of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh. Bridges on border between Maharashtra and Telangana state across Pranahita River near Sironcha and across Indravathi River on Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh state near Bhopalpatnam are inaugurated and are functional. The future highway will connect Mumbai via Visakhapatnam, Cuttack and Bhubaneshwar.
## Gallery
<File:IMAG3093
| 262 |
National Highway 63 (India)
| 0 |
11,034,167 |
# History of the Los Angeles Police Department
The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) was formed in 1869, and has since become the third-largest law enforcement agency in the United States. They have been involved in various events in history, such as the Black Dahlia murder, the Watts riots, the 1992 Los Angeles riots, the North Hollywood shootout, the murder trial of O. J. Simpson, and the Rampart scandal.
## Early history {#early_history}
During the California Gold Rush, Los Angeles was known for its violence, gambling and \"vice\" and lack of effective civil law enforcement. It was reputed to have the highest murder rate in the United States at the time and the countryside was infested with bandits. Most men went armed with pistols and knives, and lynching was often the method used to dispose of lawbreakers, courts being few and ineffective.
The first specific Los Angeles police force was founded in 1853 as the Los Angeles Rangers, a volunteer California State Militia company that assisted the Los Angeles County Sheriff\'s Department in enforcing the law until its disbandment in 1857. The Rangers were supplemented from 1853 by the Los Angeles Guards, a local volunteer California State Militia company that lasted until 1880, and the Los Angeles City Guards, lasting from 1855 to 1861. The first paid police force was created in 1869, when six officers were hired to serve under City Marshal William C. Warren. Warren was shot by one of his deputies, Joe Dye, in 1870 in a quarrel over a reward. To replace Warren, the newly created Board of Police Commissioners selected Jacob F. Gerkens. The latter was replaced within a year by saloon owner Emil Harris, the second of fifteen police chiefs from 1876 to 1889.
The first chief to remain in office for any time was John M. Glass; appointed in 1889, he served for eleven years and was a driving force for increased professionalism in the force. By 1900, there were 70 officers, one for every 1,500 people; in 1903, with the start of the Civil Service, this force was increased to 200, although training was not introduced until 1916. The rapid turnover of chiefs was renewed in the 1900s as the office became increasingly politicized; from 1900 to 1923 there were sixteen different chiefs. The longest-lasting was Charles E. Sebastian, who served from 1911 to 1915 before going on to become mayor.
In 1910, the LAPD promoted the first sworn female police officer with full powers in the U.S., Alice Stebbins Wells. Georgia Ann Robinson became the first African-American female police officer in the U.S. in 1916.
| 434 |
History of the Los Angeles Police Department
| 0 |
11,034,167 |
# History of the Los Angeles Police Department
## World Wars {#world_wars}
During World War I the force became involved with federal offenses, and much of the force was organized into a special Home Guard. In 1918 the department closed the Los Angeles Municipal Inebriate Farm, an alcohol treatment program created as an alternative approach to incarceration for chronic drunks, and created the War Squad to track spies and labor agitators. In the postwar period, the department became highly corrupt along with much of the city government; this state lasted until the late 1930s. Two police chiefs did work within a mandate for anti-corruption and reform. August Vollmer laid the ground for future improvements but served for only a single year. James E. Davis served from April 1, 1926 to December 29, 1929 and from August 10, 1933 to November 18, 1938. In his first term he fired almost a fifth of the force for bad conduct, and instituted extended firearms training and also the dragnet system of policing. In his second term Davis instituted a \"LAPD Red Squad\" to attack Communists and their offices; key figures in Davis\' \"spy squad\" included Red Hynes, Luke Lane, and Earl Kynette.
In 1924, the Los Angeles Police Academy was established to train officers of the LAPD and other agencies in the region; prior to the academy\'s opening, officers were not trained. The shooting events of the 1932 Summer Olympics were held at the academy. The actual academy structure was built in 1935, and its first class of officers graduated in 1936.
With the replacement of Mayor Frank L. Shaw in 1938, the city gained a reformist mayor in Fletcher Bowron. He forced dozens of city commissioners out, as well as more than 45 LAPD officers. Bowron also appointed the first African American and the first woman to the Police Commission. The modernizer Arthur C. Hohmann was made chief in 1939 and resigned in 1941 after a strike at the North American Aviation plant in Inglewood, in which he refused to use the LAPD as strikebreakers.
During World War II, under Police Chief Clemence B. Horrall, the force was heavily depleted by the demands of the armed forces; new recruits were given only six weeks training (twelve was normal). Despite the attempts to maintain numbers the police could do little to control the 1943 Zoot Suit Riots. War Emergency personnel were given a \"WE\" designation with their badge numbers to distinguish them from other officers.
Among the department\'s more notorious cases of the Horrall years was the January 15, 1947 murder of Elizabeth Short, known as the Black Dahlia.
Horrall and Assistant Chief Joe Reed resigned in 1949 under threat of a grand jury investigation related to the Brenda Allen scandal. Several of Horrall and Reed\'s more enduring actions, among others, were to approve a radio show about the LAPD titled *Dragnet* in the same year, with Jack Webb starring in the program, and the 1946 founding of the LAPD\'s secret \"Gangster Squad\" aimed to stop the rising threat of the American Mafia and organized crime (led by the local Los Angeles crime family) in the city.
| 524 |
History of the Los Angeles Police Department
| 1 |
11,034,167 |
# History of the Los Angeles Police Department
## 1950--1965
Horrall was replaced by a retired Marine general, William A. Worton, who acted as interim chief until 1950, when William H. Parker was chosen in tight competition with Thad Brown. Parker advocated police professionalism and autonomy from civilian administration, especially as concerned internal affairs. The Bloody Christmas scandal in 1951 led to calls for civilian accountability and an end to police brutality in the city itself. Parker served until his death in 1966 from a heart attack, the longest period in office of any chief.
The LAPD held a contest in 1955 for the motto of their police academy. The winning submission was \"*To Protect and to Serve*\", submitted by officer Joseph R. Dorobek. It was adopted as the LAPD motto in 1963. Around this time the television show *Adam-12* and televised edition of *Dragnet* increased popular support for the LAPD and led to police agencies around the country and the world emulating its structure and echoing its motto. In addition to his work with the shows, Webb created the Police Academy Trust Fund and pledged a percentage of their profits to capital improvements for the academy.
The most serious challenge in this period was the 1965 Watts riots following accusations of mistreatment and police brutality toward minority communities by the City and the LAPD. For six days, buildings and businesses were looted and set on fire, and sniping also took place before the California Army National Guard were deployed to assist the overwhelmed LAPD in restoring order. Over 34 people died in the Watts riots and \$40 million in damage was caused as almost 1,000 buildings were damaged or destroyed. Most of the physical damage was confined to white-owned businesses that were said to have caused resentment in the neighborhood due to perceived unfairness.
| 305 |
History of the Los Angeles Police Department
| 2 |
11,034,167 |
# History of the Los Angeles Police Department
## Davis era (1969--1978) {#davis_era_19691978}
Parker was succeeded by Thad Brown as acting chief in 1966, followed by Thomas Reddin in 1967. Following an interim term by Chief Roger E. Murdock, the outspoken Edward M. Davis became chief in 1969; Chief Davis introduced a number of modern programs aimed at community policing, special street gang control units, as well as the SWAT unit (1972); he retired in 1978.
The street gang control units were structured by Deputy Chief Louis Sporrer, who commanded Operations South Bureau, which was the Headquarters for the South Central Los Angeles police divisions. In 1972 street gangs were becoming a growing problem and initially were made-up of the best known gang structures of the Crips and the Bloods. A Gang Intelligence Unit was set up in 77th Street Division headed by a Sergeant Robert Michael. A uniformed team was set up and given the acronym of TRASH, or Total Resources Against Street Hoodlums, headed by Sergeant Beno Hernandez. It was from this time on that the flattering term gang was dropped and the term \"hoodlums\" was adopted.
Intelligence indicated that each gang had a \"leader\", a few close \"associates\" and follower \"acquaintances\" and when the leader was removed by arrest and detention that crime in the group\'s area of control went down significantly; when the leader returned however, crime returned to its previous level. To address this phenomenon, and to give courts a better understanding of whom they were dealing with, a joint task force of police, probation, parole, schools, and others formed an entity with an acronym of DDCP, or Disposition Data Coordination Project. This entity was housed in the South Bureau, and coordinated by the Intelligence Sergeant Michael. DDCP was a pre-sentence gathering of reputation information in the community, allowed under California law to be considered by the Court.
The DDCP was a repository of sources for the court to consider in its sentencing disposition. Soon however, it was dubbed the Alpha File by several attorneys and the ACLU filed suit against the City of Los Angeles. The DDCP project was later terminated at the discretion of the city. At about the same time complaints began being made by activists outside the City and South Bureau area, that TRASH was demeaning to the group members. Chief Sporrer renamed the units CRASH, or Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums, and it remained operational as it had been before the name change. These police specialists are still policing today in the same manner as they began in 1972, and still under the CRASH acronym.
Also during the term of Chief Davis, the LAPD pioneered tactics and procedures that would serve as the blueprints of modern community-policing. Known as the \"basic car plan\" or \"team policing\" the department sought to build strong ties to the community through the permanent assignment and deployment of teams of officers---patrol, detectives, and supervisors---to identified geographic areas. This allowed the officers to develop a working knowledge of their community and fostered familiarity, trust and respect on the part of the community toward its police officers.
Under Davis the LAPD and its vice squad were known for active policing against the LGBT community. Zealous officers, led by Detective Lloyd Martin, are purported to have dangled two youths over a cliff to try to make him reveal names of pedophile ring. On April 10, 1976 over a hundred officers, with Davis present, raided a charitable \"slave auction\" event and bragged to reporters that they had freed the slaves. Dozens of men were detained on charges of violating an 1899 anti-slavery statute, but the expensive raid was criticized by the city council and no one was convicted.
| 619 |
History of the Los Angeles Police Department
| 3 |
11,034,167 |
# History of the Los Angeles Police Department
## 1978--2002 {#section_1}
Davis\' successor, Daryl F. Gates, came into office just as Proposition 13 reduced the department\'s budget, cutting police numbers to less than 7,000 in seven years, just as drug and gang crime reached unprecedented highs. To combat the rising tide of gang-related violence, Gates introduced Operation Hammer in 1987, which resulted in an unprecedented number of arrests, mostly of black American and Hispanic youths.
Gates retired in 1992, just after the Rodney King-related 1992 Los Angeles riots in April and May and the damaging Christopher Commission Report, and was replaced by Willie L. Williams, the fiftieth chief, the first African-American officer to hold the office and the first non-internal appointee for almost 40 years. In 1997, Williams was replaced by Bernard Parks, during whose term the LAPD was rocked by the Rampart Division/CRASH corruption scandal.
In 1997, one of the biggest challenges for the LAPD and LAPD SWAT was the North Hollywood shootout in which two bank robbers armed with automatic rifles and wearing body armor shot twelve responding officers and two civilians. The suspects were eventually defeated by SWAT units after a gun battle that lasted nearly an hour.
In November 1997, LAPD absorbed the MTA Transit Police, the first LAPD takeover in forty years. Originally touted as a merger process, this became a political football with members of the City Council fighting the mayor\'s \"one city, one police department\" plan to eliminate all of the smaller, specialized police forces (Transit Police, Airport Police, School Police, Park Rangers, etc.). In the end, only about 130 of the originally slated 200 officers of the MTA Transit Police came to the LAPD, with about the same number going to the LASD. After less than five years, the MTA removed the LAPD from its transit policing contract, and the LASD was given the entire MTA contract.
In 2002, after a loss of approximately 1,700 officers in two years (mostly to other Southern California police departments), and in the face of an unprecedented homicide rate, Mayor Hahn moved to have the Board of Police Commissioners refuse to accept Parks\' application for another five-year term. Parks appealed to the City Council who refused to take up his cause. Parks initially threatened a lawsuit, but thought better of it and considered a run for City Council in the near future instead. Parks promptly left office, several months before his five-year term was up. Former Deputy Chief Martin Pomeroy was selected as an interim Chief until a permanent replacement could be found. Also in 2002, voters in the City passed the Proposition Q---Citywide Public Safety Bond to expand, renovate and replace existing police and fire facilities. This \$600 million bond program included replacement of the West Valley, Rampart, Hollenbeck, and Harbor Police Stations; adding a new Emergency Operations Center; replacing the Parker Center Jail; adding a new Operations Valley Bureau/Valley Traffic Division; and adding two new Area Police Stations---20th (Olympic Area) and 21st (Topanga Area) Police Stations.
| 502 |
History of the Los Angeles Police Department
| 4 |
11,034,167 |
# History of the Los Angeles Police Department
## Bratton era (2002--2009) {#bratton_era_20022009}
Chief William J. Bratton came to the LAPD after having prior experience as Chief of Police for the NYPD, the NY City Transit Police, the Boston Police and the MBTA Transit Police. Bratton came in a manner very different from his most recent outsider predecessor, Chief Parks. Prior to his arrival, Bratton requested all captains and above submit resumes and biographies for consideration in his new administration. Bratton made his initial goals to fully implement the Federal Consent decree (left from the Parks administration), to implement a dramatic reduction in Part I crime and to create a world class counter-terrorism Bureau within LAPD (during Parks\' tenure, a year after 9/11, officers still had no WMD training nor equipment; however, Parks had successfully implemented a \"no US flag pin\" policy for wear on officer\'s uniforms). Bratton later added community oriented policing to his list of goals. In 2005, the LAPD began showing action-packed mini-movies online and at movie theaters to promote recruiting. The movies feature real LAPD officers and what they do. Bratton retired as Chief of the LAPD on October 31, 2009 and became the chief executive officer of Altegrity Security Consulting, a private security firm based in Virginia.
On May 17, 2005, Los Angeles voters rejected a proposal (Proposition A) that would have merged the LAPD and the Los Angeles Airport Police. The argument against this proposal was that officers of the Los Angeles Airport Police had more extensive training in airport law enforcement and security operations; LAPD officers would have needed more training in this new function. At the request of Airport Police, LAPD officers are assigned on an overtime basis to security checkpoints in the terminals at LAX. This assignment became available to LAPD officers and supervisory personnel due to staff shortages at the Airport Police.
In 2006, the LAPD temporarily relocated two stations, Hollenbeck and Harbor, to Temporary Stations, while the existing stations were demolished and new ones built on the same sites. Also in 2006, a longtime goal of the LAPD, to replace Parker Center, began moving towards fruition with demolition of the old Caltrans building at 2nd/ Spring Streets to make way for a new Police Administration Building. The Department broke ground for two new Community Police Stations as well as a replacement of three older stations. The groundbreaking for the 20th (Olympic Area) Police Station, was on May 4, 2006. Groundbreaking for the 21st (Topanga Area) Police Station, was on May 11, 2006.
Replacement Rampart Station was built on the site of the former Central Receiving Hospital (police hospital) that had been located on 6th Street and Valencia Street. As a sidenote, exteriors from Rampart division on Rampart and Benton were filmed for the *Adam-12* television series. The department does not permit the interiors of police stations filmed for motion picture purposes, so interiors were filmed at Universal Studios in Universal City, California.
The 21st (Topanga Area) Police Station opened on January 4, 2009 and was formed from parts of the existing West Valley Area and Devonshire Area in the Operations-Valley Bureau. The 20th Area Police Station area will be formed from portions of Wilshire, Hollywood and Rampart Police Station areas. Three additional police stations are planned for additions in the next ten years (2007--2016), one each for the South, West and Central Bureaus of the Department.
In 2006, Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa initiated gradual increases in trash collection fees paid by property owners to hire about 1,000 LAPD officers over the next five years.
On February 7, 2008, when LAPD responded to a call that an emotionally disturbed man killed three of his family members, the man shot two SWAT officers, one of whom was killed. Officer Randal Simmons was the first SWAT officer to be killed in the line of duty since the founding of SWAT.
## 2009--present
On November 17, 2009, Charles L. Beck was sworn in by Mayor Villaraigosa to succeed William J. Bratton as the Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department. A 32-year veteran of the department, he is known for commanding and rehabilitating the Rampart Division after the Rampart scandal. On November 8, 2024, Jim McDonnell assumed office as the 59th Chief of the LAPD. During his tenure, the June 2025 Los Angeles protests occurred, which involved the California National Guard being deployed as well as 700 Marines and resulted in millions of dollars in damages to city property.
| 745 |
History of the Los Angeles Police Department
| 5 |
11,034,167 |
# History of the Los Angeles Police Department
## Central Receiving Hospital {#central_receiving_hospital}
The Los Angeles Police Department operated an emergency hospital for 102 years, near downtown central Los Angeles. It was called the Central Receiving Hospital, and was always in a police building that also housed other police functions, until 1957 when it was moved to a purpose-built police building. It existed from 1868 to 1970. The Central Receiving Hospital originated as a sanitarium sited in Chávez Ravine. It originally housed patients dying from incurable infectious diseases, in particular smallpox. In the 1880s it moved into the back of the Central Police Station, and acted as a police first aid station. Over the next 80 years it was housed in a series of three other police buildings: the new Central Police Station (1896), the Georgia Street Police Station (1927), and finally the Central Receiving Hospital building on Loma Drive (1957). It was started to provide hospice care, but switched to providing emergency care with its move into the Central Police Station in the 1880s. It was the first public hospital to provide emergency care in Los Angeles
| 188 |
History of the Los Angeles Police Department
| 6 |
11,034,172 |
# Michel Chiha
**Michel Antoine Chiha** (1891--1954) was a Lebanese banker, a politician, writer and journalist. Along with Charles Corm, Petro Trad and Omar Daouk, he is considered one of the fathers of the Lebanese Constitution. His ideas and actions have had an important influence on the shaping of the modern Lebanon.
## Biography
### Early life and Studies {#early_life_and_studies}
Michel Chiha was born in 1891 in a Christian family of Bmakine, in the Aley District, in the Mount Lebanon Governorate. He hails from a Chaldo-Assyrian family which have migrated from modern day Iraq. His father, Antoine, was a banker who founded in 1876 the Pharaon and Chiha Bank in Beirut, Lebanon. His mother belonged to a rich Greek Catholic family of Beirut, the Pharaons.
After completing his studies in the Université Saint-Joseph, he joined in 1907 the family business, the Banque Pharaon & Chiha in Beirut. With the outbreak of the First World War and the Ottoman occupation of the autonomous Mount Lebanon, Chiha left Beirut to settle in Cairo, Egypt, in 1915. In addition to pursuing Law studies, he started there with a group of friends his political career and developed his political view about the future of Lebanon.
At the end of the war, he returned to Lebanon to lead the family bank. But soon afterwards, the French Mandate of Lebanon gave him the opportunity to put into practice his vision for Lebanon. In 1919 he contributed to *La Revue Phénicienne* which was established by Charles Corm in Beirut.
### Political life {#political_life}
In August 1920 the state of Lebanon was created out of Ottoman Syria.
On 1 September 1920, the Greater Lebanon was proclaimed by the French High Commissioner. Michel Chiha played an important role in this proclamation, especially concerning the setting up of its borders and the establishment of its first institutions. In 1925, Chiha was elected as the representative of Beirut in the Lebanese parliament. During his mandate that ended in 1929, he was very instrumental in the establishment of the Lebanese Constitution and the Monetary and fiscal systems.
In 1926, he married his cousin Marguerite Pharaon, the sister of Henri Pharaon. They had three daughters, Micheline (d. 1940), Madeleine and Marie-Claire. In 1929, Michel Chiha left all his political responsibilities without, however, stopping the promotion of his vision of Lebanon.
In 1937, he acquired with a group of friends the French language newspaper *Le Jour*. Until his death in 1954, Michel Chiha delivered daily his *editorial du Jour*, exposing his political views and vision. During this period he started publishing poems, essays and lectures in French. In 1940, he participated in the foundation of the **Beirut Stock Exchange** and founded a newspaper in English, the *Eastern Times*.
In 1943, his brother-in-law, Bechara El Khoury, became the president of the newly independent Lebanese Republic. Chiha served as an advisor during Khoury\'s Mandate (1943--1952).
One important cause interested him until his death, the Palestinian cause especially after 1948 Arab-Israeli War. He took an active role in defending this cause. He died in Beirut, Lebanon, on 29 December 1954.
| 513 |
Michel Chiha
| 0 |
11,034,172 |
# Michel Chiha
## Political views {#political_views}
### The Palestinian Question {#the_palestinian_question}
In May 1948, the State of Israel was proclaimed on a portion of the land of Palestine. This debacle was repeatedly commented by Michel Chiha in his editorials. In 1945 he had already written:
"No political preoccupation should turn our attention from Palestine! In our backyard, is currently developing one of the most anguishing questions of this world."
For him this problem represents a direct menace for Lebanon, Michel Chiha writes in December 1947:
"(...) The decision to partition Palestine by creating the Jewish State, is one of the most serious mistakes of world politics. The most surprising consequences are going to result from an apparently small thing. Nor is it offensive to reason to state that this small thing will have its part to play in shaking the world to its foundations."
In his editorials, the question of Palestine would recur often. Michel Chiha insists relentlessly on the dangers that would jeopardize the newly born state of Lebanon. We find in his editorials the following phrases:
- "There is no other country that recruits its population this way, by giving to strangers, wherever they came from and only because they're jewish, the right to be citizens!"
- "We forget often that the State of Israel is a racist and confessional issue."
- "The mistake is enormous."
- "The future of Palestine is being handled between the United States and the USSR exactly as if Palestine was uninhabited!"
- "In a few month inter-confessional cohabitation in Palestine would become impossible, forever."
- "We have ahead of us a permanent danger, a hatred without end."
- "A mistake of this size committed in the middle of this century, our grand-children will reencounter it in the middle of the next one."
A text from 1946 would take today a particular value in the sense that it relates directly to current events:
"...The American interventions in Palestine are increasingly looking like they're dealing with a purely American question. It's a pity that the people of the United States, today the most powerful in the world, would cover-up from their vantage point such an adventure; they are putting themselves in a definitive contradiction with their most sacred moral and political principles."
## Works
### Published works {#published_works}
- *Politique intérieure* (1964), Éditions du Trident, Beyrouth, `{{OCLC|5223379}}`{=mediawiki}
| 394 |
Michel Chiha
| 1 |
11,034,174 |
# Sir Walter Long, 2nd Baronet of Whaddon
**Sir Walter Long, 2nd Baronet** (1627 -- 21 May 1710) was born in Wiltshire, the son of Sir Walter Long, 1st Baronet of Whaddon and his wife Mary Cox.
He inherited the manor of Whaddon from his father in 1672, and three years later Rodmarton, his brother Robert\'s inheritance from their father (formerly owned by Robert Cox, father of Mary). In 1660 Walter\'s father had built a large addition to Whaddon House, which was surrounded by parkland. This manor house was destroyed by fire in the 19th century. Whaddon Grove Farm now stands on the site of the House, there remains a 17th-century back door in a moulded frame, and there are two stone former dairies. These two properties, together with most of the rest of his estates, descended to his nephew Calthorpe Parker Long (son of Sir Philip Parker, 1st Baronet). In 1706 Long purchased an estate in Sutton Veny, Wiltshire, which included Polebridge Farm. This eventually passed to Walter Long (of South Wraxall).
He was Member of Parliament for Bath from 1679 (the Habeas Corpus Parliament) to 1681.
Walter Long, 2nd Baronet, died unmarried at his house in James Street, Covent Garden, London, and the baronetcy became extinct
| 208 |
Sir Walter Long, 2nd Baronet of Whaddon
| 0 |
11,034,237 |
# Kojojash
**Kojojash** is a Kyrgyz lesser epic tale that has been told for centuries. The Kyrgyz are an ancient Turkic tribe from Central Asia. Although there is evidence that the ancient Kyrgyz had a runic alphabet, epic tales such as this were never written down. They were passed from generation to generation orally. These epic tales chronicle the history of the Kyrgyz people; they highlight the importance of heroes and showcase the battles between internal and external enemies (Köçümkulkïzï). These tales are the only sources of ancient Kyrgyz history.
## The characters {#the_characters}
### Kojojash
Kojojash is the protagonist of this epic tale. He is a very skilled hunter capable of slaughtering almost any animal. His skills are so high that he can provide for a tribe of twenty families. Those families rely on him for support. Without him, they cannot eat. Kojojash is too proud; his pride leads him to his death. He cannot accept that some animals are able to escape from his gun. His lust to kill drives him to the cliffs where he meets his death.
### Zulayka
Zulayka is the wife of Kojojash and the interpreter of the dream. When Kojojash dreams of becoming lost on a cliff, she interprets this as a bad omen and begs him to stop hunting. Zulayka cares deeply for her husband. In fact, she chose him instead of he choosing her. She bears one son Moldojash.
### Sur-Ecki {#sur_ecki}
Sur-Ecki is the she-goat that Kojojash swears to kill. The wife of Alabash, she has hundreds of children and is very prosperous. One day as she is feeding with her kids, Kojojash comes and slaughters all of them. She begs him to spare her husband and herself, so she may bear more children and continue the line of their family. Kojojash refuses and blatantly kills Alabash in front of Sur-Ecki\'s face. Sur-Ecki swears revenge and leads Kojojash on top a steep rocky cliff, in essence leading him to his death. At the end of the story, Sur-Ecki becomes the wife of Kojojash\'s son, Moldojash.
### Moldojash
Moldojash is the son of Zulayka and Kojojash. He searches for his father\'s remains, but cannot find them. At the end of the tale, he marries Sur-Ecki, thus restoring peace between man and the goats.
| 382 |
Kojojash
| 0 |
11,034,237 |
# Kojojash
## The story {#the_story}
The tale begins by introducing Kojojash. Kojojash is a great hunter. He is revered by his tribe and provides for them by hunting. No animal can seem to escape him. One day, as Kojojash was walking through the village, he met a girl named Zulayka. Zulayka was choosing a husband from a crowd of men. When she saw Kojojash, she immediately chose him. The two were wed.
