id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
11,039,703 |
# Laab im Walde
**Laab im Walde** (Central Bavarian: *Laab im Woid*) is a town in the district of Mödling in the Austrian state of Lower Austria
| 27 |
Laab im Walde
| 0 |
11,039,715 |
# Kris Swanberg
**Kris Swanberg** (born **Kristin Williams**; `{{birth based on age as of date|28|2009|3|9|noage=1}}`{=mediawiki}) is an American businesswoman, filmmaker, actress and former high school teacher living in Chicago, Illinois. She has been credited at various times as **Kris Williams**, **Kris Swanberg** and **Kris Rey**. Her works as a director include the short documentary *Bathwater* (2006), the Nerve.com documentary web series *Boys and Girls* and the feature films *It Was Great, But I Was Ready to Come Home* (2009), *Empire Builder* (2012), *Unexpected* (2015) and *I Used to Go Here* (2020). She has also had small roles in a number of films, including *First Man* (2018).
From 2007 to 2019 she was married to filmmaker Joe Swanberg. The two co-directed, co-produced and co-starred in the 2006-2009 Nerve.com web series *Young American Bodies*; she also had acting roles in a number of his films.
## Early life {#early_life}
Williams earned a bachelor\'s degree in Film Production from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale and earned a Master\'s in Education from DePaul University May 2010.
## Career
In 2005, Swanberg coordinated The Future Filmmakers Festival, which showcases work from filmmakers under the age of 21.
Swanberg\'s first feature film, *It Was Great, But I Was Ready to Come Home*, had its world premiere at the South by Southwest film festival in March 2009. Her second feature film *Empire Builder* premiered in 2012, starring Kate Lyn Sheil. Her third film, *Unexpected*, premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. It was released on July 24, 2015, by The Film Arcade. Her next film, *I Used to Go Here*, will star Gillian Jacobs and Jemaine Clement; Swanberg is credited as Kris Rey.
Aside from writing and directing, Swanberg has had small roles in *First Man* and *Joshy*. and has had small roles in films directed by her husband including *Win It All*, *Happy Christmas* and *Hannah Takes the Stairs*.
### Nice Cream {#nice_cream}
In the late 2000s, Swanberg was laid off from her job as a teacher with Chicago Public Schools and while searching for a new job, she recalled receiving an ice cream maker as a wedding gift. She began experimenting with new flavors and started a new artisan small-batch ice cream business called \"**Nice Cream**\", producing the dessert at Logan Square Kitchen, a shared community resource in Chicago. By 2010, demand had increased such that the ice cream was being sold in 18 local outlets, including specialty stores, farmer\'s markets, and two Whole Foods locations.
In July 2011, the Illinois Department of Public Health forced her to shut down operations until she either agreed to use a premade ice mix (as is used at Dairy Queen), or constructed her own manufacturing facility and purchased a commercial dairy license (intended to regulate major dairy producers such as Dean Foods). Although she submitted samples of her ice cream to labs for testing, which determined that her bacterial levels were far lower than the state\'s published allowable levels, the State of Illinois shut down Swanberg\'s company until she purchased the large commercial equipment, stating that even if she used pasteurized milk and boiled all of her products together, she would still need to process it all through a commercial pasteurizer. Other small-batch ice cream makers in Illinois stated that they were concerned about the state coming for them next, particularly because they had invested significant sums in their businesses and could not afford to close.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
She married Joe Swanberg on June 30, 2007. In March 2020, it was announced that the two had divorced. She has 2 children
| 595 |
Kris Swanberg
| 0 |
11,039,726 |
# Puligny-Montrachet
**Puligny-Montrachet** (`{{IPA|fr|pyliɲi mɔ̃ʁaʃɛ}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Côte-d\'Or department in eastern France.
In the middle of the Côte de Beaune, it is a well-known appellation of Burgundy wine, containing one of the most famous vineyards in the world, Montrachet.
## Population
## Wine
The \"Scabby Hill\" (\"Mont Rachaz\"), not much more than an undulation between the villages of Puligny and Chassagne, is one of the most famous vineyard sites in the world. As with other Burgundy villages, both Puligny and Chassagne now officially append the name of their most famous vineyard to their own names. Wines from the Chassagne side are called \"Le Montrachet\" and from the Puligny side simply \"Montrachet\" - there are 4 hectares of each. Above Montrachet proper is the 7.59ha of Chevalier Montrachet (all in Puligny), at the bottom of the slope lies Bâtard Montrachet (6.02ha in Puligny). The names of these two Grand Crus supposedly reflect the division of the estate of the Seigneur de Montrachet between his two sons, one of whom had been a knight in the Crusades, the other was illegitimate. Puligny also contains the Grand Cru of Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet (3.69ha).\[2\]
There are also 100ha of Premier Cru vineyards out of the total of 235ha in Puligny. Technically there are 24 Premier Crus, although 10 of them represent particular plots within other Premier Crus. While the complex, minerally white wines get all the attention, there are 6.4ha of Pinot Noir
| 240 |
Puligny-Montrachet
| 0 |
11,039,755 |
# Sixt von Armin
**Sixt von Armin** is a surname
| 10 |
Sixt von Armin
| 0 |
11,039,770 |
# Medical CSCW
The global healthcare industry is charging ahead on the path to practice-wide and nationwide computerization on the heels of developments in electronic health record, medical imaging, and ubiquitous computing fields. While the prospects for benefits such as increased quality of care and increased return on investments abound, the critical need to deal with the underlying socio-technical implications of these technologies and how they affect workflow, coordination, and collaboration in medical practice must be addressed by systems designers, healthcare decision makers, and care providers.
Medical computer supported cooperative work, or **medical CSCW** is a term that may be used to describe this area of research.
**Methodology**
Much of the research in CSCW is based on ethnographic methods for investigating organizational and technological settings. These methods include qualitative data collection through observation, participant observation, and semi-structured interviews, as well as analysis using a grounded theory approach
| 147 |
Medical CSCW
| 0 |
11,039,781 |
# Burbage Brook
**Burbage Brook** is an upper tributary stream of the River Derwent in the Peak District of England.
## Toponymy
The origin of the name is thought to derive from the Germanic *baki* for creek.
## Course
### White Path Moss {#white_path_moss}
The source of the brook is on moorland to the north of the brook\'s valley in Derbyshire where it drains the land south of Friar\'s Ridge on White Path Moss, close to Stanage Edge.
### Burbage Valley {#burbage_valley}
Within the first kilometre the altitude of the brook falls just over 60 metres from 396 to 335 metres above sea level. The water enters Burbage Valley and Sheffield at the Upper Burbage Bridge (53 19 21 N 1 36 33 W). It then flows through the Burbage valley and the remains of Burbage conifer plantation, which included Lodgepole pine, Scots pine and Japanese larch. This was planted by Sheffield City Council between 1968 and 1971 with an outline designed to represent Great Britain when viewed from the air. It was sometimes known as the *Great Britain Plantation*. The West Country was not represented by the plantation due to unexploded ordnance being found where the planting was to have taken place. This is a result of the area around the brook being used as a training ground by British Home Guard and Canadian infantry during World War II. Prior to the planting of trees the area was to have been the site of a reservoir, though this plan was rejected due to unsuitable underlying geology. The plantation was felled following recommendations made in Moors for the Future Report No 8 and on the recommendation of South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue service, with work to remove the trees commencing in August 2014. Parts of the Burbage Valley are a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and are home to the water vole, which resulted in a decision to remove the felled trunks by helicopter in order to minimise the environmental impact of the wood\'s clearance. Stumps of the trees have not been uprooted as the Moors for the Future report suggested that the area covered by the plantation might contain important archaeological remains. The seeds of native trees have been planted in some parts of the former plantation, with the seeds, including those of Sessile Oak, having been gathered from Clough Woodlands on the nearby Longshaw Estate. Work to remove the plantation, funded by the Nature Improvement Areas Programme, is expected to result in an additional area of 14.40 ha of native woodland and 8.58 ha of upland heath around the brook. The valley is overlooked by Higger Tor and Carl Wark to the west and Burbage Rocks to the east, one of the birth places of modern British climbing. The Chatsworth gritstone along Burbage Rocks was the source of material for millstones in the past. As it flows out of the remnants of the plantation, the brook passes under a Grade II listed packhorse bridge.
### Lawrence Field and Padley Gorge {#lawrence_field_and_padley_gorge}
It continues down the valley and below the A6187 at (lower) Burbage Bridge, close to a rock feature known as Toad\'s Mouth and the associated Toad\'s Mouth prehistoric field system, where it re-enters Derbyshire at Lawrence Field. It then flows into Padley Gorge, Derbyshire, as it passes through the Longshaw Estate. The woodland around the brook, Yarncliff Wood, at this point is also a SSSI and a breeding site for pied flycatcher, wood warbler and hawfinch. At Upper Padley, before it flows into the river Derwent, it flows close to Grindleford railway station and Padley Chapel.
## Artistic representation {#artistic_representation}
The brook, as seen from Upper Burbage Bridge was depicted in a painting by artist Stanley Royle in 1919, and again, this time from (lower) Burbage Bridge at an unknown date
| 635 |
Burbage Brook
| 0 |
11,039,801 |
# List of Claymore episodes
The *Claymore* anime series is based on the manga series of the same name by Norihiro Yagi. The episodes are directed by Hiroyuki Tanaka and produced by Madhouse Studios. They adapt the first through eleventh volumes of the manga over 24 episodes. The remaining 2 episodes follow an original storyline not found in the manga written by Yagi. The series aired between April 2007 and September 2007 in Japan on Nippon Television. The series follows the adventures of Clare, a Claymore, or half-human, half-yoma hybrid, and her comrades as they fight for survival in a world filled with yoma, or shapeshifting demons.
Two pieces of theme music are used for the episodes: one opening theme and one ending theme. The opening theme is `{{nihongo|"[[Nightmare (Japanese band)#Singles|Raison d’être]]"|レゾンデートル||lit. ''Reason for being''}}`{=mediawiki} by Nightmare. The ending theme is J-pop singer Riyu Kosaka\'s single, `{{nihongo|"[[Riyu Kosaka#Singles|Danzai no Hana~Guilty Sky]]"|断罪の花 ~Guilty Sky~||lit. ''Flower of Conviction~Guilty Sky''}}`{=mediawiki}. A single for \"Danzai no Hana\~Guilty Sky\" was released on May 30, 2007, and the single for \"Raison d'être\" was released on June 6, 2007.
9 DVD volumes, each containing 3 episodes of the anime, have been released in Japan by Avex Trax. In addition, 5 limited edition sets have been released. The first limited edition set contains the first DVD volume, while the other 4 sets each contain 2 DVD volumes. The latest limited edition set and volumes were released on March 26, 2008. On February 15, 2008, Funimation announced that it has acquired the Region 1 DVD and broadcast licenses for the anime, and it released all series in 6 volumes in North America between fall 2008 and summer 2009
| 279 |
List of Claymore episodes
| 0 |
11,039,819 |
# Lewis Linn McArthur
**Lewis Linn McArthur** (March 18, 1843 -- May 10, 1897) was known as an American newspaper publisher, attorney, and state judge in Oregon. He served as a justice of the Oregon Supreme Court from 1870 to 1878.
His son Clifton Nesmith McArthur also became an attorney and served in the United States Congress. His second son, Lewis A. McArthur, was the first editor of the *Oregon Geographic Names* publications.
## Early life {#early_life}
Lewis McArthur was born on March 18, 1843, in Portsmouth, Virginia. His father was a US naval officer and hydrologist, Lieutenant Commander William Pope McArthur, and his mother was Mary Stone (Young) McArthur. McArthur\'s father died at sea in 1850 while returning from a United States Coast Survey mission to survey the Oregon Coast. His father was the nephew of Missouri Senator Lewis F. Linn. Lewis McArthur grew up in Portsmouth and Baltimore, Maryland. He attended Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in the class of 1861. He was briefly imprisoned in Washington as a Confederate spy in 1861, but was released in 1862. He was admitted to the bar in York County, Maine in 1864, and later that year he moved to Oregon to set up a practice in the developing state.
Once in Oregon, Mcarthur began working for various newspapers in Eastern Oregon before founding the *Bedrock Democrat* in 1870 at Baker City. He was the first city recorder for Umatilla, Oregon, after its incorporation. During this time, McArthur conducted some mining and also practiced law.
## Judicial career {#judicial_career}
In 1870, McArthur won election to the Oregon Supreme Court. He was re-elected in 1876 to the state's high court, but the term ended in 1878. That year the legislature reduced the number of sitting justices from five to three. Prior to 1878, Supreme Court justices rode circuit and sat on the Supreme Court bench. In 1878, the legislature split off the circuit court, and Supreme Court justices were given separate responsibilities.
McArthur returned to the bench as a circuit court judge in 1883, serving until 1886. In 1886, he was appointed as the United States Attorney for the state of Oregon, serving until 1890.
## Later life {#later_life}
McArthur married Harriet K. Nesmith in 1878. Harriet was the daughter of Oregon Senator James W. Nesmith. They had two sons, Clifton Nesmith McArthur and Lewis A. McArthur. From 1890 until his death, Lewis Linn McArthur practiced law in Portland, Oregon. He died in Portland on May 10, 1897.
Clifton McArthur became an attorney and a politician, being elected to the US Congress from Oregon. He was the namesake for McArthur Court at the University of Oregon. Lewis A. McArthur started the *Oregon Geographic Names* series
| 453 |
Lewis Linn McArthur
| 0 |
11,039,835 |
# Randolph Isham Stow
**Randolph Isham Stow** (17 December 1828 -- 17 September 1878) was an English-born Australian Supreme Court of South Australia judge.
## Early life {#early_life}
Stow was born in Framlingham, Suffolk, England and baptised at Water Lane-Independent, Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire, England on 28 May 1829, the eldest son of the Reverend Thomas Quinton Stow and his wife Elizabeth, *née* Eppes. The family migrated to Adelaide, South Australia in 1837; Randolph and his brothers Jefferson and Augustine were educated at home by their father and at a school run by D. Wylie. M.A.
## Career and education {#career_and_education}
Randolph Stow showed great ability as a boy and was articled (apprenticed by contract) to a firm of lawyers, Messrs. Bartley and Bakewell. Shortly after the completion of his articles Stow became a junior partner in the firm. In 1859 Stow started a business for himself. Later, Stow was a partner with T. B. Bruce (1862--1872) and F. Ayers.
Stow was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly as member for West Torrens 1861--2, for Victoria 1863--65, East Torrens 1866-68 and Light 1873--75. In October 1861 Stow became Attorney General in the Waterhouse (ministry which held office until July 1863). Stow was Attorney General again in the Henry Ayers and Arthur Blyth ministries from July 1864 to March 1865 and then lost his seat. He was now one of the leaders of the South Australian bar, and became a Queen\'s Counsel in this year. By 1875 Stow was the unchallenged leader of the bar at Adelaide, and on 15 March 1875 was appointed judge of the Supreme Court, in place of William Alfred Wearing, who died on the wreck of the *SS Gothenburg*. Stow\'s health, however, had not been good for some time, and he had a heavy workload; he died age 49 of atrophy of the liver on 17 September 1878. He left a widow, four sons and two daughters. One of his sons, Percival Randolph Stow, later married K. Langloh Parker.
As a member of parliament Stow was regarded as a first-rate debater and took a leading part as Attorney-General in putting through legislation of much value. As an advocate he possessed an accurate knowledge of law, but he made his greatest impression as a judge although he was on the bench for less than four years. At the time of his death there was a general feeling that South Australia had lost a great judge, and many years later Sir John Downer who became a Q.C. in the year Stow died, said of him that he was
> \"one of the greatest judges Australia ever had. A commanding presence, a striking face, an exquisite voice, unusual swiftness in comprehension, with an immense combination of eloquence and power\". (Quoted at the time of Downer\'s death in *The South Australian Advertiser*, 3 August 1915).
## The Stow medal {#the_stow_medal}
The Stow Scholarship and medal was awarded to any law student who was most successful at the final examinations in each of three successive years. Early recipients were:
- (Francis) Leslie Stow, his son, in 1892.
- Frederick William Young 1897
- Richard William Bennett, Stanley Herbert Skipper both qualified 1901. It appears Bennett was awarded the medal to the exclusion of Skipper.
- James Leslie Gordon 1904, killed at Gallipoli in August 1915
- Marmion Matthews Bray 1907
- G. C. Ligertwood 1910
- Edgar L. Stevens 1919. He was a son of Charles John Stevens (1857--1917) of the Register
- Gwendolen Helen Ure (later McCarthy) 1923
- (Duncan) Campbell Menzies 1939
- (Francis) Peter Kelly 1937. He was a son of Frank Kelly LLB
- William Andrew Noye Wells 1945
## Family
Randolph Isham Stow married Frances Mary MacDermott (1836 -- 25 December 1914), daughter of Marshall MacDermott on 7 November 1854 at Christ Church, North Adelaide. Their family included:
- Percival Randolph Stow (c. 1857 -- 20 December 1937) married Catherine Somerville \"Kate\" Langloh-Parker (1 May 1856 -- 27 March 1940), widow of wealthy pastoralist Langloh-Parker. He was a lawyer, in partnership with Sir Josiah Symon and Arthur William Piper from 1892 to 1898.
- Ella Harriet Stow (15 October 1858 -- 1 June 1944)
- Adelaide Elizabeth Stow OBE (31 May 1859 -- 14 February 1945) married Lieutenant (later Vice-Admiral Sir) William Rooke Creswell (20 July 1852 -- 20 April 1933) on 29 December 1888
- Reginald Marshall Stow (6 Sep 1862 -- 26 April 1920) married Gertrude Mary Sullivan (1890--1982) on 28 April 1915 in York, Western Australia
- Ernest Alfred Stow (18 January 1864 -- 27 March 1885)
- Francis Leslie Stow LLD (16 Oct 1869 -- 12 May 1935) married Annie Duxbury (1 April 1869 -- ) on 6 May 1895. He was the first to graduate LLD. from the University of Adelaide, and the first to win the Stow Scholarship and medal, founded in honor of his father. He served as Crown Solicitor and Crown Prosecutor in Perth, Western Australia
| 830 |
Randolph Isham Stow
| 0 |
11,039,849 |
# Tully Jensen
**Alicia Tully Jensen** (born December 2, 1963) is a model and an actress. She has been on the cover of *Playboy*, *Vogue*, *Cosmopolitan*, *Elle*, and *Mademoiselle* magazines.
## Early life and family {#early_life_and_family}
Jensen, born (youngest of four girls) into a career military home, was raised in Europe and is of English and Scottish descent on her mother\'s side and of English, Filipino, and Spanish descent on her father\'s side.
## Career
She has appeared in the films *One Long Day*, *Anni 50*, *The Family Web*, *Not even the Trees*, *The Brady Bunch Movie*, *Inside the Goldmine*, and *A letter to True*. She has also been on the television series *Wild Oats* and *Sex and the City*.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
She was married to Antonio Sabàto Jr., and was on the 2009 VH1 show *My Antonio* trying to win him back. She was eliminated in the ninth episode, finishing in third place
| 156 |
Tully Jensen
| 0 |
11,039,868 |
# Tostan
**Tostan** (meaning \"breakthrough\" in Wolof) is a US-registered 501(c)(3) international non-governmental organization headquartered in Dakar, Senegal. The organization\'s mission is \"to empower communities to develop and achieve their vision for the future and inspire large-scale movements leading to dignity for all\" in several West African countries, including Senegal, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, The Gambia, Mali, and Mauritania.
Tostan takes a holistic, integrated approach to development by facilitating human rights-based, non-formal education programs, most notably the Community Empowerment Program (CEP), which aims to support and empower participants and communities to lead their own development. The organization employs over 500 people and works to foster and promote community engagement in projects relating to literacy, health and hygiene, child welfare, human rights and democracy, environmental sustainability, and economic empowerment.
Although Tostan is best known for its success in accelerating the abandonment of harmful traditional practices, particularly female genital cutting and child marriage, across Africa, the organization has also achieved positive results in the impact areas of governance, education, health, economic empowerment, and the environment, as well as in the intersecting issues of child protection, empowerment of women and girls, and early childhood development. In 2007, Tostan received the Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize, the world\'s largest humanitarian prize, for its \"significant contributions to the alleviation of human suffering.\"
## History
Tostan was founded in 1991 by Molly Melching, an American educator and human rights advocate, with the original goal of providing non-formal holistic education programming to rural communities in Senegal. Relying heavily on feedback from local communities, Melching and a team of Senegalese cultural specialists developed a program called the Community Empowerment Program (CEP), a curriculum that engages communities by working in their own language and making use of a blend of modern and traditional African methods of learning, such as dialogue, theater, and dance. The program was first launched in 44 Senegalese communities, expanding to 350 by 1994.
Prior to 1997, the CEP contained six modules, covering problem-solving skills, health and hygiene, child mortality prevention, financial management, leadership and group dynamics, and feasibility studies for income-generating projects. In 1997, Tostan added a seventh module on human rights and women\'s health that also included information about the possible health effects of female genital cutting (FGC). After going through this module, the women of Malicounda Bambara, a village in western Senegal, decided collectively to abandon the practice of FGC, starting a movement that has since led nearly 9,000 African communities to abandon the practice.
Tostan worked exclusively in Senegal until 1997, when it began implementing the CEP in communities in Burkina Faso in a six-year partnership with the NGO Mwangaza Action, which ultimately resulted in 23 Burkinabe communities declaring their intent to permanently abandon FGC. In 2002, Tostan expanded its programmatic offerings for the first time, implementing an initiative called the Prison Project in a Senegalese prison in Thiès, the third-largest city in Senegal and the then-location of Tostan\'s headquarters. The Prison Project consists of a modified form of the CEP that aims to provide detainees with the resources to help them to develop valuable income-generating skills, restore contact with their families, and reintegrate smoothly into society, thereby also reducing recidivism rates.
During the 2000s, as demand for its programming grew, Tostan continued to expand, opening national offices in Guinea (2003), The Gambia (2006), Mauritania (2007), Guinea-Bissau (2008), and Mali (2009), in addition to now-closed offices in Somalia, Sudan, and Djibouti.
In recent years, Tostan has launched two large-scale campaigns, known as the Generational Change in 3 Years Project (GC3Y) and the Breakthrough Generation Project, in an effort to promote the empowerment of women and girls and the abandonment of harmful traditional practices in West Africa. During the Generational Change in 3 Years Project, which lasted from 2013 to 2016, Tostan implemented the CEP in 150 communities across Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, and Mauritania, reaching over 9,000 people directly and leading more than 350 communities to abandon FGC, child marriage, and other harmful traditions, in addition to pledging to support human rights. Tostan subsequently launched the Breakthrough Generation Project in 2017, again directly reaching 150 communities over a period of three years in Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, and The Gambia.
Since 2014, Tostan has been in a partnership with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to improve its monitoring and evaluation systems, and the organization now uses a results framework developed in cooperation with the foundation that measures impacts in five key areas: health, governance, economic empowerment, environment, and education. In 2015, in response to widespread interest in its community-led model, Tostan open the Tostan Training Center (TTC) in Thies to external participants. At the TTC, it offers a 10-day training program on its approach to community-led development in both English and French for community activists, members of local, national and international organizations and governments, and representatives from academia and the media.
In 2017, Melching transitioned from the position of CEO to become the Creative Director of Tostan, and was succeeded as CEO by Elena Bonometti. Under her leadership, the organization is looking to develop effective scaling models for its programs and training seminars, build upon its organization structures in order to support such a move to scale, continue improving results measurements, and explore further research opportunities by developing partnerships at the national and international levels.
| 880 |
Tostan
| 0 |
11,039,868 |
# Tostan
## History
### Work on intersecting issues {#work_on_intersecting_issues}
Although the Tostan program is holistic, Tostan has been widely recognized for its success in accelerating the abandonment of child marriage and female genital cutting (FGC), a tradition that has existed for centuries in most parts of Africa. According to UNICEF, FGC is a \"self-enforcing social practice\" or social norm to which families feel they must conform in order to avoid being ostracized by their community. In general, FGC is performed on young girls between the ages of two and five, though adolescents also often undergo the practice. Type II female genital cutting (see FGC classification) is the most common type of FGC in West Africa, the region in which Tostan conducts most of its work, though Type I FGC is also performed. Type III FGC, known sometimes as infibulation, is the most severe form and is rare in West Africa.
In 1997, Tostan began providing information about the possible health effects of female genital cutting in the CEP in a module covering human rights and women\'s health. Tostan had at first hesitated to raise the issue of female genital cutting in its programming, believing it to be too sensitive and liable to undermine its work, but insistence from employees in the field eventually led the organization to include information about the practice.
