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# Clapshot
**Clapshot** is a traditional Scottish dish that originated in Orkney and may be served with haggis, oatcakes, mince, sausages or cold meat. It is created by the combined mashing of swede turnips and potatoes (\"neeps and tatties\") with the addition of chives, butter or dripping, salt and pepper; some versions include onions. The name is Orcadian in origin
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# Richard Hannon Sr.
**Richard Michael Hannon** (born 1945), known as **Richard Hannon Sr.** to distinguish him from his son, is a former British horse trainer. He was British flat racing Champion Trainer four times, achieved more than a century of victories in a season 20 times, a double century five times, and turned out 32 Royal Ascot winners. He operated out of Herridge Racing Stables, near Marlborough, Wiltshire, with a smaller yard at Everleigh on the edge of Salisbury Plain. He retired after winning a final trainers\' championship at the end of 2013, when the training operation was taken over by his son, Richard Hannon Jr.
## History
Hannon\'s family had a tradition of horse training --- his father Harry was also a trainer. In fact, Richard started out as his father\'s assistant and took over Harry\'s licence when he retired in 1970. His first winner was Ampney Prince at Newbury on 17 April 1970. At that time, there were only a dozen horses in the yard and in the intervening years Hannon\'s stable grew to 60 horses by 1977, eventually becoming the largest in Britain in terms of number of horses - 270 in 2012. By the time of his retirement he operated from two sites - Herridge and Everleigh.
His reputation was as a specialist with two-year-olds and twice in the 90s he trained the champion juvenile filly - Lyric Fantasy and Lemon Souffle. He has also trained three 2,000 Guineas winners - Mon Fils (1973), Don't Forget Me (1987) and Tirol (1990), the latter two of whom also won the Irish equivalent - and one 1,000 Guineas with Sky Lantern (2013). His best known horse, however, was Canford Cliffs winner of five Group One races before his retirement in 2011.
When he first started out, most of Hannon\'s horses, including the Classic winning Mon Fils, were ridden by Frankie Durr, who had also ridden for his father. After that initial Classic success though, it was to be another five years before Hannon landed another big race - the 1982 Ebor Handicap with Another Sam.
Towards the end of his career, his son-in-law Richard Hughes was the stable jockey.
In later years, his son Richard was the assistant trainer, Hannon announced in November 2013 that he would retire at the end of the year, at which point Richard Jr. took over the trainer\'s licence.
He was champion trainer in Britain for a fourth time in 2013 with 235 winners, a record total, and retired having saddled the winners of 4,193 races in Britain and overseas in a training career spanning forty-three years. His total of winners was a record for a British-based trainer until overtaken by Mark Johnston in August 2018.
## Significant owners {#significant_owners}
Hannon trained horses for the Queen.
His son Richard was instrumental in bringing in new owners including Sheikh Hamdan, Andrew Tinkler, Sir Robert Ogden, Sir Alex Ferguson and Sheikh Fahad Al Thani.
## Awards and honours {#awards_and_honours}
Hannon was honoured as champion trainer in 1992, 2010 and 2011. Richard was awarded The Cartier/Daily Telegraph Award of Merit in 2010 for his lifetime contribution to European racing.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Hannon was briefly the drummer for 60s rock group The Troggs before they became famous.
He is married to Josephine and has six children - Claire, Fanny, Julie and triplets Henry, Richard Jr. and Elizabeth (who is married to Richard Hughes).
## Major wins {#major_wins}
**Great Britain**
- 1,000 Guineas - (1) - *Sky Lantern* (2013)
- 2,000 Guineas -- (3) -- *Mon Fils (1973), Don\'t Forget Me (1987), Tirol (1990)*
- Challow Novices\' Hurdle - (1) - *Lift and Load (1992)*
- Cheveley Park Stakes -- (1) -- *Indian Ink (2006)*
- Christmas Hurdle - (1) - *Gran Alba (1991)*
- Cork and Orrery Stakes -- (2) -- *Shalford (1992), Bold Edge (1999)*
- Coronation Stakes -- (2) -- *Indian Ink (2007), Sky Lantern (2013)*
- Falmouth Stakes -- (4) -- *Only Yours (1991), Niche (1993), Lemon Souffle (1994), Caramba (1995)*
- July Cup -- (1) -- *Mr Brooks (1992)*
- Lockinge Stakes -- (3) -- *Swing Low (1993), Paco Boy (2010), Canford Cliffs (2011)*
- Nassau Stakes -- (2) -- *Crespinall (1972), Caramba (1995)*
- Nunthorpe Stakes -- (1) -- *Lyric Fantasy (1992)*
- Queen Anne Stakes -- (2) -- *Paco Boy (2009), Canford Cliffs (2011)*
- Queen Elizabeth II Stakes - (1) - *Olympic Glory (2013)*
- St
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# Stroiești, Transnistria
**Stroiești** (*Stroyintsi*, *Stroentsy*, *Stroińce*) is a village in the Rîbnița District of Transnistria, Moldova, located midway between Rîbnița and Rașcov. It is the site of the Church of St. Michael the Archangel, an Orthodox church.
## History
Stroińce, as it was known in Polish, was a private village of the Lubomirski family, administratively located in the Bracław County in the Bracław Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. Following the Second Partition of Poland, it was annexed by Russia. In 1827 the Saint Michael church was built. In the late 19th century, the population was largely employed in shoemaking.
In 1924, it became part of the Moldavian Autonomous Oblast, which was soon converted into the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1940 during World War II. From 1941 to 1944, it was administered by Romania as part of the Transnistria Governorate.
According to the 2004 census, the village\'s population was 689, of which 630 (91.43%) were Moldovans (Romanians), 35 (5.07%) Ukrainians and 17 (2.46%) Russians
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# Egill Reimers
`{{MedalTop}}`{=mediawiki} `{{MedalSport|Men's [[Sailing at the Summer Olympics|sailing]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{MedalCountry | {{NOR}} }}`{=mediawiki} `{{MedalGold|[[1920 Summer Olympics|1920 Antwerp]] | [[Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics|12 metre class (1919 rating)]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{MedalBottom}}`{=mediawiki} **Egill Reimers** (July 18, 1878 -- November 11, 1946) was a Norwegian architect. He also competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics.
Reimers was born in Bergen, Norway, to Bastiam Reimers (b. 1838) and Maren Johnsdatter (b. 1843). (Birth and marriage records spell his name Egil.) He married Signe de Lange on March 24, 1906 in Bergen.
He graduated as an architect at Technische Hochschule at Munich in 1902. He started his own practice in Bergen during 1904.
Reimers was one of the most active architects in the Bergen during the first half of the 20th century. He was awarded the Houen Foundation Award in 1924 for his design of the State Archives in Bergen (*Statsarkivet i Bergen*). The Bergen District Court (*Bergen Tinghuset*) was designed in the style of Neoclassical architecture during 1933 and is considered one of his main works.
His building designs include several for the University of Bergen: University Museum of Bergen Cultural History Collection (*De kulturhistoriske samlinger*) in 1927, Geophysics Institute (*Geofysisk Institutt*) in 1928 and Nuclear Physics Laboratory (*Kjernefysisk laboratorium*) which was completed in 1950.
Reimers was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Heira II*, which won the gold medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. He competed in the 12 metre class (1919 rating)
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# Kachche Dhaage
***Kachche Dhaage*** (`{{translation| ''Fragile Bonds''}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1999 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Milan Luthria and starring Ajay Devgn, Saif Ali Khan, and Manisha Koirala. The film features Devgan as a smuggler, delivering goods across the Rajasthan-Pakistan border, was filmed in the deserts of Rajasthan and in Switzerland. It premiered on 19 February 1999 in Mumbai.
## Plot
Dhananjay (Saif Ali Khan) and Aaftab (Ajay Devgn) are half-brother each with a selfish approach to life; Aaftab is a petty smuggler, specialising in smuggling goods across the Rajasthan border into Pakistan whilst Dhananjay is a corporate yuppy from the city, with a high-flying lifestyle. Aaftab is in love with Rukshana (Manisha Koirala) but is rejected by her family because he is illegitimate. Dhananjay is dating Ragini (Namrata Shirodkar) and has his father\'s death to contend with.
When the brothers meet for the first time, they instantly loathe each other, having nothing in common. One night, Aaftab blows up a loaded truck while trying to steal from it and attracts a mass of unwanted enforcers. Soon, Aaftab is forced to send Dhananjay into a trap which ends up with them both being handcuffed and escaping from the Border Security Force, the Central Bureau of Investigation, and the border mafia who are attempting to incriminate the brothers for anti-national activities and murder. Fate forces them to escape on foot, on motorbikes, cars, stolen trucks, and still handcuffed to each other on a moving goods train. They run into difficult circumstances on the way, not in the least made better by their hatred for each other. Despite their initial differences, the two gradually learn to like and understand each other, eventually proving their innocence.
The climax of this film was shot around Jaisalmer, especially in Kuldhara, the desert village of Paliwal Brahmins.
## Cast
- Ajay Devgn as Aftab
- Saif Ali Khan as Dhananjay \"Jai\" Pandit
- Manisha Koirala as Rukhsana
- Namrata Shirodkar as Ragini Pandit
- Sadashiv Amrapurkar as CBI Officer Jadeja
- Govind Namdeo as Rana Baikunth
- Maya Alagh as Mariam
- Anupam Shyam as Bhagta\' henchman
- Vineet Kumar as Bhagta
- Anu Kapoor as Kawali singer (Cameo appearance) in Is Shaan-e-Karam Ka Kya Kehna
- Parmeet Sethi (Cameo appearance) in Khali Dil Nahi
- Simran (Cameo appearance) in Khali Dil Nahi
- Mahavir Shah as Lawyer Chinoy
- Rajeev Verma as Justice Nariman Sohrab
- Rajesh Vivek as Noora
- Ishrat Ali as Maulvi
- S. M. Zaheer as Ramakant Pandit
## Reception
### Critical response {#critical_response}
Suparn Verma of *Rediff.com* described Devgan as \"effective\" but disapproved of Koirala\'s performance, believing it was wasted. Verma noted a similarity with that of *Soldier* (1998) in that film too there was a troubled hero, a great many red herrings and a mysterious villain who pulls all the strings, but critics believed that *Kachche Dhaage* was a weaker film because it lacked the pace and focus.
### Box office {#box_office}
The film was a box office success grossing `{{INR}}`{=mediawiki}277 million at the domestic box office.
## Soundtrack
The soundtrack, which featured a number of Punjabi folk tunes, proved popular amongst non Hindi audiences of the film. The music was composed by Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, with lyrics by Anand Bakshi. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 30,00,000 units sold the soundtrack became the fifth highest-selling album of the year
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# Harold Bache
**Harold Godfrey Bache** (20 April 1889 -- 15 February 1916) was an English cricketer. He played 20 first-class matches between 1907 and 1910, 17 of them for Worcestershire. He also played three times for Cambridge University, but was not awarded a Blue. He also played football to a high level, playing for Corinthian and West Bromwich Albion and winning an England Amateur cap.
Born in Churchill, Worcestershire, Bache was educated at King Edward VI School, Birmingham, and Caius College, Cambridge. He made his first-class debut for Worcestershire against Surrey at Worcester late in the 1907 season, scoring 9 in his only innings and holding three catches. The following season, he played twice for the county, but he made nine appearances in 1909 and eight in 1910. Mostly he played for Worcestershire but he turned out three times for Cambridge University.
His top score of 36 was made against Middlesex at Lord\'s in 1910. Later in the same season against the same opposition, but this time at Worcester, he took two of his three career wickets: those of Patsy Hendren and Jack Hearne. His other wicket had been that of Sussex\'s Robert Relf in 1909.
Bache joined the Lancashire Fusiliers and reached the rank of Second Lieutenant. He was killed by a sniper near the Comines Canal, West Flanders, Belgium at the age of 26. Having no known grave, he is commemorated on the Menin Gate Memorial.
## Corinthian F.C. {#corinthian_f.c.}
Bache played for the Corinthian 43 times, scoring 95 goals, giving him the best goals per game record for the club. In one notable feat, he scored 7 in the 13--0 victory over Ipswich on New Year\'s Eve, 1910. He excelled whilst on the club\'s famous tours and in 1911, took little mercy on his Canadian and American hosts, netting 34 goals in just 18 matches
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# Kaspar Hassel
**Kaspar Fredrik Hassel** (6 November 1877 -- 9 April 1962) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Heira II*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class (1919 rating)
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# Mansion Row Historic District
The **Mansion Row Historic District** is a national historic district located at New Albany, Indiana. It features some of the various mansions of the city when New Albany was the largest city in Indiana around the time of the American Civil War. The main section is on Main Street from State Street (where the Scribner House is), to 15th Street. A smaller section is on Market Street from E. 7th Street to E. 11th Street.
Most of the buildings are of the Federal and Italianate styles, but other styles of the mansions are of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, and Victorian. Most of the oldest of the buildings are of the Federal style, built before Upper High Street was renamed East Main Street.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
- Asahel Clapp (physician)
- William Culbertson (merchant)
- Washington C. DePauw (industrialist)
- Michael C. Kerr (U.S. Speaker of the House)
- William Vaughn Moody (playwright)
## Prominent buildings {#prominent_buildings}
- Dr. Asahel Clapp House (1822), first brick house in New Albany
- State Bank of Indiana building (1837, Greek Revival) Built at the cost of \$40,000, it was the tallest building in New Albany for a time. It was one of the ten original branches of Indiana\'s State Bank.
- Isaac P. Smith House (1847, Greek Revival)
- Victor Pepin House (1851, Tuscan Italianate Villa), fully restored now \"The Pepin Mansion\" an Event & Retreat venue, original painted ceilings and more.
- Sloan-Bicknell-Paris House (1851, Italian Villa), now the Admiral Bicknell Inn, it features a mahogany staircase with a cherry balustrade.
- Culbertson Mansion State Historic Site (1869, Second Empire)
- Washington C. DePauw House (1873, Second Empire) was the millionaire\'s winter home
- Culbertson Old Ladies\' Home (1873), built by William Culbertson for the benefit of poor widows, it is currently a bed and breakfast, the Mansion at River Walk.
- Samuel Culbertson House (1887, Queen Anne), built as a wedding present from William Culbertson to his son, it now holds gatherings such as weddings and class reunions.
- St. Paul\'s Episcopalian Church (1896, Gothic Revival)
- New Albany Masonic Hall (1868 in the Italianate style)
- John H. and Evan B. Stotsenburg House (1867, Italianate style), 1407 E. Main.
## Gallery
` `[`File:Culbertson`](File:Culbertson)` West.jpg|Samuel Culbertson House`\
` `[`File:Culbertson`](File:Culbertson)` Widow Home.jpg|Culbertson Old Ladies' Home`\
` `[`File:Mike`](File:Mike)` Kerr Home.jpg|Home of ``Michael C
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# Southside High School (North Carolina)
**Southside High School** (aka Southside) is located at 5700 NC Highway 33 E, in Chocowinity, a small town in Beaufort County, North Carolina, with a ZIP code of 27817. It is in Beaufort County Schools.
Southside is a 1A school.
The attendance zone includes Chocowinity, Aurora, Blounts Creek, and Edward.
It was founded in 2000, when Chocowinity High School and Aurora High School were consolidated into one school. Chocowinity Middle School and Aurora Middle school serve as feeder schools to Southside.
There are approximately 500 students attending Southside, which houses grades 9--12 on a 4 block schedule.
The school\'s floorplan consists of 4 main halls, 2 of which pertain to certain areas of study. There is a Math/Science/History hall, an English/Technology hall, and a small area dedicated to Performing Arts (Band), one art class, and a Health classroom.
Southside also has a multi-purpose gym, which houses the basketball and volleyball programs; a stadium, which houses its football, soccer, and track and field programs; and separate baseball and softball fields. A double tennis court is also located on campus, though there is no official tennis program as of now, though there may be one in the 2024 school year as interest is building.
The school mascot is the Seahawk. The school\'s primary spirit color is teal, along with secondary colors including navy blue, gold and white
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# Swinton Insurance
**Swinton Insurance Ltd** is a UK insurance retailer that was established in 1957. The company offers a range of insurance products from a panel of UK insurers covering car, bike, home, commercial, taxi and caravan insurance.
## History
Swinton was founded in 1957 by Ken Scowcroft (born 1928) who began the car insurance brokerage business from the front room of his semi-detached house in Swinton, Greater Manchester. in the first year, he sold around 100 policies to local people.
The first branch was opened in 1964 in Salford, and the branch network originally expanded in the Manchester region before it expanded throughout the North West of England. It was then merged with Denbury Insurance owned by Brian Blake, retaining the Swinton Insurance name. The company became the first insurance franchise and the first to introduce a computer quotations system, which is now common in major UK insurers. In 1981, Ken Scowcroft\'s son, Brian Scowcroft, joined the business and worked in a number of different roles including Finance Director before being appointed Joint Chief executive in 1985.
In 1988 Swinton was sold to Sun Alliance for £130m and in 2001 it changed hands again when it was acquired by MMA Holdings UK Plc., which is, in turn, owned by Covéa SGAM (Société de Group d\'Assurance Mutuelle).
In 2002, The Swinton Insurance Group acquired the specialist caravan and motorhome insurer, Safeguard, and in 2004, it acquired Manchester based insurance group Deansgate Insurance.
By 2008, Swinton had become the third largest insurance retailer in the UK, and the largest in Northern Ireland, managing over three million individual car, home and life insurance policies. Their position in the Northern Ireland market was further bolstered with the acquisition of Open + Direct in 2009.
The Swinton Insurance Group continued their UK-wide acquisition strategy in 2012 with the purchase of Greys Insurance in Burnley. In 2013, they then purchased Stroud based insurers Alexander James Commercial before agreeing a deal to buy the general insurance book of North Wales-based Anderson Insurance Services in 2014 and the Cleethorpes based C H Turner Insurance Consultants.
Chief executive Christophe Bardet stepped down at the end of December 2014 and was succeeded by Gilles Normand, formerly the CEO of MMA Holdings UK Plc. Gilles Normand stepped down as CEO in October 2018 and was replaced by Scott Kennedy as Managing Director.
Ardonagh Group purchased Swinton in September 2018 for £165million.
## Advertising
Swinton Insurance was the first insurance broker to advertise on UK television in the 1960s. In the 1980s, Swinton ran television commercials featuring a \'Man with Big Glasses\'.
In the 1990s, Swinton Insurance ran a television commercial campaign featuring characters from the television programme *Thunderbirds*.
Other commercials have featured *Emmerdale* actor John Middleton and the animated television characters of *The Flintstones*.
## Controversy
In 2009, Swinton was fined £770,000 by the Financial Services Authority (FSA) for mis-selling payment protection insurance (PPI) policies. In July 2013, Swinton was fined £7.4m by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in relation to sales of monthly insurance products sold by telephone between April 2010 and April 2012.
Chief executive Christophe Bardet stated that Swinton had notified these problems to the Financial Services Authority in March 2012 and co-operated fully with the FCA. Swinton acknowledged its shortcomings in its sales practices during the specific period in question, and the company unreservedly apologised to customers. After instigating a full review of the business after his appointment in December 2011, Bardet announced a comprehensive transformation of the business with a three-year, £75m investment programme.
In May 2014, Swinton Insurance was criticised by Welsh Language Commissioner Meri Huws for banning call centre staff from using Welsh when discussing details of financial products with Welsh-speaking customers in Wales
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# Ernest Hebert
**Ernest Hebert** (born May 4, 1941) is an American author. He is best known for the Darby Chronicles Series, which is a series of seven novels written between 1979 and 2014 about modern life in a fictional New Hampshire town as it transitions from relative rural poverty to being more upscale, almost suburban. He has also written several stand-alone novels, including *Mad Boys*, *The Old American*, and *The Contrarian Voice: And Other Poems*.
## Biography
Hebert was born in Keene, New Hampshire, and was named after his mother\'s eldest brother, Reverend Joseph Ernest Vaccarest. Ernest attended public school and graduated from Keene High School in 1959. He applied to Keene State College upon graduation, but was initially denied admission based on his ACT scores. As a result, he served in the army reserves for six months before beginning work at the New England Telephone and Telegraph Company as a central office equipment installer. After the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963, he decided to quit his job and reapply to Keene State College.
Upon admission to college, Hebert hired a retired Keene school teacher to tutor him in English studies. The reading assignment she chose for him was The History of Henry Esmond, Esq. by William Makepeace Thackeray, which he intensely disliked. He began his college career in the fall of 1964 and initially majored in History. After several semesters, however, he realized that he much preferred writing to history. In his junior year, Hebert read the poem Preludes by T.S. Eliot which entirely transformed his outlook on life. He then gave up writing prose to focus entirely on writing poetry and changed his major from History to English.
Hebert met his future wife, Medora Lavoie, at Keene State College. They married in early 1969, the same year he graduated from Keene State. Upon graduation, Hebert and his wife moved to California so that Hebert could attend Stanford University in pursuit of a master\'s degree. While attending Stanford, Hebert studied creative writing with a concentration in poetry. After several semesters, however, Hebert concluded that he had learned everything he could from his professors and that graduate school was not for him.{cn} He and his wife then returned to New Hampshire so that Medora could finish her bachelor\'s degree at Keene State College.