One night, Kojojash had a dream. In his dream, he came upon a herd of goats and slaughtered every last one. On his way back, he became trapped upon a high cliff ledge. His wife interpreted this dream as a bad omen. In the wilderness, the she-goat Sur-Ecki also had a bad dream. She dreamt that a hunter slaughtered all of her children. Both of these dreams act as foreshadowing for the events to come. As Kojojash is hunting the next day, the events of his dream begin to unfold. He comes upon a family of goats and slaughters all of the kids. The she goat Sur-Ecki pleads for Kojojash to let her husband and her live and reproduce, but Kojojash slaughters her husband Alabash in front of her face. Sur-Ecki swears revenge, and flees from Kojojash without being harmed. Kojojash swears to hunt down and kill Sur-Ecki. Kojojash returns home and reveals the events of the hunt to his wife. She is scared for his life and asks him to stop hunting. He refuses, since he is the sole provider of food for his tribe. Kojojash decides that he will continue to pursue and hunt down Sur-Ecki. As he is chasing her, she leads him onto a steep rocky cliff. Kojojash becomes trapped, just like in his dream. Kojojash calls out and his father finds him. He instructs his father Karïpbay to go to the village and have the carpenters build a ladder.
After the ladder rescue attempt fails, Kojojash decides that his only option is death. He instructs his pregnant wife to name their child Moldojash if it is a son. And then, he throws himself off the cliff to his death. Zulayka bears a son, and names him Moldojash after her late husband\'s request. Moldojash searches for his father after he learns of Kojojash\'s death. He cannot find the remains, but he does find Sur-Ecki. He marries Sur-Ecki, and returns home to his people
| 400 |
Kojojash
| 1 |
11,034,243 |
# Jazz Guitarist (album)
***Jazz Guitarist*** is a solo studio album by jazz guitarist Ted Dunbar that was released by Xanadu in 1982.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Winding Blues\" - 4:05 (Ted Dunbar)
2. \"Total Conversion\" - 6:05 (Dunbar)
3. \"Trees and Grass and Things\" - 4:07 (Don Pullen)
4. \"Nica\'s Dream\" - 06:25 (Horace Silver)
5. \"Hi-Fly\" - 5:50 (Randy Weston)
6. \"Bougie\" - 7:55 (Dunbar)
7
| 69 |
Jazz Guitarist (album)
| 0 |
11,034,260 |
# Beye
**BEYE,** also known as **Binary EYE, BIEW, Binary View** is a multiplatform portable viewer of binary files with a built-in editor that functions in binary, hexadecimal, and disassembler modes. It uses native Intel syntax for disassembly. Features include AVR/Java/x86-i386-AMD64/ARM-XScale/PPC64 disassemblers, a Russian code pages converter, and a code navigator. It can also fully preview MZ, NE, PE, NLM, COFF32, and ELF formats, and partially preview a.out, LE and LX, and Phar Lap formats.
## History
BEYE was developed as *\"biew\"*, in 1994 by Nickols \"Nick\" Kurshev, inspired by qview
and Hiew , and later, Andrew Golovnia, and others. In February of 2010 the program was renamed to BEYE, even though poll votes were mostly against its rename.
BEYE\'s creators stated, that the previous name had some negative associations in English, and the new one doesn\'t conflict with other projects.
At that time, compilers were not able to create highly optimized executables, and CPUs were not as efficient, which caused many programmers to code in assembly language. Many countries, including Russia, had poor accessibility to the Internet, and it was problematic to find information about CPUs. Many programs produced errors, and it was too difficult to understand the source of the problems.
After spending a long time trying to understand the causes of the defects in his programs, the developer of BEYE coded their disassembler. Perhaps the needs of the creator couldn\'t have been covered by existing disassemblers, and so he wrote his own.
Initially, BEYE was closed-source, but friends helped to improve the project with new ideas and in some cases with new code. Later, after purchasing a modem, Kurshev and Golovnia decided to release the source and publish BEYE on the Internet.
In 2000, the sources were published at SourceForge.
Beye no longer works in Windows 7.
## Features
BEYE\'s features include: `{{columns-list|colwidth=13em|
* Built-in [[disassembler]]s:
**[[Atmel AVR|AVR]]
**[[Java (software platform)|Java]]
**[[x86]]-[[i386]]-[[AMD64]]<ref name="beye/2011-07-24/news"/>
**[[ARM architecture|ARM]]
**[[XScale]]/[[PPC64]].
* Saving and restoring parts of files.
* Support for executable formats:
**[[A.out|a-out]]
**[[GNU arch|arch]]
**[[COFF|coff-386]]
**[[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]]
**[[DOS MZ executable|MZ]]
**[[Class (file format)|jvmclass]]
**[[LMF (file format)|LMF]]
**[[Linear Executable|LE and LX]]
**[[New Executable|NE]]
**[[NetWare Loadable Module|NLM-386]]
**[[Phar Lap (company)|PharLap]]
**[[Portable Executable|PE]]
**[[RDOFF]]
**[[SIS (filename)|SIS and SISX]].
* Instruction highlighting.
* A code navigator.
* A [[CPU]] performance utility.
* A built-in 64-bit [[calculator]].
* Support for the [[multimedia]] formats:
**[[Advanced Systems Format|ASF]]
**[[Audio Video Interleave|AVI]]
**[[BMP file format|BMP]]
**[[JPEG]], [[.mov|mov]]
**[[MP3]], [[MPEG]]
**[[RealMedia]]
**[[WAV]].
* Console-input viewer.
* Pattern searching in different modes:
**[[disassembler]]
**[[hexadecimal]]
**[[Binary code|binary]]
* Russian [[Code page|code-page]] converter
| 423 |
Beye
| 0 |
11,034,272 |
# Mercury Lounge
The **Mercury Lounge** is a live music venue on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City. Like its brother venue The Bowery Ballroom, The Mercury Lounge is celebrated as an iconic indie venue due to its acoustics, its fostering and even launching of upcoming artists, and its no-frills, rock n\' roll presentation. It has made numerous top-ten lists over the years including that of Billboard Magazine. It has a capacity of 250 people. A scholarly account of Mercury Lounge and its place in the wider history of the city\'s rock music history and Lower Manhattan was published in 2020.
## History
The Mercury Lounge was founded in 1993 by Michael Swier, Michael Winsch, and Brian Swier, the three of whom went on to open a string of venues and promotions companies in New York City and Los Angeles. The Mercury Lounge is an independent indie venue to this day, and is known for launching the careers of many talented bands.
In 2016, the Mercury Lounge, the Bowery Ballroom, and its founders parted ways with promotions company Bowery Presents when it was acquired by AEG. (The Bowery *Presents* was cofounded in 2004-05 by Michael Swier, John Moore, Michael Winsch, and Brian Swier in order to promote live shows in open venues.)
The Mercury Lounge and The Bowery Ballroom retained their independence and are no longer affiliated with the Bowery Presents and book their own shows. The two clubs have formed joint ventures with Live Nation.
The building in which the Mercury Lounge resides has an interesting history. Located at 217 East Houston Street, the space once housed the servants to the Astor mansion on Fifth Avenue, and even connected to it via an underground labyrinth of tunnels. In the early part of the 20th century, Garfein\'s Restaurant occupied the space, and from 1933 to 1993 the storefront housed a tombstone seller.
## Notable acts {#notable_acts}
In 2000, the New York City band The Strokes got their start after playing the Mercury Lounge. Ryan Gentles, the Mercury Lounge\'s booker, quit his job to become the band\'s manager. Other acts include Radiohead, Chris Martin, Arcade Fire, Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Lana Del Rey, Interpol, Palomar, Rival Schools, PaperDoll, Sarah Kinsley, Hayes Warner and Mates of State. and numerous others
| 386 |
Mercury Lounge
| 0 |
11,034,295 |
# Gifts of Deceit
***Gifts of Deceit: Sun Myung Moon, Tongsun Park, and the Korean Scandal*** is a 1980 non-fiction book on Koreagate and the Fraser Committee, a congressional subcommittee which investigated South Korean influence in the United States by the KCIA and the Unification movement, written by Robert Boettcher, with Gordon L. Freedman. Freedman had served on the U.S. Senate Watergate Committee staff and had been a producer for ABC News 20/20 prior to his service on the subcommittee.
## About the author {#about_the_author}
Boettcher graduated with an M.S. in international relations from Georgetown University and served as a United States Foreign Service officer. Boettcher later was the staff director to the House Subcommittee on International Relations, which headed an investigation into Tongsun Park, Sun Myung Moon and the Unification movement. The subcommittee was chaired by Congressman Donald M. Fraser. Boettcher died in a fall in 1984.
## Cited by secondary works {#cited_by_secondary_works}
Boettcher\'s work is cited extensively in Farrell\'s *Tip O\'Neill and the Democratic Century*. The book itself was noted in United States Congressional investigations on \"The Cult Phenomenon in the United States\", in 1979. *Gifts of Deceit* is also cited in Breen\'s *The Koreans: Who They Are, What They Want, Where Their Future Lies*, Anderson\'s *Inside the League*, and is recommended reading by Olsen\'s *Korea, the Divided Nation* and Kim\'s *Dictionary of Asian-American History*.
In addition to political books, *Gifts of Deceit* is cited in books which analyze new religious movements, including *Another Gospel*, *The Future of New Religious Movements*, *Crime, Values, and Religion*, *Spiritual Warfare*, and more recently in Jenkins\' *Mystics and Messiahs*, in 2000.
## Reception
In his work, *The Ethics of Citizenship*, James Stockdale recommends *Gifts of Deceit* and states that it is \"very revealing\", and deals with the \"questionable conduct.\" *The New Republic* called it a \"most complete account.\" *The Washington Post* reviewed the work, but stated that portions of the Koreagate Scandal may have been due to media hype
| 327 |
Gifts of Deceit
| 0 |
11,034,321 |
# David Wikaira-Paul
**David Wikaira-Paul** (born 30 January 1985) played Tama Hudson on New Zealand television series Shortland Street.
He joined the cast of Shortland Street in 2001 to play fresh-faced 14-year-old Tama Hudson, a high school student. Wikaira-Paul had already left school and completed a year of tertiary education at Northland Polytechnic. He graduated from the Polytechnic in 2000 with a Certificate in Applied Arts, Music and Drama, having played the lead role in their production of Te Ngaru Nui.
Other theatre credits include Late Nights with Tuakau College, and Buggy Wonderland and The Miraculous Fairy Tale with the Kaleidescope Performing Arts Company. Moving to Auckland, he signed with an acting agency and was soon cast in Shortland Street. Over the years his performance as Tama gained him great popularity throughout New Zealand, especially with younger viewers.
Like many of the cast, Wikaira-Paul is also very musically talented. His hip hop group Medical Clan won the prestigious South Side Gig in both 2000 and 2003, and he has written several songs for on-screen alter ego Tama to perform on Shortland Street.
Medical Clan recently performed as part of TV2\'s 24-hour live music show, National Anthem. He has also appeared in the Maori mystery television series Mataku, which was made by Shortland Street\'s parent company, South Pacific Pictures. Wikaira-Paul was a contestant on Dancing with the Stars (New Zealand TV series) in 2006
| 233 |
David Wikaira-Paul
| 0 |
11,034,349 |
# Prabhakar Kashinath Kunte
**Prabhakar Kashinath Kunte**, (29 September 1922 -- 15 August 2012) was an Indian Freedom fighter and former Member of Legislator Assembly of Maharashtra. He was born at Alibag in 1920 and was a resident of Mumbai from 1939 till his death on 14 August 2012.
## Early life and family {#early_life_and_family}
He was born in 1920, the son of Alibag lawyer Kashinath Vaman Kunte and Godavari Kashinath Kunte. He died in Mumbai on 14 August 2012. He was survived by his wife, Varsha Kunte (d. July 23, 2019). Prabhakar & Varsha Kunte had no children. He was the younger brother of Nanasaheb Kunte (Dattatraya Kashinath Kunte) (1908--1991), veteran freedom fighter, Speaker of the Bombay Legislative Assembly (1952--1956), and member of the 4th Lok Sabha (1967--1971).
His early education was at Alibag, Kulaba district (now Raigad). He matriculated with distinction in English, Sanskrit, and History in 1939. His college education was at Bombay University.
## Political activities {#political_activities}
Prabhakar Kunte he joined the Indian National Congress and was active in Quit India movement in 1942, and was imprisoned by British regime. He was a leading trade union leader and was elected to the Bombay Municipal corporation. He actively participated in the Samyukta Maharashtra agitation (1955--1960) and the liberation of Goa (1961).
During the Congress splits of 1969 and 1978 he supported the faction led by Indira Gandhi, Congress-R and Congress-I respectively. In 1972, he was elected to the Maharashtra State Legislative Assembly in 1972 from the Dharavi constituency of Bombay. Subsequently, he joined the ministry of Shankarrao Chavan as Minister of State for Housing. He subsequently narrowly lost the assembly election in 1978 from Dharavi. This seat was declared a \"Reserved\" constituency for the 1980 elections, so he shifted to Mahim where he was defeated by 5-time legislator, F.M. Pinto who contested as an Independent. [P.K. Kunte was rumored to be one of Sanjay Gandhi\'s leading choices](http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/124955/News/Sanjay-Gandhi-Prabhakar-Kunte.html) to be an \"outsider\" candidate for the Chief Ministership of Maharashtra, as part of his efforts to break up the monopoly of power then enjoyed by Western Maharashtra\'s sugar barons. Ironically, the Gandhis chose another Kulaba (Raigad) native, Abdul Rehman Antulay for the position.
In addition to his ministerial position, `{{YouTube|kKAcKAqmV9k|Kunte}}`{=mediawiki} served as chairman, Bombay Housing Board (BMRDA), the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Board (MHADA) and the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC).
He also lost 1987 assembly election, this time from the Vile Parle seat in Mumbai, to Dr. Ramesh Y. Prabhoo of Shiv Sena. The formidable Shiv Sena founder and leader Bal Thackeray campaigned vigorously for Prabhoo on a Hindutva plank. Kunte filed a petition in the Bombay High Court, accusing Prabhoo of seeking votes on religious grounds and thereby indulging in electoral malpractices. Justice S P Bharucha of the high court declared Prabhoo\'s election void on 7 April 1989, for the commission of corrupt practices under Sections 123 (3) and 123 (3A) of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951. However, Prabhoo served out his term in the legislature as the high court ruling was appealed to the Supreme Court of India.
Kunte was finally vindicated in 1996. In a landmark judgment (1996) 1 SCC 130, the Supreme Court upheld the lower court\'s verdict. and debarred Thackeray from contesting or voting in elections for a period of six years.
The Government of India however referred the matter to the Election Commission for its advice. The commission constituted a two-member bench comprising Chief Election Commissioner Manohar Singh Gill and Commissioner J M Lyngdoh to look into the matter. The bench sent its decision to the President on 22 September 1998. After considering the various recommendations, President K R Narayanan finally decided to debar Thackeray on 17 July with retrospective effect from 11 December 1995.
A gazette notification to this effect was issued on 17 July 1999, after the commission\'s recommendation received President K R Narayanan\'s assent.
Prabhakar Kunte devoted the last years of his life towards educational activities. He founded the Raigad Military School with `{{YouTube|phszlPYPtQY|campuses}}`{=mediawiki} in Mahad (Raigad District), and in Oshiwara, Mumbai
| 678 |
Prabhakar Kashinath Kunte
| 0 |
11,034,357 |
# Taipei Post Office
**Taipei Post Office** (`{{zh|t=臺北郵局|p=Táiběi Yóujú}}`{=mediawiki}; Minnan: *Tâi-pak Iû-kiȯk*) or **Taipei Beimen Post Office** (`{{zh|c=臺北北門郵局|p=Táiběi Běimén Yóujú}}`{=mediawiki}; Minnan: *Tâi-pak Pak-bûn Iû-kiȯk*) is a four-story building located close to Beimen (lit. \"North Gate\") in Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan. The building is listed a historic site. It is the main post office of Chunghwa Post in Taipei, supervising all the postal businesses of the 143 branch offices in Taipei City.
## History
### Empire of Japan {#empire_of_japan}
March 1895 marked the end of the First Sino-Japanese War when the Japanese troops from Hiroshima came to conquest their land on the Pescadores. After they have claimed ownership on all the Pescadores' islands, the Japanese set up their Military Post Office there, which became the first post office in Taiwan established by the Japanese.
After the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1895, Taiwan entered the Japanese Colonial Period. From 1895 to 1900, the Japanese established 23 post offices around the island. Among these post offices are the three headquarters in Taipei, Taichung, and Kaohsiung. These post offices were mainly for military mailing services and were under the telecommunication sector.
The Taipei Post Office that became one of the three main mailing administrative headquarters during the Japanese Colonial Period was built near the Beimen location of today's building. The construction began in 1889 and ended in 1892. The origin was a one-storey wooden building but was burnt in a fire in 1913 along with the Telecom Bureau of Governor-General of Taiwan. A temporary office was built in the same year, but again it was a wooden structure.
At the end of 1920, the temporary post office was under the demand, therefore the Governor-General decided to reconstruct Taipei Post Office on the same spot. Construction officials then decided to build the new headquarters with steel and cement structure, also proposed to build the biggest and largest post office operation center in Taiwan at that time.
In April 1928, with the blueprint of Shunichi Kuriyama (栗山俊一), a designer from the Construction and Maintenance Section of Governor-General Office, the rebuilt of Taipei Post Office had its groundbreaking. The construction finished in April 1930.
| 358 |
Taipei Post Office
| 0 |
11,034,357 |
# Taipei Post Office
## History
### Republic of China {#republic_of_china}
After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, the post office tore down its northern wing arch passages, due to the increasing flow of postal service in the 1960s. Moreover, another floor was added to the original three-story building. Although it remained the original colour and pillar-styled design, it was thought to be destruction to the origin.
Because of the dilapidated state of the Taipei Post Office building, postal service officials wished to demolish the whole building ever since 1970. However, the site is historically valued, and therefore the tearing down plan has always been protested and objected by scholars and people. To settle the debate, the government ordered this post office building to be protected as a third-degree national historic site on 14 August 1992. After 2000, postal service unit switched its usual position and started to furnish the site and to sustain the image as original as possible. But since the tile factory in Beitou has stopped producing the wall tiles, the ex-foliation of the outside wall is still a major problem that needs to be solved.
## Architecture
The building was constructed with two huge wings and one front opening, with a large open ground immediately behind the main building. The total ground floor is about 8,000 square meters.
The shape of Taipei Post Office in its 1930s design was like a trapezoid with three storeys and two wings. The structural design of the building was identical to the traditional Taiwanese-style residential house---the "Siheyuan."
The main entrance of the post office faces northwest; this hall stretches 80 m wide with the entrance hallway protruding from the building, shaped like an arch. The front of the building has four pairs of classical double pillars, which together embrace two large and one small window frames. As for the outside wall, besides using small pebbles, it also used the light-brown "bombproof coloured" small tiles from the tile factory in Beitou, which was practical during wartime. The Japanese standards for installing wall tiles piece by piece were called "teikake" (丁掛け.)
The inside is a three-storey building. The grand hall stands two-storeys high and takes up a quarter of the whole indoor area. Huge columns at either end hold up the third floor. Influenced by the modern eclecticism, the indoor furnish was rather simple. However, we could still find its delicacy from the columns and the grand hall ceiling.
Due to the age of the building, tiles on the outside wall often fall off; pedestrians need to be careful when passing by the building
| 439 |
Taipei Post Office
| 1 |
11,034,384 |
# Lindholmen Castle
**Lindholmen Castle** was a fortified castle on the banks of lake Börringe in Svedala Municipality in Scania, Sweden. Built when Scania was a part of Denmark, the only thing left of the castle is the hill on which the castle was built and a few stones in the ground on top of the hill.
## Medieval history {#medieval_history}
Lindholmen became an important fortification in the defence of Scania during the Middle Ages because of its strong encircling defensive walls and double moats. At the time, a small river and treacherous marshes made the terrain surrounding the castle hard to navigate. Originally a private castle, it was in 1339 turned over to Magnus Eriksson (1316-- 1374), king of Norway and of Sweden including Scania. In 1368 it was besieged by the Swedes and Hanseatic league, although it withstood the siege.
In 1395, Queen Margaret I of Denmark used the castle as a location to conduct peace negotiations with the deposed king of Sweden, Albrecht von Mecklenburg (c. 1338--1412) who had been forced to give up the Swedish throne in her favor. The meeting at Lindholmen to determine Albrecht's fate lasted 16 days and was attended by so many participants that tents had to be erected on the castle grounds to accommodate them. Before the negotiations in 1395, the Swedish king had been held prisoner in Lindholmen Castle for close to seven years. He was captured and taken there following his defeat at the Battle of Falköping (1389). During his imprisonment, the Danish queen was the de facto ruler of Sweden.
## Destruction
During the 15th century, the castle\'s importance waned. It was torn down in the 16th century in order to provide building material for Malmöhus Castle. Under the terms of the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, Scania became under Swedish rule. King Charles X Gustav (1622--1660), gave Lindholmen estate, along with Börringe Abbey, to his illegitimate son Gustaf Carlson (1647--1708). During the Reduction of 1680, Lindholmen was returned to crown property and was leased out. In 1723, Lindholmen and Börringe Abbey were bought by Erasmus Clefwe and in 1827 the joined estates were divided into smaller portions and sold off
| 363 |
Lindholmen Castle
| 0 |
11,034,455 |
# Iván Moreno y Fabianesi
**Iván Diego Moreno y Fabianesi** (born 4 June 1979) is a Spanish-Argentine retired footballer.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was born in Badajoz, Spain, the third child of a Spanish father, Ignacio Pedro Moreno Carballo (a professional footballer), and an Argentine mother. As a child, Moreno lived in Spain and Argentina following his parents\' multiple relocations.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Moreno y Fabianesi made his professional debut for Rosario Central on 18 October 1998 in a 1--1 away draw against Independiente. During his stint with Rosario Central he claimed his Argentine citizenship right, to avoid filling up a \"foreigner\" slot in Argentine clubs. When drafted by then-coach José Pekerman to the Argentine under-20 team, Moreno accepted, thus preempting any eventual call to the Spain national football team.
Moreno\'s career in Spain had little success. During his tenure with Villarreal CF, he played mostly with the Onda farm team. He was more successful in Mexico, to the point that Argentina\'s Vélez Sársfield brought him to fulfill a key slot in midfield. After a modest success under coach Ricardo La Volpe, Moreno was transferred in June 2007 to Estudiantes de La Plata, where he played as a creative midfielder, mostly on the right, while helping Rodrigo Braña in the defensive department. After a brief return to Rosario Central, in 2009 he played for Greek side Skoda Xanthi, but he returned to Argentina after only 8 games in Greece to sign for Cólon.
In January 2014, he signed a new contract with Uruguayan side Liverpool.
## Nickname
In Argentina, he is known as the \"Torero (bullfighter)\" because of his signature goal celebration, imitating a matador\'s pass, which was conceived to dedicate the goal to his parents in Spain
| 290 |
Iván Moreno y Fabianesi
| 0 |
11,034,456 |
# William Hulme (British Army officer)
Lieutenant Colonel **William Hulme** (10 May 1788 -- 21 August 1855) was an officer of the 96th Regiment of Foot, British Army.
## Early years and family {#early_years_and_family}
William Browne Hulme was born at Halifax, Nova Scotia on 10 May 1788. He was educated at King\'s College, Windsor, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
His brother, John Lyon Hulme, was born at Manchester, Nova Scotia, on 23 September 1790. He went on to receive a commission in the Corps of Royal Engineers on 24 June 1809; serving in the Peninsular War in Portugal, particularly on the Lines of Torres Vedras, Spain and south-western France from 1810--1814, and the Netherlands campaign from 1815, commanding a division of the pontoon train. They followed the army through to Paris, France, after Waterloo, all under the Duke of Wellington. He also served in Malta and Ireland. John married Mary Hart at St David, Exeter, Devon, on 3 June 1829, and following her death in 1833, retired from service with rank of Brevet Major on 5 December 1835. His nephew, Charles Francis Hulme, Ensign, 40th Regiment of Foot, born at Norfolk Island, visited him at home in St Sidwells, Exeter, during the 1861 census.
Their father, also William Brown Hulme (1757--1841), having been transferred from the Drawing Room at the Tower of London was, at the time of their birth, an assistant engineer and draughtsman at Halifax, Nova Scotia. He went on to serve as Sheriff of Sydney County, Nova Scotia, from 12 June 1792; in the 7th Regiment of Foot from 11 October 1796; 6th Irish Brigade from 20 September 1799; 2nd Garrison Battalion with rank of lieutenant from 26 September 1805; and the Royal Staff Corps (RSC) from 1796, with rank of lieutenant from 3 October 1805 to the rank of captain from 31 May 1809. He\'d also noted he was severely injured in Spain.`{{citation |title=WO 25/762/217 Services of Officers on Full and Half Pay: William Brown Hulme. Regiments: 7th Fusiliers; Irish Brigade; Royal Staff Corps. Dates of Service: 1796–1804 |page=217 |date=1828 |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4397512}}`{=mediawiki}
The RSC, an army corps responsible for military engineering, were first in the field during the Peninsular War. In 1808, 45 RSC were with Major General Brent Spencer\'s corps on the south coast of Spain, and 50 more with Sir John Moore\'s corps. The RSC were based at Hythe, Kent, and following marriage to Alice Phillips (1786--1847) at Chelsfield Church, Kent, on 3 August 1811, his sons, William and John, gained two half-siblings---Edward, born at Hythe, Kent, on 18 May 1812, and Maria, born at Hythe, Kent, on 13 August 1813. He retired to half-pay shortly after, on 14 February 1814. Captain W. B. Hulme, late Assistant Quartermaster General, Jersey, died at Tamworth on 8 November 1841.