This new information, together with a newfound understanding of their basic human rights, led the women of Malicounda Bambara, a village in western Senegal, to decide collectively to abandon the practice. They declared publicly before Senegalese and international media in June 1997 that they would no longer cut their daughters. Surrounding communities, angry that they had not been consulted and uncertain about the motives the women had for renouncing the practice, reacted with hostility. An imam from the nearby village of Keur Simbara, Demba Diawara, made it clear to Melching and the Tostan staff that such a monumental social change would be difficult for the women of one village alone to sustain. In areas where FGC is practiced, it is common for a girl to marry into another family that lives in a neighboring village. Because not cutting a girl impacts her marriageability, a community that independently abandons FGC without the agreement of surrounding communities effectively ruins its daughters' prospects for marriage. As a result, ending the practice in a sustainable way requires widespread agreement among communities whose children intermarry.
After learning himself about the risks of the practice, Diawara decided to walk from community to community in the Thiès Region of Senegal, where Malicounda Bambara and Keur Simbara are located, to raise awareness about the dangers of FGC. In February 1998, thanks in large part to his efforts, 13 neighboring villages declared their decision to join the Malicounda Bambara pledge. Since then, Tostan\'s approach has successfully encouraged nearly 9,000 communities in Africa to abandon both female genital cutting and child/forced marriage, another harmful practice with which FGC is often associated. The government of Senegal has since adopted Tostan\'s FGC model and continues to apply it in its work to end FGC in the country. As of January 2019, 5,423 formerly practicing communities have publicly abandoned all forms of FGC in Senegal and many more have done the same across West and East Africa. External evaluators have noted that the pledges made are generally respected by a large majority of community members, though some resistance to abandonment is still present in communities that have declared an end to the tradition.
| 583 |
Tostan
| 1 |
11,039,868 |
# Tostan
## Approach
Tostan states that its approach follows the philosophy of noted Senegalese scholar Cheikh Anta Diop, who emphasized that the process of development should be educational for everyone involved in the process, NGO workers and community members alike, and that it should be conducted in a way that makes the fullest possible use of existing knowledge and traditions. Tostan therefore conducts its programming in a way that attempts to respect and build on local context, believing that such an approach enables participants to more easily expand their understanding and develop greater insight into their practices and beliefs. All Tostan sessions are conducted in local languages, and facilitators typically come from the same ethnic group as the community they are serving. To date, Tostan\'s programs have been implemented in 22 different languages, including Wolof, Serer, Fulani, Soninké, Mandinka, Diola, Sousou, Malinké, Pulaar, Kissi, Guerze, Creole, Bambara, Hassaniya, Serehule, Bamanankan, Somali, Afar, as well as French, English, and Arabic.
In order to create a space where participants feel comfortable and safe expressing their opinions freely, Tostan\'s approach strongly emphasizes democracy and human rights: during the CEP, for example, community members learn about these concepts through ideas that are already present in the community and are visible in their daily lives. In the same vein, Tostan takes a non-judgmental approach when broaching sensitive topics, offering community members the chance to reflect thoughtfully and meaningfully on what they believe and why without self-censoring because of a fear of criticism from outside.
### Theory of change {#theory_of_change}
Tostan\'s theory of change is based largely on the work of Gerry Mackie, a researcher at the University of California, San Diego who hypothesized in a 1996 *American Sociological Review* article that female genital cutting, like the practice of foot-binding in China, would end quickly once people began ending the practice collectively in order to preserve a woman\'s ability to marry within their ethnic group. Tostan, with Mackie\'s advice and input, has since developed this idea into a wide-ranging theory of change which hypothesizes that FGC can be sustainably abandoned only if both individuals and their extensive social networks are implicated in the decision-making process, as one person or one community alone, given their links to so many other groups and networks, is insufficient to bring the practice to an end regardless of the strength of their conviction that it should be abandoned.
| 398 |
Tostan
| 2 |
11,039,868 |
# Tostan
## Community Empowerment Program {#community_empowerment_program}
The Community Empowerment Program (CEP) is the centerpiece of Tostan\'s programming. It is a three-year, non-formal curriculum based on fundamental human rights that provides participants, adults and adolescents alike, with a strong foundation of knowledge and skills with which to improve their lives and generate effective solutions to community problems. The curriculum begins with human rights learning in a way that is appropriate for the local context, after which participants articulate a shared vision of the future of their community and identify goals to make its realization possible. This happens through a process of dialogue and consensus-building among members of all groups: men and women, elders and youth, members of different social classes, ethnic groups, castes, and religions. The knowledge obtained in program sessions then helps the community to achieve these goals in an organized fashion. Instead of focusing on what is lacking or making value judgments, Tostan asks participants to think about existing community resources and how to build on them. The CEP continues to refer back to human rights throughout the course of the program.
The program is divided into two phases: the Kobi (meaning \"to till the soil\" in Mandinka), which contains modules on democracy, human rights, problem-solving skills, health and hygiene, followed by the Aawde (meaning \"to plant the seed\" in Pulaar), which contains modules on local language literacy, small enterprise development, and basic numeracy. Teaching methods consist of interactive exercises, such as small-group work, case studies, and action-research projects. These methods draw on modern and traditional African oral techniques, including theater, storytelling, dance, artwork, song, debate, and the sharing of personal experiences.
Tostan believes that the collective changes made by villagers must be self-sustaining. To this end, Tostan helps establish Community Management Committees (CMCs) that implement development efforts proposed by community members after the program\'s end. The CMCs are composed of 17 democratically selected members, at least nine of whom are women, and all receive training from Tostan on how to perform effectively in their positions and on the role participatory decision-making methods can play in their work.
Tostan uses the feedback it receives from participants and local leaders, both religious and secular, to regularly update and revise its programs, embracing an approach that emphasizes adaptation and adjustment based on the needs of learners, the socio-cultural context of the area, and program design elements, making it possible for the organization to expand more easily into new countries and cultural contexts. Tostan also values external research and supports external reviewers in carrying out their evaluations.
| 426 |
Tostan
| 3 |
11,039,868 |
# Tostan
## Community Empowerment Program {#community_empowerment_program}
### Changes to the CEP {#changes_to_the_cep}
Over time, new modules have gradually been integrated into the CEP. Since 2009, the Jokko Initiative, which teaches participants how to use a mobile phone to send messages, both as a means of communication and as a way of practicing their recently acquired literacy skills, has been integrated into the CEP in all communities with adequate cell coverage. Tostan considers the use of mobile phones and SMS texting an effective method of accelerating positive social transformation by connecting communities, amplifying the voices of women, youth, and marginalized groups, and providing a platform for the exchange of ideas.
Past external evaluations of Tostan have found instances where community members were not able to make full use of the information gained during Tostan\'s programming because of a lack of resources and infrastructure. In an effort to address this shortcoming, Tostan offers Community Development Grants of between US\$300 and 1,000 to CMCs and individuals during and after the CEP, which are often used either to fund community development projects or to start a community rotating microcredit fund. These funds can enable people, notably women, to launch their own income-generating activities, helping them to support their families and give back further to their communities, in addition to giving them the chance to make use of the knowledge and skills gained over the course of the CEP. The funds are controlled and distributed by the CMCs, which decide interest rates and the length of loans that they will grant.
The Child Protection module, designed in 2010, provides special training for Community Management Committees on how to handle issues that relate to the well-being of children. It aims to build consensus around children\'s rights while simultaneously building awareness of the various moral, social, and legal norms that affect children.
In 2013, a new project called Ndimaagu (Pulaar word for \'dignity\'), was piloted in 55 communities in Tambacounda, a city in the southeast of Senegal. The project integrates additional classes on gender into the CEP, offers trainings on violence prevention for local authorities, traditional and religious leaders, and builds partnerships between Community Management Committees, non-governmental organizations, governmental institutions, community leaders, and service providers responding to gender-based violence in Senegal.
In 2017, Tostan piloted a new module called Bridging the Gap, which aims to foster closer relationships between local communities and newly decentralized local government structures in Senegal. With the support of UNICEF, Tostan led trainings in local languages for local government officials on human rights and responsibilities, corruption, good governance, and local-level budgeting, while also adding a training for Community Management Committees on how to best collaborate with local government to ensure community needs are responded to in local budgets.
| 456 |
Tostan
| 4 |
11,039,868 |
# Tostan
## Other programming {#other_programming}
Tostan offers several additional programs to communities that have successfully completed the CEP. These programs aim to help communities retain the knowledge gained in the CEP and contribute to the development of conditions in which that knowledge can be put to its fullest use. The Peace and Security Project (P&S) was launched in April 2012 and seeks to establish links between community-led initiatives promoting peace and regional policy makers, in order to contribute to peace and security at all levels. This module expands the CEP\'s core program to include conflict analysis and prevention, mediation and communication techniques, and the role of women in peace and security. It has since been implemented in Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, and Guinea.
The Reinforcement of Parental Practices (RPP) module, which aims to help parents and the wider community stimulate early childhood brain development in order to better prepare children for school, was first implemented in 232 communities in Senegal in 2013. The module tries to overcome certain social norms and traditional practices which have been shown to hinder the brain development of infants. Many West Africans in both rural and urban areas believe that infants must be protected from dangerous spirits, and, in order to protect them, certain parents avoid looking newborn babies in the eye and speaking regularly and directly to them, actions which recent advances in neuroscience have shown to be crucial to the development of intellectual faculties in young children. Over the course of the RPP Module, \"facilitators share\...techniques that enrich interactions between parents and their young children and are all linked to children's basic human rights to education and health. These techniques include speaking to their young children using a rich and complex vocabulary, asking their children questions and helping them respond, playfully copying their children, telling them stories, and describing objects in detail to them.\" The RPP Module was evaluated by researchers from Stanford University in 2016, which showed, among other results, that children whose caregivers had gone through the RPP Module had increased the number of their utterances by 32% more than their peers in control settings, and it was also found that children in RPP communities made significantly greater gains in language milestones and expressive vocabulary than children in non-RPP communities.
Through the Solar Power Project, in partnership with the Barefoot College in India, Tostan has given rural African women who have completed the CEP the opportunity to train as solar power engineers. Following six months of training at the Barefoot College, the women return home with skills that enable them to bring power to their communities and earn an income for themselves and for their Community Management Committee. From 2009 to 2016, 25 Tostan participants attended classes at the Barefoot College, including 13 women from Senegal, five from Guinea-Bissau, 5 from Djibouti, and 2 from The Gambia.
### Modified CEP Programming {#modified_cep_programming}
Tostan offers two modified versions of the CEP. Known as the Prison Project and the Youth Empowerment Program, these programs are aimed at groups that ordinarily would not have access to the traditional CEP but who can still benefit from the curriculum. The Prison Project was first launched in 1999, and it aims to help detainees reintegrate back into their communities, which it accomplishes by building their knowledge of human rights and equipping them with practical skills to launch income-generating activities. Tostan also facilitates family mediations to help integrate former detainees back into their communities upon release. The Youth Empowerment Program typically takes place in urban areas, where the curriculum of the CEP is adjusted to make it more relevant to young people going through the education system and searching for employment, helping them to develop the skills needed to be successful.
| 622 |
Tostan
| 5 |
11,039,868 |
# Tostan
## Partners, awards and recognition {#partners_awards_and_recognition}
Tostan\'s donors include the Greenbaum Foundation, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), UNICEF, UNFPA, USAID, the Wallace Global Fund, and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, among others.
In August 2007, Tostan received the UNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize. In September 2007, Tostan was awarded the Conrad N. Hilton Humanitarian Prize for its \"extraordinary contributions toward alleviating human suffering.\" In 2010, Tostan and its founder Molly Melching were recognized by the Skoll Foundation with the Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship. Tostan received an \'Award in Action\' by the Cécilia Attias Foundation for Women in 2012, recognizing their work in improving health systems and maternal care at a community level. In 2013, Molly Melching was honoured with a \'Women of Impact\' award at the 4th Annual Women in the World Summit. In 2002 Melching received the Sargent Shriver Distinguished Humanitarian Award from the National Peace Corps Association for her work with Tostan; it is awarded to returned Peace Corps volunteers who continue to make a sustained and distinguished contribution to humanitarian causes at home or abroad or are innovative social entrepreneurs whose actions will bring about significant long-term change
| 197 |
Tostan
| 6 |
11,039,882 |
# The Apprentice (British TV series) series 4
The fourth series of British reality television series *The Apprentice* (UK) was broadcast in the UK on BBC One, from 26 March to 11 June 2008. Around over 20,000 applications were made by potential participants seeking to take part on the programme, with the fourth series being the only one to date to feature more than two finalists moving on beyond the Interviews stage. Alongside the standard twelve episodes, four specials were aired alongside the series -- \"The Worst Decisions Ever\" on 3 April; \"Motor Mouths\" on 18 April; \"The Final Five\" on 2 June; and \"Why I Fired Them\" on 8 June.
Sixteen candidates took part in the fourth series, with Lee McQueen becoming the overall winner. Excluding the specials, the series averaged around 7.29 million viewers during its broadcast.
## Series overview {#series_overview}
Applications were made available in late Spring/early Summer 2007, towards the end of the third series\' broadcast. The number received by production staff reached a high of around 20,000, leading to auditions and interviews being conducted regionally across London, Glasgow, Manchester and Bristol during the first two weeks of July, in order to assess each potential participant and narrow down the final line-up for the fourth series. Once the sixteen candidates for this series were finalised, filming of episodes took place between September and October 2007. Although no major changes were made to the programme\'s format, the fourth series saw the introduction of another of Alan Sugar\'s close business associates, Karren Brady, as a fourth member of the interviewing panel, prior to her eventual role after the following series.
For the first task, the men named their team *Renaissance*, while the women named their team *Alpha*. This series is notably significant for being the only one to date to feature more than two finalists after the Interviews stage, due to Sugar finding it difficult to determine which two to send through to the final, ultimately firing one candidate in the penultimate stage -- although the seventh and eighth series also featured more than two finalists, the final task was the Interviews stage in both. The series also is significant for the creation of two records for teams that had the most wins and most losses respectively. Of those who took part, Lee McQueen would become the eventual winner of the series, going on to work initially for Sugar\'s company AMSHOLD, and then for AMSCREEN as development director, under the employment of Sugar\'s son Simon Sugar. He would eventually leave his employment in 2010, to found his own recruitment agency.
### Candidates
Candidate Background Age Result
---------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ----- ------------------------------
**Lee McQueen** Recruitment Sales Manager 30 **Winner**
**Claire Young** Senior Retail Buyer 29 Runner-up
**Helene Speight** Global Pricing Leader 32 Fired in the Final
**Alex Wotherspoon** Regional Sales Manager 24
**Lucinda Ledgerwood** Risk Manager 31 Fired after Interviews stage
**Michael Sophocles** Telesales Executive 24 Fired after tenth task
**Raef Bjayou** Entrepreneur 27 Fired after ninth task
**Sara Dhada** International Car Trader 25 Fired after eighth task
**Jennifer Maguire** Marketing Consultant 27 Fired after seventh task
**Jenny Celerier** Sales Manager 36
**Kevin Shaw** Bank Manager 24 Fired after sixth task
**Lindi Mngaza** Business Liaison Manager 22 Fired after fifth task
**Simon Smith** Senior Satellite Television Engineer 35 Fired after fourth task
**Ian Stringer** Software Sales Manager 26 Fired after third task
**Shazia Wahab** Mosaic Artist and Company Director 35 Fired after second task
**Nicholas de Lacy-Brown** Trainee Barrister, Artist and Property Developer 24 Fired after first task
### Performance chart {#performance_chart}
Candidate Task Number
----------- -------------
1 2
Lee LOSS
Claire **WIN**
Helene IN
Alex **LOSE**
Lucinda IN
Michael LOSS
Raef **BR**
Sara IN
Jennifer IN
Jenny IN
Kevin LOSS
Lindi IN
Simon LOSS
Ian LOSS
Shazia IN
Nicholas **FIRED**
**Key:**
: The candidate won this series of *The Apprentice*.
: The candidate was the runner-up.
: The candidate won as project manager on his/her team, for this task.
: The candidate lost as project manager on his/her team, for this task.
: The candidate was on the winning team for this task / they passed the Interviews stage.
: The candidate was on the losing team for this task.
: The candidate was brought to the final boardroom for this task.
: The candidate was fired in this task.
: The candidate lost as project manager for this task and was fired.
| 734 |
The Apprentice (British TV series) series 4
| 0 |
11,039,882 |
# The Apprentice (British TV series) series 4
## Episodes
`{{Episode table|background=#483D8B|overall=|series=|title=|airdate=|viewers=|viewersR=<ref name="S4 Viewers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.barb.co.uk/whats-new/weekly-top-30 |title=Weekly Top 30 Programmes |publisher=[[Broadcasters' Audience Research Board]] | accessdate=16 September 2015}}</ref>|country=UK|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 41
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Fishy Business
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 Ep1">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009rd16 |title=Episode 1, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|3|26|df=y}}
|Viewers = 6.73
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = Sir Alan begins a new search for his next apprentice for 2008 amongst sixteen new candidates. Their first task sees each team selling around £600 of seafood at markets across London, where profit will be determined from identifying the more valuable stock. The women manage large orders of sales and perform efficiently on the task, despite struggling to identify and price their stock. The men struggle with making sales due to a delayed start, some stock being incorrectly priced, and problematic sellers reducing prices further. In the boardroom, the women secure victory with their performance, leaving the men arguing over their team's sales strategy before focusing on who was culpable for the loss. Of the final three, Nicholas de Lacy-Brown becomes the first to be fired for his weak arguments and his mistakes with pricing the team's stock.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 42
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2
|Title = A Dirty Job
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 Ep2">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009r5cs |title=Episode 2, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|4|2|df=y}}
|Viewers = 6.73
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = In their next task, teams find themselves operating a laundry service, each seeking out customers across London and ensuring their work is satisfactory to achieve a high profit. Renaissance focus on a strategy that secures plenty of work from large companies and door-to-door, while managing an efficient operation that ensures their laundry is completed on time and to a high degree of satisfaction from customers. Alpha focus on targeting businesses for custom but secure less work, while facing issues from problematic members and a delayed start, effectively leaving customers less than satisfied with their work and losing some items of clothing in the process. In the boardroom, the men secure victory with their performance, while the women clash during discussions on their loss. In the end, Sir Alan fires Shazia Wahab for contributing to her team's failure on the task with the mistakes that she made.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 43
|EpisodeNumber2 = SP 1
|Title = The Worst Decisions Ever
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 SP1">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009rjdt |title=The Worst Decisions Ever, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|4|3|df=y}}
|Viewers = 2.07
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = In a special episode, former candidates from the past three series and celebrity fans look back over some of the worst decisions made within the tasks that Sir Alan set out in his search for an apprentice.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 44
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3
|Title = Cooking with Gas
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 Ep3">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009s85y |title=Episode 3, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|4|9|df=y}}
|Viewers = 7.32
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = Pub cuisine is the basis for the next task, as each team host a themed food day at an establishment that has never offered meals before. Renaissance opt for an Italian theme with the meals they create, managing good sales and service, yet face issues from sourcing the ingredients they require for their creations and lacking proper cost control on the task. Alpha opt for a Bollywood theme, managing a good income due to a focused sales tactic and keeping costs low, despite not being able to make any lunch-time sales. A review of expenditure against income soon reveal that Renaissance mismanaged their performance, compared to the Alpha's more controlled effort. Amongst the final three, Ian Stringer finds himself dismissed from the process over his inadequate leadership and lack of strategy on the task, alongside his failure to admit to his mistakes.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 45
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4
|Title = Photo Finish
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 Ep4">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009x1ly |title=Episode 4, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|4|16|df=y}}
|Viewers = 7.43
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = Teams find themselves in charge of a running a photography business, where each must maintain careful management of the operation to ensure the finished product is value for money for their customers. Alpha focus on enticing customers with being photographed with a celebrity look-a-like, managing to complete a majority of their orders despite issues from a problematic leader, communication problems between the shop floor and photo studio, and poor allocation of members who lacked technical skills. Renaissance focus on photos with a "glamour and beauty" theme, yet complete less orders due to problematic communication amongst the team, and clashes with a difficult leader. The damage from these mistakes leave Renaissance losing out to Alpha's sales total. Amongst the losing team, Simon Smith finds himself fired over his failure to be a strong leader and for being the major contributor to the team's problems.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 46
|EpisodeNumber2 = SP 2
|Title = Motor Mouths
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 SP2">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009yyj5 |title=Motor Mouths, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|4|18|df=y}}
|Viewers = 1.73
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = In a special episode, former candidates and celebrity fans look back upon those candidates who failed to impress Sir Alan across the past three series.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 47
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5
|Title = Mid-Series Sales
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 Ep5">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00b0cs1 |title=Episode 5, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|4|23|df=y}}
|Viewers = 7.85
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = Sir Alan tasks the candidate to help specialist farms that make ice cream, with each team having to create new flavours and then find markets for these around London. Alpha devise flavours involving avocados and toffee apples, managing reasonable orders, but are compromised by problematic members wasting time and violating one of the task's rules with a deal they make, which is later disallowed. Renaissance devise flavours involving berries and cider, securing a last-minute order for a large volume, despite conducting market research without a focus group and struggling to secure sales with other possible customers. The tally of orders soon reveals Renaissance had luck to secure victory, with Alpha facing scrutiny over the mistakes that were made, with members questioning the deal that contributed to their loss. Of the final three, Lindi Mngaza is fired over arranging the disallowed deal, alongside her negative attitude towards the criticism of her performance.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 48
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6
|Title = Yours Truly, Angry Mob
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 Ep6">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00b4d70 |title=Episode 6, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|4|30|df=y}}
|Viewers = 7.28
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = Each team faces the challenge of making a new range of greeting cards, looking for a new market to have yet been tapped, pitching their concept to retailers. Alpha opt for a design tailored towards single people as an alternative to Valentine's Day, making a considerable number of orders despite two retailers criticising an aspect of their concept. Renaissance are forced towards a design with an environmental theme, securing less orders due to questions being raised over the concept's theme and the aggressive pitching by one member. Alpha win the task when their design is deemed the more successful in securing orders, leaving Renaissance to argue amongst themselves over the faulty pitching and card design. Of the final three, Kevin Shaw is fired over his arrogant attitude and his poor decisions as leader.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 49
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7
|Title = Marrakesh
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 Ep7">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00b6vsz |title=Episode 7, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|5|7|df=y}}
|Viewers = 7.17
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = Sent abroad to [[Marrakesh]], each team is given a new list of ten items that Sir Alan wants, where negotiating each purchase to secure low price bargains is key to victory. Alpha focus on sourcing items before seeking out bargains, managing to acquire all of them with reasonable negotiations made on most. Renaissance manage to secure most of the items, yet some purchases are disallowed for not matching the list's specifications, while the team suffer from disorganisation and bad negotiations. Alpha win the task through their strategy and negotiating, leaving Renaissance to descend into a heated argument over who to blame for their loss. Amongst the losing team, feedback on the team's members leads Sir Alan to fire Jenny Celerier for her negative behaviour and her attempts to sabotage Alpha's efforts, and Jennifer Maguire for her disorganised leadership and her mistakes as leader.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 50
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8
|Title = Wedding Hell
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 Ep8">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00bbf8t |title=Episode 8, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|5|14|df=y}}
|Viewers = 7.11
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = Each teams find themselves choosing wedding dresses and accessories, and selling their selection to visitors at the [[National Exhibition Centre]]. Alpha opt for high-end dress and lingerie, making good sales from their choices despite struggling initially during the beginning stages of the task. Renaissance focus on mid-range dresses and cakes, managing to sell a good number of their dresses owing to a strong seller, but failed to sell any of their chosen accessories due to problematic salespeople using aggressive sales techniques. Alpha soon secure victory after their sales figures are found to be greater than those of Renaissance, despite issues raised on their choice of dresses. Amongst the losing team, while some members are criticised over their contributions on the task, Sara Dhada is dismissed by Sir Alan for her aggressive salesmanship and failure to sell accessories, not listening to others, and her poor contributions on tasks.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 51
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9
|Title = Tissues
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 Ep9">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00bdnzq |title=Episode 9, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|5|21|df=y}}
|Viewers = 5.73
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = Left with a blank box of tissues, each team find themselves tasked by Sir Alan to create a new tissue brand, complete with advertising campaign, and pitch their concept to industry experts. Alpha devise a clever brand name and product-focused campaign that is well received by experts for being attention grabbing and providing a clear marketing message, yet face criticism over their box's design and their TV advert. Renaissance devise a simplistic brand name with a box design that is praised for its appearance, yet face criticism over the choice of name and the poor TV advert they produce. With the feedback from the experts, Alpha's concept is deemed the most effective, leaving Renaissance to face questions over the poor creation they offered. Amongst the final three, Raef Bjayou finds himself ejected from the process after demonstrating a lack of focus on the task's critical aspect and for raising questions over his overall performance by this stage of the process.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 52
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10
|Title = Re-inventing the Wheel
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 Ep10">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00bv4hn |title=Episode 10, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|5|27|df=y}}
|Viewers = 6.84
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = Teams find themselves demonstrating their sales skill, as each face the challenge of renting out two high-value cars, from a selection of six, to customers who have a desire get behind the wheel of one of their choices. Alpha handle renting out an Aston Martin and a Pagani Zonda, yet while they struggle to make sales initially, they soon manage to strike up deals through perseverance with their choices. Renaissance handle renting out a Ferrari and a Spyker, but make fewer sales due to weak salespeople within the team and struggling throughout the task. Alpha secure a far greater total of sales to achieve victory, leaving Renaissance to be questioned over their weak performance. Amongst the losing team, Sir Alan decides to fire Michael Sophocles over his actions on the task and his overall performance in the process.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 53
|EpisodeNumber2 = SP 3
|Title = The Final Five
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 SP3">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00byg9n |title=The Final Five, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|6|2|df=y}}
|Viewers = <!-- No figures available for this field. -->
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = As this year's series of ''The Apprentice'' draws closer to its finale, this special episode takes a look at profiling the true story behind the five remaining candidates. Discussing their backgrounds, experiences, personality, and strengths and weaknesses, are a selection of each candidate's friends, family and colleagues, as well as Sir Alan's aides, Nick Hewer and Margaret Mountford.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 54
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11
|Title = Interviews
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 Ep11">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00byhzd |title=Episode 11, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|6|4|df=y}}
|Viewers = 7.94
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = After facing ten tasks as teams, the five remaining candidates now compete as individuals in their next task – a series of tough, gruelling interviews with four of Sir Alan's most trusted associates. Each member faces scrutiny over their backgrounds, work experience and performance within the process when questioned by the interviewers. Feedback to Sir Alan, alongside observations by his aides, leaves him with a tough decision on who will be his finalists, eventually culminating in him only firing Lucinda Ledgerwood for being deemed unsuitable for his job offer. Despite criticism, each of the remaining four move into the final – Lee McQueen, for being a good all-rounder; Claire Young, for receiving the best report from interviewers; Helene Speight, for her good business skills; and Alex Wotherspoon, for his proficient sales skills.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 55
|EpisodeNumber2 = SP 4
|Title = Why I Fired Them
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 SP4">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00c1css |title=Why I Fired Them, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|6|8|df=y}}
|Viewers = <!-- No figures available for this field. -->
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = As the final looms, Sir Alan takes a look back to the tasks he set for this year's series of ''The Apprentice''. From the shopping trip in Marrakesh, to the greeting cards designs and luxury rental car challenge, he relives all of the mistakes, doomed decisions, and other notable events that occurred during the process, and provides his reasons behind each firing he made amongst the candidates for the process, which ultimately whittle them down to the four finalists for this series.