Hebert began working as a journalist for several newspaper during this time period, including The Keene Sentinel Newspaper, Business NH Magazine, The New Hampshire Times, and The Boston Globe. In 1972, he won two Journalism Excellence Awards from United Press International. During this time period, Hebert wrote *The Dogs of March*, which was published by Viking Press in 1979. This novel was the first book in his Darby Chronicles Series of novels, which centers around the fictional town of Darby, New Hampshire. Over the last several decades, Hebert has continued to write this series, which includes: *A Little More Than Kin*, *Whisper My Name*, *The Passion of Estelle Jordan*, *Live Free or Die*, *Spoonwood*, and *Howard Elman\'s Farewell*. He has also written several stand-alone works, the most recent of which was a collection of poetry titled *The Contrarian Voice: And Other Poems*.
In addition to his writing, Hebert worked as a professor of English and creative writing at Dartmouth College for more than 25 years before retiring. Over the course of his career as a professor, he taught several notable people, including David Benioff. Hebert is the first member of faculty at Dartmouth College to be tenured as a fiction writer.
Dartmouth College houses his earlier work relating primarily to his Darby Series of novels. Keene State College, his alma mater, additionally has a collection which includes Hebert\'s digital artwork, original galleys of his novels, and early drafts of his books.
## Works
- *The Contrarian Voice: And Other Poems* (Bauhan Publishing, LLC) 2017
- *Never Back Down* (David Godine, Inc.) 2012
- [*I Love U*](http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/digital/publishing/books/hebert2012/) (Recycling Reality, ebook) 2011
- *New Hampshire Patterns*, with Jon Gilbert Fox, photographer (University Press of New England) 2007
- *The Old American* (UPNE) 2000 (Outstanding Fiction award, New Hampshire Writers Project)
- [*Mad Boys*](http://www.dartmouth
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# Behrens v. Pelletier
***Behrens v. Pelletier***, 516 U.S. 299 (1996), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held a defendant\'s immediate appeal of an unfavorable qualified immunity ruling on a motion to dismiss does not deprive the court of appeals of jurisdiction over a second appeal, also based on qualified immunity, immediately following denial of summary judgment.
## Background
The Federal Home Loan Bank Board fired Robert Pelletier (Plaintiff) as the provisional managing officer of Pioneer Savings and Loans Associations after the agent responsible for monitoring Pioneer\'s operations, John Behrens (Defendant), recommended such action. The basis of Behrens recommendation was an investigation involving the collapse of another financial institution, and possible misconduct by Pelletier. Pelletier filled suite arguing wrongfully termination, and John Behrens claimed he was acting on behalf of the government and therefore was he was entitled to qualified immunity.
## Issue
At issue is if a defendant\'s initial appeal for qualified immunity is unfavorable, does this ruling deprive the court of appeals jurisdiction of over a subsequent appeal based on the same claim, i.e., qualified immunity
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# Leon Van Speybroeck
**Leon P. Van Speybroeck** (Wichita (Kansas), August 27, 1935 - Newton, Massachusetts, December 25, 2002) was an American astronomer who served as Telescope Scientist for the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, which was launched into space aboard the Space Shuttle *Columbia* in 1998. Van Speybroek designed the mirrors that made possible its spectacular X-ray images of nearby and remote magical objects, including comets, exploding stars, jets of gas spewing from nearby black holes, and powerful quasars more than 10 billion light years from Earth. The data from Chandra prompted new discoveries about the evolution of galaxies, the nature of the black holes, dark matter, and the dimensions of the universe.
## Contributions to Chandra X-Ray Observatory {#contributions_to_chandra_x_ray_observatory}
The Chandra mirrors designed by Van Speybroeck are the smoothest and most precise ever made, with tolerances measured within just a few atoms. The telescope\'s angular resolution, at 0.5 arcsecond, is ten times better than its predecessor and equivalent to being able to read newspaper text from half a mile away. The x-ray mirror assembly, with its four pairs of cylinders coated with highly reflective iridium, lies at Chandra\'s core. The mirrors deflect x-rays at very shallow angles, like skipping pebbles across a pond; in order to make an image, each x-ray is reflected twice -- once from each member of a pair of cylinders. Four pairs of cylinders are nested inside one another to increase the size of the telescope, in order to collect more x-rays. Pending further identification, the first images received by the telescope were dubbed \"Leon X-1\" as a tribute to the quality of the mirrors.
The Chandra x-ray mirrors resulted from over two decades of collaboration between Van Speybroeck and colleagues at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and scientists and engineers affiliated with NASA\'s Marshall Space Flight Center, TRW Inc., Hughes-Danbury (now BF Goodrich Aerospace), Optical Coating Laboratories, Inc. and Eastman-Kodak. The Columbia Space Shuttle, piloted by Commander Eileen Collins, launched Chandra during STS-93 in July, 1999. It remains the heaviest payload ever handled by the shuttle program.
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# Leon Van Speybroeck
## Contributions to Early X-Ray Astronomy {#contributions_to_early_x_ray_astronomy}
After completing his PhD in nuclear physics at MIT, Van Speybroeck joined a team at American Science and Engineering headed by eventual Nobel Prize in Physics laureate Riccardo Giacconi on the first X-ray telescopes, built as part of Skylab (launched in 1970), the first US space station, and Uhuru (launched in 1973), the first x-ray astronomy space observatory. The team ultimately designed the mirrors for the Einstein Observatory, Chandra\'s predecessor, which launched in 1978 and represented a several hundredfold improvement in resolution. Van Speybroeck also played a role in developing the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement; COSTAR was used to correct the spherical aberrations on the original Hubble Space Telescope mirrors.
In recognition of his contributions to x-ray optics, Van Speybroeck was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1989 for *\"continued contributions to the development of x-ray optics and other instruments for x-ray astronomy, and for pioneering studies of the x-ray emissions from normal galaxies\"* He was also awarded the 2002 Bruno Rossi Prize of the High Energy Astrophysics Division of the American Astronomical Society.
Leon Van Speybroeck died unexpectedly December 25, 2002 at age 67. At the time of his death, Van Speybroeck was generally acknowledged as the world\'s premier designer of x-ray telescopes. The \"Six Years of Science with Chandra, Dedicated to Leon Van Speybroeck\" Symposium was held in Cambridge, Mass., November 2--4, 2005. Topics of X-ray astronomy included: Supernova Remnants, X-ray Optics, Young Stars and the Chandra Orion Ultra-Deep Project, Comets, AGNs, Clusters and Feedback, Galaxies, Jets and Their Environments, Dark Matter, Ultraluminous X-ray Sources, and X-ray Binary Populations.
Van Speybroeck intended to use his Chandra observation time, in part, to independently verify the Hubble Constant, which is key to understanding the universe\'s size, shape and age. Colleagues completed the work successfully and published their findings in August, 2006 edition of The Astrophysical Journal.
## Publications
- *Exploring the universe: A Festschrift in Honor of Riccardo Giacconi*, edited by H Gursky (Naval Research Laboratory, USA), R. Ruffini (University of Roma La Sapienza, Italy) & L. Stella (Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Italy) Italy October 1997 World Scientific 2000 `{{ISBN|981-02-4423-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Revealing the universe: the making of the Chandra X-ray Observatory*, Wallace Tucker and Karen Tucker Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001, `{{ISBN|0-674-00497-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The restless universe: Understanding X-Ray Astronomy in the Age of Chandra and Newton*, Eric M. Schlegel, Oxford University Press, 2002 `{{ISBN|0-19-514847-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The violent universe: Joyrides Through the X-ray Cosmos*, Kimberly Weaver, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005
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# Henrik Østervold
**Henrik Østervold** (13 January 1878 -- 21 August 1957) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a Helmsman of the Norwegian boat *Atlanta*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class (1907 rating)
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# Anne Frank: The Biography
***Anne Frank: The Biography*** is the first full biography of Holocaust diarist Anne Frank. Written by Melissa Müller it was initially published in 1998 in Germany. The book was the basis for the mini-series *Anne Frank: The Whole Story* (2001).
## Summary
Anne Frank was born on 12 June 1929 to a lower or middle-class Jewish family in Frankfurt, Germany who feels the early threats of Nazism as Hitler rises to power in 1933. Soon her family and van dan emigrate to the Netherlands where Anne enjoys an idyllic life centred on school, socializing, boys and sleepovers. However, the situation changes quickly once Germany invades the Netherlands in May 1940. The family is soon forced to go into hiding with another family at the back building of the family business. While there Anne faithfully keeps a diary describing everyday situations and her thoughts and beliefs. After two years and one month, they are betrayed by still unknown parties and sent to concentration camps where they all perish with the exception of Anne\'s father, Otto Frank. The book ends with an afterword by one of the women who hid them, Otto Frank\'s secretary Miep Gies
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# Meridian Woods Park
**Meridian Woods Park** is a neighborhood located on the south side of Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It is home to the Meridian Woods Marlins swim team. Children in the neighborhood attend the schools of the Metropolitan School District of Perry Township
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# Morgan v Odhams Press Ltd
***Morgan v Odhams Press Ltd*** clarified the law in England regarding identification of the plaintiff in an action for defamation.
## Claim
A newspaper article in *The Sun* (then owned by Odhams Press) reported on the kidnapping of a young woman by a dog-doping gang. The woman had been staying at the home of Mr. Morgan, a journalist, at the time of her kidnap.
Morgan claimed that even though the article did not mention him in any way, it implied to those who knew that the woman was staying with him that he was a member of the gang.
## Judgement
Lord Morris of Borth-y-gest ruled that even though the plaintiff was never referred to by name, nor was he even directly implicated upon strict reading of the defamatory article, he was still sufficiently identified. This was because a substantial group of people who knew the plaintiff understood that it referred to him. Lord Morris held that this was sufficient, even though no-one called to give evidence in fact believed the allegations to be true
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# Jan Østervold
**Jan Olsen Østervold** (8 December 1876 -- 9 January 1945 in New York City) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Atlanta*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class (1907 rating)
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# Earth–ionosphere waveguide
The **Earth--ionosphere waveguide** is the phenomenon in which certain radio waves can propagate in the space between the ground and the boundary of the ionosphere. Because the ionosphere contains charged particles, it can behave as a conductor. The earth operates as a ground plane, and the resulting cavity behaves as a large waveguide.
Extremely low frequency (ELF) (\< 3 kHz) and very low frequency (VLF) (3--30 kHz) signals can propagate efficiently in this waveguide. For instance, lightning strikes launch a signal called radio atmospherics, which can travel many thousands of kilometers, because they are confined between the Earth and the ionosphere. The round-the-world nature of the waveguide produces resonances, like a cavity, which are at \~7 Hz.
## Introduction
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Radio propagation within the ionosphere depends on frequency, angle of incidence, time of day, season, Earth\'s magnetic field, and solar activity. At vertical incidence, waves with frequencies larger than the electron plasma frequency ($f_e$ in Hz) of the F-layer maximum
($N_e$ in $m^{-3}$ is the electron density) can propagate through the ionosphere nearly undisturbed. Waves with frequencies smaller than $f_e$ are reflected within the ionospheric D-, E-, and F-layers. $f_e$ is of the order of 8--15 MHz during day time conditions. For oblique incidence, the critical frequency becomes larger.
Very low frequencies (VLF: 3--30 kHz), and extremely low frequencies (ELF: \<3 kHz) are reflected at the ionospheric D- and lower E-layer. An exception is whistler propagation of lightning signals along the geomagnetic field lines.
The wavelengths of VLF waves (10--100 km) are already comparable with the height of the ionospheric D-layer (about 70 km during the day, and 90 km during the night). Therefore, ray theory is only applicable for propagation over short distances, while mode theory must be used for larger distances. The region between Earth\'s surface and the ionospheric D-layer behaves thus like a waveguide for VLF- and ELF-waves.
In the presence of the ionospheric plasma and the geomagnetic field, electromagnetic waves exist for frequencies which are larger than the gyrofrequency of the ions (about 1 Hz). Waves with frequencies smaller than the gyrofrequency are called hydromagnetic waves. The geomagnetic pulsations with periods of seconds to minutes as well as Alfvén waves belong to that type of waves.
## Transfer function {#transfer_function}
The prototype of a short vertical rod antenna is a vertical electric Hertz dipole in which electric alternating currents of frequency f flow. Its radiation of electromagnetic waves within the Earth-ionospheric waveguide can be described by a transfer function T(ρ,ω):
where E~z~ is the vertical component of the electric field at the receiver in a distance ρ from the transmitter, E~o~ is the electric field of a Hertzian dipole in free space, and $\omega = 2\pi f$ the angular frequency. In free space, it is $T = 1$. Evidently, the Earth--ionosphere waveguide is dispersive because the transfer function depends on frequency. This means that phase- and group velocity of the waves are frequency dependent.
## Ray theory {#ray_theory}
In the VLF range, the transfer function is the sum of a ground wave which arrives directly at the receiver and multihop sky waves reflected at the ionospheric D-layer (Figure 1).
For the real Earth\'s surface, the ground wave becomes dissipated and depends on the orography along the ray path. For VLF waves at shorter distances, this effect is, however, of minor importance, and the reflection factor of the Earth is $R_e = 1$, in a first approximation.
At shorter distances, only the first hop sky wave is of importance. The D-layer can be simulated by a magnetic wall ($R_i = -1$) with a fixed boundary at a virtual height h, which means a phase jump of 180° at the reflection point. In reality, the electron density of the D-layer increases with altitude, and the wave is bounded as shown in Figure 2.
The sum of ground wave and first hop wave displays an interference pattern with interference minima if the difference between the ray paths of ground and first sky wave is half a wavelength (or a phase difference of 180°). The last interference minimum on the ground (z = 0) between the ground wave and the first sky wave is at a horizontal distance of
with c the velocity of light. In the example of Figure 3, this is at about 500 km distance.
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# Earth–ionosphere waveguide
## Wave mode theory {#wave_mode_theory}
The theory of ray propagation of VLF waves breaks down at larger distances because in the sum of these waves successive multihop sky waves are involved, and the sum diverges. In addition, it becomes necessary to take into account the spherical Earth. Mode theory which is the sum of eigen-modes in the Earth--ionosphere waveguide is valid in this range of distances. The wave modes have fixed vertical structures of their vertical electric field components with maximum amplitudes at the bottom and zero amplitudes at the top of the waveguide. In the case of the fundamental first mode, it is a quarter wavelength. With decreasing frequency, the eigenvalue becomes imaginary at the cutoff frequency, where the mode changes to an evanescent wave. For the first mode, this happens at
below which that mode will not propagate (Figure 4).
The attenuation of the modes increases with wavenumber n. Therefore, essentially only the first two modes are involved in the wave propagation The first interference minimum between these two modes is at the same distance as that of the last interference minimum of ray theory (`{{EquationNote|3|Eq. 3}}`{=mediawiki}) indicating the equivalence of both theories As seen in Figure 3, the spacing between the mode interference minima is constant and about 1000 km in this example. The first mode becomes dominant at distances greater than about 1500 km, because the second mode is more strongly attenuated than the first mode.
In the range of ELF waves, only mode theory is appropriate. The fundamental mode is the zeroth mode (Figure 4). The D-layer becomes here an electric wall (R~i~ = 1). Its vertical structure is simply a vertical electric field constant with altitude.
In particular, a resonance zeroth mode exists for waves which are an integral part of the Earth\'s circumference and has the frequency
with the Earth\'s radius. The first resonance peaks are at 7.5, 15, and 22,5 Hz. These are the Schumann resonances. The spectral signals from lightning are amplified at those frequencies.
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# Earth–ionosphere waveguide
## Waveguide characteristics {#waveguide_characteristics}
The above discussion merely illustrates a simple picture of mode and ray theory. More detailed treatments require a large computer program. In particular, it is difficult to solve the problem of the horizontal and vertical inhomogeneities of the waveguide. The effect of the Earth\'s curvature is, that near the antipode the field strength slightly increases. Due to the influence of the Earth\' magnetic field, the medium becomes anisotropic so that the ionospheric reflection factor in reality is a matrix. This means that a vertically polarized incident wave after reflection at the ionospheric D-layer converses to a vertically and a horizontally polarized wave. Moreover, the geomagnetic field gives rise to a nonreciprocity of VLF waves. Waves propagating from east to west are more strongly attenuated than vice versa. There appears a phase slipping near the distance of the deep interference minimum of `{{EquationNote|3|Eq. 3}}`{=mediawiki}. During the times of sunrise and/or sunset, there is sometimes a phase gain or loss of 360° because of the irreversible behavior of the first sky wave.
The dispersion characteristics of the Earth-ionospheric waveguide can be used for locating thunderstorm activity by measurements of the difference of the group time delay of lightning signals (sferics) at adjacent frequencies up to distances of 10000 km. The Schumann resonances allow to determine the global lightning activity
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# Tennessee State Route 117
**State Route 117** (**SR 117**) is a very short state highway in extreme eastern McNairy County, Tennessee. This highway passes through one town (Adamsville) and acts as a shortcut from Adamsville to the nearby Shiloh National Military Park.
## Route description {#route_description}
**SR 117** begins near Shiloh National Military Park at an intersection with SR 142 between Stantonville and Hurley, in a community known as West Shiloh. The highway heads north as a 2-lane highway through farmland to have an intersection with Gilchrist Road, which serves as a connector to SR 224. SR 117 then enters Adamsville and has an intersection with Old Shiloh Road before entering downtown, where it comes to an end at an intersection with US 64/SR 15/SR 22.
The entire route is in McNairy County
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# Ole Østervold
**Ole Olsen Østervold** (14 October 1872 -- 25 December 1936) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Atlanta*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class (1907 rating)
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# Advanced Math and Science Academy Charter School
**Advanced Math and Science Academy Charter School** (**AMSA**) is a charter school founded in 2005. It is located at 201 Forest Street in Marlborough, Massachusetts, U.S., in a few remodeled office buildings.
## History
On February 30, 2004, the Massachusetts Department of Education granted the Advanced Math and Science Academy Charter School a five-year charter. Throughout the entire process, there had been a lot of controversy surrounding the school and founder Julia Sigalovsky. Opponents of the school managed to delay the opening of the school by a year by filing numerous lawsuits against the school. The school had to convince lawyers to wait until the school\'s funding to recoup over \$30,000 in legal fees.
The school finally opened on September 6, 2005, in time for the first day of school. The original class consisted of 250 sixth and seventh graders. In each successive year, one additional class of middle schoolers were added to the school. Following the 2010 school year, the school\'s charter was renewed for another five years.
In 2014, teachers at the school unionized, organizing with the Teamsters Local 170, in response to reported poor treatment under then Executive Director John Brucato.
In 2019, AMSA became the first public institution in the state of Massachusetts to own a scanning electron microscope thanks to a donation from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
## Legal challenges {#legal_challenges}
A lawsuit filed by three local school districts (Maynard, Hudson, and Marlborough) charged that the Massachusetts Department of Education failed to observe its own rules in granting the charter. The municipalities lost their case when the Supreme Judicial Court ruled that municipalities have no right to judicial review of the chartering process. *The MetroWest Daily News* reported that local school districts have no role in the granting of a charter, that the State Board of Education has \"the final decision\" on granting charters.
AMSA also faced many challenges with its landlord and withheld rent for many years as the buildings were not up to standard. This dispute ended in court with the landlord giving the school a large sum of money.
## Notable People {#notable_people}
### Faculty
- Barbara E
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# Kristian Østervold
**Kristian Olsen Østervold** (16 January 1885 -- 29 July 1960) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Atlanta*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class (1907 rating)
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# 7th Division (German Empire)
The **7th Division** (*7. Division*) was a unit of the Prussian/German Army. It was formed in Magdeburg in November 1816 as a brigade and became a division on September 5, 1818. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the IV Army Corps (*IV. Armeekorps*). The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited primarily in the Province of Saxony, also known as Prussian Saxony.
## Combat chronicle {#combat_chronicle}
The division fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, including the Battle of Königgrätz. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division saw action in the battles of Beaumont and Sedan, and in the Siege of Paris.
The division was mobilized as the 7th Infantry Division in August 1914 and sent to the west for the opening campaigns of the war. It fought in the siege of the Belgian fortifications at Liège, and then participated in the subsequent march into France and the Race to the Sea. The division then spent time in the trenches, and fought in the Battle of the Somme in 1916. During the German spring offensive of 1918, the division fought in the Battle of the Lys. It then fought in the defensive battles against the Allied offensives, including the Hundred Days Offensive and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The division was rated a first-class division by Allied intelligence.