Half-brother, Edward Hulme, went on to be a surgeon. He left Britain for New Zealand in 1856.
| 477 |
William Hulme (British Army officer)
| 0 |
11,034,456 |
# William Hulme (British Army officer)
## Career
Upon leaving college, Hulme received a commission as ensign in the newly raised Nova Scotia Fencibles on 23 September 1803.
### West Indies {#west_indies}
The first and second battalions of the 1st (Royal) Regiment of Foot had been stationed in the West Indies since 1803. Hulme joined the regiment with the rank of lieutenant on 26 June 1805, but his service in North America soon came to an end on 17 December 1805. A substantially reduced second battalion returned to England in January 1806 to news of the revolt of two Sepoy battalions employed by the East India Company at Vellore and of other troubles. The battalion was immediately ordered to India, reinforced to 1000 men with volunteers from the third and fourth battalions stationed at Bexhill.
### India
Hulme\'s service in the East Indies began on arrival at the Malay Peninsula on 11 September 1807. The Royal Scots battalion was held over at Prince of Wales Island until November, landed at Madras in December, moved out to Walajabad and Bangalore where they remained until 1808, then moved back to Fort St George, Madras. The battalion took to the field in 1809, then split for the year; the left wing to Hyderabad and the right wing to Machilipatnam, reuniting at Machilipatnam in 1811 in expectation of joining Sir Samuel Auchmuty\'s expedition against Dutch Java but were diverted to Tiruchirappalli instead, in July.
The regiment was restyled as the 1st Regiment of Foot (Royal Scots) on 11 February 1812. In July, four companies suppressed a mutiny of company troops at Kollam, and returned to Tiruchirappalli. They marched to Bangalore, where in April 1813 Lieutenant Colonel Neill M'Kellar\'s right wing joined the force in Maratha country and remained in the field for a year. In April 1814, the left wing of 2nd Battalion marched for Ballari and the right briefly formed part of force in southern Maratha country. The two wings met up in Bellari in May, then moved on to Hyderabad and Achalpur where they were employed against Pindari marauders into 1817.
Pindari freebooting had reached a point where, in about August 1817, under the governorship of Francis Rawdon-Hastings, the largest armies in India to date were assembled to isolate and disband Pindari society wherever it could be found, as well as deal to hostile intentions of a rising Maratha Confederacy---the Grand Army commanded by Rawdon-Hastings and the Army of the Deccan commanded by Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Hislop. The Army of the Deccan was a distinct force consisting of seven divisions, not including irregular infantry or horse of Nizam, Pune or Nagpur, amounting to 54,465 rank and file, of which of the flank companies of the Royal Scots, some 171 rank & file, formed part of the First Division under Hislop.
| 469 |
William Hulme (British Army officer)
| 1 |
11,034,456 |
# William Hulme (British Army officer)
## Career
### India
#### Third Anglo-Maratha War {#third_anglo_maratha_war}
##### Mahidpur
Stationed at Jalna, Captain Hulme\'s two Royal Scots flank companies, with two regiments of native cavalry and four guns, marched out north-northeast on 11 October 1817, to join 1st division headquarters at Harda on 22 October. Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Fraser\'s Royal Scots companies marched out east-northeast on 15 October for Mehkar but were redirected to assist the British force under attack at Nagpur. Joining the 2nd division at Amravati on 7 November, they moved on to take part in the Battle of Sitabuldi, Nagpur. Meanwhile, Hulme and his flank companies, moving northwest, crossed the Narmada River in flat-bottomed boats with the 1st division on 30 November, arrived at Piplya on 8 December and marched on to encamp near Ujjain, some 28 miles (45 km) from Mahidpur. The 1st and 3rd divisions of the army encamped there on 12 December.
On 14 December they marched for Mahidpur where the army of the Marahaja of Indore, Malhar Rao Holkar III, Hari Rao Holkar and Bhima Bai Holkar, had assembled. Brigadier General Sir John Malcolm, as political officer, received Holkar\'s representatives on 15 December but dismissed them after some four days of unsuccessful negotiations and prepared for attack.
On the morning of 22 December, Holkar\'s army were found arranged in two lines on the high ground about the ruined hilltop village of Dubli about half a mile beyond the ford on the Shipra River. Daunting in appearance, the first line of infantry numbering some 5,000 stretched across from their left toward the Shipra, near Mahidpur, to a river on their right, and were covered in front by an artillery line of some 76 guns. Beyond that, a second line of a dense force of 30,000 horse filled the plain. The British forces numbered under 5,500, of which the 1st Brigade, infantry of the line, under Lieutenant Colonel R. Scott, Madras European Regiment (MER), was made up of Royal Scots flank companies under Captain Hulme, the Madras European Regiment under Major Andrews, 1/14th Madras Native Infantry (1/14th MNI) under Major Smith and 2/14th Madras Native Infantry (2/14th MNI) under Major Ives.
Crossing the river at the ford, they came under cannon fire and formed up under shelter of the opposite bank, along with Hislop and staff. Malcolm ordered Hulme\'s flank companies, the MER and 2/14th MNI to move up and form on top of the bank.
Hulme\'s flank companies were tasked with leading the attack toward the right on Holkar\'s left flank and at Dubli. Steady but determined, suffering severe injuries from grape and chain shot, a bayonet charge through Holkar\'s artillery cleared Dubli and drove the flank\'s infantry to flee; Holkar\'s artillerymen carrying on their deadly cannonade to the last. Holkar\'s left flank were pursued along the river bank to their camp, which when attacked by the Royal Scots caused them to retreat across the river. Holkar\'s right flank was overpowered at the same time by infantry and cavalry, and the centre, finding both flanks turned, gave way on the appearance of a brigade ascending from the river. Holkar\'s horse had also fled in the action, Holkar\'s artillery turning some guns and firing a salvo upon them as they left.
The engagement, which ended at 1:30 pm had lasted some two or three hours. Malcolm, thereafter, pursued Holkar to Mandsaur where a treaty was settled on 6 January 1818, defining the state\'s territories that were to be defended against all enemies. In general orders of 23 December 1817, Hislop observed:
> The undaunted heroism displayed by the flank companies of the ROYAL SCOTS in storming and carrying, at the point of the bayonet, the enemy\'s guns on the right of Lieut.-Colonel Scot\'s brigade was worthy of the high name and reputation of that regiment. Lieutenant M'Leod fell gloriously in the charge, and the conduct of Captain Hulme, Captain M'Gregor, and of every officer and man belonging to it entitles them to his Excellency\'s most favourable report and warmest commendation.
With Sir John Malcolm\'s support, Hulme was awarded the rank of Brevet Major on 23 December 1817. Battle honours of *Nagpore* and *Maheidpoor* were added to the 1st Regiment (Royal Scots) colours on 26 February 1823. The loot seized during this campaign was enormous, and led to bitter argument over prize money for many years. Following approval of the Army of India Medal (AIM) in 1851, Hulme, then retired in New Zealand, was amongst thirty-eight recipients with the *Maheidpoor* clasp, presented to officers and men of 1st Regiment (Royal Scots), 2nd Battalion, who were specially mentioned in the Commander-in-Chief\'s orders.
<File:Battlefield> of Mehidpur from Seepra.jpg\|Battlefield of Mahidpur from the Shipra River, December 1817. <File:Battle> of Mehidpoor 1st position, 21 Dec 1817.jpg\|Plan of the Battle of Mahidpur, 21 December 1817. <File:Mehidpur>, Capturing Holkar guns.jpg\|Capturing Holkar guns. <File:Battle> of Mehidpoor 2nd position, 21 Dec 1817.jpg\|Plan of the encampment at Mahidpur, 21 December 1817.
##### Thalner Fort {#thalner_fort}
Marching from Mahidpur, the army stopped over at Indore, 2--6 February, and crossed Narmada River on 13 February. At Khargone they were joined by Lieutenant Colonel Heath and his detachment of Madras European Regiment from Handia on 18 February, and marched on down Sendhwa ghat. They received Sendhwa fort, ceded under the Treaty of Mandsaur, on 23 February. Expecting friendly territory, the baggage column moved on ahead of the troops to Panakhed, Karwand and the Tapti river ford. Reports that the Kiladar of Thalner intended to resist ceding the fort were not credible.
Miles ahead, a sick officer carried by palanquin, making for encampment across the river, was fired upon as he passed Thalner Fort, requiring him to turn back. Shot was also fired at the baggage column entering the town. Having just heard of the intention to resist, Hislop sent Lieutenant Colonel Valentine Blacker, a Madras Engineers officer and company of light infantry to reconnoitre. At about 7:00 am, he sent a message to the Kiladar requiring him to open the gates and surrender, or be hung. With no reply, it was unclear if it had been received.
The fort was chiefly garrisoned by Arabs. A deep ravine surrounded the fort\'s mound. On the western side, commanding river and fords, its terre-plein was about 70 feet above the riverside; the walls on top were no higher than 16 feet. The interior sloped to the eastern entrance complex of turrets, ramparts and gates at descending levels. Blacker\'s reconnaissance revealed no guns on the western face, so camp was set about a mile northwest on 27 February.
Hislop resolved to attack. Artillery were brought up at 10:00 am; 6-pounders, 5½-inch howitzers and rockets kept up fire on the entrance complex and into the fort. The Storming Party under Major John Gordon, Royal Scots, consisting of the flank companies under Captain Hulme and Madras European Regiment under Captain Maitland, stood by. As the day proceeded, with support of the Rifle Corps and the 3rd Light Infantry, they moved up with two guns to shelter in a ravine south-east of the fort.
| 1,178 |
William Hulme (British Army officer)
| 2 |
11,034,456 |
# William Hulme (British Army officer)
## Career
### India
#### Third Anglo-Maratha War {#third_anglo_maratha_war}
##### Thalner Fort {#thalner_fort}
Artillery fire on the gates, and the likelihood of assault, troubled the garrison. The Kiladar called for terms at about 4:00 pm, and when requested to open the gates and unconditionally surrender, he promised to comply. When a white flag appeared on the fort at about 5:00 pm, some pioneers approached the gate unopposed, and finding it barred, managed to enter through an opening made between the right wall and gate-frame. With the flag still flying and Arabs appearing on the walls, Gordon, his storming party and other officers entered the first gate, passed through the second gate and stopped at the third. Captain Peter MacGregor, Royal Scots, commanded the grenadiers. At the third gate, the Kiladar, with ten or eleven banyans and artificers, came out and surrendered to the pioneer officer. The Kiladar told the Adjutant General, Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Conway, that, \"What ever fault may have been committed, I am the guilty person, but let the garrison know what terms they are to have\", and was sent on to headquarters. Blacker later supposed that: \"It is possible their indecision arose from a division in their councils; and the departure of the Killedar from among them supports this conclusion\".
Lieutenant Colonel MacGregor Murray, Gordon, MacGregor and some Royal Scots moved on through the fourth gate to the stop at last fifth gate with its wicket ajar. Talk of terms was carried on but, without an interpreter acquainted with the customs, not mutually understood. Murray pushed his way through the wicket, sword undrawn as friendly gesture to the few Arabs in front of the gate, followed by Gordon and three grenadiers. The staff officer outside gave an order to disarm the Arabs, strongly repeated. Murray put out his hand out inviting an Arab to surrender his matchlock but the fellow withdrew. He then put his hand on the hilt his sword and the grenadiers took to seizing matchlocks. Taking offense, the Arabs called out in their language, \"Their honour and their faith\", drew daggers and set upon the party, killing Gordon and the three grenadiers. Murray fell wounded toward the wicket, fending off with his sword. As the Arabs closed the wicket, a grenadier on the outside thrust his musket through the gap whilst Lieutenant Colonel Mackintosh, Commissariat, and Captain M'Craith, Madras Pioneers, forced the door open. M'Craith grabbed Murray with one hand and dragged him through whilst warding off blows with his sword in the other.
The head of the storming party fell back in confusion. Though the garrison had advantage of the gate\'s kill zone, MacGregor and thirty or forty of his grenadiers re-entered unopposed, and finding the wicket still open, poured fire through it to clear a way for the party to enter. As the gates opened, the late Major Gordon\'s storming party, Hulme and Maitland now commanding, poured in and put the garrison, said to number from 180 to 300, to the sword. Many Arabs sheltered in their houses for defence; some collected on one of the towers and made a feeble resistance; others threw themselves off the wall to the river and were dashed. Apparently, only two escaped. MacGregor was killed in the assault; Lieutenant John MacGregor severely wounded defending his brother\'s body; Lieutenant Alex Anderson, Madras Engineers, and Lieutenant Chauval, 1/2nd Madras Native Infantry, were severely wounded.
The fort was taken that evening, 27 February 1818. The Kiladar was hung from a tree on the fort\'s flagstaff tower; an officer relieving him of living through it with a musket ball. Hislop noted: \"Whether he was accessory or not to the subsequent treachery of his men, his execution was a punishment justly due to his rebellion in the first instance, particularly after the warning he had received in the morning.\" Carnaticus commented in 1820:
> The general impression through the British camp was, that we had acted treacherously on this occasion; but the execution of the Killedar, a Bramin and nearly related to some of the first families in the country, and his having been exposed naked from the walls, branded our name with an idea of barbarity and injustice, that in that quarter of India will not be easily effaced or forgotten. Sir T. Hislop supposed, or more probably was led to think so by some of those about him, that the garrison acted treacherously upon the head of our party, in first admitting them through the wicket, and then setting upon them; but, however Sir T. Hislop\'s well-known humanity and moderation may acquit him (and we have good reason to know, that he was not the most morally culpable in that transaction) of a wanton or premeditated shedding of blood, still, in the affair of Talnair, his name as the chief commander must remain attached to it, and surely not under the most flattering colours.
The army left a detachment of the 16th Light Infantry at Thalner. In pursuit of Baji Rao II they crossed the Tapti and reached Parola on 6 March, then to Porlah, Godavari River, where it merged with the 2nd division under Brigadier General John Doveton. Two flank companies and three battalion companies of Royal Scots were directed to Hyderabad. Hislop left for the Aurangabad on 20 March where he issued last orders on 31 March. Hulme took leave from 30 November 1819, shortly before the battalion quit Walajabad, near Madras, for Tiruchirappalli.
<File:Attack> on Talneir, 27 Feb 1818.jpg\|Sketch of the attack on the fort of Thalner, 27 February 1818. <File:Assault> on Taulneir.jpg\|Plan of the assault of the fort of Thalner, 27 February 1818.\
Kalakriti Archives <File:Plan> of fort of Talneir.jpg\|Plan and section elevation of Thalner\'s gates, 27 February 1818. <File:Fort> Talnier, Lt Col MacGregor-Murray withstanding his adversaries.jpg\|Lt Col Murray withstands his adversaries. Artist: William Heath.\
British Museum <File:Rescue> of Colonel Murray during the Assault on Thalner.jpg\|Capt M'Craith drags Lt Col Murray clear of the wicket whilst warding off blows with his sword. <File:Thalner> Fort.jpg\|Thalner Fort, 2017. <File:Thalner> 4.jpg\|British tombs erected to the memory of the officers killed, Thalner Fort, 2017.
| 1,021 |
William Hulme (British Army officer)
| 3 |
11,034,456 |
# William Hulme (British Army officer)
## Career
### Home and abroad {#home_and_abroad}
Returned to England, Hulme married Jane Wills (1798--1872), daughter of John Wills, Proctor, Doctors\' Commons, London, at St Mary\'s Church, Newington, Middlesex, on 22 April 1820. He returned briefly to India from 14 September 1820 to 16 May 1821, his battalion then stationed in Tiruchirappalli since January 1820. Their first child, Jane Mary Hulme, was born at Newington on 9 June 1822. In July that year, Major Hulme exchanged places with Captain Matthew Ford, to be Captain of the 7th Regiment, Royal Fusiliers.
Several years later, from 29 January 1824, Brevet Major Hulme was transferred from the 7th Regiment, Royal Fusiliers, to be Captain of the new 96th Regiment of Foot then being reformed at Salford Barracks, Manchester, in continuation of preceding regiments of the same designation and battle honours---Peninsular, Egypt and the Sphinx. They were immediately sent from Liverpool in June--August 1824 to garrison Hulme\'s hometown of Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Hulme was stationed with the 96th Regiment at Halifax from September 1824, and in Bermuda from September 1825, where a son, William, was born in October 1825. Another son, John Wills, though, was born on 4 April 1827; baptised at St David, Exeter, Devonshire, 12 May 1827. They returned to Halifax in September 1828, until 31 December 1829. A daughter, Maria Russell, was born there in 1832. He was promoted to rank of regimental major on 9 March 1834. The 96th Regiment returned home to England in September 1835.
Landed at Gosport, Hampshire, in 1836, the regiment marched to Gravesend in October, then sailed to station at Leith, Edinburgh Castle and Greenlaw in Scotland. They moved to Glasgow in November, then to Enniskillen and Dublin in Ireland a year later. Back to England, they were stationed at Liverpool and Lancaster. Hulme was promoted to rank of brevet lieutenant colonel on 10 January 1837. By 1839 the 96th were stationed at Liverpool, Wigan and Haydock with headquarters at Bolton le Moors, Salford Barracks in December 1839 and later Chatham, Kent. Since 21 June, detachments of the Regiment were made ready for travel to New South Wales, assigned to escorting convicts. The 1st Detachment departed from Sheerness on 4 August. The 2nd Detachment under Hulme proceeded from Bolton on 29 August 1839, for embarkation on board the barque *Canton*, departing Portsmouth on 22 September.
| 396 |
William Hulme (British Army officer)
| 4 |
11,034,456 |
# William Hulme (British Army officer)
## Career
### Australia
After a 112 day voyage, Hulme, family, 2nd Detachment of the 96th and prisoners arrived at Hobart, Van Diemen\'s Land, on the 12 January 1840.
#### Norfolk Island penal settlement {#norfolk_island_penal_settlement}
Though assigned to Launceston, in March he accompanied Captain Alexander Maconochie to Norfolk Island to relieve the 50th Regiment and command the troops there. Another son, Charles Francis, was born at Norfolk Island on 9 March 1842. The Hulmes and the detachment of the 96th departed Norfolk Island by the *Duke of Richmond* on 28 February, arriving at Launceston, Van Diemen\'s Land, on 11 March 1844. With Hulme now appointed command of troops in New Zealand, they left Launceston for that country on 23 March 1844.
<File:Penal> settlement at Norfolk Island c 1839 watercolour.jpg\|Norfolk Island convict settlement, c. 1839. Artist: Thomas Seller\
National Library of Australia
### New Zealand {#new_zealand}
Relieving Major Thomas Bunbury and the 80th Regiment in New Zealand, Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Hulme arrived in Auckland on 14 April 1844, from Launceston, Van Dieman\'s Land, on the *Marian Watson*, along with Lieutenant Edward Barclay, Assistant Surgeon Stewart, and 59 soldiers of the 96th Regiment. Major Robertson, Ensign John Campbell and 55 soldiers and family\'s had arrived by the *Water Lilly* on the same day. His military career is perhaps better known for his part in the Flagstaff War, 1845--1846, the first Anglo-Māori war.
#### Flagstaff War {#flagstaff_war}
##### Otuihu
Governor Robert FitzRoy gazetted a proclamation of martial law within 60 miles of Russell as well as notice of 26 April, stating that: \"During the continuance of war, no natives may approach the Ships, the Soldiers, or encampment at the Bay of Islands,---wherever placed; without having a Missionary, or a Protector, with a white Flag, with them, lest the Soldiers should mistake friends for enemies, and fire upon them in error.\"
HMS *North Star* had sailed for the Bay of Islands on 23 April. The barque *Slains Castle* with the 58th Regiment under Major Cyrprian Bridge, brigantine *Velocity* and schooner *Aurora* with the 96th Regiment under Lieut. Colonel Hulme and about 50 volunteers under command of Cornthwaite Hector, sailed out of Auckland for the Bay of Islands on 27 April, anchoring off Kororāreka on the 28 April. After consultation with Sir James Everard Home, HMS *North Star* at anchor, about re-establishing authority there, the Grenadier company of the 58th Regiment were landed, a proclamation was read, the Union Jack was hoisted under a 21 gun salute from HMS *North Star*, the yards were manned and three cheers from the troops on shore were answers by the sailors and troops on board the ships.
Hulme later reported to FitzRoy that in obedience with FitRoy\'s instructions, he \"prepared to attack the rebel chiefs, and to destroy their property\". On the morning of 29 April. HMS *North Star*, *Velocity*, *Slains Castle* and *Aurora* moved off for Waikare Inlet but light winds slowed their five mile voyage to a midnight anchorage off Otuihu, the exposed pā of a supposed rebel chief, Pomare. Hulme reported:
> At daylight, I was much surprised to see a white flag flying in Pomare\'s pah; but as the proclamation only authorized loyal natives to shew it, I could not recognise it as an emblem of peace from a supposed rebel.---The troops commenced disembarking, and when landed, I sent two Interpreters with a message into the pah, to desire Pomare to come to me directly; his answer was,---\"The Colonel must come to me.\" He sent the same answer to a second message. One of the interpreters now offered to remain a hostage in the pah---this I would not hear of. I then sent my final message to Pomare, that if he did not come to me in five minutes, I would attack his pah, this threat induced Pomare to come.
Hulme\'s two interpreters were Joseph Merrett and Edward Meurant. Merrett explained to the *Auckland Times* in May:
> Both Mr. Meurant and myself used every argument to persuade him to trust to the word of our commanding officer---*that no one would hurt him. I had never been told officially that Pomare was to be taken a prisoner, and must go, as such, to the Governor, on board the \"North Star,\"*---nor did I for a moment believe that Colonel Hulme, in the presence of his officers, would promise the chief safety, and, in the face of that promise, make him a prisoner of war. I had told Pomare that the word of my officer was the word of a gentleman, and that it would not be broken. While Mr M. and myself were in the midst of the natives, the troops were seen advancing up to the pah (who ever heard of an armed body walking, under a flag of truce, into an enemy\'s encampment with the intention of destroying it---a flag of truce at the same time flying the forces of the latter---and making a hostile advance while their own interpreters were offering proposals from one party to the other)
>
> My instructions were to bring the chief to the Colonel, and he had agreed to accompany me, but this movement of the troops, in a moment gave the signal of action on the part of the natives. A moment more and a destructive fire would have been opened, and our men must, have suffered severe loss, I ran past the natives, and told the Officer in command, of all the circumstances, the advance was then stopped. Pomare went down with Mr. Meurant and myself, leaving the soldiers and natives within pistol shot of each other, each waiting for the signal to commence the combat. When Pomare reached the troops some conversation took place between the Colonel and him, through the interpreters...
Hulme explained to Pomare that his conduct had been very bad; that he must go on board *North Star*, and accompany Hulme to Auckland to account for it to the Governor. Merrett continued:
> \...and to my great surprise, in a few minutes a file of soldiers wore ordered to surround Pomare and make him prisoner. I accompanied him on board the North Star at his request, he seemed very much dispirited, and surprised at the sentinels being placed over him; and the tears came in his eyes while speaking of his wife and children, he said he had trusted to the faith of Europeans whom he had always protected; but that he had been taken treacherously. I told him he could not blame me, and repeated literally the instructions I had received from Colonel Hulme; he said he would not blame me, and gave me his ammunition box as a proof of his confidence in what I had said,---he much wished me to stay with him on board, and go with him to the Governor; he wrote a letter to his people telling them to retire to their homes peaceably, as he was a prisoner and security for their good behaviour; he wished to have his wife and children on board. In the evening his pah was plundered and burnt, and an attempt was made by the commanding Officer to cut off the retreat of his people, and disarm them; but it was delayed too long, and the natives escaped.
Thomas Bernard Collinson, RE, commented in 1853, that: \"It was unnecessary to destroy his pah; but there is no doubt Colonel Hulme was actuated by feelings of humanity. The character for gallantry he obtained, even during this short campaign, is a sufficient proof of that.\"
| 1,261 |
William Hulme (British Army officer)
| 5 |
11,034,456 |
# William Hulme (British Army officer)
## Career
### New Zealand {#new_zealand}
#### Flagstaff War {#flagstaff_war}
##### Otuihu
<File:Pōmare> of Ngāpuhi, Te Uri Karaka & Ngāti Manu (16321276532).jpg\|Whētoi Pōmare. Artist: Gottfried Lindauer. <File:WilliamsNorthStar1845.jpg%7CHulme> burns Otuihu whilst Pōmare is held on board HMS *North Star*, 30 April 1845. Artist: John Williams, 58th Regt, 1845.\
Alexander Turnbull Library
##### Puketutu
Hulme also commanded the military forces during the attack on Heke\'s pā, Te Kahika, at Puketutu (sometimes called Te Mawhe and Okaihau) on the northeast side of Lake Ōmāpere. In May 1845 Heke\'s pā was attacked by troops from the 58th, 96th and 99th Regiments with Royal Marines and a Congreve rocket unit. In parallel operations elsewhere, on 7 May, Lieutenant George Phillpotts, RN, with seamen of HM Ships *North Star* and *Hazard*, burnt five small villages belonging to Heke, broke up two large canoes and brought off two large ones. On 9 May, a party under Mr. Lane broke up two large canoes and carried off four boats taken from Kororāreka.
The military forces arrived at Heke\'s pā at Puketutu on 7 May 1845. Lieutenant Colonel Hulme and his second in command Major Cyprian Bridge made an inspection of Heke\'s pā and found it to be quite formidable. Lacking any better plan they decided on a frontal assault the following day. Te Ruki Kawiti and his warriors attacked the colonial forces as they approached the pā, with Heke and his warriors firing from behind the defences of the pā. There followed a savage and confused battle. Eventually the discipline and cohesiveness of the British troops began to prevail and the Māori were driven back inside the pā. But they were by no means beaten, far from it, as without artillery the British had no way to breach the defences of the pā. Hulme decided to disengage and withdraw his force to Kerikeri. They transferred to the *North Star*, *Slains Castle*, *Velocity* and *Albert*, and sailed for Auckland on Sunday, 11 May. On 15 May, the remaining force of Major Bridge, 200 men and 8 marines, along with Tāmati Wāka Nene and his warriors, attacked Te Kapotai pā at Waikare by night; the inhabitants evacuating the pā with little resistance. Property said to have been stolen from Kororāreka and elsewhere was believed to have been concealed in dense bush, making it impossible to find. Phillpotts took away several boats.