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 56
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12
|Title = The Final
|RTitle =<ref name="S4 Ep12">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00cbhb0 |title=The Final, Series 4, The Apprentice – BBC One}}</ref>
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|6|11|df=y}}
|Viewers = 9.29
|LineColor = 483D8B
|ShortSummary = After facing a multitude of business tasks and a tough interview, the four finalists are split into two teams to face one more challenge – helped by old friends, each team are tasked to market a new line of male fragrance. One team opt for a brand involving a dual-bottle design containing two different scents, but face issues over co-operation on the first task and questions over the design's cost. After a review of their design, Sir Alan deems it problematic, firing Helene Speight for her performance on the task and her negative attitude throughout the process, and Alex Wotherspoon for demonstrating no other skill than sales and his weak overall performance. Of the remaining two finalists, who opt for a fragrance with a casino-themed brand that is considered more appealing despite some issues, Sir Alan decides that Lee McQueen shall be his new apprentice for 2008, due to his ability to improve himself over the process, leaving Claire Young to become the runner-up for raising doubts over giving her long-term employment.
}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
| 2,645 |
The Apprentice (British TV series) series 4
| 1 |
11,039,882 |
# The Apprentice (British TV series) series 4
## Ratings
Official episode viewing figures are from BARB.
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| Episode\ | Airdate | Viewers\ | BBC One\ |
| no. | | (millions) | weekly ranking |
+==========+===============+============+================+
| 1 | 26 March 2008 | 6.73 | 8 |
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 2 | 2 April 2008 | 6.73 | 9 |
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 3 | 9 April 2008 | 7.32 | 6 |
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 4 | 16 April 2008 | 7.43 | 5 |
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 5 | 23 April 2008 | 7.85 | 5 |
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 6 | 30 April 2008 | 7.28 | 5 |
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 7 | 7 May 2008 | 7.17 | 5 |
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 8 | 14 May 2008 | 7.11 | 6 |
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 9 | 21 May 2008 | 5.73 | 9 |
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 10 | 28 May 2008 | 6.84 | 6 |
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 11 | 4 June 2008 | 7.94 | 4 |
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| 12 | 11 June 2008 | 9.29 | 1 |
+----------+---------------+------------+----------------+
**Specials**
+--------------------------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| Episode | Airdate | Viewers\ | BBC Two/One\ |
| | | (millions) | weekly ranking |
+==========================+===============+============+================+
| The Worst Decisions Ever | 3 April 2008 | 2.07 | 15 |
+--------------------------+---------------+------------+----------------+
| Motor Mouths | 18 April 2008 | 1
| 227 |
The Apprentice (British TV series) series 4
| 2 |
11,039,892 |
# Île Howe
**Île Howe** is one of the islands of the Kerguelen archipelago, situated to the north of Île Foch, just after Île MacMurdo. It is about 8 km in length. Apart from rabbits, it is free of introduced animals.
## Important Bird Area {#important_bird_area}
The island, along with the neighbouring, and relatively large, islands of Île Foch and Île Saint-Lanne Gramont, as well as the smaller Île MacMurdo, Île Briand, Îles Dayman and Îlots Hallet, has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because of its value as a breeding site, especially for seabirds, with at least 29 species nesting in the IBA
| 109 |
Île Howe
| 0 |
11,039,905 |
# Dhool Ka Phool
***Dhool Ka Phool*** (`{{translation|'''''Flower of Dust'''''}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1959 Indian Hindi-language film produced by B. R. Chopra and directed by B. R.\'s brother Yash Chopra, being his first movie as a director, having been an assistant director in B. R.\'s earlier film *Naya Daur*. The film stars Rajendra Kumar, Mala Sinha, Ashok Kumar and Nanda in lead roles along with Leela Chitnis, Jeevan and Manmohan Krishna. The story revolves around a Muslim man bringing up an \"illegitimate\" Hindu child and featured the classic song *Too Hindu Banega Na Musalman Banega, Insaan Ki Aulaad Hai, Insaan Banega* on Manmohan Krishna, who also won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Abdul Rasheed. Besides that, Sinha received a nomination for Best Actress and Mukhram Sharma for Best Story. The film was remade in Telugu as *Jeevana Teeralu* (1977).
In the next film, *Dharmputra* (1961), about Hindu fundamentalism, Chopra reversed the theme, as therein a Hindu family brings up an illegitimate Muslim child.
## Plot
Meena and Mahesh Kapoor are madly in love with each other. One day, both of them get intimate and Meena becomes pregnant. Mahesh marries Malti Rai (Nanda), who belongs to a good family. Meena gives birth to a little boy and takes the baby to his father. Mahesh disowns both of them, saying that it was his mistake.
Meena leaves the five-month-old infant boy in a dark forest, where a snake guards his life. On the way back from the city, Abdul Rasheed sees the child and protects him. Abdul also gets disowned by society because the baby is illegitimate and nobody knows about the parents and religion. In spite of all the odds, Abdul fights with the entire society and raises the child wholeheartedly. He names him Roshan (Master Sushil Kumar).
Meena starts working as an assistant to a lawyer, Jagdish Chandra. Jagdish starts developing a soft spot for her. They both get married without Meena revealing her past. Mahesh is now a judge and is blessed with a baby boy Ramesh (Daisy Irani). One fine day, Roshan and Mahesh\'s legitimate son Ramesh meet each other in school with their respective parents. In the presence of Mahesh, Abdul tells the principal of the school that he found Roshan in a forest eight years ago.
In school, Roshan and Ramesh become the best of friends. When other kids make fun of Roshan, Ramesh supports him. One day, he takes Roshan to his home, where his mother Malti welcomes him with love and affection, but Mahesh throws the boy out of his house, saying that he is not worth our respect and love, as he is illegitimate.
After all this, Roshan gets depressed and falls into bad company. Ramesh tries to stop him and dies in a car accident. This leaves Roshan more depressed. He gets involved in a theft, but he is innocent. The case comes into the court of judge Mahesh Kapoor. Abdul goes to Jagdish to fight this case, as he is a lawyer. He tells Jagdish, in front of his wife Meena, as to who actually is the mother of Roshan, and that when and under what circumstances he found Roshan. She immediately recognizes Roshan as her son. She testifies in his favour, in the court. Mahesh, recognizing Meena and their son, admits his fault.
The next day, Malti tells Mahesh to go to Abdul\'s house and bring Roshan, since he is his son. On the other hand, Meena is ready to leave the house sneakingly, but Jagdish stops her, saying that he respects her even more now. She can bring the child home. Both Meena and Mahesh go to Abdul\'s house to ask for Roshan. He first says no, but after that, he gives Roshan to Meena and Jagdish.
## Cast
- Ashok Kumar as Jagdish Chandra
- Rajendra Kumar as Mahesh Kapoor
- Mala Sinha as Meena Khosla / Meena Chandra
- Nanda as Malti Rai / Malti Kapoor
- Sushil Kumar as Roshan
- Manmohan Krishna as Abdul Rashid
- Leela Chitnis as Gangu Dai
- Mohan Choti as Jaggu
- Jagdish Raj as Prosecuting Attorney
- Daisy Irani as Ramesh
- Narbada Shankar as Pandit
- R.P. Kapoor
- Ravikant as Mahesh\"s father
- Uma Datt
| 713 |
Dhool Ka Phool
| 0 |
11,039,905 |
# Dhool Ka Phool
## Soundtrack
All lyrics provided by Sahir Ludhianvi and music by N. Datta
| 17 |
Dhool Ka Phool
| 1 |
11,039,968 |
# Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 74, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{singlechart|Billboardhot100|56|artist=Kelly Clarkson|song=Up to the Mountain|artistid={{BillboardID|Kelly Clarkson}}|access-date=2011-11-08}}
^
``
| 26 |
Up to the Mountain (MLK Song)
| 0 |
11,039,987 |
# Quartier-Militaire
**Quartier Militaire** is a village in the centre of Mauritius, found in the Moka District. It houses the region\'s District Council. Its quarters and suburbs include Bonne Veine, Esperance, Providence, Vuillemin.
## Environment
Quartier Militaire is known for its cold temperature in Mauritius. The coolest temperature ever recorded in Quartier-Militaire was 5 degrees Celsius and also the cloudiest. To the east lies Camp De Masque, where the climate is hotter and also Medine, which has a much milder climate. To the south lies Phoenix, which is the closest town to Quartier Militaire. To the west lies the developing area of Saint Pierre.
Areas neighbouring the town are Curepipe, Hermitage, Belle Rive, Alma, Saint Pierre, Verdun, Highlands, Mont Ida and Melrose.
## Facilities
Educational institutes like the Shrimati Indira Gandhi SSS college, Quartier Militaire SSS (Girls) college are found there. The Sir Edward Walter Government School and St Leon RCA are primary school which educates young children. In Providence quarter there is the Lady Lydie Ringadoo Government School. Belle-Rive contains a medical educational institute. Young adults, mainly from India and Mauritius, are promoted to various sections of dental surgeries. Quartier-Militaire is one of many villages in Mauritius to have a private multi-lingual school teaching languages like English, French, Arabic, Spanish, Italian, German and Turkish.
Quartier-Militaire market is a meeting place for buyers and sellers, mainly busy on early Sunday mornings. There is a bus station, which is a two minute walk away from the market, where people can take buses to get to other places all over the country.
## Culture
The Quarter Militaire stadium is an attraction for the town\'s inhabitants. Providence is the major quarter for religious activities, boasting a big Hindu temple and an Islamic cultural centre, which will be the only one in Moka district, is being built there. Many old temples are still standing there.
Royal Plaza is known as Quartier Militaire\'s town Centre. It is a highly frequented area which comprises one mosque named Ittefaq-ul-muslemine Musjid, one church, the major bus station, police station, post office and several service facilities. There also in Quartier Militaire numerous health centres, youth clubs, football courts, several video clubs and groceries, shopping centers, apartments and also industries.
Quartier Militaire Mosque.jpg\|Ittefaq ul Muslemine Musjid Quartier Militaire Mosque-Ittefaq ul Muslemine -Musjid.jpg\|Ittefaq ul Muslemine Musjid
Valetta is known for its small lake which is a local attraction and it has a splendid view. Tourists occasionally wander at Valetta Lake.
## Future Developments {#future_developments}
1. Providence Islamic Center. (Work in progress)
2. Winners Shopping Center. (Work in progress)
3. Complex Centers and some late night clubs.
4. Private Companies and factories.
5. A boost in houses by the Estate. (**Completed**)
6. Conventional Center at the junction of Providence Quartier Militaire
| 459 |
Quartier-Militaire
| 0 |
11,039,992 |
# George Masin
**George Gabriel Masin** (born March 31, 1947) is an American Olympic épée fencer who attended New York University from 1964 to 1968.
## Biography
He began fencing in September 1964 as a walk-on on the NYU fencing team. In March 1967, he won the ECAC individual épée championship, and later that month won the NCAA individual épée championship and helped NYU win the overall fencing team championship. In 1968, he finished second in the ECAC individual épée championships and fourth in the NCAA individual championships, and helped NYU finish second in the overall fencing team championship.
He has been a member of the New York Athletic Club since 1969.
In the U.S. National Fencing Championships in 1969 he finished third in the individual épée championships, and he subsequently also finished in the top eight in 1970, 1972, 1976 (as champion), 1983, 1989, 1990, and 2001, making him the only American fencer to finish in the top eight in each of five different decades.
He has also been active as a referee. He has refereed USFA competitions at the divisional, sectional, and national levels. He has refereed collegiate competitions at the dual-meet, regional, and national levels. He has refereed international World Cup competitions, including the finals.
As an administrator, he has served at various times as a member of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the USFA Metropolitan Division, a member of the USFA National Board of Directors, a Vice President of the USFA, an Executive Vice President of the USFA, a member of various USF national committees and commissions, and on the bout committee of various National Championships, Junior Olympics, and North American Circuit competitions.
He was a Competition Manager at the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta.
In 1973, he proposed a comprehensive point system for the selection of members of U.S. international fencing teams. Since its adoption, all U.S. international fencing team members have been selected via objective criteria. The last team member to be selected via subjective criteria was for the 1972 Olympic Games. Largely as a result of this effort, the USFA created the position of Athlete Representative, a non-voting member of the USFA committee that develops the criteria for international team selection. Masin was selected as the first Athlete Representative.
He has also been responsible for several important changes as to how fencers are seeded into competitions. For example, he proposed and established the criteria for the awarding of \"D\" and \"E\" classifications, and proposed the system by which classifications are slowly lost if not re-earned by appending the year of achievement to the classification letter.
He proposed the establishment of the first national-level competitions restricted by classification, now known as Division II and Division III competitions.
When women first began competing in sabre, he developed the criteria used to decide when women's sabre would be awarded Division I National Championship status. The criteria were submitted by the Women's Sabre Committee to the Board of Directors, adopted, and resulted in the establishment of the Women's Sabre Division I National Championships by unanimous vote when the criteria were met.
## Accomplishments
- 1967 NCAA Men\'s Épée Champion
- 1971 Heidenheim Épée World Cup, 3rd Place
- 1971 Pan American Games Gold Medal, Men\'s Épée Team
- 1972 U.S. Olympic Team
- 1976 U.S. Men\'s Épée Champion
- 1976 U.S. Olympic Team
- 1986 Inducted into NYU Sports Hall of Fame
- 1987 Pan American Games Silver Medal, Men\'s Épée Team
- 1987 Montreal Épée World Cup, 6th Place
- 1997 Sydney Épée World Cup, 3rd Place
- 2002 Inducted into USFA Hall of Fame
- 2011 Inducted into NYAC Hall of Fame
- 12 times gold medalist in U.S. Men\'s Épée Team Championships
- 5 times a member of U.S
| 627 |
George Masin
| 0 |
11,040,011 |
# Steve Arbuckle
**Stephen Arbuckle** is a Canadian born actor born in the village of Donkin, Nova Scotia.
## Career
Arbuckle started his career as a theatre actor in Cape Breton at the Boardmore Playhouse and Savoy Theatre, along with other independent theatre companies. He then made his first move into film in 2003 with the lead role in the short film *Todd and the Book of Pure Evil*, which also starred Julian Richings, later becoming a TV show on Space as well as an animated film. Since then, he has and continues to appear on many feature films and television series, including: Oliver Peele in 2010 in the pilot episode of the CBS show *Blue Bloods*, *Saving Hope*, *Murdoch Mysteries*, *Falling Water*, and others
| 125 |
Steve Arbuckle
| 0 |
11,040,020 |
# Minnie Louise Haskins
**Minnie Louise Haskins** (12 May 1875 -- 3 February 1957) was a British poet and an academic in the field of sociology, best known for being quoted by King George VI in his Royal Christmas Message of 1939.
## Early life {#early_life}
Haskins was born at 2 Kingswood Hill, Oldland, South Gloucestershire, 6 mile east of Bristol, and she grew up in the neighbouring village of Warmley. Her father was Joseph Haskins, a grocer, and her mother was Louisa Bridges. Her father acquired a pottery at Warmley making drain pipes, which was continued after his death by her mother. The family lived at Warmley House.
She was a Congregationalist and she taught Sunday School for many years. She studied informally at University College, Bristol while undertaking voluntary work for her local church. By 1903, she was working in Lambeth, London, for the Springfield Hall Wesleyan Methodist Mission. In 1907, she departed for Madras, India with the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society to work in one of the Zenana missions to women. In 1912, to raise funds, Haskins published a small volume of poetry *The Desert*, which included the poem \"God Knows\", originally written in 1908, to which she added the famous preamble to create the poem that today is commonly known as \"The Gate of the Year\".
In 1915, poor health led Haskins, now 40 years old, to return to England where she ran a munitions workers\' hostel in Woolwich for six months. This was followed by three years supervising the labour management department of a government-controlled munitions factory in Silvertown, West Ham, an industrial area of East London. Somehow she found time to publish a second volume of poetry, *The Potter*, in 1918.
| 287 |
Minnie Louise Haskins
| 0 |
11,040,020 |
# Minnie Louise Haskins
## Academic career and later life {#academic_career_and_later_life}
At the age of 43, Haskins came to the London School of Economics (LSE) to study for the Social Science Certificate under Agatha Harrison, who had been appointed in 1917 to the first British academic post devoted to industrial welfare. After gaining the Certificate with distinction in 1919, she took the Diploma in Sociology, gaining a further distinction in 1920. From 1919 to 1939 she worked as a tutor in the Social Science Department where the senior tutor described her as: \"a woman of unusual capacity and character ... a rare understanding and sympathy and infinite patience, combined with a great deal of love and interest in people.\"
In 1921 she published with Eleanor T. Kelly *Foundations of Industrial Welfare* promoting \"a spirit of co-operation\" between worker and employer. Haskins was closely involved with the establishment in 1924 of the Institute of Industrial Welfare Workers, the successor to the Welfare Workers\' Institute and the precursor to what is now the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPP). The CIPP is the world\'s oldest association in its field. During this time, Haskins wrote two novels *Through Beds of Stone* (1928) and *A Few People* (1932) and a further volume of poetry *Smoking Flax* (1942).
Although she retired in 1939, Haskins soon returned to LSE to teach at the outbreak of Second World War. She finally retired in 1944 at the age of 69. She died just over twelve years later at Kent and Sussex Hospital, Royal Tunbridge Wells, on 3 February 1957. She was 81 years old. She never married.
| 270 |
Minnie Louise Haskins
| 1 |
11,040,020 |
# Minnie Louise Haskins
## The Gate of the Year {#the_gate_of_the_year}
Although it was widely believed that Elizabeth the Queen Consort made her husband George VI aware of the poem, the book *The Servant Queen and the King She Serves* published in 2016 for Queen Elizabeth II\'s 90th birthday, its foreword being by that monarch, says that it was the young Princess Elizabeth herself, aged 13, who handed the poem to her father.
The King did not name the author of the poem, but on Boxing Day (the day after Christmas) the BBC announced that the author was Minnie Louise Haskins. Haskins, by then 64 years old, had not known beforehand that the King would quote her words, and did not hear the broadcast. On the next day, she was interviewed by *The Daily Telegraph* and said: \"I heard the quotation read in a summary of the speech. I thought the words sounded familiar and suddenly it dawned on me that they were out of my little book.\"
The opening words of the poem \"The Gate of the Year\" struck a chord with a country facing the uncertainty of war. It is now among the most quoted poetic works of the twentieth century. This poem is inscribed at the entrance to the George VI Memorial Chapel in St George\'s Chapel, Windsor at Windsor Castle, and in a window at the Queen\'s Chapel of the Savoy in London. The poem was read at the funeral of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in 2002 and was printed in the Order of Service.
The poem was included in the closing moments of the 1940 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/Frank Borzage film *The Mortal Storm*, starring Margaret Sullavan, James Stewart and Robert Young.
The poem and her life story were featured in the BBC Radio 4 programme *Adventures in Poetry* on 19 and 25 December 2010. In December 2015 she was featured in the BBC One television documentary *Cue the Queen: Celebrating the Christmas Speech*.
The poem has been set to music by Canadian composer Eleanor Joanne Daley and British composer Florence Margaret Spencer Palmer.
## Nationality
Haskins was English and a British citizen, yet various sources have erroneously reported that she was either American or Canadian.
## Publications
- *The Desert.* London: privately printed, 1912.
- *The Potter.* London: Erskine Macdonald Ltd, 1918.
- \"Foundations in Industrial Welfare.\" With Eleanor T. Kelly. *Economica* vol. 1 (May 1921): 116--131.
- *Through Beds of Stone.* London: Macmillan, 1928.
- *A Few People.* London: Lovat Dickson Ltd, 1932.
- *The Gate of the Year.* London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1940.
- *Smoking Flax.* London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1942
| 437 |
Minnie Louise Haskins
| 2 |
11,040,055 |
# Danny Harrison (footballer)
**Daniel Robert Harrison** (born 4 November 1982) is an English footballer who plays for Flint Town United.
## Career
Born Liverpool and formerly a resident of Upton, Harrison is a product of the Tranmere Rovers youth system. Joining the club as a 13-year-old, he was granted his first team debut in the 2001--02 season at home against Wigan Athletic. Harrison was a regular in the centre of midfield in the Brian Little era, but under Ronnie Moore he found opportunities harder to come by prompting a move to a new squad. He signed for Rotherham on 25 May 2007 along with Dale Tonge. He scored his first goal for the club against Sheffield Wednesday in the League Cup. He then bragged a brace against Dagenham & Redbridge. His next goal came away at Milton Keynes Dons, where he scored an equaliser with a 25-yard screamer 10 minutes from time.
He was released by Rotherham in May 2012.
On 7 June 2012, it was announced that he had rejoined Tranmere Rovers on a one-year contract from 1 July 2012. The following summer he dropped into the Conference National when he joined neighbours Chester.
He then moved into playing within the Welsh football pyramid, joining Connah\'s Quay Nomads in 2015. He left the club in August 2021 having made over 189 starts for the Nomads, with his service to the club at the time ranking him as seventh on the club all-time starts list. He then joined Flint Town United
| 252 |
Danny Harrison (footballer)
| 0 |
11,040,070 |
# 1711 in Great Britain
Events from the year **1711 in Great Britain**.
## Incumbents
- Monarch -- Anne
## Events
- 24 February -- premiere of *Rinaldo* by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage, at the Queen\'s Theatre, Haymarket.
- 1 March -- first edition of the magazine *The Spectator* published in London, edited by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele.
- 5 April (Easter Sunday) -- the central tower of Elgin Cathedral in northeast Scotland collapses.
- 22 May -- Company of Blanket Weavers of Witney in Oxfordshire incorporated by royal charter to regulate the trade.
- 23 May -- Robert Harley made Earl of Oxford.
- 29 May -- Harley made Lord High Treasurer.
- 7 August -- capture of the galleon *San Joaquin*: Spanish galleon *San Joaquin* in a treasure fleet sailing from Cartagena de Indias (modern-day Colombia) to Spain surrenders after an engagement with five British ships.
- 11 August -- the first race meeting is held at Ascot Racecourse, \"Her Majesty\'s Plate\", attended by Queen Anne.
