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# International Union of Students
The **International Union of Students** (**IUS**) was a worldwide nonpartisan association of university student organizations.
The IUS was the umbrella organization for 155 such students\' organizations across 112 countries and territories representing approximately 25 million students. This was recognised by the United Nations granting the IUS a consultative status in UNESCO. The primary aim of the IUS was to defend the rights and interests of students to promote improvement in their welfare and standard of education and to prepare them for their tasks as democratic citizens. It collapsed in the 2000s due to an unreliable membership system and a lack of grassroots engagement.
## Aim and work areas {#aim_and_work_areas}
The aims of the IUS were spelled out in the 1946 preamble to the organization\'s Constitution:
> The purpose of the International Union of Students, which is founded upon the representative student organizations of different countries, shall be to defend the rights and interests of students to promote improvement in their welfare and standard of education and to prepare them for their tasks as democratic citizens.
According to the IUS\'s entry in the UNESCO Non-Governmental Organization list, the priority work areas of the IUS were: \"Exchange of information, defence of students\' status, peace, environment, development, human rights\".
## Activities
The IUS worked through:
- Issuing *Student Statements*
- *Circular News Letters* and *Calls for Action* to members
- Celebration of the International Students\' Day on November 17
- Organizing *Student Conferences*
## Logo symbolism {#logo_symbolism}
The logo and flag of the IUS is a burning torch and an open book set against the red and blue outline of a stylized globe. It symbolizes youth\'s persistent quest for knowledge.
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# International Union of Students
## History
### Early history 1946--1956 {#early_history_19461956}
The International Union of Students was founded in Prague on August 27, 1946. Student organizations from 62 countries participated in its founding envisioning a more inclusive successor to the short lived 1941-1944 International Council of Students (also known as the International Students\' Council) which was set up on the initiative of the British National Union of Students to maintain open lines of communication with student organizations in allied countries during World War II.
From its earliest inception, the IUS was marked by a fundamental schism:
> \"The spirit of \[post-war\] co-operation and the desire to prevent a resurgence of fascism in Europe brought together otherwise divergent groups. The main divisions, evident even at the founding congress, were between the Communist student organizations, which gained control of the executive bodies of the IUS from the beginning, and the student unions from western Europe, many of which were primarily interested in preserving the idea of a non-political international agency which would provide concrete services to the students of various countries\"
In response to the increasingly partisan Communist course of the IUS and the broad powers of its secretariat and executive committee to initiate new policy programmes on behalf of the members, several non-Communist members withdrew their membership in the following years. Following which the IUS also referred itself as Independent Federation of Left-Wing and Alternative Student Unions.
Consequently, 21 such break-away national students organizations met in Stockholm in 1950 to form the International Student Conference (ISC) as a nonpartisan rival organization to the pro-Communist IUS. Notable among these founders was the United States National Student Association (USNSA or NSA) though \"Anglo-Saxons, Scandinavians and Dutch wielded the greatest influence \[in the ISC\]\".
At the time of the formation of the ISC, the dominant view in later analyses is that the IUS had become Communist controlled to such a degree that it is often referred to as a Soviet Union Communist front organization with the IUS and ISC aligned along the Cold War fronts toward the Soviet Union and the United States of America respectively.
A dissenting view that the IUS was strongly influenced by socialism and communism but not *de facto* controlled by Soviet Communist interests, has also been expressed, however, by Trotskyist Lawrence Brammer:
> \"It is significant that several former IUS officers later became outspoken liberals in Czechoslovakia and in the French and Italian Communist Parties. The outward pro-Soviet orientation of the IUS often obscured real differences within the organization\"
IUS activities in this period included Student Games held by the IUS Sports Council. The first such games were held in Paris in 1946 and were subsequently integrated into the World Youth Festivals (also known as World Festival of Youth and Students) which the IUS co-sponsored with the equally Communist oriented World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY).
Such festivals brought up to 30,000 youth and students together for a social, cultural and sporting event (see World Federation of Democratic Youth).
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# International Union of Students
## History
### IUS from 1956--1969 {#ius_from_19561969}
From 1956 onwards, the IUS and ISC competed to attract student unions non-aligned in the Cold War sense. Focus was on Latin America, Asia and Africa and recruitment of member unions from here resulted in a broader political base for the IUS.
Activities in this period included among others regional student seminars, donation of duplication machines and cameras to help affiliates, the establishment of student Health Centres in India, international student conferences as well as the publication in German, Russian and Czech of the *World Student News* journal of the IUS, the *Democratic Education* journal of the IUS, and topical pamphlets concerning education. More spectacularly, the IUS continued to co-sponsor World Youth Festivals with the World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY).
It was well known from the outset that the IUS was funded by Soviet and Czech government contributions:
> \"The cost of international meetings, large-scale publications, and the other activities in which they engage, are beyond the financial resources of university students\"
However, the IUS\'s inability to win leadership in left-wing student movements in Europe despite its many activities caused the Soviet Union to re-evaluate its support.
The major challenge for the IUS in this period turned out to be its preoccupation with an ideological agenda rather than a focus on actual student concerns and affairs. As a consequence of this stance, the organization became detached from its student base and was circumvented by grassroots movements in, e.g. the planning of international anti-war demonstrations in relation to the Vietnam War. The major achievements of the IUS in this period were therefore firstly helping create national student unions in developing countries and secondly aiding student union members with information and idea exchange.
The dissolution of the IUS\'s rival organization the International Student Conference (ISC) owing to lack of funds became a reality in 1969. The demise of the ISC were hastened by the 1967 revelation that the CIA had indirectly funded the ISC and recruited student representatives from the United States National Student Association (USNSA) to actively oppose Communism in the IUS. This undermined both the financial and student political support of the ISC leaving, once again, the IUS as the only worldwide student organization.
### IUS from 1970--present {#ius_from_1970present}
This period in IUS history is marked by the chairmanship of the same chairman from 1977 to 1986 under whom a flurry of international IUS activity took place in 1979.
The most significant event of the period for the IUS, however, was the turmoil the organization encountered after the 1989 - 1991 fall of Communism (see also World Federation of Democratic Youth) during which the IUS lost most of its funding. Additionally, in August 1991, the Czechoslovak Minister of the Interior decided to expel the IUS and other Communist front organizations from Czechoslovakia. The reasons given for the expulsion were close ties with the old Communist regime and abuse of tax privileges granted during the old Communist regime.
Despite the hardships caused by the changing power dynamics of the 1990s, the organization elected a new leadership at its 1992 Cyprus Congress and initiated structural changes of its [Constitution](https://web.archive.org/web/20070531030822/http://www.stud.uni-hannover.de/gruppen/ius/constitution/index.html) to renew itself and evolve beyond its Communist past:
> \"At the 16th Congress of the International Union of Students (IUS), which took place in January 1992 in Larnaca, Cyprus, the organisation underwent major changes, including the development of a new constitution. These initiatives were adopted to establish the basis for a more democratic, representative, and independent international student organisation\"
The new leadership and its successors continued to make press appearances in, e.g., relation to International Students\' Day celebration in Dublin in 1994 and the 1998 UNESCO World Conference on Higher Education.
In August 2003, the International Union of Students marked a comeback by calling for a worldwide day of protest against the inclusion of Higher Education in the WTO\'s General Agreement on Trade in Services.
The IUS is still, however, struggling with its expulsion from its Prague headquarters as of October 2006:
> \"Most cold war institutions shriveled in the 1990s, along with their superpower backing. The big communist front outfits that fought propaganda wars, awash with cash and stuffed with spies, have fizzled away in a mixture of apathy and swindles
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# Charles Rivett-Carnac (sailor)
**Charles James Rivett-Carnac** (18 February 1853 in Brahmapur, Orissa, British India -- 9 September 1935 in Jersey, Channel Islands) was a British sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics.
He was the owner of the British boat *Heroine III*, which won the gold medal in the 7 metre class. However, since it was the only entry in this class, this feat is somewhat less impressive. More importantly, his second wife Frances Rivett-Carnac was one of the four-member crew and won Olympic gold with him. The Rivett-Carnacs thus became the first husband-and-wife team to share Olympic gold. Their granddaughter Cleone Rivett-Carnac was an athlete in New Zealand. Rivett-Carnac remains the oldest Briton, at 55, to have won an Olympic gold medal for yachting.
## Family
He was a member of the Rivett-Carnac family and grandson of Sir James Rivett-Carnac, sometime governor of Bombay Presidency in British India.
Rivett-Carnac was the eldest son of Charles Forbes Rivett-Carnac (1824--1902), fourth but third surviving son of the first baronet, and Flora Elizabeth Baker. He was twice married, first in 1877 to Laura Marion Margaret Ogilvie (d. 19 June 1905), daughter of Colonel J.S. Ogilvie. They had one son Vernon Charles. He then married 5 July 1906 Frances Clytie Greenstock, daughter of Rev. Canon William Greenstock, sometime chaplain of Christ Church Bangkok. They had issue of four sons: Douglas, Charles, Louis and Clive. His wife participated in his gold-medal run for the 7 metre class in sailing in the 1908 Summer Olympics.
Rivett-Carnac was schooled at Rugby. He then returned to India to join the Indian Civil Service and married in 1877 the daughter of an Indian Army colonel. He left the ICS in 1897 and was appointed Accountant General to Burma. The following year, his services were placed at the disposal of the King of Siam by the British Government and for seven years he was the Financial Advisor to the Siamese Government, and Accountant and Comptroller General from 1900 -- 1902. On his return to England in 1905, he continued to serve Siam as their Financial Agent in Europe. It is not known when he retired from that position
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# Millennium Tower (Dubai)
The **Millennium Tower** is located on Sheikh Zayed Road in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The tower rises 285 m and has 60 floors. It was completed in 2006. The Millennium Tower contains 301 three-bedroom and 106 two-bedroom apartments
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# Bindura University of Science Education
**Bindura University of Science Education** is a Zimbabwean university offering courses within the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Science Education, Commerce and Social Sciences.
The main campus is located 5 km from Bindura town center, with a separate campus which houses the Faculty of Science on the Trojan Road. The Faculty of Social Science along the main library is located in the city centre.
## History
The origins of the Bindura University of Science Education (BUSE) formerly Bindura University College of Science Education (BUCSE) can be traced to the Zimbabwe-Cuba Teacher Training Programme, which started in the mid-1980s. The programme used to send Zimbabwean student teachers to Cuba for training in Science Education. Known as the best University in terms of education in Zimbabwe.
The programme was relocated to Zimbabwe in 1995 for economic reasons. A decision was made to set up a college in Bindura under the auspices of the University of Zimbabwe, but which would be turned into a full-fledged university within a period of two to four years. The college admitted its first group of 125 students in March 1996.
An act of parliament, the Bindura University of Science Education Act, was passed in February 2000 conferring university status to the College becoming the third state university established in Zimbabwe. The first graduation ceremony was held in 2003 where the Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor of the university were installed as well as capping a group of 140 graduands.
Zimbabwe opened its first-ever School of Optometry at the Bindura University of Science Education in 2018.
In 2019, a BUSE alumnus, Tatenda Magetsi received a prestigious Rhodes scholarship to study at the Oxford University in the United Kingdom.
## Location
The university is located in Bindura, which is about 87 km north east of Harare. Bindura is the provincial capital of Mashonaland Central Province and is a small town of about 40,000 inhabitants. It offers a quiet semi-urban environment.
## Politics
The university has experienced problems in Zimbabwe mainly because of its location in Mashonaland Central which is considered a stronghold of the ruling party ZANU PF. In 2002 a student belonging to the MDC party was brutally assaulted by suspected ZANU-PF supporters and the university was briefly closed.
## Vice Chancellors {#vice_chancellors}
- Professor Cowdeng Chikomba 1996-2002 (Pro-Vice Chancellor) late
- Professor Sam Abel Tswana 2002 - 2008 (late)
- Professor Eddie Mwenje 2010--present
## Notable faculty {#notable_faculty}
- Christopher Chetsanga - Harvard - discovered two enzymes involved in DNA repair
## Sports
Bindura University houses the National Sports Academy, which facilitates the development of identified talent with the aim of achieving international success. It is also set to promote research in high-performance sport development and any such research that can improve decision making in sport as well as the establishment of partnerships with international organizations and donor agencies to support joint programmes.
USA-based National Sports Academy athlete and Bindura University of Science Education alumnus Tapiwa Makarawu carved his name into the history books by qualifying for the Olympics in 2024.\<<https://www.herald.co
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# Frances Rivett-Carnac
` ``{{MedalSport|[[Sailing at the Summer Olympics|Sailing]]}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{Medal|Country|{{GBR2}}}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{Medal | Gold | [[Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – 7 Metre|1908 London]] | [[7 Metre]] }}`{=mediawiki}
**Frances Clytie Rivett-Carnac** née **Greenstock** (16 May 1874 -- 1 January 1962) was a British sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. She was a crew member of the British boat *Heroine III*, the only boat in the 7 metre class. Because a second British entry failed to make it to the start, the boat was required to complete just one lap of two races to win. Her husband Charles Rivett-Carnac was also a crew member and won Olympic gold. Their granddaughter Cleone Rivett-Carnac was an athlete in New Zealand
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# Maria Newell
**Maria Newell Gützlaff** (4 August 1794 -- 16 February 1831) was an English missionary, teacher and translator.
Maria was born at Stepney, Middlesex, in England, the child of Samuel Newell, tallow chandler, and Mary Duchesne.
Maria studied Chinese under Robert Morrison during his furlough in the 1820s, and was appointed the first female missionary of the London Missionary Society (LMS). The plan was for her to carry on female education among the Chinese immigrants. Before this time sending unmarried female missionaries was absolutely unheard of. She sailed from England on 11 April 1827 (in the company of Maria Dyer) and reached Malacca, Straits Settlements, on 26 August 1827.
On 26 November 1829 she was married to Karl Gutzlaff, after their marriage she went with her husband to Siam on 11 February 1830. \"These two devoted themselves to studying Siamese and translating, hardly allowing themselves time to eat or sleep, and daily employing a number of copyists. Thus they succeeded in evolving a very imperfect translation of the whole Bible in Siamese, a considerable portion of it into the Lao and Cambodian languages, and preparing a dictionary and grammar of the Siamese and Cambodian. These translations were later delivered by Mr. Gutzlaff to Mr. Robinson of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the dictionary was taken over by Mr. Jones of the Baptist Board and became the foundation of the dictionary later prepared by Eliza Grew Jones.\"
On 16 February 1831 Maria gave birth to twin daughters at Bangkok, Siam. She died a few hours later. One child died at birth, the other was left for a time with her Siamese nurse, later, when it became possible she was put in the care of a Mrs. Thomson in Singapore, she lived about four months.
Maria and the small children were buried by special permit at the upper side of the Portuguese Consulate gate. This plot continued to be the burial ground of the missionaries and others until King Mongkut made a grant for this purpose in 1853, and in 1893 this earliest cemetery which had eventually been bought by the Baptist Mission, was sold and the graves moved to the new Protestant Cemetery
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# Whisper (film)
***Whisper*** is a 2007 American horror film directed by Stewart Hendler and starring Josh Holloway, Sarah Wayne Callies, Blake Woodruff, Joel Edgerton, John Kapelos, Dulé Hill and Michael Rooker. It was written by Christopher Borrelli. The plot concerns the kidnapping of a young boy, David, who is more than he appears and brings unexpected troubles for his kidnappers.
## Plot
After being released from prison, convicted felon Max Truemont (Josh Holloway) and his fiancée Roxanne (Sarah Wayne Callies), wish to have a fresh start by running a small diner of their own. The bank refuses to loan \$50,000 to them to open the business and without alternatives, Max accepts the invitation of his former partner Sydney. With his associate Vince they are to kidnap eight-year-old David (Blake Woodruff), the son of a wealthy woman in New England, under the command of a mysterious mastermind. After the successful abduction of the boy, the group awaits ransom instructions in a secluded hideout. As they begin to become suspicious of each other Max realizes the boy is not as innocent as he seems, commanding various characters to kill each other. It\'s revealed that the mastermind is David\'s mother. She tells Max that the boy is a demon, able to \"whisper\" ideas to weak-minded individuals. She pleads with Max to kill the boy on her behalf. On his refusal she kills herself. Max ultimately kills David, but not before he accidentally kills Roxanne.
## Cast
## Release
### Home media {#home_media}
*Whisper* was released directly-to-DVD in the United States on November 27, 2007. It did receive theatrical releases in various European and Latin American countries between 2007 and 2009.
## Reception
### Box office {#box_office}
The film grossed a total of \$5,285,197 at the box office across various international countries
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# Summer's Almost Gone
\"**Summer\'s Almost Gone**\" is a song originally written by Jim Morrison and credited to Morrison, Ray Manzarek, John Densmore and Robby Krieger that was released on the Doors\' 1968 album *Waiting for the Sun*.
## Writing and recording {#writing_and_recording}
\"Summer\'s Almost Gone\" was one of the first songs Morrison wrote. It was one of the songs that he played for Manzarek when they met at Venice Beach in July 1965, a meeting that ultimately led to the formation of the Doors. On September 2, 1965, an early version the Doors, before Kreiger joined, recorded the song for a demo at World Pacific Studios in Los Angeles. This version was later released on the 1997 album *The Doors: Box Set*.
The Doors originally intended to include a lengthy song \"Celebration of the Lizard\" on *Waiting for the Sun*, but eventually decided against it. As a result, they needed additional songs to fill out the album, and included two songs from the 1965 demo, \"Summer\'s Almost Gone\" and \"Hello, I Love You\" to help fill the gap.
## Music and lyrics {#music_and_lyrics}
*Classic Rock* contributor Rob Hughes described the song as \"ephemeral\", and as a \"woozy folk blues with a balmy seasonal air. The song has a 12-bar blues structure. Hughes described the intrumentation as being \"happily lopsided, as if time\'s axis has slipped into a fanciful psychedelic dream\" and said that \"Morrison sings like he\'s immersed in a vision.\" Pop culture writer Tony Thompson felt that the song sounded like \"a pyschedelic version\" of Brian Hyland\'s 1962 song \"Sealed With a Kiss\". He described Kreiger\'s slide guitar as \"eerie\" and Manzarek\'s piano chords as \"plaintive\". Doug Sundling described the playing in the introduction as having a \"gentle , grinning guitar\", \"soft and slightly inebriated piano\" and \"softly stroked cymbals.\"
According to Hughes, lyrics such as Where will we be when the summer\'s gone\" generate a \"bittersweet note\" reflecting the waning of youthful optimism by 1968 and suggesting that the future will not be as good. According to Thompson, the line \"Morning found us calmly unaware\" \"captures the lazy mood of summer.\" Thompson also found the image of the \"laughing sea\" to be appealing and felt that the lyrics overall evoke \"the poetic idea of summer as youth.\"
Manzarek referred to \"Summer\'s Almost Gone\" as \"a cool Latino-Bolero kind of thing with a Bach-like bridge. It\'s about the ephemeral nature of life. A season of joy and light and laughter is coming to an end.\"
## Reception
Hughes considered \"Summer\'s Almost Gone\" to be one of the Doors\' most underrated songs. Music journalist Harvey Kubernik described \"Summer\'s Almost Gone\" as being \"beautifully melancholy\". *Rolling Stone* critic Jim Miller felt that the song was \"evocative\" despite \"lame\" lyrics. Thompson called it a \"trippy little sleeper that will grow on the listener with repeated listens.\" *Classic Rock* critic Max Bell described it as \"wistful\". Allmusic critic Richie Unterberger described it as \"fine melodic ballad rock.\" *The Doors FAQ* author Rich Weidman described \"Summer\'s Almost Gone\" and the song that follows it on *Waiting for the Sun*, Kreiger\'s \"Wintertime Love\", as being perfect compliments.
## Live performances {#live_performances}
\"Summer\'s Almost Gone\" was part of the Doors\' early live repertiore. After Morrison\'s death, Manzarek and Kreiger played \"Summer\'s Almost Gone\", with Ian Astbury as the lead singer and Stewart Copeland replacing an injured Densmore on drums, at a September 6, 2002 concert at the California Speedway in Fontana, California. This concert was the genesis of the group The Doors of the 21st Century, later renamed Manzarek--Krieger
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# Ekachai Uekrongtham
**Ekachai Uekrongtham** (*เอกชัย เอื้อครองธรรม*; `{{Rtgs|Ekkachai Uea-khrongtham}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{lang-zh|吕翼谋}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Thai theatre and film director. Based in Singapore, Ekachai is the founding artistic director of ACTION Theatre, a Singapore professional theatre company.
Among his stage works is *Chang & Eng*, a musical based on Chang and Eng Bunker, the original \"Siamese twins\". His other stage works include *Corporate Animals - The Musical*, *Ka-Ra-you-OK?*, *Viva Viagra!*, *Autumn Tomyam*, *Mail Order Brides & Other Oriental Takeaways* and *Confessions of Three Unmarried Women*.
He made his debut as a feature-film director in 2003 with *Beautiful Boxer*, a biographical drama about transsexual professional Muay Thai boxer, Nong Thoom. His second film, *Pleasure Factory*, about sex workers and their customers in Singapore\'s Geylang red-light district, was an official selection of the Cannes Film Festival in 2007. His third film, *The Coffin*, starring Ananda Everingham, opened in Thai theaters on August 21, 2008.
In 2014, he directed the Dolph Lundgren action drama on human trafficking *Skin Trade* (2015), also starring Tony Jaa and Ron Perlman, shot in Bangkok and Vancouver
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# Solidor Tower
**Solidor Tower** (in French *tour Solidor*) is a strengthened keep with three linked towers, located in the estuary of the river Rance in Brittany.
It was built between 1369 and 1382 by John IV, Duke of Brittany (i.e. Jean V in English) to control access to the Rance at a time when the city of Saint-Malo did not recognize his authority. Over the centuries the tower lost its military interest and became a jail. More recently it was a museum celebrating Breton sailors exploring Cape Horn, but it was permanently closed in 2022.
The Solidor Tower is located in the former town of Saint-Servan, which merged with Saint-Malo and Paramé in 1967.
It is featured in the 1957 Wendy Toye film *True as a Turtle* starring John Gregson, Cecil Parker, June Thorburn and Keith Michell
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# Barry Stoneham
**Barry Stoneham** (born 9 February 1968) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club between 1986 and 2000.
Stoneham appeared 241 times for Geelong in the AFL and kicked 223 goals.
Stoneham developed into one of the top flight centre half forwards in the game. He was a strong overhead mark and reliable kick on both sides of his body, He knew how to play his position and was considered by many as the hardest on the field.
Recruited from local football nursery St Joseph\'s, Stoneham had a very good career, playing 241 matches from 1986 to 2000 and captaining the club in 1996 (co-captain with Gary Ablett) and 1997--1998. He played at centre-half forward, in the ruck and sometimes at centre-half back. He was arguably at the peak of his powers from 1989 to 1992 as a mobile centre-half forward and relief ruckman, playing several State games in this period, winning the Geelong best and fairest in 1990 and All-Australian selection in 1992. Off the field, Stoneham made forays into the food industry, in 1993 operating the short-lived Kebazza\'s on Shannon Avenue, Geelong West, a stall that served kebabs and Middle Eastern cuisine, and going into business with Billy Brownless in 1994 with Geelong CBD cafe/restaurant Players on Malop.
Stoneham also had a rivalry with West Coast Eagles All-Australian centre half-back Glen Jakovich- Along with Carey\'s rivalry with Jakovich this rivalry was highly anticipated when West Coast met Geelong
Stoneham suffered a shocking injury in August 1994, breaking his leg after landing awkwardly from a marking contest in a game against Fitzroy at Princes Park. The injury and complications kept Stoneham out of action for the whole of the 1995 season. He made his comeback in round 1, 1996 and gradually improved his form. Stoneham was never the same after his leg injury, although his performances were of a sound standard and his leadership on the ground was well respected. He called it a day after Geelong\'s narrow loss to Hawthorn at the Docklands in the 2000 Elimination Final, the first finals match played at the Docklands.
Stoneham has again joined forces with Brownless to form the Brownless Stoneham Club in 2012, a club that will hold functions for Geelong supporters.