From the arrival of additional troops in June 1845, Hulme was superseded in command of the forces in New Zealand by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Despard, 99th Regiment, a soldier who did very little to inspire any confidence in his troops.
<File:Storming> of John Heki\'s pah, New Zealand, on the 8th. of May 1845.jpg\|Hone Heke\'s pā, Puketutu, under attack by British forces, 8 May 1845. Artist: Copy after John Williams, 58th Regt, 1845.\
State Library of New South Wales <File:Battle> of Puketutu by John Williams.jpg\|Hone Heke\'s pā, Puketutu, under attack. Artist: John Williams, 58th Regt, 1845.\
Alexander Turnbull Library
| 495 |
William Hulme (British Army officer)
| 6 |
11,034,456 |
# William Hulme (British Army officer)
## Later life {#later_life}
In 1846 he purchased a house in Parnell, Auckland, which became and is still known as Hulme Court. While not open to the public, this is on the New Zealand Historic Places register and is one of the oldest documented houses in Auckland still standing.
### Australia {#australia_1}
Based in Hobart, Van Diemen\'s Land, with his troops, since arrival of the ship *Java* on 19 December 1846, Hulme advanced from Brevet Lieutenant Colonel to Lieutenant Colonel without purchase in 1848. He then retired from soldiering in 1849 and moved back to New Zealand.
### New Zealand {#new_zealand_1}
#### Legislative Council {#legislative_council}
In July 1849, Governor George Grey, appointed Hulme to member of the General Legislative Council. That year, Hulme introduced the idea of a motion and ordinance in favour of enabling Maori land in the northern district of New Zealand to be used for cattle grazing by squatting. \"Nothing, he thought, would tend so much to the general good and welfare of New Zealand as the opening up of its lands to the occupation of European settlers and squatters.\" In response: \"The Governor said that the resolution as it now stood could not be entertained by the Council---but he thought that they might readily adopt a different one, which might answer the ends aimed at, and be less objectionable. As it stood he could not advise its adoption, for this reason that it involved a question that was one of universal interest for the whole of New Zealand, South as well as North; and although the General Legislative Council of the whole islands had power vested in it to adopt resolutions on this subject, yet as this Council did not represent the whole islands, it could not entertain a subject affecting the entire country.\"
#### Post Office {#post_office}
Hulme was appointed by Governor George Grey as the first Postmaster for the Province of Auckland from 1 January 1854 but received less support in the idea of an appointment to Postmaster-General for New Zealand.
#### Death
William Hulme died on Tuesday, 21 August 1855, in his 68th year and was buried with military honours in Symonds Street Cemetery on Friday, 24 August. *The New-Zealander* wrote:
> The late Lieut. Col. Hulme was a fine specimen of a thorough English soldier; intrepid and cool on all occasions. In 1849 he sold out of the service, and returned to Auckland, where to the hour of his death, he was all along held in the highest estimation as an upright and honourable colonist.
His former residence in Parnell, now known as Hulme Court, is identified as a Historic Place Category 1 by Heritage New Zealand.
<File:NZ> AK Hulme Court (1).jpg\|Hulme Court, Parnell, Auckland, 2022. <File:Coatee> (AM 1946.173-1).jpg\|96th Regt full dress coatee worn by Lt Col William Hulme.\
Auckland Museum <File:Coatee> (AM 1946.173-2).jpg\|Auckland Museum <File:Coatee> (AM 1946.173-3).jpg\|Auckland Museum <File:Coatee> (AM 1946.173-41).jpg\|Cross belt and pouch worn by Lt Col William Hulme.\
Auckland Museum <File:Pistol>, flintlock (AM 1946.223-31).jpg\|A pair of Gill and Knubley flintlock duelling pistols, circa 1790, possibly owned by Lt Col William Hulme.\
Auckland Museum <File:SHOUTING> THEIR WAR-CRY, THE BRITISH CHARGED THE BREACH..gif\|Shouting their war-cry, the British charged the breach. Artist: J R Skelton, 1908
| 540 |
William Hulme (British Army officer)
| 7 |
11,034,466 |
# Spektrum (band)
**Spektrum** is a London-based house act consisting of:
- Gabriel Olegavich (synths, programming and vocals), who was born in South East London and is based in Hackney;
- Lola Olafisoye (vocals), from North London;
- Isaac Tucker (drums) from New Zealand;
- Teia Williams (bass), a Maori also from New Zealand.
The band had a No. 1 song on the UK Dance Chart in 2007, with the Dirty South remix of their 2004 track, \"Kinda New\". The same track had peaked at No. 70 on the UK Singles Chart in September 2004
| 95 |
Spektrum (band)
| 0 |
11,034,488 |
# 57th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The `{{nihongo|'''57th Division'''|第57師団|Dai-gojūnana Shidan}}`{=mediawiki} was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the `{{nihongo|'''Inner Division'''|奥兵団|Oku Heidan}}`{=mediawiki}. It was formed on 10 July 1940 in Hirosaki, Aomori, simultaneously with the 51st, 52nd, 54th, 55th, and 56th divisions, as a reserve and provisional unit. Its call-sign "Oku" was taken from the ancient name of the Tohoku region of northern Honshū, \"Oshu\". The formation nucleus was the headquarters of the 8th Division. Its manpower came from the Aomori, Iwate, Yamagata and Akita prefectures. The *57th division* was initially assigned to the direct command of Emperor Hirohito but was transferred to the Northern District Army as soon as it was formed on 2 December 1940.
## History
To participate in the Special exercise of the Kwantung Army (actually a mobilization for a possible large-scale conflict with the Soviet Union) together with the 51st division, the *57th Division* was assigned to the Kwantung Army\`s 3rd army on 1 August 1941. The preparations for war with the Soviet Union were officially cancelled on 9 August 1941, and the *57th division* was reassigned to the 4th army.
From 1941 to 1945 the division was used to defend Manchukuo in the coastal part of Heilongjiang. In March 1945, the *57th division* was replaced in Heilongjiang with the recently formed 125th division and sent to Fukuoka to eventually join the 36th army protecting the Tokyo region. The division nearly completed sea leg of transfer (to Fukuoka) by 18 April 1945. Due to bad developments in the Battle of Okinawa, on 10 May 1945 the further movement of the *57th division* was cancelled and it was re-subordinated to the 16th Area Army to counter the anticipated Operation Downfall by the US forces. The division had met the day of surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945 at Fukuoka without seeing any combat
| 313 |
57th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
| 0 |
11,034,500 |
# Stephanie Tauevihi
**Stephanie Ann Tauevihi** is a New Zealand songwriter, singer and actress, known for her work as the fictional character, Donna Heka, in the New Zealand television series *Shortland Street*. She also played a Real estate Agent in one episode of short-lived NZ program *Rude Awakenings*. She has provided songs and vocals for New Zealand band Strawpeople.
## Career
Tauevihi began her career on radio station Mai FM, and entered television as a presenter for the youth television show *Infocus*. She has sung with and provided vocals for band Strawpeople, for which work she received a 1995 nomination for \'Best Female Vocalist\' at the New Zealand Music Awards.
Stephanie appeared on The Masked Singer NZ as a \"Pavlova\", a type of New Zealand dessert. Stephanie was eliminated in the semifinal.
## Activism
As a health promoter for \'Waiora Healthcare PHO\' in West Auckland, she is active in efforts to address addiction to drugs and alcohol in New Zealand, and supports the organization \'Be Free\'. When Cyclone Heta caused widespread damage in Niue in 2004, she used her high profile position to persuade companies to provide relief. She also actively supports \'Youth Pride\' in its efforts to get at-risk children off the streets of South Auckland.
## Filmography
- *In-Focus* (1992)
- *Shortland Street* (1997--2004) as Donna Heka
- *Thinking About Sleep* (1999) as Lucy
- *Look Who\'s Famous Now* (1999) as herself
- *Happy Birthday 2 You* (2000) as Donna Heka
- *Rude Awakenings* (1 episode, 2007)
- *Russian Snark* (2010) as Roseanna
- *Rest for the Wicked* (2011) as Renata
## Recognition
### Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
- 1995, Nominated \'Best Female Vocalist\' at New Zealand Music Awards
- 2000, Won \'Best Supporting Actress\' at the New Zealand Television Awards for her work in *Shortland Street*
| 299 |
Stephanie Tauevihi
| 0 |
11,034,502 |
# Fluvioglacial landform
**Fluvioglacial landforms** or **glaciofluvial landforms** English\|access-date=2017-05-12}}
}} are those that result from the associated erosion and deposition of sediments caused by glacial meltwater. Glaciers contain suspended sediment loads, much of which is initially picked up from the underlying landmass. Landforms are shaped by glacial erosion through processes such as glacial quarrying, abrasion, and meltwater. Glacial meltwater contributes to the erosion of bedrock through both mechanical and chemical processes. Fluvio-glacial processes can occur on the surface and within the glacier. The deposits that happen within the glacier are revealed after the entire glacier melts or partially retreats. Fluvio-glacial landforms and erosional surfaces include: outwash plains, kames, kame terraces, kettle holes, eskers, varves, and proglacial lakes.
Meltwater streams and formed by glaciers, especially in warmer seasons. Supra-glacial streams, those above the glacial surface, and subglacial streams, those beneath the glacial surface. At the interface of the glacier and the underlying land surface, the immense weight of the glacier causes ice to melt and produces subglacial meltwater streams. These streams under immense pressure and at high velocities along with the overlying weight of the glacier itself are able to carve into landscapes and pluck sediment from the ground. This sediment is transported as the glacier advances. In warmer seasons, the glacier diminishes and retreats. This process leaves behind dropped sediment in the form of depositional landforms. The two processes of advancement and retreat have the power to transform a landscape and leave behind a series of landforms that give great insight into past glacial presence and behavior. Landforms that result from these processes include moraines, kames, kettles, eskers, drumlins, plains, and proglacial lakes.
| 273 |
Fluvioglacial landform
| 0 |
11,034,502 |
# Fluvioglacial landform
## Deposits
**Glaciofluvial deposits** or **Glacio-fluvial sediments** consist of boulders, gravel, sand, silt and clay from ice sheets or glaciers. They are transported, sorted and deposited by streams of water. The deposits are formed beside, below or downstream from the ice. They include kames, kame terraces and eskers formed in ice contact and outwash fans and outwash plains below the ice margin. Typically the outwash sediment is carried by fast and turbulent fluvio-glacial meltwater streams, but occasionally it is carried by catastrophic outburst floods. Larger elements such as boulders and gravel are deposited nearer to the ice margin, while finer elements are carried farther, sometimes into lakes or the ocean. The sediments are sorted by fluvial processes. They differ from glacial till, which is moved and deposited by the ice of the glacier, and is unsorted.
### Ice-contact deposits {#ice_contact_deposits}
A subglacial megaflood may cut cavities into the base of the ice. As the flood dies down, sediment is deposited into these cavities to form cavity-fill drumlins in cavities aligned with the flow, ribbed terrain in cavities that cross the flow and hummocky terrain elsewhere. Low, straight ridges as much as 10 m high may be formed where sediment fills in crevasses within the glacier or at its base.
A kame is a short mound or ridge with steep sides of sands and gravels deposited from melted ice. Kames may be isolated or formed in groups. Some are formed at the base of a glacier by meltwater flowing down from the surface of the ice in a moulin, or from a water body within the glacier. Others are formed at the margin of the ice as small deltas. Kame terraces are benches of sand and gravel that were deposited by braided rivers flowing between the side of the valley and the glacier\'s ice margin. Kame terraces on opposite sides of a valley glacier may be at different elevations.
Sometimes stratified drift is deposited in the tunnels that run through or below the glacier. When the ice melts the drift is exposed as long, linear ridges of gravel called eskers. Some eskers formed in the Pleistocene ice sheets are several hundred kilometers long. Generally they range in length from a few hundred meters to a few kilometers.
Ice contact deposits, including kames, kame plateaus and eskers, mostly consist of sand and gravel but may include beds of diamicton, silt and clay. Kames and kame plateaus usually have bases of laminated muds, and higher up have layers of increasingly coarse sands topped with gravel.
### Outwash streams {#outwash_streams}
Glaciolfluvial deposits are formed by outwash streams which flow through tunnels within or beneath a glacier. The water mainly comes from melting, and may also come from rainfall or from run-off from ice-free slopes beside the glacier. The streams have highly variable rates of flow depending on temperature, which in turn depends on the season, time of day and cloud cover. At times of high flow, the streams are under pressure. Streams below the glacier may flow upslope, driven by pressure.
The turbulent and fast-moving meltwater streams cause mechanical erosion through hydraulic action, cavitation and abrasion. They may also dissolve and remove soluble chemicals from the abraded bedrock and debris below the glacier. The streams pick up debris from below the glacier, and debris washed in from higher land beside the glacier. Usually they hold as much debris as they can carry when they leave the glacier.
The large daily fluctuations in discharge affect sediment motion. The sediment is picked up and carried as the discharge rises, then deposited as discharge falls. Usually much of the sediment rolls or slides near the bed of the stream. During the highest discharge periods large boulders may be set in motion. There may also be high concentrations of suspended sediment in early summer, when discharge is highest. Lakes or reservoirs below, within, on or beside the glacier may release massive outburst floods known as jökulhlaups.
| 661 |
Fluvioglacial landform
| 1 |
11,034,502 |
# Fluvioglacial landform
## Deposits
### Outwash deposits {#outwash_deposits}
After emerging from its ice tunnel a meltwater stream spreads out and slows down, depositing debris. The channels become choked and the stream has to find new routes, which may result in a braided stream with channels separated by bars of gravel or sand. The channel of the braided streams are very unstable due to high loads of sediment, fluctuations in discharge and lack of plants to anchor the banks. The amount of material deposited is generally greatest near the end of the glacier, so the sediment will tend to slope down and thin out from that point.
Outwash fans are deposits of sediment that fan out from the meltwater portal, with progressively finer sediment at greater distances from the portal. Fans may be deposited on land or in water. A line of adjacent outwash fans from an ice sheet may form a ridge, or glaciofluvial moraine. When many outwash streams flow from the ice front into a lowland area they form a broad sandur, or outwash plain. A sandar may hold deposits that are tens of meters thick. In mountainous regions the outwash streams are confined by valley sides and deposit thick layers of sediment in linear outwash plains called valley trains. Terraces are formed when the streams grade down to lower levels and abandon higher and older outwash plains.
The sediment is deposited in bedforms ranging in scale from sand ripples a few centimeters across to gravel bars several hundred meters long. The sedimentary structures such as bedding, cross-bedding and clast imbrication are similar to those created by other types of stream. Near the glacier the outwash plain is composed of long bars of coarse gravel with very variable grain size, with a few large channels between the bars. Further away there are transverse bars and a web of many braided channels. The sediment now includes gravel and sand, and the grains are rounder due to sorting and abrasion. Yet further away, as non-glacial streams join the outwash streams the flow forms shallow braided channels or meandering streams and deposits sand. Glaciofluvial streams dominated by annual ice melting events may merge into a normal fluvial environment where non-glacial inflows are more important.
Deposits from the subsiding waters of an outburst flood may be poorly sorted, with a wide range of grain sizes, and without distinct bedforms. Other glaciofluvial sediments resemble sediments from non-glacial fluvial processes. They mainly consist of silt, sand and gravel with moderately rounded grain. The sediment nearer the glacier typically is coarser than non-glacial sediment, ranging from boulders down to sand, but with little silt and clay since the water usually flows too fast to allow these fine particle to settle until it is a considerable distance from the glacier. Generally the outwash deposits are finer further from the margin of the ice. The deposits often have distinct layers due to the seasonal and episodic changes in stream flow.
Outwash streams often flow into proglacial lakes, where they leave glaciolacustrine deposits. These mainly consist of silt and clay, with laminations on the millimeter scale. Sometimes they include varves, alternating coarser sediments in the summer periods of high melt discharge and finer sediment in the winter. When the stream terminates in the ocean it leaves glaciomarine sediments. Outwash streams may form deltas where they enter lakes or the ocean.
### Kettles
Glaciofluvial deposits may surround and cover large blocks of ice. The debris may insulate the ice for several hundreds of years. Eventually the blocks of ice melt, leaving depressions called kettles, or kettle lakes if they fill with water. Kettles are often associated with ice contact deposits. They may also form within sheet deposits, but are usually smaller than the ice contact kettles.
| 627 |
Fluvioglacial landform
| 2 |
11,034,502 |
# Fluvioglacial landform
## Moraine
Moraines consist of sediments deposited by a glacier and subsequent glacial meltwater also known as glacial till. Moraines are commonly found near the extremities of a glacier, the bounds between two glacial bodies, or underneath a glacial body. Moraines may be used to mark the extent of a glaciated region and the successive patterns of advance and retreat during glaciation. The name and specific characteristics of a moraine are dependent upon its location relative to the glacial body and the processes that deposited the relevant glacial till. Four overarching types of moraines include lateral, medial, ground, and end.
The size of the deposited sediments which form a moraine can range from clay to boulder sized. Moraines can be reworked by further glacial action or meltwater into other fluvioglacial landforms. Both original and reworked moraines record a continuum of processes occurring on the landscape as a result of glacial presence.
### Lateral moraine {#lateral_moraine}
Lateral moraines are ridges of sediment deposited alongside the glacier running parallel to the long axis of the glacier. These sediments are typically deposited on top of the ice (supraglacial till) at the margin of the glacier and as such do not experience the same amount of glacial erosion as other incorporated sediments.^,^ Sediments that form the lateral moraines can be the result of frost weathering of the valley wall as the glacier passes through a region or sediment deposition by streams flowing into the glacial valley. These sediments settle into a ridge as the glacier retreats.
### Medial moraine {#medial_moraine}
Medial moraines are often thought to be the result of two glaciers converging. The sediment located between both glaciers is pushed on top of the larger conjoined glacier as the two bodies come together. Medial moraines may also form as subglacial and englacial material is carried upward by ice flow and collects at the surface and inside the glacial body. This till is then carried along in the direction of glacial advance. As the glacier melts, the sediment is deposited as a ridge in the middle of the glacial valley.
### Ground moraine {#ground_moraine}
Ground moraines are regions of glacial till that form relatively flat areas or gently rolling hills. Commonly ground moraines are composed of lodgment till. Sediment clasts suspended in the ice at the bottom of the glacier have greater friction with the ground than the ice does. This causes the sediment to be slowed down disproportionately to the ice and eventually fall out or get stuck in the ground beneath the ice. The till may also be deposited as the glacier melts and retreats. Ground moraines are sometimes referred to as till plains. Ground moraines and loose till can be shaped into drumlins as the overlying glacier advances or retreats.
### End moraine {#end_moraine}
Terminal moraines indicate the furthest advance of a glacier. As the glacier advances, sediment is transported to the bottom of the glacier and deposited. When the glacier melts, this unconsolidated debris forms ridges. The shape of a terminal represents the shape of the glacier snout or terminus. Terminal moraine refers to the moraine occurring at the point of the furthest advance of a glacier. A recessional moraine is a ridge of deposited debris that occurs when the glacier is stationary for an extended length of time. This occurs when a glacier meaning the glacier is in equilibrium or has halted during retreat . The occurrence of end moraines can be useful for determining a pattern of advance, retreat, and equilibrium of a glacier.
| 589 |
Fluvioglacial landform
| 3 |
11,034,502 |
# Fluvioglacial landform
## Kames
A kame is an irregularly shaped hill or mound formed by sediment deposition of a retreating glacier. The sediments are held in a depression in the glacier and are subsequently deposited as the glacier melts. Glacial meltwater causes further erosion and the characteristically unusual shape of these landforms that distinguishes them from drumlins. Sediment grains located in a kame can range from fine to course-grained and cobble size to boulder-sized Others describe the size range as from sands to gravels. Kames are frequently associated with kettles in regions referred to as "kame and kettle topography". These hills can range in size and be up to 50 m tall and 400 m wide.
### Kame terrace {#kame_terrace}
Kame terraces form when a glacial margin rests against a valley wall. The valley wall prevents meltwater streams from flowing outward away from the glacial snout. Instead, glacial meltwater is diverted laterally along the ice margin and deposits sediments between the glacier and valley wall. As the glacier retreats, the process may repeat creating a stepped slope or terrace referred to as a kame terrace. In a singular form, this landform may also be referred to as a kame moraine. Exact kame terrace morphology is dependent on the flow of the formative meltwater stream, and the angle between the ice margin and valley wall. Kame terraces are useful tool to indicate past ice margins.
A kame terrace is a relatively flat surface of sediments that was deposited between the valley surface and the glacier. When a kame surfaces and other fluvio-glacial landforms are combined into one landscape, it is called a kame complex or glacial karst topography.
### Kame delta {#kame_delta}
A kame delta is a flat-topped landform of well sorted sand and gravel glaciofluvial sediments deposited by a meltwater stream into a body of water or river system. As such, kame deltas may be used to indicate a point of inflow into a body of water, such as a proglacial lake, even after that water has ceased to be present in a landscape. Sediment heavy meltwater streams running out of or off of a glacial body will slow in velocity once in contact with a body of water. This decrease in velocity causes the streams to be unable to carry sediment and the sediment falls out of the water column. Heavier sediments will fall out of the water column first as the water velocity decreases. As such, layered bedding of sediment size is expected in kame deltas.
## Kettle
Kettles, or kettle holes, are impressions left in a glacial outwash plain by remnant ice of a retreating glacier. As a glacier retreats, chunks of ice may break off in a process known as ice calving or glacier calving. As sediment-heavy glacial meltwater flows past the stationary ice block, the increased friction between the ice and sediment causes sediment build-up around the block of ice. The sediment may become so extensive as to completely bury the ice piece. The ice then melts and leaves behind an impression in the ground.
The remaining hole is referred to as a kettle. The exact size and characteristics of the kettle whole are a result of the degree of ice burial. Often these holes become filled with water by meltwater streams and are referred to as kettle lakes. Kettle lakes are often shallow due to the amount of sediment carried into them by glacial meltwater.
Kettle holes can often be found in the outwash plain of a glacier. Kettle holes can be anywhere from 5 m to 30 km wide.
## Eskers
Eskers are long, curving ridges of stratified sediments found in previously glaciated regions. They may be several meters to hundreds of kilometers in length, and 3 m to 200 m tall. The height and width of an esker are determined by the water and ice pressure and sediment load at the time of formation. Eskers form in ice tunnels within or under a glacier, as shown in ***Figure 1***, and are composed of the sediment deposits from the streams that occupy these tunnels. Eskers may also form from supra-glacial streams that cut into the crevasses of the glacier. After the ice has melted away the stream deposits are left remaining as long mounded eskers. A system of subglacial streams may create a branched formation of eskers, although these are not often continuous branches.
Often eskers follow the flow direction of the glacier, but in high-pressure cases meltwater is pushed to the lowest available spot which can form a very shallow and wide subglacial stream, resulting in short and wide eskers. Under less pressure, often near the terminal end of a glacier, where the ice moves rather slowly, steeped walled eskers may form. The debris found in eskers is dependent on the sediment in the ice and the supply to the meltwater stream within the tunnel. This sediment is usually sand to cobble-sized, with the occasional larger boulder. Bedding, although irregular at times, is expected in eskers.
| 835 |
Fluvioglacial landform
| 4 |
11,034,502 |
# Fluvioglacial landform
## Drumlins
A drumlin is an elongated hill shaped like a half-buried egg, where the shallower end of the hill also narrows in width. A collection of drumlins in one area is referred to as a field or swarm and creates a landscape sometimes called a "basket of eggs topography". The shape of a drumlin may vary but most often is oval in nature with a long axis parallel to the direction of ice flow. The steeper slope is typically up-ice whereas the shallower slow is down-ice. It is proposed that the width to length ratio of a drumlin can be used to determine the velocity at which a glacier was traveling. An elongated drumlin indicates a slower glacial velocity, whereas a shortened drumlin indicates a much faster glacial velocity. This is surmised due to the relationship between friction and surface area. Drumlins form as overlying ice moves across unconsolidated till or ground moraines. There are two main theories for the formation of drumlins. Although the exact origins of these landforms may vary circumstantially and is a topic of debate. The first, often called constructional, suggests that glacial till is deposited by meltwater streams and accumulated by the continual push of an overlying glacier. By this process the individual till particles in the drumlin align themselves in the direction of ice flow. Scientists can test this theory by studying the orientation of the sediment grains with the overall orientation of the drumlin. The second theory is that the erosion caused by the heavy overlying glacier scrapes material from an unconsolidated sediment bed and repositions it and deposits it at the drumlin. The drumlin is similarly shaped by the flow of ice as in the previously mentioned theory. The distinction being where the glacial till is derived from before being shaped. In all circumstances, because the subglacial region is not visible until after the glacier has retreated and because there is great variability in drumlin presentation, there remains some uncertainty as to the processes that shape these landforms.
Drumlins may be composed of stratified or unstratified till ranging in size from sand to boulders. The non-uniformity of drumlin composition is representative of the diverse origin of the sediments. Banding or layering of till may occur in drumlins as till accumulates on the drumlin formation in successive layers.
| 389 |
Fluvioglacial landform
| 5 |
11,034,502 |
# Fluvioglacial landform
## Plains
### Outwash plain {#outwash_plain}
An outwash plain is a relatively flat region at the terminus of a glacier where glacial sediments are deposited by meltwater outwash. The sediment is distally sorted, the larger sediment being deposited closer to the margin of the glacier and finer-grained sediment carried further along by the meltwater streams. Outwash plains may contain other glaciofluvial landforms including meltwater streams, kames, and kettle lakes. River systems in outwash plains typically form braided rivers due to the high sediment content in the water. Since these streams meander around, the erosion happens laterally (left to right) instead of vertically (up and down). These plains are usually found beyond the end moraine deposited by the glacier.