- 22 August -- the Quebec Expedition, a British attempt to attack the city of Quebec as part of Queen Anne\'s War, fails when 8 of its ships are wrecked in the Saint Lawrence River and 850 soldiers drown, one of the worst disasters in British history up to this date.
- 8 September -- the South Sea Company receives a Royal Charter.
- 12 September -- Siege of Bouchain in the War of the Spanish Succession concludes with the last major victory for John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough.
- 14 October -- Woodes Rogers returns to England after a successful round-the-world privateering cruise against Spain, carrying loot worth £150,000.
- 5 November -- the southwest spire of Southwell Minster in Nottinghamshire is struck by lightning, resulting in a fire that spreads to the nave and tower, destroying roofs, bells, clock and organ.
- 7 December - The Earl of Nottingham successfully proposes an amendment in the House of Lords calling for \"No Peace Without Spain\".
- 15 December -- Occasional Conformity Act, intending to bar nonconformists and Roman Catholics from public office.
- 25 December -- the rebuilding of St Paul\'s Cathedral in London to a design by Sir Christopher Wren is declared complete by Parliament; Old St Paul\'s had been destroyed by the 1666 Great Fire of London.
- 31 December -- John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough is replaced by James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde as the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces.
### Undated
- Commission for Building Fifty New Churches set up under terms of the New Churches in London and Westminster Act 1710 (9 Ann. c. 17).
- John Shore invents the tuning fork.
- Blast furnace for the production of charcoal iron erected at Backbarrow in the north west of England; it will be in production until the 1960s.
## Publications
### Prose
- Francis Atterbury, *Representation of the State of Religion*
- Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, *Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times*
- Daniel Defoe
- *The British Visions*
- *An Essay on the History of Parties*
- *An Essay on the South-Sea Trade*
- *The Present State of the Parties in Great Britain* (attributed)
- *The Secret History of the October Club*
- John Dennis, *Reflections Critical and Satyrical, Upon a Late Rhapsody call\'d, An Essay upon Criticism* (Dennis\'s counterattack on Alexander Pope)
### Poetry and Songs {#poetry_and_songs}
- Sir Richard Blackmore, published anonymously, *The Nature of Man*
- William King, *An Historical Account of the Heathen Gods and Heroes*
- Alexander Pope, *An Essay on Criticism*
- James Watson, editor, *Choice Collection of Comic and Serious Scots Poems*, Edinburgh
## Births
- 7 May -- David Hume, philosopher (died 1776)
- 19 August -- Edward Boscawen, admiral (died 1761)
- 1 September -- William Boyce, composer (died 1779)
- 22 September -- Thomas Wright, astronomer, mathematician, instrument maker, architect, garden designer, antiquary and genealogist (died 1786)
- 26 September -- Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple, politician (died 1779)
- 5 November -- Catherine Raftor, *later* Kitty Clive, actress (died 1785)
| 689 |
1711 in Great Britain
| 0 |
11,040,070 |
# 1711 in Great Britain
## Deaths
- 19 March -- Thomas Ken, bishop and hymn-writer (born 1637)
- 2 May -- Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, statesman (born 1641)
- 6 July -- James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, politician (born 1662)
- 25 August -- Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey, politician (born c
| 57 |
1711 in Great Britain
| 1 |
11,040,073 |
# TIA/EIA-920
**TIA/EIA-920** is a telecommunications standard from the US Telecommunications Industry Association, a 1988 offshoot of the EIA. The standard establishes wideband audio performance requirements for wireline telephones which transmit their signals digitally. Audio wideband is defined as 150 Hz to 6800 Hz. The technical standard refers to handsets, headsets, and speakerphones. It does not specify digital protocols or encoding formats. Nor does it concern how the transducers are connected to the telephone.
## History
The TIA Engineering Committee TR-41.3.3 published TIA-920, Transmission Requirements for Wideband Digital Wireline Telephones in December 2002. It was designed as a wideband version of the previous narrowband standard, TIA/EIA-810-A. The 920 standard completed the function of the working group which was then disbanded. (TIA Press Release)
### TIA-920-A {#tia_920_a}
In February 2011 the Committee TR-41.3 published the documents TIA-920.000-A (overview), TIA-920.110-A (Requirements for Handset UE) and TIA-920.130-A (Requirements for Headset UE)
| 148 |
TIA/EIA-920
| 0 |
11,040,080 |
# Baandee, Western Australia
**Baandee** is a small town located in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, about halfway between the towns of Kellerberrin and Merredin on the Great Eastern Highway, approximately 230 km from Perth, the state capital.
## History
The town was gazetted in April 1912. There is some debate as to the Aboriginal meaning of the name, although one settler noted that the Aboriginal name for Hines Hill, 8 km to the east, is \"Baandui\".
In 1932, the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two wheat elevators on two new wheat bins, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding. The installation of at least one elevator was completed early the following year
| 123 |
Baandee, Western Australia
| 0 |
11,040,097 |
# Calo tester
The **Calo tester**, also known as a **ball crater** or **coating thickness tester**, is a simple and inexpensive piece of equipment used to measure the thickness of coatings. Coatings with thicknesses typically between 0.1 and 50 micrometres, such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) coatings, are used in many industries to improve the surface properties of tools and components. The Calo tester is also used to measure the amount of coating wear after a wear test carried out using a pin-on-disc tester.
The Calo tester consists of a holder for the surface to be tested and a steel sphere of known diameter that is rotated against the surface by a rotating shaft connected to a motor whilst diamond paste is applied to the contact area. The sphere is rotated for a short period of time (less than 20 seconds for a 0.1 to 5 micrometre thickness) but due to the abrasive nature of the diamond paste this is sufficient time to wear a crater through thin coatings.
## Calculating coating thickness using the Calo tester {#calculating_coating_thickness_using_the_calo_tester}
An optical microscope is used to take two measurements across the crater after the Calo test and the coating thickness is calculated using a simple geometrical equation
| 211 |
Calo tester
| 0 |
11,040,130 |
# Tótem (band)
**Tótem** was an Uruguayan rock band formed in the early 1970s. One of the most important massive phenomena of Uruguayan music and represented the height of the Candombe beat.
## Band members {#band_members}
**1971**
- Ruben Rada (lead voice and percussion)
- Eduardo Useta (guitar)
- Enrique Rey (†1995)(guitar)
- Mario "Chichito" Cabral (percussion)
- Daniel "Lobito" Lagarde (bass)
- Roberto Galletti († 2009) (drums)
(drums**1972**
- Santiago Ameijenda replace Galletti in drums.
**1973**
- Eduardo Useta (guitar and voice)
- Enrique Rey (guitar and voice)
- Mario "Chichito" Cabral (percussion)
- Roberto Giordano (bas)
- Santiago Ameijenda (drums)
- Tomás "Chocho" Paolini (saxophone)
## Discography
### Simples
- **1971**
*A-side* - Dedos
*B-side* - Biafra
- **1972**
*A-side* - Mi Pueblo
*B-side* - Negro
### Long Plays {#long_plays}
- 1971 - **Totem**
*A-side*
1. \- Dedos
2. \- Chévere
3. \- De Este Cielo Santo
4. \- Días De Esos
5. \- Todos
*B-side*
1. \- Biafra
2. \- El Tábano
3. \- Mañana
4. \- No Me Molestes
5. \- La Lluvia Cae Para Todos Igual
- 1972 - **Descarga**
*A-side*
1. \- Heloísa
2. \- Orejas
3. \- Manos
4. \- Pacífico
5. \- Todo Mal
*B-side*
1. \- Negro
2. \- Mi Alcoba
3. \- Un Sueño Para Gonzalo (instrumental)
4. \- Descarga
1973 - **Corrupción**
*A-side*
1. \- Nena
2. \- Toda América
3. \- A Victoria y Federico
4. \- Hola Hermano
5. \- Congueiro
*B-side*
1. \- Corrupción
2. \- El Hombre Feliz
3
| 254 |
Tótem (band)
| 0 |
11,040,141 |
# The Gate of the Year
**\"The Gate of the Year\"** is the popular name given to a poem by Minnie Louise Haskins. The poem was originally published with the title, **\"God Knows\"** by the author. Haskins studied and taught at the London School of Economics in the first half of the twentieth century.
## Background
The poem, written in 1908 and privately published in 1912, was part of a collection titled *The Desert*. It caught the public attention and the popular imagination when King George VI quoted it in his 1939 Christmas broadcast to the British Empire. The poem may have been brought to his attention by his wife, Queen Elizabeth (the Queen Consort).
The book *The Servant Queen and the King She Serves,* published for Queen Elizabeth II\'s 90th birthday, says that it was the young Princess Elizabeth herself, aged 13, who handed the poem to her father. The book\'s foreword was written by Elizabeth II herself.
The poem was widely acclaimed as inspirational, reaching its first mass audience in the early days of the Second World War. Its words remained a source of comfort to Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, for the rest of her life. Elizabeth had its words engraved on stone plaques and fixed to the gates of the King George VI Memorial Chapel at Windsor Castle, where the King was interred. The Queen Mother was also buried there in 2002, and the words of \"The Gate of the Year\" were included in a reflection in her funeral\'s order of service.
The poem was included in the closing moments of the 1940 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/Frank Borzage film *The Mortal Storm*, starring Margaret Sullavan, James Stewart and Robert Young.
## Text
**THE GATE OF THE YEAR**
\'God Knows\'
And I said to the man who stood at the gate of the year:\
\"Give me a light that I may tread safely into the unknown\".\
And he replied:\
\"Go out into the darkness and put your hand into the Hand of God.\
That shall be to you better than light and safer than a known way\".\
So I went forth, and finding the Hand of God, trod gladly into the night.\
And He led me towards the hills and the breaking of day in the lone East.
*So heart be still:*\
*What need our little life*\
*Our human life to know,*\
*If God hath comprehension?*\
*In all the dizzy strife*\
*Of things both high and low,*\
*God hideth His intention.*
*God knows. His will*\
*Is best. The stretch of years*\
*Which wind ahead, so dim*\
*To our imperfect vision,*\
*Are clear to God. Our fears*\
*Are premature; In Him,*\
*All time hath full provision.*
*Then rest: until*\
*God moves to lift the veil*\
*From our impatient eyes,*\
*When, as the sweeter features*\
*Of Life\'s stern face we hail,*\
*Fair beyond all surmise*\
*God\'s thought around His creatures*\
*Our mind shall fill
| 482 |
The Gate of the Year
| 0 |
11,040,161 |
# Beneficial Bank
**Beneficial Mutual Bancorp, Inc.** operated Beneficial Bank, a full-service bank whose assets totaled approximately \$5 billion upon its acquisition by WSFS in 2019. Founded in 1853, Beneficial was the oldest and largest bank headquartered in Philadelphia, with more than 58 locations throughout Pennsylvania and South Jersey. The bank provided financial services including personal and business banking, mortgages and loans, wealth management, business and insurance services.
## History
Beneficial Bank\'s foundation was built on Saint John Neumann\'s vision of providing a safe, secure place for Philadelphia\'s immigrants to deposit their savings. Members of the Board of Managers of St. Joseph\'s Hospital met in 1853 to discuss starting a saving fund society. That same year, the Beneficial Saving Fund Society was incorporated. In 1854, Beneficial Bank began operations.
The bank celebrated its 160th anniversary in 2013. In 2005, Beneficial completed its acquisition of the insurance firm Paul Hertel & Co., through a subsidiary of the bank, Beneficial Insurances, LLC.
Beneficial had made other major acquisitions in recent years, including the FMS Financial Corporation (the parent company of Farmers & Mechanics Bank) and St. Edmond\'s Federal Savings Bank. Its last acquisition was the 2015 purchase of Conestoga Bank of Chester Springs, Pennsylvania.
Beneficial completed its conversion to a publicly traded company in early 2015, and was advised by Sandler O\'Neill and Partners.
In 2014, Beneficial moved its headquarters to 1818 Market Street in Philadelphia, at which point the building was renamed 1818 Beneficial Bank Place.
WSFS and Beneficial announced that WSFS would acquire Beneficial, with the deal expected to close in early 2019. The deal ultimately closed March 1, 2019. Beneficial offices as well as some WSFS offices were consolidated and/or rebranded under the WSFS name on August 26
| 289 |
Beneficial Bank
| 0 |
11,040,164 |
# James H. Morris
**James Hiram Morris** (born 1941) is a professor (emeritus) of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. He was previously dean of the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science and Dean of Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley.
## Biography
A native of Pittsburgh, Morris received a Bachelor\'s degree from Carnegie Mellon University, an S.M. in Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management, and Ph.D. in Computer Science from MIT.
Morris taught at the University of California, Berkeley, where he developed some important underlying principles of programming languages: inter-module protection and lazy evaluation. He was a co-discoverer of the Knuth--Morris--Pratt algorithm for string-search.
For eight years, he worked at the Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), where he was part of the team that developed the Xerox Alto System. He also directed the Cedar programming environment project.
From 1983 to 1988, Morris directed the Information Technology Center at Carnegie Mellon University, a joint project with IBM, which developed a prototype university computing system, the Andrew Project. He has been the principal investigator of two National Science Foundation projects aimed at computer-mediated communication: EXPRES and Prep.
He was a founder of the Carnegie Mellon\'s Human--Computer Interaction Institute and MAYA Design Group, a consulting firm specializing in interactive product design.
He wrote a memoir, *Thoughts of a Reformed Computer Scientist*.
## Selected papers {#selected_papers}
- D. E. Knuth, J. H. Morris, V. R. Pratt (1977). Fast Pattern Matching in Strings, SIAM Journal on Computing. 6 (2): 323--350
- Morris, J. H., Satyanarayanan, M., Conner, M. H., Howard, J. H., Rosenthal, D. S., & Smith, F. D. (1986). Andrew: a distributed personal computing environment. Communications of the ACM, 29(3), 184-201.
- Henderson, P., & Morris, J. H. (1976). A lazy evaluator. ACM Sigact-Sigplan Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (pp. 95--103). DBLP.
- Neuwirth, C. M., Kaufer, D. S., Chandhok, R., & Morris, J. H. (1990). Issues in the design of computer support for co-authoring and commenting. ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 183--195). ACM.
- Geschke, C. M., Morris, J. H., & Satterthwaite, E. H. (1977). Early experience with mesa. Communications of the ACM, 20(8), 540-553.
- Morris, J. H. (1973). Protection in programming languages. Communications of the ACM, 16(16), 15-21.
- Neuwirth, C. M., Kaufer, D. S., Chandhok, R., & Morris, J. H. (1994). Computer support for distributed collaborative writing: defining parameters of interaction. ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 145--152). ACM
| 406 |
James H. Morris
| 0 |
11,040,200 |
# Mary Cardwell Dawson
**Mary Lucinda Cardwell Dawson** (1894--1962) was an American opera singer and voice teacher. She was the founding director of the National Negro Opera Company (NNOC). In 1961, Dawson was appointed to the National Music Committee by President John F. Kennedy.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Mary Lucinda Cardwell Dawson was born on February 14, 1894 in Madison, North Carolina to James Abraham \"J.A.\" Cardwell and Elizabeth *Webster* Cardwell. She is the third of six children and spent the majority of her childhood and adolescence in Homestead, Pennsylvania which is a suburb of Pittsburgh.
Growing up in Homestead, Mary Lucinda attended Homestead Grammar School and was surrounded by music. She participated in the music ministry at her home church Park Place A.M.E. Church (formerly known as Gladden A.M.E. Church). And engaged in various musical endeavors around the Pittsburgh Area. by 1914, she began to teach music and voice lessons.
In 1920, Cardwell left home for Boston, Massachusetts where she studied music at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston and Central Evening High School. She earned her high school diploma on April 11, 1924 and graduated from New England Conservatory of Music on June 23, 1925 with a teacher\'s diploma. She continued her studies at the Chicago Musical College and The Metropolitan Opera Studios in New York City.
## Cardwell School of Music {#cardwell_school_of_music}
After graduating, Mary Lucinda Cardwell came back to Homestead and in 1925 she started the **Cardwell School of Music** at 6356 Frankstown Avenue in the East Liberty Neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The school was a success,routinely accumulated new staff, and moved twice; firstly to 6295 Frankstown Avenue in East Liberty and then, in 1933, to 7101 Apple St. in the Homewood neighborhood of Pittsburgh. This endeavor also yielded the Cardwell Dawson Choir.
## Marriage
In 1927, Madame Dawson married Walter Dawson, a master electrician.
## National Negro Opera Company {#national_negro_opera_company}
After presenting the opera *Aida* at the National Association of Negro Musicians convention of 1941, Dawson launched her National Negro Opera Company (NNOC) later that same year with a performance at Pittsburgh\'s Syria Mosque.. The star was La Julia Rhea, and other members included Minto Cato, Carol Brice, Robert McFerrin, and Lillian Evanti. NNOC mounted productions in Washington D.C., New York City, Chicago, and Pittsburgh.
Dawson was devoted to bringing opera to African American audiences. She organized opera guilds in Baltimore, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Washington, D.C., Newark, and New York. She trained hundreds of African American youth to sing opera.
In 1961, Dawson was appointed to the National Music Committee by President John F. Kennedy.
## Death
Dawson died in 1962 in Washington, D.C. of a heart attack.
## *The Passion of Mary Cardwell Dawson* {#the_passion_of_mary_cardwell_dawson}
*The Passion of Mary Cardwell Dawson* is a play that was commissioned and premiered at the Glimmerglass Festival in Cooperstown, New York in 2021. The play and text for music were written by Sandra Seaton with original music by Carlos Simon. The play tells the story of her founding of the National Negro Opera Company. Total run time is 70 minutes
| 515 |
Mary Cardwell Dawson
| 0 |
11,040,233 |
# Nick Raider
**Nick Raider** is a fictional comic detective whose series was published from 1988 to 2005 by Sergio Bonelli Editore in Italy. Graphically inspired by the American actor Robert Mitchum, it was created by writer Claudio Nizzi and artist Giampiero Casertano. His partner Marvin Brown was inspired by Eddie Murphy. Nick Raider\'s stories are set in New York City.
Writers who worked on the regular series include Gianfranco Manfredi, Stefano Piani, Tito Faraci and Gino D\'Antonio; artists include Gustavo Trigo, Ivo Milazzo, Ferdinando Tacconi, Sergio Toppi and Luigi Siniscalchi.
In 2006, IF Edizioni published a 4-issue Nick Raider miniseries, also written by Nizzi.
In India, Prakash Publishers regularly feature the Nick Raider stories in their Tamil Comics brand, Muthu Comics starting from 1990s. He is christened as Detective Robin in their storylines
| 134 |
Nick Raider
| 0 |
11,040,235 |
# 1995 Amstel Gold Race
The **1995 Amstel Gold Race** was the 30th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 22, 1995, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 256 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Maastricht. There were a total of 192 competitors, with 56 cyclists finishing the race.
## Results
Cyclist Team Time
---- --------- ------ ---------
1
2 s.t.
3 \+ 27\"
4 s.t.
5 s.t.
6 s.t.
7 s.t.
8 s.t.
9 s.t.
10 s.t
| 92 |
1995 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,040,247 |
# Asian Institute for Distance Education
**Asian Institute for Distance Education** (AIDE) is a distance learning college accredited by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), the government agency regulating all universities and colleges in the Philippines.
**AIDE** is a private, non-sectarian, higher education institution offering programs leading to baccalaureate degrees via a mixed mode of instruction, largely dependent on self-instructional module packages.
## Academics
**AIDE** courses are offered in printed modules which can be picked up or sent by mail to students. Each package includes lessons, open-book exams, and assignments. All modules are reviewed and updated by in-house academic staff who are experts in their fields.
The open-book exams and assignments are submitted to the **AIDE** Office for academic evaluation and grading. Upon submission of all required exams and homework, the student is required to be physically present to take his proctored final examination inside the school premises. Grades are then computed on the basis of final examinations and other submitted requirements. The grading system follows the CHED standard, which requires a passing grade of 75% or higher for every academic course.
Once a student passes all requirements, including final exams, for all academic courses required in a degree program, a CHED-recognized diploma and transcript of records can be awarded.
## Organization and administration {#organization_and_administration}
Established and fully operational since 1984, **AIDE** is the oldest existing college of its kind in the Philippines. It is also one of only four government recognized distance learning providers offering full academic degrees.
**AIDE** is headed by its incumbent president and chief executive officer, Antonio O. Cojuangco, who previously served as president of Associated Broadcasting Company (ABC) and Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT). He holds degrees in business from Ateneo de Manila University and Stanford University.
**AIDE** has attended conferences of the Asian Association of Open Universities, an international academic group based in China Central Radio and TV University in Beijing, China
| 319 |
Asian Institute for Distance Education
| 0 |
11,040,280 |
# Skywhales
***Skywhales*** is a 1983 British animated drama short film by Derek Hayes and Phil Austin that depicts a fictional society of alien creatures dwelling in the atmosphere of a gas giant. The film is noted for the completeness of its depiction of a fictitious society, including alien language, flora, fauna and social structures and practices. The film has since become a cult classic.
## Story
The story begins with a man warning the tribe of approaching skywhales. Drummers warn everybody of the hunt as everyone get prepared to set \"sail\". One man is found in his home sleeping as the noise wakes him up. He gets ready and is about to take his weapon as he hesitates then decides to go. As he leaves his room, his wife and child see him and try stopping him. He goes through the forest with strange fauna and flora and stops at a path as he sees old pale natives head into a strange silver building. As a sign of respect, he shields his eyes. He is then surprised when his wife pokes him and says that she\'s coming. As he enters the ship, he sees a native wearing the captain\'s hat but then he takes his rightful hat while the other looks surprised he came. Then they go on a hunt for the whale. The audience is shown that they live on a floating island high up in a gas giant. The hunters go far away from their home and stop when they hear the whale. Everything is still until a skywhale comes and then destroys the main character\'s ship. They parachute down to the wife\'s ship and follow one of the two whales which have escaped. The main character harpoons its head and is congratulated by his team. As it dies they bring it back to their island home where it is completely butchered by nightfall. It then shows the main character and his family at the port where the wife is talking to the son and the main character is tying a rope. Suddenly he turns pale and his eyes black. The wife immediately recognizes what he has become and adopts the custom of shielding her eyes and his son soon follows. By instinct, the main character heads to the building where all those who reach the point in their life to mature go. In the building, there are four guards and a giant hole in the center. Skywhale drawings are all over the floor. As the guards cover their eyes and the wife and son watch at the doorway, he stands there for a while and then falls in the hole. The son gasps and tries to enter but the wife stops him. He looks confused and as they leave, he asks something to the wife who then begins to explain it to him. They show the main character falling through the roots of the island as a cocoon starts forming around his body. By sunrise, he is completely enclosed and hatches as a juvenile skywhale. The viewer then sees the wife with the main character\'s spear explaining something to the son. Suddenly he hears a skywhale\'s call, takes the spear, and points it to the whale which he immediately recognizes is his father. The two of them then stand there staring as the whale flies away into the sunrise with the son saluting it with his father\'s spear. The end credits appear with primitive skywhale cave-drawings in the background.
| 583 |
Skywhales
| 0 |
11,040,280 |
# Skywhales
## World
The story concerns a tribal society of mohawked green-skinned creatures who speak in a complex language of hoots. The hoots are not subtitled, leaving the viewer to determine the meaning from visual context alone. They are intelligent, having a small port with three ships, a small town, clothes, musical instruments and metal weapons and armour. One significant tribal custom introduced early on is the appearance of a subset of the population with dead white skin color and dark black eyes; encountering them causes the people to shield their eyes and let them pass, suggesting an advanced culture. It soon becomes apparent that the society lives in the atmosphere on flying islands, and use pedalled, flying wooden craft to hunt large winged creatures, the skywhales of the title. The creatures have a ship with gas-filled balloons keeping it afloat and it is powered by pedal turning a propeller. The hunters are totally still as they hear the creature. If the skywhales break their ship, they have special gas-filled parachutes that prevent them from falling as another ship comes to their aid. They hunt by using a harpoon on the underside of their ship, which is driven by one of the natives towards its head. Once the skywhale is impaled, the others use a rope to bring it back. Once they return, the natives use every part of the whales. It seems that either the natives get sick or that they are actually larvae of the skywhale, because after the hunt, they develop pale skin and dark black eyes and then go to a building deep in the forest. As a sign of respect, people shield their eyes once they spot one of them. Once inside the building, they stand in front of a giant hole and fall down through the roots of the floating island. While falling, the natives turn into cocoons and hatch only a few hours later into juvenile skywhales. The floating island resembles intestines by the orange roots coming from the underside. The forest on top is orange and contains strange flora that look like trees. Some giant bags of gas are also present. Their buildings are silver and dome-shaped with other complicated structures. On the inside, cave drawings of skywhales cover the walls and floors (it may be that they believe that they are the spirits of their ancestors which of course is partially true).
| 402 |
Skywhales
| 1 |
11,040,280 |
# Skywhales
## Reception
*The Washington Post* stated that it was \"no different from the usual Saturday morning fare\" while *The Chicago Tribune* compared it to the sci-fi works of Ralph Bakshi.