In 2020 he was named in the St Joseph\'s College team of champions, recognising the best VFL/AFL players to have attended the school
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# Richard Dixon (sailor)
` ``{{MedalSport|[[Sailing at the Summer Olympics|Sailing]]}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{Medal|Country|{{GBR}}}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{Medal | Gold | [[Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – 7 Metre|1908 London]] | [[7 Metre]] }}`{=mediawiki}
**Richard Travers Dixon** (20 November 1865 -- 14 November 1949) was a British sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the British boat *Heroine*, which won the gold medal in the seven metre class
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# No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group
**No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group** is a group within the Royal Air Force, currently based at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar.
Originally formed in 1943, during the Second World War it formed part of the 2nd Tactical Air Force (2TAF) and was known as **No. 83 (Composite) Group**. It provided support to Allied forces during the liberation of Europe. After being disbanded in 1946 it was re-established as **No. 83 Group** in 1952 to lead the 2TAF\'s units in Germany, until it disbanded again in 1958.
On 1 April 2006 it was reformed as No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group Headquarters, to lead UK air operations in the Middle East. Activities include Operations Kipion (the UK\'s maritime presence in the Middle East) and Operation Shader (the UK\'s part of the military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)).
## History
### No. 83 (Composite) Group {#no._83_composite_group}
**No. 83 (Composite) Group** was formed on 1 April 1943 within the Second Tactical Air Force of the Royal Air Force. By the eve of the D-Day landings in June 1944, No. 83 Group had grown to a strength of twenty-nine fighter, ground-attack and reconnaissance squadrons and four artillery observation squadrons, grouped into ten wings.
At the time of D-Day, the group consisted of:
- No. 39 Reconnaissance Wing RCAF
- Hawker Typhoon fighter-bombers
- No. 121 (Rocket Projectile) Wing RAF at Holmsley South
- No. 124 (Rocket Projectile) Wing RAF at Hurn
- No. 129 (Fighter Bomber) Wing RAF at Westhampnett
- No. 143 (RCAF) (Fighter) Wing RAF at Hurn
- Supermarine Spitfire fighters
- No. 125 (Fighter) Wing RAF at Ford
- No. 126 (RCAF) (Fighter) Wing RAF at Tangmere
- No. 127 (RCAF) (Fighter) Wing RAF at Tangmere
- No. 144 (RCAF) (Fighter) Wing RAF at Ford
- North American Mustangs
- No. 122 (Rocket Projectile) Wing RAF at Funtington
Other group units can be seen at [1](http://niehorster.org/017_britain/44-06-06_Neptune/Air/z-air_Group-083.htm) and included No. 83 Group Support Unit RAF, which was located at RAF Redhill on D-Day.
The Group headquarters was at RAF Eindhoven from 1 October 1944 to 10 April 1945. The group was absorbed into No. 84 Group RAF on 21 April 1946.
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# No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group
## History
### No. 83 Group {#no._83_group}
No. 83 Group was re-formed on 9 July 1952 within the Second Tactical Air Force in Germany to control its southern area. By 1956, the group controlled five wings with a total of fourteen squadrons equipped with Hawker Hunter day fighters, de Havilland Venom fighter-bombers, Supermarine Swift fighter-reconnaissance aircraft, Gloster Meteor night-fighters and English Electric Canberra interdiction and reconnaissance aircraft. It was disbanded again on 16 June 1958.
During April 1953 the group controlled:
- RAF Wahn
- No. 83 Group Communications Flight
- No. 68 Squadron RAF - Meteor
- No. 87 Squadron RAF - Meteor
- RAF Celle
- No. 16 Squadron RAF - Vampire & Meteor
- No. 94 Squadron RAF - Vampire & Meteor
- No. 145 Squadron RAF - Vampire & Meteor
- RAF Wildenrath
- No. 3 Squadron RAF - Vampire & Meteor
- No. 67 Squadron RAF - Vampire & Meteor
- No. 71 Squadron RAF - Vampire & Meteor
- Sabre Conversion Flight - Sabre
On 1 July 1956, No. 83 Group directed wings at RAF Bruggen, RAF Celle, RAF Geilenkirchen, RAF Wahn, and RAF Wildenrath.
## Current operations {#current_operations}
No. 83 Group was re-formed on 1 April 2006 from the UK Air Component Headquarters in the Middle East. It comprised No. 901 Expeditionary Air Wing in the Middle East and Bahrain and No. 902 Expeditionary Air Wing at Seeb in Oman. Since that time it has controlled a varying number of Expeditionary Air Wings. No. 83 Group is based at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar.
The Air Officer Commanding No. 83 Group was the Air Component Commander in the Middle East. They were responsible to the Permanent Joint Headquarters for the command and control of all RAF units engaged in Operations Kipion and Shader.
No. 83 Group is currently in charge of:
**901 Expeditionary Air Wing**
- Provides support to No. 83 EAG and home to Joint Force Communication and Information Systems (Middle East).
**902 Expeditionary Air Wing**
- RAFO Musannah.
**903 Expeditionary Air Wing**
- RAF Akrotiri - Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4, Airbus A400M Atlas and Airbus Voyager.
**906 Expeditionary Air Wing**
- Al Minhad Air Base.
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# No. 83 Expeditionary Air Group
## Commanders
### 1943 to 1946 {#to_1946}
- Air Vice Marshal W F Dickson, 4 April 1943 -- 25 March 1944
- AVM H Broadhurst, 25 March 1944 -- 1 September 1945
- AVM T C Traill, 9 September 1945 -- 21 April 1946
### 1952 to 1958 {#to_1958}
- Air Commodore R B Lees, 8 September 1952 -- 22 August 1955.
- AVM H A V Hogan, 22 August 1955 -- 16 June 1958.
### 2006 to present {#to_present}
- Air Commodore B M North, 1 April 2006 -- 13 September 2006
- Air Commodore C A Bairsto, 13 September 2006 -- 12 January 2007
- Air Commodore P Oborn, 12 January 2007 -- 10 July 2007
- Air Commodore M J Harwood, 10 July 2007 -- 16 August 2008
- Air Commodore A S Barmby, 16 August 2008 -- 22 May 2009
- Air Commodore S D Atha, 22 May 2009 -- 31 January 2010
- Air Commodore K B McCann, 31 January 2010 -- 6 January 2011
- Air Commodore A D Stevenson, 6 January 2011 -- 15 December 2011
- Air Commodore S D Forward, 15 December 2011 -- 21 December 2012
- Air Commodore P J Beach, 21 December 2012 -- 14 December 2013
- Air Commodore A Gillespie, 14 December 2013 -- 1 December 2014
- Air Commodore M Sampson, 1 December 2014 -- 23 October 2016
- Air Commodore John J Stringer, 23 October 2016 -- 22 October 2017
- Air Commodore R J Dennis, 22 October 2017 -- 21 October 2018
- Air Commodore Justin Reuter, 21 October 2018 -- 20 October 2019
- Air Commodore Tim Jones, 20 October 2019 -- September 2020
- Air Commodore Simon Strasdin, September 2020 -- September 2021
- Air Commodore Mark J Farrell, September 2021 -- September 2022
- Air Commodore N S Thomas, September 2022 --
- Group Captain Diggle, ? -- November 2023
- Group Captain Bishop, November 2023 -- (CO of 83 EAG and Deputy Air Component Commander, Middle East)
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# The Unknown Soldier (song)
\"**The Unknown Soldier**\" is the first single from the Doors\' 1968 album *Waiting for the Sun*, released in March of that year by Elektra Records. An accompanying 16mm publicity film for the song featuring the band was directed and produced by Edward Dephoure and Mark Abramson. The song became the band\'s fourth Top 40 hit in the US, peaking at number 39 on the *Billboard* Hot 100, and remained upon the *Billboard* Hot 100 list for eight weeks.
## Lyrics
\"The Unknown Soldier\" has been perceived as Jim Morrison\'s reaction to the Vietnam War and the way that conflict was portrayed in American media at the time. According to author Richie Weidman, Morrison was inspired to write the lyrics after visiting the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, at the Arlington National Cemetery, on November 25, 1967; the same day when the band performed at the Hilton Hotel, International Ballroom.
Karl Dallas of *Melody Maker* formulated that the song is \"an apocalyptic piece which seems to sum up the Vietnam-nourished at the centre of American life.\" Lines such as \"Breakfast where the news is read/ Television children fed/ Unborn living, living dead/ Bullets strike the helmet\'s head\", concerned the way news of the war was being presented in the living rooms of ordinary people. The track ends with sounds of crowds cheering and bells tolling, representing an ecstatic celebration of a war being over.
## Composition
Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic described \"The Unknown Soldier\" as one of the Doors\' \"most complex recordings\". He analyzed the song\'s musical structure as moving into various distinctly different sections before erupting into a coda: `{{Quote|It opens with an eerie organ intro before moving into a jazzy first verse{{nbsp}}... A brilliant and dramatic middle section is actually a studio-recreated firing squad, complete with shots. The second verse is a slightly harder-rocking version of the first. The song then erupts into a climatic, extended coda, which is the audio re-creation of the celebration of either victory or the END of war.<ref name="Greenwald">{{cite web |first=Matthew |last=Greenwald |title=The Doors: 'The Unknown Soldier' – Review |url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/the-unknown-soldier-mt0045067806 |website=[[AllMusic]] |accessdate=February 26, 2021}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
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# The Unknown Soldier (song)
## Release and reception {#release_and_reception}
The released single was edited in which a different gunshot sound was used and does not include the cheering crowds nor the tolling bells at the end. Reportedly, producer Paul A. Rothchild was so particular about how the song came out that it ultimately took over 130 takes to finish. Upon completion, the song became the band\'s fourth Top 40 hit in the US, peaking at number 39 on the *Billboard* Hot 100, and enjoying an 8-week appearance on the *Billboard* Hot 100 list overall. \"We Could Be So Good Together\" served as the B-side. However, the lyrics were controversial at the time and many radio stations refused to play it.
The song\'s promotional film received enthusiastic comments at the Fillmore East, and has been publicized ever since as one of the first music videos in rock history. When playing the track in live concerts, the Doors usually approached a cinematic performance, with Morrison pretending to be shot by Robby Krieger onstage, illustrating the death of the soldier that is mentioned in the lyrics. Critic Charles S. Gardner of *Bridgeport Telegram*, reviewing the Doors concert in JFK Stadium, called \"The Unknown Soldier\" a \"desperately anti-war ballad climaxing with Morrison\'s being thrown to the floor in a burst of exploding electronic feedback\".
The *New Musical Express* identified the song to be the standout of the first side of *Waiting for the Sun*. *Billboard* described the single as \"one of the most unusual and intriguing disks of the week in both arrangement and material\" that \"should prove a top chart item.\" *Cash Box* said that the \"strong beat, instrumental majesty and a midway break unlike any dramatic effect on a single put together a smash outing,\" and also praised the \"sheer passion\" of the song.
In retrospect, Richie Unterberger declared \"The Unknown Soldier\" as one of the \"first-rate tunes\" of the album. He described it as \"spooky\" and \"uncompromisingly forceful as anything the band did
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# Tim McGrath
**Tim McGrath** (born 7 October 1970) is a former Australian rules footballer for the North Melbourne Football Club from 1989 to 1991, and the Geelong Football Club from 1992 to 2002, in the Australian Football League (AFL), which was known as the Victorian Football League (VFL) when McGrath made his debut for North Melbourne in 1989.
## Career
### VFL career {#vfl_career}
McGrath had a successful career in the VFL Under 19s when he won the Morrish Medal in 1988 as the best player in that competition. That same year under coach Denis Pagan, McGrath, along with future adversary, Wayne Carey, would play in North Melbourne\'s Under 19s Premiership team.
### VFL/AFL career {#vflafl_career}
McGrath made his VFL/AFL debut for North Melbourne in round nine of the 1989 VFL season, but only managed seven games in his three seasons with the club. He was traded to Geelong before the 1992 AFL season, where he debuted in the first round against `{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki}. McGrath\'s first game was unimpressive, as he had found himself playing on Hawthorn\'s champion full-forward Jason Dunstall, who equalled his own record of the most goals in an opening round with 12 goals, a feat which he had previously achieved two years earlier, also against Geelong. Despite the unimpressive start by McGrath, he found a role as a Centre half-back and played 26 games for the season, including in the Grand Final loss against `{{AFL|WC}}`{=mediawiki}. He also finished second to Ken Hinkley in the club\'s best and fairest award, the Carji Greeves Medal. McGrath was also a member of Geelong\'s 1994 and 1995 grand final teams.
McGrath is well known for his battles with North Melbourne\'s champion centre-half forward Wayne Carey, whom McGrath beat on several occasions. McGrath\'s battles with Carey are considered second only to the Carey-Jakovich ones. Tim McGrath was also instantly recognisable with his bright red hair.
In 2002, McGrath found it hard to fit into the Geelong senior team as Matthew Scarlett and Tom Harley assumed responsibility for Geelong\'s backline. McGrath would captain Geelong\'s VFL premiership team against Port Melbourne. He would finish second in the VFL team\'s best and fairest award to former senior team mate, David Mensch.
After his retirement, he had played 212 senior games for the club.
### 2002 Bali bombings {#bali_bombings}
After his retirement from AFL football at the end of the 2002 season, McGrath was one of 21 Geelong players that were in Bali at the time when the 2002 Bali bombings occurred on 12 October 2002. McGrath and his team mates were staying at a hotel only 400 metres away from the Sari Club, the scene of the bombings, and they had spent the entire week partying at the Sari Club, but on the night of the attacks, which was the final night of their trip, they decided to hang out at their hotel instead. McGrath stated afterwards that all the players were OK, but were upset about what had happened, and therefore did not wish to comment on the events that had occurred
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# Colin Campbell Ross
**Colin Campbell Eadie Ross** (11 October 1892 -- 24 April 1922) was an Australian wine-bar owner who was wrongfully convicted and executed for the murder of a child, which became known as the Gun Alley Murder, despite evidence of his innocence. Following his execution, efforts were made to clear his name, but it was not until the 1990s that the key evidence was re-examined using modern forensic techniques, in which the results confirmed Ross\'s innocence. As a result, an appeal for mercy was made to Victoria\'s Chief Justice in 2006, and on 27 May 2008 the Governor of Victoria pardoned Ross in what is believed to be an Australian legal first.
## Life
Colin Ross was born in Fitzroy North, Melbourne, Victoria, the third of five children born to Thomas and Elizabeth Ross. Thomas Ross died in 1900 leaving his wife to care for the five young children, including one who was newborn. Consequently, none of the children was well educated, each one leaving school as early as possible to find work to help support the family. Colin began working at a local quarry at the age of 11, and over the following years he worked as a labourer and later as a wardsman at the Broadmeadows army hospital. In 1920, Elizabeth Ross became the manager of the Donnybrook Hotel, thirty kilometres north of Melbourne, with Colin as partner and another of her sons, Ronald, as licensee.
During this time, Colin Ross began a relationship with Lily May Brown, who worked in a Melbourne hotel. On 5 March 1920, Ross asked Brown to marry him, and when she refused he produced a revolver. He followed her onto a tram and continued to threaten her until she agreed to meet him later in the day. Instead, Brown contacted police and a plain-clothes detective was present when she kept her appointment with Ross. He was charged with using threatening words and for carrying firearms without permission. On the charge of using threatening words he was sentenced to fourteen days imprisonment, which was suspended on his entering into a twelve-month good behaviour bond, and was fined for carrying the firearm.
In April 1921 the Ross family returned to Melbourne, where Colin, with his brothers Stanley and Ronald, bought a wine shop at the Eastern Arcade in the business centre of Melbourne. After the purchase of the shop, renamed \"The Australian Wine Saloon\", the Ross brothers continued the employment of its barmaid, Ivy Matthews. She later commented that the saloon had previously attracted a quiet and respectable clientele, but that the Ross brothers were willing to serve anyone, which resulted in the saloon being frequented by alcoholics and criminals. Other tenants in the building resented the intrusion of the wine bar\'s customers, who reportedly drank to excess, vomited and urinated in the arcade, and made lewd comments to passing women.
On 13 October 1921, one of the saloon\'s customers was robbed in the outdoor lavatory of the premises, and was shot during a struggle with his assailant. His wound was not serious, but he was unable to give an account of events to police due to the large amount of alcohol he had consumed. An investigation revealed that his assailant was a young English traveller, Frank Walsh, who had spent most of his money and who had been approached by Colin Ross to rob the customer on the understanding that the proceeds would be shared between them. Ross and Walsh were arrested and charged with armed robbery. Ross\'s comments to police incriminated Matthews, who had until that point refused to discuss the matter. Following a visit by Ross\'s mother, Matthews began to his behalf, and at the same time began referring to herself as the saloon\'s manager and drawing money from the saloon\'s account. Ross made no further attempt to draw Matthews to the attention of police. He was acquitted of the armed robbery charge, but Walsh was sentenced to six months hard labour. Following Ross\'s acquittal, his brother Stanley confronted Matthews and dismissed her from her position.
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# Colin Campbell Ross
## Murder
On the afternoon of 30 December 1921, 12-year old Alma Tirtschke\'s grandmother sent her on an errand. She was to collect a package of meat from a butcher\'s shop in Swanston Street, Melbourne, and take it a short distance to Collins Street to deliver it to her aunt. The errand should have taken no more than fifteen minutes and when Alma, who was known to be reliable and obedient, failed to return home, her grandmother became alarmed. She was reported as missing, and the police, along with the Tirtschke family, searched for Alma through the night. Early the next morning, Alma\'s naked body was found in Gun Alley, a laneway off Little Collins Street, near the address Alma had been sent to. She had been raped and strangled.
The case became a major sensation, with the Melbourne press convincing its readers that a maniac was on the loose and likely to strike again. A reward of A£1,250 (A\$91,500 in 2013 currency) was offered for the capture of the killer, one of the highest rewards offered in Australia at that time. As time passed with no real progress, the police were criticised and were subjected to public pressure to make an arrest.
Investigations revealed that Alma had last been seen alive between 2:30pm and 3:00pm on the afternoon of her disappearance, at the corner of Alfred Place and Little Collins Streets, near the lane in which her body was subsequently discovered, and that she had been murdered at around 6:00pm. Among the numerous men interviewed was Colin Ross, the saloon manager, who described seeing a girl matching Alma\'s description outside his saloon. Ross\'s description of events closely matched that of several witnesses who had also seen her. Several witnesses recounted how Alma looked worried with one stating that a man (not Ross) was following her.
Ross was obviously well known to the local police, having recently been acquitted on the charge relating to his alleged involvement in the shooting and robbing of one of his customers. Despite his willingness to co-operate, police began to interview him in greater detail. He was able to nominate several witnesses who had seen him tending his saloon on the afternoon of Alma\'s murder and who would confirm that he had not left the premises, but the police remained convinced that he had killed the child, and on 12 January 1922 they arrested him for murder.
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# Colin Campbell Ross
## Trial
The public fascination with the case intensified as newspapers published news of Ross\' arrest, but he told his lawyers, family and friends that he had nothing to fear. As an innocent man, he said, it was only a matter of time before he would be released.
The trial began on 20 February 1922 and witnesses were produced to attest to Ross\'s guilt. John Harding, who had a previous conviction for perjury and was being detained in prison at the time, \"at the Governor\'s pleasure\", testified that Ross had confided in him in prison and had admitted his guilt. Ivy Matthews; Olive Maddox, a prostitute; and Julia Gibson, who worked as a fortune-teller under the name \"Madame Gurkha\", also testified in court that Ross had confessed the crime to them. The prosecution case was that 12-year-old Alma had chosen to have a drink in Ross\'s saloon instead of collecting the package for her aunt and had remained there consensually from 3:00pm until 6:00pm drinking wine, at which time Ross had raped and murdered her.
The prosecution also offered forensic evidence in the form of several strands of hair they had obtained from Alma shortly before her funeral. A detective testified that on the day of Ross\'s arrest he had noticed several strands of \"golden hair\" on a blanket in his house, which were later removed and examined by the state government analyst, Charles Price, who was a trained chemist but had little previous experience in the new field of forensic science. Price testified that he compared the hairs under a microscope, and concluded that the hair found in Ross\'s house was a light auburn colour, while Alma\'s hair was a dark red. He measured the diameter of the hairs and concluded that they were of a different thickness. At one point in his testimony he commented that the hairs on Ross\'s blanket had most likely fallen from the head of a regular visitor, such as Ross\'s girlfriend, but after a long testimony he stated that he believed the hairs were \"derived from the scalp of one and same person,\" Alma Tirtschke. His contradictory evidence was accepted by the judge without comment.
Ross\'s barrister, Thomas Brennan, protested, requesting that a further examination be carried out by a more qualified person, but the judge refused. The jury found Ross guilty of murder and he was sentenced to death by hanging. His legal representatives were convinced of Ross\'s innocence but found that public opinion remained strongly against him, and news of his death sentence was met with public celebration. Ross\'s legal representatives sought to obtain the right to appeal but this was refused by the judge, who stated that Ross\'s guilt had been proven beyond doubt. Brennan sought leave to appeal to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, but that application was also refused.
Brennan remained supportive of Ross and certain of his innocence, but had exhausted all avenues in his attempt to save Ross from execution. On the eve of his execution, Ross received a letter from a man who failed to give his name but admitted that he had killed Alma, and, although consumed by guilt, was not willing to come forward as it would cause grief to his family. Brennan later wrote that he believed the letter could have been authentic.
## Execution
Before his execution, in his farewell letter to his family, Ross wrote: *\"The day is coming when my innocence will be proved.\"*
Ross composed himself with dignity for his quiet but resolute statement from the scaffold:
: *\"I am now face to face with my Maker, and I swear by Almighty God that I am an innocent man. I never saw the child. I never committed the crime, and I don\'t know who did. I never confessed to anyone. I ask God to forgive those who have sworn my life away, and I pray God to have mercy on my poor darling mother, and my family.\"*
Ross was executed on 24 April 1922 at Melbourne Gaol in a particularly gruesome manner. Authorities had decided to experiment with a four-stranded rope rather than the usual three-stranded European hemp. The four-stranded rope did not run freely through the noose and Ross did not die immediately because his spinal cord was fractured, not severed. Although his windpipe was torn and obstructed by his destroyed larynx, the condemned man continued with rasping breaths and convulsed on the rope. Three times Ross bent his knees and flexed his arms before succumbing, slowly strangled to death by asphyxiation. A prison report later ruled that such a rope must never be used again.
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# Colin Campbell Ross
## Attempts to clear name {#attempts_to_clear_name}
Brennan became consumed with guilt over his failure to save Ross\'s life, eventually writing a book, *The Gun Alley Tragedy*, in which he attempted to establish that Ross had been hanged for a crime he did not commit. Although Brennan attracted supporters, it was not enough to persuade the Victorian government to have the case re-examined, and over the following years interest began to wane among all but the most ardent of Ross\'s supporters. Brennan would later pursue a career in politics and was elected to the Australian senate in 1931.
In 1993, Kevin Morgan, a former schoolteacher, became interested in Ross\' case and began to research the events surrounding the murder of Alma Tirtschke and Ross\'s execution. He read handwritten notes in the Bible Ross had kept with him in prison, and which had been preserved by his family following his death. Morgan was moved by the simple notations in which Ross wrote of false witnesses, knowing that he had written these notes without expecting anyone else to read them.
Morgan examined interview records and court transcripts, and discovered information that had been kept from the court at the time, including the testimony of six reliable witnesses who placed Ross inside his saloon for the entire afternoon of Alma\'s murder. Furthermore, a cab driver, Joseph Graham, had heard screams coming from a building in Collins Street at 3:00 p.m., during the time that Ross was verified as having been in the saloon. Graham\'s interview had been disregarded by police and he had not been called to give evidence. Following Ross\'s arrest, Graham attempted to have his story told through a solicitor, but was not permitted to present his version of events in court. Morgan also noted that the witnesses against Ross were of dubious character and could have been motivated to present false testimony; Harding\'s sentence was reduced after he stated that Ross had confessed to him in prison while Maddox, Gibson, and disgruntled former employee Matthews had shared the reward money. A closer examination of the long testimony of Price regarding the hair samples seemed to support Ross\'s innocence.
Two years after he began researching the case, Morgan found a file in the Office of Public Prosecutions containing the original hair samples, which had been thought lost. He began a long administrative struggle for the right to submit the hair samples for DNA testing, finally achieving his aim in 1998. Two independent scientific authorities `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine and the forensics division of the Australian Federal Police `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} found that the two lots of hair did not come from the same person, thereby disproving with certainty the most damning piece of evidence presented at Ross\'s trial.