## Order of battle in the Franco-Prussian War {#order_of_battle_in_the_franco_prussian_war}
During wartime, the 7th Division, like other regular German divisions, was redesignated an infantry division. The organization of the 7th Infantry Division in 1870 at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War was as follows:
- 13\. Infanterie Brigade
- Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 26
- Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 66
- 14\. Infanterie Brigade
- Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 27
- Anhaltisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 93
- Jäger-Bataillon Nr. 4
- Dragoner-Regiment Nr. 7
## Pre-World War I organization {#pre_world_war_i_organization}
German divisions underwent various organizational changes after the Franco-Prussian War. The 7th Division exchanged its regiment from the Duchy of Anhalt for the Hanoverian 165th Infantry Regiment, broadening its recruiting area The organization of the division in 1914, shortly before the outbreak of World War I, was as follows:
- 13\. Infanterie Brigade
- Infanterie-Regiment Fürst Leopold von Anhalt-Dessau (1. Magdeburgisches) Nr. 26
- 3\. Magdeburgisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 66
- 14\. Infanterie Brigade
- Infanterie-Regiment Prinz Louis Ferdinand von Preußen (2. Magdeburgisches) Nr. 27
- 5\. Hannoversches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 165
- 7\. Kavallerie-Brigade
- Magdeburgisches Husaren-Regiment Nr. 10
- Ulanen-Regiment Hennigs von Treffenfeld (Altmärkisches) Nr. 16
- 7\. Feldartillerie-Brigade
- Feldartillerie-Regiment Prinz-Regent Luitpold von Bayern (Magdeburgisches) Nr. 4
- Altmärkisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 40
## Order of battle on mobilization {#order_of_battle_on_mobilization}
On mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 7th Division was again renamed the 7th Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization was as follows:
- 13.Infanterie-Brigade:
- Infanterie-Regiment Fürst Leopold von Anhalt-Dessau (1. Magdeburgisches) Nr. 26
- 3\. Magdeburgisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 66
- 14.Infanterie-Brigade:
- Infanterie-Regiment Prinz Louis Ferdinand von Preußen (2. Magdeburgisches) Nr. 27
- 5\. Hannoversches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 165
- \"1/2\" Magdeburgisches Husaren-Regiment Nr. 10
- 7\. Feldartillerie-Brigade:
- Feldartillerie-Regiment Prinz-Regent Luitpold von Bayern (Magdeburgisches) Nr. 4
- Altmärkisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 40
- 1./Magdeburgisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 4
## Late World War I organization {#late_world_war_i_organization}
Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a \"square division\"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, the engineer contingent was increased, and a divisional signals command was created. The 7th Infantry Division\'s order of battle on April 1, 1918, was as follows:
- 14.Infanterie-Brigade:
- Infanterie-Regiment Fürst Leopold von Anhalt-Dessau (1. Magdeburgisches) Nr. 26
- 5\. Hannoversches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 165
- Thüringisches Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 393
- Musketier-Bataillon Nr. 1
- 2.Eskadron/Magdeburgisches Husaren-Regiment Nr. 10
- Artillerie-Kommandeur 7:
- Altmärkisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 40
- I.Bataillon/Reserve-Fußartillerie-Regiment Nr. 20
- Stab Magdeburgisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 4:
- 1./Magdeburgisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 4
- 3./Magdeburgisches Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 4
- Minenwerfer-Kompanie Nr
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# Mankato Regional Airport
**Mankato Regional Airport** `{{Airport codes|MKT|KMKT|MKT}}`{=mediawiki} is a public airport located five miles (8 km) northeast of the central business district of Mankato, a city in Blue Earth County, Minnesota, United States. This airport is publicly owned by the city of Mankato. The airport is home to North Star Aviation (FBO) and Minnesota State University\'s flight training program. Base to Mn composite Squadron Mn 048 Civil Air Patrol (CAP/USAF-AUX)
## Facilities and aircraft {#facilities_and_aircraft}
Mankato Regional Airport covers an area of 900 acre and contains two runways:
- Runway 4/22: 4,000 x 75 ft (1,219 x 23 m), Surface: Asphalt
- Runway 15/33: 6,600 x 100 ft (2,012 x 30 m), Surface: Concrete (Expanded from 5400 ft in 2007)
For the 12-month period ending 31 July 2015 the airport had 119,320 aircraft operations, an average of 327 per day: 97% general aviation, 3% air taxi and less than 1% military. In March 2017, there were 74 aircraft based at this airport: 56 single-engine, 13 multi-engine, 2 jet, 2 helicopter and 1 ultralight.
## History
By 1960, North Central Airlines provided schedule service to Minneapolis--St. Paul International Airport and Sioux Falls, SD with stops at Mankato, Fairmont, and Worthington. North Central Airlines\' final scheduled flight using a Douglas DC-3 took place on 7 February 1969 as flight #774. It flew the 30 minute leg from Mankato to Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport.
On December 22, 1969 the Mankato City Council approved Imperial Airways Inc. request to begin commercial helicopter service between Mankato and the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport. The service started on December 26, 1969 with two daily round trip flights using Bell Jet Rangers. On December 4, 1970 Imperial Airways announced it was canceling its scheduled helicopter service flights in Minnesota. Other routes that were cut, were its routes from Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport to Rochester, Minnesota and to downtown Minneapolis.
While no airlines serve Mankato Regional Airport as of August 2020, Sun Country Airlines, in partnership with Landline, began bus service between Mankato and Minneapolis--St. Paul International Airport in November 2019. This service allowed customers to book one itinerary from Mankato that includes bus transfer to Minneapolis, and then their flight to the next destination. Customers were allowed to check baggage in Mankato to be transferred directly to the aircraft, but must clear security in Minneapolis. It also offered rebooking services in case flights or buses are delayed, ensuring customers are booked on another flight or bus to their final destination. This service was discontinued on March 19, 2023.
On August 17, 2020, Air Force One landed at Mankato Regional Airport for the first time. Due to the small size of the airport, President Donald J. Trump used a Boeing C-32 as Air Force One, instead of the usual Boeing VC-25
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# John Jackson (Worcestershire cricketer)
**John Frederick Cecil Jackson** (8 May 1880 -- 22 November 1968) was an English first-class cricketer who played a single match, for Worcestershire against Oxford University. He scored 0 and 6.
Jackson was born in Meopham, Kent; he died aged 88 in Kidderminster, Worcestershire
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# Charlton Ogburn
**Charlton Ogburn Jr.** (15 March 1911`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}19 October 1998) was an American writer, most notably of memoirs and non-fiction works. Before he established himself as a writer he served in the US army, and then as a State Department official, specialising in South-East Asian affairs.
In his later years he was best known as an advocate of the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship, leading the revival of public interest in the theory in the 1980s. He wrote over a dozen books and numerous magazine articles.
## Life
Ogburn was the son of lawyer Charlton Greenwood Ogburn and writer Dorothy Ogburn née Stevens. His uncle was the sociologist William Fielding Ogburn. He was raised in Savannah and New York City, graduated from Harvard University in 1932 and wrote and worked in publishing.
During World War II he joined military intelligence, serving in the China Burma India Theater, most notably as communications officer for Merrill\'s Marauders. He left with the rank of captain. He returned to the US to begin a career with the State Department. From 1946 to 1949, he worked at the Division of South-East Asian Affairs. He went on to work at the Department of State. He held several posts, including Political Advisor to the United States Delegation to the United Nations Security Council\'s Committee of Good Offices for the Indonesian Dispute.
Ogburn was among the first State Department officials to explicitly oppose the growing U.S. involvement in the First Indochina War, which would later evolve into the Vietnam War. In 1950 he wrote a memo in which he predicted that Ho Chi Minh would not \"wilt\" under the impact of U.S. aid to the colonial French forces, and that any military victory would simply send Ho\'s troops \"underground until a more propitious occasion presented itself\". Ogburn also unsuccessfully opposed the U.S. policy of supporting the Vietnamese monarchy of Bảo Đại.
After the success of his story \"Merrill\'s Marauders\", a *Harper\'s Magazine* cover story in 1957, Harper & Bros. offered an advance for a book and he left the government to write on a full-time basis in 1957.
Failing health in later years led to Ogburn\'s death in 1998. His papers are kept in archives at Emory University in Atlanta.
## Family
Ogburn was married twice. With his first wife, he had one son, Charlton Ogburn, III). The couple divorced, after which Charlton III\'s name was changed by his mother to William Fielding Ogburn. He was later known as Will Aldis. Ogburn, Jr. then married Vera M. Weidman in 1951, with whom he had two daughters, Nyssa and Holly Ogburn.
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# Charlton Ogburn
## Works
### *The Marauders* {#the_marauders}
For most of Ogburn\'s life, his best-known work was *The Marauders* (1959), a first person account of the Burma Campaign in World War II. It was later filmed as *Merrill\'s Marauders* (1962).
Versions of the following quotation are frequently misattributed to Petronius.
> We trained hard \... but it seemed that every time we were beginning to form up into teams we would be reorganized. I was to learn later in life that we tend to meet any new situation by reorganizing; and a wonderful method it can be for creating the illusion of progress while producing confusion, inefficiency, and demoralization.
In fact it is from the magazine article \"Merrill\'s Marauders\" (*Harper\'s Magazine*, 1957) that earned Ogburn his book contract. In full, it reads thus:
> We trained hard, but it seemed that every time we were beginning to form up into teams we would be reorganized. Presumably the plans for our employment were being changed. I was to learn later in life that, perhaps because we are so good at organizing, we tend as a nation to meet any new situation by reorganizing; and a wonderful method it can be for creating the illusion of progress while producing confusion, inefficiency and demoralization.
### *The Winter Beach* and other works {#the_winter_beach_and_other_works}
Ogburn won the John Burroughs Medal in 1967 for *The Winter Beach*. His account of travels along the largely deserted northeastern shore is considered a classic of nature-writing. Stewart Udall wrote, \"In *The Winter Beach*, literary courage, eloquence, and wisdom have, I think, brought about a triumph.\" Roger Tory Peterson said, \"Ogburn has written a most extraordinary book\... he is a very sensitive, reflective writer in the Thoreauvian tradition\". In 1976, his book, *The Adventure of Birds* was published with drawings by Matthew Kalmenoff.
Ogburn also wrote fiction. He began his literary career with \"The White Falcon\", a story published by Houghton Mifflin in 1955. His short novel *The Bridge* was a work of young adult fiction with illustrations by Evaline Ness. It told the story of an elderly man and his teenage granddaughter battling to preserve their way of life, threatened by greedy relatives and a dangerous storm. Another book for young adults was *Big Caesar*, illustrated by Joe Krush, a story about a boy\'s interest in an old truck. In 1965 he published *The Gold of the River Sea*, a novel based on his early experiences traveling in Brazil.
### Oxfordian theory {#oxfordian_theory}
Today Ogburn is best known for several books and articles on the Shakespeare authorship question, continuing the passion of his parents, who had written several books on the topic including *[This Star of England: \"William Shakes-speare\" Man of the Renaissance](https://web.archive.org/web/20110717083810/http://www.sourcetext.com/sourcebook/Star/toc.htm)* (Coward-McCann, 1952). Ogburn junior\'s last and most well-known book, *The Mysterious William Shakespeare: The Myth and the Reality* (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1984), led directly to an appearance on William F. Buckley\'s *Firing Line*, followed by a 1987 *Frontline* documentary on the authorship question narrated by Al Austin, and mock trials in the U.S. and Britain.
More than a thousand people attended the moot court case sponsored by American University in 1987. Three US Supreme Court justices ---John Paul Stevens, Harry Blackmun and William J. Brennan---heard arguments in favor of the orthodox view of Shakespearean authorship and the Oxfordian theory that attributes the works to Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford (1550--1604). Although the justices held in favor of the traditional account of authorship, Justice Stevens later wrote an article supporting Ogburn\'s position, \"The Shakespeare Canon of Statutory Construction\", *University of Pennsylvania Law Review* (1991).
Ogburn\'s book reinvigorated the Oxfordian theory; inspired a succession of articles in *The New Yorker* (1988), *Atlantic Monthly* (1991), and *Harper\'s Magazine* (1999) and provoked a nationally broadcast three-hour teleconference on the topic *Uncovering Shakespeare: An Update* with moderator William F. Buckley, Jr
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# Hans Næss (sailor)
**Hans Henrik Stoermann-Næss** (3 November 1886 -- 10 December 1958) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in Bergen. Næss was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Atlanta*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class (1907 rating)
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# Reasonable apprehension of bias
In Canadian law, a **reasonable apprehension of bias** is a legal standard for disqualifying judges and administrative decision-makers for bias. Bias of the decision-maker can be real or merely perceived.
The test was first stated in *Committee for Justice and Liberty v. Canada (National Energy Board)*, [\[1978\] 1 S.C.R. 369](http://canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1976/1976canlii2/1976canlii2.html): `{{blockquote|...the apprehension of bias must be a reasonable one, held by reasonable and right minded persons, applying themselves to the question and obtaining thereon the required information. . . . [The] test is "what would an informed person, viewing the matter realistically and practically and having thought the matter through conclude."|p. 394}}`{=mediawiki}
It was further developed in:
Further: `{{blockquote|text="16. .... But there is one phrase in one sentence in the test that I think is wrong. I will underline the words I think are wrong in the sentence that contains them:}}`{=mediawiki}
:
Contrary evidence is addressed as follows:
:
It is a difficult matter to establish case law to support such a proposition. Nevertheless, consider:
:
## Definition of apprehension {#definition_of_apprehension}
The dictionary definition of apprehension, outside of the Canadian legal context, provides two distinct meanings: anxiety about something, or the perception or grasp of something. It does not appear that a reasonable person---most likely a reasonable *Canadian* person---is required to differentiate along this axis in specific terms when affirming legal apprehension of bias
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# Caspase 12
**Caspase 12** is a protein that in humans is encoded by the *CASP12* gene. The protein belongs to a family of enzymes called caspases which cleave their substrates at C-terminal aspartic acid residues. It is closely related to caspase 1 and other members of the caspase family, known as inflammatory caspases, which process and activate inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 and interleukin 18.
## Gene
It is found on chromosome 11 in humans in a locus with other inflammatory caspases. *CASP12* orthologs have been identified in numerous mammals for which complete genome data are available.
## Clinical significance {#clinical_significance}
The CASP12 gene is subject to polymorphism, which can generate a full-length caspase protein (Csp12L) or an inactive truncated form (Csp12S). The functional form appears to be confined to people of African descent and is linked with susceptibility to sepsis; people carrying the functional gene have decreased responses to bacterial molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
A study in May 2009 by McGill University Health Centre has suggested that estrogen may serve to block the production of caspase-12, resulting in a stronger inflammatory reaction to bacterial pathogens. The trials were carried out on laboratory mice which had been implanted with the human caspase-12 gene.
The inactive truncated form (Csp12S) of the CASP12 gene was spread and nearly fixed in non-African populations due to positive selection beginning perhaps 60--100 thousand years ago. Its selective advantage is thought to be sepsis resistance in populations that experienced more infectious diseases as population sizes and densities increased
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# Tîrnauca
**Tîrnauca** (`{{lang-mo-Cyrl|Тырнаука}}`{=mediawiki}; *Тернівка*, *Ternivka*, *Терновка*, *Ternovka*) is a commune and village in the Slobozia District of the Left Bank of the Dniester, Moldova, situated on the east bank of the river Dniester, between Tighina and Tiraspol. It is notable for being home to the largest bottle-shaped building in the world, the Butylka hotel and museum.
According to the 2004 census, the village\'s population was 5,015, of which 3,146 (62.73%) were Moldovans (Romanians), 632 (12.6%) Ukrainians and 1,039 (20.71%) Russians
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# Gate of the Sun
The **Gate of the Sun**, also known as the **Gateway of the Sun** (in older literature simply called \"(great) monolithic Gateway of Ak-kapana\"), is a monolithic gateway at the site of Tiahuanaco by the Tiwanaku culture, an Andean civilization of Bolivia that thrived around Lake Titicaca in the Andes of western South America around 500-950 AD.
Tiwanaku is located near Lake Titicaca at about 12549.2 ft above sea level near La Paz, Bolivia. The Gate of the Sun is approximately 9.8 ft tall and 13 ft wide, and was carved from a single piece of stone. Its weight is estimated to be 10 tons. When rediscovered by European explorers in the mid-19th century, the megalith was lying horizontally and had a large crack through it. It presently stands in the location where it was found, although it is believed that this is not its original site, which remains uncertain.
Some elements of Tiwanaku iconography spread throughout Peru and parts of Bolivia. Although there have been various modern interpretations of the mysterious inscriptions found on the object, the carvings that decorate the gate are believed to possess astronomical and/or astrological significance and may have served a calendrical purpose. In addition, scholars suggest that the design below the central figure is meant to represent celestial cycles. Being a later monument to the site in which it stands, the Gateway of the Sun could have also represented a transition from lunar religion to a solar religion based on its positioning to the sun to the West.
## Pseudoarchaeology
Among the early investigators of the Gate of the Sun were Arthur Posnansky and Edmund Kiss, who each interpreted this monument in the context of erroneous theories of an early contact with Nordic Aryans. Their interpretations lacked modern data and methods and are now regarded as pseudoarchaeology.
## Figures
The frieze of the Gateway\'s front-side shows SAIS (\"Southern Andean Iconographic Series\") Iconography. The figures and ornaments in the peripheral sections which do not show sharp lines like those of the central section were added later. It shows 48 (originally 30) subsidiary figures often called \"attendants\". There are 32 (originally 20) attendants with human heads and 16 (originally 10) anthropomorphic figures with avian heads. All run towards the central motif: a human or human-like figure in Staff God pose (a religious Andean icon) whose head is surrounded by 24 linear \"rays\", thought by some to represent rays of the Sun. However, interpretations other than \"rays of the sun\" are possible. The vertical attribute the central figure is holding in its left hand is a stylized Spear-thrower. Some historians and archaeologists suggested that the central figure could be the Inca god Viracocha or the Aymara weather god god Thunupa. Others think that it is possible that weaponry may point to individuals of a non-supernatural nature. The spatial organization of Tiwanaku \"Staff Gods\" may indicate that the personages represent ritual practitioners.
Scholars have drawn comparisons between the Inca and Tiwanaku icons as evidence of Tiwanaku influence had on Inca mythology and iconography.
## Historical depictions {#historical_depictions}
<File:Puerta> monolítica, vista de atras 1903-1904.jpg\|Gate of the Sun, Rear View (1903). <File:Centro> de la puerta 1903-1904.jpg\|Detail of the Gate of the Sun (1903). <File:TiahuanacoGateEGSquier1877.jpg%7CDepiction> by Ephraim Squier in 1877. The scale is exaggerated in this drawing
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# Kalicharan
***Kalicharan*** is a 1976 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Subhash Ghai, starring Shatrughan Sinha, Reena Roy, Premnath, Ajit, Madan Puri and Danny Denzongpa. The film became a box office hit. The film was the directorial debut of Subhash Ghai and was the breakthrough role for stars Shatrughan Sinha and Reena Roy. It was later remade into the Telugu film *Khaidi Kalidasu* (1977), the Kannada film *Kaalinga* (1980), the Tamil film *Sangili* (1982) and the Malayalam film *Pathamudayam* (1985).
## Plot
Dindayal has a reputation of an honest, rich and clean-hearted man. However, this is a facade as he is a complete villain known as LION in the world of crime. He is the man under whom black-marketing, smuggling and robberies flourish. No one has an idea about his evil deeds. Not even his close friend IG P.N. Khanna. Khanna is very worried at the sorry state of affairs in the city and state. He requests the government to bring back Inspector Prabhakar to the city as he is an honest and fearless cop. Prabhakar comes to town and starts cracking on the criminals with an iron hand. Prabhakar is a widower who has two children. Besides them, IG Khanna loves him like his own son and treats the children as his grandchildren. After making substantial raids, Prabhakar learns that Din Dayal is a corrupt man and a demon for society. He plans to spill the beans in front of everyone, but is killed by Din Dayal\'s men. Before dying, he leaves a cryptic clue for the police to nab the criminal, but nobody is able to understand what the clue says.
Khanna is heartbroken and he loses hope in life. Due to a friend, he learns that there is a ferocious prisoner Kalicharan in a jail who resembles Prabhakar. Khanna visits him, but finds him a beastly figure. Still, in an attempt to trace the criminals, he gets him released and takes him to a hill station where he attempts to transform him. But Kalicharan is a tough nut to crack. However, after some time it is Prabhakar\'s sister who wins the heart of the fugitive. Kalicharan was in prison as he had murdered the people who had raped his sister. He was still in search of the main culprit Shetty, who was a fellow shooter with Kalicharan in a circus, but wanted to rope in his talent in the killing of a man. Kalicharan makes peace with Khanna and slowly but steadily transforms into a police inspector. He manages to win the heart of Sapna (Reena Roy) and even the kids of Prabhakar accept him as their father. He finds the truth behind Prabhakar\'s murder and brings Din Dayal to the hands of law. In the process, he manages to win friends like Shaka and eliminate his old enemy Shetty.
## Cast
- Shatrughan Sinha as DSP Prabhakar / Kalicharan (Dual Role)
- Reena Roy as Sapna
- Premnath as I.G. Khanna
- Ajit as Dindayal / Lion
- Madan Puri as Jagir Singh
- Danny Denzongpa as Shaka
- Alka as Anju
- Viju Khote as Hawaldar Kishan
- David as Jailor David
- Dinesh Thakur as Manav
- Krishan Dhawan as Avtar Set
- Tyrone Aviet as dancer in song Ja re ja o har jai
- Ratan Gaurang as servant in Simla
## Production
N. N. Sippy initially wanted Rajesh Khanna to play the title role, but Subhash Ghai chose the then less popular Shatrughan Sinha because \"I felt that more than a star, I needed an actor who would be apt for the character\".