*The Morning Call* called it a \"Disneyesque fantasy, combing elements of *Star Wars* and *Moby Dick*\"
| 48 |
Skywhales
| 2 |
11,040,281 |
# China National Coal Group
**China National Coal Group Co., Ltd.**, known as **China Coal Group**, is a Chinese coal mining conglomerate that was supervised by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) of the State Council. It was the second largest state-owned coal mining enterprise in the mainland China, and the third largest in the world, just after Shenhua Group in 2008, according to a website quoting Xinhua News Agency. It is engaged in coal production and sales, coal chemicals, coal mining equipment manufacturing, coal mine design and related engineering services.
In 2009 the corporation was re-incorporated as a limited company. The group also acquired Shanxi Huayu Energy in the same year. China United Coalbed Methane, a joint venture of China Coal Group and PetroChina, became a wholly owned subsidiary of China Coal Group also in 2009. At the same time PetroChina acquired some assets from China United Coalbed Methane. China Coal Group later sold China United Coalbed Methane to China National Offshore Oil Corporation in tranches from 2010 to 2014.
China Coal Group\'s subsidiary, China Coal Energy, has been listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange since 2006 and the Shanghai Stock Exchange since 2008. China Coal Group retained the stake in \"China Coal Heilongjiang Coal Chemical Engineering Group\" (Heilongjiang Coal Chemical Group, `{{zh|s=中煤黑龙江煤炭化工(集团)有限公司}}`{=mediawiki}) and an equity investment in Taiyuan Coal Gasification Group (`{{zh|s=太原煤炭气化(集团)有限责任公司}}`{=mediawiki}, 47.67%), as they still provide coal gas to the citizen on non-for-profit basis. China Coal Group later acquired 3.9% stake of Taiyuan Coal Gasification Group from fellow central government owned China Cinda Asset Management, but in 2013 transferred 16.18% stake to SASAC of Shanxi Province without compensation. As of 31 December 2015, China Coal Group owned Taiyuan Coal Gasification Group 35.39% stake as the second largest shareholder.
In 2014, China Coal Group promised to inject \"Heilongjiang Coal Chemical Group\" and \"Shanxi Huayu Energy\" to the listed company in order to avoid competition. However, as at 2016 they were remained in the unlisted portion of the group, but the promise would remain valid until 2021. Nevertheless, Heilongjiang Coal Chemical Company, another company, was already under China Coal Energy.
In 2016, Shanxi Huayu Energy delayed a week to pay off principal and interest in full for a bond.
According to a report by The Guardian, China Coal is by far the largest polluter in the world, single-handedly accounting for 14.32% of the world\'s greenhouse gas emissions
| 401 |
China National Coal Group
| 0 |
11,040,285 |
# Roller Derby (brand)
**Roller Derby Skate Corp** is an American manufacturer and distributor of sporting goods, specializing in quad skates, inline skates, ice hockey skates, skateboards, skating accessories, and recently, through its acquisition of 360 Inc., sporting goods for water sports including body boards, surfboards and swim products. Roller Derby sells products under the brands Roller Derby, California Advanced Sports, Pacer and 360 Inc. It is the second-largest supplier of inline skates to the U.S. market. They have just introduced a skate that is designed for roller derby.
Roller Derby is the largest manufacturer of roller skates in the United States.
## History
Roller Derby was founded in 1936 by Oscar Seltzer, the brother of Roller Derby pioneer Leo Seltzer, as a manufacturer of boots for roller and ice skates.
Initially, the company had a single plant in Litchfield, Illinois. The company opened an additional assembly plant in California in 1953, followed by offices, warehouses, and a distribution center in Atglen, Pennsylvania in 1971. The company eventually moved manufacturing operations overseas, first to Taiwan, then to mainland China. Its U.S. manufacturing facilities were converted to offices, warehouses and distribution centers. The company is still based in Litchfield, Illinois
| 199 |
Roller Derby (brand)
| 0 |
11,040,288 |
# 1994 Amstel Gold Race
The **1994 Amstel Gold Race** was the 29th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 23, 1994, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 250 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Maastricht. There were a total of 181 competitors, with 48 cyclists finishing the race.
## Results
Rider Team Time
---- ------- ------ --------
1
2 s.t.
3 \+ 7\"
4 s.t.
5 s.t.
6 s.t.
7 s.t.
8 s.t.
9 s.t.
10 s.t
| 92 |
1994 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,040,295 |
# Andrey Campos
**Andrey Campos Vargas** (born December 7, 1978) is a retired football player born in Costa Rica.
## Club career {#club_career}
He played for San Carlos, Pérez Zeledón, Herediano, Santos de Guápiles, Puntarenas, and Cartaginés. He had a spell abroad with Guatemalan side América de Chimaltenango Campos was known as a talented skillful offensive middle fielder with some fine skills for passing, dribbling, and shooting.
## International career {#international_career}
He played at the 1995 FIFA U-17 World Championship and 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship but never played for the senior Costa Rica national football team
| 97 |
Andrey Campos
| 0 |
11,040,305 |
# List of prehistoric structures in Great Britain
There are many prehistoric sites and structures of interest remaining from prehistoric Britain, spanning the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. Among the most important are the Wiltshire sites around Stonehenge and Avebury, which are designated as a World Heritage Site.
## Structures and sites {#structures_and_sites}
### Agricultural structures, mines and roads {#agricultural_structures_mines_and_roads}
- Bathampton Down, Iron Age earth enclosure with Bronze Age round barrows in the area.
- Bindon Hill, Iron Age earth enclosure.
- Great Orme, Bronze Age copper mines and an Iron Age hill fort.
- Grime\'s Graves, Neolithic flint mining complex.
- The Ridgeway, ancient trackway.
- Sweet Track, ancient causeway.
- Tarr Steps, late Bronze Age clapper bridge.
### Burial structures {#burial_structures}
- Arthur\'s Stone, Herefordshire, Neolithic chambered tomb.
- Barclodiad y Gawres, Neolithic cruciform passage grave.
- Belas Knap, Neolithic long barrow.
- Bryn Celli Ddu, Bronze Age passage grave on the site of a Neolithic stone circle and henge.
- Clava cairn, Bronze Age circular chamber tomb cairn.
- Devil\'s Lapful, Neolithic long cairn in Northumberland.
- Duggleby Howe, round barrow.
- Dartmoor kistvaens, burial tombs or cists found in Dartmoor in Devon.
- Fairy Toot, oval barrow.
- Five Marys, group of round barrows in Dorset.
- Julliberrie\'s Grave, unchambered earthen Neolithic long barrow.
- King\'s Quoit, Neolithic burial chamber in Pembrokeshire.
- Lanyon Quoit, dolmen.
- Lugbury Long Barrow, Neolithic burial mound in Wiltshire.
- Maeshowe, Neolithic chambered cairn and passage grave.
- Oakley Down Barrow Cemetery, group of round barrows in Dorset.
- Pentre Ifan, Neolithic dolmen.
- The Poind and his Man, burial mound and standing stone in Northumberland.
- Poor Lot Barrow Cemetery, group of round barrows in Dorset.
- Seven Barrows, site of bowl barrows, bell barrows, saucer barrows and disc barrows.
- Spinsters\' Rock, Neolithic dolmen.
- St Lythans, Neolithic dolmen.
- Stoney Littleton Long Barrow, Neolithic chambered tomb.
- Thickthorn Down Long Barrows, Neolithic long barrows in Dorset.
- Three Brothers of Grugith, Neolithic dolmen in Cornwall.
- Tinkinswood, Neolithic dolmen.
- Trethevy Quoit, Neolithic burial chamber.
- Wayland\'s Smithy, Neolithic long barrow and chamber tomb.
- West Kennet Long Barrow, Neolithic chambered long barrow.
- Wor Barrow, Neolithic long barrow in Dorset.
### Causewayed enclosures {#causewayed_enclosures}
- Barkhale Camp, West Sussex
- Coombe Hill
- Flagstones Enclosure, Dorset
- Hembury
- Robin Hood\'s Ball
- Stonehenge
- Windmill Hill
- Whitesheet Hill, Wiltshire
| 408 |
List of prehistoric structures in Great Britain
| 0 |
11,040,305 |
# List of prehistoric structures in Great Britain
## Structures and sites {#structures_and_sites}
### Fortifications
#### Hill forts {#hill_forts}
- Badbury Rings, Iron Age hill fort.
- Barbury Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Bat\'s Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Beacon Hill, late Bronze Age hill fort.
- Berry Castle, Iron Age hill fort
- Black Ball Camp, Iron Age hill fort
- Blackbury Camp, Iron Age hill fort.
- Blacker\'s Hill, Iron Age hill fort.
- Brean Down, Iron Age hill fort.
- Brent Knoll, Iron Age hill fort.
- Burledge Hill, Iron Age hill fort.
- Bury Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Cadbury Camp, Iron Age hill fort.
- Cadbury Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Cadbury Hill, Iron Age hill fort.
- Cannington Camp, Bronze and Iron Age hill fort
- Castell Dinas Brân, Iron Age hill fort.
- Castell Henllys, Iron Age hill fort.
- Castle an Dinas, Iron Age hill fort.
- Castle Hill, Iron Age hill fort.
- Castle Old Fort, Stonnall, Iron Age hill fort.
- Clatworthy Camp, Iron Age hill fort.
- Coney\'s Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Cow Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Danebury, Iron Age hill fort.
- Daw\'s Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Devil\'s Dyke, Iron Age defensive ditch.
- Dinas Dinlle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Dolebury Warren, Iron Age hill fort.
- Dowsborough, Iron Age hill fort.
- Dumbarton Castle, Iron Age stronghold.
- Dunadd, Iron Age hill fort.
- Dundon Hill (or Dundon Camp), Compton Dundon, Iron Age hill fort.
- Durnovaria, Iron Age hill fort.
- Eildon Hill, Late Bronze Age hill fort.
- Eggardon Hill, Iron Age hill fort.
- Ham Hill, Bronze and Iron Age hill fort
- Hambledon Hill, Iron Age hill fort and Neolithic causewayed enclosures.
- Hod Hill, Iron Age hill fort.
- Kenwalch\'s Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Kingsdown Camp, Iron Age hill fort.
- Lambert\'s Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Maes Knoll, Iron Age hill fort.
- Maesbury Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Maiden Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Norton Camp, Bronze Age hill fort
- Old Sarum, Iron Age hill fort and Neolithic settlement.
- Old Winchester Hill, Iron Age hill fort and Bronze Age barrows.
- Oram\'s Arbour, Iron Age hill fort.
- Pen Dinas, Iron Age hill fort.
- Pilsdon Pen, Iron Age hill fort.
- Plainsfield Camp, Iron Age hill fort.
- Poundbury Hill, Iron Age hill fort and Middle Bronze Age settlement.
- Ruborough Camp, Iron Age hill fort.
- Segsbury Camp, Iron Age hill fort.
- Sharpenhoe Clappers, Iron Age hill fort.
- Small Down Knoll, Bronze Age hill fort
- Solsbury Hill, Iron Age hill fort.
- Stantonbury Camp, Iron Age hill fort.
- Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications, Iron Age hill fort.
- Sweetworthy, Iron Age hill fort.
- Traprain Law, Iron Age hill fort.
- Trendle Ring, Iron Age hill fort.
- Tre\'r Ceiri, Iron Age hill fort.
- Uffington Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- White Castle, Iron Age hill fort.
- Wincobank, Iron Age hill fort.
- Worlebury Camp, Worlebury Hill, Iron Age hill fort.
#### Other defensive structures {#other_defensive_structures}
- Broch of Mousa, broch.
- Dun Carloway, broch.
- Edin\'s Hall Broch, broch.
- Eilean Dòmhnuill, crannog.
- Wansdyke
### Henges
- Arbor Low, late Neolithic Class II henge.
- Avebury, Neolithic henge and stone circles.
- Ballymeanoch, Neolithic henge with a small burial cairn as well as standing stones and stone circles.
- The Bull Ring, Neolithic Class II henge.
- Catholme ceremonial complex, Neolithic henge enclosure, timber circle and pit alignments
- Castle Dykes Henge, Neolithic Class I henge.
- Drove Cottage Henge, Heavily damaged Neolithic henge
- Durrington Walls, Neolithic Class II henge.
- King Arthur\'s Round Table, Neolithic Class II henge.
- Maumbury Rings, Neolithic henge later used as a Roman amphitheatre.
- Mayburgh Henge, Neolithic henge with standing stones.
- Priddy Circles, four stone circles and two round barrows
- Ring of Brodgar, Neolithic henge and stone circle.
- Thornborough Henges, three aligned Neolithic henges.
- Waulud\'s Bank, a possible Neolithic henge.
- Woodhenge, Neolithic Class I henge and timber circle.
### Hill figures {#hill_figures}
- Long Man of Wilmington, hill figure of uncertain age, but probably not prehistoric.
- Uffington White Horse, Bronze Age hill figure.
### Settlement sites {#settlement_sites}
- Carn Brea, Cornwall
- Cheddar Gorge and its caves, forming part of the Cheddar Complex
- Chysauster Ancient Village, Cornwall
- Din Lligwy, Anglesey
- Flag Fen, Cambridgeshire
- Glastonbury Lake Village
- Harrow Hill, West Sussex
- Huckhoe Settlement, Northumberland
- Little Woodbury, Wiltshire
- Martin Down Enclosure, Hampshire
- Morgan\'s Hill Enclosure, Wiltshire
- Rotherley Down Settlement, Wiltshire
- The Sanctuary, Wiltshire
- Shaftoe Crags Settlement, Northumberland
- Skara Brae, Orkney
- Shearplace Hill Enclosure, Dorset
- Shipton Hill Settlement, Dorset
- Slate Hill Settlement, Northumberland
- Smedmore Hill Settlement, Dorset
- South Lodge Camp, Wiltshire
- Thundersbarrow Hill, West Sussex
- Woodcutts Settlement, Dorset
| 836 |
List of prehistoric structures in Great Britain
| 1 |
11,040,305 |
# List of prehistoric structures in Great Britain
## Structures and sites {#structures_and_sites}
### Stone monuments {#stone_monuments}
- Achavanich
- Beckhampton Avenue
- Bennachie
- Birkrigg stone circle
- Boscawen-Un
- Boskednan stone circle
- The Bridestones
- Callanish Stones
- Castlerigg stone circle
- Doll Tor
- Drizzlecombe
- Grey Wethers
- The Hurlers
- Long Meg and Her Daughters
- The Longstones
- Mên-an-Tol
- The Merry Maidens
- Merrivale
- Mitchell\'s Fold
- Nine Ladies
- Rollright Stones
- Rudston (Rudston Monolith)
- Stalldown Barrow
- Standing Stones of Stenness
- Stanton Drew
- Stones of Scotland
- Swinside
- Temple Wood
- Threestoneburn Stone Circle
- Torhouse
- Tregeseal East stone circle
- Yellowmead stone circle
### Structures of unknown purpose {#structures_of_unknown_purpose}
- Grim\'s Ditch, bank and ditch earthworks.
- Seahenge, Bronze Age timber monument.
- Silbury Hill, the tallest prehistoric man-made mound in Europe.
- The Gop, Neolithic mound in Wales
| 156 |
List of prehistoric structures in Great Britain
| 2 |
11,040,327 |
# 1993 Amstel Gold Race
The **1993 Amstel Gold Race** was the 28th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on April 24, 1993, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 249 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Maastricht. There were a total of 158 competitors, with 87 cyclists finishing the race.
## Results
Rider Team Time
---- ------- ------ -------------
1
2 s.t.
3 \+ 1\' 02\"
4 \+ 1\' 07\"
5 s.t.
6 s.t.
7 s.t.
8 s.t.
9 \+ 2\' 17\"
10 s.t
| 96 |
1993 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,040,335 |
# Willy Zumblick
thumb\|Museu Willy Zumblick em Tubarão. **Willy Alfredo Zumblick** (September 13, 1913 -- April 3, 2008) was a Brazilian painter born in Tubarão, Santa Catarina state. His art expose historical facts, specially from his hometown.
Zumblick was born into an immigrant family. His father Roberto Zumblick came from Frankfurt am Main in 1903 and founded a watchmaker\'s shop. Willy worked with his father in his childhood. He started painting in his adolescence describing historical landscapes, facts, popular people and daily scenes of Santa Catarina people. He was awarded by the Rotary International as one of the 100 Famous Rotarians. He is an honorary member of Rotary Club Tubarão.
In 2000 the city of Tubarão built a museum in downtown area and named it after Zumblick. The museum holds most of his works.
Willy Zumblick died in his hometown on April 3, 2008, aged 94
| 146 |
Willy Zumblick
| 0 |
11,040,344 |
# Rietumu Banka–Riga
**Rietumu Banka--Riga** (`{{UCI code|RBR}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Latvian cycling team established in 2002 in order to develop Latvian cyclists to an international level. Its main sponsor is Rietumu Banka. During next year\`s former professional riders Jaan Kirsipuu and Arvis Piziks worked as sports directors. It was a UCI Continental team until the end of the 2008 season, when team shifted main focus on XC MTB racing. In 2012 the team is once again registered at UCI level. The most famous riders of the team have been Aleksejs Saramotins, 2015 world time trial champion Vasil Kiryienka, and 2015 UCI America Tour winner Toms Skujiņš.
The team disbanded at the end of the 2017 season
| 115 |
Rietumu Banka–Riga
| 0 |
11,040,345 |
# Liam Dunne (footballer)
**Liam Dunne** (born 1 September 1971) is an Irish former soccer player.
## Senior career {#senior_career}
As a midfielder, he played for Bohemians in 1990 and broke into the first team, making his league debut against Derry City on 2 September of that year. It was not long before he was snapped up by St Johnstone, after he impressed at the 1991 FIFA World Youth Championship for Ireland. This proved to be a shrewd move by Manager Alex Totten as Dunne certainly impressed while he was there. But in the 1992/93 season Alex Totten was sacked and new manager John McClelland didn\'t see young Dunne in his plans for the future. So next season Bohemians manager Eamonn Gregg brought him back to Dalymount Park.
## Crusaders
But Dunne did not settle back in **Phibsborough** and was soon sent on Loan to Crusaders FC of **Northern Ireland** for his first spell at the club. Dunne impressed at Seaview playing well and scoring regularly under manager Roy Walker. He then made his move permanent to Crusaders. He helped \"Crues\" to 2 consecutive IPA Premiership Titles in 1994 & 1995. He often turned out for the **IFA XI** which is for the best players in the IFA Premiership. Crusaders won the league in 1993/94 and in 1994-95. Dunne the tried a move to Portadown FC but did not work out because of an argument with the manager. Dunne then went to Dundalk where, in 2002 he won the FAI Ford Cup. It was a short successful spell for Dunne at Dundalk as he was linking up with players like James Keddy. But in 2005 Crusaders manager Stephen Baxter whom Dunne had played with for Crusaders came calling for him to come back to Seaview. It was an offer Dunne could not refuse. But by now \"Crues\" were in the second tier of Irish Football and were chasing promotion and they achieved it by winning the IFA Championship in the **2005-06** season. They had also won the Steel & Sons Cup that year. Crusaders went on to finish 6th in the IFA Premiership next season with experienced players such as Dunne and Jeff Spiers combining with younger players such as Colin Coates and David Rainey for a good season. But for Dunne this was to be his last game as he retired after the 2006-07 season.
### Honours
While at Seaview Dunne won 2 Irish Leagues, 1 Irish League Cup, The Gold Cup and FAI Cup for Dundalk, the Steel & Sons Cup, The IFA Intermediate League and the George Wilson Cup. Dunne also won 4 caps for the Republic of Ireland U21 Team.
## After Football {#after_football}
Now Dunne lives in his hometown Dublin and works as a plumber. He has three children Jack, Sam and Kate. Both Sam and Jack are promising Footballers Jack playing for Home Farm FC and Sam playing for [St Pauls Artane](https://web.archive.org/web/20120602002238/http://www.stpaulsartanefc.net/index2
| 488 |
Liam Dunne (footballer)
| 0 |
11,040,358 |
# Flor De Fuego
***Flor de Fuego*** is the fourth studio album from the Venezuelan Latin rock band Caramelos de Cianuro.
## Members
- Asier Cazalís (Vocalist)
- Alfonso Tosta (Drummer)
- Pável Tello (Bassist)
- Miguel González \"El Enano\" (Guitarist)
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. *Como Serpiente*
2. *No Eres Tú*
3. *Baby Cohete*
4. *Delineador*
5. *Chewin Gum*
6. *Así*
7. *Guerra Lenta*
8. *Flor de Fuego*
9. *Electrobotic*
10
| 72 |
Flor De Fuego
| 0 |
11,040,363 |
# Seven (Mustafa Sandal album)
***Seven*** is second internationally released album in 2003 by the Turkish pop singer Mustafa Sandal and his seventh album.
In 2004, the album was re-released under the title ***Seven New Version***. This was his third internationally released album.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
- *Seven*, 2003
1. \"Gel Aşkım\" -- **-- 3:53**
2. \"All My Life\" -- **-- 3:42**
3. \"Aya Benzer 2003\" -- **-- 3:58**
4. \"Kopmam Lazım (Retro Version)\" -- **-- 4:02**
5. \"Fıkra\" -- **-- 4:19**
6. \"Araba 2004\" -- **-- 4:48**
7. \"Story\" -- **-- 3:44**
8. \"Knife\" -- **-- 4:19**
9. \"She\'s in Love\" -- **-- 2:50**
10. \"Moonlight\" -- **-- 3:58**
11. \"Aşka Yürek Gerek (Solo Version)\" -- **-- 4:27**
12. \"Suç Bende (Magic Version)\" -- **-- 4:32**
13. \"Bonus Track\" -- **-- 4.19**
- *Seven New Version*, 2004
1. \"Gel Aşkım\" -- **-- 3:53**
2. \"All My Life\" -- **-- 3:42**
3. \"Aya Benzer (Moonlight)\" -- **-- 3:58**
4. \"Kopmam Lazım (Retro Version)\" -- **-- 4:02**
5. \"Fıkra\" -- **-- 4:19**
6. \"Araba (Single Version)\" -- **-- 3:51**
7. \"Story\" -- **-- 3:44**
8. \"Knife\" -- **-- 4:19**
9. \"Moonlight (feat. Gülcan)\" -- **-- 3:58**
10
| 197 |
Seven (Mustafa Sandal album)
| 0 |
11,040,372 |
# 1992 Amstel Gold Race
The **1992 Amstel Gold Race** was the 27th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 25, 1992, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 247.5 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Maastricht. There were a total of 168 competitors, with 82 cyclists finishing the race.
## Results
Rider Team Time
---- ------- ------ ------
1
2 s.t.
3 s.t.
4 s.t.
5 s.t.
6 s.t.
7 s.t.
8 s.t.
9 s.t.
10 s.t
| 91 |
1992 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,040,373 |
# Gumrah (1963 film)
***Gumrah*** (`{{translation|Astray}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1963 Hindi-language romantic drama film produced and directed by B. R. Chopra. The film stars Sunil Dutt, Ashok Kumar, Mala Sinha, Nirupa Roy, Deven Verma and Shashikala. The music was composed by Ravi and the lyrics were by Sahir Ludhianvi. The film was a box office success. It was remade in Malayalam as *Vivahitha* (1970). The 2005 film *Bewafaa* was reported to be a rehash of this movie. For her performance, Shashikala won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.
## Plot
Meena and Kamla are two daughters of a wealthy Nainital resident. While Kamla lives with her established attorney husband, Ashok, in Mumbai, Meena is in love with artist-singer Rajendra. When Kamla comes to Nainital for her delivery, she becomes aware of Meena\'s affair and plans to get her married to Rajendra. Ashok however, is totally unaware of this fact.
Before Kamla can do this, she dies after falling off a cliff near her father\'s home. Afraid that her sister\'s children will be ill-treated by a stepmother, Meena is compelled to marry Ashok. Ashok does not know about her love affair with Rajendra. For a while things go well, until she meets Rajendra again. He follows her to Mumbai, and they begin meeting secretly.
One day, Meena is caught by Leela, a woman who claims to be Rajendra\'s wife and who proceeds to blackmail her. Meena\'s life comes to a crisis, and she is forced to make a choice between Rajendra and Ashok.
Later Meena realizes that Leela is not Rajendra\'s wife and she attempts to kill her in anger but her husband Ashok stopped her. Ashok tells Meena that Leela is his secretary and he told his secretary to do that. Ashok tells Meena that she can go with Rajendra. Rajendra comes to Ashok\'s home but Meena tells him that there is no Meena but only Mrs. Ashok and she tells him to forget her. Then she apologizes to Ashok and Ashok forgives her. The film ends with the message \"And they lived happily thereafter\".