On 4 October 2005, the families of both Colin Ross and Alma Tirtschke, represented by Elizabeth Eadie Everett on behalf of the Ross family and Bettye Georgina Arthur on behalf of the Tirtschke family, submitted a petition of mercy. On 23 October 2006 the Victorian Attorney General Rob Hulls, utilising his powers under section 584(b) of the Crimes Act 1958, forwarded the 31-page petition to the Chief Justice, Marilyn Warren, requesting her to consider the plea for Ross. On 20 December 2007, Supreme Court Justices Teague, Cummins and Coldrey delivered a unanimous verdict that there had been a miscarriage of justice in Ross\'s case. The subsequent pardon, granted on 27 May 2008, is the first example of a posthumous pardon in Victoria\'s legal history and is to date the only instance of a pardon for a judicially executed person in Australia.
The family of Alma Tirtschke were relieved that Ross had finally been exonerated. In a Fairfax radio interview discussing the pardon, the murdered girl\'s second cousin recounted how her grandmother was preoccupied with the murder: \"She didn\'t say who was the right man but she said the wrong man was hung.\" In a later interview on the Nine Network\'s *A Current Affair* program, the family stated they believe the true murderer was a family member. In 1996, Morgan interviewed Viola, Alma\'s sister, and in his book revealed the probable killer to be a man mistrusted by the two girls, George Murphy, a returned soldier who had paedophilic tendencies who was married to their cousin.
## Aftermath
The Ross trial was the first in Australasia to obtain a conviction using a scientific comparison of hairs. The case also led to the practice of anonymity for jurors after Keith Murdoch\'s newspaper, *The Herald*, sensationalised the case and prejudiced the trial by publishing Ross\'s photograph and printing the names and addresses of the jury. *The Herald* was shamed by other newspapers and its headquarters in Flinders Street was nicknamed \"the Colin Ross Memorial\" by opposition journalists.
In October 2010, Ross\'s remains were identified and handed to his family for a proper burial.
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# Colin Campbell Ross
## Legacy
The Gun Alley Murder is depicted in 1982\'s *Squizzy Taylor*, a film about the eponymous Melbourne gangster. The film portrays Taylor (David Atkins) assisting the authorities with the case by intimidating supposed witnesses into revealing what they know about Ross
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# 95th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The **95th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry** was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
## Recruitment
The 95th Illinois was formed as a result of President Abraham Lincoln\'s call for 300,000 volunteers in the late summer of 1862. All ten companies were formed out of Boone and McHenry Counties and they were mustered into federal service on September 4, 1862. After spending two months training at Camp Fuller near Rockford the regiment took to the field, proceeding to Jackson by way of Cairo and Columbus. There they joined the growing army under Major General Ulysses S. Grant, who was preparing to advance on the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg.
The 95th was assigned to the XVI Corps and took part in Grant\'s northern Mississippi Campaign in late 1862. This abortive first move against Vicksburg ended when the Union supply line at Holly Springs was disruption by Confederate cavalry under General Earl Van Dorn. Along with the rest of the army, the 95th retreated back into Tennessee. Reassigned to the XVII Corps under General James McPherson in January 1863, the regiment spent time in occupied Memphis before embarking down the Mississippi River to Lake Providence. There the regiment received its \"baptism of fire\" by skirmishing with some Confederate raiders on February 10, 1863. In early April they moved to Milliken\'s Bend in preparation for the beginning of the Vicksburg Campaign.
## Vicksburg Campaign {#vicksburg_campaign}
On April 30 the 95th Illinois participated in the crossing of the Mississippi River at Bruinsburg with the rest of McPherson\'s corps and spent the next two weeks marching along hot and dusty Mississippi roads. They were in the vicinity of fighting at the Battle of Raymond and the Battle of Jackson but were held in reserve. Their brigade was thrown into action at the Battle of Champion Hill but by the time they reached the front the enemy had been defeated and was fleeing back toward Vicksburg. On May 18 Grant\'s army reached the outskirts of Vicksburg and prepared to assault the Confederate works. The following day the Federal troops tried to storm the defenses. The 95th Illinois, part of Brigadier General Thomas E.G. Ransom\'s brigade of General John McArthur\'s division, plunged ahead and gained a point near the Confederate works. In this assault Colonel Thomas Humphrey was wounded in the foot but remained in control of the regiment and led them off the field when ordered to do so. After two days of rest, Grant decided to try again, this time sending most of his army forward against the Confederate entrenchments. Again the 95th gained the crest of a ridge that allowed them to fire down into the Confederate trenches, but they were exposed and absorbing crossfire. After a few minutes, Colonel Humphrey ordered them to retreat. Losses for the regiment in the two assaults totaled 25 killed, 124 wounded, and 10 missing.
Grant and the rest of his army settled down for the Siege of Vicksburg. They had tried to dislodge the Confederates by force and failed; now they would simply starve them out. On July 4, 1863, after nearly two months of siege, the Vicksburg defenders surrendered. After a brief rest the 95th Illinois was sent to Natchez with the rest of Ransom\'s brigade and occupied the city without any Confederate opposition. After spending the rest of the summer in Natchez, the regiment returned to garrison duty at Vicksburg through the fall and winter of 1863. In February 1864 they participated in the Meridian Expedition under General William T. Sherman but did not see any combat.
## Red River Campaign {#red_river_campaign}
In early March 1864, the regiment was detached from the Army of the Tennessee and joined the Department of the Gulf under General Nathaniel P. Banks. They were loaded aboard a steamboat and transported down the Mississippi River to the mouth of the Red River in Louisiana. Under their brigade commander, Colonel Lyman M. Ward, they participated in an expedition known as the Red River Campaign. On March 14 they participated in the Battle of Fort DeRussy with only a few casualties. Union commanders ordered the fort destroyed by explosives, but nobody told the 95th Illinois and other regiments that were camped nearby. When the fort exploded several members of the regiment were seriously injured and one man killed by falling debris. They continued marching into central Louisiana but did not take part in the principal engagements of the campaign, the Battle of Pleasant Hill and the Battle of Mansfield. The Red River Campaign proved to be a Union disaster and the entire force was compelled to beat a hasty retreat before the falling water level in the Red River stranded their steamboats. During this time the 95th saw action at the Battle of Yellow Bayou. They returned to Vicksburg on April 23 and then were transferred to Memphis.
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# 95th Illinois Infantry Regiment
## Brice\'s Crossroads {#brices_crossroads}
With the main Union effort in the Western Theater being concentrated against Atlanta, Union high command was worried that the Confederates under General Nathan B. Forrest would leave Mississippi and Tennessee and threaten the supply lines in Georgia. Therefore, General Sherman ordered Samuel Sturgis to lead a force of about 8,000 infantry and cavalry out of Memphis to find and distract Forrest\'s Cavalry Corps somewhere in northern Mississippi. The expedition, including the 95th Illinois, started from Memphis on June 1, 1864, and snaked its way into northeastern Mississippi. On June 13 General Benjamin Grierson\'s cavalry division made contact with Forrest\'s cavalry near Guntown, Mississippi. The resulting fight, known as the Battle of Brice\'s Crossroads was the roughest engagement the 95th Illinois ever experienced. The day was murderously hot and their brigade was rushed in to support Grierson at the double-quick, with many men falling out due to the heat. They arrived at the battlefield and almost immediately after forming into line of battle Colonel Humphrey was killed. Command devolved onto Captain William H. Stewart of Company F, but after a few minutes he was shot through both thighs. Then Captain Elliot Bush of Company G took command, but he too was killed. Finally Captain Almon Schellenger took command and held the regiment together as Confederates wrapped around both left and right flanks. The line held for about two hours but the surprising vigor of Forrest\'s assault was too much and the 95th Illinois, along with the rest of the Union force, fled from the battlefield. The Battle of Brice\'s Crossroads cost the regiment one-third of its strength in killed, wounded, and missing.
## Price\'s Raid {#prices_raid}
In August 1864 the 95th was sent to garrison duty in Arkansas spending time at St. Charles and Arkansas. In the late summer of 1864, with the presidential election approaching, Confederate general Sterling Price made a final desperate attempt to bring Missouri into the Confederacy and sway public support away from the Lincoln Administration. Price launched a raid into Missouri from central Arkansas with about 12,000 men. With the bulk of Union forces in the west concentrated in Georgia, there was some uncertainty whether the Federals could bring enough troops to oppose him and the Union high command rushed troops from all over the far west to meet this new threat. The 95th Illinois was among these forces and they rushed from south-central Arkansas into Missouri to join with a conglomeration of Union troops. This was the roughest march that the regiment ever endured. They tramped over three hundred miles in less than a month, along some of the worst roads in the country and through a desolate country with little forage and very few residents. They pursued Price\'s troops into central Missouri but by mid-October it was clear that this raid was not going to be successful for the Confederates. The 95th did not engage in any combat during this operation, but they did wear out their shoes.
## Battle of Nashville {#battle_of_nashville}
After Price\'s Raid, the 95th Illinois received some much needed rest, spending time in Cairo, Illinois, attending theater productions before there was yet another emergency call for troops. The regiment was loaded up on a steamboat at Cairo and sent up the Ohio River and Cumberland River to Nashville, Tennessee. They joined General George Thomas\'s army to repel a Confederate offensive into Tennessee by General John Bell Hood. On December 15, 1864, the 95th advanced with the rest of the Union army against Hood\'s defenses south of Nashville. They were lightly engaged and the Confederate lines simply disintegrated as they advanced. The Confederates fell back to a second defensive line farther to the south and on December 16 the 95th Illinois participated in storming those lines as well, taking only one casualty. The Battle of Nashville was a complete disaster for the Confederates and what was left of Hood\'s Army of Tennessee fled into northern Mississippi. The 95th Illinois was part of the pursuing force that chased the Confederates as far as Eastport, Mississippi, on the Tennessee River near Corinth.
## Operations Against Mobile {#operations_against_mobile}
The regiment stayed in Eastport for a month and faced sickness and starvation as freezing rain, snow, and muddy roads prevented their supply wagons from reaching them. In early February they marched to Memphis and were transferred to New Orleans in preparation for an assault on Mobile, Alabama. In March they once again loaded onto a troop transport and taken to an island off the Alabama coast for a few days where the men busied themselves with hunting oysters. On March 26 they landed near Mobile and participated in the Battle of Spanish Fort until it capitulated on April 8. The following day the 95th Illinois took part in the Battle of Fort Blakeley and were one of the first regiments to storm over the defenses. Following the fall of Mobile the 95th advanced northward into central Alabama and occupied Montgomery on April 25. On May 4 Confederate general Richard Taylor surrendered his Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Florida to General Edward Canby and combat operations for the 95th Illinois ceased. The regiment stayed around Montgomery on garrison duty until early July. During that time former Confederate general Beaureguard passed through their lines on his way home to Louisiana.
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# 95th Illinois Infantry Regiment
## Demobilization
In early July the 95th Illinois marched to Meridian, Mississippi and then passed through Vicksburg one final time. They loaded on a steamboat and eventually made their way to Springfield, Illinois and were mustered out at Camp Butler on August 17, 1865. Some late arriving recruits were transferred to the 47th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment and were mustered out in January 1866.
## Detachment
Following the Red River Campaign in 1864, companies A and I were detached from the regiment and placed under command of Major Charles B. Loop. Their mission was to transport beef \"on the hoof\" from Tennessee to Sherman\'s army in Georgia. Once their mission was complete they were folded into a group of unattached companies from the 81st Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment and 14th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment called \"Worden\'s Battalion.\" They participated in the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain on June 27, the Battle of Pace\'s Ferry on July 5, the Battle of Atlanta on July 22, and the Battle of Jonesboro on August 31 and September 1. They marched north with General George Thomas\'s army to repulse Hood\'s advance into Tennessee. The detachment rejoined the main body of the regiment just prior to the Battle of Nashville.
## Total strength and casualties {#total_strength_and_casualties}
The regiment suffered 7 officers and 77 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officer and 204 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 289 fatalities.
## Notable Members {#notable_members}
- Albert Cashier, a transgender man who served in the Union Army.
## Commanders
- Colonel Lawrence S. Church -- Resigned, January 24, 1863.
- Colonel Thomas W. Humphrey -- Killed in action, June 10, 1864.
- Captain William H. Stewart -- Wounded in action, June 10, 1864
- Captain Elliot Bush -- Killed in action, June 10, 1864
- Captain Almon Schellenger -- In temporary command at the Battle of Brice\'s Crossroads
- Lieutenant Colonel William Avery -- In temporary command at the Battle of Nashville
- Colonel Leander Blanden -- Mustered out with the regiment
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# Wavelength (song)
\"**Wavelength**\" is the title song from the 1978 album by Northern Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison. Released as a single in 1978, it climbed to number forty two in the US charts, and stayed in the Hot 100 for eleven weeks. According to Howard A. Dewitt, this \"was the song which re-established Morrison\'s hit making abilities\".
## Recording and composition {#recording_and_composition}
\"Wavelength\" was recorded in spring 1978 at the Shangri-La Studios in Malibu, California.
The most important contribution to the music was made by Peter Bardens who played synthesizer.
In his biography, Brian Hinton states that it is, \"a love song about the mysterious and unspoken communication between a couple\" and also refers to the singer\'s adolescent years when he would listen to the Voice of America and the sounds of his favorite artists such as Ray Charles singing \"Come back baby, come back\". In the song Morrison refers to his first solo hit single \"Brown Eyed Girl\", using the lyrics \"Won\'t you play that song again for me, about my lover, my lover in the grass\".
The Allmusic reviewer wrote that, \"\'Wavelength\' makes some nods to its era (1978), most notably and obviously via the use of fat 1970s synthesizers---played by Peter Bardens---which play spacy loops that mimic the interference and bubbling feedback one gets when dialing up shortwave radio stations. It is a little bit of cleverness, as Morrison elicits the same feelings on his own recording that he no doubt had discovering his favorite new music.\"
## Live performances {#live_performances}
As performed by the Wavelength band on tour, it was a very popular song. Morrison assembled the band to promote his album, *Wavelength* that was released at the same time.
## Acclaim
*Record World* said that \"Morrison\'s classic jazz/rock style is particularly effective\" on this song.
\"Wavelength\" was rated at No. 253 in Dave Marsh\'s 1989 book *The Heart of Rock and Soul, The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever*.
## Other releases {#other_releases}
\"Wavelength\" was the opening track on the *Live at Montreux 1980/1974* DVD released in 2006. It is one of the songs remastered in 2007and included on the compilation album *Still on Top - The Greatest Hits*. It was also performed in 1979, on Morrison\'s first video *Van Morrison in Ireland*, which was released in 1981
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# Blair Cochrane
` ``{{MedalSport|[[Sailing at the Summer Olympics|Sailing]]}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{Medal|Country|{{GBR}}}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{Medal | Gold | [[Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – 8 Metre|1908 London]] | [[8 Metre]] }}`{=mediawiki}
Captain **Blair Onslow Cochrane** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE}}`{=mediawiki} (11 September 1853 --7 December 1928) was a British sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was helmsman of the British boat *Cobweb*, which won the gold medal in the 8-metre class.
Cochrane was born near Darlington, County Durham, the son of a wealthy land and coal mine owner. His great-grandfather was Archibald Cochrane, 9th Earl of Dundonald. He was educated at King\'s College School and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He joined the Royal Horse Artillery and rose to the rank of captain.
In 1896, Cochrane, Lieutenant-Colonel Augustus Henry Macdonald Moreton, and Captain Ernest du Boulay instigated the Bembridge Redwing class, the earliest one design keelboat class with a One Design hull and restricted development rig.
In the 1908 Olympic Games, Cochrane and his brothers-in-law, Henry Sutton and John Rhodes, raced in Cochrane\'s yacht, *Cobweb*, that won the 8-metre class.
From 1909 to 1913, Cochrane was Rear Commodore of the Royal Victoria Yacht Club. He was also a member of Bembridge Sailing Club
He later served as County Director, Auxiliary Hospitals and Voluntary Aid Detachments on the Isle of Wight. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1919 New Year Honours for his service during the First World War.
He married Mary Sutton, daughter of Sir Richard Sutton, 4th Baronet. Their daughter, Jean Cochrane, was also a top yachtswoman. She died unexpectedly on her yacht in 1946
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# Ediciones Ekare
***Ediciones Ekare*** (lit. *\"Ekare Editions\"*, the word *ekare*from Pemon meaning \"true\") is a Venezuelan based children\'s book Publisher. Ekaré began in 1978 in Caracas, Venezuela and its initial goal was to publish books which reflected the Venezuelan and Latin American culture and landscape. This was directly related to the experience in public and school libraries of the Banco del Libro, a non-profit organization that promotes reading and books. The catalog includes original works as well as translations of publications in other languages.
Ekaré has offices in Caracas, Venezuela, Santiago, Chile and Barcelona, Spain. It publishes books both in Spanish and Catalán.
## History
*Ekare Editions*, directed by Carmen Diana Dearden and Veronica Uribe, began in 1978 as a department of the Banco del Libro, with the publication of El rabipelado burlado (The Hoodwinked Possum), a story from the Pemón ethnic group. This was the first title of the Indigenous Tales Collection, one of Ekare\'s iconic collections. During its first years, Ekare filled a void in the production of quality children\'s books in Latin America. This enabled the publishing house to have a sustained development and be recognized by specialists and public in general, both in Venezuela and abroad. In 1989, because of this sustained growth, Ekare became a separate entity from the Banco del Libro, with its own legal status as a recognized Publishing House and secured a presence in various Latin American countries and The United States, thanks to local distributors. In 1996 it opened offices in Santiago, Chile (Ekare Sur Editions) and in 2002 in Barcelona, Spain (Ekare Europa). Ekare books have been translated into more than 15 languages, among them German, complex and simplified Chinese, Korean, Danish, Icelandic, Swedish French, Dutch, English, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Portuguese and Euskera and Papiamento. Conversely, approximately 40% of the Publishing House\'s catalogue is made up of books translated from other countries, such as England, United States, Australia, and Japan. Ekare is considered a pioneering house in picture book publishing in Latin America.
It has published works by Monika Doppert, Ana Maria Machado, Aquiles Nazoa, Teresa Duran, Javier Saez Castán, Marta Carrasco, Antonio Skarmeta, Alexis Deacon, Satoshi Kitamura, Ron Brooks, Margaret Wild, Helen Oxenbury, Tomi Ungerer, Arnold Lobel, Leo Lionni, Ed Young, Max Velthuijs, Eugenio Montejo, David McKee, Arnal Ballester, Emilio Urberuaga, Rocío Martínez, Fernando Krahn, Marua de la Luz Uribe, Irene Savino, Kurusa, Alba Marina Rivera, among others
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# Lowca
**Lowca** is a village and civil parish in the English county of Cumbria, just to the north of the village of Moresby. It had a population of 773 in 2001, increasing to 888 at the 2011 Census.
It was formerly a mining area but is now noted for its wind farm.
Lowca looks out over the Solway Firth to the west. The village used to stand next to a huge black slag heap called Pit Bank until the slag heap was redeveloped in the 1980s, along with a new road leading directly through Lowca from the A595.
Lowca has its own community school, previously known as Lowca Primary School, and rugby team.
## History
In 1800, brothers Adam, Thomas and Crosby Heslop, formerly associated with the ironworks at Seaton near Workington, established an iron foundry and engineering business on the seashore by the mouth of the Lowca Beck. The impetus for the business was probably the success of the twin-cylinder steam engine Adam had invented while working in Shropshire in 1790, and there was no shortage of finance, hence the company title \"Heslops, Milward, Johnston & Co.\" The three brothers were all dead by the mid-1830s so the investors sold up, and the works was taken over by local iron mining partnership Tulk and Ley which began a long tradition of locomotive manufacture. In 1857 it was sold again, to Fletcher, Jennings & Co.
Lowca also had large reserves of coal, which were mined for centuries, providing even more employment than the engineering works. In 1911 a chemical works was established to exploit the latest coal by-product technologies which had been developed in Germany. This plant was shelled by a German submarine, U-24, during World War I, on 16 August 1915; an event which the Germans made much of at the time, and Lowca has made much of ever since. Local legend has it that a quick thinking local worker opened a relief valve which sent up an impressive plume of burning gas, so the submariners thought they had destroyed their target and left. Apparently the only fatality of the incident was one local dog.
The village used to be served by Lowca railway station on the **Lowca Light Railway** which connected with the Cleator & Workington junction railway at Harrington Junction
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# Arthur Wood (sailor)
` ``{{MedalSport|[[Sailing at the Summer Olympics|Sailing]]}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{Medal|Country|{{GBR}}}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]] }}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{Medal | Gold | [[Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – 8 Metre|1908 London]] | [[8 Metre]] }}`{=mediawiki}
**Arthur Nicolas Lindsay Wood** (March 29, 1875 -- June 1, 1939) was an English sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain. He was a crew member of the British boat *Cobweb*, which won the gold medal in the 8 metre class
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# Jean-Baptiste Lafond
**Jean-Baptiste Lafond** (born 29 December 1961) is a former French rugby union footballer. He played for the French national team on over 30 occasions. His usual position was either on the wing or at fullback.
He made his debut for France against Australia in 1983 in Clermont Ferrand, which ended in a 15-all draw. He played in numerous Five Nations Championships, and was a part of the French squad at the 1991 Rugby World Cup.
At club level he played for teams including Paris clubs Racing Club de France and Stade Français. His club honours include winning the French championship in 1990 and was runner-up in 1987. His final cap for France was in Paris in 1993, with France defeating Wales. He was also selected for the English invitational side the Barbarian F.C
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# Abel Posse
**Abel Parentini Posse** (7 January 1934 -- 14 April 2023) was an Argentine novelist, essayist, poet, career diplomat, and politician. Posse was a diplomat for the Argentinian Foreign Service from 1966 to 2004.
He is the author of fourteen novels, seven collections of essays, an extensive journalistic work that included 400-odd articles, together with a series of short stories and poems. Posse was a regular contributor to the liberal-conservative daily La Nación in Buenos Aires, as well as other Argentine dailies (such as Perfil and La Gaceta de Tucumán) and Spanish papers (ABC, El Mundo and El País). He was also editor in-chief of the Revista Argentina de Estudios Estratégicos (Argentine Journal of Strategic Studies).
For his narrative fiction, Posse received several distinguished awards. In November 2012, he became a numbered member of the Argentine Academy of Letters.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Abel Parentini Posse was born on 7 January 1934 in the city of Córdoba, Argentina. When he was two, the family moved to Buenos Aires for his father\'s work.
Posse\'s father, Ernesto Parentini was one of the founders of Artistas Argentinos Asociados and the producer of the feature film La Guerra Gaucha (1942). Posse\'s mother, Elba Alicia Posse, belonged to a Creole-landed oligarchy of Galician descent that held vast sugar mill estates in the North West province of Tucuman. One of Posse\'s aunts was Esmeralda Leiva de Heredia, better known as "La Jardín", an actress and friend of Eva Perón. One of Posse\'s maternal great-grandfathers was a patron of the arts, while Julio Argentino Roca, twice president of Argentina, was a relative.
Posse grew up near Buenos Aires\'s Rivadavia Street. Through his father\'s profession, Posse was exposed to the city\'s artistic and cultural life, which he would later evoke in his literature. Posse mingled with Argentine show business stars, such as like Chas de Cruz, Pierina Dealessi, Ulises Petit de Murat, and Muñoz Azpiri, as well as the tango composers, Aníbal Troilo and Homero Manzi, which gave him an encyclopaedic knowledge of the tango repertoire and culture.
Posse went to primary school at the Colegio La Salle. When he was 8, he wrote and illustrated little books that he would sell to his grandmother, who lived in the same apartment complex. In 1943, at the age of 13, Posse launched himself into his first literary project, an unfinished novel set in Imperial Rome. Posse went to secondary school, from 1946 to 1952, at the prestigious Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires. There, he became friends with other artists and writers, such as the translator, Rogelio Bazán. Amongst his teachers, was the orientalist philosopher Vicente Fatone who stirred an interest in philosophy evident in several of his novels.
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# Abel Posse
## University education {#university_education}
Posse studied at the Law Faculty in Buenos Aires until 1958. During the day, he endured lectures \"by fascist-Peronist professors" while enjoying Buenos Aires at night.