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# Kalicharan
## Soundtrack
Songs were written Rajkavi Inderjeet Singh Tulsi, Ravindra Jain and composed by Kalyanji-Anandji
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# Halvor Møgster
**Halvor Olai Møgster** (21 December 1875 -- 22 February 1950) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Atlanta*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class (1907 rating)
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# Prince Albert Arts Centre
The former Prince Albert City Hall and Prince Albert Arts Centre, now the **Margo Fournier Arts Centre**, is a National Historic Site of Canada located at 1010 Central Ave. Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, Canada. Construction on this city Hall started in 1892, and was completed 1893. A. and W.B. Goodfellow Builders built the city hall with clock tower, opera house, and meeting room.
As well as being a heritage site, it is still in operation today as the Margo Fournier Arts Centre for a variety of arts and culture opportunities, arts guilds, a community pottery studio, and the John V. Hicks Gallery for exhibitions, which feature local and regional art exhibitions coordinated by the Prince Albert Council for the Arts. Between 1911 and 1937, the old City Hall helped to house the Prince Albert Public Library in its upstairs rooms
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# Shakespeare Fellowship
The **Shakespeare Fellowship** was the name used by an organisation devoted to the Shakespeare authorship question. Originally it sought to represent all alternatives to the mainstream consensus that William Shakespeare authored the plays attributed to him, but it later became strongly identified with Oxfordian theory: promoting Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, as the true author of the works of Shakespeare. The original organisation is now known as \"The Shakespearean Authorship Trust\".
A second organisation dedicated to the aims of the original Shakespeare Fellowship was founded under the name in 2001. In 2013, it merged with the Shakespeare Oxford Society to become the \"Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship\".
## First *Shakespeare Fellowship* {#first_shakespeare_fellowship}
The first Shakespeare Fellowship, originally devoted to the study of the Shakespeare authorship but endorsing no particular candidate, was founded in England in 1921 after conversations between J. Thomas Looney, the founder of Oxfordian theory, and Sir George Greenwood a prominent anti-Stratfordian who had never declared his support for any particular alternative author. Bernard Rowland Ward was its principal organiser. It maintained worldwide membership, chiefly in the UK and the United States. Greenwood was made president. Leading supporters of the most prominent alternative candidates were made vice-presidents, including Looney, representing the Oxfordian position, the Baconian William T. Smedley, and the Derbyite Abel Lefranc.
Greenwood retained the presidency until his death in 1928. After his death the Fellowship became increasingly associated with Oxfordian theory. Oxfordian Montagu William Douglas succeeded Greenwood as president, holding the position from 1928 to 1945. Percy Allen was elected in 1944 to replace Douglas, but he resigned after losing a vote of confidence when he declared his intention to use Spiritualist means to research the authorship question. After a vacancy in 1946 Admiral Hubert Holland served (1946--1955), followed by Judge Christmas Humphreys. Under Humphreys, the group changed its name to \"The Shakespearean Authorship Society\" in 1959, later becoming \"The Shakespearean Authorship Trust\", the name it currently uses.
Oxfordian scholar and journalist Charles Wisner Barrell was secretary and treasurer of the group during the 1940s, and also was editor of two of the group\'s publications, the *Shakespeare Fellowship Newsletter* (1939--1943) and the *Shakespeare Fellowship Quarterly* (1944--1948).
After returning home to the United States, Barrell set up the American branch of the Shakespeare Fellowship. It was incorporated in 1945. Oxfordian author and attorney Charlton Greenwood Ogburn provided legal assistance in incorporating the organisation.
## Second *Shakespeare Fellowship* {#second_shakespeare_fellowship}
In the United States, the organisation was superseded for many years by the Shakespeare Oxford Society, founded in 1957. In 2001 a new organisation entitled the \"Shakespeare Fellowship\" was created in the United States. The group asserted that \"The Shakespeare Fellowship inherits the objectives framed by Sir George Greenwood, J. Thomas Looney, and the other founders of the first Shakespeare Fellowship, established in 1922.\" The Fellowship publishes a quarterly journal, *Shakespeare Matters*, maintains an active website, and sponsors an annual essay contest on the Shakespearean question. In April 2013 the Shakespeare Fellowship issued a notice of intent to merge with the Shakespeare Oxford Society under the new title \"Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship\". Following an overwhelming 74--4 vote for unification, the new \"Shakespeare Oxford Fellowship\" was created later in the year. John Hamill was appointed president of the merged organisation. The Shakespeare Fellowship publishes the annual journal *The Oxfordian*
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# Ski or Die
***Ski or Die*** is a 1990 winter sports game by Electronic Arts for the Amiga, NES, MS-DOS, and Commodore 64. It consists of five minigames which can be played individually or in a set sequentially. Up to six players can compete against each other via hotseat in four of the minigames, and semi-hotseat in one of them (up to two players at a time). The minigames are halfpipe-snowboarding, inflatable sled racing, aerial skiing, downhill skiing, and snowball fights. The shopkeeper was represented by Rodney Dangerfield.
The MS-DOS port supports Roland MT-32 and AdLib audio
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# Striped newt
The **striped newt** (***Notophthalmus perstriatus***) is a species of aquatic salamander native to the southeastern United States. It is a close relative of the eastern newt, with which it shares territory, and can be distinguished from the latter by the presence of red stripes running down the sides of its back and red spots on its back that lack a black outline.
## Description
Growing from 2.12 - in length, a fully mature striped newt is yellow-green to olive green to black-brown in color with bright red or orange parallel dorsal stripes. The underside is yellow with black spots. The aquatic larvae are tan, greenish, or brown with bushy external gills and have a distinct light lateral line and dark mottling on the large tail fin. The striped newt can also occur as an eft, which is a terrestrial juvenile stage that spends several years completely on land. Efts can be identified by their light brown or orange coloration and namesake red striping. Neoteny, or paedomorphosis, can be common in populations that live in permanent or semi-permanent fishless ponds. Neotenic adults are yellow-green to brown and often lack the red stripes seen in terrestrial forms.
## Habitat
This newt is found from southern Georgia southward into central Florida. It typically inhabits fire-maintained habitats with sandy soils such as longleaf pine sandhills, scrub, scrubby flatwoods, and occasionally hammock ponds, where it breeds from late winter through spring.
## Threats
While currently listed on the IUCN Red List as near threatened, there has been a push to relist the species as federally threatened due to population decline.
Due to human interference with fire regimes, forested pond basins are developing a thicker understory, and hardwood trees are taking over the grasslands. This, combined with the natural patchy structure of the upland areas they inhabit, is leading to a decline in viable striped newt habitat. The drastic change of newt habitat ecology may lower the population viability and potentially cause an extinction vortex.
At the community-ecosystem scale, temporary ponds are essential for the breeding success of the newts. Human efforts to ditch, drain, or otherwise fill up the vernal pools reduce the chance of successful egg laying. Additionally, off-road vehicles have had an increasingly detrimental effect on the vegetation surrounding these temporary ponds. When the vegetation is destroyed, the newts do not have anything to lay their eggs on and reproduction is impeded. Intense droughts have also played a role in the diminishing of temporary ponds. Long term dry-spells may make pools disappear for years on end, which make breeding impossible during that time.
The main factor that affects striped newts at the population-species scale is highway mortality. During their terrestrial migration, newts may wander onto roadways and be struck by passing vehicles. At the genetic scale, there is evidence which suggests a lack of gene flow and loss of biodiversity between breeding populations, with severe habitat fragmentation being to blame. Their subpopulations are isolated, resulting in a potential loss of gene flow and immigration/emigration and an increase in local stochasticity
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# Vărăncău, Transnistria
**Vărăncău** (*Воронково*, *Воронко́во*, *Voronkovo*, *Woronków*) is a commune in the Rîbnița District of Transnistria, Moldova, composed of three villages: Buschi (Буськи), Gherșunovca (Гершунівка) and Vărăncău. It is located 15 km southeast of Rîbnița.
## History
Woronków, as it was known in Polish, was a private village of the Lubomirski family, administratively located in the Bracław County in the Bracław Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. Following the Second Partition of Poland, in 1793, it was annexed by Russia. In 1800 the Church of the Assumption of Blessed Virgin Mary was built. In the late 19th century, it had a population of 2,073.
The village Vărăncău is the site of the Church of the Blessed Virgin\'s Assumption, a Christian Orthodox church, construction of which was completed in 1800. Since then, the church has been open and functioning, standing much as it did when it first opened its doors. It is the only church in Transnistria which was never closed during the Soviet times when all other churches had to close, holding therefore a special significance for the religious community in Transnistria.
In 1924, it became part of the Moldavian Autonomous Oblast, which was soon converted into the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1940 during World War II. From 1941 to 1944, it was administered by Romania as part of the Transnistria Governorate.
Vărăncău also had a now abandoned military aerodrome of the former Soviet Union. The 2500 m long runway has today been turned into farmland. The aerodrome was repeatedly struck by drones flying over the village on 6 May 2022. This was part of a series of attacks that happened in Transnistria as the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine was developing. These incidents may have been a false flag operation by Russia or Transnistria itself.
According to the 2004 census, the population of the village was 2,942 inhabitants, of which 899 (30.55%) were Moldovans (Romanians), 1,745 (59.31%) Ukrainians and 223 (7.57%) Russians
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# Rasmus Birkeland
**Rasmus Ingvald Birkelund** (14 April 1888 -- 12 December 1972) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Atlanta*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class (1907 rating)
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# 1993 Federation Cup (tennis)
The **1993 Federation Cup** was the 31st edition of the most important competition between national teams in women\'s tennis. Spain defeated Australia in the final, giving Spain their 2nd title. This was Australia\'s first final since 1984.
## Qualifying rounds {#qualifying_rounds}
- Nations in **bold** qualified for the World Group.
### Americas Zone {#americas_zone}
Venue: Palmas del Mar, Humacao, Puerto Rico (outdoor hard)
Dates: April 19--24
Participating Teams
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|CHI}}`{=mediawiki}**
- **`{{fed|COL}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|PER}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
- **`{{fed|URU}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
### Asia/Oceania Zone {#asiaoceania_zone}
Venue: National Tennis Centre, Colombo, Sri Lanka (outdoor clay)
Dates: May 4--5
Participating Teams
- **`{{fed|CHN}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
- **`{{fed|INA}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
- **`{{fed|NZL}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
-
### Europe/Africa Zone {#europeafrica_zone}
Venue: City of Nottingham Tennis Centre, Nottingham, England (outdoor hard)
Dates: May 10--15
Participating Teams
- **`{{fed|BEL}}`{=mediawiki}**
- **`{{fed|CRO}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|ISR}}`{=mediawiki}**
- **`{{fed|LAT}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
## World Group {#world_group}
Venue: Waldstadion T.C., Frankfurt, Germany (outdoor clay)
Dates: July 19--25
**Participating Teams**
-------------------------
### Draw
## World Group play-offs {#world_group_play_offs}
Venue: Waldstadion T.C., Frankfurt, Germany (outdoor clay)
Dates: July 22
The sixteen teams that lost in the World Group first round ties played off in eight randomly drawn ties. The winners remained in the World Group, while the losers were relegated to Zonal Competition in 1994
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# Mahyar, Isfahan
Mahyar}}
**Mahyar** (*مهيار*) is a village in, and the capital of, Dasht Rural District of the Central District of Shahreza County, Isfahan province, Iran.
## Demographics
### Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village\'s population was 1,362 in 347 households. The following census in 2011 counted 1,274 people in 367 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 1,134 people in 334 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district
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# Roll-in
A **Roll-in** is an advertisement or promotion that precedes core video or audio content presented in the same packaging as the core content. Roll-ins are being used increasingly, as a method for getting advertising revenue from embeddable online content such as news and entertainment
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# Halvor Birkeland
**Halvor O. Birkelund** (30 October 1894 -- 26 June 1971) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Atlanta*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class (1907 rating)
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# Thai silk
**Thai silk** (*ผ้าไหมไทย*, `{{RTGS|''pha mai thai''}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|th|pʰâː mǎj tʰāj|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is produced from the cocoons of Thai silkworms. Thailand\'s silkworm farmers cultivate both types of the domesticated silkworms that produce commercial silk: *Samia ricini*, commonly known as the eri silkworm, which produces matte eri silk, and the *Bombyx mori*, producer of the better known, glossy mulberry silk. The latter is by far the larger silk producer of the two.
In Thailand, the Center for Excellence in Silk at Kasetsart University\'s Kamphaeng Saen campus plays a leading research role in sericulture research as well as providing silkworm eggs and know-how to Thai farmers.
## History
After silk originated in ancient China and India, where the practice of weaving silk began around 2,640 BCE, Chinese merchants spread the use of silk throughout Asia through trade. Archaeologists found the first fibers of silk in Thailand to be over 3,000 years old, in the ruins of Ban Chiang. The site is considered to be one of Southeast Asia\'s oldest civilizations.
According to Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan, who was sent to Cambodia by Temür Khan, Siamese people were skilled in silk production: "In recent years people from Siam have come to live in Cambodia, and unlike the locals they engage in silk production. The mulberry trees they grow and the silkworms they raise all come from Siam. (They have no ramie, either, only hemp.) They themselves weave the silk into clothes made of a black, patterned satiny silk. Siamese women do know how to stitch and darn, so when local people have torn or damaged clothing they ask them to do the mending." Based on Anna Harriette Leonowens\'s record, Siam were also the exporters of cotton, silk, and raw silk.
However, silk produced on the Khorat Plateau was generally only used for private consumption, with the Thai court preferring to purchase Chinese silk imports. There was an attempt in the early 20th century to develop the native industry with the help of a Japanese sericulture expert, Kametaro Toyama. However, this attempt failed, due to a lack of local interest in producing for a larger market.
After World War II, former OSS officer Jim Thompson thought that silk would be popular back home in the USA. Through his connections in New York, he began marketing the product as a traditional Siamese fabric. In fact, the material he created had little relationship to what had previously been produced in the country. But through clever branding and by developing a range of \"Thai\" patterns, he managed to establish Thai silk as a recognizable brand.
Writing in the *Bangkok Post* in 1949, Alexander MacDonald noted that, \"\...out of a number of scattered remains of history, from cultures borrowed from Siam\'s neighbors, and from colonies of fat and lazy Siamese silk worms, Jim Thompson is trying to build a modest business.\" Throughout the 1950s, Thais remained little interested in Thai silk, and considered it suitable only for special occasions. Rather, it was American tourists who sustained the local development of a silk industry in Thailand. In 1951, *The King and I* opened on Broadway, featuring a depiction of the Thai court in the mid-19th century, where the costumes were all made using Thai silk. Created by Irene Sharaff, the production served to promote the material to the American audience, and fueled interest in the country.
Throughout the 1950s, silk shops opened up across Bangkok. However, these shops sold almost entirely to the tourist trade. Wealthy Americans would come into Jim Thompson\'s shop and buy large amounts of the fabric, and then take the fabric home to be sewn into clothing. Locally, Thais showed little interest in the product, as it remained expensive and unsuited to the hot climate.
## Production
The Queen Sirikit Department of Sericulture estimates that in 2013, 71,630 small landholders raised mulberry silkworms on 39,570 rai, producing 287,771 kg of silk cocoons. Another 2,552 farmers grew mulberry silkworms on an industrial scale, producing 145,072 kg of silk on 15,520 rai of land. Eri silk production, on the other hand, amounts to only a fraction of these quantities, grown by a small network of 600 families scattered throughout 28 provinces in north, northeast, and central Thailand.
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# Thai silk
## Exports
In 2006, US\$14,540,325 worth of silk was exported from Thailand. The predominant markets are the US and the UK. Silk fabric accounts for about half of the silk exported from Thailand (the rest being raw silk, yarn, cocoons, and silk waste). However, Thailand remains only a small contributor to the global trade in silk. China produces 100,000 tonnes of silk a year, 80 percent of the global market, while Thai silk exports account for just 0.1 percent of global production, with most Thai silk used locally.
## Mulberry silk {#mulberry_silk}
### Weaving
The production of Thai silk begins with the *Bombyx mori*, a small silk worm that comes from the eggs of a silk moth. For their first year, these worms feast on the leaves of mulberry trees, before building a cocoon with their spittle.
In its original cocoon form, raw silk is bumpy and irregular. Thai weavers separate the completed cocoons from the mulberry bush and soak them in a vat of boiling water to separate the silk thread from the caterpillar inside the cocoon.
The *Bombyx mori* usually produces silk thread of varying colors, ranging from light gold to very light green, with lengths varying from 500 to 1,500 yards per cocoon.
A single thread filament is too thin to use on its own, so Thai women combine many threads to produce a thicker, usable fiber. They do this by hand-reeling the threads onto a wooden spindle to produce a uniform strand of raw silk. The process is a tedious one, as it takes nearly 40 hours to produce a half kilogram of Thai silk.
Many local operations use a reeling machine for this task, but the majority of most silk thread is still hand-reeled. The difference is that hand-reeled threads produce three grades of silk: two fine grades that are ideal for lightweight fabrics, and a thick grade for heavier material.
The silk fabric is then soaked in hot water and bleached before dyeing in order to remove the natural yellow coloring of Thai silk yarn. To do this, skeins of silk thread are immersed in large tubs of hydrogen peroxide. Once washed and dried, the silk is then woven using a traditional hand-operated loom.
## Eri silk {#eri_silk}
Eri silk is a staple fiber, unlike other silks, which are a continuous filament. It was introduced to Thailand from South Asia in the 1970s. The texture of the fabric is coarse, fine, and dense. It is strong, durable, and elastic. Eri silk is darker and heavier than other silks, and blends well with wool and cotton. Due to its thermal properties, it is warm in winter and cool in summer. The fibre is \"cottony\", not glossy like mulberry silk. The cocoons of eri silkworms are open-ended, meaning the grown larvae can leave via the opening. This has led to eri silk being termed \"peace silk\" or ahimsa silk as its production harms no living organisms. Mulberry silkworms, on the other hand, make a hole in the cocoon when emerging as moths, thus damaging the silk. To prevent the damage, processors boil the mulberry cocoons to kill the larvae, leading organisations such as PETA to blacklist mulberry silk.
## Types of Thai silk {#types_of_thai_silk}
To be able to identify genuine Thai mulberry silk easily, Thailand\'s Agriculture Ministry uses a peacock emblem to authenticate Thai silk and protect it from imitations. They are:
- **Gold peacock**: Indicates premium Royal Thai Silk, a product of native Thai silkworm breeds and traditional hand-made production.
- **Silver peacock**: Indicates Classic Thai Silk, developed from specific silkworm breeds and hand-made production.
- **Blue peacock**: Indicates Thai Silk, a product of pure silk threads and with no specific production method (allows chemical dyes).
- **Green peacock**: Indicates Thai Silk Blend, a product of silk blended with other fabrics and with no specific production method.
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# Thai silk
## Identification of genuine silk {#identification_of_genuine_silk}
As traditional Thai silk is hand woven, each silk fabric is unique and cannot be duplicated by commercial means. In contrast, artificial silk is machine woven, which means that every part of the fabric is identical and has the same color.
In addition, Thai silk has a unique lustre, with a sheen that has two unique blends: one color for the warp and another for the weft. Its color will change when viewed at varying angles to light.
Thai silk smells like hair when burned. The silk is similar to the composition of human hair and fingernails. When the flame is removed, Thai silk immediately stops burning. Artificial silk smells like plastic when burned and continues to burn even if the flame is removed.
In terms of price, Thai silk is usually 10 times more expensive than artificial silk.
Examples of varieties of Thai silks protected as geographical indications include **Lamphun Brocade**, **Chonnabot Mudmee** and **Praewa Kalasin**.
## Gallery
<File:Thai> Silk Sample 1 - Ban Tha Sawang.jpg <File:Thai> Silk Sample 2 - Ban Tha Sawang.jpg <File:Thai> Silk Sample 3 - Ban Tha Sawang.jpg <File:Thai> Silk Sample 4 - Ban Tha Sawang.jpg <File:Thai> Silk Dress - Ban Tha Sawang.jpg <File:Thai> Silk Dresses - Ban Tha Sawang.jpg <File:Thai> Silk Skirt - Ban Tha Sawang.jpg <File:Silk> thread at Jim Thompson House (36345567205)
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# Lauritz Christiansen
**Lauritz Christiansen** (10 December 1867 -- 9 December 1930) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Atlanta*, which won the gold medal in the 12 metre class (1907 rating)
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# Straight Outta Compton (song)
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# Basil Sellers
**Basil Sellers** (born in 1935) is an Indian-born Australian businessman and philanthropist. He is also involved in sports and art.
## Early life {#early_life}
Sellers was born in India and grew up in the Anglo-Indian Railway Colonies, where he developed an early interest in sports such as badminton, tennis, and cricket. In 1986, he migrated with his family to Australia, and was educated at King\'s College, Adelaide.
## Career
Sellers has held leadership roles in several companies, including as the chief executive and major shareholder of Linter Group Ltd. He was associated with Gestetner PLC, a UK-listed company later acquired by Ricoh. Additionally, he has invested in media and mineral resources through AFP.