The movie examines the conflict of a married woman who is caught between her feelings for her lover and her duty to her husband and family. A bold theme for the times (1963), the same conflict is examined again in several south Indian films like Abhinandana (1988) and also the 2005 Akshay Kumar-starrer *Bewafaa*.
## Cast
- Ashok Kumar as Ashok
- Sunil Dutt as Rajendra
- Mala Sinha as Meena
- Nirupa Roy as Kamla
- Shashikala as Leela
- Deven Verma as Pyarelal
- Nana Palsikar as Meena\'s Father
- Karan Dewan as Suresh
- Shyama as Deepa
- Narbada Shankar as Pharmacist
## Soundtrack
## Awards
\|- \| rowspan=\"4\"\|1963 \| B. R
| 460 |
Gumrah (1963 film)
| 0 |
11,040,382 |
# Briscoe v. LaHue
***Briscoe v. LaHue***, 460 U.S. 325 (1983), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that Title 42 U.S.C. § 1983 did not authorize a convicted state defendant to assert a claim for damages against a police officer for giving perjured testimony at the defendant\'s criminal trial. In other words, police officers have absolute immunity from civil liability for lying on the stand in criminal cases. Officers may still theoretically be criminally liable for perjury, and the Court\'s reasoning was based on that liability sufficing as a deterrent, but that means the complaint cannot come from the person who faced the harm. The objection must come from agents of the state
| 119 |
Briscoe v. LaHue
| 0 |
11,040,396 |
# Isothiazolinone
**Isothiazolinone** (`{{IPAc-en|,|aI|s|oU|,|T|aI|.|@|'|z|oU|l|I|n|oU|n}}`{=mediawiki}; sometimes **isothiazolone**) is an organic compound with the formula (CH)~2~SN(H)CO. A white solid, it is structurally related to isothiazole. Isothiazolone itself is of limited interest, but several of its derivatives are widely used preservatives and antimicrobials.
## Synthesis
Compared to many other simple heterocycles, the discovery of isothiazolinone is fairly recent, with reports first appearing in the 1960s.
Isothiazolinones can be prepared on an industrial scale by the ring-closure of 3-mercaptopropanamides. These in turn are produced from acrylic acid via the 3-mercaptopropionic acid:
:
Ring-closure of the thiol-amide is typically effected by chlorination or oxidation of the 3-sulfanylpropanamide to the corresponding disulfide.
:
Many other routes have been developed, including addition of thiocyanate to propargyl amides.
## Mechanism of action {#mechanism_of_action}
The antimicrobial activity of isothiazolinones is attributed to their ability to inhibit life-sustaining enzymes, specifically those enzymes with thiols at their active sites. It is established that isothiazolinones form mixed disulfides upon treatment with such species.
## Applications
The principal isothiazolones are:
- Methylisothiazolinone (MIT, MI)
- Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT, CMI, MCI)
- Benzisothiazolinone (BIT)
- Octylisothiazolinone (OIT, OI)
- Dichlorooctylisothiazolinone (DCOIT, DCOI)
- Butylbenzisothiazolinone (BBIT)
These compounds all exhibit antimicrobial properties. They are used to control bacteria, fungi, and algae in cooling water systems, fuel storage tanks, pulp and paper mill water systems, oil extraction systems, wood preservation, and some paints. They are antifouling agents. They are frequently used in shampoos and other hair care products.
Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (methylisothiazolinone or MIT) are popular derivatives. A 3:1 mixture of CMIT:MIT is sold as *Kathon*. Kathon is supplied as a concentrated stock solution containing from 1.5 to 15% of CMIT/MIT. For applications the recommended use level is from 6 ppm to 75 ppm active isothiazolones.
4,5-Dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolino-3-one (DCOI or Sea-Nine 211) is used especially as an antifouling agent, i.e. paint for ship hulls to prevent the formation of barnacles, etc.
| 314 |
Isothiazolinone
| 0 |
11,040,396 |
# Isothiazolinone
## Safety and environmental aspects {#safety_and_environmental_aspects}
Together with their wanted function, controlling or killing microorganisms, isothiazolinones also have undesirable effects. Many countries are looking at partial or full bans of the substance due to the known dangers in using the biocide.`{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
### Environmental
Isothiazolinones have a high aquatic toxicity. DCOI has been detected in both port water and sediment samples in Osaka, Japan, especially in weakly circulating mooring areas. DCOI levels threaten various marine invertebrates. Isothiazolinones also are extremely toxic to fish.
### Dermatitis
In 2014 the European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety reported: \"The dramatic rise in the rates of reported cases of contact allergy to MI, as detected by diagnostic patch tests, is unprecedented in Europe; there have been repeated warnings about the rise (Gonçalo M, Goossens A. 2013). The increase is primarily caused by increasing consumer exposure to MI from cosmetic products; exposures to MI in household products, paints and in the occupational setting also need to be considered. The delay in re-evaluation of the safety of MI in cosmetic products is of concern to the SCCS; it has adversely affected consumer safety.\"
\"It is unknown what proportion of the general population is now sensitized to MI and has not been confirmed as sensitized.\" In 2014, the European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety further issued a voluntary ban on \"the mixture of Methylchloroisothiazolinone (and) Methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) from leave-on products such as body creams. The measure is aimed at reducing the risk from and the incidence of skin allergies. The preservative can still be used in rinse-off products such as shampoos and shower gels at a maximum concentration of 0.0015 % of a mixture in the ratio 3:1 of MCI/MI. The measure will apply for products placed on the market after 16 July 2015.\" Shortly thereafter, Canada moved to adopt similar measures in its Cosmetic Ingredients Hotlist. Additionally, new research into cross reactivity of MI-sensitized patients to variants benzisothiazolinone and octylisothiazolinone have found that reactions may occur if present in sufficient amounts.
| 340 |
Isothiazolinone
| 1 |
11,040,396 |
# Isothiazolinone
## Allergic contact dermatitis {#allergic_contact_dermatitis}
Methylisothiazolinone is used commonly in products in conjunction with methylchloroisothiazolinone, a mixture sold under the registered trade name Kathon CG. A common indication of sensitivity to Kathon CG is allergic contact dermatitis. Sensitization to this family of preservatives was observed as early as the late 1980s.The use of isothiazolinone-based preservatives has resulted in many incidences of contact allergy. In 2013 the substance was declared the *2013 Contact Allergen of the Year* by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. In 2016 the Dermatitis Academy launched a call to action for patients to report their isothiazolinone allergy to the FDA.
On December 13, 2013, the trade group, Cosmetics Europe, following discussions with the European Society of Contact Dermatitis (ESCD), recommended to its members \"that the use of Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) in leave-on skin products including cosmetic wet wipes is discontinued. This action is recommended in the interests of consumer safety in relation to adverse skin reactions. It is recommended that companies do not wait for regulatory intervention under the Cosmetics Regulation but implement this recommendation as soon as feasible.\"
On March 27, 2014, the European Commission\'s Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety issued an opinion on the safety of Methylisothiazolinone. This report only considered the issue of contact sensitization. The committee concluded:
"Current clinical data indicate that 100 ppm MI in cosmetic products is not safe for the consumer.
\"For leave-on cosmetic products (including 'wet wipes'), no safe concentrations of MI for induction of contact allergy or elicitation have been adequately demonstrated.
\"For rinse-off cosmetic products, a concentration of 15 ppm (0.0015%) MI is considered safe for the consumer from the view of induction of contact allergy. However, no information is available on elicitation."
Colgate-Palmolive had added it as an ingredient in a mouthwash put onto the market in August 2014 with the name Colgate Total Lasting White.
In industrial use, the greatest occupational inhalation exposure occurs during open pouring. Non-occupational exposure to isothiazolinones by the general population also occurs, albeit at much lower concentrations. These compounds are present in a number of commonly used cosmetics
| 348 |
Isothiazolinone
| 2 |
11,040,428 |
# 1st Separate Brigade (Philippine Expedition)
The **1st Separate Brigade (Philippine Expedition)**, United States Army was a U.S. expeditionary brigade. It was commanded by Brigadier General Marcus P. Miller consisted of the 18th U.S. Infantry Regiment, 51st Iowa Infantry Regiment and a battery of 6th Artillery. It was organised to provide a U.S. Army expeditionary force for the Philippine campaign of the Spanish--American War.
## History
It was formed on December 24, 1898, after General Otis received permission from the United States Department of War to accept the surrender of the Spanish garrison of Iloilo City. The brigade left Manila on December 26 and arrived outside the city abroad the cruiser USS *Baltimore* on the morning of the 28th to discover insurgents had already occupied the city. Miller, at the request of Otis, tried to negotiate for US troops to enter the city but a stalemate ensued. On February 2 the 51st had to be returned to Manila due to poor morale
| 162 |
1st Separate Brigade (Philippine Expedition)
| 0 |
11,040,430 |
# Robert M. Warner
**Robert Mark Warner** (June 28, 1927 -- April 24, 2007) was an American historian who served as the Sixth Archivist of the United States at the National Archives, from July 24, 1980, to April 15, 1985.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Montrose, Colorado, he graduated from South High School in Denver, Colorado, in 1945. He then earned a bachelor\'s degree at Muskingum College in 1949 and a Ph.D. in American history in 1958 from the University of Michigan.
## Career
He was third director of the Michigan Historical Collections before taking the federal job.
The National Archives, founded in 1934, had been part of the General Services Administration since 1949 and was controlled by political appointees. During his term, he was elected president of the Society of American Archivists, and served in that position from 1976 to 1977. As Archivist, Warner pushed for institutional independence for the archives. Charles McC. Mathias and Thomas F. Eagleton introduced legislation that turned the Archives into the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in 1985.
That year, Warner returned to the University of Michigan, eventually becoming Dean of the School of Information and Library Science. The NARA Robert M. Warner Research Center is named in his honor.
## Death
He died in Ann Arbor, Michigan, of a heart attack on April 24, 2007, after battling cancer for a year
| 230 |
Robert M. Warner
| 0 |
11,040,433 |
# 101st Illinois Infantry Regiment
The **101st Illinois Infantry Regiment** was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
## Service
The 101st Illinois Infantry was organized at Jacksonville, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on September 2, 1862. The regiment was mustered out on June 7, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, Illinois, on June 21, 1865.
## Total strength and casualties {#total_strength_and_casualties}
The regiment suffered 3 officers and 47 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officer and 118 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 169 fatalities.
## Commanders
- Colonel Charles H. Fox -- Resigned May 1, 1864.
- Lieutenant Colonel John B. Lesage -- Mustered out with the regiment
| 130 |
101st Illinois Infantry Regiment
| 0 |
11,040,438 |
# 1991 Amstel Gold Race
The **1991 Amstel Gold Race** was the 26th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Saturday April 27, 1991, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 244 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Maastricht. There were a total of 185 competitors, with 123 cyclists finishing the race.
## Results
Cyclist Team Time
---- --------- ------------------ ---------
1
2 s.t.
3 Tonton Tapis--GB s.t.
4 \+ 10\"
5 \+ 16\"
6 s.t.
7 s.t.
8 Weinmann-EVS s.t.
9 s.t.
10 s.t
| 96 |
1991 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,040,440 |
# Combination fire department
A **combination fire department** or **composite department** is a type of fire department which consists of both career and volunteer firefighters. In the United States, combination fire departments are typically tax-supported in some fashion, and generally have an annual call volume larger than purely volunteer departments but less than career departments.
## Career staff {#career_staff}
The career staff assigned to a volunteer station will handle all daily operations. This includes but is not limited to equipment checks, essential maintenance, firehouse maintenance, etc. The career staff at a station typically do not answer to the volunteer chain of command, but to the jurisdiction they work for. The career staff in a combination fire department staff a station or unit because the volunteers in that station are unable to respond at some or all the hours in a day (volunteer firefighters have traditional jobs/careers that would prevent them from leaving work and responding to every call while working regular business hours). Furthermore, the volunteer organization may not have the manpower to cover all calls, and the career staff augments them to provide minimal staffing for preexisting jurisdictional requirements.
Career staff are not in charge of the volunteer firehouse. Depending on the staffing requirements, the career staff may be there 24/7, they maintain the station and equipment, but it still belongs to the volunteers.
## Volunteer firefighters {#volunteer_firefighters}
Volunteer firefighters associated with a combination or volunteer department generally respond to the station or directly to an incident when an emergency call is dispatched. Volunteer firefighters operate in the same range as full-time \"career\" firefighters, responding to fires and, in many communities, also to vehicle accidents, emergencies with hazardous materials, confined spaces, and rescues from water or other situations. They commonly also provide first emergency medical response prior to the arrival of the ambulances.
Some combination departments require their volunteer firefighters to be trained to the same standards as their full-time counterparts. Career firefighters often start with a combination department to acquire experience and training and then attempt to get hired in the career service.
Volunteer firefighters often are compensated in one form or another, and those paid are often referred to as *part paid* or *paid on-call* firefighters. Actual volunteer firefighters are few, as it is economically unfeasible for fire personnel to be compensated for the time required for requisite training and for the personal costs of responding to dispatched calls. Actual volunteer firefighters are not paid for their time. However, the U.S. Department of Labor has ruled that under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), volunteer firefighters can be paid a nominal fee up to 20% of the compensation a full-time firefighter would receive. These nominal fees can be based per call or shift or other requirements of service but may not be productivity based as in an hourly wage. After a certain number of years of service, some departments offer pension-like programs called Length of Service Award Programs, and some states provide tax breaks to volunteer firefighters. LOSAP, worker\'s compensation, liability insurance, disability insurance, expense reimbursement, and other benefits can be offered to volunteers without jeopardizing their volunteer status with the Department of Labor. However, under FLSA, a firefighter working for an employer as a career firefighter may not volunteer their time as a firefighter or fire marshal for the same employer. A volunteer firefighter may volunteer as a firefighter for the same agency only if they are employed in a different role.
*Part paid* or *paid on-call* refers to the fact that some volunteer firefighters are only partly compensated, and their stipend or pay often does not fully cover the costs associated with being a firefighter, including lost wages from their primary occupation for response to dispatches and training. Their pay may be hourly based and may not qualify for volunteer status under FLSA. In addition, many part paid or paid on-call firefighters with combination departments still volunteer or are unpaid for part or all of the time they spend on training, administrative tasks, equipment maintenance, public education, and fundraising and often cover the cost of supplemental training from their own pockets.
Volunteer firefighters carry radios or fire pagers, primarily the Motorola Minitor, to receive dispatch information where ever they are at the time a call is dispatched. Some combination departments use Nextel cell phones and alpha pagers with priority service contracts to send information to volunteer firefighters. Depending on the response structure of the combination department, the volunteer may respond to the station to pick up an apparatus, or go directly to the scene of an incident in their vehicle with a full-time firefighter bringing the needed apparatus and equipment to the incident. Some combination departments also use volunteer firefighters to cover unfilled shifts of the full-time firefighters. Most volunteer firefighters live or work in the community they respond to fire dispatches in, and most combination departments require residency within the community or a certain distance of the community, in which they serve. Depending on the department, volunteer firefighters may respond 24/7 to any dispatched incidents or be split into response shifts. Response to incidents may be required during transitions, or a periodic run percentage may be required to maintain active status on a combination or volunteer department.
## Auxiliary volunteers {#auxiliary_volunteers}
Sometimes departments have auxiliary volunteers who handle administrative functions and fundraising operations.
| 889 |
Combination fire department
| 0 |
11,040,440 |
# Combination fire department
## Junior Firefighters/Fire Explorers {#junior_firefightersfire_explorers}
Junior firefighters and Fire Explorers are youths, typically in high school, sometimes junior high school, that learn about local fire and emergency services. They can receive medical training and fire training. Many programs allow them to respond alongside firefighters to incidents and will enable them to serve usually as exterior firefighters and assist in emergency medical services that they are trained and qualified for. In a combination department, they can provide a basis from which volunteers are recruited from and provide additional manpower under certain circumstances.
## Work environment {#work_environment}
In combination fire departments, volunteer firefighters often outnumber career firefighters. This can create a highly complex work environment, as full-time fire personnel typically are unionized employees under contract and volunteers rarely are. Friction can arise in this environment as the career staff are typically at a station more than the volunteers.
Another potential source of friction is the fact that career staff and volunteers are in separate chains of command. The volunteers cannot be reprimanded by career staff and vice-versa. Career staff must also meet a minimum training level often at an associated academy while volunteers have lower minimum requirements. However, in many cases, volunteers have been associated with a department longer than career staff. Sometimes starting volunteer firefighters are perceived as using their volunteer positions as stepping stones to full-time career positions.
Other issues can stem from inequities or resentment caused by bargained-for benefits career firefighters receive under contract, including training wages, shorter gear rotations, clothing allowances, and overtime pay.
## ISO ratings {#iso_ratings}
Insurance Services Office (ISO) fire suppression ratings are independent of whether a department is full-time, combination, or volunteer
| 282 |
Combination fire department
| 1 |
11,040,451 |
# Villemeneux
**Villemeneux** is a hamlet located on the territory of the commune of Brie-Comte-Robert, in Seine-et-Marne, France.
## Localization
Villemeneux is located at the medium of the agricultural fields, very close to Combs-la-Ville and the town of Brie-Comte-Robert.
Here is a warehouse of buses, which serve these nearby cities.
## Construction
The town of increasing Brie-Comte-Robert and the trade increase in a number.
Consequently the population of Villemeneux increases and there are more and more houses in construction and of restoration of old farms and barns.
## Agriculture
Villemeneux is surrounded of fields of Colza\...; There are still farms and the main thing activity of the locality is agriculture
| 110 |
Villemeneux
| 0 |
11,040,473 |
# Dave Connell
**Dave Connell** (born 27 November 1961) was an Irish soccer player during the 1970s and 1980s. He is currently the head coach of the U19 Republic of Ireland women\'s national football team and works as a Football In Community Development Officer for the Football Association of Ireland
| 50 |
Dave Connell
| 0 |
11,040,486 |
# 1989 Amstel Gold Race
The **1989 Amstel Gold Race** was the 24th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 22, 1989, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 242 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 162 competitors, with 108 cyclists finishing the race.
## Results
Rider Team Time
---- ------- ------ -------------
1
2 \+ 19\"
3 s.t.
4 \+ 20\"
5 \+ 22\"
6 \+ 1\' 45\"
7 s.t.
8 \+ 1\' 47\"
9 s.t.
10 s.t
| 98 |
1989 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,040,506 |
# Adam Carse
**Adam Von Ahnen Carse** (19 May 1878 -- 2 November 1958) was an English composer, academic, music writer and editor, remembered today for his studies on the history of instruments and the orchestra, and for his educational music. His collection of around 350 antique wind instruments is now in the Horniman Museum.
## Life
Born in Newcastle upon Tyne, Carse received his first musical education in Hanover in 1893, and from 1894-1903 was a Macfarren scholar at the Royal Academy of Music, London where he studied composition with Frederick Corder. He received the 1902 medal from the Worshipful Company of Musicians, handed to the best student of the academy. He was assistant music master at Winchester College between 1909 and 1922, then returning to the Academy as Professor of Harmony and Counterpoint until 1940.
During and after the war Carse concentrated on writing and editing. His books (described in *The Musical Times* as \"of first rate importance\") include *Musical Wind Instruments* (1939), *The Orchestra in the 18th Century* (1940) and *The Orchestra from Beethoven to Berlioz* (1948), as well as a biography of the composer, conductor and showman Louis-Antoine Jullien, who established a concert series that was a forerunner to the Henry Wood Proms. He also specialised in editing early classical symphonies by composers such as Carl Friedrich Abel, Thomas Arne, J C Bach, Gossec and Stamitz.
Carse married Verena Muriel Fancourt Mutter, and their son Edward Adam Carse was born in June 1911. In February 1945 Edward was killed in action. Carse dedicated his Fifth Symphony, written in June 1945, to the memory of his son. In 1947 he donated his collection of 350 wind instruments to the Horniman Museum in South London, also in his son\'s memory: there is a plaque commemorating his gift in the Horniman Music Gallery.
Carse died in 1958 at his home - Winton, Martin\'s End Lane, Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire - aged eighty. His wife Verena died in 1966. Alongside the donated instruments at the Horniman is his personal library, containing research papers, manuscript notes, copies of lectures, correspondence, makers catalogues, sales lists and concert programmes.
| 355 |
Adam Carse
| 0 |
11,040,506 |
# Adam Carse
## Music
According to Arthur Eaglefield Hull, Carse had \"a pleasant and well finished style of writing, which concerns itself more with sound construction than original or atmospheric effects\". Much of the material he wrote and arranged for school orchestras, young string players and pianists is still in use today. Among his educational piano works is the short *Miniature Scherzo*, which was chosen as one of ten test pieces for the Daily Express national piano playing competition in 1928, and recorded as a demonstration by William Murdoch.
Early orchestral works included a prelude to Byron\'s *Manfred* and two symphonic poems: *The Death of Tintagiles* (1902) and *In a Balcony*, (after Browning) the latter performed at the Proms on 26 August 1905. There was also a large-scale dramatic cantata setting Elizabeth Barrett Browning\'s *The Lay of the Brown Rosary*, for soloists, choir and orchestra, published in 1902. He wrote five symphonies, the second, in G minor, premiered by the orchestra of the Royal College of Music in London in November 1908 with the composer conducting, and the third (in F major, composed in 1927) was performed by the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra on 20 April 1932 and broadcast from the Bournemouth Pavilion by the BBC.
His many works for strings included the *Two Sketches*, performed at the Proms on 4 September 1924, and the five movement *Winton Suite* of 1933, showing the influence of eighteenth century dance suites. Carse also wrote chamber music, including a Violin Sonata published in 1921 and the *Miniature String Quartet* in A minor, published in 1934. The seven *Variations for Strings* were composed as late as 1953 and broadcast by the BBC on 10 May 1954. For his compositions Carse occasionally used the name William Kent as an alias, and sometimes Adam Ahn-Carse.
## Books
- *The History of Orchestration* (1925)
- *Musical Wind Instruments* (1939)
- *The Orchestra in the 18th Century* (1940)
- *The Orchestra from Beethoven to Berlioz* (1948)
- *18th Century Symphonies* (1951)
- *The Life of Jullien* (1951)
## Selected works {#selected_works}
**Orchestral and large ensemble**
- *Berceuse* for strings (1946)
- *The Death of Tintagiles*, symphonic poem (1902)
- *Festival March* for strings
- *Happy Heart Overture* for orchestra
- *Holiday Overture* for orchestra
- *In a Balcony*, symphonic poem (1905)
- *Lullaby and Dance* for orchestra
- *Manfred*, orchestral prelude
- *The Merry Milkmaids*, orchestral suite for children (1922)
- *Miniature Symphony* for strings in D
- *Northern Song* for strings
- *Norwegian Fantasia* for violin and orchestra
- *The Nursery*, suite for orchestra (1928)
- *Romance and Gavotte* for strings
- *Romantic Legend* for orchestra (1938)
- Suite in C for strings (1925)
- Symphony No 1 (1906)
- Symphony No 2 (1908, rev
| 458 |
Adam Carse
| 1 |
11,040,510 |
# Galaxie (band)
**Galaxie** is a Francophone indie garage rock band formed in 2002 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Formerly known as **Galaxie 500**, they should not be confused with the American alternative rock band Galaxie 500.
## History
Under their original name, the band released two albums, *Galaxie 500* (2002) and *Le Temps au point mort* (2006), on the C4 Records label.
Following the release of *Le Temps au Point Mort*, Galaxie 500 was nominated for the Group of the Year award in the 10th annual MIMI (Montreal International Music Initiative) awards.
The lineup that recorded *Galaxie 500* consisted of Olivier Langevin (guitar and vocals), Pierre Girard (guitar), Fred Fortin (guitar and vocals), Simon Gauthier (bass), and Michel Dufour (drums).
Several changes in personnel occurred between the recording of the two albums. For *Le Temps au point mort*, Langevin was joined by returning members Girard (guitar) and Fortin (drums), and by Vincent Peake (bass) of Groovy Aardvark (1986--2005) and François Lafontaine (keyboards) of Karkwa.
Under its current name, the band released its third album, *Tigre et diesel*, in 2011. The album was subsequently named a shortlisted nominee for the 2011 Polaris Music Prize
| 193 |
Galaxie (band)
| 0 |
11,040,515 |
# Cumberland Basin (Bristol)
The **Cumberland Basin** is the main entrance to the docks of the city of Bristol, England. It separates the areas of Hotwells from the tip of Spike Island.
## History
The River Avon never flowed through the Cumberland Basin. Before the 19th century improvements and the construction of the non-tidal Floating Harbour, the Avon flowed through the tidal harbour and out through the future location of the Underfall Yard. When the basin and Floating Harbour were constructed the river was diverted through the New Cut, bypassing the harbour entirely.