According to Posse, his nighttime meetings and conversations in Buenos Aires cafés allowed him to deepen his knowledge of Russian and French literature, German philosophy, and Oriental spiritualism. He met Jorge Luis Borges, Eduardo Mallea, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Ricardo Molinari, Manuel Mujica Lainez, Ramón Gomez de la Serna and Rafael Alberti. He also became close friends with the poets Conrado Nalé Roxlo and Carlos Mastronardi, as well as Borges, who opened the doors of the Sociedad Argentina de Escritores (SADE) for him and who would later help him to publish his first short stories and poems in the daily, El Mundo.
It was at this time that Posse became attracted to Peronist ideas despite having been born into an anti-Peronist family. A public demonstration on 17 October 1945 also left an impression on him, together with the public grieving aroused by Eva Perón\'s funeral in 1952. These years of Posse\'s life are depicted in certain passages of *La reina del Plata* (1988) and *La pasión segun Eva* (1994), a fictional biography of Eva Perón\'s final days.
After military service in 1955, Posse completed his university studies in 1958. The same year, he wrote a screenplay, "*La cumparsa*" (The Troupe), which was given an award by the National Institute of Cinematography.
After graduating, Posse travelled to Europe. With a university scholarship, Posse undertook doctoral studies in political sciences at the Sorbonne in Paris. Just before his travels, he published his first poem, "*Invocación al fantasma de mi infancia muerta*", in the literary supplement of El Mundo.
While in Europe, he deepened his knowledge of the poetry of Hölderlin, Rilke and Trakl, studied Sartre, and met Pablo Neruda. In Paris, he also met the German student, Wiebke Sabine Langenheim, who would become his wife.
In 1961, Posse spent two semesters in Tübingen, Germany, the home of Hölderlin. That same year, his poem, "*En la tumba de Georg Trakl*", the first ever text signed as Abel Posse, was awarded the Rene Bastianini prize of the SADE in Buenos Aires. During his stay in Tübingen, he began writing his first novel, *Los bogavantes*, which he would finish in 1967.
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# Abel Posse
## Career
### From Buenos Aires to the Foreign Service {#from_buenos_aires_to_the_foreign_service}
Posse returned to Buenos Aires in 1962. After a competitive selection process, he taught as an assistant in constitutional law under professor Carlos Fayt at the University of Buenos Aires. With little enthusiasm, he also began to work as a lawyer. Sabine traveled to Argentina and a while later they were married. In 1965 he was admitted to the Argentine Foreign Service after a public selection process (20). Until 2004 he would live most of his life abroad, as such most of his works were written outside of Argentina, although he always defended his Argentine identity, his literary production was well served by Ricardo Güiraldes' adage, "distance reveals" (21).
### Moscow (1966--1969) {#moscow_19661969}
Abel Posse\'s only son, Ivan, was born in Moscow in January 1967. At this time in the Russian capital, he also finished writing his first novel, Los bogavantes, set in Paris and Seville, centered on a trio of characters, two of whom are students and one a Foreign Service employee, embodying the ideological tensions of the early 1960s. This neo-realist novel played an important part in his literary career. Under the pseudonym of Arnaut Daniel, Posse submitted it to the 1968 Planeta Prize. It featured among the four finalists, and although it had been virtually declared the winner by the judges José Manuel de Lara and Baltasar Porcel, under Francoist pressure the judges had to overturn their decision, due to some charged erotic scenes, above all because of its critical and ironical references to the regime\'s military. Once it had been published in 1970 by Editorial Brújula in Argentina, thanks to the support of Ernesto Sabato and Posse\'s father, and after it received the Sash of Honour of the SADE, Los bogavantes was later published in Barcelona in 1975 where it was the object of Francoist censorship. All 5000 copies were purged of two pages that ridiculed the masculinity of army officers. This singular publishing episode (22) brought him under the attention of those who were the leading literary publishers of the time, Carlos Barral and Carmen Balcells; the latter would become his literary agent.
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# Abel Posse
## Career
### Lima (1969--1971) {#lima_19691971}
Abel Posse was posted to Peru in 1969 and appointed cultural secretary of the embassy in Lima. For him Peru represented the discovery of Inca culture, the "revelation of the Americas" (23) which compelled him to identify himself with his Creole roots of North-Western Argentina (24). A visit to Machu Picchu inspired a long poem of 240 verses, Celebración de Machu Picchu, which he wrote in Cuzco in 1970 and published much later in Venice in 1977. Also in 1970, he wrote his most ambitious poetical piece, Celebración del desamparo, which was amongst the finalists of the Maldoror Poetry Prize although Posse decided against publishing it. In those years he read José María Arguedas and the great Cuban stylists: Alejo Carpentier, Lezama Lima and Severo Sarduy. He also researched the life of Argentina\'s national independence hero, General José de San Martín, and in 1971 was admitted to the Instituto Sanmartiniano de Lima. In Peru he also wrote his second novel, La boca del tigre (1971), inspired by his personal experiences in the Soviet Union. This novel, clearly influenced by Ernesto Sabato\'s neo-realist style of fiction, helped the author to articulate his distrust of the overbearing ideologies of the time, in order to criticize the exercise of power in the contemporary world and to reflect on the place of the individual in that historical juncture. This thematic concern foreshadowed the ideas about history in his later novel Daimon. La boca del tigre, which received the third National Prize of Argentine Literature, hints at his initial musings on the notion of Americanness (americanidad). (25) The influence that the Argentine philosopher and anthropologist Rodolfo Günther Kusch would have on Posse\'s fiction and indeed his own worldview after his encounter with him and his readings of La seducción de la babarie (1953) and América profunda (1962). Consequently, Kusch\'s thought on the fundamental ontological and cultural antagonism between the West\'s homo faber with the Americano "man of being" and the symbiotic relationship of Amerindians with the Cosmos ("the Open") was to become a leitmotif in Posse\'s work, and particularly in his "Trilogy of the Discovery of America".
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# Abel Posse
## Career
### Venice (1973--1979) {#venice_19731979}
Posse was named Consul General for Venice in 1973, where he lived for 6 years. It was here that he wrote Daimon (1978), between October 1973 and August 1977, the novel which began the "Trilogy of the Discovery of America". This novel has as its protagonist a fictional avatar of the Spanish conquistador Lope de Aguirre (1510--1561). In this text, the conqueror, known for his cruelty which is depicted by chroniclers as the archetypal madman and traitor, raises from his ashes eleven years after his death together with the ghosts of his Marañones. Thus begins the "Jornada de América", through four centuries of painful Latin American history, on which he casts a disillusioned gaze, by seeing it as an "Eternal-Return-of-the-Same"; that is the eternal annihilation of man\'s liberty against which Lope de Aguirre\'s rebelliousness is powerless to arrest. This fruitless trans-historical rebellion drives him to an ambiguous death in the mid-1970s in Latin America, a condition that bears a resemblance to the death of Ernesto Che Guevara\'s revolutionary venture in Bolivia. Several scenes of torture suffered by the protagonist clearly resemble the atrocities committed by the Argentine military during the country\'s last military dictatorship. (26) This novel constitutes a milestone in Posse\'s poetics, as it is enthused with Rabelaisian elements in a baroque style, by continually resorting to the use of humour and ambiguity, to parody, intertextuality, anachronism, the grotesque, and continuous paratextual dialogue with the reader, characteristics which would reach their highest intensity in the subsequent novel, The dogs of paradise (1983). Daimon was shortlisted for the prestigious Romulo Gallegos Prize in 1982.
The Venetian sojourn was where he received the recognition of his peers; he was visited by friends such as Ernesto Sabato, Carlos Barral, Manuel Scorza, Victor Massuh, Antonio Requeni, Manuel Mujica Lainez, Jorge Luis Borges, Antonio Di Benedetto and Juan Rulfo. (27) He also met in Venice, Alejo Carpentier, who was writing his Concierto barroco (1974), as well as Italo Calvino, Alberto Moravia and Giorgio Bassani. During his years in Venice, Posse reflected on the Heideggerian concept of "the Open" (Das Offene) and Kusch\'s ideas concerning 'being'. (29) In 1973 he visited the German philosopher Martin Heidegger (30), and in 1979 together with his wife Sabine published a Spanish translation of Der feldweg. (31) After a brief trip to Buenos Aires in 1975, and on his return to Venice, he wrote between April and June of the same year a dark novel reflecting the murderous political violence being played out in Argentina at the time, titled Momento de morir, but which he did not publish until 1979. Its protagonist, Medardo Rabagliatti, a rather mediocre and irresolute suburban solicitor, is witness to the unfolding armed violence perpetrated by groups of youngsters depicted as fanatics and a sadistic military. Against all odds, the story\'s denouement sees the vacillating Medardo kill the murderous military leader responsible for the repression and later oversee the re-establishment of democratic political institutions in the country. The historical reading proposed by the author (various characters are clearly fictional avatars of Mario Firmenich and Hector J. Campora) condemns without a doubt the ERP (Ejercito Revolucionario del Pueblo), the Monotoneros and the military repression, thus underlining the "thesis of two evils"; a thesis the author holds in the prologue he added to the 1997 edition. (32)
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# Abel Posse
## Career
### Paris (1981--1985) {#paris_19811985}
In 1981 Posse was appointed director of the Argentine Cultural Centre in Paris. It was there where he wrote The dogs of paradise (1983), second part of his "Trilogy", with Christopher Columbus as its protagonist, and for which he was awarded the 1987 Rómulo Gallegos Prize. This novel, translated into many languages, confirmed Posse, according to many literary scholars, as one of the leading exponents of Latin America\'s "New Historical Novel". As in Daimon, the novel questions the validity of the official historiography of the conquest of the Americas, undermines the laws governing space and time, and anachronism is systematic, as is intertextuality, the pastiche, parody, while the work harbours, like Daimon, a profound reflection on the Latin American condition and its identity. The dogs of paradise explores the motivations of the Catholic Monarchs and Columbus, as well as the aftermath of the clash of cultures triggers by the arrival of the Spaniards through the dialogical testimony of the defeated. Between 1982 and 1985 Posse edited a bilingual collection (Spanish and French) of 15 Argentine poets titled Nadir, which included: Leopoldo Lugones, Enrique Molina, Héctor Antonio Murena, Juan L. Ortiza, Ricardo Molinari, Conrado Nalé Roxlo, Baldomero Fernandez Moreno, Alejandra Pizarnik, Oliverio Girondo, Manuel J. Castilla, Alberto Girri, Raul G. Aguirre, Juan Rodolfo Wilcock, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada and Leopoldo Marechal. This project was carried out with the assistance of Argentine and French poets, academics and translators. The volumes were gifted and distributed to French libraries and universities, with the aim of increasing interest in these works internationally. The project was no doubt inspired by Roger Caillois who, with his collection La Croix du Sud, made a major contribution to the international recognition of Jorge Luis Borges' work. (34) In January 1983 at age 15, Ivan, Posse\'s only son committed suicide at the family\'s apartment in Paris, a tragedy which the author would chronicle many years later in Cuando muere el hijo (2009), an autobiographical account presented as a "real chronicle". When The dogs of paradise appeared in bookshops he announced the forthcoming publication of the third sequel of the "Trilogy", titled Sobre las misiones jesuíticas, to be set in the Jesuit missions of Paraguay. (35) While its appearance was announced in 1986, with a different title, Los heraldos negros, it is as yet unpublished. (36) In November 1983, alongside the Paris Autumn Festival, Posse organised with Claudio Segovia a tango festival called Tango argentin, where Roberto Goyeneche participated and which was destined, as it were in his own words: "to bring to life the real tango, the primitive tango of the origins" as against the "tango for export" of Astor Piazzolla. (37)
### Israel (1985--1988) {#israel_19851988}
After the death of his son, Posse could no longer live in Paris and he was appointed Plenipotentiary Minister at the Argentine embassy in Tel-Aviv. He returned to writing there, and wrote three novels, quite different to his previous ones. He wrote two novels on Nazism, Los demonios ocultos (1987) and El viajero de Agartha (1989). Los demonios ocultos was a literary project Posse had begun much earlier in 1971, after having met several Nazis in Buenos Aires during his university days. The protagonist of the novels, cast in a neorealist style, is a young Argentine, Alberto Lorca, who goes in search of his father, Walther Werner, a German scientist who specialized in Oriental esoterism, who was sent by the Third Reich on a mission to Central Asia. The plot takes place in two temporal spaces, the Second World War and the Argentina of the last military dictatorship. El viajero de Agartha (1989, Premio Internacional Diana-Novedades, Mexico) is a true adventure espionage novel. Walter Werner as protagonist narrates the story in a diary recovered by his son, which recounts his mission in Tibet in his search for the mythical city of Agartha. The third novel, La reina del Plata (1988), as the title indicates is a homage to the Argentine capital and the period of splendor it once knew. The novel takes place in a futuristic Buenos Aires, whose society is polarized between "Insiders" and "Outsiders", where the "Outsider" Guillermo Aguirre ruminates on his own identity. The plot is narrated in fragments comprising ninety short chapters, while the action takes place in the typically Buenos Aires atmosphere of cafes and streets inhabited by the tango, the deep musical expression of the port city, where its characters muse about the past and present of the country.
### Prague (1990--1996) {#prague_19901996}
In 1990 Posse was promoted to Ambassador by President Carlos S. Menem and was posted to Prague for six years. His stay in the Czech capital was quite productive. Here he composed his literary essay Biblioteca essential which he published in 1991, where he proposes the most important 101 works of universal literature and his own canon of the literature of the River Plate. Posse also wrote in the Czech capital El largo atardecer del caminante, the novel which closes the "Trilogy of the Discovery of America", and which was crowned with the Premio Internacional Extremadura-America V Centenario 1992, where 180 novels had entered. In this work, the baroque style of Daimon and The dogs of paradise give way to a more somber and reflective style. The protagonist in this work is the conqueror Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca (1490--1558), who lives the last years of his life in a humble abode in Seville, where he reminisces about his 'true' American adventure through an autobiographical and sincere retelling of his exploits by filling in the blanks and the silences left by his chronicles titled Castaways and Commentaries. Posse\'s Cabeza de Vaca assumes his americanidad, his hybrid identity, by announcing his maxim, "only faith can cure, only kindness heals" as a way the conquest should have taken place. This introspective and autobiographical style is continued in his next work, La pasión según Eva (1994). This is a biographical novel (fictionalised biography) with a polyphonic text which sees an ailing Eva Perón living the last nine months of her life while casting a retrospective gaze over her life. At the same time, Posse collects and recovers the testimony of people who knew her, illustrating and readjusting Eva\'s own account. Although the text has a clear empathy with its subject, the novel\'s stated aim is to provide a deeper understanding of this powerful woman than given by previous biographies, taking her life out of the ideological straitjacket and transforming it into a destined life.
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# Abel Posse
## Career
### Lima (1998--2000) {#lima_19982000}
During his posting as ambassador to Lima, Peru, Posse wrote another biographical novel, Los cuadernos de Praga (1998), which also has as its protagonist another memorable 20th-century Argentine, Ernesto 'Che" Guevara Lynch. As with several of his earlier novels, the author was inspired by personal experience; Posse was informed during his stay in Prague that Che Guevara lived undercover in the city for almost a year after his defeat in the Congo. Like in La pasión según Eva, the motive of the personal diary is the trigger for the autobiographical account, an account that converses with the research the author has carried out. Similarly to the previous novel, the objective of the author is not to simply recount the life of the historical person, but based on "solid foundations", rescue his destiny in order to give an account of his life beyond the ideological. (38) On his return to Latin America after his European postings Posse increased his journalistic opinion pieces in El Excelsior (Mexico), El Nacional (Caracas), ABC and El Mundo (Madrid), Linea and La Nación (Buenos Aires). Posse arrived in Peru when there was still a tense relationship with Ecuador over the war of El Condor, and in the aftermath of the kidnapping of hostages at the Japanese embassy by the MRTA (1997). Posse spoke highly of the Alberto Fujimori\'s war against the MRTA at the same time he expressed his opposition to the trials by Baltasar Garzón against Augusto Pinochet and the International Human Rights Court, measures which he attributed to meddling into the internal affairs of Latin American countries. His opinion pieces also underscored the role Argentina could play in the consolidation of MERCOSUR and highlighted the natural resources of the country for the benefit of the next millennium, by appealing to the patriotism of its citizens and calling on them to imitate the example of Julio Argentino Roca, Hipölito Yrigoyen and Juan Domingo Perón. Many of these articles were brought together in the first collection of political essays he published in Argentina, el gran viraje (2000). His return to Peru renewed his interest in the national hero, Jose de San Martin, which inspired the short story "Paz en guerra" (2000).
### Copenhagen (2001--2002) {#copenhagen_20012002}
In 2001 Posse published El inquietante día de la vida, which received the Literary Prize of the Argentine Academy of Letters for the period 1998--2001. The protagonist is Felipe Segundo Posse, based on a real-life ancestor of his who was heir to a vast estate of sugar mills in Tucuman province in the late 19th century. The story begins when he is diagnosed with tuberculosis and decides to abandon his family by traveling to Buenos Aires and then on to Egypt in search of the poet Rimbaud. The novel also fictionalizes historical characters like Domingo F. Sarmiento, Julio A. Roca and Nicolás Avellaneda while celebrating Argentina\'s development at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.
### Madrid (2002--2004) {#madrid_20022004}
After a brief posting at UNESCO in Paris, Posse was appointed by President Duhalde Argentine ambassador to Spain. This was a hugely important posting, particularly due to the aftermath of the 2001 Argentine financial collapse, as this country was the main destination of Argentine migrants of Spanish descent. At the time Posse witnessed the deadly terrorist attacks in the Spanish capital on 11 March 2004. Deeply concerned by the crisis facing Argentina, Posse increased his opinion pieces in La Nación, defending regional integration, national sovereignty, and appealing to national reconstruction by evoking the memory of national figures such as Sarmiento and Evita. In 2003 he published another collection of political articles, El eclipse argentino. De la enfermedad colectiva al renacimiento, a work which attempts to outlay a blueprint for a national project. Once Néstor Kirchner assumed power, several media outlets pronounced Posse as the preferred candidate as foreign affairs minister, given his diplomatic experience, his age and his key posting in Spain. The journalist and former Montonero militant Miguel Bonasso published an opinion piece and participated in a TV program where he appealed to the president to put aside Posse\'s candidature, whom he accused of having a benevolent attitude toward the previous military dictatorship for not having abandoned his diplomatic duties, and for his support of the Fujimori regime. (39) The president appointed Rafael Bielsa as foreign affairs minister, while Posse continued his appointment at the embassy in Madrid until his retirement in 2004 when he returned to Argentina.
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# Abel Posse
## Later life {#later_life}
### Buenos Aires (2004--2023) {#buenos_aires_20042023}
After his retirement, Posse\'s commitment to the anti-Kirchner opposition increased. In very critical and controversial newspaper columns, he linked the president and his supporters to extreme left-wing militant movements of the 1970s, and he also opposed the restart of trials against the military, and the government\'s policy of collective memory which he labeled as incomplete.
He increased his spate of conferences on the state of the nation and he supported the presidential candidacy of Eduardo Duhalde in 2007.
In 2005, he published *En letra grande*, a collection of literary essays and reflections on intellectuals close to him and who he considered as influential. He also published in 2006 a series of political essays under the title *La santa locura de los argentinos*, which was a best-selle. In October 2009, he published *Cuando muere el hijo.*
Toward the end of 2009, Posse accepted the post of Minister of Education for the City of Buenos Aires offered by Mauricio Macri, which had been left vacant by Mariano Narodowski. Posse took office a day after having published a controversial article in the daily La Nación, titled "*Criminality and cowardice*", where he declared that rock music dumbed down the young, and criticised law and order measures of the President. His appointment and this opinion piece triggered a wave of protests by unions and students, and criticism from sections of the media, who accused Posse of having had close ties with previous dictatorship. In fact, a notorious military henchmen, Benjamin Menendez, who was on trial at the time, paraphrased a few sentences from Posse\'s article, which tarnished Posse\'s image even further. Given such circumstances, Posse resigned 11 days into his new posting.
In 2011, Posse he published *Noche de lobos*, based on the written account of a Montonero female leader who had been held captive and tortured at the ESMA (Navy School of Mechanics) and who had fallen in love with her torturer. This work delves into the conflicts between the urban guerrillas and the military, and was semi-biographical as the protagonist had given her typed account to Posse in the early 1980s while he was at the Argentine embassy in Paris. (42)
After his resignation as Minister of Education of Buenos Aires, Abel Posse continued to live in this city, where he gave talked and where he published frequently in Perfil and La Nación. He remained critical of the Kirchner policies and concerned about the future of the country.
In November 2012, Abel Posse was an elected numbered member of the Argentine Academy of Letters, taking the place of the late Rafael Obligado. In May 2014, he became an elected numbered member of the National Academy of Education taking the numbered chair Bartolome Mitre.
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# Abel Posse
## Death
Abel Posse died on 14 April 2023, at the age of 89.
## List of works {#list_of_works}
### Novels
- Los bogavantes (1970)
- La boca del tigre (1971)
- Daimón (1978) (Translated from the Spanish by Sarah Arvio. Atheneum, Macmillan, New York, 1992)
- Momento de morir (1979)
- Los perros del paraíso (1983); The dogs of Paradise (Translated from the Spanish by Margaret Sayers Peden. Atheneum, Macmillan, New York, 1989)
- Los demonios ocultos (1987)
- La reina del Plata (1988)
- El viajero de Agartha (1989)
- El largo atardecer del caminante (1992)
- La pasión según Eva (1994)
- Los cuadernos de Praga (1998)
- El inquietante día de la vida (2001)
- Cuando muere el hijo (2009)
- Noche de lobos (2011)
- Vivir Venecia (2016, forthcoming)
### Essays
- Biblioteca essential (1991)
- Argentina, el gran viraje (2000)
- El eclipse argentino. De la enfermedad colectiva al renacimiento (2003)
- En letra grande (2005)
- La santa locura de los argentinos (2006)
- Sobrevivir Argentina (2014)
- Réquiem para la política. ¿O renacimiento? (2015)
### Poetry
- "Invocación al fantasma de mi infancia muerta", El Mundo, Buenos Aires, 13/03/1959.
- "En la tumba de Georg Trakl", Eco, Revista de la cultura de Occidente, Bogotá, n°25, 05/1962, p. 35-37.
- "Georg Trakl 1887-1914", La Gaceta, San Miguel de Tucumán, 1/02/1987.
- Celebración del desamparo, 1970 (inédito).
- Celebración de Machu Pichu (1977)
### Short stories {#short_stories}
- "Cuando el águila desaparece", La Nación, 17/08/1989.
- "Paz en guerra", en Relatos por la paz, Amsterdam: Radio Nacional Holanda, 2000, p. 67-75
### Translations
- Martín Heidegger, El sendero del campo, traducción de Sabine Langenheim y Abel Posse, Rosario: Editorial La Ventana, 1979, 58 p
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# Michael Moncrieff
**Michael Moncrieff** (born 19 August 1952) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Hawthorn in the VFL during the 1970s and early 80s.
A tall full forward, Moncrieff was a prolific goalkicker for Hawthorn and topped their goalkicking on five occasions. The two times that he kicked 90 or more goals in a season came in premiership years for Hawthorn, 1976 and 1978. In 1976 he managed a career high 97 goals.
In 1977, with the return of champion Tasmanian full-forward Peter Hudson, Moncrieff moved to the backline. He returned full forward in 1978 and in the 1978 Grand Final he kicked four goals. He represented Victoria on three occasions. He kicked 10 goals in a match three times and holds the joint Hawthorn record for most goals in a final, kicking eight in the 1978 Qualifying Final against Collingwood.
Prior to the 1984 season, Moncrieff joined `{{AFL StK}}`{=mediawiki}. As was permitted by the rules, Moncrieff trained and played practice matches with St Kilda during the pre-season while St Kilda and Hawthorn continued to negotiate his clearance and transfer fee; but negotiations broke down and a transfer fee became nearly impossible to assess when Moncrieff suffered a serious knee injury in a practice match, which saw him miss fifteen months of football and ultimately retire from the VFL without playing a match for St Kilda. Following this case, the rules were amended to require a player\'s clearance to be finalized before he could train with his new club.
In 1986, Moncrieff played for Sandringham in the Victorian Football Association.
Off-field, Moncrieff served as president of the Victorian Football League Players\' Association, and later served as a member of the AFL Grievance Tribunal
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# John Rhodes (sailor)
**John Edward Rhodes** (13 February 1870 -- 6 February 1947) was an English sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics for Great Britain. He was a crew member of the British boat *Cobweb*, which won the gold medal in the 8 metre class.