## Honors
In February 2018, Sellers was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bond University in recognition of his charitable work, sports development, and business acumen.
In December 2023, he was granted SCG Life Membership for his philanthropy, a status held by 45 people.
## Sports
Sellers played senior basketball and represented South Australia when the team won the 1958 Australian Championship. During the 1980s, he owned the Newcastle Basketball team and worked as a Director of the New South Wales Cricket Association (now Cricket New South Wales) from 1984 to 1987. He is a life member of Cricket NSW. His charitable contributions include donations to the McGrath Foundation.
He has donated to sporting initiatives and scholarships, such as the Barassi Scholarship and the Sydney Swans. He has also contributed to the club\'s football centre at the SCG
Sellers is one of the founders of the Bradman Museum in Bowral, New South Wales, and a life member of the Bradman Foundation. He founded a respite centre in Moruya for elite athletes from the Australian Institute of Sport in Canberra, and similar centres in Tweed Heads.
## Art
The Basil Sellers Art Prize was founded in 2004 by Sellers in the Eurobodalla Shire.
February 2019 the official opening of the Basil Sellers Exhibition Centre (the Bas) in Moruya, as the region's first purpose-built exhibition space.
## Sports and art {#sports_and_art}
Sellers is an art collector and patron. Collecting for over 35 years, his collection contains post-war Australian art and many of the European modernists, with a particular interest in the Fauves (1906/7). Sellers has also funded the bi-annual art prize of \$15,000 in the Southeast of New South Wales.
In 2007, Sellers launched the Basil Sellers Art Prize, initiated in 2008 in association with the Ian Potter Museum of Art, the University of Melbourne. The first prize of \$100,000 is awarded to an Australian who produces a piece of art with a sports image. The award bridges the gulf that exists and connects art and sport and is bi-annual.
In 2009, Sellers\' philanthropic support led to the establishment of the inaugural National Sports Museum Basil Sellers Creative Arts Fellowship. This bi-annual fellowship allows contemporary artists to explore themes related to Australia\'s sporting heritage using the collections of the National Sports Museum at the MCG. It aims to expand educational and public programs and foster discussions on the intersection of sport and art.
He has recently concluded the Basil Sellers Sports Sculpture Project of ten sculptures erected at the Sydney Cricket Ground and Adelaide Oval.
## Other initiatives and donations {#other_initiatives_and_donations}
Sellers is involved in the promotion and investment of wine. He is a sponsor of the Len Evans Tutorial, which aims to improve the quality of Australian wines by training and giving access to the world\'s best wines for wine judges, winemakers, and sommeliers.
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# Basil Sellers
## Patronage
Sellers is a First XI patron of the Steve Waugh Foundation and a supporter of the Pick Me UP wheelchair service for the Sir Roden & Lady Cutler Foundation. He is a member of the LBW Trust, which educates disadvantaged youth in developing cricket-playing countries, and the Chappell Foundation, which seeks to help young homeless people in Australia.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Sellers\' only sibling, Rex Sellers, was a test cricketer for Australia, but an injury restricted him to play just 1 Test.
## Books
- *From India with Love* by Dr
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# Ayao
**Ayao** is an orisha in the Santería pantheon. She is the orisha of the air, and is considered to reside in both the forest and in the eye of the tornado. She works closely with Ọsanyìn and is a fierce warrior. Ayao has among her implements a crossbow with a serpent, a quill, and nine stones. She is commonly placed next to her sister, Oya. Her colors are brown and green. Ayao\'s cult was thought to be lost among various adherents; however, a growing number of olorichas have her in their possession.
## Rituals and practices {#rituals_and_practices}
Her rituals often involve the use of feathers, gourds, and machetes, symbolizing her swift and protective nature. Devotees honor Ayao through offerings of fresh herbs, smoked fish, and white wine during ceremonies held in sacred groves or near ceiba trees. Drumming and songs dedicated to her call upon her energies to aid in transformation and to dispel negativity. She is also venerated in conjunction with other orishas like Oyá, often appearing in rituals to emphasize balance between chaos and protection
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# Costanza / Costanzo
**Costanza / Costanzo** is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giovanni Francesco Straparola in *The Facetious Nights of Straparola* (written between 1550 and 1555).
## Synopsis
A king married to have heirs, and his wife bore three daughters. In time, he realized that his wife had come to an age where she would have no more children, and his three daughters were ready for marriage. He married them off and split his kingdom between them, keeping only enough land to support his court.
A few years later, the queen gave birth to a fourth daughter, Costanza. Costanza was raised well and became a gracious, educated and accomplished princess. When she was old enough to marry, they proposed that she marry the son of a marquis, because her dowry would not be enough for a match equal to her birth. Costanza refused to marry below her station, dressed as a man, and left, calling herself Costanzo.
She entered a king\'s service, where the queen desired her as a lover, but \"Costanzo\" rejected her. The king had long wished to have as a captive one of the satyrs that did great damage in his land; the queen suggested to him that so good a servant as Costanzo could catch one. The king proposed it to Costanzo, who agreed to please him. She asked for a large vessel, wine, and bread. In the woods, she filled the vessel with the wine and bread and climbed a tree. The satyrs smelled it, ate the bread, and fell asleep. Costanza tied up one and carried him off. On the way back, the satyr woke and began to laugh: at a funeral of a child, at a hanging, at a crowd that hailed her as \"Costanzo\", and at being presented to the king.
The king tried to make the satyr talk. The queen said that Costanzo could certainly make it talk. Costanzo tried to bribe it with food, then threatened it with hunger, and finally promised to free it. It ate and talked. It told that at the funeral, the apparent father was not the father, but the priest was; at the hanging, the crowd was filled with officials who pilfered far more money than the thief to be hanged; and that it would explain the rest the next day. The next day, it explained that they were hailing her by the wrong name, and that the king was deluded into believing his wife\'s maidens were women, when they were disguised men. The king had his queen and her disguised lovers burned, and married Costanza.
## Variants
The woman who disguises herself as a man is also found in Giambattista Basile\'s *The Three Crowns*. A later French variant, *Belle-Belle ou Le Chevalier Fortuné* by Madame d\'Aulnoy, shows more influence from Straparola.
The woman disguised as a man is found in folk fairy tales as well, such as *Vasilisa The Priest's Daughter*
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# White Flight (band)
**White Flight** is the solo project of **Justin Roelofs**, longtime musician and former singer/guitarist for The Anniversary. Roelofs released an experimental self-titled debut album in 2006, followed by a re-release in 2007.
## Background
Justin Roelofs and his friend Zach Hangauer founded Range Life Records in August 2004. Roelofs consciously abstained from writing music for six months, before going on a trip to Peru. After returning, he wrote and recorded an album \"in neighbors\' basements and borrowed apartments\" throughout 2005. Most of the instruments on the album were played by Roelofs. The album, titled *White Flight*, was released on Range Life the next year. NPR described the album as \"largely experimental with off-balanced poly-rhythms, electronics and strangely affected vocals\" and \"complementing freak folk and psychedelic rock with hip-hop beats and soul and jazz harmonies\".
The album was originally released for download only on Range Life\'s website, complete with album art and a \"Making of White Flight\" video from the label Range Life Records. Range Life Records became distributed by Saddle Creek Records in February 2007, making \"White Flight\" widely available through online retailers and the iTunes Store.
On February 26, 2007, Pitchfork Media gave the album a 5.5 out of 10, saying that the album lacked substance, suffers from \"hippie poetry\", and was \"woefully disjointed\".
The album *White Ark*, recorded in August 2007, was leaked online but never officially released. Two singles from the album, \"Panther\" and \"Children of the Light\", were released digitally in 2010 on Range Life. They also received physical releases in the United Kingdom via Make Mine.
Roelofs formed the electronic duo Abuela with E\*vax (of Ratatat), their debut release being \"True Colors\" in 2014
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# Siraj Al-Tall
**Siraj Ahmed Yusuf Saleh Al-Tall** (*سراج احمد يوسف صالح التل*) (born 8 January 1982 in the United Arab Emirates) is a retired Jordanian footballer who last played for Pelita Jaya.
## Career
Al-Tall joined the Jordanian club Al-Faisaly as a teenager in 1999 and has been playing for it until 2008, when he joined Sydney Olympic, in the Australian NSW Premier League. Initially he was not given clearance by the Jordan FA to play for his new club, as they claimed that he had an outstanding contract with his previous club. Siraj maintained that no such contract existed. Sydney Olympic went to FIFA to resolve the situation, and FIFA ruled in favour of Sydney Olympic on 1 May 2008. In 2009, he joined Pelita Jaya in the top flight of Indonesian football, Indonesian Super League.
## International career {#international_career}
He was a member of the Jordan national football team. The last time he featured for his country was against Kyrgyzstan in October 2007
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# ProPain (album)
***ProPain*** is a 2004 album by hip-hop duo Mars Ill.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Pro Pain Intro
2. Say So
3. Sound Off
4. Dog Ear Page
5. More ft. Ahmad of 4th Avenue Jones and Anthony David
6. Just the Two of Us
7. Stand Back and Watch
8. Wicked Ways
9. All Out
10. Saturday Night Special ft. Ishues and D.R.E.S the Beatnik
11. Higher
12. Moment
13. Effortless ft. XL:144
14. Loud!
15. Write of Passage ft. Ben Hameen and J-Mil
16. When Heaven Scrapes the Pavement
17. I Is
18. We Out
## Re-releases {#re_releases}
*ProPain* was re-released as *Pro\*Pain* in 2006 and a remix, *Slow Flame*, was released in 2007
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# Ontario Highway 63
**King\'s Highway 63**, commonly referred to as **Highway 63**, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. The 63.5 km route travels from Highway 11 and Highway 17 (the Trans-Canada Highway) in North Bay northeast to the Ontario-Quebec provincial boundary, where it continues as Route 101 into Témiscaming.
The route was assumed in 1937, following the merger of the Department of Northern Development (DND) into the Department of Highways (DHO), predecessor to the modern Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO). It travelled from what was then Highway 11 (Main Street) in downtown North Bay northeast to its present terminus. The highway follows the same route today, with the exception of the westernmost 1.9 km, which were transferred to the City of North Bay in 1998.
## Route description {#route_description}
Highway 63 begins at Highway 11 and Highway 17 (the Trans-Canada Highway) in North Bay and travels 63.5 km northeast to the Ontario--Quebec provincial boundary, where Route 101 continues into Témiscaming. It travels through the communities of Feronia, Redbridge, Balsam Creek, Eldee and Thorne. Prior to 1998, the route included a 1.9 km section of Cassells Street extending into downtown North Bay. Highway 63 is 63.5 km long, situated entirely within Nipissing District.
Beginning in North Bay near Lake Nipissing, the source of the French River which flows down to Georgian Bay, Highway 63 travels east through suburbs. It exits the city and travels along the northern shores of Trout Lake, which serves as the headwaters of the Mattawa River, which flows into the Ottawa River and eventually the St. Lawrence River. The portion of Highway 63 west of Trout Lake travels between these water systems.
The highway curves northeast to pass through the communities of Feronia and later Redbridge and Balsam Creek, after which it enters thick wilderness dominated by the Canadian Shield and Boreal Forest, with few residences or services outside of communities. It meanders northward, meeting the northern end of Highway 533, which travels south to Mattawa, approximately two-thirds of the distance between North Bay and the Quebec border. For the remainder of the highway, the route passes through isolated forests, travelling north, then curving east towards the Ottawa River. It passes through the community of Eldee before turning north alongside the river, following it up through Thorne. North of Thorne, the highway turns east and crosses the river into Quebec, becoming Route 101 and entering Témiscaming.
## History
On August 25, 1937, the North Bay -- Témiscaming Road was assumed by the DHO as Highway 63, connecting Highway 11 (Main Street) in downtown North Bay with the Ontario--Quebec border at Témiscaming. The road existed prior to this point as a northern development road. However, on April 1, 1937, the DND merged into the DHO. As a result, numerous highways were assumed in the northern regions of Ontario in mid-1937. The highway remained unchanged for over 60 years, until January 1, 1998, when the Connecting Link agreement through North Bay from Main Street to Highway 11 / Highway 17 - the North Bay Bypass - was rescinded. As a result, Highway 63 was shortened by 1.9 km
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# Lomanthang Rural Municipality
**Lomanthang** (*लोमान्थाङ*) is a rural municipality in Mustang district in Gandaki Province of western Nepal. It is located at the northern end of the district, bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north and Lo-Ghekar Damodarkunda rural municipality of Mustang in the south.
***Lo**\'\' is the northern two-thirds of Mustang district, culturally and linguistically influenced by Tibet, while the southern third is called***Thak**\'\', the homeland of Thakali people who speak a different language and have a synthesis of Tibetan and Nepalese culture. In 2007, a series of at least twelve caves were discovered north of Annapurna and near the village, decorated with ancient Buddhist paintings and set in sheer cliffs at an elevation of 14000 ft. The paintings show Newari influence, dating to approximately the 13th century, and also contain Tibetan scripts executed in ink, silver and gold and pre-Christian era pottery shards. Explorers found stupas, decorative art and paintings depicting various forms of the Buddha, often with disciples, supplicants and attendants, with some mural paintings showing sub-tropical themes containing palm trees, billowing Indian textiles and birds.
## History
Lo Manthang was the walled capital of the *Kingdom of Lo* from its founding in 1380 by *Ame Pal* who oversaw construction of the city wall and many of the still-standing structures. After the Shahs of Gorkha unified Nepal out of numerous petty kingdoms in the 18th century, Lo became a dependency but kept its hereditary rulers. This arrangement continued as long as Nepal remained a kingdom, until the country was declared a republic in 2008 and Jigme Dorje Palbar Bista (`{{reign|1964|2008}}`{=mediawiki}) was stripped of his title. His suzerain King Gyanendra suffered the same fate, however the *raja* or *gyelpo* of Mustang was 25th in a direct line of rulers dating back to 1380 AD. Gyanendra was only the eleventh Shah ruler since Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered Kathmandu in 1768.
More prosaically, Lo Manthang became a village development committee in Mustang district of Dhawalagiri zone. The 1991 census counted 876 people living in 178 households in the VDC. The population includes ethnic Lhobas.
## Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Lomanthang Rural Municipality had a population of 2,350. Of these, 87.5% spoke Lhopa, 7.0% Gurung, 3.6% Nepali, 1.2% Magar and 0.7% other languages as their first language.
In terms of ethnicity/caste, 87.6% were Lhopa, 7.1% Gurung, 2.3% Thakuri, 1.5% Magar and 1.5% others.
In terms of religion, 92.8% were Buddhist and 7.1% Hindu.
In terms of literacy, 40.1% could read and write, 2.1% could only read and 57.7% could neither read nor write.
## Administration
The total area of the Lo Manthang rural municipality is 727 km2 and the total population according to the 2011 census is 1899. The rural municipality is divided into 5 wards.
Previously Lomanthang was a village development committee which was upgraded into a rural municipality merging adjoining VDCs of Chhoser and Chhonhup. The rural municipality came into existence on 10 March 2017, fulfilling the requirement of the new Constitution of Nepal 2015 when the Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration replaced all old VDCs and municipalities into 753 new local level bodies.
## Transport
Lo Manthang is 20 km by unpaved road from a border crossing into Zhongba County of Shigatse Prefecture, TAR. This road continues about 50 km from the border to China National Highway 219, which follows the valley of the Yarlung Tsangpo River.
The Government of Nepal has built a road north along the Kali Gandaki River, to within 9 km of Lo Manthang. There are also scheduled flights from Kathmandu and Pokhara to Jomsom Airport, located 50 km south of Lo Manthang.
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# Lomanthang Rural Municipality
## Tourism and access {#tourism_and_access}
The village is noted for its tall whitewashed mud-brick walls, *gompas* and the *Raja\'s* or Royal or King\'s Palace, a nine-cornered, five-story structure built around 1400. There are four major temples: Jampa Lhakhang or Jampa Gompa, the oldest, built in the early 15th century and also known as the \"God house\"; Thubchen Gompa, a huge, red assembly hall and gompa built in the late 15th century and located just southwest of Jampa Gompa; Chodey Gompa, now the main city gompa; and the Choprang Gompa, which is popularly known as the \"New Gompa\".
Even though foreign visitors have been allowed in the kingdom since 1992, tourism to Upper Mustang remains limited, with just over 2000 foreign tourists in 2008.
The Nepalese Department of Immigration requires foreign visitors to obtain a special permit, which costs \$50 per day per person, and liaison (guide) to protect local tradition from outside influence as well as to protect their environment.
## 2015 Earthquake
The April 2015 Nepal earthquake caused multiple cracks in the 600-year-old Lo Manthang Royal Palace.
## Gallery
<File:Lo> Manthang Royal Palace.JPG\|The Royal Palace in Lo Manthang <File:Lomanthang.jpg%7CLo> Manthang <File:Lo> Manthang.jpg\|The settlement of Lo Manthang <File:Photos> of Mustang, Nepal Tourism Center 02.jpg\|Nepal Tourism Center, Upper Mustang Mustang-Lo Manthang-42-Jampa Lhakhang-gje.jpg\|Jampa Lhakhang Mustang-Lo Manthang-Laden-02-2015-gje.jpg\|Shop Mustang-Lo Manthang-Choerten-12-LKW-Wrack-2015-gje.jpg\|Choerten Mustang-Lo Manthang-Lotus Holiday Inn-12-Gaeste bei Totenfeier-2015-gje
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# Abdel-Hadi Al-Maharmeh
**Abdel-Hadi Mohammad Al-Maharmeh** is a retired Jordanian footballer
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# Backbreakanomics
***Backbreakanomics*** is a studio album from American underground hip hop duo Mars Ill. It was released on Gotee Records in 2003
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# Trends in Analytical Chemistry
**Trends in Analytical Chemistry** is a peer-reviewed journal in analytical chemistry with reviews of the latest developments in the field. Its editor as of 2019 is Janusz Pawliszyn.
The 2022 impact factor was 13.1
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# Arpin A-1
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Infobox aircraft
|name=A-1
|image=
|caption=Arpin A-1 (G-AFGB), Hanworth, May 1938
|type=Two-seat cabin monoplane
|national_origin=[[United Kingdom]]
|manufacturer=[[M. B. Arpin & Co.]]
|designer=Morris Arpin
|first_flight=7 May 1938
|introduction=
|retired=1946
|status=
|primary_user=
|more_users=
|produced=1
|number_built=
|variants=
}}`{=mediawiki} The **Arpin A-1** was a two-seat low-wing monoplane which was powered by a single radial engine in pusher configuration, mounted behind the cabin between twin booms that carried the tail. An unconventional fixed tricycle undercarriage was fitted. Only one was built.
## Development
The Arpin A-1 was a low-wing monoplane of wooden construction and plywood covered. The empennage was carried on a pair of diamond cross section booms mounted on the rear wing spar at the edge of the centre section. The fins were tall, with a slight extension below the boom and carrying unbalanced rudders. The booms were at wing height but the side by side two seat enclosed cabin sat on the wing with the uncowled 68 hp (51 kW) British Salmson AD.9R radial immediately behind, with its centre line well above the booms and tailplane. The pusher arrangement and a short nose provided good visibility from the cabin.
The Arpin had a fixed tricycle undercarriage at a time when most aircraft used the tailwheel configuration. It was the first British aircraft to be designed for tricycle landing gear. In 1938 a very unusual McClaren type was fitted, which allowed all three wheels to be turned parallel to each other but not to the aircraft, so that cross wind landings could be made with the aircraft pointing into wind. The front wheel could be left to caster or could be steered by the pilot.
In 1939 the A-1 was re-engined with an inverted inline 90 hp (67 kW) Blackburn Cirrus Minor I, which raised the maximum speed to 115 mph (185 km/h). With this engine it was known as the Arpin A-1 Mk.2
## Operational history {#operational_history}
Only one A-1 was built at the company works at Longford, London, with the civil registration G-AFGB, it first flew from Hanworth Aerodrome on 7 May 1938. In December 1939 the A-1 was delivered to the School of Army Co-operation at Old Sarum to see if it would be suitable as an observation aircraft, it was not ordered into production and by 1946 the A-1 was scrapped
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# Mohammad Khamees
**Mohammad Rajeh Khamees** (born January 28, 1981) is a retired Jordanian football player who played as a defender
| 21 |
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# Ellerman bomb
In solar physics, **Ellerman bombs** are intense, small-scale brightenings in the Sun\'s photosphere. They are only observed in the wings of the Hα, Hβ, and Hγ hydrogen spectral lines and take place in emerging flux regions where emerging magnetic fields interact with existing fields. They are named after Ferdinand Ellerman who studied them in detail in the 20th century.
## History
Intense brightenings resembling what would later be referred to as Ellerman bombs were first reported by Walter M. Mitchell in 1909. In 1917, observations of this phenomenon made at the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory were described in detail by Ferdinand Ellerman. He referred to them as \"solar hydrogen bombs\" in reference to the phenomenon only appearing in observations of hydrogen spectral lines.