### Till plains {#till_plains}
Till plains are regions of flat to gently sloping topography, composed of till deposited by a melting glacier. Till plains may also be referred to as a region of ground moraines. Different from outwash plains, till plains form when a section of ice breaks off from the main glacier. The sediment contained in this ice is deposited as a till plain when the ice melts. The till is further dispersed and molded by the resulting meltwater. The composition of a till plain varies greatly and is dependent upon the path the glacier took and the bedrock underlying the glaciated region. Till plains are composed of poorly sorted sediment ranging in size from sand to large boulders. Landforms contained in a till plain include drumlins and moraines which are composed of glacial till.
### Varves
Varves are a depositional feature of a fluvio-glacial movement. They are annually repeated sediment deposits. The sizes of the sediments vary and depend on the volume of the streams, but are usually associated with mud deposits (silt and clay). The color and amount of the sediment deposited also varies depending upon the season; summer deposits typically have larger volumes of deposition and are characterized as being light, whereas winter deposits are usually the opposite. Winter deposits are fairly uncommon because the water is frozen into ice again.
## Proglacial lake {#proglacial_lake}
A proglacial lake is an impoundment of water prevented from flowing by a glacier, glacial till dam or behind a glacial feature such as an end moraine. Proglacial lakes are usually the byproduct of glacial meltwater. The sediment contained in a proglacial lake is a useful geochronological tool that records patterns of change in a glaciated region. Proglacial lakes may be dammed by a moraine, glacial ice, or may be trapped at the snout of a glacier by the isostatic depression of the crust by the glacier.^,^ A tarn is a specific term for a proglacial lake that forms in the over-deepened bowl of a cirque
| 456 |
Fluvioglacial landform
| 6 |
11,034,507 |
# Fransje van der Waals
Van der Waals}} `{{Family name hatnote|lang=Dutch|Van der Waals|wrong=Waals}}`{=mediawiki}
**Fransje van der Waals** (born 1950 in Heemstede) is a Dutch medical physician and founder of the non-profit organisation Health\[e\]Foundation.
## Career
After her study at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Amsterdam, Fransje received her MD degree in 1978 and her PhD from the same university in 1995. In 1981, she was board certified in the Netherlands as general practitioner. In 1987, she became assistant professor and head of the Women\'s Health Studies Department at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam.
In the period 1979-2001, Fransje published over 40 articles in peer-reviewed journals and between 1983 and 1997 she also published five books on women\'s health issues. She also wrote medical columns in ELLE, Marie Claire and Santé magazines on a regular basis and has a weekly radio talk show on health-related subjects. During her entire career, van der Waals has remained active as a general practitioner and has been a partner in a general practice in the center of Amsterdam for almost 25 years.
As a physician she is used to educate her patients as well as teach and train healthcare personnel. She thus initiated Health\[e\]Foundation, a distance computer-based training program for healthcare workers in the developing world who are involved in the treatment and care of HIV/AIDS patients. A first pilot of the program was shown at the International AIDS Conference in Barcelona in 2002. From that moment on, things proceeded quickly. From a one-woman idea Health\[e\]Foundation became a leading educational organization on HIV healthcare.
Currently, her foundation has grown to a successful organisation. Beside HIV\[e\]Education, TB\[e\]Education, Pediatric HIV\[e\]Education and Community\[e\]Education are developed and used in developing countries. More e learning programs are being developed, including bacteriology, malaria, reproductive health and a program for children to educate, train and empower healthcare workers all around the world. The concept of blended learning using e learning as well as onside workshops makes these training programs a success.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Fransje is married to Jaap Goudsmit and has three daughters. She currently lives in Amsterdam
| 355 |
Fransje van der Waals
| 0 |
11,034,514 |
# Julia Thornton
**Julia Thornton** is a professional harpist, who to date has released two albums: Harpistry (2003) and Eye of the Storm (2004).
## Musical life and career {#musical_life_and_career}
Julia Thornton began to play the harp aged 11. Having wanted to do so since the age of three, her parents initially managed to stave off her persistence, allowing her piano lessons at the age of 9. Eighteen months later, having taken well to the piano, she was allowed to have her first harp lesson.
Beginning on an Irish instrument called the clarsach (an instrument that is smaller than a concert harp and doesn\'t have its pedal mechanism), Thornton was initially taught by a local teacher who had to return to her native Czechoslovakia after a year. After this, she was taught by Daphne Boden (who eventually became her professor at the Royal Academy of Music). Within a year, Boden asked Thornton\'s parents if they would buy her a concert harp -- a huge financial investment. Thornton\'s first harp belonged to Boden -- a Japanese instrument called an Ahomaya.
Thornton extended her studies by attending the Junior Department of the Royal College of Music on Saturdays, where she began also to learn percussion. At this time she also became a member of the National Youth Orchestra.
Having won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Music, she studied there between 1990 and 1995, winning many prizes for her harp-playing (including the Julia Leney and Renata Schefelstein harp awards, and both the harp prizes at the Royal Overseas League competition). She was also awarded the Mathias Prize for the best performance of his Santa Fe Suite at the International Harp Competition in Cardiff. After completing her studies at the Academy, Thornton\'s work consisted of a mixture of teaching, orchestral and solo work. She performed with a wide variety of orchestras and opera and ballet companies, and gave recitals including performances at the Cambridge, Beaumaris and Cheltenham music festivals. She also joined the panel of Yehudi Menuhin\'s \"Live Music Now!\", which enables young musicians to perform in various communities around the country, such as in schools, day-care centres, homes for the elderly, homes for those suffering from Alzheimers or dementia, prisons and young offenders\' institutes.
Thornton\'s main breakthrough came at a yoga demo in 1999, where she was playing the harp and was spotted by Clare Davies, wife of Bryan Ferry\'s producer, Rhett Davies. Following an audition, she began working with Bryan Ferry, performing on the harp and percussion instruments on his \"As Time Goes By\" tour, which comprised a collection of 1930s standards such as the title track. In 2001 she was asked to join the Roxy Music reunion tour -- a tour that involved 50 days of percussion playing only. Despite her love for the harp, Thornton took this opportunity. The tour involved visits to Australia and Japan, and playing in some of the world\'s major venues, such as Wembley Arena.
The seeds of her first album, \"Harpistry\", were sown during her involvement with a mediaeval instrumental group, Arcana Mundi, a concept dreamed up by Craig Leon, who would later become her producer. Thornton signed a deal with EMI in 2002, and between trips abroad with Bryan Ferry, she sourced the material for her first album, with help from Leon. She recorded \"Harpistry\" in the Netherlands in 2003, before going to Brazil on another Bryan Ferry tour. On 1 September 2005, www.PlaybillArts.com reported that *Harpistry* charted at no. 13 on the Billboard Classical chart. Thornton released her second album, \"Eye of the Storm\", on her own label, Crossways Records, due to frustrations with EMI.
In spring 2007, Thornton became a member of a new band, The Metaphors, which featured Roxy Music founding members Andy MacKay and Paul Thompson on reeds and drums respectively, together with Hazel Mills on Keyboards and T J Allen on guitar and effects. That summer, they recorded their first album. The six-song collection called *London! Paris! New York! Rome!* was released on iTunes in March 2009, and became available as a disk from their website a month later. To date The Metaphors have played a limited number of live dates.
In June and July 2009, Julia returned to her percussion and harp duties for the 30th anniversary tour of Jeff Wayne\'s Musical Version of The War of the World for a 21-concert tour of U.K. and Europe.
According to her webpage, Julia has plans to go into the studio and record her own music and record with members of Lunar Dunes, a band that she has sat in with. Julia is also following up on her interest in yoga by taking classes towards becoming a yoga instructor.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Julia grew up in Ipswich. Commenting on her wide range of musical tastes from Mahler to Joni Mitchell, she said \"My parents were hippies!\"
Her precise date of birth is not generally known, but FreeBMD states that she was born in the first quarter of 1972.
Julia is married to fellow Rod Stewart band member and guitarist Don Kirkpatrick.
| 844 |
Julia Thornton
| 0 |
11,034,514 |
# Julia Thornton
## Video
Bryan Ferry (2000) *Live at the Grand Rex*\
Roxy Music (2001) *Live at the Apollo*\
*Konixxtreffen 2002 Concert* (extra on *Bryan Ferry: The Bete Noire Tour* 2008 DVD reissue)\
Classic FM TV *Greatest Hits Vol.1*\
*Live 8* (2005) with Roxy Music\
*Jeff Wayne\'s Musical Version of The War of the Worlds -- Live on Stage* (2006)
## Recordings
Roxy Music (2001) *Live*\
Susheela Raman (2001) *Salt Rain*\
Bryan Ferry (2002) *Frantic*\
Julia Thornton (2003) *Harpistry* \*\
Julia Thornton (2004) *Eye of the Storm*\
The Bench Connection (2007) *Around the House in 80 Days*\
Athena (2008) *Breathe With Me*\
Andy MacKay & The Metaphors (2009) *London! Paris! New York! Rome!*
- Tracks from *Harpistry* appear on various EMI compilation disks.
## Tours
Bryan Ferry As Time Goes By 1999--2000 Harp/Percussion\
Roxy Music Reunion Tour 2001--2002 Percussion/Keyboards\
Bryan Ferry Frantic Tour 2002 Harp/Percussion\
Roxy Music Summer Festivals 2005 Percussion/Keyboards\
Jeff Wayne\'s War of the Worlds 2006 Harp/Percussion\
Russell Watson Spring Tour 2007 Harp/Percussion\
Jeff Wayne\'s War of the Worlds Australia Sept 2007 Harp/Percussion\
Jeff Wayne\'s War of the Worlds Re-Invasion of England Dec
| 186 |
Julia Thornton
| 1 |
11,034,516 |
# Bopstacle Course
***Bopstacle Course*** is a jazz album by vibraphonist Terry Gibbs, recorded in 1974 for Xanadu Records.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Bopstacle Course\" (Gibbs) - 4:39
2. \"Body and Soul\" (Eyton, Green, Heyman, Sour) - 7:06
3. \"Waltz For My Children\" (Gibbs) - 4:42
4. \"Softly, As in a Morning Sunrise\" (Hammerstein, Romberg) - 6:04
5. \"Manha de Carnaval\" (Bonfa, Maria) - 4:48
6. \"Do You Mind?\" (Gibbs) - 5:03
7. \"Kathleen\" (Gibbs) - 4:08
8
| 79 |
Bopstacle Course
| 0 |
11,034,529 |
# Rap Reiplinger
**James Kawika Piʻimauna \"Rap\" Reiplinger** (July 16, 1950 -- January 19, 1984) was a Hawaiian comedian, whose humor is an integral part of Hawaii today.
## Biography
After attending Punahou School, Reiplinger began performing professionally. In 1974 he helped create the comedy ensemble *Booga Booga* with James Grant Benton and Ed Kaʻahea. In 1982, he received an Emmy Award and bronze medal from the International Film and Television Festival of New York for the \"Most Outstanding Television Production\" for his television special, *Rap′s Hawaii*, which he wrote and in which he starred.
Reiplinger\'s writing, performance, and comic genius was part of the second Hawaiian Renaissance of the 1970s and 1980s.
Reiplinger was married to television journalist Leesa Clark Stone from October 25, 1983 until his death on January 19, 1984. Reiplinger died in 1984 from cocaine-related causes at the age of 33 after going missing for a week.
## Television
- Hawaii Five-O (1977) as Stu Hinman
- Rap\'s Hawai\'i KGMB (1982)
## Discography
- *Poi Dog* (1978)
- *Crab Dreams* (1979) (Won a Nā Hōkū Hanohano award for Best Comedy Album in 1979.)
- *Do I Dare Disturb the Universe* (1979)
- *Strange Bird* (1981)
- *Rap′s Hawaii* (TV Special) 1982 Emmy Award (DVD 2003)
- *Towed Away* (1983) (Won a Nā Hōkū Hanohano award for Best Graphics in 1984.)
- *Rap′s Aloha* (TV Special) 1984 Broadcast posthumously.
- *Poi Dog With Crabs* (1992) (Poi Dog and Crab Dreams) Released posthumously.
- *The Best of Rap* (1993) Released posthumously.
- *The Best of Rap, Too* (1996) Released posthumously
| 262 |
Rap Reiplinger
| 0 |
11,034,583 |
# Bomani Armah
**Bomani Armah** (previously known as Darel Hancock), also known as **D\'mite**, or **Not a Rapper**, is an American vocalist best known for the 2007 single \"Read a Book.\"
## Biography
Armah grew up in Mitchellville, Maryland. He dropped out of the University of Maryland, College Park to become a musician. He is divorced and is the father of twins. He is also a member of Iota Phi Theta fraternity.
In 2005, Bomani was introduced to the world with the debut of the Mello-D and the Rados music video \"Cool Witchu\" on BET. By October 2006, *The Washington Post* regarded him as \"one of the more entertaining voices in a local spoken word scene that\'s overflowing with talent.\" They also noted that he was \"grabb\[ing\] hearts and minds\" with \"Read a Book\", a spoof of crunk songs that was \"scary because it\'s a bit difficult to tell that it\'s satire\".
In January 2007, Armah took part in Martin Luther King Day observances at the Washington National Cathedral, with Sister Helen Prejean and the Urban Nation H.I.P.-H.O.P. Choir.
Armah became famous with the MySpace-released 2007 single \"Read A Book.\" The song admonishes listeners to \"read a muh\'fuckin book\", \"raise yo kids\", wear deodorant, buy some land, and brush their \"God damned teeth\", among other things, including advising \"your body needs water, so drink that shit\", in a satire of crunk-style songs which advocate a more \"gangsta\" lifestyle, set to a loop of an excerpt from Beethoven\'s Symphony No.5. A clean version also exists, where the profanity is edited out. Success of the single grew when it was used as the topic of a short animated film which aired on Black Entertainment Television\'s *The 5ive*. Animated by Six Point Harness Studios, the video features stylized cartoon stereotypes who are directed (often by force) to carry out the advice presented in the lyrics of \"Read a Book\" by a crunk rapper. In June 2007 the song was included on Dan Greenpeace and DJ Yoda\'s *Unthugged Vol. 2* with an introduction from Armah introducing himself as D\'Mite.
In the fall of 2007, Armah released a song about the Jena Six case in Louisiana. He also performed at the CMJ Music Marathon, where a *Village Voice* blogger panned him as a \"technically strong rapper with zero stage presence and only slightly more personality.\"
Armah returned to the National Cathedral in January 2008, to lead its Martin Luther King Day event.
In March 2008, *The Washington Post* published his commentary calling on Barack Obama to show his \"white side
| 425 |
Bomani Armah
| 0 |
11,034,592 |
# Jaap Goudsmit
**Jaap Goudsmit** (born July 22, 1951 in Amsterdam) is a Dutch scientist, known for his research in the field of AIDS and influenza. He shifted his research interest to aging and neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer\'s Disease. He is also a prolific writer of non-fiction books: *Viral Sex: the Nature of AIDS* (1997); *Viral Fitness: The Next SARS and West Nile in the Making* (2004); *Serendipity* (2012); *The Vaccine Bug: A Personal History of the World of Immunity, 1978--2011* (2013); *Immorbidity: Spelling Out a Life Free of Dis-ease* (2015); *The Time of your Life: Staying Healthy to the End* (2016) and *The Art of Facing Mortality: A Scientist\'s View* (2016).
Goudsmit was among the first in 1986 who discovered that the amount of HIV in blood predicted the progression to clinically manifest AIDS and he discovered in 2008 the achilles heel of the influenza virus that opened the way towards a universal influenza vaccine. In 2013 Goudsmit coined the concept \"Immorbidity\" for a human life course immune to age-related diseases that prematurely end life, accepting that even with a minimum of disease human life ends. In 2000 the science-fiction writer Wil McCarthy introduced the term \" immorbidity \" in his book \" The Collapsium\" as the concept to eradicate all terminal illness during time transport over lightyears making the transported people virtually immortal. Goudsmit disagrees with this link between immortality and immorbidity.
In 1978 Goudsmit received his MD degree with honor at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Amsterdam. He was awarded a Fogarty fellowship and joined the research on kuru with Nobel Prize winner Daniel Carleton Gajdusek. He received his PhD from the University of Amsterdam in 1982. He received a Fogarty Visiting Scientist Award to do postdoctoral research at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. In 1983 Goudsmit became board certified in the Netherlands as a Medical Microbiologist. From 1989 -2001 he was professor in virology at the University of Amsterdam. One Science paper published in 1990 with Goudsmit as senior author created a controversy in the Netherlands and concerned a study of blocking of HIV replication by antisense DNA. Despite the fact that Goudsmit had to retract this paper, he was chosen by his peers in a 1993 Science article as one of the best European AIDS scientists and is still one of the most productive and most cited virologists worldwide.
Goudsmit was appointed professor of virology in 1989 at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, a position he held till 2001. He has been heading the Department of Human Retrovirology at the Academic Medical Center (AMC) of the University of Amsterdam from 1996 to 2002 and chairman of the AMC Research Institute for Infectious Diseases and the AMC Institute for Science Education. From 1984 -2001 he was one of the principal researchers of the Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV infection and AIDS among homosexual men and HIV drug users. From 2001 to 2016 Goudsmit was professor of vaccinology and immunoprophylaxis in the department of Internal Medicine at the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam and in 2016 he became professor of Pathogenesis and natural history of neurodegenerative diseases in the Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Academic Medical Center. In 2016 Goudsmit was appointed professor of epidemiology at the Harvard T.H.Chan School of Public Health. In 2019 Goudsmit was appointed Senior Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer of the Human Vaccines Project (www.humanvaccinesproject.org)
He chaired the Scientific Advisory Committee of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) and has been a member of its board. He was project leader and (co)chair of Eurovacc Foundation. In 2002 Goudsmit joined Crucell, a biotechnology company in Leiden, as Chief Medical Officer and Executive Vice President of Vaccine Research and Development. From 2004 -2011 he was Chief Scientific Officer of Crucell and member of the management board. When Crucell was acquired by Johnson and Johnson Goudsmit became head of the Crucell Vaccine Institute from 2011 to 2015, an institute focusing on influenza research. In 2015 he became global head of the Janssen Prevention Center, that focuses on the prevention of non-communicable diseases with a special emphasis on prognostic markers for age-related diseases. In 2017 Goudsmit retired from Johnson & Johnson and returned to academia to study Alzheimer\'s Disease and Ageing.
Goudsmit is a very productive researcher and author or co-author of more than 560 scientific publications of which ten appeared in *Science*, six in *Nature* and twelve in the PNAS. According to the Institute for Scientific Information, he entered the list of most-cited scientists in 2001. In 2016 Goudsmit received an honorary degree from the Vrije University and the Vrije University Medical Center for his lifetime achievements in science both in academia and the biopharmaceutical Industry
| 795 |
Jaap Goudsmit
| 0 |
11,034,608 |
# Malik Maqbul Tilangani
**Malik Maqbul** (Yugandharudu), also referred to as **Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani** and **Jahan Khan** (d. 1369), was an Indian commander in the Kakatiya Empire who was converted to Islam and rose to become the Wazir of the Delhi Sultanate under Firuz Shah Tughlaq (`{{reign|1351|1388}}`{=mediawiki}). He was appointed as the governor of Hyderabad in service of the Delhi Sultanate and he ruled and governed all the lands of present day Telangana on behalf of the Delhi Sultanate.
## Career in Warangal {#career_in_warangal}
Malik Maqbul or Yugandharudu (another name of him is Gannama Nayaka), was a commander of the Kakatiya Empire under Prataparudra (`{{reign|1289|1323}}`{=mediawiki}). Marana\'s *Markandeya Puranamu* (in Telugu) names him as \"Gannavibhudu\" and describes him as the commander (*Kataka paludu*) of Warangal Fort, the capital of Kakatiyas.
After Ghiyasuddin Tughluq\'s son and general Ulugh Khan (Muhammad bin Tughluq) captured Warangal in 1323, Ulugh Khan himself took over the Governorship of what is now a new province of \"Teling\" (Telangana) in the Sultanate. Gannaya was captured and converted to Islam, given the name Malik Maqbul and found a place in the new regime. When Ulugh Khan left for Delhi soon afterwards, he left Warangal in the charge of Malik Maqbul. Ulugh Khan succeeded Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq as the new Sultan of Delhi under the name Muhammad bin Tughluq.
The new regime was beset with rebellions and the Muslim governors were not welcomed as rulers. The coastal region around Rajahmundry slipped out immediately after Ulugh Khan\'s departure, the area south of Krishna River in 1325, Bhadrachalam area in 1330 and western Telangana between 1330--1335. The Sultan marched on South India in 1334 in order to suppress the rebellions, but his army was struck by an epidemic, and he was forced to return to Delhi. Soon afterwards, captured Warangal, and Malik Maqbul fled to Delhi. Facing significant losses in his army due to the epidemic, the Sultan was in no position to recover Telangana.
| 322 |
Malik Maqbul Tilangani
| 0 |
11,034,608 |
# Malik Maqbul Tilangani
## Career in Delhi {#career_in_delhi}
Malik Maqbul was initially made the governor of Multan and sent to administer Punjab. When he was the governor of Cambay, the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta met him who was on his journey towards south of India.
After his return to Delhi, Maqbul earned the trust of Muhammad bin Tughluq. He accompanied the sultan on an expedition to Gujarat to subdue the rebels in Broach. He put all the rebels to death and captured enormous amount of wealth. Subsequently, by making himself indispensable in the Delhi durbar (court), he became the finance minister and finally, the Wazir, of the Delhi Sultanate under Firuz Shah Tughlaq. When Firuz Shah was away on a Campaign to Sindh and Gujarat for six months and no news was available about his whereabouts Maqbul ably protected Delhi. He was the most highly favoured among the significant number of the nobles in Feroz Shah\'s court and retained the trust of the sultan. Feroz Shah used to call Maqbul as \'brother\'. The sultan even remarked that Khan-i-Jahan was the real ruler of Delhi. The fiscal and general administration were entirely left to Maqbul. On his part, Maqbul never exceeded his powers, and kept the sultan fully informed. He was also scrupulously honest. Although he did take presents from the governors of the provinces, he entered them in the royal treasury. He was also strict in collecting government dues. His powers, however, were restricted by the auditor (*mustaufi*) and by the Accountant-General (*mushrif*). Sometimes it led to bitter disputes in which the sultan mediated. On one occasion, Maqbul threatened to leave for Mecca when he came into conflict with Ain-i-Mahru, the Accountant General. Sultan had to retrench Ain-i-Mahru. Maqbul was paid annually 13 lakh tankas over and above the expenses of his army and servants and separate allowances for his sons and sons-in-law. Maqbul also maintained a retinue of 2000 concubines.
### Successor
Firoz Shah gave an undertaking that the position of Wazir will be inherited by Maqbul\'s son. After the death of Maqbul in 1369 CE, his son Jauna Khan became the Wazir.
Jauna Khan was as competent as his father but he was no military leader. He failed in the conflict for succession, which began even during the lifetime of Feroz Shah. Jauna Khan was captured and executed. Also known as Junan Shah, he built seven large mosques in and around Delhi including Khirki Masjid and Kalan Masjid.
## Monuments
Built in 1388 by Junan Shah (son of Malik Maqbul), his tomb was the first octagonal mausoleum to be built in Delhi. The only other octagonal mausoleum that pre-dates this tomb in the Indian subcontinent is the Tomb of Shah Rukn-i Alam in Multan. The mausoleum occupies the northwestern corner of Nizamuddin West. The plan is composed of an octagonal burial chamber wrapped by a larger octagonal veranda. The verandah has three arched openings on each side, with a finial bearing cupola crowning the central arches. A large raised dome sits on top of the central chamber. While the parapet wall of the veranda is articulated with crenellations, a slanting stone overhang (chhajja) runs beneath it, encasing all sides of the structure. The main entry to the structure is through the central arch of its south façade. The walls of the chamber are substantially thick. The mihrab is set in a stepped niche on the west wall of the chamber. A stairwell leading to the crypt below is also built into the western wall and accessed from inside a doorway. A large rectangular sarcophagus sits centred in the chamber beneath the dome in a two tiered arrangement. The tomb stands today in a very poor state of repair
| 621 |
Malik Maqbul Tilangani
| 1 |
11,034,610 |
# List of The Chronicles of Narnia (film series) cast members
The following is a list of cast members who have portrayed characters in ***The Chronicles of Narnia*** film series. *The Chronicles of Narnia* is based upon the novels of the same name by C. S. Lewis.