He was the eldest son of John William Rhodes of Hennerton, Berkshire, a lieutenant in the King\'s Royal Rifle Corps (KRRC), by Marie Ada, eldest daughter of Edward Mackenzie of Fawley Court. He was commissioned as a Second lieutenant in the part-time 3rd (Royal Berkshire Militia) Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment, on 7 June 1887 and was promoted to lieutenant on 17 November 1888. He then transferred to the Regular Army as an officer in the KKRC on 29 October 1889. He was posted to the Isle of Wight (IoW) in 1892 and joined the Island Sailing Club. He later lived at Apley Rise in Ryde, IoW.
On 18 February 1897 he married Beatrice Zoe, youngest daughter of the late Sir Richard Sutton, 4th Baronet. Among his fellow sailors in the crew of *Cobweb* in 1908 were his brothers-in-law Henry Sutton and Blair Cochrane.
He served with the KKRC in the Second Boer War. On his return home he resigned from the army but on 23 May 1913 he took command of Princess Beatrice\'s Isle of Wight Rifles of the Territorial Force as Lieutenant-Colonel. In World War I he commanded the battalion in the disastrous action at Suvla Bay during the Gallipoli campaign, but was evacuated with sunstroke. He then served in wartime food control in the IoW and Channel Islands.
He served as commodore of the Bembridge Sailing Club and was a member of the Royal Victoria, Solent, and Lymington sailing clubs as well as the Island sailing club.
His wife died on 7 November 1921
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# David Pomeranz
**David Pomeranz** (born February 9, 1951) is an American singer, songwriter, composer, lyricist, and writer for musical theater. He is also an ambassador for Operation Smile, a foundation dedicated to cleft lip and palate and a member of the Church of Scientology.
## Solo career {#solo_career}
Born and raised on Long Island, Pomeranz expressed interest in music from an early age, singing in the synagog choir, learning to play the piano, guitar and drums, and writing and recording songs by the age of fourteen. From October 1968 to January 1969, he was lead singer for the Ohio-based rock band East Orange Express and when Pomeranz left the group, fellow member Dan Schear took over. When he was nineteen, MCA/Decca signed him to a contract that yielded two albums, *New Blues* and *Time to Fly* (the latter featuring Chick Corea), and he began touring the country as the opening act for Rod Stewart, Billy Joel, Three Dog Night and The Doors, among others.
In the late 1980s, Pomeranz collaborated with Russian rock star Alexander Malinin on the pre-glasnost \"Faraway Lands\", which they performed live in Moscow\'s Gorky Park for an episode of the television sitcom *Head of the Class*, the first time an American series filmed there. He also sang the song \"Nothing\'s Gonna Stop Me Now\", which was the theme song for the television series *Perfect Strangers*.
Pomeranz continued to tour as a solo act, appearing in such venues as the Hollywood Bowl, Kennedy Center, Olympic Stadium in Munich, and the Kremlin. He and David Shire collaborated on the theme song for the United Nations World Summit For Children entitled \"In Our Hands\", which the duo performed at the closing ceremonies for Ted Turner\'s Goodwill Games in Seattle. In 1999, Pomeranz recorded the CD *Born for You -- His Best and More* in the Philippines, a compilation album that became the country\'s best-selling album of 1999 and the 13th best-selling album of all time. Additional recordings include *The Eyes of Christmas* and *On This Day*.
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# David Pomeranz
## Composer
Pomeranz\'s songs include \"Tryin\' to Get the Feeling Again\" and \"The Old Songs\", both recorded by Barry Manilow; and \"It\'s in Every One of Us\", which was featured in the TV specials *John Denver and the Muppets: A Christmas Together*, *Rocky Mountain Holiday* and *A Muppet Family Christmas*, the Dave Clark musical *Time*, the film *Big*, and at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, Korea. His work has been performed by artists as diverse as Bette Midler, Phoebe Snow, Freddie Mercury, Richie Sambora, Missy Elliott, The Carpenters, Harry Belafonte, Andrea Marcovicci, Donna Summer, Lillias White, The Hollies and Cliff Richard, and his various songwriting projects have amassed a total of twenty-two platinum and eighteen gold albums.
Pomeranz has composed for feature films, television (earning a 1981 Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Music and Lyrics for the CBS television movie *Homeward Bound*), and the stage, including the hit West End musical *Time*; *Little Tramp*, based on the life and career of Charles Chaplin, staged for the 1995 Eugene O\'Neill Theater Festival in Waterford, Connecticut and presented in a 1996 concert version in St. Petersburg, Russia; and a musical adaptation of *A Tale of Two Cities*, produced by Bill Kenwright for the Theatre Royal, Windsor (1998) and the Alexandria Theatre in Birmingham (1999). With Kathie Lee Gifford he has written two projects, *Under The Bridge*, which premiered off-Broadway in January 2005, and *Saving Aimee*, based on the life of evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson, which debuted at the White Plains Performing Arts Center in October 2005 and was staged at the Signature Theatre in Arlington, Virginia in April--May 2007. In 2012, *Saving Aimee* was renamed to *Scandalous* and opened on November 15, 2012 in the Neil Simon Theatre on Broadway in New York City.
## Discography
### Albums
#### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
- *New Blues* (1971)
- *Time to Fly* (1971)
- *It\'s in Every One of Us* (1975)
- *The Truth of Us* (1980)
- *Come Home* (1993)
- *Born for You: His Best and More* (1999)
- *The Eyes of Christmas* (2000)
- *On This Day* (2001)
- *Hold Tight* (2007)
- *A Personal Touch* (2009)
- *You\'re the Inspiration* (2012)
#### Compilation albums {#compilation_albums}
- *Best of David Pomeranz* (1999)
#### Collaboration albums {#collaboration_albums}
- *The Road to Freedom* (with L
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# Snift
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# CoRoT-1b
**CoRoT-1b** (previously named **CoRoT-Exo-1b**) is a transiting extrasolar planet approximately 2,630 light-years away in the constellation of Monoceros. The planet was discovered orbiting the yellow dwarf star CoRoT-1 in May 2007. The planet was the first discovery by the French-led CoRoT Mission.
## Discovery
CoRoT-1b was identified as the best planetary candidate from the CoRoT spacecraft initial run from February 6 to April 2, 2007. Follow-up photometry with the Wise Observatorys 1.0 m telescope and at the Canada--France--Hawaii Telescope eliminated many of the possible false positives for the transit signal. 9 radial velocity measurements of CoRoT-1 were made at Haute-Provence Observatory in March--April and October 2007 with the SOPHIE échelle spectrograph. The radial velocity data matched the CoRoT light curve and supported the planetary nature of CoRoT-1b and eliminated other possibilities such as background stars, grazing eclipsing binaries, or a triple system.
The discovery was publicly announced on May 3, 2007 and submitted for publication on January 4, 2008.
## Characteristics
The planet is a large hot Jupiter, about 1.49 times the radius of Jupiter and approximately 1.03 times as massive, based on ground observations of the star. Its large size is due to its low density combined with the intense heating of its parent star causing the outer layers of the atmosphere to bloat.
## Observation of phases {#observation_of_phases}
In May 2009 CoRoT-1b became the first extrasolar planet for which optical (as opposed to infrared) observations of phases were reported. These observations suggest that there is not significant heat transfer between the (tidally locked) night and day sides of the planet
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# Charles Campbell (sailor)
` ``{{MedalSport|[[Sailing at the Summer Olympics|Sailing]]}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{Medal|Country|{{GBR}}}}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]] }}`{=mediawiki}\
` ``{{Medal | Gold | [[Sailing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – 8 Metre|1908 London]] | [[8 Metre]] }}`{=mediawiki}
**Charles Ralph Campbell** (14 December 1881 -- 19 April 1948) was a British sailor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the British boat *Cobweb*, which won the gold medal in the 8 metre class
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# Lowca railway station
**Lowca had two railway stations** that served the village of Lowca in the former county of Cumberland, England, which is now part of Cumbria.
The line was originally a waggonway that conveyed coal from a drift mine at Lowca to Harrington Harbour and later to Harrington Iron Works. As the demand for greater quantities of coal to feed the ironworks was most important new mines with vertical shafts were sunk. These were named after the parent ironworks and took the name of Harrington with a shaft number to identify them, such as Harrington No.4 and Harrington No.9.
A public passenger service ran from the 1st station between 2 June 1913 and when the 2nd Lowca Station was completed in August 1913 public services ran until they ceased in May 1926. Unadvertised workmen\'s trains had started in April 1912 and ran between `{{rws|Moss Bay Cart Siding}}`{=mediawiki} and the colliery station in the pit yard. After the Light Railway order ended the private workmen\'s service continued until April 1929, after which the workmen\'s trains ceased.
By 1922 the service had settled down to three trains each way between Lowca and `{{rws|Workington Central}}`{=mediawiki}, with an extra on Saturdays. There never was a public Sunday service.
The first station at Lowca was built by Bain & Co. who owned the colliery and Harrington Ironworks. It was situated in the colliery yard and was closed to public passenger use when the second station at Lowca was opened in August 1913.
The second station was on the Harrington and Lowca Light Railway which connected with the Cleator & Workington Junction Railway (CWJR) at Rosehill Junction south of Harrington Village. At different times workmen\'s services to Lowca ran from four places: `{{rws|Maryport}}`{=mediawiki} (during the First World War), `{{rws|Moss Bay Cart Siding}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{rws|Workington Central}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rws|Seaton (Cumbria)}}`{=mediawiki}. Public passenger trains ran from these last two only.
For many years there has been confusion regarding the stations at Lowca, with the two stations in the village being treated as one. The first official passenger service terminated in the colliery yard as shown in the photo. The 1st station continued in use until 1929 for workmen\'s trains but for passenger use the 2nd Lowca Station was the terminus.
## Freight services {#freight_services}
The railway through Lowca was first and foremost a mineral railway, with the short-lived workmen\'s and passenger services an afterthought. Lines first reached Lowca at the end of the Nineteenth Century, eventually running northwards towards Workington and southeastwards to meet the Gilgarran Branch at Bain\'s Siding. The driving forces were coal, fireclay at nearby Micklam, coke and coking bi-products. Centrepiece for over fifty years was Harrington No. 10 Colliery which, confusingly, was not in Harrington, but in Lowca.
Between them these industrial concerns sustained the railway through Lowca until final closure to all traffic in May 1973
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# André Bormanis
`{{Use American English|date=January 2024}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox writer <!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]]. -->
| image = Andre Bormanis by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Bormanis in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|02|13}}
| birth_place = Chicago, Illinois
| occupation = Television writer and producer
| nationality = Latvian / German
| ethnicity =
| citizenship = USA
| education = Physics ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]])<br />Science, Technology,<br />and Public Policy ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]])
| alma_mater = [[University of Arizona]]<br />[[George Washington University]]
}}`{=mediawiki} **Andre Bormanis** (born February 13, 1959) is an American television producer, screenwriter, and author of the book *Star Trek: Science Logs*. Bormanis is most notable for his involvement in the long-running *Star Trek* franchise, and was the science consultant on *Star Trek: The Next Generation*, *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine*, *Star Trek: Voyager* and *Star Trek: Enterprise*. He also wrote a number of episodes of the *Star Trek: Voyager* series and became a writer and producer on the *Enterprise* series, as well as acting as a science/technical advisor on two of the *Next Generation* films.
He was also a writer and producer of the CBS science fiction drama *Threshold*; the CBS drama series *Eleventh Hour*; a writer for *Tron: Uprising*; and the director of scientific research for *Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey*. In 2017, Bormanis became a science consultant and a writer-producer on *The Orville*.
## Television and film career {#television_and_film_career}
### *Star Trek* {#star_trek}
Bormanis became the science consultant for *Star Trek: The Next Generation* and went on to work in that capacity for *Star Trek: Deep Space Nine* and *Star Trek: Voyager*. In his role he acted as an advisor for the screenwriters, in order to ensure that the correct scientific principles are included in the episodes. Whilst working on *Voyager*, he co-wrote the episode \"Nightingale\". He has also been a writer of several episodes of *Star Trek: Enterprise*, such as \"Silent Enemy\", \"Extinction\", and \"The Communicator\". He has since written the book *Star Trek: Science Logs*.
### Other work {#other_work}
Following his work on *Enterprise*, he joined fellow *Star Trek* alumnus Brannon Braga on his new series *Threshold* on CBS. It was cancelled after thirteen episodes.
He has set up a production company called Sky by Night Productions. His most recent work has been writing for the television series *The Orville*. He serves on the board of directors of the Griffith Observatory Foundation.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Bormanis received a degree in physics from the University of Arizona in 1981. In 1994, following a NASA Space Grant Fellowship from the District of Columbia Space Grant Consortium, he gained a master\'s degree in science, technology and public policy from George Washington University. In addition to his television work, he has worked as a consultant to the San Juan Institute and the Planetary Society in Pasadena, California
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# Gohar Markosjan-Käsper
**Gohar Markosjan-Käsper** (*Գոհար Մարկոսյան-Կասպեր*; 14 July 1949, Yerevan -- 15 September 2015, Barcelona) was an Armenian writer who lived in Tallinn, Estonia.
## Biography
Her father was an opera singer and her mother, a ballet-dancer. She graduated from Yerevan State Medical University and married Kalle Käsper, an Estonian writer and translator, in 1990. Before moving to Estonia, Gohar Markosjan worked as a doctor in Yerevan.
Markosjan-Käsper\'s best-known work is probably the novel *Penelope* (translated into French, German - as *Penelope, die Listenreiche*, Dutch and Spanish) . Her novels *Helena* and *The Caryatides* have also been successful in Russia and Western Europe. Her works have been characterized as magical realist.
She wrote in Russian. Markosjan-Käsper was also a member of the Estonian Writers\' Union
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# Tony Morwood
**Anthony Morwood** (born 17 May 1960) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Sydney Swans in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
He was usually seen in the half forward flank and it was in that position that he was named in the Swans\' \'Team of the Century\'.
In 1990, Morwood joined the Hobart Football Club (then captain/coached by former Swan Mark Browning) in the Tasmanian Football League in mid-season as a fly-in player and played in the Tigers 1990 premiership team before retiring days after the grand final. He played for Frankston in the Victorian Football Association in 1993.
Morwood twice topped the goalkicking charts for his club
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# Typhoon Kent (1995)
**Typhoon Kent**, known in the Philippines as **Super Typhoon Gening**, was a powerful Category 4-equivalent typhoon that formed in late August during the 1995 Pacific typhoon season.
The twelfth tropical cyclone, fourth typhoon and first super typhoon of the 1995 season, Kent formed on August 24 in the western north Pacific and moved westwards where it reached typhoon status on August 26 east of the Philippines. Kent then rapidly strengthened into a super typhoon with winds reaching peak intensity of 150 mph as it brushed past the northern Philippines and southern Taiwan before making landfall in eastern People\'s Republic of China on August 31. After making landfall, Kent weakened and dissipated the following day.
A strong and destructive typhoon, Kent left 52 fatalities and \$418.9 million (1995 USD, \$555 million 2006 USD) in damage in the Philippines, Taiwan and China.
## Meteorological history {#meteorological_history}
A tropical wave was detected by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center on August 24. 24 hours later while northwest of Palau, the disturbance intensified to be classified as a tropical depression by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center on August 25. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) also upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression at 1340 UTC. and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) named the depression Gening from its list of pacific typhoon names. Moving northwest, the depression continue to organize and forecasters at the Joint Typhoon Warning Center began to issue a tropical cyclone formation alert (TCFA) on the disturbance at 1130 UTC. On August 26, the tropical depression intensified into a tropical storm and was named *Kent* by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.
Kent then quickly intensified into a typhoon on August 27 as it drifted slowly west-northwest. As the storm strengthened, a banding type eye appeared as Kent reached maximum intensity of 150 mph on August 29 which is Supertyphoon status by JTWC classifications and equivent to a strong Category 4 tropical cyclone on the Saffir--Simpson Hurricane Scale. The storm also reached a low barometric pressure of 945 millibars. The JMA also assessed they typhoon attaining a 10-min peak of 100 mph Continuing west-northwest, the eye of Typhoon Kent passed over the Philippine island of Basco at 0100 UTC, radar imagery showed the storm undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle as it brushed past. Kent also weakened below super typhoon status as it accelerated towards China. Kent made landfall in China on August 31 50 mi northeast of Hong Kong. After landfall, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued its final warning on September 1 as Kent dissipated. The Japan Meteorological Agency also issued its final advisory on Kent.
## Preparations
In Hong Kong, forecasters at the Royal Observatory issued a Stand by signal number one on August 30 and advised residents to take shelter as Kent neared the coast. On August 31, the forecasters issued a gale warning (storm signal number eight) as the storm neared closer.
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# Typhoon Kent (1995)
## Impact
### Philippines
The centre of Typhoon Kent brushed past the island of Batan where a weather station reported a barometric pressure of 945 millibars and 1 minute sustained winds of 135 mph. Kent caused moderate damage in Basco amounting to \$2 million (1995 USD, \$2.6 million 2006 USD). In Itbayat, the typhoon caused \$50,000 (1995 USD, \$65,500 2006 USD) in damage. In Luzon the typhoon inflicted the most damage as heavy rainfall caused severe flash flooding that forced 65,000 people to evacuate. The heavy rainfall also caused mudslides that flowed down the sides of Mount Pinatubo that buried small villages. The floodwaters and mudslides forced residents onto rooftops where they were rescued. Five people died in Luzon and over 178,000 people were affected by the flooding brought by Typhoon Kent. The Philippine Government provided relief efforts after the storm.
### Taiwan
Kent caused one fatality and caused moderate flood damage.
### Hong Kong {#hong_kong}
In Hong Kong, the outer rainbands of Kent brought heavy rains and gale-force winds as the storm approached. Two weather stations in Star Ferry and Lau Fau Shan reported winds of 47 -. The RO headquarters reported a barometric pressure of 992 millibars (29.27 inches). The Royal Observatory also reported rainfall of 5.31 in over a two-day period. Another weather station reported a two-day rainfall total up to 8.31 in, the highest rainfall total was near Kwai Chung where a weather station recorded 8.6 in of rain. The typhoon caused moderate tree damage and heavy rains caused numerous flood and landslides that blocked roads resulting in numerous road accidents that left five people injured.
### Southern China {#southern_china}
The heavy rainfall brought by Kent caused severe flash flooding across southern China. In Guangdong, flood waters damaged or destroyed 40,000 homes, inundated 3,000 km2 of farmland and left 30 people dead. Damage there amounted to 3.2 billion 1995 RMB (\$418.9 million 1995 USD, \$555.4 million 2006 USD). The typhoon also killed 17 people in Hainan Island
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# 96th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The **96th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry** was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
## Service
The 96th Illinois Infantry was organized at Rockford, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on September 6, 1862. It consisted of men from Jo Daviess County and Lake County, Illinois. The composition of the companies was drawn from a hat with Companies, A, E, F, H, I, and K going to Jo Daviess with B, C, D, and G filled by Lake County men. The original officers were Colonel Thomas E. Champion of Warren, Illinois, and Lieutenant Colonel Issac L. Clarke of Waukegan, Illinois.
The regiment was mustered out on June 10, 1865.
## Total strength and casualties {#total_strength_and_casualties}
The regiment suffered 5 officers and 111 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officer and 124 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 241 fatalities.
## Commanders
- Colonel Thomas E. Champion - Mustered out with the regiment.
- Lieutenant Colonel John C. Smith -- brevet brigadier general
- Sargent / Captain Wallace William Abbey - Quartermaster, Company K from Warren, Jo Davis County, Illinois. Later accepted a promotion to Captain. Mustered out of company K.
## Records
The Lake County Discovery Museum in Wauconda, Illinois, maintains many records associated with the regiment at their Lake County History Archives. Their records collection focuses on Company B, and includes letters and photographs from the Young and Minto families
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# Koichi Toyama
is a Japanese street musician and a fringe political activist who was a candidate for the governor of Tokyo in the year 2007. He was born in Kagoshima Prefecture and lives in Fukuoka. He gained notoriety with his provocative 2007 Tokyo gubernatorial election speech.
## Background
While his background was an intense revolt against the formal high-school education system, he has been described as having a left-wing history and labeled a nihilist. Koichi has written several books. Toyama describes himself as a fascist.
## Gubernatorial campaign {#gubernatorial_campaign}
As a candidate for Governor of Tokyo in 2007, Toyama Koichi was entitled to record a 5-minute televised campaign statement, during which he denounced majority rule and called upon Japan\'s political minority to join him in overthrowing the government.
In response to the viral spread of Toyama Koichi\'s statement online, the Tokyo election commission asked YouTube to remove election speeches of candidates, allegedly to \"ensure fairness\" among candidates, because YouTube had \"allowed only certain candidates\" speeches \"to be viewed freely on the site\", according to an election official. According to Japanese election law, the broadcasting of speeches is only allowed on public broadcaster NHK
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# Mark Browning
**Mark Browning** (born 30 November 1956) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Sydney Swans from 1975 to 1987. He won the club\'s best and fairest award in 1983 and captained the Swans in 1984 and 1985. During his time with the Swans, Browning won the Simpson Medal for best on ground in the 1982 Western Australia v Victoria State of Origin match played in Perth.
In 1988 he signed on as Captain-Coach of the Hobart Football Club in the Tasmanian Football League where he experienced considerable success with the Tigers, who had been in the doldrums for some years.
Skippering them to a losing Grand Final in 1989 after his side led the eventual Premier (North Hobart) by 40-points during the second quarter of the decider.
However, the heartbreak was to be erased somewhat in 1990, when his Hobart side was to go on and defeat North Launceston by 58-points after a devastating final quarter onslaught, giving Browning his only taste of premiership success in football.
After an Elimination Final loss at the hands of the Burnie Hawks in 1991, Browning led the club as non-playing coach for the 1992 season where, after a strong start to the season, his injury ravaged Tiger outfit fought their way into another Grand Final against North Hobart, but a similar result to 1989 ensued.
After resigning as coach of Hobart, Browning briefly worked as an around-the-grounds commentator for ABC Radio Football in Tasmania before returning briefly in 1993 to coach the Southern team in the short-lived Area of Origin games.
Browning is currently a Junior Development Officer for AFL Queensland
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# Achau
**Achau** is a town in the district of Mödling in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## History
After the Anschluss in 1938, Achau became a part of Greater Vienna, but returned to Lower Austria after the war.
## Population
## Sport
The Achau golf course is one of the few in the area serving the local Mödling population
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# Pluralism in economics
The **pluralism in economics** movement is a campaign to change the teaching and research in economics towards more openness in its approaches, topics and standpoints it considers. The goal of the movement is to \"reinvigorate the discipline \... \[and bring\] economics back into the service of society\". Some have argued that economics had greater scientific pluralism in the past compared to the monist approach that is prevalent today. Pluralism encourages the inclusion of a wide variety of neoclassical and heterodox economic theories---including classical, Post-Keynesian, institutional, ecological, evolutionary, feminist, Marxist, and Austrian economics, stating that \"each tradition of thought adds something unique and valuable to economic scholarship\".
## History
Critics of mainstream economics have called for a reform of the discipline in the past. The movement for pluralism can therefore be traced to wider movements for progressive change in the 1960s and 1970s, with economists like Frank Stilwell and Steve Keen campaigning for pluralist and critical economics teaching at the University of Sydney in 1971. In 1992, a petition organised by Geoffrey Hodgson, Uskali Mäki, and Deirdre McCloskey was published as a paid advertisement in *The American Economic Review*. The petition described itself as a \"plea for a pluralistic and rigorous economics\" and was preceded by a commission of the American Economic Association entitled \"Report by the Commission on Graduate Education\". In 2000, students at the École Normale Supérieure protested and announced the creation of the post-autistic economics movement. Similarly, students at the University of Cambridge and University of Missouri-Kansas City organised petitions in 2001 and in 2011 the Cambridge Society for Economic Pluralism was formed to promote pluralist thinking and pushing for curriculum reform within the university. In 2009, the Foundation for European Economic Development (FEED) organised a plea for economic pluralism with over 2,000 signatures in the first month. In addition, the first Volume of the *International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education* was founded and published along with the *Handbook for Pluralist Economics Education*.