## Description
As originally described in Ellerman\'s 1917 paper, Ellerman bombs are intense brightenings in the wings of the Hα, Hβ, and Hγ hydrogen spectral lines with no brightening of the line cores or of other spectral lines. They occur in intergranular lanes in the photosphere exclusively at the sites of emerging flux regions where emerging vertical magnetic fields interact with the existing intergranular field. This interaction is suggested to result in magnetic reconnection, producing the brightenings associated with Ellerman bombs.
The lack of observed brightening of the Hα core is attributed to Ellerman bombs being a photospheric phenomenon. In growing active regions, dense chromospheric, Hα fibrils form a canopy above the photosphere blocking Hα emission from Ellerman bombs below. As a result, only emission in the Hα wings pass through and are observed
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# Philo Cramer
**Philo Cramer** is an American musician best known as the lead guitarist for the Los Angeles punk band FEAR (Slash Records), from 1978 to 1993. He was a member of the band\'s classic lineup along with Spit Stix, Derf Scratch and frontman Lee Ving. He rejoined the group in 2018.
## Early life {#early_life}
Hailing from Canoga Park, California, he graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles with a bachelor\'s degree in physics.
## Career
Aside from FEAR, he was also in the art punk band The Cigarettes (Carlysle Records) from 1978 to 1979.
With FEAR, he appeared in Penelope Spheeris\' documentary, *The Decline of Western Civilization* and played on their first two albums, *The Record* (1982) and *More Beer* (1985). FEAR performed \"Beef Bologna\", \"New York\'s Alright If You Like Saxophones\", and \"Let\'s Have A War\" on *Saturday Night Live* on October 31, 1981, with Cramer wearing a green dress; he also gave dollar bills to people in the crowd saying \"I\'ll give you a dollar if you be my friend\". FEAR was cut short to commercial on \"Let\'s Have A War\" because people in the crowd starting yelling \"New York Sucks\". Minor Threat\'s Ian Mackaye can be heard screaming the phrase shortly after the song \"New York\'s Alright if You Like Saxophones\". Lee Ving was the only original member of FEAR for many years; Cramer and drummer Spit Stix left in 1993, but returned in 2018 (according to the FEAR Facebook page).
Cramer also appeared in the movie *Get Crazy* as a band member. Briefly, in 1985, he formed a band with Agression drummer Mark Aber called King M\'butu, also notable for containing Danny Dorman of Wasted Youth and Circle One. Cramer resides in Connecticut and plays in a band called The Fighting Cocks and occasionally plays FEAR cover songs with Connecticut post-punk group Red Temples
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# Hatem Aqel
**Hatem Mohammad Yusuf Aqel** (*حاتم محمد يوسف عقل*) is a Jordanian former footballer of Palestinian descent
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# Shire of Morawa
The **Shire of Morawa** is a local government area in the Mid West region of Western Australia, about 170 km east-southeast of the city of Geraldton and about 390 km north of the state capital, Perth. The Shire covers an area of 3516 km2, and its seat of government is the town of Morawa.
## History
The Shire of Morawa originated as the **Morawa Road District**, established on 27 April 1928 when the Perenjori-Morawa Road District (which had separated from the Upper Irwin Road District in 1916), split into separate Morawa and Perenjori road districts.
On 1 July 1961, Morawa became a shire following the passage of the *Local Government Act 1960*, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires.
On 18 September 2009, the Shires of Mingenew, Three Springs, Morawa and Perenjori announced their intention to amalgamate. A formal agreement was signed five days later, and the name Billeranga was later chosen. However, by February 2011, community pressure had led to the negotiations stalling, and on 16 April 2011, voters from the Shire of Perenjori defeated the proposal at a referendum.
## Wards
The Shire is no longer divided into wards and the seven councillors sit at large. Prior to the 1997 election, the Shire was divided into wards:
- Town Ward (three councillors)
- Central Ward (two councillors)
- North Ward (two councillors)
- South Ward (two councillors)
- Pintharuka Ward (two councillors)
## Towns and localities {#towns_and_localities}
The towns and localities of the Shire of Morawa with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:
Locality data-sort-type=number\|Population data-sort-type=number\|Area Map
------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- -----
Canna {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q5032541}}
Gutha {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q5621728}}
Koolanooka {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q6430601}}
Merkanooka {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q34639265}}
Morawa {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q3862840}}
Pintharuka {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q7196519}}
## Population
Prior to 1933 the census area was incorporated in the Perenjori-Morawa Road District. `{{historical populations|cols=2|align=none
| percentages=pagr
| 1933 | 1,141
| 1947 | 943
| 1954 | 1,223
| 1961 | 1,317
| 1966 | 1,718
| 1971 | 1,649
| 1976 | 1,466
| 1981 | 1,290
| 1986 | 1,165
| 1991 | 1,007
| 1996 | 1,058
| 2001 | 924
| 2006 | 824
| 2011 | 894
| 2016 | 750
| 2021 | 660
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Heritage-listed places {#heritage_listed_places}
As of 2023, 54 places are heritage-listed in the Shire of Morawa, of which six are on the State Register of Heritage Places
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# Shire of Mount Magnet
The **Shire of Mount Magnet** is a local government area in the Mid West region of Western Australia, about 570 km north-northeast of the state capital, Perth. The Shire covers an area of 13692 km2, and its seat of government is the town of Mount Magnet. The **Shire of Mount Magnet** current president is James (Jim) McGorman.
## History
The Shire of Mount Magnet originated as the **Mount Magnet Road District**, established on 20 September 1901 covering the area surrounding (but initially not including) the town of Mount Magnet, which had already been incorporated as the Municipality of Mount Magnet in 1896.
The road district absorbed the Mount Magnet municipality on 18 October 1918, and on 1 July 1961, it became a shire following passage of the *Local Government Act 1960*, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires.
## Wards
As of the 2005 elections, the Shire is no longer divided into wards and seven councillors sit at large. Previously, there were two wards - Town Ward (six councillors) and Country Ward (three councillors).
## Towns and localities {#towns_and_localities}
The towns and localities of the Shire of Mount Magnet with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:
Locality data-sort-type=number\|Population data-sort-type=number\|Area Map
--------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- -----
Cooladar Hill {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55819369}}
Daggar Hills {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55770539}}
Mount Magnet {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q986063}}
Paynesville {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q7156858}}
## Former towns {#former_towns}
- Boogardie
- Lennonville
- Yoweragabbie
## Heritage-listed places {#heritage_listed_places}
As of 2023, 43 places are heritage-listed in the Shire of Mount Magnet, of which four are on the State Register of Heritage Places
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# Shire of Mullewa
The **Shire of Mullewa** was a local government area in the Mid West region of Western Australia, about 100 km east of the city of Geraldton and about 450 km north of the state capital, Perth. The Shire covered an area of 10827 km2, and its seat of government was the town of Mullewa. It amalgamated with the City of Geraldton-Greenough on 1 July 2011 to become part of the City of Greater Geraldton.
## History
The Mullewa Road District was constituted on 11 August 1911, and on 1 July 1961, it became a shire under the *Local Government Act 1960*.
## Amalgamation
Throughout 2010 and 2011, negotiations were held between the City of Geraldton-Greenough and the Shire of Mullewa as to whether the two entities should merge. After a long period of negotiations, the entities decided to merge. The merger was approved by the Local Government Advisory Board in December 2010. A poll was requested by both communities and was held on 16 April 2011. 83.24% of voters voted against the merger in Mullewa, with 72.39% of voters against the merger in Geraldton-Greenough. However, both polls failed to reach the minimum 50% turnout required for a valid poll. The two entities merged on 1 July 2011 to become the City of Greater Geraldton
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# Crash and Burn (Pat Travers Band album)
***Crash And Burn*** is a music album released by the Pat Travers Band on Polydor Records in 1980.
*Crash And Burn* was the Pat Travers Band\'s highest-charting release, peaking at number 20 on the *Billboard* album chart. The album featured the single \"Snortin\' Whiskey\", co-written by Travers and fellow band member guitarist Pat Thrall. This song became a significant hit on American FM radio in 1980, reaching the number one position on playlists all over the country. The album\'s title track was also issued as a single, but wasn\'t as successful as \"Snortin\' Whiskey\". The song \"Crash And Burn\" was a departure from Pat Travers\' usual guitar-oriented material, and was basically a keyboard song driven by the band\'s rhythm section of Peter \"Mars\" Cowling on bass, and drummer Tommy Aldridge.
Other standout tracks include a cover of \"Born Under A Bad Sign\", originally recorded by Albert King, and \"(Your Love) Can\'t Be Right\", which was also released as a single. The Bob Marley song \"Is This Love?\" was also included, and featured Dawn Shahan on backing vocals. The album was indeed a great commercial success, but many fans and critics alike cite several of the musician\'s other releases to be better overall projects. The album propelled the Pat Travers Band into headlining status in the United States but was the last recorded work to feature the popular line-up of Aldridge, Cowling, and Thrall. It earned gold record status initially, and later with the advent of compact discs, was reissued and achieved platinum record status.
The album was recorded at Quadradial Studios in Miami, Florida from June 1979 to January 1980 during breaks from touring. Final mixes were done at Bayshore Studios in Coconut Grove, Florida, in February 1980, and the album was released in April 1980.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks composed by Pat Travers; except where indicated
1. \"Crash And Burn\" -- 5:21
2. \"Your Love Can\'t Be Right\" -- 3:34
3. \"Snortin\' Whiskey\" (Pat Thrall, Travers) -- 3:29
4. \"Born Under a Bad Sign\" (William Bell, Booker T. Jones) -- 5:51
5. \"Is This Love?\" (Bob Marley) -- 5:30
6. \"The Big Event\" -- 5:37
7. \"Love Will Make You Strong\" -- 4:06
8
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# Pleasant Bay, Cape Cod
**Pleasant Bay** is a bay of the Atlantic Ocean just north of the \"elbow\" of Cape Cod in Massachusetts. It is bounded on the east by a long peninsula and a barrier island, and harbors 7825 acre of saltwater when the tide is in.`{{fact|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
The first people to discover the bay were the Native American tribe the Nausets. They referred to it as *Monomoyik* which translates to \"Great Bay\". It is also reported that in this area Squanto, the guide of the *Mayflower* Pilgrims, is buried. The area is full of artifacts and places which hold the names of these Native American tribes.
## Geography
Pleasant Bay is the largest contiguous bay along the Cape Cod National Seashore. It is located along the towns of Orleans, Chatham, Harwich, and a small part of Brewster
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# The Three Crowns
**The Three Crowns** is an Italian literary fairy tale written by Giambattista Basile in his 1634 work, the *Pentamerone*.
## Synopsis
A childless king heard a voice asking him whether he would rather have a daughter who would flee him or a son who would destroy him. After consulting his wise men, who argued over whether the danger to life or honor was the worse, he concluded that the daughter would be less harmful to his realm; he went back to the garden and answered the voice that he wanted the daughter. She was born, and her father tried to shelter her in a castle, but when she was fifteen, he concluded a marriage for her. When she left to go to her husband, a whirlwind carried her off.
The wind left her at an ogress\'s house in the forest. An old woman there warned her of the danger, saying the ogress did not eat her only because she needed a servant and the old woman was old and tough; she gave the princess the keys, to go inside and clean the house perfectly, which was her only chance. The princess, Marchetta, cleaned the house. When the ogress returned, the old woman hid Marchetta and claimed the credit. When the ogress left again, the old woman fed Marchetta and told her to prepare a very fine dinner to charm her, warning her that if the ogress swore by all the seven heavens, she was not to be trusted; only her oath by her three crowns was trustworthy. The ogress praised the dinner and made many fine oaths about what she would do for the cook, but only when she swore by her three crowns did Marchetta come out. The ogress said that Marchetta had outsmarted her and could live in the castle as if it were her own; she gave her the keys and warned her against opening one doorway. One day Marchetta opened it and found three women dressed in gold, sitting on thrones, asleep; these were the ogress\'s daughters, whom she kept there because they would be in danger if not woken by a king\'s daughter. They woke, Marchetta fed them each an egg, and the ogress returned. Angry, she slapped Marchetta; then she tried to appease her, but Marchetta insisted on leaving. The ogress gave her a suit of men\'s clothes and a magic ring, which she should wear with the stone turned inside. If she were ever in great danger, and heard the ogress\'s name like an echo, she should look at the stone, but not until then.
Marchetta went to the king and, claiming to be a merchant\'s son driven out by his wicked stepmother\'s cruelty, took service as a page. The queen, believing her to be male, desired her as a lover and propositioned her. Marchetta, not wishing to reveal that she was a woman, said that she could not believe that the queen would cuckold the king. The queen told the king that the page had tried to seduce her. The king immediately condemned Marchetta to death. Marchetta lamented her fate and asked who would help her; the echo said, \"The ogress\"; Marchetta remembered the stone and looked at it. A voice proclaimed that she was a woman, shocking her guards. The king demanded her story, and Marchetta gave it. The king had his wife thrown into the sea, invited Marchetta\'s parents to his court, and married her.
## Variants
The woman who disguises herself as a man is also found in Giovanni Francesco Straparola\'s *Costanza / Costanzo*; his variant is later but appears to be more derived from the folk tradition. A later French variant, *Belle-Belle ou Le Chevalier Fortuné* by Madame d\'Aulnoy, touches on the same theme, but shows more influence from Straparola.
The motif of \"a woman who successfully disguises herself as a man and then is accused of seduction\" is documented in writing even earlier than Straparola. The *Golden Legend*, a collection of hagiographies first compiled around 1260, has several stories of female saints who dress themselves as monks and are accused of seduction or rape.
The woman disguised as a man is found in folk fairy tales as well, such as *Vasilisa The Priest's Daughter* and *The Lute Player
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# M. B. Arpin & Co.
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ **M. B. Arpin & Co.** of West Drayton was a British aircraft manufacturer prior to World War II. The firm constructed an unusual aircraft, the A-1 as a new observation type for the British Army, but failed to attract orders.
The A-1 first flew at London Air Park, Hanworth on 7 May 1938, it had been built at Longford, West Drayton. On 26 May 1939 the company was renamed **Arpin Aircraft Manufacturing Company Limited** but with the start of the Second World War it did not produce any aircraft
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# Trymedia
**Trymedia Systems, Inc.** is a division of RealNetworks that provides digital distribution services based on its proprietary ActiveMARK DRM and digital distribution technology. Trymedia is headquartered in San Francisco, with offices in Berkshire and Alicante.
## Overview
Trymedia was founded in 1999 as Trymedia Systems, Inc. by cousins Alex Torrubia and Andres Torrubia. The company was launched in Spain, and after a round of fund-raising in New York, relocated to San Francisco. Macrovision acquired Trymedia for US\$34 million on July 26, 2005. With the acquisition, Macrovision launched a new games division, Trymedia Games Division, based around Trymedia employees. Trymedia was not a profitable operation, losing \$14.5 million on revenue of just over \$9 million in 2007. On February 22, 2008, RealNetworks announced it had acquired Trymedia from Macrovision for an undisclosed sum, reported in a Macrovision conference call to be \$4million.
Trymedia operates an online network of digitally distributed computer games. The network is integrated into Microsoft\'s digital locker service, and provides white label online retail services to affiliates such as Electronics Boutique and GameSpot.
### ActiveMARK
ActiveMARK is a technology suite of Trymedia for secure digital distribution. It provides DRM protection for software distributed digitally or by CDs/DVD, along with commerce, distribution, administration and marketing services.
### Trygames
Trygames, a division of Trymedia, was a retail website offering computer games from the Trymedia games network for download, trial and purchase. It was launched in 2001. The Trygames website was closed and redirected to the GameHouse website in 2014
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# Super Bad James Dynomite
**Super Bad James Dynomite** is a comic book series created by the Wayans Brothers, mainly Shawn Wayans, Marlon Wayans and Keenen Ivory Wayans. The book is about a detective named James Dynomite, who helps the police with crimes in the black community. The book\'s first story arc featured James battling a white pimp.
## The Book {#the_book}
The comic is based upon the 1970s and the era of films known as Blaxploitation. Each issue features various references to movie and characters of that time including John Shaft, Black Belt Jones, Foxy Brown (film), Super Fly and even Bruce Lee. The comics feature scenes of drug use with James sniffing cocaine with various people. There is strong sexual content in various issues. Issue five featured female nudity and various sexual acts. It was the only issue to be sealed before it was sold in comic book stores. Profanity appears in every issue.
## Movie
On May 15, 2007, Rouge Pictures optioned the rights to the Wayans Brothers\' comic. Marlon and Shawn Wayans have written the feature screenplay with Xavier Cook & Mitchell Marchand. Marlon Wayans will star in the title role of Super Bad James Dynomite, an ex-cop turned neighborhood hero who delivers his unique brand of justice in New York City. He is Shaft, Dolemite, and Black Belt Jones all rolled into one. Dynomite has it all\... until the day he is convicted of a crime he didn\'t commit. When he is released from jail years later, he is still the same but the world has changed. While regaining his cool, Dynomite vows to take down the man responsible for his incarceration -- a criminal mastermind who has become the mayor of the city -- and swings back into action
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# Hermetic Qabalah
**Hermetic Qabalah** (`{{etymology|he|''קַבָּלָה'' (qabalah)|reception, accounting}}`{=mediawiki}) is a Western esoteric tradition involving mysticism and the occult. It is the underlying philosophy and framework for magical societies such as the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, has inspired esoteric Christian organizations such as the Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia, is a key element within the Thelemic orders, and is important to mystical-religious societies such as the Builders of the Adytum and the Fellowship of the Rosy Cross.
Hermetic Qabalah arose from Christian Cabala, which itself was derived from Jewish Kabbalah, during the European Renaissance, becoming variously Esoteric Christian, non-Christian, or anti-Christian across its different schools in the modern era. It draws on a great many influences, most notably: Jewish Kabbalah, Western astrology, Alchemy, Pagan religions, especially Egyptian and Greco-Roman, Neoplatonism, Hermeticism, and the symbolism of the tarot. Hermetic Qabalah differs from the Jewish form in being a more syncretic system; however, it shares many concepts with Jewish Kabbalah.
## Teachings
### Conception of Divinity {#conception_of_divinity}
A primary concern of Hermetic Qabalah is the nature of divinity, its conception of which is quite markedly different from that presented in monotheistic religions; in particular there is not the strict separation between divinity and humankind which is seen in classical monotheism. Hermetic Qabalah adheres to the Neoplatonic conception that the manifest universe, of which material creation is a part, arose as a series of \"emanations\" from the \"godhead\".
These emanations arise out of three preliminary states that are considered to precede manifestation. The first is a state of complete nullity, known as *Ain* (*אין* \"nothing\"); the second state, considered a \"concentration\" of *Ain*, is *Ain Suph* (*אין סוף* \"without limit, infinite\"); the third state, caused by a \"movement\" of *Ain Suph*, is *Ain Suph Aur* (*אין סוף אור* \"limitless light\"), and it is from this initial brilliance that the first emanation of creation originates.
### Sephiroth
The emanations of creation arising from *Ain Suph Aur* are ten in number, and are called *Sephiroth* (*סְפִירוֹת*, singular Sephirah *סְפִירָה*, \"enumeration\"). These are conceptualised somewhat differently in Hermetic Qabalah to the way they are in Jewish Kabbalah.
From Ain Suph Aur crystallises Kether, the first sephirah of the Hermetic Qabalistic tree of life. From Kether emanate the rest of the sephirot in turn, viz. Kether (1), Chokhmah (2), Binah (3), Daath, Chesed (4), Geburah (5), Tiphareth (6), Netzach (7), Hod (8), Yesod (9), Malkuth (10). Daath is not assigned a number as it is considered part of Binah or a hidden sephirah.
Each sephirah is considered to be an emanation of the divine energy (often described as \'the divine light\') which ever flows from the unmanifest, through Kether into manifestation. This flow of light is indicated by the lightning flash shown on diagrams of the sephirotic tree which passes through each sephirah in turn according to their enumerations.
Each sephirah is a nexus of divine energy, and each has a number of attributions. These attributions enable the Qabalist to form a comprehension of each particular sephirah\'s characteristics. This manner of applying many attributions to each sephirah is an exemplar of the diverse nature of Hermetic Qabalah. For example, the sephirah Hod has the attributions of: Glory, perfect intelligence, the eights of the tarot deck, the planet Mercury, the Egyptian god Thoth, the archangel Michael, the Roman god Mercury and the alchemical element Mercury. The general principle involved is that the Qabalist will meditate on all these attributions and by this means acquire an understanding of the character of the sephirah including all its correspondences.
### Tarot and the Tree of Life {#tarot_and_the_tree_of_life}
Hermetic Qabalists see the cards of the tarot as keys to the Tree of Life. The 22 cards including the 21 Trumps plus the Fool or Zero card are often called the \"Major Arcana\" or \"Greater Mysteries\" and are seen as corresponding to the 22 Hebrew letters and the 22 paths of the Tree; the ace to ten in each suit correspond to the ten Sephiroth in the four Qabalistic worlds; and the sixteen court cards relate to the classical elements in the four worlds. While the sephiroth describe the nature of divinity, the paths between them describe ways of knowing the Divine.
### Orders of angels {#orders_of_angels}
According to the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn\'s interpretation of the Kabbalah, there are ten archangels, each commanding one of the choirs of angels and corresponding to one of the Sephirot. It is similar to the Jewish angelic hierarchy.