## List
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| Role | *The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe* | *Prince Caspian* | *The Voyage of the Dawn Treader* |
+========================================================================================+=============================================+================================================================================+=========================================+
| ### Travelers to Narnia {#travelers_to_narnia} | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Lucy Pevensie** | Georgie Henley | Georgie Henley | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Edmund Pevensie** | Skandar Keynes | Skandar Keynes | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Peter Pevensie** | William Moseley | William Moseley | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Susan Pevensie** | Anna Popplewell | Anna Popplewell | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Prof. Digory Kirke** | Jim Broadbent | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Eustace Scrubb** | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Will Poulter | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ### Best friends of the Pevensies in Narnia {#best_friends_of_the_pevensies_in_narnia} | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Mr. Tumnus** (Faun) | James McAvoy | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Mr. Beaver** | Ray Winstone`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Mrs. Beaver** | Dawn French`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Trumpkin** (Dwarf) | | Peter Dinklage | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ### Supernatural creatures {#supernatural_creatures} | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Aslan** (Lion) | Liam Neeson`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Father Christmas** | James Cosmo | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Lilliandil** (Star) | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Laura Brent | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ### Aslan\'s army {#aslans_army} | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Fox** | Rupert Everett`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Oreius** (Centaur) | Patrick Kake | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Griffin** | Cameron Rhodes`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Philipp**, the Horse | Philip Steuer`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Green** Dryad | Katrina Browne | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ### Caspian\'s army {#caspians_army} | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **King Caspian X.** | | Ben Barnes | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Nikarbrik** (Dwarf) | | Warwick Davis | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Truffle Hunter** (Badger) | | Ken Stott`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Glenstorm** (Centaur) | | Cornell John | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Bulgy** Bear | | David Walliams`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Asterius** (Minotaurus) | | Shane Rangi | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Pattertwig** (Squirrel) | | Harry Gregson-Williams`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Peepiceek** (Mouse) | | Sim Evan-Jones`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ### White Witch and her followers {#white_witch_and_her_followers} | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Jadis, the White Witch** | Tilda Swinton | colspan=\"2\" `{{N/A|Tilda Swinton}}`{=mediawiki}`{{ref|cameo|C}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Ginarrbrik** (Dwarf) | Kiran Shah | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Maugrim** (Wolf) | Michael Madsen`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **General Otmin** (Minotaurus) | Shane Rangi | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Vardan** (Wolf) | Jim May`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Were Wolf** | | Shane Rangi | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Hag** | | Klára Issová | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ### Miraz family and servants {#miraz_family_and_servants} | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **King Miraz** | | Sergio Castellitto | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **General Glozelle** | | Pierfrancesco Favino | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Doctor Cornelius** (Half-blood Dwarf) | | Vincent Grass | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Prunaprismia** | | Alicia Borrachero | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **King Kaspian IX**. | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Nathaniel Parker | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ### Telmarine lords {#telmarine_lords} | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Sopespian** | | Damián Alcázar | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Scythley** | | Simón Andreu | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Donnon** | | Predrag Bjelac | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Bern** | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Terry Norris | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Rhoop** | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Bruce Spence | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ### Crew of the Dawn Treader {#crew_of_the_dawn_treader} | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Reepicheep** (Mouse) | | Eddie Izzard`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} | Simon Pegg`{{ref|voice|V}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Drinian** | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Gary Sweet | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Tavros** (Minotaurus) | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Shane Rangi | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Rynelf** | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Tony Nixon | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Cruickshanks** (Dwarf) | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Chris Cruickshanks | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Nausus** (Faun) | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Steven Rooke | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Caprius** (Satyr) | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Ryan Ettridge | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ### Residents of the Lonely Islands {#residents_of_the_lonely_islands} | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Coriakin** (Magician) | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Bille Brown | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Chief** Dufflepad | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Roy Billing | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Second** Dufflepad | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Neil Young | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Third** Dufflepad | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Greg Poppleton | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Fourth** Dufflepud | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Nicholas Neild | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Rhince** | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Arthur Angel | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Gael** | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Arabella Morton | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Alane** | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Rachel Blakely | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Slave Holder** | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | Colin Moody | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Slave Trader** | colspan=\"2\" `{{cEmpty}}`{=mediawiki} | David Vallon | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| ### Residents of Earth {#residents_of_earth} | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Mrs
| 882 |
List of The Chronicles of Narnia (film series) cast members
| 0 |
11,034,642 |
# Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty
The Liao dynasty was a Khitan-led imperial dynasty of China. This article discusses the provincial system that existed within the Liao dynasty from the early 10th century until the fall of the empire in 1125, in what is now North China, Northeast China and Mongolia.
## Overview
The expansion of the Liao dynasty in the 10th century eventually necessitated some sort of administrative division. During the reign of the first Liao emperor Taizu, he informally divided his lands into a northern region and a southern region; the third emperor, Shizong, formalized this arrangement in 947. The northern section was mostly (but not entirely) inhabited by the Khitan and other nomadic tribes, while the southern half was largely inhabited by sedentary peoples, such as Han Chinese and Po-hai. Each region had its own capital and its own system of law. The northern region was originally governed mostly through a traditional Khitan system of tribal government, but a second system was set in place that dealt with sedentary people living within its borders. The government of the southern region, in contrast, adopted many Chinese institutions and legal systems.
As time went on and the Liao consolidated their hold over their sedentary possessions, the southern region was eventually split into four provinces (called circuits). This meant that, by the middle of the 11th century, the Liao Empire was divided into a total of five circuits. The names of their capitals are listed below:
+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------------+
| Capitals/Ancient name | | Prefectures level |
+=======================================+=========+===================+
| Westernized | Chinese | Westernized |
+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------------+
| Shangjing\ | | Linhuang |
| \"Upper (Northern, Supreme) Capital\" | | |
+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------------+
| Zhongjing\ | | Dading |
| \"Central Capital\" | | |
+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------------+
| Dongjing\ | | Liaoyang |
| \"Eastern Capital\" | | |
+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------------+
| Xijing\ | | Datong |
| \"Western Capital\" | | |
+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------------+
| Nanjing\ | | Xijinfu |
| \"Southern Capital\" | | |
+---------------------------------------+---------+-------------------+
The high-ranking officials of each circuit would travel to the emperor\'s camp twice a year and discuss matters of the state. Each capital, except for the Supreme Capital, was governed by a regent, who was normally a member of the imperial family. The governors of the southern provinces enjoyed a degree of power but were still under the firm control of the emperor and his advisers, who were mainly from the Northern Region. In addition, the southern governors were barred from having any effective command over the military; the emperor and his court were careful to reserve this power for themselves.
Below the regents, government officers tended to be of the same ethnic background as the populations they ruled over; generally speaking, officials in the north were largely Khitan, while those in the south were not. Although there were several exceptions, circuits were usually subdivided into prefectures, which were then themselves subdivided into counties ruled by magistrates. The powers of the prefects and magistrates varied depending on the region and time period; in several situations some of their functions were assumed by officials of the circuit level or the central government. In general, however, prefects were responsible for the collection of taxes and management of regionally stationed military forces, while magistrates dealt with village leaders and made sure the laws of the government were being carried out on a local basis.
| 563 |
Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty
| 0 |
11,034,642 |
# Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty
## Circuits
### Northern Region {#northern_region}
This region was the largest geographically within the Liao state, and also contained the area the Khitan lived in prior to the foundation of the Liao dynasty. It was home to a large number of nomadic tribes that were under varying degrees of control, and also contained some sedentary settlements.
The tribal system that governed the various nomad clans who considered themselves to be a part of the Liao state was very convoluted and relied more on personal relationships than any formalized system. In general, the more proximate a tribe was located relative to the center of the empire and the more its members had personal dealings with the emperor, the more loyal it was. At the opposite end of the spectrum, tribal confederations such as the Zubu or Tsu-Pu who were on the distant fringes of the empire tended to be significantly less reliable and more hostile to Khitan activity in their areas; frequent military expeditions were required to keep them in line.
The Northern Region was home to a Supreme Capital, which was decently sized. The emperor and his advisers, however, rarely spent significant time there; they would instead spend most of the year traveling through the northern region and meeting with individual tribes and their leaders, who expected the emperor to personally make decisions regarding matters of law and justice.
While the Northern Region retained its tribal character for the entire history of the Liao Empire, there was a gradual importation of governmental and economic customs taken from Chinese and other sedentary populations into the area. In 983 the legal code of the Tang dynasty, already in use in the Southern Capital, was translated into the Khitan language so it could be adopted by officials in the North. Further reforms followed, to the chagrin of Khitan tribal members.
During the 1114-1125 war with the Jurchen that resulted in the destruction of the Liao state, the Jurchen leader Aguda decided to seize the Supreme Capital, not so much because it held any strategic importance as that it would be useful for symbolic purposes. This was accomplished in 1120; Jurchen troops looted and burned down buildings and tombs of the imperial family. Aguda\'s Jin Empire, however, never managed to subordinate the bulk of the various Mongol and Turkic tribes that had previously pledged allegiance to the Liao; these tribes remained largely independent until the formation of the Mongol Empire at the beginning of the 13th century.
### Southern Region {#southern_region}
The original Southern Region, formed by the split of the Liao Empire into two administrative divisions, is discussed above. It was eventually split into multiple provinces, one of which was a \"new\" Southern Region, with a capital at modern-day Beijing.
The Southern Circuit largely formed out of a portion of the Sixteen Prefectures that had been ceded to the Liao Empire by Emperor Gao Zu of the Later Jin dynasty in 937. Over the course of the next several centuries the Song Empire continually claimed a right to this province but despite military efforts it was retained by the Liao. Due to its wealth it was at times taxed more heavily than other provinces. The region was suitable for growing rice, but the central government repeatedly banned the growing of paddy fields, likely out of a fear that the fields and the canals needed to sustain them would hinder the effectiveness of the Khitan cavalry.
During the Jurchen invasion the Southern Region held out until 1122, under the banner of a separatist government. A Song attempt to seize the province having failed that year, Aguda invaded and captured the Southern capital without much difficulty.
### Eastern Region {#eastern_region}
The Eastern Circuit consisted of the bulk of the old Kingdom of Balhae, which had originally survived within the Liao empire as a vassal state under the rule of a member of the imperial family. The capital of the original Southern Region had been located here; after the Southern Region was split the city instead became the capital of the Eastern Region and was named Dongjing. It bordered both the Kingdom of Goryeo and the Jurchen tribes, and as a result it contained a series of frontier stations and trading posts.
As a result of its proximity to the Jurchen, it was the first Liao province to fall before them when they declared war. Having begun to attack border stations in 1114, they had largely completed their conquest of the Eastern Region by 1118.
### Central Region {#central_region}
The Central Circuit was composed of the former territories of the Hsi, a people who, like the Balhae, had been allowed to retain a degree of autonomy after their conquest by the Khitan. Administratively this area fell under the Southern Region. Toward the end of the 10th century the central government enacted a series of measures that largely ended the Hsi\'s special status and fully incorporated the region into the empire. In 1006 the former residence of the Hsi king was declared to be the site of a new Central capital, which was walled in the following year. Chinese settlers moved into the capital and the surrounding lands, which were suitable for farming. Unlike the other capital cities, however, the Central capital never evolved into a large city, maintaining only a small population of Chinese and Hsi citizens.
The Central Region was lost in the first month of 1122. Aguda had sent a Jurchen army under the command of a Liao defector toward the end of 1121, and during a winter campaign it seized the capital and surrounding area.
| 939 |
Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty
| 1 |
11,034,642 |
# Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty
## Circuits
### Western Region {#western_region}
The Western Circuit was the final province created within the Liao state. In 1044 the modern-day city of Datong was declared to be a capital of an area consisting of parts of the conquered Sixteen Prefectures and the Yinshan Mountain region. Prior to this, it had been a part of the Southern Circuit. A large Chinese population was located within this region.
During the war with the Jurchen the Liao emperor Tianzuo had retreated to the Yinshan region, which served as an effective move; although the Jurchen took the Western Capital in that same year they were unable to root out Tianzuo\'s remaining forces. It was only after Tianzuo left this area and attempted to recapture the Southern Capital that the Jurchen were finally able to defeat and capture him.
Before Tianzuo launched his ill-fated offensive, a member of the royal family, Yelü Dashi, advised him not carry out the expedition. Upon Tianzuo\'s refusal, Dashi abandoned the emperor\'s camp and fled northward. From there he was able to eventually set up his own domain and expand west, forming the successor state known as the Qara Khitai or Western Liao
| 202 |
Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty
| 2 |
11,034,643 |
# WWMW-LD
**WWMW-LD** (channel 16) is a low-power television station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The station is owned by SagamoreHill Broadcasting. It had been licensed to Sheboygan until 2011.
## History
### In Sheboygan {#in_sheboygan}
For seventeen years, the station acted as the local translator station for TBN, first transmitting from the downtown Firstar Building on channel 20 as W20AG in 1990. The station then moved to a new transmitting facility around 1999 on Sheboygan\'s south side along Weeden Creek Road (County Trunk Highway EE), in an industrial park just west of a WisDOT emissions testing station on land leased from Lakeshore Technical College (which formerly broadcast their college bulletin board on SCOLA affiliate W08BW (channel 8) from the site until the early 2000s). The next year, the station would move to channel 16 as W16BS, continuing to transmit the TBN schedule without local deviation.
Several factors influenced the sale of the station, including a declining audience via antenna for TBN\'s translator stations, and the signals of religious stations WTLJ (channel 54) and WLLA (channel 64) from Western Michigan being easily receivable during the summer months in the Sheboygan area.
The launch by TBN of WWRS (channel 52) from Mayville did not affect W16BS as that station\'s signal was blocked by the Kettle Moraine range east of Fond du Lac, blocking any signal from entering Sheboygan and leaving TBN to continue to operate W16BS. However, TBN and its other digital subchannels later launched on local cable provider Charter Communications in late August 2007, with reception via satellite. Time Warner Cable systems in the county also carried the network via WWRS via must-carry election. These carriage agreements, associated costs of the digital transition, and universal coverage by the major satellite broadcasters were likely the impetus for TBN\'s sale of the station to another party.
The station was taken silent after TBN sold the station to Sarasota, Florida--based Sheboygan Community Broadcasting, LLC in August 2007, which was likely a holding company designed solely to profit from a sale of the station\'s license without a commitment to broadcast (notably, the FCC application misspelled the city of license in the above LLC as \"Sheboygen\").
FCC records indicate that the station returned to the air on channel 29 as W29DJ on March 6, 2008, but from a different transmitter located south of Random Lake east of Highway 57, which had no Sheboygan coverage and served a small scattering of communities in southeast Sheboygan County and northeast Ozaukee County. Service from Random Lake was intermittent, as SCB\'s transmitter equipment was leased from another party and seized several times for non-payment before the sale to Polnet. As of May 2011 the station\'s FCC coverage maps showed its broadcast range was an area of 4 sqmi southeast of Random Lake only covering several farms to maintain service and the license.
A return to Sheboygan became unlikely around July 2008, when the tower, transmitter, and TBN\'s satellite equipment was removed from the Weeden Creek Road site after LTC ended their lease with the city of Sheboygan for the land within the industrial park, leaving only the transmitter shed remaining for storage; it was eventually sold off for new development to a local commercial bakery.
The station previously covered the eastern part of Sheboygan County, with the original footprint of the digital signal from Sheboygan expected to fully cover the county, southern Manitowoc County and northern Ozaukee County.
| 569 |
WWMW-LD
| 0 |
11,034,643 |
# WWMW-LD
## History
### In Milwaukee {#in_milwaukee}
According to FCC records, Sheboygan Community Broadcasting sold the station on November 23, 2009, to Polnet Communications, which provides ethnic programming in Polish and other languages and owns several ethnic radio stations in the Chicago area, and formerly had a time-lease arrangement for Polish language television programming on WCIU-DT6 in Chicago before launching their own station in the area in 2010, WPVN-CA (channel 24). Polnet planned to air \"quality ethnic programming\", according to their FCC statements, but never actually broadcast any programming as its entire twelve-year ownership period had them struggle to build out the station\'s permanent digital facilities.
A construction permit for channel 36 from the Milwaukee PBS Tower in Milwaukee was contested by Milwaukee PBS (then branded as MPTV) itself, which asserted their existing analog rights from WMVT being on analog channel 36 to place a digital translator station for WMVS there to address inefficiencies with WMVS\'s digital channel 8 signal in Milwaukee proper. Polnet subsequently withdrew the application for 36 and petitioned for a digital application on channel 30 in early December 2009, also from the Milwaukee PBS Tower. The placement of the station\'s transmitter in Milwaukee likely meant that Polnet did not intend to keep any kind of service to Sheboygan, and the placement of the analog tower in Random Lake was solely intended to \"skip\" the station down to Milwaukee, a move allowed under FCC regulations.
On April 9, 2010, the station was reclassified as a low-power station, and took the lettered calls WPVS-LP. On January 3, 2011, the FCC authorized the change of city of license from Sheboygan to Milwaukee with a license expiration of December 2013. The station\'s license was to expire on December 1, 2021; it has continued to operate under \'silent and licensed\' authority from the FCC, with occasional operation from the rented Random Lake site to maintain the license while it looks to permanently operate from the Milwaukee PBS Tower.
On July 31, 2018, HC2 Holdings announced it would purchase WPVS-LP for \$400,000, and in the interim a new construction permit for VHF channel 9 from the Milwaukee PBS tower has been filed (HC2 had filed a purchase agreement for WPVN in Chicago two months before). This would have had WPVS-LP become a sister station to WTSJ-LP (channel 38). However, the sale never closed and it remained owned by Polvision past the July 13, 2021, deadline to build permanent digital facilities, and the station was under a perpetual cycling of tolling and special temporary authority requests to remain silent throughout the late 2010s into 2021.
On November 3, 2021, it was announced that SagamoreHill Broadcasting would purchase WPVS-LP for \$100,000 under subsidiary Roseland Broadcasting; the sale was completed on June 29, 2022.
The station was licensed for digital operation on channel 9 effective January 14, 2022. As of October 2023, the station broadcasts four subchannels, with the main channel carrying a network of unknown origin called SportStak. Before the end of 2023, when it began to map channels by its originally intended physical channel of 29, it had mapped its channels from channel 9.2 for its physical channel, presumably to avoid any confusion with Chicago\'s WGN-TV. Its station identification also erroneously identifies WXON-LD, a low-power television station in Flint, Michigan, which is also on RF channel 9, but is not owned by SagamoreHill itself.
The station changed its callsign to WWMW-LD as of April 29, 2024. At the start of July 2024, the station\'s manager, Roseland Broadcasting, launched a centrist/moderate political news channel, Purple TV, across both WWMW and its Madison sister station, WMWI-LD on its main channel, timed with the 2024 Republican National Convention taking place in Milwaukee, and with it, another virtual channel change back to its second Sheboygan-era channel of 16 took place.
## Subchannels
The station\'s signal is multiplexed:
Channel Res. Aspect Short name Programming
--------- ------ -------- ------------ --------------------
16.1 480i 16:9 WWMW-LD Purple TV
16.2 SportSt SportStak
16.3 OnTV4U OnTV4U
16.4 JTV Jewelry Television
16
| 669 |
WWMW-LD
| 1 |
11,034,655 |
# Remote Differential Compression
**Remote Differential Compression** (**RDC**) is a client--server synchronization algorithm that allows the contents of two files to be synchronized by communicating only the differences between them. It was introduced with Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2, is included with later Windows client and server operating systems, but by 2019 is not being developed and is not used by any Microsoft product.
Unlike Binary Delta Compression (BDC), which is designed to operate only on known versions of a single file, RDC does not make assumptions about file similarity or versioning. The differences between files are computed on the fly, therefore RDC is suitable for efficient synchronization of files that have been updated independently, where network bandwidth is small, or where the files are large but the differences between them are small.
The algorithm used is based on fingerprinting blocks on each file locally at both ends of the replication partners. Since many types of file changes can cause the file contents to move without other significant change (for example, a small insertion or deletion at the beginning of a file can cause the rest of the file to become misaligned to the original content) the blocks used for comparison are not based on static arbitrary cut points but on cut points defined by the contents of each file segment. This means that if a part of a file changes in length, or blocks of the contents get moved to other parts of the file, the block boundaries for the parts that have not changed remain fixed related to the contents, and thus the series of fingerprints for those blocks do not change, they just change position. By comparing all hashes in a file to the hashes for the same file at the other end of the replication pair, RDC is able to identify which blocks of the file have changed and which have not, even if the contents of the file have been significantly reshuffled. Since comparing large files could imply making large numbers of signature comparisons, the algorithm is recursively applied to the hash sets to detect which blocks of hashes have changed or moved around, significantly reducing the amount of data that needs to be transmitted for comparing files.
Later versions of Windows support cross-file RDC, which finds files similar to the one being replicated, and uses blocks of the similar files that are identical to the replicating file to minimize data transferred over the WAN. Cross-file RDC can use blocks of up to five similar files.
RDC is similar in many ways to the older (1996) rsync protocol, but with some useful innovations, in particular the recursive algorithm and cross-file RDC.
RDC is implemented in Windows operating systems by a DLL file, MSRDC.DLL, which will be present in the %SYSTEMROOT%\\System32 directory if and only if RDC is enabled. Very little software is available which makes use of it, particularly on non-server systems. According to Internet rumor, enabling RDC significantly slows local file transfers, and it should not be enabled; a Microsoft TechNet web page disputes this in great detail, despite frequent anecdotal posts of its removal having worked to restore transfer speeds.
## Discontinuation
With the release of Microsoft\'s Windows Server 2019, RDC support was included in the section *Features we're no longer developing* (which may be removed from a future update), with the comment \"This support isn't currently used by any Microsoft product\"
| 569 |
Remote Differential Compression
| 0 |
11,034,675 |
# Sharon Kips
**Sharon Kips** (born 17 November 1983 in Amsterdam, Netherlands) is the winner of the first edition of the Dutch *X Factor*, 24 February 2007. She was praised highly throughout the show, with high compliments from three of Holland\'s music experts Henk Temming, Marianne van Wijnkoop and Henkjan Smits. She beat contestants such as X6, Richy and Anja to become the eventual winner in February 2007. Her first single Heartbreak Away reached #1 in the Dutch Top 40 in the first week. In 2010 she auditioned as a \"mystery\"-kandidate for the Dutch version of Popstars and got through to the liveshows. In the liveshows she was one of the favorites. She placed third overall
| 116 |
Sharon Kips
| 0 |
11,034,687 |
# Michele Medda
**Michele Medda** (born 7 December 1962) is an Italian comics writer.
Medda was born in Cagliari, Sardinia. In 1991, together with Antonio Serra and Bepi Vigna, he created the science fiction series *Nathan Never* for Sergio Bonelli Editore. This was followed by *Legs Weaver* (1995-2005), set in the same fictional universe.
Medda also wrote stories for *Tex*, *Nick Raider* and *Dylan Dog*
| 65 |
Michele Medda
| 0 |
11,034,695 |
# University of Eastern Finland
The **University of Eastern Finland** (*Itä-Suomen yliopisto*) is a university in Finland, which was founded in 2010 and has campuses in Joensuu and Kuopio.
## History
The Finnish Parliament passed the Universities Act on June 16, 2009, which, among other things, extended the autonomy of Finnish universities by giving each university an independent legal personality, as a public corporation or a foundation. Also, universities' management and decision-making systems were reformed.
### Merger
**2006 -** The University of Joensuu and the University of Kuopio decided to intensify their mutual cooperation as part of the Ministry of Education program addressing the structural development of Finnish higher education institutions. The project for the University of Eastern Finland was selected as one of the Ministry of Education spearhead projects. The project formed a working group led by Professor Reijo Vihko.
**2007 -** Professor Reijo Vihko\'s working group submitted a report proposing that cooperation between the two universities be further intensified. The two universities\' senates formally agreed to merge, thereby forming a new university, deciding on its name, the University of Eastern Finland, a few weeks later.
**2008 -** The organization structure and strategy of the University of Eastern Finland were completed. The University of Joensuu and the University of Kuopio received a joint right to confer degrees in Economics and Business Administration.
**2009 -** The first joint student admissions to the University of Eastern Finland were carried out in Economics and Business Administration and in Social Sciences in 2009. In May 2009 **The Sino-Finnish Environmental Research Centre** (**SFERC**), a collaborative undertaking of the University of Joensuu, the University of Kuopio, and the University of Nanjing, focused on higher education and research addressing forestry, energy and environmental issues, opened in Nanjing, China, the first such unit established by a Finnish university in China. SFERC operates at the University of Nanjing campus as a permanent satellite campus for the University of Eastern Finland.
**2010 -** The University of Eastern Finland formally began operations in January 2010, which formally ended the operations of the University of Joensuu and of the University of Kuopio. The University of Eastern Finland began offering dentistry education in 2010.
**2020 -** In 2020, the University of Eastern Finland was granted the educational responsibility in logopedics (speech therapy) and in 2022 in engineering.
## Locations
The University of Eastern Finland has two campuses, one in Joensuu and the other in Kuopio, which are approximately 130 km apart.
| 409 |
University of Eastern Finland
| 0 |
11,034,695 |
# University of Eastern Finland
## Administration
The administration of the University of Eastern Finland is overseen by its Board, the Rector and the Academic Rector, its Collegiate Body, and its Faculty Councils and their Deans. The university\'s practical administrative tasks fall to the staff of University Services.
**Board**
The Board of the University of Eastern Finland is the university\'s highest executive organ. The Board of the University of Eastern Finland is composed of a total of 10 members, four of whom are external members. Board members serve terms lasting three years.
**Rector and Academic Rector**
The University of Eastern Finland has a Rector and an Academic Rector. The rector and academic rectors are chosen by the board. In 2019, the board led by Lea Ryynänen-Karjalainen appointed Jukka Mönkkönen unanimously as rector for a second five-year term, starting in 2020. The board was composed of 10 members: Jaakko Kiander (Vice Chair), Jari Jolkkonen, Jukka Pelkonen, Erkki Pesonen, Juho Pulkka, Jaana Rekolainen, Tomi Rosti, Olli Siirola and Matti Tolvanen. Tapio Määttä was chosen as the Academic Rector. The University of Eastern Finland will reform its rector model by appointing a rector and two vice rectors for the term of office beginning in 2025. The current terms of office of the Rector and the Academic Rector will end on 31 December 2024. The Board of the University of Eastern Finland elected Academic Rector, Professor, LLD Tapio Määttä as the new Rector of the university for the five-year term beginning on 1 January 2025. The Board of the University of Eastern Finland has elected the Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences, MD Jussi Pihlajamäki, as the Vice Rector for Research and the Vice Dean of the Philosophical Faculty, Professor of Educational Sciences, DEd Laura Hirsto to the post of Vice Rector for Education.
**Collegiate Body**
The Collegiate Body of the University of Eastern Finland consists of 24 members, eight each representing the university\'s professors, its teaching, research and general staff, and its student body. Members serve 4-year terms, except for those representing the student body, who serve 2-year terms.
**Faculty Councils and Deans**
The University of Eastern Finland has four faculty councils: 1) the Philosophical Faculty, 2) the Faculty of Science, Forestry and Technology, 3) the Faculty of Health Sciences, and 4) the Faculty of Social Sciences and Business Studies, each headed by a dean.