Following competition from other ports, in 1802 William Jessop proposed installing a dam and lock at Hotwells to create the harbour. The £530,000 scheme was approved by Parliament, and construction began in May 1804. The scheme included the construction of the Cumberland Basin, a large wide stretch of the harbour in Hotwells where the Quay walls and bollards have listed building status.
The new scheme required a way to equalise the levels inside and outside the Dock for the passage of vessels to and from the Avon, and bridges to cross the water. Jessop built Cumberland Basin with two entrance locks from the tidal Avon, of width 45 ft and 35 ft, and a 45 ft wide junction lock between the Basin and what became known as the Floating Harbour. This arrangement provided flexibility of operation with the Basin being used as a lock when there were large numbers of arrivals and sailings. The harbour was officially opened on 1 May 1809. The first alteration was the construction of the south junction lock which was completed in 1849 and had a single-leaf wrought-iron gate. It is no longer used and has been sealed by a concrete wall.
In 1831 a terrace of eight houses were built for the Bristol Docks Company. In 1870 a hydraulic pump house was built by Thomas Howard to power the bridges and machinery. It has since been converted into the Pump House pub, with hydraulic power being provided from the Hydraulic engine house at the Underfall Yard. Jack O Sullivan disappeared nearby in 2024.
| 352 |
Cumberland Basin (Bristol)
| 0 |
11,040,515 |
# Cumberland Basin (Bristol)
## Swing bridges {#swing_bridges}
When Brunel rebuilt the entrance locks of the Cumberland Basin in Bristol Harbour, between 1848 and 1849, he also constructed a number of swinging bridges -- Brunel\'s first moving bridges. These were of centre-pivot construction, but were highly asymmetrical, the outboard side being nearly three times longer than the landward, balanced by large cast iron counterweights.
As the bridges were for light roadways and did not have to carry the weight of a railway or train, their girders were of a lightweight construction, known as balloon flange girders that simplified manufacture. A full balloon upper flange was used, similar in shape to the South Wales Railway bridges, but the flange sat above the main web of the girder and the web did not span the flange and reach to the top. This simplified construction as it avoided the T-joint, the necessary L-strips and thus several rows of riveting. The lower flange was of an entirely novel form, being triangular in section, although with concave sides. Again, the main web did not span the flange. All three joints were now simple lap joints with single-row riveting.
One of the bridges was moved from the south entrance lock to the north entrance dock in 1873. It was originally hand cranked and later adapted to use hydraulic power. It became redundant in the 1960s when it was replaced by the large Plimsoll Swing Bridge and was left on the side of the dock partially beneath the new bridge. It is now known as \"Brunel\'s other bridge\" to differentiate it from the nearby Clifton Suspension Bridge. The old Junction Lock swing bridge was originally powered by water pressure from the Underfall Yard hydraulic engine house at 750 psi but was converted to electro hydraulic with PLC control in 2010 by KPR Engineering. The new Plimsoll Bridge, completed in 1965, utilises a similar electro-hydraulic system using oil at a pressure of 4480 psi.
Like a number of early Brunel bridges, Brunel\'s involvement with them was largely forgotten and only recorded in obscure works. At one point they were under serious threat of demolition until their historical significance was re-recognised. Brunel\'s other bridge is listed on the Heritage at Risk Register. A £1 million appeal was launched in 2014 to restore the bridge, and English Heritage has offered a grant towards its restoration. In 2019, after work by volunteers from Avon Industrial Buildings Trust, a grant of £62,000 has been awarded by Historic England for restoration work.
## Future plans {#future_plans}
The elevated road network built in the 1960s which forms the majority of land at the Cumberland Basin is nearing the end of its intended lifespan. Since 2015, plans have existed to redevelop the area. Bristol mayor Marvin Rees announced in 2017 the intention to regenerate the area under the name **Western Harbour**, a name referring to the area at the westerly entrance to the historic Floating Harbour, including the areas immediately to the north and south. In August 2019, a public consultation began seeking local residents\' views on the area\'s future, including new bridges and housing options. In 2021, Bristol City Council announced a six-month period of community engagement into the area, in order to develop a vision for its future transformation
| 546 |
Cumberland Basin (Bristol)
| 1 |
11,040,519 |
# Regillio Nooitmeer
**Regillio \"Regi\" Nooitmeer** (born 16 July 1983) is a Dutch-born Haitian former footballer who played as a defender. He has played for the senior Haiti national team, having previously represented the Netherlands at under-21 level.
## Career
He was released by Irish club Galway United of the League of Ireland, due to the club\'s financial difficulties. Nooitmeer joined Galway United in 2007 on a two-year deal.
In 2008, he was scheduled to move to Drogheda United. He agreed a two-year contract with the club but a heart condition was discovered in his medical with Drogheda. Nooitmeer was forced to retire temporarily from the game whilst undergoing extensive medical testing to prove the original diagnosis was incorrect. He has since been proven fully fit.
He returned to the Netherlands and signed with SC Neptunus Rotterdam.
In 2010, he joined FC Haka in Finland. He had a great season and was one of the best defenders in the 2010 season. He is widely known for his speed, great tackling and his passion for the game. Regi is a Fans favourite.
Nooitmeer has played centre-back, right-back, defensive midfield and as a right winger. He has also played left-back for Galway United.
He is 6 ft tall and weights 12 st
## International career {#international_career}
In March 2008 he made his international debut for Haiti in a 3-1 loss to Ecuador.
His international career was cut short by the mis-diagnosed heart condition
| 241 |
Regillio Nooitmeer
| 0 |
11,040,532 |
# Hamraaz
***Hamraaz*** (`{{Translation|Confidant}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1967 Indian Bollywood suspense thriller film, produced and directed by B. R. Chopra and written by Akhtar-Ul-Iman. It stars Raaj Kumar, Sunil Dutt, Vimi, Mumtaz in lead roles, with Balraj Sahni, Madan Puri, Jeevan, Iftekhar, Sarika in other important roles. The film\'s music is by Ravi, while the lyrics were penned by Sahir Ludhianvi. The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi.
## Plot
Meena meets a military man, Rajesh and falls in love with him and marries him in secret. However he is sent to war almost immediately. Meena is pregnant and gives birth to a baby girl. However, she is told that the baby was stillborn.
Kumar is a well-known stage actor in Bombay, who performs plays along with his partner Shabhnam. While on a trip to scenic Darjeeling, he meets and falls in love with Meena, the only daughter of a wealthy military contractor, Verma. Shortly thereafter, Kumar and Meena get married and return home to Bombay. Four years later, Meena\'s dad passes away after telling her that she had given birth to a baby girl which he had hidden from her for her future life ahead and takes a promise to not reveal this to Kumar. He gives her some papers before passing away as a proof of that girl child. After her Father\'s death Meena goes to Orphanage and checks on that girl and brings her home to Mumbai saying she wants to adopt the girl. Kumar refuses this and Meena has to send the kid back to Orphanage.
During a christmas party in Mumbai, Meena meets Mahender(Rajesh\'s friend) and Mahender starts blackmailing Meena that he has some letters which she had written to Rajesh. He keeps calling Meena to visit him in hotel. Soon, Kumar notices that Meena does not accompany him to the stage any more, and excuses herself on the pretext of being ill. He finds clues that suggest that she is meeting somebody else on the sly. Suspicious, Kumar makes the excuse of going to Pune, and instead dons a beard and goes by the name of S.N. Sinha. He checks into a hotel, and writes his name in the hotel register. That night, he returns to his home, to find the door open, and before he can investigate anything, he hears a gunshot. Kumar runs into the room and finds Meena dead, shot in her chest.
Enraged, he decides to call the police station, but realizes that he will be implicated in the murder -- his fingerprints are on the gun, he is in disguise, and he is next to the body. Kumar returns to the hotel instead, and smokes a lot of cigarettes. The case is assigned to Inspector Ashok, and the next day, when Kumar \"returns\" to Bombay, Ashok observes that Kumar knows which room the body is in, without being told by anyone.
The coconut seller near Kumar\'s house says that he saw a bearded man in the area the night of the murder, and the owner of the hotel which Kumar had checked into calls the police, saying that a bearded man had checked into his hotel. The cigarettes that Kumar had smoked are recovered, and handed over to Ashok. When he visits Kumar at his house the next day, Kumar offers him the same brand of cigarette, rousing his suspicion. Soon, more clues surface, pointing at Kumar as the killer.
In a fit of haste, Kumar decides to run away from the growing suspicion of Inspector Ashok. His friend, lawyer Jagmohan, says that he will now definitely be implicated as the murderer of Meena. Desperate, he finds a clue about the suspected killer from his home -- a key with room number of a hotel. Kumar visits the room as a last attempt to clear things before he is caught. There, he meets Captain Rajesh who calms him down and tells him that none of them is the real killer. He tells Kumar that he is his wife\'s first husband, who was supposedly killed on the front, and how he wanted her to acquire their illegitimate child, Sarika, because she wouldn\'t be able to raise a child born out of wedlock.
Captain Rajesh tells Kumar that whoever the killer is, he was seen by Sarika because she was present in the room where Meena was murdered while both mother and daughter were playing and their activities being recorded by a video camera. Together, they try to find the girl, eventually tracing her to Ooty. Unknown to them, Inspector Ashok is on their trail. Soon, they both are arrested by him with the help of Ooty Police. Kumar explains his case, and they try to find Sarika, and she is at the house of a man called Tejpal, who tries to run away from there. Shabnam and Jagmohan arrive with the videotape of the night that Meena was murdered. It is revealed that Tejpal is the killer, but he quickly draws a gun and picks up Sarika, threatening to kill her should any of them try to stop him.
Captain Rajesh manages to save Sarika from Tejpal, but he is shot twice by the latter. Now free to attack him, Ashok draws his gun and shoots Tejpal, and Kumar rushes over to Captain Rajesh. Tejpal is killed by Ashok and Sarika is safe. Captain Rajesh dies, and at the end of the movie, Kumar tells Shabnam that he cannot work -- Meena was his only inspiration. Shabnam shows him Sarika sitting in Meena\'s seat, and he embraces Shabnam.
## Cast
- Raaj Kumar as Captain Rajesh
- Sunil Dutt as Kumar / S. N. Sinha
- Vimi as Meena
- Mumtaz as Shabnam
- Balraj Sahni as Inspector Ashok
- Madan Puri as Tejpal
- Jeevan as Thakur
- Iftekhar as Advocate Jagmohan
- Anwar Hussain as Captain Mahendra
- Manmohan Krishna as Major Verma
- Achala Sachdev as Matron
- Urmila Bhatt as Mrs. Tejpal
- Sarika as Sarika
- Mubarak as Mr. Sahni
- Keshav Rana as Hotel Shiraz\'s Receptionist
- Nana Palsikar as Jumma, Coconut Seller
- Nazir Kashmiri as Doctor
- Helen as Dancer
| 1,033 |
Hamraaz
| 0 |
11,040,532 |
# Hamraaz
## Soundtrack
The music was composed by Ravi, and the lyrics were penned by Sahir Ludhianvi. Mahendra Kapoor won the Filmfare Award for Best Playback Singer for the song \"Neele Gagan Ke Tale\".
Song Singer
------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------
\"Neele Gagan Ke Tale\" Mahendra Kapoor
\"Na Munh Chhupake Jeeo\" Mahendra Kapoor
\"Tum Agar Saath Dene Ka\" Mahendra Kapoor
\"Kisi Patthar Ki Murat Se\" Mahendra Kapoor
\"Tu Husn Hai, Main Ishq Hoon, Tu Mujh Mein Hai, Main Tujh Mein Hoon\" Mahendra Kapoor, Asha Bhosle
## Awards
- 1968 Filmfare Best Male Playback Award for Mahendra Kapoor for the song \"*Neele Gagan Ke Tale*\"
- 1968 National Film Award for Best Cinematography for M. N. Malhotra
- 1968 Filmfare Best Cinematographer Award for M. N
| 123 |
Hamraaz
| 1 |
11,040,549 |
# 1882 in the United Kingdom
Ireland {{!}} Scotland {{!}} Wales \|label2= Sport \|data2 =
1882 English cricket season\
Football: England\
}} Events from the year **1882 in the United Kingdom**.
## Incumbents
- Monarch -- Victoria
- Prime Minister -- William Ewart Gladstone (Liberal)
## Events
- 12 January -- Holborn Viaduct power station in the City of London, the world\'s first coal-fired public electricity generating station, begins operation, supplying street lighting and some premises.
- 25 January -- London Chamber of Commerce founded.
- 16 February -- Trimdon Grange colliery disaster: an underground explosion in the Durham Coalfield kills 69.
- 2 March -- Roderick Maclean fails in an attempt to assassinate Queen Victoria outside Windsor railway station, the last attempt on her life.
- 24 March -- Jumbo the elephant departs from Britain having been sold by London Zoo to the American showman P. T. Barnum for \$10,000.
- 25 March -- Old Etonians F.C. beat Blackburn Rovers 1--0 in the FA Cup Final at The Oval, the last time an amateur team will win.
- May -- Burnley F.C. changes codes from Rugby union to Association football.
- 2 May -- \'Kilmainham Treaty\', an agreement between the British government and the gaoled Irish nationalist leader Charles Stewart Parnell extending the terms of the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 to abate tenant rent arrears, is announced.
- 6 May -- Phoenix Park Murders in Ireland: Lord Frederick Cavendish, the newly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, and Thomas Henry Burke, his Permanent Undersecretary, are fatally stabbed in Phoenix Park, Dublin, by members of the \"Irish National Invincibles\" (militant Irish republicans).
- 18 May -- the fourth Eddystone Lighthouse is illuminated for the first time; its designer, James Douglass, is knighted the following month.
- 3 July -- Interments (felo de se) Act 1882 permits the normal burial of a *felo de se* suicide.
- 11--13 July -- Anglo-Egyptian War: The British Mediterranean Fleet carries out the Bombardment of Alexandria, its forces capturing the city of Alexandria in Egypt and securing the Suez Canal.
- 10 August -- Settled Land Act facilitates the sale of landed estates.
- 15 August -- Married Women\'s Property Act enables wives to buy, own and sell property and to keep their own earnings, with effect from 1883.
- 29 August -- the England cricket team is beaten for the first time in a home Test cricket match by Australia at The Oval (by 7 runs). The 2 September issue of *The Sporting Times* first refers to \"The Ashes\".
- 5 September -- Tottenham Hotspur F.C. founded as Hotspur F.C. by London schoolboys.
- 13 September -- Anglo-Egyptian War: British troops occupy Cairo and Egypt becomes British protectorate.
- 25 September -- Young Men\'s Christian Institute, the former Royal Polytechnic Institute (Britain\'s first polytechnic) and a predecessor of the University of Westminster, opens in new premises in Regent Street, London, provided by Quintin Hogg.
- 28 October -- six Benedictine monks return from France to commence the rebuilding of Buckfast Abbey in Devon, largely destroyed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
- 25 November -- the Gilbert and Sullivan comic opera *Iolanthe* is first produced, at the Savoy Theatre in London.
- 4 December -- Queen Victoria opens the Royal Courts of Justice in London.
- 28 December -- Newlands Mill chimney in Bradford collapses causing the loss of 54 lives, mostly young girls and boys.
### Undated
- \"Mundella Code\" promotes \'enlightened\' teaching in public elementary schools.
- Battle of the Braes on the Scottish island of Skye: Protests by crofting tenants facing eviction; police from Glasgow and the military are sent to restore order.
- The county town of Lancashire is transferred from Lancaster to Preston, where a new County Hall is opened.
- The Chartered Institute of Patent Agents is founded (later becoming the Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys).
- The Society for Psychical Research is founded by Henry Sidgwick.
- Lager is brewed at Wrexham, for the first time in the UK.
- Walter Langley moves to Newlyn, Cornwall, becoming the first resident artist of the Newlyn School.
- Founding of the following sports clubs:
- Albion Rovers F.C. (through the amalgamation of two Coatbridge clubs, Albion and Rovers) in industrial west Scotland.
- Christchurch Rangers, the earliest predecessor of Queens Park Rangers F.C., in London.
- Glentoran F.C. in Belfast.
- Thames Ditton Lawn Tennis Club, the oldest lawn tennis club still on its original site, in Surrey.
- Waterloo F.C., a rugby union club, as Serpentine on Merseyside.
## Publications
- F. Anstey\'s novel *Vice Versa*.
- Richard Jefferies\' children\'s story *Bevis*.
| 774 |
1882 in the United Kingdom
| 0 |
11,040,549 |
# 1882 in the United Kingdom
## Births
- 5 January -- Dorothy Levitt, born Elizabeth Levi, racing driver (died 1922)
- 18 January -- A. A. Milne, author (died 1956)
- 25 January -- Virginia Woolf, novelist (suicide 1941)
- 2 February -- James Joyce, Irish-born novelist (died 1941 in Switzerland)
- 22 February -- Eric Gill, sculptor and writer (died 1940)
- 5 March -- Dora Marsden, radical feminist and modernist literary editor (died 1960)
- 18 April -- Leopold Stokowski, orchestral conductor (died 1977)
- 24 April -- Hugh Dowding, Scottish-born Air Chief Marshal (died 1970)
- 5 May -- Sylvia Pankhurst, suffragette (died 1960)
- 30 May -- Wyndham Halswelle, runner (died 1915)
- 10 June -- Nevile Henderson, diplomat (died 1942)
- 8 July -- John Anderson, civil servant and politician (died 1958)
- 17 July -- James Somerville, admiral (died 1949)
- 27 July
- Donald Crisp, actor, film director, screenwriter and producer (died 1974 in the United States)
- Geoffrey de Havilland, aircraft designer (died 1965)
- 14 August -- Gisela Richter, art historian (died 1972)
- 11 September -- James Chuter Ede, Labour politician, Home Secretary (died 1965)
- 16 September -- Robert Hichens, RMS *Titanic* quartermaster (died 1940)
- 19 September -- Christopher Stone, first disc jockey in the U.K. (died 1965)
- 29 September -- Lilias Armstrong, phonetician (died 1937)
- 14 October -- Charlie Parker, cricketer (died 1959)
- 24 October -- Sybil Thorndike, stage actress (died 1976)
- 25 October -- Florence Easton, operatic soprano (died 1955)
- 3 November -- G. H. Elliott, blackface music hall singer (died 1962)
- 21 November -- Harold Lowe, Welsh 5th Officer of RMS *Titanic* (died 1944)
- 9 December -- Percy C. Mather, Protestant missionary (died 1933 in China)
- 12 December -- Edward Maufe, architect (died 1974)
- 16 December -- Jack Hobbs, cricketer (died 1963)
- 27 December -- Noel Laurence, admiral (died 1970)
- 28 December -- Arthur Stanley Eddington, astrophysicist (died 1944)
## Deaths
- 20 January -- John Linnell, painter (born 1792)
- 27 January -- Sir Robert Christison, Scottish physician and toxicologist (born 1797)
- 8 March -- William Bulkeley Hughes, Welsh politician (born 1797)
- 9 April -- Dante Gabriel Rossetti, poet and painter (born 1828)
- 17 April -- George Jennings, sanitary engineer (born 1801)
- 18 April -- Sir Henry Cole, civil servant and inventor (born 1808)
- 19 April -- Charles Darwin, naturalist (born 1809)
- 23 April -- William Brighty Rands, writer, author of nursery rhymes (born 1823)
- 29 April -- John Nelson Darby, evangelist (born 1800)
- 27 May -- Edwin Abbott, educator (born 1808)
- 3 June -- James Thomson (\"B.V
| 455 |
1882 in the United Kingdom
| 1 |
11,040,555 |
# Gan Eng Seng School Founding Site
The **Gan Eng Seng School\'s Founding Site** (`{{zh|s=颜永成学校创校地点}}`{=mediawiki}), marked by twin commemorative plaques at present, is located at the junction of Telok Ayer Street and Cecil Street in the southern part of Singapore, near the Telok Ayer Chinese Methodist Church. On 30 August 1997, the site was designated as a national historical site along with five other schools by the National Heritage Board (NHB), being one of the oldest educational establishments in Singapore. The others are Raffles Institution, Raffles Girls\' School, St Margaret\'s Secondary School, Singapore Chinese Girls\' School and Anglo-Chinese School.
## History
The first building site of Gan Eng Seng School (Abbreviation: GESS) was located at No. 106 Telok Ayer Street between 1893 and 1941. A land grant was given by the British colonial government earlier to the philanthropist and founder, Mr Gan Eng Seng who paid S\$5000 for the construction of the school building. Gan was credited for being the first local Chinese in Singapore to establish the free school in 1885 which emphasised bilingual education through his generous gift of property and funds until his demise. Most other schools of the time were established by missionary or communal organisations.
The school was a two-storey wooden building and housed the school hall in the second storey. It started out as a primary school for boys and could accommodate up to 300 students. Governor H.E. Sir Clementi Smith officiated the school\'s Opening Ceremony on 4 April 1893. Mr Tan Keong Saik, a board trustee of the school briefly gave a history of the institution to the distinguished gathering.
In 1908, a second school building was added to ease the overcrowding it faced with each passing year. The school was able to accommodate an almost twofold increase in students population of 641 afterwards. The school was finally abandoned in 1941 when the old section of the building was considered unsafe for use and it was housed temporarily in Sepoy Line Malay School in Park Road and Pearl\'s Hill School later.
### Marking ceremony {#marking_ceremony}
On 30 August 1997, a marking ceremony was held at the junction of Telok Ayer Street and Cecil Street with twin structures jointly erected by the GESS Old Students\' Association, the Singapore Gan Clan Association and the National Heritage Board near the historic site. Named *In Dialogue*, it consists of two granite miniature towers with plaques depicting the school\'s story and information on the founding site to symbolise the ongoing dialogue between the past and present generations of its students. About 600 past and present students returned to the site of the building which had been demolished and witnessed the marking ceremony. Distinguished alumnus like Dr. S. Vasoo, Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC, Mr. Chua Kim Yeow, former Accountant General and Presidential Candidate, and retired Emeritus Professor Kiang Ai Kim of the National University of Singapore, were invited to grace the event. The school story plaque reads:
At present, the school is located at 1 Henderson Road with a student population of 1,300
| 507 |
Gan Eng Seng School Founding Site
| 0 |
11,040,557 |
# Peter Fear
**Peter Stanley Fear** (born 10 September 1973) is an English football coach and former professional footballer.
As a player, he was a central midfielder who notably played in the Premier League for Wimbledon and in the Football League for Oxford United. He later went on to have a career in non-league football playing for Kettering Town, Crawley Town, Sutton United, Havant & Waterlooville and Carshalton Athletic. He was capped three times by England U21.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
He is best remembered for his spell with Wimbledon. He signed for them as an apprentice on leaving school in July 1990 and turned professional for the 1992--93 season, when they were FA Premier League founder members. He made his debut against Norwich City on 5 December 1992 when they lost 2--1 in the league at Carrow Road. A further three appearances followed that season, but he had far more chances in the 1993--94 campaign with 23 appearances and his first senior goal, as the Dons finished sixth---equalling their highest-ever league finish. The next two seasons brought limited first-team opportunities, but he had more chances of action in 1996--97, when he scored twice in 18 league games as the Dons finished eighth in the Premier League and were semi-finalists in both domestic cups. For much of the season, the Dons were in the top five of the Premier League and they were rarely more than a few points off the top of the table, so the failure to achieve UEFA Cup qualification was quite a disappointment, though the season was still a great success for a club of Wimbledon\'s stature.
Fear\'s career highlight to date was scoring twice in the space of ten minutes, against Tottenham Hotspur in the 1997--98 season. Unfortunately for Fear, Wimbledon went on to lose the game 6--2, and Fear\'s goals counted merely as a consolation. They were the last goals he would score for the Dons, as he was back on the sidelines and managed just eight league games that season. He made the team just twice in 1998--99, before signing for Oxford United on a free transfer on 13 July 1999.
Oxford had just narrowly avoided bankruptcy when Fear joined them, and had been relegated to Division Two. He played 38 league games over two seasons, scoring three goals, helping them narrowly avoid a second successive relegation in 1999--2000 but not being able to prevent relegation in 2000--01, when Oxford suffered 33 league defeats (the joint second worst ever of any Football League or Premier League club) and went down in bottom place. Fear then left the club.
His last club was Sutton United, then in the Conference South, whom he rejoined in December 2006 after a nine-month absence that took in spells with Havant & Waterlooville and Carshalton Athletic.