Rank Choir of Angels Translation Archangel Sephirah
------ ----------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ----------
1 Hayot Ha Kodesh Holy Living Ones Metatron Keter
2 Ophanim Wheels Raziel Chokmah
3 Erelim Brave ones Tzaphkiel Binah
4 Hashmallim Glowing ones, Amber ones Tzadkiel Chesed
5 Seraphim Burning Ones Khamael Geburah
6 Malakim Messengers, angels Raphael Tipheret
7 Elohim Godly Beings Haniel Netzach
8 Bene Elohim Sons of Elohim Michael Hod
9 Cherubim Gabriel Yesod
10 Ishim Men (man-like beings, phonetically similar to \"fires\") Sandalphon Malkuth
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# Hermetic Qabalah
## History
### Hermetic views of Qabalah origins {#hermetic_views_of_qabalah_origins}
The practice of using alphabetic letters to represent numbers developed in the Greek city of Miletus, and is thus known as the Milesian system. Early examples include vase graffiti dating to the 6th century BCE. Aristotle wrote that the Pythgoraean tradition, founded in the 6th century BCE by Pythagoras of Samos, practiced isopsephy, the Greek predecessor of Jewish gematria. Pythagoras was a contemporary of the philosophers Anaximander, Anaximenes, and the historian Hecataeus, all of whom lived in Miletus, across the sea from Samos. The Milesian system was in common use by the reign of Alexander the Great (336--323 BCE) and was adopted by other cultures during the subsequent Hellenistic period. It was officially adopted in Egypt during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (284--246 BCE).
In *Isis Unveiled* and *The Secret Doctrine*, 19th-century Theosophist Helena Blavatsky wrote that Hermeticism and Kabbalah ultimately both taught the same secret teachings as Neoplatonism and Hindu philosophy. In the mid-twentieth century, Gershom Scholem hypothesized that Medieval Kabbalah had its roots in an earlier Jewish version of Gnosticism; however, contemporary scholarship of Jewish mysticism has largely rejected this idea. Moshe Idel instead has posited a historical continuity of development from early Jewish mysticism. Modern Hermetics, however, see Qabalah as originating in classical Greece based on Indo-European cultural roots, and only later adopted by Jewish mystics.
### Renaissance occultism {#renaissance_occultism}
Jewish Kabbalah was absorbed into the Hermetic tradition at least as early as the 15th century when Giovanni Pico della Mirandola promoted a syncretic worldview combining Platonism, Neoplatonism, Aristotelianism, Hermeticism and Kabbalah. Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486--1535), a German magician, occult writer, theologian, astrologer, and alchemist, wrote the influential *Three Books of Occult Philosophy*, incorporating Kabbalah in its theory and practice of Western magic. It contributed strongly to the Renaissance view of ritual magic\'s relationship with Christianity. Pico\'s Hermetic syncretism was further developed by Athanasius Kircher, a Jesuit priest, hermeticist and polymath, who wrote extensively on the subject in 1652, bringing further elements such as Orphism and Egyptian mythology to the mix.
### Nineteenth-century magical revival {#nineteenth_century_magical_revival}
Post-Enlightenment Romanticism encouraged societal interest in occultism, of which Hermetic Qabalistic writing was a feature. Francis Barrett\'s *The Magus* (1801) handbook of ceremonial magic gained little notice until it influenced the French magical enthusiast Eliphas Levi (1810--1875). Levi presented Qabalism as synonymous with both white and black magic. Levi\'s innovations included attributing the Hebrew letters to the Tarot cards, thus formulating a link between Western magic and Jewish esotericism which has remained fundamental ever since in Western magic. Levi had a deep impact on the magic of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.
### Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn {#hermetic_order_of_the_golden_dawn}
Hermetic Qabalah was developed extensively by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Within the Golden Dawn, the fusing of Qabalistic principles such as the ten Sephiroth with Greek and Egyptian deities was made more cohesive and was extended to encompass other systems such as the Enochian system of angelic magic of John Dee and certain Eastern (particularly Hindu and Buddhist) concepts, all within the structure of a Masonic or Rosicrucian style esoteric order.
Aleister Crowley passed through the Golden Dawn before going on to form his own magical orders. Crowley\'s book *Liber 777* is a good illustration of the wider Hermetic approach. It is a set of tables of correspondences relating various parts of ceremonial magic and Eastern and Western religion to the thirty-two numbers representing the ten spheres (Sephiroth) plus the twenty-two paths of the Qabalistic Tree of Life. The panentheistic nature of Hermetic Qabalists is plainly evident here, as one may simply check the table to see that Chesed (חסד \"Mercy\") corresponds to Jupiter, Isis, the colour blue (on the Queen Scale), Poseidon, Brahma, and amethyst.
### Aftermath of the Golden Dawn {#aftermath_of_the_golden_dawn}
Many of the Golden Dawn\'s rituals were published by Crowley, some altered in various ways to align them with his own New Aeon magickal approach. Israel Regardie eventually compiled the more traditional forms of these rituals and published them in book form.
Dion Fortune, an initiate of Alpha et Omega (an offshoot of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn), who went on to found the Fraternity of the Inner Light wrote *The Mystical Qabalah*, considered by her biographers to be one of the best general introductions to modern Hermetic Qabalah.
### A∴A∴ and Ordo Templi Orientis {#aa_and_ordo_templi_orientis}
After the dissolution of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Crowley integrated Hermetic Qabalah into his new religious philosophy, Thelema. Crowley\'s works, such as *Magick*, *777*, and *The Book of Thoth* emphasize the Tree of Life and Sephiroth, utilizing Qabalistic principles to explore human consciousness and spiritual growth. Thelema\'s development continued through organizations like the Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) and the A∴A∴, which further embedded Hermetic Qabalah into their rituals and teachings, perpetuating its influence within modern esoteric practices.
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# Hermetic Qabalah
## English Qabalah {#english_qabalah}
There are various systems of English gematria, sometimes referred to as English Qabalah, that are related to Hermetic Qabalah. These systems interpret the letters of the Roman script or English alphabet via an assigned set of numeric values.
### Liber Trigrammaton {#liber_trigrammaton}
In 1904, Aleister Crowley wrote out the text of the foundational document of his world-view, known as *Liber AL vel Legis*, *The Book of the Law*. In this text was the injunction found at verse II:55; \"Thou shalt obtain the order & value of the English Alphabet, thou shalt find new symbols to attribute them unto\" which was understood by Crowley as referring to an English Qabalah yet to be developed or revealed. In one of the *Holy Books of Thelema* written by Aleister Crowley in 1907, called *Liber Trigrammaton, sub figura XXVII \-- Being the Book of the Mutations of the Tao with the Yin and the Yang*, are 27 three-line diagrams known as \'trigrams\', which are composed of a solid line for the Yang, a broken line for the Yin, and a point for the Tao. By attributing 26 Roman script letters to the trigrams of this work, Crowley felt that he had fulfilled the injunction to \"obtain the order & value of the English Alphabet\", as noted in his \'Old Comment\' to *The Book of the Law*. However, he also wrote that \"The attribution in *Liber Trigrammaton* is good theoretically; but no Qabalah of merit has risen therefrom.\"
Due to its cryptic nature, *Liber Trigrammaton* has been the subject of various interpretations by Thelemic scholars and practitioners. It is often analyzed in conjunction with other works by Crowley and the broader context of Thelemic teachings. Its trigrams are sometimes correlated with the I Ching and other systems of divination and symbolism.
### Trigrammaton Qabalah {#trigrammaton_qabalah}
The most developed interpretation, known as *Trigrammaton Qabalah* (TQ), was first published by R. Leo Gillis in 1996, and subsequently released as *The Book of Mutations* in 2002. This system is based on one of the *Holy Books of Thelema* written by Aleister Crowley in 1907, called *Liber Trigrammaton, sub figura XXVII \-- Being the Book of the Mutations of the Tao with the Yin and the Yang*. *Liber Trigrammaton* (aka *Liber XXVII*) was called by Crowley \"the ultimate foundation of the highest theoretical qabalah\". Correspondences are created with some of the major forms of divination such as the *I Ching*, Tarot and runes, as well as Greek and Hebrew alphabets, the Tree of Life, Western and Vedic astrology, magic squares, and the Platonic solids. A primary feature of this qabalah is a new understanding of the Cube of Space and its 26 components of edges, faces, and vertices, which equal the number of letters in the English alphabet.
### English Qaballa {#english_qaballa}
English Qaballa (EQ) is a Qabalah supported by a system of arithmancy created by James Lees in 1976. It assigns numerical values to the English alphabet to interpret esoteric texts, particularly *The Book of the Law*. Initially overlooked, the system gained recognition through Cath Thompson\'s publications, which detailed its methods and applications. EQ provides an alternative to traditional Hebrew and Hermetic Qabalah, emphasizing the linguistic and numerical properties of English.
Various Thelemic practitioners use English Qaballa in rituals and textual analysis, exploring its unique insights into Crowley\'s work. Ongoing research continues to expand its applications within modern occult practices, demonstrating its adaptability and relevance. This system offers a distinct perspective on esoteric interpretation, contributing to a deeper understanding of Thelemic texts and practices. Lon Milo DuQuette has praised the system for its innovative approach
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# John D. Millett
**John David Millett** (March 14, 1912 -- November 14, 1993) was the 16th president of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, and first chancellor of the Ohio Board of Regents. During his career, he served as the Senior Vice President of the Academy for Educational Development in Washington, D.C. Millett Hall at Miami University and an academic building at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, are named in his honor.
## Biography
John David Millett was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, of parents who had come from small towns in southwestern Indiana. He was the first of two children, the only son, born to Grover Allan Millett (1884--1953)and Helen Elizabeth (Welch) Millett (1886--1968). His father had been a successful businessman in the 1920s, but went bust in the Great Depression. Millett attended Indianapolis public schools and was graduated from Shortridge High School in 1929. He received a Rector Scholarship and entered DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, in 1929 and was graduated with highest honors in 1933. Widely recognized as a campus leader, he was editor of the school newspaper, Phi Beta Kappa, and president of his fraternity, Phi Delta Theta. After a year traveling around the world, he entered Columbia University as a graduate student in 1934 in political science with a specialty in public administration. On September 2, 1934, he married Catherine Letsinger of Bloomfield, Indiana, whom he had dated at DePauw and who was earning her degree in the School of Journalism at Columbia. He received his PhD in January 1938 at the age of 25 and spent one year as postdoctoral student at the London School of Economics. He returned to teaching at Columbia University in 1939. At the beginning of World War II, he joined the personal staff of Gen. Brehon B. Somervell, commander of the Army Service Forces, in the Pentagon (which Somervell had designed and built as the commander of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). He rose from the rank of major to full colonel and received the Legion of Merit for his military service.
After World War II, he returned to the graduate faculty of Columbia University, rising to the rank of tenured full professor. He returned to active duty in the Army in 1947 to study logistical management of the German Army during the war. He also served on the staff of the first Hoover Commission and various prestigious committees. Millett served as the 16th president of Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, from 1953 to 1964. He managed a vast expansion of the physical campus and a doubling of student enrollment. He also oversaw significant progress in the academic quality and national reputation of the university. He was a champion of the liberal arts education and instituted the Common Curriculum at Miami. He became the first chancellor of the Ohio Board of Regents, 1964--1972, enjoying a close working relationship with Governor James A. Rhodes. He delivered the presidential nomination address for Rhodes at the 1968 Republican National Convention. As chancellor he promoted the state\'s expanding network of technical and community colleges in addition to coordinating the state\'s expanding system of public universities. He was widely respected for his expertise in the financial management of higher education, long-term strategic planning, and best practices of public administration as applied to higher education.
John and Catherine Millett parented three sons: Allan R. Millett, PhD (military historian, university professor, and colonel, USMC); David P. Millett, M.D., (flight surgeon and FAA regional medical director); and Stephen M. Millett, PhD (historian, futurist, consultant, and member of the Ohio State Board of Education). Millett authored or coauthored nearly two dozen books and numerous professional journal articles in educational policy and public administration. His most acclaimed works included *Financing Higher Education in the United States* (1952), *The Organization and Role of the Army Service Forces* (1954), *Management in the Public Service* (1954), *The Liberating Arts* (1957), *The Academic Community* (1962), and *Politics and Higher Education* (1974). He was also particularly proud of his numerous honorary degrees from universities across the country.
Millett was a longtime affiliate of political science honors society Pi Sigma Alpha. He served as president, vice president, and executive council member of the society, and was also inducted into it as a college student at DePauw University.
Millett retired from public service in Ohio in 1972 and joined the executive leadership team at the Academy for Educational Development in Washington, D.C. He consulted with universities and educational institutions around the world. Also in 1972 he was elected President of the General Council of the Phi Delta Theta national organization. Millett was a trustee of the Educational Testing Service and the Institute for American Universities (Aix-en-Provence, France). He was active in the Cosmos Club, Rotary, and the United Methodist Church. He was elected the first chairman of the National Academy of Public Administration. He returned to live in Oxford, Ohio, in 1980. He suffered a severe heart attack in 1988 and subsequently died after a long illness at a retirement center in Cincinnati, Ohio
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# Chatham Islands parakeet
\| genus = Cyanoramphus \| species = forbesi \| authority = Rothschild, 1893 }}
The **Chatham Islands parakeet** (***Cyanoramphus forbesi***), also known as **Forbes\' parakeet**, is a rare parakeet endemic to the Chatham Islands group, New Zealand. This parakeet is one of New Zealand\'s rarest birds and is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, as a result of a range of threats to the species survival, including habitat loss, predation, and hybridization. A number of conservation methods have been employed to assist the recovery of this species, and currently the population trend is considered stable.
## Taxonomy
Walter Rothschild described the species in 1893.
\"Chatham Islands parakeet\" has been designated the official name by the International Ornithologists\' Union (IOC).
Forbes\' parakeet is one of ten species in the genus *Cyanoramphus*, a genus consisting of parakeets from New Zealand and surrounding islands. Originally classified as a distinct species (*Cyanoramphus forbesi*) Forbes\' parakeet was later thought to be a subspecies of the Yellow-crowned Parakeet *Cyanoramphus auriceps* and was renamed *Cyanoramphus auriceps forbesi*. Forbes\' Parakeet has since been the subject of a range of molecular tests to determine the correct classification of the bird. These tests have resulted in *C. forbesi* being reinstated as a separate species to *C. auriceps*, on the basis of genetic variations, as well as morphological differences such as size and vocalisations.
### Hybridisation
Mitochondrial DNA analysis and microsatellite genetic markers have both indicated a high degree of hybridisation between Forbes\' parakeet and the Chatham Island Red-crowned Parakeet (*Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae chathamensis*), which is also found on Mangere Island in the Chatham Islands.
## Description
Forbes\' parakeets are medium-sized parakeets, with long tails and orange-red eyes. Plumage is bright green, with a red band across the forehead (but not reaching the eyes) and a yellow forecrown. The lores are also green, and the bird has some red plumage on the sides of the rump, and violet-blue outer primaries and wing coverts. The female parakeet is slightly smaller than the male, which is also reflected in her smaller bill size.
Forbes\' parakeet is easily distinguished from the Chatham Island Red-crowned Parakeet by its golden-yellow forecrown, as like its name suggests the Chatham Island Red-crowned parakeet has a red forecrown. It is also distinguishable from the Yellow-crowned parakeet (*Cyanoramphus auriceps*) despite looking quite similar, as *C. auriceps* is not found in the Chatham Islands.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
Forbes\' parakeet is found only on Mangere and Little Mangere (Tapuaenuku) Islands in the Chatham Islands group. The Chatham Islands are sovereign land of New Zealand, and lay to the South-east of Wellington.
Historically, Forbes\' parakeet was documented in the 1800s to have travelled to nearby Pitt Island and southern Chatham Island. The species was extinct on Mangere Island by 1930 as a result of significant deforestation. However, the species persisted on Little Mangere Island, until recolonizing Mangere Island in the 1960s after the removal of introduced species (such as cats, rabbits and grazing livestock) and after the native vegetation had a chance to grow back.
The parakeet is found in dense forest and scrub, and utilizes tree hollows and rock crevices to nest.
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# Chatham Islands parakeet
## Conservation
Forbes\' parakeet is absolutely protected under New Zealand\'s Wildlife Act 1953. The species is also listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) meaning international export/import (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.
Forbes\' parakeet has faced a number of threats to its survival, with the population once falling as low as 20--30 individuals. These threats include deforestation and habitat destruction, the introduction of predators, and the fact that the entire population is confined to two small islands in the Chatham Islands group-Mangere and Little Mangere Islands, which are only 112ha and 16ha respectively.
Massive deforestation of Mangere Island has had a significant impact on the population of Forbes\' parakeet, as the environmental boundaries (like differing habitat preference) that once separated Forbes\' parakeet from the Chatham Island Red-crowned parakeet were no longer in place. Deforestation and the creation of open farmland meant Forbes\' parakeet was being deprived of the forest habitat it prefers. As the Chatham Island Red-crowned parakeet was better able to adapt to these new changes in habitat than Forbes\' parakeet, they were able to colonize new areas of the island, including habitat that was previously only occupied by Forbes\' parakeet. As a result, competition for habitat and breeding resources (such as mates) has driven the increased rate of hybridisation between these two species, effectively affecting the genetic makeup of the population of both of these *Cyanoramphus* species. This is particularly threatening to the *C. forbesi* population as it is not found anywhere else and therefore runs the risk of essentially being bred out as a species.
To prevent the further genetic loss of Forbes\' parakeet due to hybridisation, both hybrids and Chatham Island Red-crowned parakeets were culled on Mangere Island as of 1976. These culls took place routinely until the population of hybrid birds and *C. n. chathamensis* reached levels that were considered not to be an immediate threat to the *C. forbesi* population. Eliminating these birds also reduced the amount of competition for resources like food and habitat, and gave Forbes\' parakeet numbers a chance to increase. Currently the population of hybrid birds is monitored, and culls will resume if the number of hybrid birds on Mangere Island reaches 10% of the total number of parakeets on the island. The islands inhabited by Forbes\' parakeet have also undergone reforestation efforts (of approximately 6000 trees annually since 1976) to boost natural habitat for the species and to add a degree of separation between them and *C. n. chathamensis* species which prefer more open habitat when given the choice.
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# Chatham Islands parakeet
## Behaviour
Forbes\' parakeet are typically seen singly or in pairs, but rarely in groups. The birds are considered sedentary, and remain at a single nesting site throughout the year.
### Diet
The diet of Forbes\' parakeets consists of invertebrates, flowers, seeds, leaves, fruit, shoots and bark. They have been noted feeding in the forest canopy and on the forest floor, as well as in trees, shrubs or other plants when fruiting, seeding or flowering. Forbes\' parakeet feeds both individually and in groups with conspecifics, as well as with Chatham Island Red-crowned Parakeets and hybrids of the two species.
### Reproduction
Forbes\' parakeet nest in hollows of dead or living trees, and breed between October and March. The birds become quite territorial of boundaries when breeding, chasing other birds away from the area and making loud vocalisations. The female bird will stay in the nest during incubation, and the male will bring her food. Clutch size is between 2-9 eggs, and once the eggs hatch both the male and the female adult birds will share parental care of the offspring. When provided with nest boxes, the species has a high rate of chick mortality, though it is unclear why this may be the case
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# Four Plays in One
***Four Plays, or Moral Representations, in One*** is a Jacobean era stage play, one of the dramatic works in the canon of John Fletcher and his collaborators. Initially published in the first Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1647, the play is notable both for its unusual form and for the question of its authorship.
## History
No firm information of the date of *Four Plays in One* is available in the historical record. On general considerations, scholars have provisionally dated the play to the 1608--13 period. Of the four playlets, the last, *The Triumph of Time,* is the most masque-like, even to the point of featuring an anti-masque. Since Ben Jonson effectively invented the anti-masque in *The Masque of Queens,* which was performed and published early in 1609, it seems unlikely that *Four Plays in One* could be earlier than that.