## Research and education {#research_and_education}
The University of Eastern Finland is a multidisciplinary university. The four faculties of the UEF offer teaching in nearly 100 major subjects and degree programs. The university\'s annual student intake is approximately 3,300 and the university attracts nearly 31 000 applications for admission every year. The university offers Bachelor\'s, Master\'s and doctoral level education in 12 fields of study: medicine and pharmacy, humanities, education, economics and business administration, natural sciences, forest sciences, psychology, theology, health sciences, social sciences, law and engineering.
## Profile areas in research {#profile_areas_in_research}
The profile areas in research of the University of Eastern Finland are built around four global challenges:
- Ageing, lifestyles and health
- Diversifying learning and interaction
- Cultural encounters, mobilities and borders
- Environmental change and sustainable use of natural resources.
The University of Eastern Finland approaches the above-mentioned challenges through research carried out within its interdisciplinary Research Communities (RCs). The university\'s Research Communities are:
- Basic, Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Medicine
- Borders, Mobilities and Cultural Encounters
- Climate Forcing, Ecosystems and Health
- Drug Discovery and Delivery Technologies
- Effectiveness of Social and Health Services
- Forests and Bioeconomy
- Learning in Digitalized Society
- Metabolic Diseases
- Multidisciplinary Cancer Research
- Musculoskeletal Diseases
- Neuroscience
- Photonics
- Sustainable Co-management of Water Resources and Aquatic Environments
- Sustainable Resource Society: Circular Economy, Energy and Raw Materials
## International cooperation {#international_cooperation}
The University of Eastern Finland is an international research university with an extensive network of foreign partners. The university has concluded bilateral agreements on cooperation with approximately 70 universities abroad. Furthermore, the university is involved in several international networks and discipline-specific projects, and the university\'s teaching and research staff and students are active in participating in various mobility programmes.
The university is an active member of the University of the Arctic. UArctic is an international cooperative network based in the Circumpolar Arctic region, consisting of more than 200 universities, colleges, and other organizations with an interest in promoting education and research in the Arctic region.
The university participates in UArctic\'s mobility program north2north. The aim of that program is to enable students of member institutions to study in different parts of the North.
| 762 |
University of Eastern Finland
| 1 |
11,034,695 |
# University of Eastern Finland
## Statistics
The University of Eastern Finland has a total staff of about 3,200 and 16,000 students.
The Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture granted the University of Eastern Finland the right to confer degrees in the field of law as from 1 August 2013, expanding the university\'s fields of study to a total of 13, and making the university the most multidisciplinary university in Finland.
## Rankings
Since launching its operations in 2010, the University of Eastern Finland has appeared frequently, indeed annually, in several rankings listing the world\'s leading universities although losing position at almost every ranking in the last years. In the rankings of the world\'s top universities under 50 years of age published by QS World University Rankings and Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the University of Eastern Finland was ranked #71-80 by QS (2021), and 49th by THE (2019).
In 2012, the University of Eastern Finland was ranked among the leading 300-350 universities in the world by Times Higher Education. In 2023, the University of Eastern Finland was ranked in the 601-800 universities in the world, with all indicators reflecting a poorer performance. Similarly, in 2012 it was ranked the 302 in the QS World University Rankings, a position that has been down to the 551-560 universities in the world. This trend started in 2015, overlapping in time with the mandate of Jukka Mönkkönen as rector of the university. In that year the university scored the 267 in the QS World University Rankings, its highest score, and it has descended positions since then. Similarly, in the 2020 Academic Ranking of World Universities published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, the University of Eastern Finland was ranked among the leading 501--600 universities in the world, a position that has been reduced to the 601-700 in 2023
| 305 |
University of Eastern Finland
| 2 |
11,034,696 |
# The Last Judgment (1961 film)
***The Last Judgment*** (*\'\'\'Il giudizio universale\'\'\'*) is a 1961 commedia all\'italiana film by Italian director Vittorio De Sica. It was coproduced with France.
It has an all-star Italian and international cast, including Americans Jack Palance and Ernest Borgnine, Greek Melina Mercouri, and French Fernandel, Anouk Aimée and Lino Ventura.
The film was a huge flop, massacred by critics and audiences when it was released. It was filmed in black and white, but the last sequence, the dance at theatre, is in color.
## Plot
At the morning of a normal day of a Naples that begins to hear complex and not always positive effects of the economic boom, a stentorian voice (Nicola Rossi-Lemeni) which seems to come down from heaven announces that \"At 18 begins the Last Judgement!\". The announcement is repeated with increasing insistence, first treated with disdain and then more and more frightening. The plot is fragmented into a series of scenarios and stories intertwined: the preparation of the great ball of the Duke to whom all Naples is requested, the struggle to get dressed up in the poorest districts, bored rich you are courting, a husband who accidentally discovers his wife with her lover, a cynical imagine that ekes out a living selling children in America, a young man of good company made the subject of sneers from fierce populace, the unlikely defense of a lobbyist by a wordy lawyer (the by De Sica), and the impact of the increasingly mysterious voice shaking innovation of this human variety. Those who repent too late, he who gives himself to the mad joy, who flaunts a false indifference. Announced time, the city is impacted by a terrible flood (the mysterious voice that has already passed the stage of sanctions?) After which, with great solemnity, the Last Judgment begins and ends, however, as mysteriously as it is announced. The sun came out, people rushed to the ball of the Duke and soon everything is forgotten, the sound of an ironic \"Lullaby\", coined shortly before by a hypocritical and false slavery
| 346 |
The Last Judgment (1961 film)
| 0 |
11,034,750 |
# Pantua
**Pantua** (*পান্তুয়া*) is a local confection from the Indian subcontinent, notable in West Bengal, Eastern India and Bangladesh. It is a traditional Bengali sweet made of deep-fried balls of semolina, chhena, milk, ghee and sugar syrup. Pantuas range in colour from pale brown to nearly black depending on how long they are fried. Rose water, cardamom or other flavourings are sometimes added to the sweet.
Pantua is very similar to the cheese-based fried sweet ledikeni. The distinctive feature of ledikeni is its molten sugar syrup of lightly flavored cardamom powder. The name *ledikeni* is a rendition of \"Lady Canning\" and was first used by confectioner Bhim Chandra Nag, when he renamed his *pantuas* specially prepared on the occasion of the birthday of Countess Charlotte Canning, wife of Governor-General Charles Canning. A sweet very similar to the modern pantua and ledikeni, but made of rice flour, is mentioned in the 12th century Sanskrit-language text *Manasollasa*.
Pantua is similar to gulab jamun, and could be called a Bengali variant of that dish
| 172 |
Pantua
| 0 |
11,034,773 |
# Corey Hill
**Corey Cornelius Hill** (October 3, 1978 -- May 15, 2015) was an American mixed martial artist. In high school in Florida he won state wrestling championships on multiple occasions and was a two-time national finalist college wrestler.
## Mixed martial arts career {#mixed_martial_arts_career}
### *The Ultimate Fighter* {#the_ultimate_fighter}
Hill competed as a lightweight on *The Ultimate Fighter 5* television series. During tryouts and production of the show, he told the UFC that his record was 10--0, but it was actually 2--0, both wins from amateur bouts. His first professional fight (albeit technically an exhibition) was on the show. It was scheduled against Gabe Ruediger, but he was expelled from the show for failure to make weight. Instead, Hill\'s match was against Rob Emerson and he won by a very controversial unanimous decision after three rounds. After defeating Emerson by decision in the preliminaries of *TUF 5*, Hill went on to lose in the quarterfinals by a triangle choke in the first round to fellow Team Pulver teammate, and future TUF 5 champion, Nate Diaz. Although he lost, Hill\'s performance validated the comments made several weeks prior by guest coach Jeremy Horn on *Episode 3 of TUF 5*, who suggested Hill had the potential to be a dominating force in the UFC Lightweight division---even going so far as to offer to train Hill after his run on the show.
### Ultimate Fighting Championship {#ultimate_fighting_championship}
In his UFC debut at *UFC Fight Night 12*, Corey Hill defeated Joe Veres with a second-round TKO. Hill followed up with an appearance at *UFC 86* against former ICON Sport Lightweight champion Justin Buchholz, who submitted him via rear-naked choke in the second round.
During the *UFC: Fight for the Troops* event in December 2008, Hill broke his right leg while throwing a kick that was checked by Dale Hartt in what is widely considered one of the most gruesome injuries in mixed martial arts history. Recovery from the injury was expected to take 12--18 months. With regard to organizational support, Hill told Kevin Iole of Yahoo! Sports: \"The UFC was awesome throughout this whole thing and was so good to me, I feel indebted to them.\" His major sponsor, Fighter Warehouse, had paid a bonus and the XFC utilized an event which helped to raise money for the injured UFC fighter.
### MMA Comeback {#mma_comeback}
On January 23, 2010, Hill picked up a unanimous decision victory in his comeback fight against Jason Trzewieczynski just 13 months after his career-threatening leg injury.
On March 20, 2010, Hill lost to Canadian Mark Holst via kimura submission at XKL: Evolution 1. On July 17, 2010, Hill defeated WEC Veteran Kit Cope at Raging Wolf 8: Cage Supremacy via triangle choke submission and on September 9, 2010, Hill lost to former WEC lightweight champion Rob McCullough at Tachi Palace Fights 6 via unanimous decision.
On July 14, 2012, Hill defeated Darryl Madison at Complete Devastation 5 via anaconda choke submission.
### Xtreme Fighting Championships {#xtreme_fighting_championships}
In November 2011, Hill signed a long term multi-fight contract with XFC.
On December 2, 2011, Hill made his XFC debut getting a first round submission win over Ultimate Fighter alumni Charlie Rader at XFC 15: Tribute.
On December 7, 2012, Hill lost to UFC & Bellator veteran Ryan Thomas at XFC 21: Night of Champions 2 via armbar submission.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Hill attended Springstead High School in Spring Hill, Florida. He and his wife Lauran had three children, daughter Seytia and sons Keynan and Corey, Jr. Hill lived in Spring Hill, FL.
Hill also attended Colby Community College in Colby, Kansas, where he was a National champ on a National Championship wrestling team, alongside Daniel Cormier, under coach Steve Lampe.
| 622 |
Corey Hill
| 0 |
11,034,773 |
# Corey Hill
## Death
On May 14, 2015, it was reported that Hill had died after suffering from sudden pneumonia. According to friend Jennifer Swift, he had been diagnosed with pneumonia several weeks prior. It was reported that he underwent a lung transplant, but the lung collapsed. It was also reported that Hill was placed on life support until his family ultimately made the decision to remove him.
Despite a statement from the UFC which claimed that Hill had died, his wife, Lauran Hill, later denied that he had died. She stated: \"\[Hill\] is resting and still alive, and we\'re praying he makes a full recovery. My husband is fighting for his life. We want him in everyone\'s prayers.\" She would not comment on statements made earlier by Hill\'s close friends and other family members.
Hill died on May 15, 2015, at the age of 36, after suffering a collapsed lung and a heart attack.
## Mixed martial arts record {#mixed_martial_arts_record}
\|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center\| 6--9 \| Jose Caceres \| TKO (retirement) \| Fight Time 23: Mayhem In Miami \| `{{dts|2015|February|6}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 5:00 \| Miami, Florida, United States \| \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center\| 6--8 \| Marcus Andrusia \| TKO (punches) \| VFA: Round 4 \| `{{dts|2014|August|16}}`{=mediawiki} \| align=center\| 1 \| align=center\| 3:01 \| Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States \| \|- \| `{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \| align=center\| 6--7 \| Eric Calderon \| Decision (unanimous) \| USFFC 17: Hill vs
| 243 |
Corey Hill
| 1 |
11,034,808 |
# Arthur Firstenberg
**Arthur Robert Firstenberg** (May 28, 1950 -- February 25, 2025) was an American author and activist on the subject of electromagnetic radiation and health. He was the founder of the independent campaign group the Cellular Phone Task Force. He is the author of *Microwaving Our Planet: The Environmental Impact of the Wireless Revolution* (Cellular Phone Task Force 1997), *The Invisible Rainbow: A History of Electricity and Life* (Chelsea Green 2020) and *The Earth and I* (Skyhorse 2025).
## Education
Born May 28, 1950, in Brooklyn, New York, Firstenberg was a Westinghouse scholar who received a BA in mathematics from Cornell University in 1971 and continued into medical school from 1978 to 1982. Firstenberg did not complete medical school due to illness, which he attributed to electromagnetic hypersensitivity brought on by receiving over 40 diagnostic dental x-rays.
## Campaign against microwave technology {#campaign_against_microwave_technology}
Firstenberg has argued in numerous publications that wireless technology is dangerous.
In 1997, the Cellular Phone Taskforce was the lead petitioner in a challenge to the Federal Communications Commission\'s RF radiation exposure limits, which was joined by dozens of other parties including the Ad Hoc Association of Parties Concerned About the Federal Communications Commission Radio Frequency Health and Safety Rules (\"AHA\"). The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled for the FCC. An appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, which was supported by an amicus curiae brief written by Senators Patrick Leahy and Jim Jeffords, was denied.
In 2021, Firstenberg was one of the petitioners in another case brought before the U.S. Supreme Court (Santa Fe Alliance for Public Health and Safety et al. v. City of Santa Fe et al., Case No. 21-629. Section 704 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 prohibits states and local governments from regulating cell towers on the basis of the environmental effects of radio frequency radiation. The questions brought to the Supreme Court were (1) whether Section 704 violates the First Amendment right of access to courts, and (2) whether \"environmental effects\" means \"health effects\" in Section 704. On March 4, 2022, the Supreme Court denied certiorari, again refusing to hear the issue.
Firstenberg also was a member of an organization in Santa Fe, New Mexico, called \"Once a Forest\", which promotes fire suppression on public lands. The group opposes forest management policies such as thinning and prescribed fire. Their views are controversial.`{{clarify|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
## Death
Firstenberg died in Santa Fe, New Mexico on February 25, 2025, at the age of 74
| 414 |
Arthur Firstenberg
| 0 |
11,034,831 |
# Est: The Steersman Handbook
***est: The Steersman Handbook, Charts of the Coming Decade of Conflict*** is a work of science fiction cast as a nonfictional study. Its author, credited as L. Clark Stevens, usually went by the name Leslie Stevens. Stevens has a long list of credits in the entertainment industry, having worked on, among other productions, *The Outer Limits*. The book was published in paperback in 1970, and reprinted in 1971.
## Synopsis
The \"est\" in the book\'s title refers to what Stevens described as \"Electronic Social Transformation\". The book described a future society and the rise of what Stevens described as the \"est people\". The \"est people\" were a new generation of postliterate humans who were to bring about a \"transformation\" of society. The \"est people\" were to be technically minded, eclectic, and computer literate. They would possess qualities necessary for social transformation, integral to Earth\'s survival. Individuals named as examples of \"est people\" in the book included R. Buckminster Fuller, Jiddu Krishnamurti, Ralph Nader, Marshall McLuhan, Malcolm X, Albert Einstein, Lewis Mumford, and Eric Hoffer.
## Reception
Dean Gengle wrote in his book, *The Netweaver\'s Sourcebook*, that the book: \"..did more to liberate media-created hippies than just about any other work of its time.\" The book has also been referenced in later sociological evaluations of potential paths for society, including Michael Marien\'s *Societal Directions and Alternatives*, and Gurth Higgin\'s *Symptoms of Tomorrow*. The book\'s publisher, Capricorn Press or \"Capra Press\", would come to be better known, having published the work.
Though the book was speculative in nature, its author, Stevens was subsequently consulted on issues relating to the future of the planet\'s economic, ecological and energy systems. The book was later referenced by Mark Hinshaw in a piece describing two potential futures, who cited Steven\'s term \"Electronic Social Transformation\".
## Erhard Seminars Training {#erhard_seminars_training}
Secondary sources have stated that the title of this work inspired Werner Erhard to name his company Erhard Seminars Training, or *est* for short, and to refer to it as such in lower-case. Peter Occhiogrosso writes in *The Joy of Sects* that Erhard borrowed the initials, \"lowercase and all\", from the book. In his book *Larson\'s Book of World Religions and Alternative Spirituality*, Bob Larson refers to Erhard\'s friend Bill Thaw in citing the same information. According to Steven Pressman\'s book, *Outrageous Betrayal*, Werner Erhard made other staff members on his Mind Dynamics sales team read the book
| 406 |
Est: The Steersman Handbook
| 0 |
11,034,834 |
# Remington & Co
**Remington & Co** was a UK-based publishing company founded in the 19th century and characterised by a number of books published about life in Australia.
At one point the company was known as *Eden, Remington & Co*. It was headquartered at a number of London addresses including, 134, New Bond St., London & Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London
| 62 |
Remington & Co
| 0 |
11,034,846 |
# William Mignon
**William Henry Mignon** (1874 in Lewisham, London -- 30 November 1965 in the West Indies) was a West Indian cricketer who toured with the first West Indian touring side to England in 1900. He was the son of Edward Adolphus Seymour Mignon and Margaret Bridget (née Campbell).
Born in England he emigrated to Grenada in the West Indies in the 1890s. Being in Grenada his opportunities to play in big cricket matches were limited.
He was described before the 1900 tour as \"The best amateur bowler in the West Indies. He gets on a lot of work both ways, and uses his head a good deal. He generally bowls a medium pace, but he has a very fast ball up his sleeve. As a batsman, often makes runs, and fields well, especially at slip. As hard as nails, and can bowl all day\". On the tour he took 30 wickets at an average of just under 30. Besides the two professional bowlers he was the most heavily used but his bowling was regarded as \"very disappointing\" perhaps because \"at the start of the trip he was by no means fit\". His batting also proved a disappointment. He took 5--162 against Gloucestershire and eventually took the wicket of Gilbert Jessop after his rapid innings. His best bowling was the 10 wickets he took against Lancashire.
His only first-class appearances were for AB St Hill\'s combined team which toured Trinidad in 1898-99 and 1900-01.
He had played for Grenada against Lord Hawke\'s team in 1896-97 where he impressed taking 6-44 for St. George\'s C.C. against the tourists. He also played for the combined Grenada/St. Vincent team in Grenada against Bennett\'s side in 1901-02. In the first match against Bennett\'s team he took 5--70 in the only innings of the English side bowling alongside Richard Ollivierre. In the second match he added 53 for the last wicket with O.C. Arthur, after the combined side had been reduced to 67--9, although they still lost heavily
| 334 |
William Mignon
| 0 |
11,034,871 |
# Southdown PSV
**Southdown PSV Limited**, which traded as **Southdown Buses**, was a medium-sized country bus operator, with 18 routes across East Surrey, West Sussex, South London and Kent, 9 of which were school bus routes. Most of their routes were operated on behalf of Surrey County Council, other work included railway replacement services for planned engineering work.
Southdown Buses operated mainly in Oxted, Horley, Redhill, Westerham, Lingfield, Caterham, and East Grinstead. Their only operating garage was in Copthorne.
On 1 February 2023, Southdown Buses was purchased by the Go-Ahead Group, with the company being brought under the control of Brighton & Hove and the Southdown Buses identity initially being retained. Southdown Buses ceased operations on 2 September 2023, with services, staff and vehicles transferred to Metrobus.
## Fleet
As of June 2023, Southdown Buses operated a fleet of 24 buses. The fleet consisted of a mixture of Plaxton President bodied Volvo B7TL, Alexander Dennis Enviro200, Alexander Dennis Enviro200 MMC, Alexander Dennis Enviro400 bodied Scania N230UD Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC bodied Scania N250UD buses.
In 2018, Southdown Buses took delivery of two Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC buses based on the Scania N250UD chassis, having trialled a demonstrator the previous year. In 2021, Southdown took delivery of two Alexander Dennis Enviro200 MMC buses.
## Dealership
In addition to being a bus operator, Southdown Buses also used to be a new and used bus dealer. In September 2016, the business was split with Southdown Buses\' managing director, Steve Swain taking over the dealership and renaming it Chartwell Bus & Coach Sales
| 259 |
Southdown PSV
| 0 |
11,034,887 |
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Argyll and the Isles
The **Diocese of Argyll and the Isles** (*Diocesis Ergadiensis et Insularum*) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Scotland, in the Province of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh.
## Overview
The diocese covers an area of 31,080 km² and has a Catholic population of 10,546 (14.1%) out of a total population of 74,546 (2006 figures). The see is in the town of Oban where the seat is located at St Columba\'s Cathedral.
## History
The diocese was erected on 5 March 1878 following the restoration of the Scottish Catholic hierarchy. On 28 December 2015 Pope Francis appointed Father Brian McGee to succeed the Right Reverend Joseph Toal as eleventh Bishop of Argyll and the Isles.
### Timeline
After its establishment in 1878, the seat of the diocese was in various buildings each overlapping the same site:
- 5 March 1878: The Scottish Catholic hierarchy is restored and the Diocese of Argyll and the Isles is erected. There was no cathedral, and the bishop resided in, what became, the Cathedral House. It was bought from the Society of Jesus who previously used it as a summer retreat house.
- Early 1880s: A wooden building served as the pro-cathedral for the diocese. It was located on the site of the Cathedral Hall.
- 1886: A church made of corrugated iron became the pro-cathedral. It was known as the \'Tin Cathedral\' and was given to the diocese by the Marquess of Bute.
- 1919: Bishop Donald Martin decided to build a permanent cathedral.
- 14 September 1932: The foundation stone of St Columba\'s Cathedral was laid.
- 29 October 1933: The \'Tin Cathedral\' was demolished to allow space for the cathedral to be finished. Worship continued in the Cathedral Hall.
- 25 December 1934: The cathedral was opened.
## Deaneries and parishes {#deaneries_and_parishes}
The diocese is organised into three deaneries each with several parishes: `{{div col|colwidth=22em}}`{=mediawiki}
- St Andrew\'s Deanery
Dean: Fr Michael Hutson
- - Parishes
- St Columba\'s Cathedral, Oban
- The Visitation, Taynuilt
- St Andrew, Rothesay
- St Margaret, Lochgilphead
- St Mun, Dunoon
- St Kieran, Campbeltown
- Holy Cross, Brodick
- St Margaret\'s Deanery
Dean: Fr Roddy McAuley
- - Parishes:
- St Mary, Arisaig
- St Margaret, Roybridge
- Our Lady of the Assumption, Portree
- Our Lady of the Angels, Mingarry
- St Mun, Ballachulish
- St Mary, Fort William
- St John\'s, Caol
- Our Lady of the Rosary and St Columba, Kingussie
- St Mary & St Finnan, Glenfinnan
- Our Lady of Perpetual Succour & St Cumin, Morar
- St Michael\'s Deanery
Dean: Fr Michael MacDonald
- - Parishes:
- Our Holy Redeemer, Stornoway
- St Barr, Northbay
- St Michael, Eriskay
- St Peter, Daliburgh
- Our Lady, Star of the Sea, Castlebay
- St Mary, Bornish
- St Mary, Benbecula
- St Michael, Ardkenneth
## Education
There are Catholic primary schools in Rothesay, Oban, Dunoon and Fort William.
## Bishops
### Past and present ordinaries {#past_and_present_ordinaries}
The following is a list of the Bishops of Argyll and the Isles:
- Angus MacDonald (appointed 22 March 1878 -- translated to the Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh on 15 July 1892)
- George John Smith (appointed 31 December 1892 -- died 18 January 1918)
- Donald Martin (appointed 2 April 1919 -- died 6 December 1938)
- Donald Alphonsus Campbell (appointed 5 October 1939 -- translated to the Archdiocese of Glasgow on 6 January 1945)
- Kenneth Grant (appointed 15 December 1945 -- died 7 September 1959)
- Stephen McGill, P.S.S
| 604 |
Roman Catholic Diocese of Argyll and the Isles
| 0 |
11,034,945 |
# What a Friend We Have in Jesus
\"**What a Friend We Have in Jesus**\" is a Christian hymn originally written by preacher Joseph M. Scriven as a poem in 1855 to comfort his mother, who was living in Ireland while he was in Canada. Scriven originally published the poem anonymously, and only received full credit for it in the 1880s. The tune to the hymn was composed by Charles Crozat Converse in 1868.
The hymn also has many versions with different lyrics in multiple languages. The *Handbook to the Lutheran Hymnal* notes, \"In spite of the fact that this hymn, with its tune, has been criticized as being too much on the order of the sentimental gospel type, its popularity remains strong, and the hymn retains a place in modern hymnals.\" In some settings, the lyrics have been matched to other tunes such as the Welsh \"Calon Lân\" (originally wedded to the Welsh poem translated as \"A Pure Heart\"). `{{Listen
| type = music
| filename = whatafriend.ogg
| title = "What a Friend We Have In Jesus"
| description = Performed by the [[Onward Brass Band]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Renditions
- Washington Phillips, as \"Jesus Is My Friend\" (1928, Columbia Records)
- Bing Crosby (1951, *Beloved Hymns*)
- Tennessee Ernie Ford (1958, *Nearer the Cross, Capitol Records*)
- Rosemary Clooney (1959, *Hymns from the Heart*, MGM Records)
- The Stanley Brothers (1960)
- Reno & Smiley and the Tennessee Cut-Ups (1963)
- Ella Fitzgerald with the Ralph Carmichael Choir (1967, *Brighten the Corner*)
- Thurl Ravenscroft (1970, *Great Hymns In Story and Song*)
- Aretha Franklin (1972, *Amazing Grace*)
- Alan Price (1973, *O Lucky Man!* as \"Changes\")
- Mahalia Jackson Gospels, Spirituals, and Hymns.
- Ike & Tina Turner (1974, *The Gospel According to Ike & Tina*)
- Lester Flatt & and the Nashville Grass (1975), the LP *Flatt Gospel*. Also performed by Flatt & Scruggs while Flatt and Earl Scruggs played together.