Economists Paul Krugman and Richard Layard organised a \"Manifesto For Economic Sense\" in 2012. The *Post-Crash Economics Society Manchester* published a petition in November 2013 and was involved in setting up Rethinking Economics. They also devised a course entitled \"Bubbles, Panics and Crashes: an Introduction to Alternative Theories of Crisis\", which the economic department rejected. Student groups in the United Kingdom published a draft manifesto in April 2014. On May 5, 2014, economics students from nineteen countries published an international student letter and formed the International Student Initiative for Pluralist Economics. The students called for pluralism of theories and methods to provide economics students with an understanding of the broader social and moral implications of economic decisions
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# Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli
The **Spanish National Church of Santiago and Montserrat**, known as **Church of Holy Mary in Monserrat of the Spaniards** (*Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli*, *Santa María de Montserrat de los Españoles*, *S. Mariae Hispanorum in Monte Serrato*) is a Roman Catholic titulus church and National Church in Rome of Spain, dedicated to the Virgin of Montserrat. It is located in the Rione Regola, at the intersection of alleyway of Via della Barchetta and the narrow Via di Monserrato, with the facade on the latter street, about three blocks northwest of the Palazzo Farnese.
It was established as titular church in 2003. The current Cardinal Priest of the *Titulus S. Mariae Hispanorum in Monte Serrato* is José Cobo Cano.
## History
San Giacomo degli Spagnoli was erected in 1450 on the site of an earlier church. By 1506 it was the location of two hospices for Spanish pilgrims and the national church of the Crown of Castile in Rome.
Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli was founded in 1506 when the Brotherhood of the Virgin of Montserrat in Catalonia built a hospice for Spanish pilgrims. It served as the national church and hospital for the Aragonese community in Rome.
When Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli was completed in the 17th century, the focus of the community shifted to that church. San Giacomo degli Spagnoli was in poor repair, and many of the furnishings and artworks were transferred to Santa Maria in Monserrato, which is now the Spanish national church. San Giacomo degli Spagnoli was later deconsecrated and the building sold to the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart.
## Architecture
The church was built in 1518 according to designs by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger. Construction was interrupted due to lack of funds, but the work proceeded over centuries under the direction, among others, of Bernardino Valperga and Francesco da Volterra. The façade by da Volterra being erected 1582--1593, the altar consecrated in 1594, and the roof finished in 1598. The apse was completed only in 1675, when a new main altar was consecrated. The external sculptural group (1673-1675) was executed by Giovanni Battista Contini. A complete renovation took place from 1818 to 1822; another restoration occurred in 1929.
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# Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli
## Interior
The altarpiece over the main altar is *The Crucifixion* (1564-1565), by Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta. Funded by Prince Philip of Spain it was moved from San Giacomo degli Spagnoli.
The three chapels on the right side were built between 1582 and 1588; those on the left between 1592 and 1594. The vault of the nave was erected between 1596 and 1598. That of the apse, between 1673 and 1675, under the direction of the Roman architect Giovanni Battista Contini. In the niches above the lateral doors are statues of two Aragonese saints (1816), *St. Isabel of Portugal* and *St. Peter Arbués*, by the sculptor Juan Adán. The entire interior was renovated by Giuseppe Camporese between 1818 and 1821, when the high altar was also built. The high altar was consecrated in 1954.
### Chapel of San Diego de Alcalá {#chapel_of_san_diego_de_alcalá}
The first chapel on the right, dedicated to San Diego de Alcalá, contains a burial plaque of Cardinal Bernardino Rocci (died 1599) on the pavement with his heraldic shield on the ceiling. The altarpiece depicting *San Diego di Alcantara* was painted by Annibale Carracci. At the right is the mausoleum of two popes from the Spanish Borgia family, Callixtus III (1455-1458) and Alexander VI (1492-1503), sculpted by Felipe Moratilla, and completed only in 1889. The remains of both were transferred from the Vatican thanks to the permission granted by Pope Paul V. Below is the cenotaph of the deposed King of Spain, Alfonso XIII (died 1941), whose remains were repatriated in 1980 to the Pantheon of the Kings at El Escorial. On the left, high up, is the neo-classical, sepulchral monument of the sculptor Antonio Solá (1787-1861), made by José Vilches in 1862, and below the monument for *Francisco de Paula Mora*, son of the Marchesi di Lugros, who died in Naples in 1842.
### Chapel of the Annunciation {#chapel_of_the_annunciation}
The second chapel on the right contains the burial plaque of the patron Gabriel Ferrer (died 1607), as well as his heraldic shield on the ceiling. The fresco of the *Dormition of the Virgin* (1683) is by Francesco Nappi, as is the *Annunciation* altarpiece. The sides have frescoes of the *Birth of Mary* and *Assumption of Mary to Heaven*. Two Spanish Ambassadors are buried here: Julián de Villalba (died 1843) and Salvador de Zea Bermúdez (died 1852). The four lunettes have angels with symbols alluding to the Virgin, and one lunette with *Meeting of Mary and Elisabeth*. Above the arches and pilasters are Marian symbols and the cupola has the image of St. Cecilia; the tympanum has a *God the Father*.
### Chapel of the Virgen del Pilar {#chapel_of_the_virgen_del_pilar}
The third chapel on the right is dedicated to the Virgen del Pilar. The rich polychrome marble decoration completed in the 18th century by Antonio Francés and Miguel de Cetina, based on designs by a canon from Barcelona, Francisco Gómez García, (died 1778). The altarpiece depicting Our Lady of the Pillar with St James and St Vincent Ferrer was painted by Francisco Preciado de la Vega. At the right, an *Assumption of Mary* (1551) was painted by Francesco di Città di Castello while a *Triumph of the Immaculate Conception* (1663) on the left, was painted by Louis Cousin.
### Chapel of Santa Ana {#chapel_of_santa_ana}
In the first chapel to the left, the statues of *Anne, Virgin, and Jesus* was sculpted in 1544 by Tommaso Boscoli. The right column has a *Tabernacle of Saints* attributed to the Milanese Luigi Capponi. On the right wall, stands the Neoclassical monument to the former Spanish ambassador José Narciso Aparici Soler, who died in Rome in 1845.
### Chapel of Santa María de Montserrat {#chapel_of_santa_maría_de_montserrat}
The second chapel on the left is dedicated to the Virgin of Montserrat, and has a modern copy of the image by Manuel Martí Cabrer. The lateral walls are frescoed with the *Glory of Saint Raymond of Peñafort* and an allegorical *Sacred mountain*. The four evangelists on the arches and the frescoed *Coronation of the Virgin* (1627) are attributed to Giovanni Battista Ricci. The 18th century stuccowork is by Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri.
### Chapel of Santiago el Mayor {#chapel_of_santiago_el_mayor}
The third chapel on the left is dedicated to St. James the Great. The chapel was commissioned by the family of Francisco Robuster (died 1570). It contains a copy of the statue of St James by Jacopo Sansovino, commissioned by Cardinal Jaume Serra i Cau (died 1517) for his chapel in San Giacomo degli Spagnoli. The framing conch were added in the 19th century. The sepulchral monuments of Félix Aguirre (died 1832), José Álvarez Bouguel (1805-1830), and of the ambassador of Spain Antonio Vargas Laguna (died 1824) were completed by Antonio Solá. On the left is the tomb of Bishop Alfonso de Paradinas and on right, the tomb of the bishop of Terni, and secretary to Pope Alexander VI, Juan de Fuensalida (died 1498), both attributed to the work of Andrea Bregno.
<File:Ceiling> - Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli - Rome, Italy - DSC01701.jpg\|Ceiling <File:Roma>, chiesa di Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli - Abside e organo a canne.jpg\|Main altar <File:Regola> - s M Monserrato cappella sx2 1050571.JPG\|Chapel of Our Lady of Monserrat <File:Santa> Maria in Monserrato Alfonso de Paradinas 1
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# Biedermannsdorf
**Biedermannsdorf** (`{{IPA|de|ˈbiːdɐmansˌdɔʁf|-|De-Biedermannsdorf.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; *Central Bavarian:* *Biedamaunsduaf*) is a town in the district of Mödling in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Geography
The municipality lies in the Vienna basin east of the A2 Autobahn. The Laxenburg-Biedermannsdorf train station lies on the south side of the municipality, and the Vienna--Pottendorf--Neustadt line runs through the east end.
The Mödlingbach runs through the municipality.
## History
The first settlement in the area was made around 7000 BCE, and archaeological evidence has been found dating back to 5000 BCE.
In Roman times, Biedermannsdorf, belonged to the district of Vindobona. In 1999--2000, remains of a road station from the first centuries CE were discovered.
The first mention of the place in historical records dates from 1170/80, at which time it belonged to the Liechtenstein and Perchtoldsdorf families.
Like all municipalities in the area, Biedermannsdorf suffered under the wars of religion, the Turkish occupation, and the plague. In 1797, the Vienna-Neustadt Canal was built with a branch leading to the brickyards in Bedermannsdorf.
The area was bombed in World War II because the Ostmark airplane factory was nearby. The municipality was incorporated into Greater Vienna from 1938 to 1954, after which it again became an independent municipality
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# Eliza Grew Jones
**Eliza Grew Jones** (March 30, 1803 -- March 28, 1838) was an American Baptist missionary and lexicographer. She created a romanized script for writing the Siamese language, and created the first Siamese-English dictionary.
## Biography
Eliza Coltman Grew was born on March 30, 1803. Her father, Rev. Henry Grew, was a native of Providence, Rhode Island. Presaging her future accomplishments, an early school teacher noted that she had an unusual ability in languages, learning Greek without the aid of a teacher.
She married Rev. Dr. John Taylor Jones on July 14, 1830. Her husband was ordained in Boston two weeks later under the American Baptist Missionary Union, and the couple was then assigned to work in Burma. They lived there for over two years before being transferred to Siam.
Jones\' first large work was a Siamese-English dictionary that she completed in December 1833, after she had been transferred to Siam. It was not published due to the difficulty of printing with Siamese type, and thought to be lost until an untitled manuscript in the British Museum Library was identified in 2007 as an extant copy of the lost Jones dictionary. Later, she also created a romanized script for writing the Siamese language. She wrote portions of Biblical history in Siamese.
In Burma and Thailand, she gave birth to four children, two of whom died in childhood. Jones died in Bangkok of cholera on March 28, 1838. She is buried in the Bangkok Protestant Cemetery
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# George Learmond (cricketer)
**George Cyril Learmond** (4 July 1875 -- 2 March 1918) was a West Indian cricketer who toured with both of the first two touring sides to England in 1900 and 1906.
## Biography
Born on 4 July 1875 in Georgetown, Demerara, British Guiana, Learmond made his debut in important matches for Barbados against Slade Lucas\'s team in 1894--95 scoring an impressive 86 in his second match. The next season, he made his debut in the Inter-Colonial Tournament for Barbados scoring 59.
From 1896--97 he played for British Guiana making his debut against Jamaica and later that season played against Lord Hawke\'s team.
He was described before the 1900 tour as \"(Demerara) Twenty four years of age. Learned his cricket in Barbados. Splendid bat, rapid run-getter, with sound defence. Good wicket-keeper, and excellent field anywhere. Average for G.C.C. last year, 60.2\". However he proved \"quite a failure\". He scored 52 against the Gentlemen of the M.C.C. at Lord\'s but ended the tour with a batting average of only 9.10.
Returning from the 1900 tour to England he then played for Trinidad and was chosen for the combined West Indies team against Bennett\'s side in 1901--02 and Lord Brackley\'s team in 1904--05 with little success. He made his only first class century for Trinidad against a weak Jamaica side in 1905--06.
He was again disappointing on the 1906 tour to England averaging just 12.91 in first class matches with a top score of 31 against Scotland. Before the tour he was described as \"good bat, fine field, though a comparative failure in the last West Indian Team. If he plays up to his known form will be of great service\" and \"a splendid bat, who having to keep wicket, failed to do himself justice on the previous tour. He has now cultivated cutting, is a useful slow change bowler and a capital field in the slips\".
His final matches were against M.C.C. team of 1910--11. He had played in the Inter-Colonial Tournament on 10 consecutive occasions representing all three teams at various times.
In his first class career of 45 matches he scored 1700 runs at an average of 22.66. Although he performed reasonably well in domestic cricket his performances for the West Indian teams were poor. He died 2 March 1918 in St. Vincent.
His son Angus Learmond and son-in-law George Camacho both played for British Guiana. George\'s son Steve Camacho played Test cricket for the West Indies
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# 97th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The **97th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry** was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was instrumental in the Federal campaign to reclaim the Mississippi River for the Union, participating in the siege of Vicksburg and battles leading up to it in Mississippi. Moving down the river after the siege, it participated in efforts to wrest control of the bayou area, then retake Mobile Bay, culminating in the bloody Battle of Fort Blakeley hours after Lee\'s surrender at Appomattox.
## Service
The 97th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on September 16, 1862.
The regiment was mustered out on July 29, 1865.
## Total strength and casualties {#total_strength_and_casualties}
The regiment suffered 2 officers and 28 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 200 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 233 fatalities.
## Commanders
- Colonel Friend S. Rutherford - resigned due to illness on June 15, 1864, and died of disease 5 days later.
- Colonel Lewis D. Martin
- Lieutenant Colonel Victor Vifquain - Mustered out with the regiment on Jul 29, 1865.
## Notable members {#notable_members}
- Sergeant Carlos W. Colby -- Company G --- Participating in a diversionary \"forlorn hope\" attack on Confederate defenses, 22 May 1863.
- Sergeant David Dickie -- Company A --- Participating in a diversionary \"forlorn hope\" attack on Confederate defenses, 22 May 1863
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# You Don't Speak for Me
**You Don\'t Speak for Me** was a national, American organization active in 2006 and 2007 created by American Hispanics who supported enforcement of U.S. immigration laws. Retired Army Colonel Al Rodriguez founded the group in 2006, to represent Hispanic Americans such as himself who are opposed to legalization for those who have entered the US illegally or overstayed their visas.
The national organization was headed by Albert Rodriguez, the former mayor of Douglas, Arizona. Rodriguez is a second generation America of Puerto Rican and Mexican ancestry.
The group had chapters in several states.
Clarence Page noted that \"You Don\'t Speak For Me\" stood shoulder to shoulder with \"Choose Black America\" in opposing amnesty for illegal immigrants.
## History
The group was created after Rodriguez viewed media coverage of the 2006 United States immigration reform protests. According to Rodriguez, \"Their leaders were saying it was a march for immigrant rights and a Latino/Hispanic movement. I thought to myself, \'Hey, those are illegal aliens, not immigrants!\' I\'m of Hispanic ancestry and those people are acting like they speak for me. Well, you don\'t speak for me!\"
You Don\'t Speak for Me was launched with help from the Federation for American Immigration Reform, an organization that supports lower levels of immigration in the United States.
## Activity
The group supported petitions calling for enforcement of laws against illegal immigration and held and participated in anti-illegal immigration rallies.
In 2007, group leaders participated in a rally for immigration reform outside of the White House.
In 2007 the Arizona chapter backed a bill to penalize employers who knowingly hired workers not in the United States legally
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# Alexander W. Dreyfoos Jr.
**Alexander Wallace Dreyfoos Jr.** (March 22, 1932 -- May 28, 2023) was an American businessman and philanthropist based in West Palm Beach, Florida, and Saranac Lake, New York.
## Biography
Alexander Dreyfoos was the only son of cellist Martha Bullard Whittemore Dreyfoos (1898--1977) and photographer-inventor Alexander W. Dreyfoos Sr. (1876--1951) of Apeda Studios. He was of paternal Swiss-Jewish descent. He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1954 with a Bachelor of Science focusing on electronics, optics, and physics, assisted by MIT financing after the death of his father. Having also completed ROTC, Dreyfoos then served in the U.S. Air Force in Sembach, Germany, 1954--1956, commanding a 40-man photo lab critical to reconnaissance missions at age 22. Returning home, under the GI Bill he earned an MBA at Harvard Business School in 1958.\[4\] Dreyfoos earned his pilot\'s license in 1960, and multiple ratings over time including airline transport pilot (ATP). He had owned six airplanes, including two Citation jets, and two turbine helicopters, all of which he flew single-pilot.
Dreyfoos founded Photo Electronics Corporation (PEC) in 1963, with George W. Mergens, to address problems in color print reproduction. They developed their groundbreaking Video Color Negative Analyzer (VCNA) in Dreyfoos' Port Chester, New York basement, then set up a factory in a former church in Connecticut. The VCNA was marketed worldwide by Eastman Kodak Company. Dreyfoos moved PEC to Florida in 1969, and in 1970 a motion-picture version of the VCNA earned an Academy Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. From 1990 to 2006, the VCNA was part of the "Information Age: People, Information and Technology" display at the American History Museum of the Smithsonian Institution and remains in its permanent collection. Dreyfoos later invented the innovative LaserColor Printer and assisted his son, Robert Dreyfoos, in developing a digital version of the VCNA for PEC called the Professional Video Analyzing Computer (PVAC).
Dreyfoos held ten U.S. and many foreign patents covering his inventions. Dreyfoos owned television station WPEC TV-12, the CBS affiliate in West Palm Beach, Florida, from 1973 to 1996. Beginning in 1977, under his direction, his staff developed the world-class Sailfish Marina Resort in Palm Beach Shores, Florida, which he sold in 2004. It was the success of PEC that enabled these purchases, and their subsequent sales that enabled Dreyfoos to practice philanthropy, for which he formed The Dreyfoos Group in 1996.
After founding in 1978 what became the Cultural Council of Palm Beach County, Dreyfoos led efforts that culminated in the 1992 opening of the fully funded Raymond F. Kravis Center for the Performing Arts, the cultural centerpiece of Palm Beach County. He remained its board chair until 2007 and remained a board member for life and its single largest donor at \$7,000,000. As of June 30, 2016, the Kravis Center ranked in theatre venue ticket sales #11 in the world, #6 in the nation, and #1 in Florida.
To address his wife Renate\'s motion sickness, Dreyfoos helped to design their unique SWATH yacht Silver Cloud built by Abeking & Rasmussen in Lemwerder, Germany. When launched in 2008, Silver Cloud was the first pleasure yacht with the SWATH design, first used for commercial vessels. In 2015 Silver Cloud completed the circumnavigation of the world after Dreyfoos went to extreme measures to travel safely through terrorist-controlled waters. For part of the achievement, Dreyfoos received the World SuperYacht 2010 Voyager\'s Award.\[22\]
Dreyfoos had been a photographer since childhood and was known for his travel and underwater photos. In 2015 he compiled 587 of his favorites in the book *A Photographic Odyssey: Around the World with Alexander W. Dreyfoos* (ed. Lise M. Steinhauer), with proceeds supporting the Cultural Council of Palm Beach County (`{{ISBN|978-1-56352-110-2}}`{=mediawiki}). In 2016 Dreyfoos commissioned his biography, *Alexander W. Dreyfoos: Passion & Purpose* by Lise M. Steinhauer and David Randal Allen, with proceeds to The Raymond F. Kravis Center for the Performing Arts, Inc. (`{{ISBN|978-1-56352-9009}}`{=mediawiki}).
Dreyfoos died on May 28, 2023, at the age of 91.
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# Alexander W. Dreyfoos Jr.
## Philanthropy
Dreyfoos made the largest donation in Florida history to a public school when he gave \$1,000,000 in 1997 to Palm Beach County School of the Arts, renamed Alexander W. Dreyfoos School of the Arts. His support inspired other philanthropists to fund scholarships and enhancements to the high school. The Dreyfoos School of the Arts has been consistently well-viewed. Most recently (2016), *U.S. News & World Report* ranked it #10 in Florida public high schools and #66 nationally.
With his financial commitment at its launch in 1998, Dreyfoos became the first founding member of the marine conservation organization International SeaKeepers Society.
In 2004, Dreyfoos donated \$1,000,000 to kick off support of Scripps Florida on the John D. MacArthur Campus of Florida Atlantic University in Jupiter, Florida. This biomedical research facility of the California-based Scripps Research Institute was joined by the Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, to which Alexander and Renate Dreyfoos also gave \$1,000,000 in 2014. Dreyfoos was elected as a trustee to both The Scripps Research Institute and Max Planck Florida Institute.
Dreyfoos' largest gift has been \$15,000,000 to MIT for the Stata Center, which consists of two buildings, named for Dreyfoos and Bill Gates. Dreyfoos dedicated this gift to his late mentor and MIT physics professor, Arthur C. Hardy. Dreyfoos had also endowed an Alexander W. Dreyfoos Professorship at MIT\'s Media Lab since 1995. Dreyfoos' relationship with MIT has been continuous. In 2013 the MIT Corporation named the auditorium atop its Media Lab Complex in Dreyfoos' honor for years of service. He remained a Life Member Emeritus of The MIT Corporation.
One of Dreyfoos\' donations to the Raymond F. Kravis Center for the Performing Arts was his funding of the George W. Mergens Memorial Organ, dedicated in 2016, a custom-made electronic virtual pipe organ with a massively parallel processing (MPP) digital computer
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# Joseph Epes Brown
**Joseph Epes Brown** (September 9, 1920 -- September 19, 2000) was an American scholar whose lifelong dedication to Native American traditions helped to bring the study of American Indian religious traditions into higher education. His seminal work was a book entitled, *The Sacred Pipe,* an account of his discussions with the Lakota holy man, Black Elk, regarding the religious rites of his people.
## Biography
Born in Ridgefield, Connecticut on September 9, 1920, Brown studied at Haverford College where he received his undergraduate degree. He went on to study at Stanford University and the Stockholm University, earning an M.A. in anthropology and a Ph.D. in history of religions.
Brown's keen interest in the traditions of Native Americans led him to seek out Black Elk, who had already told his life story in the book, *Black Elk Speaks*. In 1947, three years before Black Elk\'s death, Brown lived with the Lakota Sioux holy man for a year while recording his account of the \"seven rites of the Oglala Sioux\". Black Elk had requested that the book, *The Sacred Pipe,* be created so that the beliefs of his people could be preserved and become more fully understood by both Native Americans and the world at large.
Brown was one of the founders of the Native American Studies program at Indiana University and a founding member of the board of directors of the Foundation for Traditional Studies (est. 1984). He taught at the University of Montana, in the Department of Religious Studies, from 1972 until his retirement in 1989. He was also a frequent contributor of articles on Native American spirituality to the journal *Studies in Comparative Religion*.
After a long battle with Alzheimer\'s, he died at his home in Stevensville, Montana, on September 19, 2000, at the age of 80
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# Nick Trakakis
**Nick Trakakis** is an Australian philosopher who is Assistant Director of the Centre for Philosophy and Phenomenology of Religion of the Australian Catholic University. He has previously taught at Monash University and Deakin University, and during 2006--2007 he was a postdoctoral research fellow at the Centre for Philosophy of Religion at the University of Notre Dame. He works mainly at the intersections of philosophy (in both the analytic and Continental traditions), religion, and theology.
## Education
Trakakis completed a Bachelor of Theology degree at St Andrew\'s Greek Orthodox Theological College (Sydney, Australia) and a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of New England, Australia, before going on to receive a First Class Honours in Philosophy from the University of Melbourne. His doctoral research, undertaken at Monash University, concentrated on the so-called \'evidential problem of evil\', that is, the problem of determining whether the existence of human and animal suffering provides good evidence against the existence of God. A revised version of his thesis was published by Springer under the title of *The God Beyond Belief*.
## Work
In a number of journal articles and in his recent monograph, *The God Beyond Belief*, Trakakis considers various aspects of the evidential problem of evil, particularly as this has been formulated and developed by William Rowe. Trakakis has also written about such topics in the philosophy of religion as the omnipotence of God, determinist models of divine providence, Wittgensteinian non-realism, and the doctrine of karma. In theology and church history, he has published his views on the ordination of women, the infallibility of the church, the iconoclast controversy, and the work of Gregory Palamas.
### The evidential argument from evil {#the_evidential_argument_from_evil}
The main conclusion reached by Trakakis is that Rowe\'s evidential argument from evil, or a version thereof, succeeds in showing that the existence of certain kinds of evil provides strong evidence against the existence of God. The possibility, however, is always left open that there may well be other evidence in support of the existence of God which outweighs or defeats the evidence of evil. (He, in fact, used to believe that the evidence in support of the existence of God is a defeater and was a theist, but has since than has \"severed his ties with Orthodoxy, and Christianity in particular, for reasons such as exclusivism, hierarchism, ritualism, ethnocentrism; the logical problem of the trinity and incarnation, the anachronism of metaphysics with regards to the content of biblical texts, and the problems of dogmatism with the incompatibility of commitment to institutionalized religion with the pursuit of truth and wisdom.)