He originally signed at the start of the 2004--2005 season after two years with Crawley Town, with whom he won his second Southern League championship medal in 2004; he had also been a member of Kettering Town\'s successful line-up two seasons earlier.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Fear has since worked as an academy coach at Carshalton Athletic, and as a football coach at Stanley Park school.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
On the edition broadcast on 23 August 2007, Peter was a contestant on the TV gameshow *The Weakest Link*. He was also a contestant on Ken Bruce\'s BBC Radio 2 \'phone-in pop music quiz PopMaster on Thursday 13 May 2010 and again on Thursday 31 January 2013
| 584 |
Peter Fear
| 0 |
11,040,566 |
# 1988 Amstel Gold Race
The **1988 Amstel Gold Race** was the 23rd edition of the annualAmstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 23, 1988, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 242 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 169 competitors, with 96 cyclists finishing the race
| 62 |
1988 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,040,598 |
# IV Corps (German Empire)
The **IV Army Corps / IV AK** (*\'\'\'IV. Armee-Korps\'\'\'*) was a corps level command of the Prussian and then the Imperial German Armies from the 19th Century to World War I.
It was established on 3 October 1815 as the General Command in the Duchy of Saxony (*Generalkommando im Herzogtum Sachsen*) and became the IV Army Corps on 30 August 1818. Its headquarters was in Magdeburg and its catchment area included the Prussian Province of Saxony and the adjacent Saxon Duchies (Saxe-Altenburg, Anhalt) and Principalities (Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Junior Line).
In peacetime, the Corps was assigned to the VI Army Inspectorate but joined the 1st Army at the start of the First World War. It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 6th Army, *Heeresgruppe* *Kronprinz* Rupprecht on the Western Front. The Corps was disbanded with the demobilisation of the German Army after World War I.
## Austro-Prussian War {#austro_prussian_war}
The IV Corps formed part of Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia\'s 1st Army and fought in the Austro-Prussian War against Austria in 1866, including the Battle of Königgrätz.
## Franco-Prussian War {#franco_prussian_war}
In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the Corps formed part of the 2nd Army that was commanded by Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia. It saw action in the battles of Beaumont and Sedan, and in the Siege of Paris.
## Peacetime organisation {#peacetime_organisation}
The 25 peacetime Corps of the German Army (Guards, I - XXI, I - III Bavarian) had a reasonably standardised organisation. Each consisted of two divisions with usually two infantry brigades, one field artillery brigade and a cavalry brigade each. Each brigade normally consisted of two regiments of the appropriate type, so each Corps normally commanded 8 infantry, 4 field artillery and 4 cavalry regiments. There were exceptions to this rule:
: V, VI, VII, IX and XIV Corps each had a 5th infantry brigade (so 10 infantry regiments)
: II, XIII, XVIII and XXI Corps had a 9th infantry regiment
: I, VI and XVI Corps had a 3rd cavalry brigade (so 6 cavalry regiments)
: the Guards Corps had 11 infantry regiments (in 5 brigades) and 8 cavalry regiments (in 4 brigades).
Each Corps also directly controlled a number of other units. This could include one or more
: Foot Artillery Regiment
: Jäger Battalion
: Pioneer Battalion
: Train Battalion
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Corps | Division | Brigade | Units | Garrison |
+===================================================+===============================================================================================================================================================================================================+=======================================================================+===================================================================+===========+
| **IV Corps** | 7th Division | 13th Infantry Brigade | 26th (1st Magdeburg) Infantry \"Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau\" | Magdeburg |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 66th (3rd Magdeburg) Infantry | Magdeburg | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 14th Infantry Brigade | [27th (2nd Magdeburg) Infantry \"Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia\"](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanterie-Regiment_%E2%80%9EPrinz_Louis_Ferdinand_von_Preu%C3%9Fen%E2%80%9C_(2._Magdeburgisches)_Nr._27) | Halberstadt | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 165th (5th Hannover) Infantry | Quedlinburg, II Bn at Blankenburg | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 7th Field Artillery Brigade | 4th (Magdeburg) Field Artillery \"Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria\" | Magdeburg | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 40th (Altmark) Field Artillery | Burg | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 7th Cavalry Brigade | 10th (Magdeburg) Hussars | Stendal | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 16th (Altmark) Uhlans \"Hennigs von Treffenfeld\" | Salzwedel, Gardelegen | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 8th Division | 15th Infantry Brigade | 36th (Magdeburg) Fusiliers \"General Field Marshal Count Blumenthal\" | Halle, II Bn at Bernburg | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 93rd (Anhalt) Infantry | Dessau, II Bn at Zerbst | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 16th Infantry Brigade | 72nd (4th Thuringian) Infantry | Torgau, III Bn at Eilenburg | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 153rd (8th Thuringian) Infantry | Altenburg, III Bn at Merseburg | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 8th Field Artillery Brigade | 74th (Torgau) Field Artillery | Torgau, Wittenberg | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 75th (Mansfeld) Field Artillery | Halle | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 8th Cavalry Brigade | 7th (Magdeburg) Cuirassiers \"von Seydlitz\" | Halberstadt, Quedlinburg | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 12th (Thuringian) Hussars | Torgau | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Corps Troops | | 4th (Magdeburg) Jäger Battalion \"von Neumann\" | Naumburg (Saale) | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 4th (Magdeburg) Foot Artillery \"Encke\" | Magdeburg | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 4th (Magdeburg) Pioneer Battalion | Magdeburg | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 4th (Magdeburg) Train Battalion | Magdeburg | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Halle an der Saale Defence Command\ | | | Halle | |
| (*Landwehr-Inspektion*) | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
: Peacetime organization of the Corps
| 761 |
IV Corps (German Empire)
| 0 |
11,040,598 |
# IV Corps (German Empire)
## World War I {#world_war_i}
### Organisation on mobilisation {#organisation_on_mobilisation}
On mobilization on 2 August 1914 the Corps was restructured. 8th Cavalry Brigade was withdrawn to form part of the 2nd Cavalry Division and the 7th Cavalry Brigade was broken up: the 10th Hussar Regiment was raised to a strength of 6 squadrons before being split into two half-regiments of 3 squadrons each and the half-regiments were assigned as divisional cavalry to 7th and 8th Divisions; the 16th Uhlan Regiment was likewise assigned as two half-regiments to 13th and 14th Divisions of VII Corps. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from the Corps headquarters. In summary, IV Corps mobilised with 25 infantry battalions, 9 machine gun companies (54 machine guns), 6 cavalry squadrons, 24 field artillery batteries (144 guns), 4 heavy artillery batteries (16 guns), 3 pioneer companies and an aviation detachment.
Corps Division Brigade Units
------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------------
**IV Corps** 7th Division 13th Infantry Brigade 26th Infantry Regiment
66th Infantry Regiment
14th Infantry Brigade 27th Infantry Regiment
165th Infantry Regiment
7th Field Artillery Brigade 4th Field Artillery Regiment
40th Field Artillery Regiment
staff and half of 10th Hussar Regiment
2nd Company, 4th Pioneer Battalion
3rd Company, 4th Pioneer Battalion
7th Divisional Pontoon Train
2nd Medical Company
8th Division 15th Infantry Brigade 36th Fusilier Regiment
93rd Infantry Regiment
4th Jäger Battalion
16th Infantry Brigade 72nd Infantry Regiment
153rd Infantry Regiment
8th Field Artillery Brigade 74th Field Artillery Regiment
75th Field Artillery Regiment
half of 10th Hussar Regiment
1st Company, 4th Pioneer Battalion
8th Divisional Pontoon Train
1st Medical Company
3rd Medical Company
Corps Troops I Battalion, 4th Foot Artillery Regiment
9th Aviation Detachment
4th Corps Pontoon Train
4th Telephone Detachment
4th Pioneer Searchlight Section
Munition Trains and Columns corresponding to II Corps
: Initial wartime organization of the Corps
### Combat chronicle {#combat_chronicle}
On mobilisation, IV Corps was assigned to the 1st Army on the right wing of the forces for the Schlieffen Plan offensive in August 1914 on the Western Front. It participated in the Battle of Mons and the First Battle of the Marne which marked the end of the German advances in 1914. Later, it participated in the Battle of the Somme, particularly the Battle of Delville Wood and the Battle of Pozières.`{{fact|date=February 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
It was still in existence at the end of the war in the 6th Army, *Heeresgruppe* *Kronprinz* Rupprecht on the Western Front.
### 49th Landwehr Brigade {#th_landwehr_brigade}
During the war, the 49th Landwehr Brigade joined the corps; it had originally been part of 4th Army. It had its headquarters at Bois de Lord farm on the River Aisne for most of the First World War. From 1915 the 49th Landwehr Brigade was commanded by Lt. General Hans von Blumenthal, who had retired in 1910 after disagreements with his commanding officer General Maximilian von Prittwitz. On the outbreak of war he had returned to active service, first to command 60th Landwehr Brigade
| 496 |
IV Corps (German Empire)
| 1 |
11,040,652 |
# District Gazetteer
The **District Gazetteer** is a comprehensive geographical, economic, social and cultural catalogue of the Indian subcontinent catalogued by the British Viceroy during the conquest of India. Most of the catalogues were compiled initially in the late 19th century although many have since been reissued or edited in recent times.
Until the publication of the Gazetteers, an attempt to systematically catalogue Indian geography and culture was not available, with the closest approximation being Abu\'l Fazl\'s Ain-I-Akbari, compiled during the reign of Akbar the Great. While many of the Gazetteers are available to the public, their accuracy is a subject of much dispute among academics and scholars. They are still not to be neglected in that they are one of the more comprehensive attempts by a third-party source to catalogue the immense cultural history of the Indian subcontinent
| 139 |
District Gazetteer
| 0 |
11,040,667 |
# Azul e branco soap
**Azul e branco** (*blue and white*), also known as **sabão Offenbach** (*Offenbach soap*) or **sabão macaco** (*monkey soap*), is a type of soap used in Portugal. It is comparable to household soap, but has a rugged texture, bulky shape, lack of odor, and can generally be purchased in many convenience stores and supermarkets. In Portuguese *\"azul e branco\"* literally means \"blue and white\", which are the distinctive colours of the soap. It can also be found in red and white.
Given the size of a loaf of soap (a long six-sided prism weighing approximately 1.5 kg), it must be cut to the desired size before use.
Formerly, *azul e branco* soap was popularly used to wash linens, carpets, and floors, as well as for personal hygiene.
Popular brands include *Clarim*, *Confiança* and *Solavar*.
## Uses
Being more effective than normal soap, it was formerly used to disinfect operating theatres. With the advent of the 2009 Influenza A virus pandemic, the Portuguese health minister advised the population to use it as a substitute for the alcohol-based hand cleaners that emerged at that time.
Its usage has greatly declined in recent years as more attractive soaps and detergents become more common, but around 6,000 metric tons are still produced every year.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), azul e branco soap is again being put into use by public institutions, namely in bathrooms. Commercial demand is also increasing as stocks decline and prices rise, with schools and home consumers being the main customers
| 263 |
Azul e branco soap
| 0 |
11,040,673 |
# Kolymsky
**Kolymsky** (*Колымский*; masculine), **Kolymskaya** (*Колымская*; feminine), or **Kolymskoye** (*Колымское*; neuter) is the name of several rural localities in Russia:
- Kolymskoye, Magadan Oblast, a *selo* in Srednekansky District of Magadan Oblast
- Kolymskoye, Sakha Republic, a *selo* in Khalarchinsky Rural Okrug of Nizhnekolymsky District in the Sakha Republic
| 50 |
Kolymsky
| 0 |
11,040,694 |
# A-line (clothing)
An **A-line** skirt is a skirt that is fitted at the hips and gradually widens towards the hem, giving the impression of the shape of a capital letter A. The term is also used to describe dresses and coats with a similar shape.
## History
The term was first used by the French couture designer Christian Dior as the label for his collection of spring 1955. The *A-Line* collection\'s feature item, then the \"most wanted silhouette in Paris\", was a \"fingertip-length flared jacket worn over a dress with a very full, pleated skirt\".
Although an A-shape, this silhouette was not identical to what is now understood to embody the A-line idea. That idea was given its definitive expression and popularized by Dior\'s successor, Yves Saint Laurent, with his \"Trapeze Line\" of spring 1958, which featured dresses flaring out dramatically from a fitted shoulder line.
A-line clothes remained popular in the 1960s and 70s, disappeared from fashion almost completely by the early 1980s and were revived by the retro trend of the late 1990s. By that time, \"A-line\" was used more loosely to describe any dress wider at the hips than at the bust or waist, as well as a number of flared skirt styles. \"True\" A-line shapes on the pattern of Dior and Saint Laurent saw a revival in the early 2000s.
## Style details {#style_details}
The A-line skirt has no visible embellishments for ease, such as pleats or slits, but is fitted to the upper hip by means of seams and/or darts. However, denim A-line skirts often have buttons down the center seam. Its fastening is usually kept discreet, with a side or back zipper. A belt is sometimes used. Pockets may be present, but not usually. It can be cut at any length.
When referring to dresses and coats, the term *A-line* generally means fitted from the shoulders to the hips and then widening to the hem, but it is also sometimes used to mean widening from the shoulders to the hem, ignoring the waist and hips.
It is often used to describe a popular style of wedding dress, which is fitted above and around the hips but flares gently to the hem, giving a streamlined and quite slim look
| 375 |
A-line (clothing)
| 0 |
11,040,715 |
# List of rivers of Belize
thumb\|upright=1.5\|Rivers of Belize `{{small|/ rivers of Strahler orders 4 and 5 labelled / via WWF and Natural Earth base maps}}`{=mediawiki} These are the main **rivers of Belize**. Belize has a total of 35 major and minor river catchments or watersheds which drain into the Caribbean Sea
| 52 |
List of rivers of Belize
| 0 |
11,040,734 |
# Farzaneh Kaboli
**Farzaneh Kaboli** (*Farzâneh Kâboli*; born in Tehran) is an Iranian dancer, choreographer, and actress. She is a leader in the Iranian Folkloric and National Dance Art, and a master of choreography in Iranian theaters.
## Early life {#early_life}
Farzaneh Kaboli was born and raised in Tehran, Iran. Both of her parents were musicians. Her uncle was Ali Asghar Garmsiri, a pioneer of Iranian theatre, and her uncle Houshang Shokati was a famous Iranian singer.
## Dance
Kaboli studied in the \"Iranian National and Folkloric Dance Academy\" for three years starting at age 18, it was the school for the National Folklore Society of Iran. The Academy had acquired some of the best dance instructors and choreographers in the world and Robert de Warren and his wife Jacqueline from England were the primary instructors. She eventually became a principal dancer for the school dance company, Mahalli.
She had been a famous ballerina prior to the Iranian Revolution, but in 1979 she was no longer allowed to dance in Iran. After the revolution, she taught private dance classes in her Tehran apartment as part of an underground dance movement. Performing in dance public after the revolution meant the risk of being jailed or fined. In the summer of 1998, Kaboli returned to the stage in Iran at Vahdat Hall for the first time in 22 years, alongside her students. She had started her own dance company in 1999, Harekat and performed for all female audiences within embassies.
Kaboli has had many notable dance students, including Ulduz Ahmadzadeh, and Ida Meftahi.
## Acting
Apart from dancing, Kaboli is an actress, which she started after the Iranian Revolution. Her first major role as an actress was in the play titled: *All My Sons* by Arthur Miller, directed by Akbar Zanjanpour. She supported actors and actresses such as Khosrow Shakibayee, Hady Marzban and Soraya Ghasemi in that play. She played a leading role in Hadi Marzban\'s production of *Memoirs of the Actor in a Supporting Role* (1982)
| 335 |
Farzaneh Kaboli
| 0 |
11,040,745 |
# Château de Seneffe
The **Château of Seneffe** or **Château de Seneffe** is an 18th-century château located in the municipality of Seneffe in the province of Hainaut, Wallonia, Belgium. The château is property of the French Community of Belgium and serves as the \"Centre de l\'orfèvrerie de la communauté française\" which displays a collection of antique (mainly 18th century) silverware.
## History
In 1758 the \'Seigneurie de Seneffe\' was bought by Julien Depestre, a Walloon merchant who earned a fortune by selling goods to the Imperial Austrian troops stationed in the Austrian Netherlands. Depestre\'s new status as a wealthy and influential individual was also confirmed by the acquisition of noble titles such as \'Seigneur de Seneffe\' (Lord of Seneffe) and \'Count of Turnhout\'. The new castle designed by Laurent-Benoît Dewez had to match with Depestre\'s new noble status. It was erected between 1763 and 1768 in a novel neoclassical style. When Julien Depestre died in 1774 the decoration of the château and the embellishment of the park were continued by his widow and his eldest son Joseph II Depestre.
After the French Revolution and the subsequent occupation of the Austrian Netherlands by the French Republic, the extraordinary art collection (1797) and the château were confiscated (1799).
It was bought by a figurehead assigned by the Depestre family and came back into their possession after the ascent of Napoleon as Emperor of the French in 1804. The château was sold by Joseph II Depestre\'s son Honoré in 1837 and bought by the Daminet family. In 1888 it was acquired from them by Baron Goffinet. The last private proprietor was a Belgian banker of Jewish origin, Franz Philipson, who bought the \'domaine\' in 1909. In the advent of the Second World War the Philippson family escaped to England and the United States. When German troops invaded Belgium in 1940 the château was confiscated by the Germans and used as a local headquarters and a summer residence for the German military Governor of Belgium, General Alexander von Falkenhausen. After the liberation of Belgium in 1944 it was occupied by the US Army. It was acquired from the Philippson heirs in 1952 by the \"Collège du Sacré Coeur\" which used it as a school between 1952 and 1963. The castle of Seneffe was then abandoned for 7 years, until the Belgian State decided to purchase it in 1970. During these years the castle was severely looted by people who removed and sold valuable interior decoration such as marble fireplaces and carved wainscotings. After the acquisition by the Belgian state the deterioration continued due to defected doors, windows and roofing. Extensive interior and exterior renovations were only started after 1978 and were not finished until 1995.
| 451 |
Château de Seneffe
| 0 |
11,040,745 |
# Château de Seneffe
## Architecture
The château of Seneffe with its magnificent park and annexes offers a very fine example of a mid-18th-century noble residence. In general it follows the example of French noble and royal residences. It can be compared with the Petit Trianon built at the same time (1762--1768) by Ange-Jacques Gabriel for Louis XV. Elements like the colonnades flanking the central frontal courtyard are novel elements introduced by architect Dewez who trained in Italy under Luigi Vanvitelli. Dewez also found inspiration in neoclassical English country houses of his time. The quality of the architecture and its international inspiration make it a unique building.
A wide tree-lined alley starting in the village of Seneffe gives access to the castle and its grounds. At the end of the alley a wide lawn provides an unhampered view on the broad courtyard (Cour d\'honneur) in front of the castle. The courtyard is closed by a monumental wrought iron fence which has a gilded gate in the middle. The actual château or corps de logis is flanked by two long colonnaded galleries (70 m) with a pavilion on each end which forms a very monumental entry to the château. The monolithic columns of the galleries are in the Ionic order. A terrace with a balustered railing is on top of the galleries. The blind wall of each gallery is adorned with semi-domed and rectangular niches which contain decorative vases and sculptures. The pavilions at the end of each gallery are very elegant buildings decorated with pilasters in the composite order, niches, and pediment-topped doors. They both have a domed second storey of which the right one houses a clock and a bell. The left pavilion is furnished as the château\'s chapel and the domed second storey serves here as a lantern providing zenital light to the interior. Each gallery is interrupted by two arcaded passages, flanked by pairs of composite pilasters, and giving access to the so-called \'communs\' (originally containing kitchens, mews, a farm) on the left side, to a \'potager\' and \'verger\' (kitchen garden and orchard) on the right side, and to the park behind the castle.
The facade of the corps de logis consists of five bays separated by monumental composite pilasters connecting the two main storeys. The middle bay stands out slightly and is topped by a pediment which contains the coats of arms of Joseph Depestre and his wife flanked by gilded lions. A stair leads to the front door and into the entrance hall on the piano nobile. The two lateral bays are also flanked by composite pilasters. A molded cornice surrounds the entire building and is topped by a balustered railing only interrupted by the pediment in the middle and by a blind railing decorated with a \'guirlande\' above the lateral bays. This railing partly hides the slate roof. Like the galleries the facades of the corps de logis are entirely executed in local \"Pierre bleu du Hainaut\" (Blue stone of Hainaut) or \"Petit-Granit\" a very hard greyish-blue limestone. This durable and expensive material also stresses the prestige of the building.
## Interior
Most parts of the original decoration of walls, floors and ceilings are still preserved, as are most of the marble fireplaces. After the extensive damage of the 1960s and 1970s elements such as fireplaces, wainscotting and flooring was partly reconstructed. Some original elements stolen after WWII were even traced back on the art market.
The sumptuous interiors contain elaborated \'parquets\', fine decorated stucco ceilings of which some are gilded, sculpted and molded \'boiseries\' and fine marble floorings and fireplaces mostly executed in Belgian marble. The style of the interior could be characterized as an early continental neoclassicism with French inspiration. In some rooms the influence of the late rococo style is still apparent, whereas in others a more \'classical\' approach is discernible.
## Park and \'Follies\' {#park_and_follies}
The park was laid out following the construction of the Château in the 1760s in a formal late baroque French style. The central axis of the alley, the courtyard and the middle bay of the corps de logis is continued in the park. A parterre with a path in the middle was situated directly behind the castle and ended on the banks of a formal pond. Close to the wall surrounding the park an Orangery was built facing the south. This building can still be seen. Northwards, the axis is aligned with the church spire in the village of Seneffe.
In the 1780s part of the park was rearranged as a landscape garden following the English fashion. Numerous small buildings called \'Follies\' were built on the grounds such as an island with a temple and a wooden \'cabane\'. The most important addition from that time is the neoclassical theatre built by the famous French architect Charles de Wailly. The simple whitewashed building has a stage with a fixed scenery consisting of a gallery in the Tuscan order built as a false perspective. It was the intention of the patron and the architect to revive the classical theatre. The busts in the facades were created by the famous French sculptor Augustin Pajou.
In the 19th century the entire park was rearranged as an English landscape garden. Since 2000 most of the park has been reconstructed in its original 18th-century state
| 884 |
Château de Seneffe
| 1 |
11,040,771 |
# Astro Vaanavil
**Astro Vaanavil** is a Malaysian pay television channel that broadcasts programming in Tamil, targeting the Indian community in Malaysia. It was launched on 1 June 1996. It was created by Astro. Starting 1 June 2020, Astro Vaanavil has been officially upgraded to SD/HD and is known as **Astro Vaanavil HD**.
It is the dominant local channel targeted at the Indian community in Malaysia.
## Programmes
All programmes on Astro Vaanavil were dubbed in Malaysian Tamil with Malay subtitles, and contain sexual content, mild violence and adult language, which may be unsuitable for children to watch Playboy TV\'s Tamil-dubbed programmes, especially on Astro\'s electronic programme guide (EPG), but with all channel listings of all genres.
**Malaysian**
- Ippadikku Ila (1- 19 February 2021)
- Appalasamy Apartments (February 2021)
- Supramani (March 2021)
- Swaralayam
- Tamiletchumy 2 (12 August onwards)
**Reality Shows**
- Aaatam 100 Vagai
- Vaanavil Superstar
- Paadal Thiran Potti
- Yutha Medai
**Other shows**
- Vizhuthugal-Samugathin Kural is a morning talk show that discovers on topics about the current issues that is happening around Malaysia.The show\'s 14th season was airing on Astro Vaanavil Channel 201 (SD) before started broadcasting again on Astro Vaanavil Channel 201 (SD/HD) on 1 June. Several months later, the show is rebranded and changed to primetime slot at 9.00pm.
- 360° is about the Indian community living in Malaysia and the activities happening in town
| 235 |
Astro Vaanavil
| 0 |
11,040,774 |
# Murdoch MacKenzie
**Murdoch MacKenzie** (*Muireadhach MacCoinnich*) (1600--1688) was a 17th-century Scottish minister and prelate who served as Protestant Bishop of Orkney.
## Life
He was born in 1600, the son of John MacKenzie of the Gairloch, his family being an offshoot of the kin of the earls of Seaforth. After being ordained by John Maxwell, Bishop of Ross, he served as a chaplain in a regiment of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden during the Thirty Years\' War. He returned from Germany to become parson (i.e. rector) of the parish of Contin in Ross, moving to take charge of the church of Inverness, and then taking over as minister of Elgin. Following the Restoration and re-establishment of Episcopacy, MacKenzie was selected to be the new Bishop of Moray on 18 January 1662. He was translated to the bishopric of Orkney on 14 February 1677. He was nearly a hundred years old, and yet enjoyed the perfect use of all his faculties to the very last. See Keith\'s Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops, p. 228. M\'Kenzie is said to have sworn the Covenant ten times, and, according to others, not less than fourteen times.
He died on 17 February 1688.
## Family
He married Margaret MacLey the daughter of Dòmhnall Mac an Lèigh (Anglicised: *Donald McLey*), bailie of the burgh of Fortrose. Murdoch and Margaret had several children
| 228 |
Murdoch MacKenzie
| 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.