- Bill Monroe (Bear Family (German) BCD-16639 My Last Days On Earth 1981-1994
- Wade and Julia Mainer with unknown musicians (1989)
- Glen Campbell (1989, *Favorite Hymns*)
- *Driving Miss Daisy* (1989) sung at Little Friendship Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia
- The John Tesh Project (2000, *Pure Hymns*)
- Amy Grant recorded it as part of the medley \"What a Friend We Have in Jesus/Old Rugged Cross/How Great Thou Art\" on her 2002 studio album *Legacy\... Hymns and Faith*, and later included on her 2015 compilation album *Be Still and Know\... Hymns & Faith*.
- Alan Jackson (2006, *Precious Memories*)
- Brad Paisley (2008, *Play*)
- Ronnie Milsap (2009, *Then Sings My Soul*)
- Hugh Laurie (2013, *Didn\'t It Rain* as \"Changes\" by Alan Price)
- Monty Alexander (2013, *Uplift 2*)
- Perkins Twins (2018)
- William Bolcom composed a setting of the hymn in 1979.
### In Africa {#in_africa}
In East Africa, the hymn\'s title is translated as \"Yesu Kwetu ni Rafiki\" in Swahili.
In Kimeru, a local dialect in Kenya, the song was translated to Jesu ni Mucore wetu and is hymn no 59 in the iuku ria ndwimbo. In Kikuyu, the hymn was translated to: Ti itheru twi Murata.
In Kalenjin hymns commonly known as Tienwogik Che Kilosune Jehovah, the song is number 34, Choruenyu Kiptaiyat Jesu.
In Basaa, a local language in Cameroon, the hymn is translated as \"Wanda Djem Djol Die Le Yesu\".
In the Dholuo hymns of Kenya, it is translated as \"Yesu Kristo en Osiepwa.\"
| 579 |
What a Friend We Have in Jesus
| 0 |
11,034,945 |
# What a Friend We Have in Jesus
## Renditions
### In Asia {#in_asia}
In Japan, the hymn\'s title was originally translated as `{{Nihongo|"Itsukushimi Fukaki"|いつくしみ深き||lit. "Merciful"}}`{=mediawiki}, by which it is best known. In 1910, Daisui Sugitani rewrote the lyrics in Japanese and changed the title to `{{Nihongo|"Hoshi no Yo"|星の界||lit. "World of Stars"}}`{=mediawiki}. Another version was written by Ryūkō Kawaji with the title `{{Nihongo|"Hoshi no Sekai"|星の世界||lit. "World of Stars"}}`{=mediawiki}. It is also known by the title `{{Nihongo|"Tsumitoga o Ninou"|つみとがをにのう||lit. "To Bear Sin"}}`{=mediawiki}. The hymn is popular at wedding ceremonies in Japan. Both hymn instrumentals of \"Hoshi no Sekai\" and \"Itsukushimi Fukaki\" are used as background music for Key\'s 2004 visual novel *Planetarian: The Reverie of a Little Planet*, arranged by Magome Togoshi. The hymn was also used as a recurring motif in the 2006 film *Memories of Matsuko*. The melody also appears as an instrumental during certain episodes of the 2021 anime series *Taisho Otome Fairy Tale*.
In Indonesia, the hymn is known as \"Yesus Kawan yang Sejati\" and is sung in Indonesian or Batak (the indigenous language of North Sumatra) in Manado, Maluccan, and Protestant churches (around 6% of the population). Statistically, most Indonesians are Muslim (around 76%), but native religion elements have up to 90% of the total population and consequently the hymn is widely known only among musicians, scholars, and Indonesia\'s Christian community. Prior to when Suharto seized power in 1967, though, the same music was adopted for a popular patriotic song titled \"Ibu Pertiwi\".
In Hindi, the hymn is a very important song and is sung as \"Yeshu kaisa dost pyara\". In Marathi, the hymn has been translated as \"Kon Mitra Yeshuwani\" By Mary Bessel. The song is common during solemn services (Passion week and burial). In Malayalam, the hymn as \"Enthu Nallore sakhi Yesu\" is sung to comfort and as an invitation to Christ. This hymn had been translated into Telugu and is sung during occasions as a song of comfort and solace. It is translated as \"Preethi gala mana Yesu\" and is listed in the *Andhra Kraisthava Keerthanalu* (Andhra Christian hymnals) as hymn No. 407.
In India, the hymn sung in Konkani, \"Dulob Jezu\", was translated by Felix Paul Noronha of Mangalore.
In South Korea, the hymn is translated as the title of \"The Savior who took our burden of sins\". The hymn was first introduced to South Korea by Oriental Mission Society, which is the previous organization of Korea Evangelical Holiness Church in 1919. This hymn has been sung by the church of evangelical denomination in common for a century. The remake version has been also made through contemporary Christian music.
## Parodies and homages {#parodies_and_homages}
Parody versions have included the First World War soldiers\' song \"When this lousy war is over\", the IWW song \"Dump the Bosses off your Back\", and the Pete Seeger anti-war song \"What a Friend We Have in Congress\".
This tune is used as a tune for an Indonesian patriotic song called \"Ibu Pertiwi\" which was composed in 1908 by Kamsidi Samsuddin. It was also used as the theme song of 2019 film adaptation of *This Earth of Mankind*, performed by Iwan Fals, Once and Fiersa Besari.
Alan Price used the melody as the basis of his song \"Changes,\" from the 1973 film *O Lucky Man!* and its soundtrack album, which was reused in a Volkswagen commercial of the same name with Paula Hamilton in the 1980s. In 1989, the song reached number 54 on the UK charts and number 29 on the German charts. In 2013, Hugh Laurie covered the song on his album *Didn\'t It Rain*
| 599 |
What a Friend We Have in Jesus
| 1 |
11,034,957 |
# Eugen Kipp
**Eugen Kipp** (26 February 1885 -- 4 November 1931) was a German footballer who played as a forward. Eugen was a member of the German Olympic squad and played one match in the main tournament.
## Biography
On 5 April 1908, Kipp was one of the eleven footballers who played in the debut game of the Germany national team, in an friendly against Switzerland that ended in a 3-5 loss. Since then, he become his country\'s all-time top scorer in international football with 10 goals in 18 caps (two of which as captain) between 1908 and 1913, until eventually being overtaken by several of his contemporaries. He scored his first and last international goal in the two games in which he was captain and both ended in losses to Austria and Switzerland. He only scored more than once in a single international game once, in a 3-2 win over Switzerland on 3 April 1910. He also represented Germany at the 1912 Summer Olympics, playing just one game.
At club level, he spent his best years with Sportfreunde Stuttgart between 1905 and 1912, playing a pivotal role in helping the club win the 1910 Kronprinzenpokal in 1910. The highlight of his club career was representing Sportfreunde in the 1909 Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, regarded by many as the first European club trophy. He scored his team\'s only goal at the tournament in a 1-2 loss to a Torino XI (a team formed from players of Juventus and Torino).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kipp served in World War I, and was severely injured in Ypres, Belgium. He lost his right leg right above his knee, and received bayonet slashes to his jaw and shoulder. He never fully recovered from the injuries, and died on 4 November 1931 at the age of 46.
While he was still alive, he was the only football player besides Adolf Jäger to be honored with the eagle plaque, the highest award in German sport at the time, by the Reich Committee for Physical Education.
## International goals {#international_goals}
: *Switzerland score listed first, score column indicates score after each Kipp goal.*
No. Cap Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
----- ----- --------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- -------- -------------
1 2 7 June 1908 Cricketer-Platz, Vienna, Austria **1**--0 2--3 Friendly
2 3 4 April 1909 KFV Telegrafenkaserne ground, Karlsruhe, Germany **1**--0 1--0
3 4 3 April 1910 Landhof, Basel, Switzerland **2**--1 3--2
4 **3**--2
5 5 24 April 1910 Klarenbeek Stadium, Arnhem, Netherlands **1**--0 2--4
6 6 26 March 1911 Gazi-Stadion auf der Waldau, Stuttgart, Germany **3**--1 6--2
7 8 18 June 1911 Råsunda IP, Solna, Sweden **3**--2 4--2
8 10 14 April 1912 Millenáris Sporttelep, Budapest, Hungary **2**--1 4--4
9 11 5 May 1912 Espenmoos, St
| 461 |
Eugen Kipp
| 0 |
11,034,971 |
# Brian Smedley
**Sir Frank Brian Smedley** (28 November 1934 -- 6 April 2007) was a High Court judge in the Queen\'s Bench Division from 1995 to 2000. As a circuit judge, he took charge of the prosecution of the Matrix Churchill trial in 1992.
## Early life {#early_life}
Smedley was born in Leicester, England. He was educated at West Bridgford Grammar School in Nottingham, and studied law at University College London. After graduating, he taught briefly at Wilsthorpe Community School in Long Eaton.
## Legal career {#legal_career}
He was called to the Bar at Gray\'s Inn in 1960. He was a pupil of Denis Cowley at his chambers in Nottingham, and went on to practise a mix of criminal and civil law on the Midland Circuit. He later moved to 2 Crown Office Row in London. He acted for the prosecution in the trial of a Birmingham ammunition factory in 1974, following an explosion which killed six people. The factory was fined £10 - the maximum stipulated by the Explosives Act 1875. He was junior counsel for the Crown in the prosecution of Donald Neilson, the \"Black Panther\", in 1976 for a series of murders. Smedley became a Recorder in 1972, and he was appointed a Queen\'s Counsel in 1977.
He spent three years in Bermuda, from 1984 to 1987, as a partner in a firm of solicitors, after accompanying his ill mother to sunnier climes for her health. He returned to the UK after her death, and became a Circuit Judge at the Old Bailey in July 1987. He presided at the trial of a Canadian artist Rick Gibson and art gallery director Peter Sylveire in 1989, who were found guilty of outraging public decency and fined for making and exhibiting earrings made from human foetuses.
### Matrix Churchill trial {#matrix_churchill_trial}
In 1992, he was the trial judge in charge of the prosecution of three directors of Matrix Churchill for exporting weapons-making machine tools to Iraq. He decided that Public Interest Immunity did not apply to documents which showed that the John Major\'s government had known about the export, despite claims by the government that releasing the documents could result in \"unquantifiable damage\". In the trial, the former trade minister Alan Clark confessed to being \"\"economical with the *actualité*\" under close cross examination by the defence counsel, Geoffrey Robertson, Gilbert Gray and James Hunt. The case collapsed, and the defendants were acquitted. The Scott Inquiry was convened later that year.
### Other trials {#other_trials}
Smedley was also a Deputy Senior Judge of the Sovereign Base Areas of Cyprus from 1989, and then a Senior Judge from 1991 to 1995, when he became a High Court judge. He received the customary knighthood, and was assigned to the Queen\'s Bench Division. In 1995, he presided at the trial of an IRA sympathiser for possessing 3.5 pounds of Semtex, and in 1997 at the trial of three members of an IRA bombing unit. He presided at the trial Horrett Campbell in 1996, for a machete attack on teachers and pupils at a primary school in Wolverhampton earlier that year, praising the bravery of nursery nurse Lisa Potts, who sustained horrific injuries in defending the children and was later awarded the George Medal. He also presided at the trial of Kevan Roberts in 1999 for the murder of 12-year-old Thomas Marshall, whose body was found in woods near Thetford in 1997.[1](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/553957.stm)
## Retirement and death {#retirement_and_death}
He retired in 2000, after suffering a stroke, although he continued to sit occasionally on the Court of Appeal. He was a member of the Proscribed Organisations Appeal Commission from 2001. He died in Rochester, Kent. He was survived by his partner for 38 years, Peter Wright
| 621 |
Brian Smedley
| 0 |
11,034,975 |
# 2008 United States Senate election in Illinois
The **2008 United States Senate election in Illinois** was held on November 4, 2008. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Dick Durbin sought a third term in office and faced minimal opposition from Republican Steve Sauerberg. As expected, Durbin overwhelmingly won re-election. On the same night, fellow Democratic Senator Barack Obama was elected President of the United States, defeating Republican Senator John McCain of Arizona.
As of 2025, this is the last Senate election in Illinois in which a candidate received above 60% of the vote.
## Background
The primaries and general elections coincided with those for other federal elections (United States President and House), as well as those for state offices.
For the primary elections, turnout was 32.37%, with 2,364,409 votes cast. For the general election, turnout was 68.42%, with 5,329,884 votes cast.
## Democratic primary {#democratic_primary}
### Candidates
- Dick Durbin, incumbent U.S. Senator
### Results
## Republican primary {#republican_primary}
### Candidates {#candidates_1}
- Steve Sauerberg, physician
- Andy Martin, perennial candidate
- Mike Psak, trucker and perennial candidate
### Results {#results_1}
## General election {#general_election}
### Predictions
Source Ranking As of
----------------------------- --------- ------------------
The Cook Political Report October 23, 2008
CQ Politics October 31, 2008
Rothenberg Political Report November 2, 2008
Real Clear Politics November 4, 2008
### Results {#results_2}
Durbin\'s 3,615,844 votes is the highest vote total in a statewide election in Illinois. No one has broken his record since, however then Vice President Joe Biden received the most votes in the presidential election in Illinois in 2020. Durbin comfortably won re-election with the best margin of his career, winning all but four of the state\'s 102 counties. `{{Election box begin
| title = 2008 United States Senate election in Illinois<ref name="turnout"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/2008election.pdf | title=Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 4, 2008 | publisher=Clerk.house.gov | access-date=April 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| candidate = [[Dick Durbin]] (incumbent)
| votes = 3,615,844
| percentage = 67.84%
| change = +7.51%
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party (United States)
| candidate = Steve Sauerberg
| votes = 1,520,621
| percentage = 28.53%
| change = -9.49%
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Green Party (United States)
| candidate = Kathy Cummings
| votes = 119,135
| percentage = 2.24%
| change = 0.00%
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Libertarian Party (United States)
| candidate = Larry A. Stafford
| votes = 50,224
| percentage = 0.94%
| change = -0.70%
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Constitution Party (United States)
| candidate = Chad N. Koppie
| votes = 24,059
| percentage = 0.45%
| change = 0.00%
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box total
| votes = 5,329,884
| percentage = 100
| 485 |
2008 United States Senate election in Illinois
| 0 |
11,034,983 |
# Ginger Pooley
**Ginger A. Pooley** (`{{née}}`{=mediawiki} **Reyes**, born April 22, 1977) is an American musician. She was the bassist and backing vocalist for the alternative rock band The Smashing Pumpkins from 2007 to 2010. She has played bass for Gwen Stefani, Lea Michele and Garbage, and was part of the female punk band the Halo Friendlies. Reyes has released solo music under the name **Ginger Sling**.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Reyes was born in Chicago, Illinois, of Peruvian ancestry. She has had a long musical career, playing in bands and writing songs since her freshman year in high school. Her first band was the Israelites, a Christian ska band from La Crescenta, California. She later replaced Cheryl Hecht as the bassist for the all girl pop-punk band the Halo Friendlies. She attended UCLA from 1998 to 2000 and has a degree in history.
## Career
Ginger played bass for the band Lo-Ball during the 2001 Warped Tour. The 2004 music video for her song \"Faith\" was directed by Djay Brawner. In 2004 she released her \"Room EP\" on Pineapple Heart Records, and in 2005, another EP entitled \"Laguna Beach Demos\" on the same label. On April 6, 2007, rock rumor website *Buddyhead* reported that Ginger Reyes was the new bassist for The Smashing Pumpkins, replacing former bassists D\'arcy Wretzky and Melissa Auf der Maur, in the new line-up.
Reyes has taken part in three Smashing Pumpkins music videos: \"Tarantula\", \"That\'s the Way (My Love Is)\" and \"G.L.O.W.\"
In March 2010, Pooley left The Smashing Pumpkins to focus on her family, stating:
Pooley made a guest appearance during the Smashing Pumpkins\' Record Store Day performance on April 17, 2010, in Hollywood, CA. She played bass during the rendition of \"Bullet with Butterfly Wings\". She also played bass for Glee Live in 2010 and 2011 and is working on a solo EP.
In April 2024, Pooley was announced as new touring bassist for Garbage.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
During The Smashing Pumpkins\' concert on February 16, 2008, at the O2 Arena in London, Billy Corgan announced that Reyes had recently become engaged. She married Kristopher Pooley June 22, 2008, in Los Angeles. Pooley is a professional musician who toured as Gwen Stefani\'s keyboardist and joined the Smashing Pumpkins on their 2008 20th Anniversary tour.
On April 6, 2009, it was announced on The Smashing Pumpkins\' official website that Pooley and her husband Kris were expecting their first child later that year. It was announced via Twitter that on October 17, 2009, she gave birth to a baby girl, Talula Victoria Pooley
| 432 |
Ginger Pooley
| 0 |
11,034,987 |
# Georg Krogmann
**Georg Krogmann** (4 September 1886 in Kiel -- 9 January 1915) was a German amateur footballer who played as a midfielder and competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the German Olympic squad and played one match in the main tournament as well as one match in the consolation tournament. All in all he scored 3 Caps.
He died during World War I
| 70 |
Georg Krogmann
| 0 |
11,034,989 |
# Trigonometric moment problem
In mathematics, the **trigonometric moment problem** is formulated as follows: given a sequence $\{c_k\}_{k \in \mathbb{N}_{0}}$, does there exist a distribution function $\mu$ on the interval $[0,2\pi]$ such that: $c_k = \frac{1}{2 \pi}\int_0 ^{2 \pi} e^{-ik\theta}\,d \mu(\theta),$ with $c_{-k} = \overline{c}_k$ for $k \geq 1$. In case the sequence is finite, i.e., $\{c_k\}_{k = 0}^{n < \infty}$, it is referred to as the **truncated trigonometric moment problem**.
An affirmative answer to the problem means that $\{c_k\}_{k \in \mathbb{N}_{0}}$ are the Fourier-Stieltjes coefficients for some (consequently positive) Radon measure $\mu$ on $[0,2\pi]$.
## Characterization
The trigonometric moment problem is solvable, that is, $\{c_k\}_{k=0}^{n}$ is a sequence of Fourier coefficients, if and only if the `{{math |(''n'' + 1) × (''n'' + 1)}}`{=mediawiki} Hermitian Toeplitz matrix $T =
\left(\begin{matrix}
c_0 & c_1 & \cdots & c_n \\
c_{-1} & c_0 & \cdots & c_{n-1} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
c_{-n} & c_{-n+1} & \cdots & c_0 \\
\end{matrix}\right)$ with $c_{-k}=\overline{c_{k}}$ for $k \geq 1$, is positive semi-definite.
The \"only if\" part of the claims can be verified by a direct calculation. We sketch an argument for the converse. The positive semidefinite matrix $T$ defines a sesquilinear product on $\mathbb{C}^{n+1}$, resulting in a Hilbert space $(\mathcal{H}, \langle \;,\; \rangle)$ of dimensional at most `{{math|''n'' + 1}}`{=mediawiki}. The Toeplitz structure of $T$ means that a \"truncated\" shift is a partial isometry on $\mathcal{H}$. More specifically, let $\{e_0,\dotsc,e_n\}$ be the standard basis of $\mathbb{C}^{n+1}$. Let $\mathcal{E}$ and $\mathcal{F}$ be subspaces generated by the equivalence classes $\{[e_0],\dotsc,[e_{n-1}]\}$ respectively $\{[e_1],\dotsc,[e_{n}]\}$. Define an operator $V: \mathcal{E} \rightarrow \mathcal{F}$ by $V[e_k] = [e_{k+1}] \quad \mbox{for} \quad k = 0 \ldots n-1.$ Since $\langle V[e_j], V[e_k] \rangle = \langle [e_{j+1}], [e_{k+1}] \rangle = T_{j+1, k+1} = T_{j, k} = \langle [e_{j}], [e_{k}] \rangle,$ $V$ can be extended to a partial isometry acting on all of $\mathcal{H}$. Take a minimal unitary extension $U$ of $V$, on a possibly larger space (this always exists). According to the spectral theorem, there exists a Borel measure $m$ on the unit circle $\mathbb{T}$ such that for all integer `{{math|''k''}}`{=mediawiki} $\langle (U^*)^k [ e_ {n+1} ], [ e_ {n+1} ] \rangle = \int_{\mathbb{T}} z^{k} dm .$ For $k = 0,\dotsc,n$, the left hand side is $\langle (U^*)^k [ e_ {n+1} ], [ e_ {n+1} ] \rangle
= \langle (V^*)^k [ e_ {n+1} ], [ e_{n+1} ] \rangle
= \langle [e_{n+1-k}], [ e_{n+1} ] \rangle
= T_{n+1, n+1-k}
= c_{-k}=\overline{c_k}.$ As such, there is a $j$-atomic measure $m$ on $\mathbb{T}$, with $j \leq 2n + 1 < \infty$ (i.e. the set is finite), such that $c_k = \int_{\mathbb{T}} z^{-k} dm
= \int_{\mathbb{T}} \bar{z}^k dm,$ which is equivalent to $c_k = \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_0 ^{2 \pi} e^{-ik\theta} d\mu(\theta).$
for some suitable measure $\mu$.
### Parametrization of solutions {#parametrization_of_solutions}
The above discussion shows that the trigonometric moment problem has infinitely many solutions if the Toeplitz matrix $T$ is invertible. In that case, the solutions to the problem are in bijective correspondence with minimal unitary extensions of the partial isometry $V$
| 509 |
Trigonometric moment problem
| 0 |
11,035,002 |
# Arakel of Tabriz
**Arakel of Tabriz** or **Arakel Davrizhetsi** (*Առաքել Դաւրիժեցի*; 1590s--1670) was an Armenian historian and clergyman from Tabriz. His *History* is an important and reliable source for the histories of the Safavid and Ottoman empires, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia for the period 1602--1662.
## Background
Arakel was born in Tabriz (called *Davrezh* in the Armenian of the time) in the 1590s. He received his theological training at the seminary at Etchmiadzin, the seat of the Armenian Apostolic Church, where he was ordained a *vardapet* (celibate priest/archimandrite). In 1636, he was appointed abbot of the monastery of Hovhannavank Monastery, a position he held for one year before returning to Etchmiadzin․ He was later sent on various mission to Isfahan, Amasya, Sivas, Urfa, Aleppo, Jerusalem, and Athens as a nuncio of Catholicos Pilippos.
In 1662, he completed his *History*, also known as the *Book of Histories* (*Girk' Patmut'eants'*), a unique work on the history of Armenia and adjacent countries and peoples in the seventeenth century. He witnessed many events and described them in the book. Notably, his work contains an account of the mass deportation of Armenians under the Safavid shah Abbas. Arakel Davrizhetsi was the first Armenian historian whose work was printed. In 1669, Arakel\'s *Book of Histories* was published in Amsterdam. Arakel died in 1670 at Etchmiadzin and was buried, as he desired, in the cemetery of the brotherhood at the monastery of Etchmiadzin
| 237 |
Arakel of Tabriz
| 0 |
11,035,018 |
# Emil Oberle
**Emil Oberle** (16 November 1889 in Karlsruhe -- 25 December 1955 in Karlsruhe) was a German amateur footballer who played as a forward and competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a member of the German Olympic squad and played two matches in the consolation tournament
| 50 |
Emil Oberle
| 0 |
11,035,039 |
# Corelli Collard Field
**Corelli Collard Field** (October 5, 1830 -- February 2, 1898) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Northumberland West in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1886 to 1898 as a Liberal member.
He was born in Tavistock, Devonshire, England in 1830, the son of John Field, and was brought to Cobourg, Upper Canada by his parents in 1834. He operated a general store in Cobourg in partnership with his brother John Collard. Field served on the public school board, served ten years on the town council and was mayor of Cobourg. He was also a commissioner of the Cobourg Town Trust.
His sister Myra Jane married William Kerr, who represented Northumberland West in the federal parliament. He died in 1898.
The geographic township of Field and the community of Field in Nipissing District were named in his honour
| 145 |
Corelli Collard Field
| 0 |
11,035,075 |
# Florida State University Law Review
The ***Florida State University Law Review*** is the flagship law review at the Florida State University College of Law. It publishes four issues per year and is generally recognized among the top 100 student-edited law reviews in the United States.
## Overview
The *Florida State University Law Review* publishes four issues per year, with each issue containing a collection of articles, essays, and student-written notes. The pieces are authored by academics, judges, clerks, attorneys, and current students of the College of Law. The journal has published articles by Supreme Court justices John Paul Stevens (Volume 13) and William Rehnquist (Volume 14). Additionally, the journal has published articles by prominent academics, including Marvin Chirelstein, Melvin A. Eisenberg, Donald J. Weidner, Richard Posner, Eric Posner, and Mark Seidenfeld. The journal is staffed and edited by second- and third-year students of the Florida State University College of Law
| 151 |
Florida State University Law Review
| 0 |
11,035,097 |
# Armas Äikiä
**Armas Äikiä** (1904--1965) was a Finnish communist writer and journalist. He wrote the Anthem of Karelo-Finnish SSR.
In Finland, when the Communist Party was banned, he spent the years 1927--1928 and 1930--1935 in prison, where he wrote defiant poems. Freed with a conditional release in 1935, he fled across the border to the Soviet Union, which led to the loss of his Finnish citizenship.
During the Winter War, Äikiä served as Minister of Agriculture for the short-lived Finnish Democratic Republic. He had several collection of poems published in the Soviet Union. He returned to Finland in 1947, but having lost his citizenship could not participate in politics, working as a reporter instead.
Äikiä\'s funeral took place at Malmi Cemetery in Helsinki under tight police protection, attended by leaders of the party Aimo Aaltonen, Ville Pessi and president Urho Kekkonen. Äikiä is buried in a communal grave of Finnish Communist Party members
| 154 |
Armas Äikiä
| 0 |
11,035,124 |
# Lorrez-le-Bocage-Préaux
**Lorrez-le-Bocage-Préaux** (`{{IPA|fr|lɔʁe lə bɔkaʒ pʁeo|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Persepha-Lorrez-le-Bocage-Préaux.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It was created in 1973 by the merger of two former communes: Lorrez-le-Bocage and Préaux.
## Geography
The commune is traversed by the Lunain river.
## Demographics
Inhabitants are called *Lorréziens*
| 53 |
Lorrez-le-Bocage-Préaux
| 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.