This conclusion is based on, first, the rejection the sceptical theist\'s appeal to mystery, and second, the inadequacy of standard theodicies to explain the existence of natural evil.
Trakakis argues that there is no good reason to accept the currently popular \'sceptical theist\' response to the evidential problem of evil -- that is, the response that we do not know, and we cannot be expected to know, what God\'s reasons are for permitting evil. Trakakis has, for example, argued that the sceptical theist position of Kirk Durston -- a position which maintains that the complexity of history is such that we cannot pass judgement on the overall moral value of any particular historical event -- leads to an implausible form of moral scepticism.
Trakakis also maintains that some of the major theodicies that have been offered by theists (e.g., the free will theodicy, the soul-making theodicy) fail to explain why God would permit various types of evil, particularly \'natural evil\' or suffering brought about by natural processes (e.g., natural disasters). However, he does believe that the free-will theodicy may succeed in explaining at least some kinds of moral evil. On this issue, Joel Thomas Tierno has argued against Trakakis that human freedom alone can not account for all instances of moral evil, given the scale on which we find it distributed in the world.
## Publications
In his current research, Trakakis is exploring various approaches to the philosophy of religion, focusing in particular on analytic and Continental approaches. He has also published two volumes of poetry and philosophical reflections, *Tears* (2005) and *Silent Transfigurations* (2006), with a third volume (*Via Dolorosa*) forthcoming.
*Autumn Manuscripts* was joint winner of the Translation Prize at the 2021 New South Wales Premier\'s Literary Awards.
### Selected papers {#selected_papers}
- \"An Epistemically Distant God? A Critique of John Hick\'s Response to the Problem of Divine Hiddenness\", *The Heythrop Journal* 48 (2007): 214--26.
- \"Rowe\'s New Evidential Argument from Evil: Problems and Prospects\", Sophia: International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, Metaphysical Theology and Ethics, vol. 45, no. 1, May 2006, pp. 57--77.
- \"An Interview with the Very Rev. Dr. Themistocles Adamopoulo, Apostle to the Poor and Oppressed\", Theandros: An Online Journal of Orthodox Christian Theology and Philosophy, vol. 3, no. 2, Winter 2005/2006. ([Available online](http://www.theandros.com/themistocles.html))
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# Nick Trakakis
## Publications
### Books
- *Autumn Manuscripts* , Tasos Leivaditis, translated by N N Trakakis, Smokestack Books, 2020. `{{ISBN|9781916139268}}`{=mediawiki}
- *William Rowe on Philosophy of Religion: Selected Works* (Editor), Ashgate Publishing, 2007. `{{ISBN|0-7546-5558-X}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *The God Beyond Belief: In Defence of William Rowe's Evidential Argument from Evil*. Springer, 2006. `{{ISBN|1-4020-5144-1}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Silent Transfigurations*. Southwood Press, 2006. `{{ISBN|0-646-46229-6}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Tears: 1993--2005*. `{{ISBN|0-646-44954-0}}`{=mediawiki}
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# 31st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The `{{Nihongo|'''31st Division'''|第31師団|Dai-sanjūichi Shidan}}`{=mediawiki} was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the `{{Nihongo|'''Furious Division'''|烈兵団|Retsu Heidan}}`{=mediawiki}. The 31st Division was raised during World War II in Bangkok, Thailand, on March 22, 1943, out of Kawaguchi Detachment and parts of the 13th, 40th and 116th divisions. The *31st division* was initially assigned to 15th army (the part of the Japanese Burma Area Army).
## Action
In 1944, under Japanese operation U-Go, Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi ordered the 31st Division across the border of Burma into British India as part of the overall Battle of Imphal. Its assignment was to capture Kohima, thus cutting off Imphal, and then exploit to Dimapur. The 31st division\'s commander, Lieutenant General Kotoku Sato was unhappy with his role. He had not been involved in the planning of the offensive, and had grave misgivings about their chances. He and Mutaguchi had also been on opposite sides during the split between the *Toseiha* and *Kodoha* factions within the Imperial Japanese Army during the early 1930s, and Sato distrusted Mutaguchi\'s motives. In addition, along with many of the senior Japanese officers in Burma, he considered Mutaguchi a \"blockhead\".
Starting on March 15, 1944, the 31st Division crossed the Chindwin River near Homalin and moved northwest along jungle trails on a front almost 100 kilometers wide. The left wing of the division, the 58th Regiment, commanded by Major General Shigesaburō Miyazaki clashed with Indian troops of the Indian 50th Parachute Brigade under Brigadier Hope-Thompson in the Battle of Sangshak, on the northern approaches to Imphal on March 20, 1944. The battle continued until March 26, 1944, delaying Japanese advance.
Miyazaki\'s troops were probing Kohima on April 3, completing siege preparations by April 6, 1944. He then launched a series of attacks into the north-east region of the defenses on April 8, and by April 9 the British and Indians had been forced back driven into a small perimeter into what came to be known as the Battle of the Tennis Court. By the night of April 17, the defenders\' situation was desperate. However, on the morning of April 18 British artillery opened up against the Japanese positions, which stopped the attacks. To support their counterattack, the British had amassed 38 3.7-inch mountain howitzers, 48 25-pounder field guns and 2 5.5-inch medium guns. The RAF also bombed and strafed the Japanese positions. The Japanese could oppose with only 17 Type 94 75mm mountain guns, with very little ammunition. The road between Dimapur and Kohima had been opened, and the siege was lifted.
The Japanese did not retreat at once, but stayed in position and fought tenaciously for several more weeks. By the morning of May 13, 1944, most of the Kohima region had been re-taken by the British forces. Around May 15 the 31st Division began to withdraw, pursued by troops of the British Fourteenth Army.
After ignoring orders for several weeks, Sato was removed from command of the 31st Division early in July 1944 and replaced by Uchitarou Kawada. The course of the entire Battle of Kohima was broken off at the same time. Lieutenant General Slim had always derided Sato as the most unenterprising of his opponents, but Japanese sources blame his superior, Mutaguchi, for both the weaknesses of the original plan, and the antipathy between himself and Sato which led to Sato concentrating on saving his men rather than driving on distant and indefensible objectives.
Remnants of the 31st Division continued to oppose the British reoccupation of Burma, but the division had largely ceased to exist as a strong fighting force after the Battle of Kohima
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# Breitenfurt bei Wien
**Breitenfurt bei Wien** (Central Bavarian: *Braadnfuat bei Wean*) is a town in the district of Mödling in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Geography
Breitenfurt lies in the Vienna woods directly abutting the city of Vienna on the southwest in the valley of the Liesing. The municipality is one of the largest in the area and has a population density of 197/km^2^. The municipality has large elevation changes and lies between 260 and 592 meters above sea level.
The municipality consists of two parts: Breitenfurt and Hochroterd. Breitenfurt-Ostende lies next to Wien-Kalksburg. From Breitenfurt, the road leads over the Kleinen Semmering to Wolfsgraben.
### Neighboring municipalities {#neighboring_municipalities}
Breitenfut lies on the district boundary between Mödling and Wien-Umgebung next to Wolfsgraben. The other neighboring municipalities are Laab im Walde, Wienerwald, and Kaltenleutgeben, all in the district of Mödling.
## History
Breitenfurt was founded relatively late and first appears in historical records in 1622 as an inhabited place. Until then, the name *Breitenfurt* was used only to designate a rural area. Until the Turkish invasion in 1683, a royal hunting lodge was located there, and the ruins of that lodge appear on the coat of arms of the municipality. After the Turkish occupation, there were 20 houses still standing in Breitenfurt. The area was soon settled with people from Salzburg, Bavaria, and Steiermark. The inhabitants were mostly woodworkers. In 1721, there were already 42 houses in town and 32 houses in outlying areas of the municipality. From 1714 to 1732, Gregor Wilhelm von Kirchner, a banking magnate, built a baroque palace in the area, but it was torn down by 1796. The present parish church was originally the chapel of this palace.
Breitenfurt became an independent municipality in 1848 and elected its first mayor in 1850. It became a beloved resort of Vienna residents, and the tourist industry flourished. In 1898, an electric train line was proposed to bring holiday-makers from Vienna, but this project never materialized.
Due to the steady population growth, Breitenfurt became a market town in 1930. In 1938, the municipality was incorporated into the city of Vienna, as were many others in the area, and became the 25th district of Greater Vienna. It became an independent municipality again in 1954
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# Upsilon Phi Delta
**Upsilon Phi Delta** (***ΥΦΔ***) is a United States honor society for college students and individuals in the field of healthcare administration. The society was formed in 1965 to recognize and support academic excellence health administration students and to advance the profession. It is a member of the Association of University Programs in Health Administration, which oversees it operations.
## History
Upsilon Phi Delta was organized as a collaborative effort of groups at Seton Hall University, Towson University, the University of Baltimore, the University of Memphis, and the University of Scranton. These groups worked without a constitution to bring about a national society. Later, groups from ten colleges drafted bylaws for the honor society, establishing its charter members on September 1, 1999. These charter members are: `{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Georgetown University]]
* [[University of Arkansas]]
* [[University of Florida]]
* [[University of Houston-Clear Lake]]
* [[University of Minnesota]]
* [[University of New Hampshire]]
* [[University of North Florida]]
* [[University of South Carolina]]
* [[University of Washington]]
* Washington University
}}`{=mediawiki}The mission of the society is \"to recognize, reward, and encourage academic excellence in the study of health administration\".
## Symbols
The name of the society is derived from the Greek words ***Υγείας*** (health), ***Φροντίδα*** (care), and ***Διοίκηση*** (to administer or lead). Its colors are crimson red and blue. Its flower is the rose.
## Membership
Student members of Upsilon Phi Delta are admitted in the semester before their graduation in a healthcare administration program. They are selected based on cumulative grades, community service, and/or contribution to the healthcare management profession. In addition to students, faculty, healthcare administrations, healthcare executives, and individuals who contribute to the field of healthcare administration can also join as alumni or honorary members.
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# Upsilon Phi Delta
## Chapters
Following is a list of the chapters of Upsilon Phi Delta. Most chapters accept both undergraduate and graduate students. Some chapters are limited to graduate (G) or undergraduate (U) students, as indicated by the type below.
Chapters Chartered Type Location Status References
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ------ ------------------------------- ----------- ------------
Appalachian State University U Boone, North Carolina Active
A.T. Still University Active
Auburn University Auburn, Alabama Active
Baptist Health Sciences University Memphis, Tennessee Active
Barry University Miami Shores, Florida Active
Baylor University Waco, Texas Active
Belmont Abbey College Belmont, North Carolina Active
Boston University School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts Active
California Northstate University Elk Grove, California Inactive?
California State University, Chico Chico, California Active
California State University, Long Beach 2016 U Long Beach, California Active
California State University, Northridge U Los Angeles, California Active
Clayton State University College of Health U Morrow, Georgia Active
Colorado Technical University G Colorado Springs, Colorado Active
Cornell University Sloan Program in Health Administration Ithaca, New York Active
Creighton University Omaha, Nebraska Active
Davenport University College of Health Professions Health Services Administration U Grand Rapids, Michigan Active
East Carolina University Greenville, North Carolina Active
Eastern Kentucky University Richmond, Kentucky Active
Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, Virginia Active
Florida A&M University U Tallahassee, Florida Active
Florida Atlantic University G Tallahassee, Florida Active
Florida Atlantic University U Tallahassee, Florida Active
Florida Gulf Coast University G Fort Myers, Florida Active
Florida Gulf Coast University U Fort Myers, Florida Active
Franciscan Missionaries of Our Lady University Baton Rouge, Louisiana Active
George Mason University G Fairfax, Virginia Active
George Mason University U Fairfax, Virginia Active
George Washington University Washington, D.C. Active
Georgetown University G Washington, D.C. Active
Georgetown University U Washington, D.C. Active
Georgia Southern University Statesboro, Georgia Active
Georgia State University Atlanta, Georgia Active
Governors State University G University Park, Illinois Active
Governors State University U University Park, Illinois Active
Grand Valley State University Allendale, Michigan Active
Hampton University Hampton, Virginia Active
Hofstra University Nassau County, New York Active
Howard University Washington, D.C. Active
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City, New York Active
Indiana University Indianapolis Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health G Indianapolis, Indiana Active
Iowa State University Ames, Iowa Active
Johns Hopkins University G Baltimore, Maryland Active
King\'s College 2022 Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania Active
Long Island University U Active
Loyola University Chicago U Chicago, Illinois Active
Medical University of South Carolina G Charleston, South Carolina Active
Methodist University Fayetteville, North Carolina Active
Metropolitan State University of Denver G Denver, Colorado. Active
Metropolitan State University of Denver U Denver, Colorado. Active
*National University* virtual Inactive
Norfolk State University U Norfolk, Virginia Active
Northeastern University U Boston, Massachusetts Active
Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Active
Old Dominion University Norfolk, Virginia Active
Palm Beach State College Lake Worth Beach, Florida Active
Pennsylvania College of Health Sciences Lancaster, Pennsylvania Active
Pennsylvania State University Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Active
Pennsylvania State University U University Park, Pennsylvania Active
Pfeiffer University Misenheimer, North Carolina Active
Portland State University Portland, Oregon Active
Queens University of Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina Active
Radford University G Radford University Active
Radford University U Radford University Active
Robert Morris University Moon Township, Pennsylvania Active
Rush University Chicago, Illinois Active
Rutgers University--New Brunswick G New Brunswick, New Jersey Active
Rutgers University--New Brunswick U New Brunswick, New Jersey Active
Saint Louis University G St. Louis, Missouri Active
Samford University G Homewood, Alabama Active
Samford University U Homewood, Alabama Active
Seton Hall University South Orange, New Jersey Active
Stevenson University Online virtual Active
Stonehill College Easton, Massachusetts Active
Stony Brook University Program in Public Health Stony Brook, New York Active
Tennessee State University Nashville, Tennessee Active
Texas A&M University School of Public Health Bryan, Texas Active
Texas A&M University--Corpus Christi Corpus Christi, Texas Active
Texas Southern University G Houston, Texas Active
Texas Southern University U Houston, Texas Active
Texas State University G San Marcos, Texas Active
Texas State University U San Marcos, Texas Active
Texas Woman\'s University Institute of Health Sciences Houston Center Denton, Texas Active
Towson University Towson, Maryland Active
Trinity University 2010 G San Antonio, Texas Active
Trinity University 2010 San Antonio, Texas Active
University of Alabama at Birmingham G Birmingham, Alabama Active
University of Alabama at Birmingham U Birmingham, Alabama Active
*University of Arkansas* Fayetteville, Arkansas Inactive
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, Arkansas Active
University of Baltimore Baltimore, Maryland Active
University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, California Active
University of Central Florida G Orlando, Florida Active
University of Central Florida U Orlando, Florida Active
University of Detroit Mercy Detroit, Michigan Active
University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Active
University of Georgia Athens, Georgia Active
University of Houston--Clear Lake Chicago, Illinois Active
University of Illinois Chicago Chicago, Illinois Active
University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa Active
University of Kentucky G Lexington, Kentucky Active
University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky Active
University of Maryland Global Campus Adelphi, Maryland Active
University of Memphis G Memphis, Tennessee Active
University of Miami G Coral Gables, Florida Active
University of Michigan--Flint Flint, Michigan Active
University of Minnesota G Minneapolis, Minnesota Active
University of Minnesota Duluth Duluth, Minnesota Active
University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Executive MHA Minneapolis, Minnesota Active
University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri Active
University of New Hampshire Columbia, Missouri Active
University of New Haven West Haven, Connecticut Active
University of New Orleans New Orleans, Louisiana Active
University of North Carolina at Charlotte Department of Public Health Sciences 2010 Charlotte, North Carolina Active
University of North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington, North Carolina Active
University of North Florida G Jacksonville, Florida Active
University of North Florida U Jacksonville, Florida Active
University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, Texas Active
University of Phoenix College of Health Professions G virtual Active
University of Phoenix College of Health Professions U virtual Active
University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Active
University of Scranton G Scranton, Pennsylvania Active
University of Scranton U Scranton, Pennsylvania Active
University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina Active
University of South Dakota Vermillion, South Dakota Active
University of Southern California Price Los Angeles, California Active
University of Southern Indiana Evansville, Indiana Active
University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas Active
University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler Tyler, Texas Active
University of the Incarnate Word San Antonio, Texas Active
University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia Active
University of Washington Seattle Seattle, Washington Active
University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee Milwaukee, Wisconsin Active
Utah Tech University St
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# Brunn am Gebirge
**Brunn am Gebirge** (Central Bavarian: *Brunn aum Gebiage*) is a town in the district of Mödling in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. As of the end of 2022, the population was recorded at 12,218.
## History
Excavations from the Neolithic period show that the area was already inhabited 6000 BC and Brunn making it the earliest known farming settlement in Austria. Also Awarengräber that were found in Mödling, suggest that inhabited the area at that time already. Because of excavations, it is believed that the Roman settlement here was for veterans.
In modern times, it was the birthplace (1890) of the composer Hans Gál.
## Culture
Since 2007 Brunn am Gebirge is organizer of the International Piano Blues and Boogie Woogie Festival where Little Willie Littlefield, Carl Sonny Leyland, Axel Zwingenberger, Dana Gillespie, Sonny and his Wild Cows, Michael Pewny, Stella Jones, Kim Cooper from The Rounder Girls, Lila Ammons, Vince Weber, Silvan Zingg, Axel Ramerseder, Mojo Blues Band, Jan Preston, Martin Pyrker, Al Cook, The Untuchables, The Hot Shakers, Ed Philips, Meena Cryle, The Boogie Boys, Dan Popek, Wendy De Witt, Angela Brown, Janice Harrington and many more performed
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# Kenton Bar
**Kenton Bar** is a housing estate, that is part of Kenton Ward [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20110523062044/http://kenton.newcastle.gov.uk/) in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It is situated immediately west of North Kenton and to the north of Cragston Park and Cowgate.
The estate was designed by the Ryder and Yates architectural practice. All buildings have a distinctive flat roof design. Many have white or cream walls, which in many cases owe their colour to crushed sea-shells attached to the rendering while it was still wet. Construction of the estate began shortly after 1966 and comprises terraced houses, bungalows, and flats.
The estate is roughly crescent-shaped and surrounds the western and northern sides of Kenton School\'s playing fields.
Hazeldene Avenue runs around the outer perimeter of the estate and, at both ends, provides the estate\'s only vehicular access and egress. Ryal Walk, Studdon Walk and Hartburn Walk are the main pedestrian thoroughfares, running along the inner side of the \"crescent\".
The estate was designed in such a way that almost every pair of dwellings on the estate, apart from the single terrace of town-houses on the southern side of Hazeldene Avenue near its junction with Kenton Lane, is linked by a pedestrian route, without the need to cross any road.
The Newcastle Western Bypass, part of the A1, runs along the north-western edge of the estate and is separated from Hazeldene Avenue by a fence and earth embankment.
## Facilities and amenities {#facilities_and_amenities}
The estate is home to Kenton Bar Primary School. There is also a small shopping centre which over the years has included an off licence, news agent, general store, hairdresser\'s salon and fish-and-chip shop.
In previous years there existed a doctor\'s surgery (destroyed by fire) adjacent to the shops, and in the late 1980s and early 1990s a community centre existed in a portable building next to the shops.
The estate has never had a public house. The nearest pub to the southern end of the estate was called The Kenton Bar, but was renamed to The Crofter\'s Lodge in the late 1980s and was demolished in 2011.
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# Kenton Bar
## History
The estate was constructed between 1966 and 1968. It had one famous landmark called the Kenton Bar Pyramid or, less formally, the \"Pyrry\", which was located in the estate\'s shopping centre at Mallowburn Crescent. The pyramid was about 7 metres tall, constructed of reinforced concrete, in classic Egyptian proportions, and faced with ceramic mosaic tiles. Next to the pyramid was a water channel. The water feature was designed to pump water from underneath the pyramid and along the channel, to a waterfall.
The council had intended to build a second parade of shops underneath the Reestones Place flats, the two sets of shops being linked by a ramp and a flight of steps either side of the pyramid. The Reestones Place shops were never built, as a result of which the block of flats has no ground floor (other than access stairwells) and is supported only by pillars and load-bearing walls.
The Pyramid\'s water feature was prone to blockages, causing failure of the pumping mechanism. By the early 1970s the local authority had ceased repairing it. Local children and teenagers quickly discovered that they could climb the pyramid by rubbing tar onto the soles of their shoes. Tar was readily available because the council, as the main (and initially the only) landlord, had a rolling programme of repairing the estate\'s flat roofs.
In the early 1990s, the Pyramid, together with the ramp and the adjacent concreted areas and walls opposite the shops and the Reestones Place flats, were demolished, and replaced by a gently-sloping landscaped area.
The estate was provided with a garage for every property [2](http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/cab2000.nsf/57dc6634edbc20fa80256ddd005cb069/cf169004298da0e480256a37004d2a94/$FILE/BLAKELAW%20PROFILE%20text%20only.doc), including flats and bungalows. From 1991 onward, a number of garages were demolished, because many garages, located up to 200 metres from the flats or houses to which they were linked, had become derelict and vandalised. These circumstances arose because many residents did not own cars and therefore had no need of a garage. As a consequence, the council demolished a number of contiguous blocks of garages and landscaped these areas, reallocating the remaining garages only to tenants who expressed an intention to use them.
## Streets and walks {#streets_and_walks}
Kenton Bar Estate has 18 street names in total, as follows:
Hazeldene Avenue; Fawlee Green; Ryal Walk; Apperley Avenue; Beal Green; Byrness Close; Mallowburn Crescent; Studdon Walk; Hartburn Walk; Reestones Place; Hazeley Grove; Hazeley Way; Thirston Way; Laverock Place; Fourstones Close; Dunnykirk Avenue; Eland Close; Gunnerston Grove.
Studdon Walk was originally named Broomlee Walk but was renamed because of confusion with an existing street, Broomley Walk, in the nearby district of Gosforth
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# Sir Thomas Glen-Coats, 2nd Baronet
**Sir Thomas Coats Glen Glen-Coats, 2nd Baronet** (5 May 1878, in Paisley -- 7 March 1954, in Glasgow) was a Scottish sailor who competed for the Royal Clyde Yacht Club in the 12-metre class at the 1908 Summer Olympics.
He was the son of Sir Thomas Glen-Coats, 1st Baronet, Member of Parliament for West Renfrewshire.
The 12-Metre *Heatherbell* was designed by Thomas C Glen-Coats (skipper) for Major Andrew Coats and built by Alexander Robertson & Sons in 1907. She was the first yacht in the new metre-class to be built in the UK. The \'Coats\' name (textile/thread dynasty of Paisley) became well known for racing 8-Metres on the Clyde between 1911 and 1938. *Heatherbell* later represented Finland in the 1912 Helsinki Summer Olympics.
He was also the designer and helm of the British boat *Hera*, which won the 1908 gold medal in the 12-metre class. He was an apprentice to Alfred Mylne, who crewed on the yacht for his young protégé.
On his father\'s death in 1922, he became a baronet.
He died on 7 March 1954. He is buried next to Sir James Coats at the summit of Woodside Cemetery in Paisley.
## Lady Glen-Coats {#lady_glen_coats}
On 5 April 1935, he married Louise Hugon, the daughter of Emile Hugon. In 1938, she became the prospective Liberal candidate for Orkney & Shetland. The Liberals had lost the seat to the Conservatives in 1935 and hoped to regain it at a general election expected for 1939--40. However, the outbreak of war postponed the election. She remained as a prospective candidate but, in 1945, stepped down in favour of Jo Grimond, who went on to win the seat in 1950. Instead, she stood in Paisley, where the Glen-Coats were prominent local industrialists, coming third with just over 10%. From 1946 to 1948 she was Chair of the Scottish Liberal Party. She died suddenly in Jersey on 19 September 1967.
The baronetcy became extinct on his death
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# Orazio Riminaldi
thumb\|*Selfportrait*, Uffizi **Orazio Riminaldi** (5 September 1593 -- 19 December 1630) was an Italian painter who painted mainly history subjects in a Caravaggist style.
## Biography
Riminaldi was born and died in Pisa.
He was in Pisa first a pupil of the little known painter Rainero Alberghetti, and later studied with Aurelio Lomi. No works from his early period survive. He moved to Rome sometime between 1610 and 1620. Here he underwent the influence of the Caravaggist movement most likely through Orazio Gentileschi, Domenichino, Bartolomeo Manfredi but also from Simon Vouet.
An early work entitled *Samson Killing the Philistines*, which he painted for the Cathedral of Pisa and completed in May 1622 shows the influence of Giovanni Lanfranco and Guido Reni of the Emilian school of painting, combined with the naturalistic Caravaggesque style that he had developed in Rome. His knowledge of the work of contemporary French artists working in Rome is also evident in certain paintings attributed to him, such as the *Daedalus and Icarus*, known in three versions (one of which is in the Wadsworth Atheneum).
His *Martyrdom of St. Cecilia* dated to the early 1620s (Uffizi, Florence) is regarded as his masterpiece. Riminaldi clearly took direct inspiration for this composition from Caravaggio\'s *Martyrdom of St Matthew* (San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome). He took from Caravaggio\'s earlier work the image of the plummeting angel and the violent gesture of the executioner. The *Martyrdom of St. Cecilia* shows further stylistic similarities with the works of Bartolomeo Cavarozzi and Artemisia Gentileschi.
He clearly was also active as a portrait artist. He painted a portrait of Curzio Ceuli (c. 1627, private collection in Florence) in a Caravaggesque style not unlike that of Orazio Gentileschi and Valentin de Boulogne.
He died suddenly in 1630 in Pisa of the plague. His *Assumption of the Virgin* for the Cathedral of Pisa was completed posthumously by his brother Girolamo.
Among his pupils were his brother Giovanni Battista Riminaldi, Alessandro Cominotti and Giovanni Navarretti
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# Urban–Rogers–Meyer syndrome
**Urban--Rogers--Meyer syndrome**, also known as **Prader**--**Willi habitus, osteopenia, and camptodactyly** or **Urban syndrome**, is an extremely rare inherited congenital disorder first described by Urban et al. (1979). It is characterized by genital anomalies, mental retardation, obesity, contractures of fingers, and osteoporosis, though further complications are known
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# Embase
{{ infobox bibliographic database \| title = Embase \| producer = Elsevier \| country = Netherlands \| history = 1947--present \| cost = Subscription \| disciplines = Medicine \| depth = index \| formats = journal articles \| temporal = 1947--present \| geospatial = Worldwide \| updates = Daily \| p_title = Excerpta Medica (EM) Abstract Journals \| web = `{{Official website|1=http://www.elsevier.com/online-tools/embase|name=elsevier.com/embase}}`{=mediawiki} }} **Embase** (often styled **EMBASE** for **Excerpta Medica dataBASE**) is a biomedical and pharmacological bibliographic database of published literature designed to support information managers and pharmacovigilance in complying with the regulatory requirements of a licensed drug. Embase, produced by Elsevier, contains over 32 million records from over 8,500 currently published journals from 1947 to the present. Through its international coverage, daily updates, and drug indexing with EMTREE, Embase enables tracking and retrieval of drug information in the published literature. Each record is fully indexed and Articles in Press are available for some records and In Process are available for all records, ahead of full indexing. Embase\'s international coverage expands across biomedical journals from 95 countries and is available through a number of database vendors.
## History
In 1946, the beginnings of Embase was created as Excerpta Medica (EM) Abstract Journals by a group of Dutch physicians who promoted the flow of medical knowledge and reports post World War II. Included in EM were 13 journal sections which categorized the medical school curriculum by anatomy, pathology, physiology, internal medicine, and other basic clinical specialties. This database lasted until 1972 when it merged with Elsevier.
In 1972, EM had joined with Elsevier and later, in 1975, formed EMBASE (Excerpta Medica database) which had released electronic access to abstract journals. Following feedback from the EMBASE user community, EMBASE Classic was created as a separate database to supplement EMBASE as a backfile of medical journals from 1947-1973 which provides valuable documentation of drugs, adverse effects, endogenous compounds, etc. found at the time.
In 2010, Excerpta Medica, excluding EMBASE, was sold by Elsevier to the Omnicom Group.
## Current status {#current_status}
In addition to the 28 million reports, Embase\'s database steadily rises each year at a rate of over 900,000 records. This wide expanse of information is used in both professional and educational environments for retrieving any published biomedical or drug related information. Currently, Embase allows further customization for a personal experience such as implementing a RSS feed and email alert system. With new drug and disease-related information constantly released, Embase is updated daily to provide a comprehensive and reliable source of information
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# Ferbane GAA
**Ferbane/Belmont GAA** is a football club in the Gaelic Athletic Association located in Ferbane in County Offaly, Ireland, 13 miles from Birr. The Ferbane GAA field is located in the town of Ferbane on the Ballycumber Road. Ferbane play in the Offaly championship.
Ferbane holds the record for the club with the longest continuous sponsorship deal in Gaelic football.
## Honours
### Football
Ferbane enjoyed most of their success in the \'80s and start of \'90s where they won a 5 in a row of Offaly Senior Football Championship titles from 1986--90 and also a Leinster Senior Club Football Championship title in 1986 beating Portlaoise. Gallen community school also brought the senior all-Ireland vocational schools title to Ferbane where they beat Clonakilty cc in Croke Park. all Ireland runners up 2012. More recently Gallen community school have won the 2016 post primary schools B football title beating Mountbellew in the final. In 2019 the club bridged a 25-year gap by defeating Rhode in the County Senior Football Final by 2-13 to 0-14. Seán Dempsey was manager.
- **Leinster Senior Club Football Championships:** (1)
- 1986
- **Offaly Senior Football Championships:** (12)
- 1914, 1971, 1974, 1976, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1994, 2019
- **Offaly Intermediate Football Championships:** (3)
- 1957, 1959, 1996,2018
- **Offaly Junior Football Championships:** (5)
- 1924, 1952, 1964, 1995, 2016
### Belmont Football Titles {#belmont_football_titles}
- **Offaly Intermediate Football Championships:** (2)
- 1951, 1993
- **Offaly Junior Football Championships:** (3)
- 1923, 1950, 1985
### Hurling
U21 County title in 2003 (vs Drumcullen in Páirc Naomh Raonagh in Banagher)
Intermediate County Title in 2004 (vs Kilcormac/Kiloughey in Páirc Naomh Raonagh in Banagher)
Minor A runners up in 2015 vs Na Fianna
- **Offaly Intermediate Hurling Championships:** (1)
- 2004
- **Offaly Junior A Hurling Championships:** (4)
- 1952, 1957, 1997, 2017
### Ferbane hurling titles {#ferbane_hurling_titles}
- **Offaly Junior A Hurling Championships:** (1)
- 1989
## Hurling {#hurling_1}
The Hurling club in the Ferbane Parish is known as Belmont
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# Arthur Downes
**Arthur Drummond Downes** (23 February 1883, in Kelvinside, Glasgow -- 12 September 1956, in Helensburgh) was a Scottish sailor who competed for the Royal Clyde Yacht Club at the 1908 Summer Olympics.
Son of a Kelvinside paper merchant, Downes was qualified in medicine (MA, MBChB) at the University of Glasgow; he practiced first at Glasgow, then at Helensburgh for over forty years.
He was a crew member of the Scottish boat *Hera*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class.
In 1920, Downes married Mary Angela, daughter of merchant James Young of Rockmount, Helensburgh
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# Dedicated Follower of Fashion
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# John Downes (sailor)
**John Henry Downes** (18 October 1870 in Glasgow -- 1 January 1943 in Hunters Quay) was a Scottish sailor who competed for the Royal Clyde Yacht Club at the 1908 Summer Olympics.
He was mate of the Scottish boat *Hera*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class
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# National Negro Opera Company
The **National Negro Opera Company** (1941--1962) was the most successful African-American opera company in the United States. Although often mistakenly called the first due to its enormous successes, other African American opera companies (such as the [Theodore Drury Opera Company](http://Theodore%20Drury%20https://www.sfcv.org/articles/feature/improbable-rise-first-african-american-opera-impresarioOpera%20Company)) predate the NNOC.
## History
Organized in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, under the direction of Mary Cardwell Dawson, the company was launched with a performance at the local Syria Mosque. The star was La Julia Rhea, and other members included Minto Cato, Carol Brice, Robert McFerrin, and Lillian Evanti. During its 21-year run, NNOC also mounted productions in Washington D.C., New York City, and Chicago.
The company disbanded in 1962 upon Dawson\'s death.
Although the company toured nationally, its offices and studios were housed in a three-story Queen Anne-style house at 7101 Apple Street in Pittsburgh\'s Homewood neighborhood. Built as a private residence, it was purchased by William A. \"Woogie\" Harris (brother of the photographer Charles \"Teenie\" Harris) in the 1930s. The NNOC moved to Washington, D.C. in 1942, but the company continued to use the third floor as a local guild office and studios until the company disbanded.
After the Opera departed, the building transitioned into a social hub and boarding house known as Mystery Manor, often hosting visiting celebrities and athletes who were excluded from the local segregated hotels.
In 1994, the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission designated the NNOC\'s house on Apple Street a historic structure; it became a Pittsburgh City Historic Landmark in 2008. In 2003 and again in 2013, the Young Preservationists of Pittsburgh included the building on their \"Top 10\" preservation opportunities.
Purchased in 2000 by Pittsburgh residents Jonnet Solomon and Miriam White, after years of plans to transform the historic building into a museum and arts center, it remains dilapidated.
In 2020, the National Trust for Historic Preservation added the building to its annual list of America's 11 Most Endangered Historic Places.
Restoration work on the structure began in 2022, with a targeted completion date of 2024
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# Gaaden
**Gaaden** (Central Bavarian: *Goodn*) is a town in the district of Mödling in the Austrian state of Lower Austria.
## Geography
Gaaden lies in the northern Vienna woods at the foot of the Anninger
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# Brighstone
**Brighstone** is a village and civil parish on the Isle of Wight, 6 miles southwest of Newport on the B3399 road. Brighstone was previously known as \"Brixton\". The name derives from the Saxon name \"Ecgbert\'s Tun\".
Brighstone is the largest village in the area locally known as the Back of the Wight and extends toward Limerstone and Mottistone. In Roman times a villa was built to the north, to take advantage of the clean waters of the Buddle Brook.
## History
Brighstone history dates back to the 9th century when it was given to the Bishopric of Winchester by King Egbert.
Brighstone parish was formed in 1644. The civil parish comprises the main village of Brighstone together with the smaller villages of Brook, Hulverstone, Limerstone and Mottistone. The entire parish lies within an area of the Isle of Wight AONB and its coastline is designated as Heritage Coast and Site of Special Scientific Interest.
St. Mary\'s Church, Brighstone is a venerable old church that has stood for more than eight centuries. The village also features Brighstone Shop and Museum, owned by the National Trust, displaying exhibitions on village life in the 19th century and contains a wealth of information about the Brighstone lifeboats.
In 2021 a newly-identified species of dinosaur was named *Brighstoneus simmondsi* to reflect that its fossilised remains had been discovered at a nearby excavation site; it was discovered alongside another dinosaur, *Neovenator salerii* in 1978.
## Today
Brighstone is popular with tourists for its thatched cottages and local shops. Several large events are hosted in the village each year, including the Brighstone Show, Art exhibitions and the Brighstone Christmas Tree Festival. The local scout hut functions as a Youth Hostel during the summer.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
The village pub is called The Three Bishops, named after three rectors of Brighstone parish who went on to become famous bishops. The first was the 17th-century Bishop Ken who wrote the famous hymns \"Awake my soul and with the sun\" and \"Glory to Thee my God this night\". Bishop Samuel Wilberforce became rector in 1830, and used to entertain his father, anti-slavery campaigner William Wilberforce. Wilberforce Road is named after him, and Brighstone\'s village hall is called the Wilberforce Hall. The third bishop, Doctor George Moberly, was headmaster of Winchester College before becoming rector of Brighstone in 1866 and bishop of Salisbury a few years later.
Another notable person who lived in the village in the 19th century was the clergyman and amateur palaeontologist William Fox, who discovered several species of dinosaur in Brighstone Bay.
## Bus routes {#bus_routes}
The village is linked to other parts of the island by Southern Vectis bus route 12, serving Freshwater, Totland and Newport as well as intermediate villages
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# Gurnard, Isle of Wight
**Gurnard** is a village and civil parish on the Isle of Wight, two miles to the west of Cowes. Gurnard sits on the edge of Gurnard Bay, enjoyed by the Gurnard Sailing Club.
Gurnard\'s main street features a pub (Portland Inn), a few shops and a few houses. The west end of the beach is Gurnard Marsh and a stream called \"The Luck\" which discharges into the Solent.
A fortification known as Gurnard Fort was built on a headland west of Gurnard Marsh about 1600. The land was eroded, however, and all traces disappeared until an archaeological excavation of a Roman villa in 1864 uncovered traces of Gurnard Fort as well.
Gurnard was once a hamlet called Gurnet, from which it draws its name. The hamlet looked across the Solent. Whilst it was established in the 13th century it did not experience growth until the 18th century. Gurnet Bay at the mouth of Gurnard Luck had been to some extent navigable and was the source of transport to the mainland before Cowes took this role.
Transport is provided by Southern Vectis route 32 to and from Cowes, and route 1 to Cowes and Newport, Isle of Wight
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# Gießhübl
**Gießhübl** (Central Bavarian: *Gißhiwe*) is a town in the district of Mödling in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is located in the south of Vienna, the Austrian capital, neighboring the nature protection area Föhrenberge. With an altitude of 416 m, Gießhübl is the highest-located wine-growing district in Lower Austria. Originally Gießhübl was an agrarian village. Today it is mainly a residential area because of its vicinity to Vienna and the direct connection to the highway A21.
## History
Gießhübl was founded in 1592 from a settlement with rural structures. In the period from 1938 to 1954 Gießhübl (together with 96 other communities of Lower Austria) was part of Greater Vienna. In 1954 Gießhübl became again a separate municipality in the province of Lower Austria. This was celebrated in September 2004 with a large 50-year celebration. The population grew from 975 in 1971 to 1907 in 2006.
## Population
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
In 2001 there were 91 non-agricultural workplaces. In 1999 there were 14 agricultural and forestry businesses. According to the census 2001, the number of employed was 730, and the employment rate was 48.02 percent.
## Organizations
- Theater company Karl-Theater Gießhübl
- Soccer club 1.FC Gießhübl (https://web.archive.org/web/20090301011021/http://www.fcgiesshuebl.at/)
- Gießhübl firefighters (https://web.archive.org/web/20090103035745/http://www.ff-giesshuebl.at/index2
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# Sheldon Hall
**Sheldon Hall** is an early 16th-century Grade II\* listed manor house located on Gressel Lane in the Tile Cross area of Birmingham, England, consisting of a main block of two stories and attics built of red and black bricks with stone dressings. The city boundary runs along the eastern side of the property, and it was historically located within Warwickshire, near to the border with Worcestershire. The building is now used as a restaurant.
In 1439 the manor of Sheldon belonged to Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham passing on his death in 1460 to his grandson Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, who was beheaded for treason in 1483. After the attainder of his son Edward in 1521 the whole of Sheldon manor was granted by the Crown to Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset. He died in 1530 and his son Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk was also attainted and beheaded in 1554. In 1575 Queen Elizabeth I granted Sheldon to Henry Grey on payment of an annual rental but he sold his rights to Sir George Digby of Coleshill Hall.
The present hall was built by Sir Edward Digby for his son on the site of an older hall known as the East Hall. In 1751 the hall and surrounding land was bought and leased out by the Birmingham industrialist John Taylor of Bordesley Hall, Birmingham. The Digby family, however, remained in possession until 1919, when it was sold off. The building then gradually fell into a state of disrepair, but was saved from demolition when converted into a restaurant in 1997.
Children growing up in the local area during the 1960s and 70s nicknamed the building Baldy\'s Mansion
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# Nevada Air National Guard
The **Nevada Air National Guard** is the aerial militia of the State of Nevada, United States of America. Along with the Nevada Army National Guard, it is an element of the Nevada National Guard of the larger United States National Guard Bureau. It is a reserve of the United States Air Force. The units of the Nevada Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Nevada through the office of the Nevada Adjutant General unless it is federalized by order of the President of the United States.
The Nevada Air National Guard is headquartered at the Nevada Joint Force Headquarters, in Carson City, NV. Its commander is `{{As of|2016|alt=currently}}`{=mediawiki} Major General Ondra L. Berry.
## Overview
Under the \"Total Force\" concept, Nevada Air National Guard units are considered to be Air Reserve Components (ARC) of the United States Air Force (USAF). Nevada ANG units are trained and equipped by the Air Force and are operationally gained by a Major Command of the USAF if federalized. In addition, the Nevada Air National Guard forces are assigned to Air Expeditionary Forces and are subject to deployment tasking orders along with their active duty and Air Force Reserve counterparts in their assigned cycle deployment window.
Along with their federal reserve obligations, as state militia units the elements of the Nevada ANG are subject to being activated by order of the Governor to provide protection of life and property, and preserve peace, order and public safety. State missions include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires, search and rescue, protection of vital public services, and support to civil defense.
Overall, the Nevada Air National Guard maintains a presence in three of the state\'s 17 counties with a 64 acre site on the southwest corner of the Reno-Tahoe International Airport in Reno, a detachment on Nellis Air Force Base in Las Vegas and at Creech Air Force Base in Indian Springs. About 65 Nevada Guard airmen work at the southern-Nevada detachment that began operation in 2005.
Staff reports at the conclusion of the fiscal year revealed that the Nevada Air Guard reported 102 percent of its authorized manning (1,101 airmen). In fact, with its 102 percent of authorized airmen, the Nevada Air Guard had one of the highest strength levels in the entire Air National Guard in October 2006.
## Components
The Nevada Air National Guard consists of the following major unit:
- 152nd Airlift Wing
: Established 12 April 1948 (as: 192nd Fighter Squadron); operates: C-130H Hercules Tactical Airlift aircraft
: Stationed at: Reno Air National Guard Base, Reno
: Gained by: Air Mobility Command
: Performs tactical airlift providing rapid airlift and airdrop of cargo and troops. Also flies Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) operations using \"Scathe View\" advanced electro-optical and infrared sensors in support of military command and control operations, counter drug operations, disaster relief and photo mapping for federal and state agencies.
Support Units:
- 232nd Operations Squadron
: Established 2005; operates: MQ-1 Predator
: Stationed at: Creech Air Force Base, Indian Springs
: Gained by: Air Combat Command
: Operates MQ-1 as an associate unit with the USAF 432d Operations Group executing global unmanned aerial systems, combat support, and humanitarian missions.
- 92nd Civil Support Team
: A joint force unit comprising 22 soldiers and airmen headquartered at Nellis Air Force Base, Las Vegas. The unit, for Weapons of mass destruction, began operation in late 2004 and promises to be an important resource and asset to the state should a domestic chemical, biological or nuclear event occur.
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# Nevada Air National Guard
## History
On 24 May 1946, the United States Army Air Forces, in response to dramatic postwar military budget cuts imposed by President Harry S. Truman, allocated inactive unit designations to the National Guard Bureau for the formation of an Air Force National Guard. These unit designations were allotted and transferred to various State National Guard bureaus to provide them unit designations to re-establish them as Air National Guard units. The Nevada Air National Guard origins date to the formation of the **192nd Fighter Squadron** at Reno Air Force Base, receiving federal recognition on 12 April 1948. It was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and its mission was the air defense of the state. On 19 April 1958, the 192nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was authorized to expand to a group level, and the **152nd Fighter-Interceptor Group** was allotted by the National Guard Bureau, extended federal recognition and activated.
Today, the 152nd Airlift Wing has a primary wartime mission of providing rapid airlift and airdrop of cargo and troops. They can also fly reconnaissance missions in support of military command and control operations, counter drug operations, disaster relief and photo mapping for federal and state agencies. The 232nd Operations Squadron at Creech Air Force Base, Indian Springs is an associate unit of the USAF 432nd Wing, operating the MQ-1 Predator UAV reconnaissance aircraft. The 92nd Civil Support Team is trained in WMD response.
After the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, elements of every Air National Guard unit in Nevada has been activated in support of the Global War on Terrorism. Flight crews, aircraft maintenance personnel, communications technicians, air controllers and air security personnel were engaged in Operation Noble Eagle air defense overflights of major United States cities. Also, Nevada ANG units have been deployed overseas as part of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq as well as other locations as directed
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# Nettlestone and Seaview
**Nettlestone and Seaview** is a civil parish and electoral ward on the Isle of Wight. It contains the villages of Nettlestone and Seaview.
Public Transport is provided by Southern Vectis bus route 8, which operates between Ryde, and Newport via Bembridge and Sandown.
## History
The parish was formed from the unparished area of Ryde on 1 April 1989 as \"Seaview\", the parish was then renamed to \"Nettlestone and Seaview\" on 15 May 1989.
## Freedom of the Parish {#freedom_of_the_parish}
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Parish of Nettlestone and Seaview.
### Individuals
- Roy Hayward: 14 November 2022
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# John Buchanan (sailor)
**John Buchanan** (1 January 1884 in Rhu -- 25 November 1943 in Rhu) was a Scottish sailor who competed for the Royal Clyde Yacht Club in the 1908 Summer Olympics.
He was a crew member of the Scottish boat *Hera*, which won the gold medal in the 12-metre class
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# Operation Hajji Baba
**Operation Hajji Baba** was a humanitarian airlift operation performed by the United States Air Force between 25 and 29 August 1952. The mission of the operation was to airlift Hajj pilgrims stranded in Beirut, Lebanon to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia before the closing of the gates to Mecca.
The name for the operation was derived from the title of the book *The Adventures of Hajji Baba of Ispahan*, written by James Justinian Morier in 1824.
## Background
Several thousand Muslim pilgrims making the annual Hajj to the Muslim holy city of Mecca became stranded in Beirut, Lebanon when they arrived to find their flights to Saudi Arabia had been grossly overbooked. Saeb Salam, a member of the Parliament of Lebanon and future prime minister, saw the potential for a minor humanitarian crisis in the making. Most of the stranded travelers were poor and had spent their life savings on what was basically a once-in-a-lifetime chance to make the holy pilgrimage to Mecca. Furthermore, the vast majority of the pilgrims did not speak the local language. These two issues combined into a very real possibility that they would not be able to find nor afford adequate food, water, and accommodations.
Salam quickly formed an idea to have the pilgrims airlifted out of Beirut and into Saudi Arabia. However, with all of the airlines serving Beirut overbooked, he had to look elsewhere. He settled on the US Air Force and, putting aside the fact that the US had supported Israel during the Mideast War of 1948, Salaam reached out to the US ambassador in Beirut, Harold B. Minor, on 21 August for help. Minor quickly realized the positive diplomatic benefits this assistance could have and he promptly forwarded the request to his superiors.
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# Operation Hajji Baba
## Prelude
The request was eventually approved by then-Secretary of Defense Robert A. Lovett and on 23 August 1952, the alert orders for the operation were sent to two airlift wings, the 1602nd Air Transport Wing at Wiesbaden Air Base, West Germany and the 1603rd Air Transport Wing at Wheelus Air Base, Libya. The 1602nd tasked the 86th Air Transport Squadron and 1629th Support Squadron at Rhein-Main Air Base, West Germany, to take part in the operation, while the 1603rd tasked the 41st Air Transport Squadron. Brigadier General Wentworth Goss, commanding general of the 1602nd, was appointed as commanding officer for this task force.
Goss assembled a team of 209 personnel, 80 officers and 129 enlisted members, to operate and maintain the 12 Douglas C-54 Skymaster aircraft that would be ferrying the pilgrims. Except for a small team of two officers and two airmen in Jeddah, the entire team would be based out of the Beirut airport.
Goss\' plan called for each C-54 to carry 50 passengers plus double crew from Beirut to Jeddah, on a route that would take them over Damascus, Syria, Amman, Jordan and a point on the Red Sea just north of Jeddah. This circuitous route was required because Israel would not grant overflight permission due to the nature of the operation. Flying time would be about five hours.
Once the passengers were off-loaded in Jeddah, the ground crew would quickly service the plane and it would begin its return trip to Beirut within 45 minutes of landing. This short turn-around time was due partly to the lack of need for refueling; each C-54 would carry enough fuel (2,700 gallons) to make the round trip. Once the aircraft returned to Beirut, it would be fully inspected and refueled then returned to service all within 90 minutes of landing. If the aircraft was found to be unserviceable, it would be pulled from the flight schedule for repair and a spare aircraft would substitute.
By 25 August, Goss had his team and aircraft in place. At 0700 that morning, the operation officially began.
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Operation Hajji Baba
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