## Composition
As its title indicates, *Four Plays in One* is composed of a quartet of short plays; it takes the form of an *Induction* that sets up a frame play, followed by four plays-within-a-play, titled *The Triumph of Honor, The Triumph of Love, The Triumph of Death,* and *The Triumph of Time.* These dramatic techniques were rare but not unknown in Fletcher\'s time. The Induction and frame-play structure can be found in several works, including the anonymous *The Taming of A Shrew* and Shakespeare\'s *The Taming of the Shrew,* both from the early 1590s, and Francis Beaumont\'s *The Knight of the Burning Pestle* of 1607, among other examples. And the idea of a group of short plays presented as a unit can be traced back to *Three Plays in One* and *Five Plays in One* (both 1585) and an earlier *Four Plays in One* (1591); the two-part play *The Seven Deadly Sins* (c. 1585) shared the same type of structure; and a quartet titled *All\'s One* was acted c. 1606. (Unfortunately almost all of these are lost plays. Only one of the short plays in *All\'s One* has survived, as *A Yorkshire Tragedy.*)
## Authorship
Scholars have considered it obvious that the play is a work of composite authorship: Fletcher\'s highly distinctive and easily recognizable style is clearly present in the final two \"triumphs\" of the quartet, and just as clearly absent from the first half of the work as a whole. Traditional critics assumed that Francis Beaumont was the author of the first two \"triumphs\" --- until E. H. C. Oliphant introduced the hypothesis that Nathan Field was involved in the work\'s creation. This idea met initial resistance but won greater acceptance over a generation or two; after Cyrus Hoy\'s work of the Fletcher canon, the scholarly consensus has solidified in the view that *Four Plays in One* is a Field/Fletcher collaboration, in which Field wrote the *Induction, The Triumph of Honor,* and *The Triumph of Love,* while Fletcher wrote *The Triumph of Death* and *The Triumph of Time.*
Aspects of *Four Plays in One,* especially its richness in music, song, and dance and its highly coloured and variegated elements, have suggested to scholars that the play may have been performed by one of the companies of boy actors of its era. If this is valid, the company in question was probably the Children of the Queen\'s Revels. (The Children of Paul\'s ceased dramatic performances in 1606, while the King\'s Revels Children were a relatively transitory presence.) Since Field was acting with The Queen\'s Revels Children in the 1608--13 period, these conjoined hypotheses of author, date, and company are mutually supportive.
## Influences
The two authors depended on a variety of earlier works and writers for source material and precedents, including the *Trionfi* of Petrarch, the novels of Giovanni Boccaccio and Matteo Bandello (sometimes through English translations and adaptations, as in *The Palace of Pleasure* by William Painter), and \"The Franklin\'s Tale\" in *The Canterbury Tales* of Geoffrey Chaucer.
The four \"triumphs\" in *Four Plays in One* show a strong influence from the morality plays of the later Middle Ages, combined with influences from the Jacobean masque and the pageants and processions that were an important part of public life in Jacobean England. This combination of influences from morality play and masque makes *Four Plays in One* a highly unusual work for its era; for a rare similar work, consider the \"moral masque\" *The Sun\'s Darling* in the next generation (1625). The \"triumphs\" in *Four Plays in One* are rich in processions, dumbshows, music, and \"special effects.\"
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# Four Plays in One
## Synopsis
***The Induction***\
The *Induction* is set at the royal court of Lisbon during the 1497 wedding festivities of Manuel I of Portugal (The text calls him \"Emanuel\") and Isabella of Aragon, Princess of Asturias (the play misidentifies her as \"Isabella of Castile\"). The conceit of the play is that the four \"triumphs\" are presented before the royal nuptial couple and their assembled courtiers.
The king and queen are treated with the very elaborate courtly flattery of the time, praised as \"gracious and excellent,\" \"virtuous and beautiful,\" joined in a union that will produce \"millions of prosperous seeds,\" etc. The dramatists\' choice of this particular couple may seem odd at first, since Isabella died in childbirth after only a year of marriage -- but Death is one of the four elements of the play.
***The Triumph of Honor***\
The first short play portrays the Roman general Martius after his victory over Sophocles, the ruler of Athens. In defeat, the unbowed will of Sophocles and the grace of his wife Dorigen earn the respect and magnanimity of their Roman conquerors. Their honour is contrasted with the dishonorable and contemptible conduct of Nicodemus, \"a cowardly Corporal,\" and his compatriots.
(The sources are novel 5 of Day 10 in the *Decameron* of Boccaccio, and Chaucer\'s Franklin\'s Tale.)
***The Triumph of Love***\
The second \"triumph\" is set in Milan, and concerns the Duke and his family -- his wife, his sons Gerard and Ferdinand, and Gerard\'s mistress Violante. A conflict of generations and classes is resolved through two mock deaths and resurrections. Cupid influences the family\'s recovery from its troubles.
(The source is also from Boccaccio\'s *Decameron,* novel 8 of day 5.)
***The Triumph of Death***\
The third playlet treats the fate of Lavall, the \"lustful Heir\" of the Duke of Anjou. Lavall has put aside his first wife Gabriella to tale a second, Hellena. He encounters a spirit that reproves him for his various sins. Lavall dies miserable and unforgiven.
(The source is Painter\'s *Palace of Pleasure,* novella 42 of book 1.)
***The Triumph of Time***\
The final section features classical deities and anthropomorphic personifications typical of the masque form: Jupiter, Mercury, Time, Desire, Vain Delight, Fames, Poverty, and others. It includes an anti-masque of \"Plutus, with a troop of Indians, singing and dancing wildly about him\....\" The point of the playlet is that humanity, or Antropos, can employ \"Industry and the Arts\" of human culture to transcend the limitations of death.
(No specific source has been identified; this appears to have been the authors\' invention.)
Emaunel and Isabella comment on the \"triumphs\" at their conclusions. Emanuel returns briefly at the end of the piece to complete the frame play
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# SiReNT
The **Singapore Satellite Positioning Reference Network** (**SiReNT**), is an infrastructure network launched by the Survey Services section of the Singapore Land Authority in 2006. Its purpose is to define Singapore\'s official spatial reference framework and to support the cadastral system in SVY21. It is a multi-purpose high precision positioning infrastructure which provides both Post Process Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) DGPS services and Real Time DGPS services. The system supports all types of GPS positioning modes and formats.
SiReNT comprises five GPS reference stations connected to a data control centre at government data centre. Four of the five reference stations are located at the extreme corners of the island of Singapore, with the fifth located in the centre of the island. The four external reference stations are located at Nanyang Technological University, Keppel Club, Loyang, and Senoko, with the designations SNTU, SKEP, SLOY, and SSEK, respectively. The central location is at Nanyang Polytechnic, designated by SNYP. The entire set-up is made up of advanced GPS equipment and sophisticated computer hardware, software, communications and network.
SiReNT supports a great variety of applications. It provides data reliability, efficiency and productivity of survey work for land surveyors with the aid of GPS technology. It also offers a wide range of GPS data services with various accuracy levels ranging from metres to centimetres to suit different applications from positioning to tracking and monitoring.
These GPS reference stations receive satellite signals 24 hours a day and transmit GPS data continuously to the data control centre for storage and processing. Corrections processed from the data are then streamed to subscribed users.
SiReNT offers 4 types of services, namely Post Processing (PP) On-Demand, Post Processing (PP) Archive, Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and low accuracy Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) to suit different applications. In 2010, SiReNT introduced support for telematics and structural monitoring solutions
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# Thunder Bay—Atikokan (provincial electoral district)
**Thunder Bay---Atikokan** is a provincial electoral district in northwestern Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario since 1999.
The electoral district was created from Port Arthur, Fort William, Lake Nipigon and Rainy River in 1999 when Ontario was divided into the same electoral districts as those used for federal electoral purposes. They were redistributed whenever a readjustment took place at the federal level.
In 2005, legislation was passed by the Legislature to divide Ontario into 107 electoral districts, beginning with the next provincial election in 2007. The eleven northern electoral districts, including Thunder Bay---Atikokan, are those defined for federal purposes in 1996, based on the 1991 census (except for a minor boundary adjustment). The 96 southern electoral districts are those defined for federal electoral purposes in 2003, based on the 2001 census. Without this legislation, the number of electoral districts in northern Ontario would have been reduced from eleven to ten
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# Samuel Gardner Drake
**Samuel Gardner Drake** (October 11, 1798 -- June 14, 1875) was an American antiquarian, author and historian.
## Biography
Drake was born in Pittsfield, New Hampshire. His father, Simeon Drake, was initially a farmer like his four brothers, but sold his homestead in 1805 to open a store in neighboring Northwood. His mother, Love Muchmore Drake (*née* Tucke), was the daughter of a minister. Drake was named Samuel after his mother\'s eldest brother, Samuel J. Tucke, and the middle name Gardner derives from Samuel J. Tucke\'s wife\'s maiden name.
Drake was educated in the common schools, and from 1818 to 1825 taught in a district school. He was fond of literary pursuits, and in 1828 he went to Boston, where he established an antiquarian bookstore --- the first of its kind in the United States --- and devoted himself to the study of early United States history. He continued to do business as a bookseller and publisher during his life, and the most noted writers of his day availed themselves of the store of information that he had collected.
He was one of the founders (1847) of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, was its president in 1858, and for many years was the editor of its quarterly *Register*, contributing many articles to its pages. In 1858-60 he resided in London, England.
Drake died of pneumonia in Boston on June 14, 1875, aged 76
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# Lance Broadway
**Lance Daniel Broadway** (born August 20, 1983) is an American actor and former Major League Baseball pitcher. He is 6\'3\" and throws right-handed.
## High school and college {#high_school_and_college}
Broadway was born in Bryan, Texas, and attended Grand Prairie High School, where he was an all-district performer all three of his years on the varsity team. He transferred from Grand Prairie after his junior year and attended Waxahachie High. He played with former high-school All-State player Ben Hudspeth.
Broadway then went on to pitch for Dallas Baptist University, and major in communications, where he earned all-conference honors both years he pitched for the Patriots. He threw two no-hitters as a freshman and as a sophomore went 10--2 with a 2.82 Earned run average and 102 strikeouts in 108 innings pitched.
After two seasons with Dallas Baptist, Broadway transferred to Texas Christian University. He went 15--1 with a 1.62 ERA and 151 strikeouts in 117 innings pitched for the Horned Frogs. He was named to the All-Tournament Team of the 2005 Conference USA Tournament and also the conference\'s Pitcher of the Year and Male Athlete of the Year.
## Minor leagues {#minor_leagues}
Broadway was selected 15th overall (the fourth pitcher taken in the first round) by the Chicago White Sox in the 2005 Major League Baseball Draft. He signed for \$1.57 million. After being selected, Broadway went 1--3 with a 4.58 ERA in 11 starts for the Single-A Winston-Salem Warthogs of the Carolina League. He went into the `{{baseball year|2006}}`{=mediawiki} season considered the eighth best prospect in the White Sox system, and combined to go 8--8 with a 2.75 ERA and 117 strikeouts in 26 starts and 160.1 innings pitched between the Double-A Birmingham Barons and Triple-A Charlotte Knights.
Entering `{{baseball year|2007}}`{=mediawiki}, Broadway was named the third-best prospect in the White Sox system. Broadway finished the season at 8--9 with a 4.65 ERA and 108 strikeouts in 26 starts and 155 innings pitched for Charlotte.
## New York Mets {#new_york_mets}
The White Sox, with a surplus of starting pitching, and realizing that Broadway was unlikely to crack the team\'s rotation saw an opportunity to acquire a veteran backup catcher. The Sox traded Broadway to the Mets for Ramón Castro in May `{{baseball year|2009}}`{=mediawiki}. Broadway, who was 0--1 with a 5.06 ERA for the season, was assigned to the Triple-A Buffalo Bisons of the International League and was added to the starting rotation.
On August 26, 2009, Broadway was called up to the New York Mets when LHP Óliver Pérez was placed on the disabled list.
On December 13, 2009, Broadway was non-tendered by the New York Mets, making him a free agent.
## Toronto Blue Jays {#toronto_blue_jays}
On December 16, 2009, Broadway was signed by the Toronto Blue Jays to a minor league deal. He spent the entire season with the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s, going 3--11 with a 7.66 ERA in 29 games (20 starts).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
At a nightclub in 2010, Broadway allegedly assaulted Ivan Pinney, severely damaging his eye and face.
## Acting career {#acting_career}
Broadway made his motion picture debut in the 2013 film *Olympus Has Fallen*.
In 2014, Broadway was cast as \"Commander Linden\" in Sci Fi thriller *Teleios*, which was later renamed *Beyond the Trek* and released in 2017 by Screen Media Films.
In 2015, Broadway was cast as Devon in the short film *Shattered Reflections*
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# Ursula Mamlok
**Ursula Mamlok** (`{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} Meyer; February 1, 1923 -- May 4, 2016) was a German-born American composer and teacher.
## Education and influences {#education_and_influences}
Mamlok was born as Ursula Meyer in Berlin, Germany, into a Jewish family, and studied piano and composition with Professor Gustav Ernest and Emily Weissgerber until her family fled Nazi Germany following the nationwide pogrom in 1938.
Due to American immigration quotas, the family moved to Guayaquil, Ecuador. Ursula emigrated alone to New York City in 1940 to attend the Mannes School of Music, which had offered her full scholarship on the basis of one of her compositions. Her parents followed in 1941. She became an American citizen in 1945.
During four years at the Mannes School, Mamlok studied under the direction of George Szell. She received a bachelor\'s and master\'s degree at the Manhattan School of Music in the 1950s, studying with Vittorio Giannini. Other teachers include Roger Sessions and Ralph Shapey in composition and Eduard Steuermann, one of the foremost piano pedagogues at the time, in performance.
Though Hindemith was one of her earliest influences, Mamlok credited the works of serial composers, including Schoenberg, Berg and Webern, as having the greatest impact on her compositional style. She also said: \"My music is colorful, with the background of tonality -- tonal centers ... I can\'t shake it completely.\"
## Compositions
Mamlok composed extensively for small chamber ensembles of various configurations as well as works for piano. However, her output included a few pieces for orchestra, including a concerto for oboe. Other works included several songs, as well as works for voice and chamber ensemble. Mamlok\'s husband, Dwight Mamlok, wrote the text for her 1987 song cycle \"Der Andreasgarten\".
Of her own compositional style and pieces she said: `{{Blockquote|My main concern is that the music should convey the various emotions in it with clarity and conviction. It interests me to accomplish this with a minimum of material, transforming it in such multiple way so as to give the impression of ever-new ideas that are like the flowers of a plant, all related yet each one different.}}`{=mediawiki}
## Career and awards {#career_and_awards}
Also an influential teacher, Mamlok held many university positions including placements at: New York University (1967--76), City University of New York, Temple University, Kingsborough Community College (1972--75) and the Manhattan School of Music, where she taught for four decades. She served on the board of the League of Composers/International Society for Contemporary Music.
Mamlok had received two National Endowment for the Arts Grants (1974 and 1981), a Fromm Foundation Grant (1994), a Fellowship from the Guggenheim Foundation (1995) and commissions from various organizations, including the Koussevitzky Foundation, the Eastman School of Music, the Alaria Chamber Ensemble and the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. In 1984, *When Summer Sang*, a chamber work for flute, clarinet, violin, cello and piano, was chosen to represent the United States at the International Rostrum of Composers. Mamlok also received a Commendation of Excellence in 1987 \"for her contribution to the world of concert music.\"
The C. F. Peters Corporation, American Composers Edition, McGuinness and Marx, Casia Publishing, and Hildegard Publishing companies have published Mamlok\'s compositions. She made the scores of many of her works available herself. In 2006, Mamlock moved to Berlin, where she died on May 4, 2016.
## Notable students {#notable_students}
- Alba Lucía Potes Cortés
- Alex Shapiro
- Tania León
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# Ursula Mamlok
## Discography
- From My Garden, Designs, Sonata -- Catherine Tait, violin; Barry Snyder, piano; *Music for Violin and Piano by American Women Composers* -- Gasparo GSCD 300
- Rhapsody -- for clarinet, viola and piano, *Earplay* -- Centaur CRC 2274
- Panta Rhei -- The Francesco Trio; *Contemporary American Piano Trios, Vol. 2* -- Music and Art CD 933
- Five Intermezzi for Solo Guitar -- Todd Seelye, guitar; *Sheer Pluck* -- Music and Art CD 1032
- Constellations for Orchestra, Polarities, Der Andreasgarten, Girasol, and String Quartet No. 2 -- *Ursula Mamlok*, CRI CD 806
- Panta Rhei, Variations for Solo Flute, When Summer Sang, Stray Birds, Sextet -- *American Masters -- Ursula Mamlok*, CRI CD 891
- String Quartet No. 1, Polyphony No. 1, Confluences, 2000 Notes, Rhapsody (Spectrum Concerts Berlin, Armida Quartet)
- Cantata based on Psalm 1; *Songs of Joy and Sorrow*
- Elegy (slow movement from *Concertino* for woodwind quintet, string orchestra, and percussion) - *Journeys: Orchestral Works by American Women* - Leonarda Productions, LE327, 1985. Also includes music of Nancy Van De Vate, Kay Gardner, Libby Larsen, Marga Richter, Katherine Hoover, Jane Brockman. Performed by Bournemouth Sinfonietta, Arioso Chamber Orchestra, Carolann Martin: Conductor.
- \[Music of\] Ursula Mamlok, Vols
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# Collington, Maryland
**Collington** was a settlement in Prince George\'s County, Maryland, United States, dating from colonial times. Collington has been subsumed by the city of Bowie.
## Geography
Collington was located at 38°58\'6\" North, 76°45\'35\" West (38.9684441 -76.7596914).
Collington stretched from the area near Holy Trinity Episcopal Church on MD 450 East toward the Belair Mansion, south to where MD 197, also called Collington Road, ends at US 301 and west past Church Road.
## History
Originally referred to as \"Collington Hundreds\", the settlement was more recently known as \"Collington\".
One of the earliest references to Collington, is in the proceedings of the Council of Maryland from 1696: `{{quotation|
"An Accot{{sic}} of the Hundreds in the Severall{{sic}} Counties of the Province Vizt ...
Prince Georges County is divided into Six Hundreds Vizt
:[[Mattapony|Mattapany]]
:[[Patuxent Hundred|Petuxant]]
:Collington
::1 Hundreds.
:Mount Calvert
:[[Piscataway, Maryland|Piscattoway]]
:New Scotland"<ref>{{cite web
| title = Proceedings of the Council of Maryland, 1696/7:1698, Volume 23, Page 23
| publisher = [[Maryland State Archives]]
| url = http://aomol.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000023/html/am23--23.html
| access-date = 4 May 2007
| url-status = dead
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928075931/http://aomol.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000023/html/am23--23.html
| archive-date = 28 September 2007
}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
### Significant historic buildings in Collington {#significant_historic_buildings_in_collington}
In 1746, Colonial Governor of Maryland, Samuel Ogle built the Belair Mansion and Belair stables, in Collington, establishing his residence and the Belair Stud Farm.
Baruch Duckett built Fairview Plantation around 1790 in Collington. Maryland Governor Oden Bowie was born at Fairview in 1826 and is buried there.
Holy Trinity Episcopal Church was established in Collington in 1836.
## Transportation
The southern segment of Maryland Route 197 is known as Collington Road.
James Mullican was appointed as the first overseer of roads in the Colony of Maryland, appointed in April 1696. In 1715, the court ordered the overseer of Collington Hundreds to construct a road from St. Barnabas\' Church through the plantation owned by James Mullikin to Collington Bridge. An additional segment was ordered at the same time for a road to connect from Collington Bridge to James Ridgeley\'s cart road at the Patuxent River at Sturgeon\'s Landing.
Governor\'s Bridge over the Patuxent River was built by Governor Samuel Ogle in the mid-18th century to travel between his mansion in Collington and the state capital in Annapolis.
The Baltimore & Potomac Railroad Company had a passenger and freight station eponymously named Collington on the Pope\'s Creek spur of its Southern Maryland Line, 4 miles south of Bowie Station. Today, a 5200 foot long railroad siding is all that remains of this stop although the spur is still in use. It is located at mile post 3.0 on the spur just south of where the spur crosses under Maryland Route 450 near Maryland Route 197.
## Geology
Collington is known for its fine sandy loam soil on the surface making the area exceptional for agriculture. In the early 20th century almost 85% of the area was under cultivation for corn, wheat and tobacco with the remainder consisting of hardwood forest.
Below the topsoil lies layers of yellowish brown sandy clay and clay down to 48 inches
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# Thunder Bay—Superior North (provincial electoral district)
**Thunder Bay---Superior North** is a provincial electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario since 1999.
The district is in the northwestern part of the province of Ontario.
It consists of the eastern part of the Territorial District of Thunder Bay including the northern part of the city of Thunder Bay, Ontario.
The current Member of Provincial Parliament for this riding is Lise Vaugeois from the Ontario New Democratic Party.
## Geography
Thunder Bay---Superior North consists of the part of the Territorial District of Thunder Bay
- lying east of a line drawn from the northern limit the territorial district due south to the northeast corner of the Township of Bulmer, and south along the eastern boundaries of the townships of Bulmer, Fletcher, Furlonge, McLaurin and Bertrand, east along the 6th Base Line, south along longitude 90o00( W, Dog River and the western shoreline of Dog Lake, west, along the north, west and south boundaries of the Township of Fowler, south along the Kaministiquia River, east along the northern limit of the Township of Oliver Paipoonge, south along its eastern limit and along Pole Line Road, north along Thunder Bay Expressway (Highways 11 and 17), east along Harbour Expressway and Main Street to 110th Avenue, then due east to the eastern limit of the City of Thunder Bay, along that limit to the northeast corner of the Township of Neebing, then southeast to the US border; and
- excluding the part lying south and east of a line drawn from the southwest corner of the Township of Downer due west to a line drawn due south from the southeast corner of the Township of Bain, due south to a line drawn due west from the southwest corner of the Township of McGill, due east to longitude 86o00( W, south along that longitude, and west along the White River to Lake Superior.
## History
The district was created from Port Arthur and Lake Nipigon in 1999 when Ontario was divided into the same electoral districts as those used for federal electoral purposes. They were redistributed whenever a readjustment took place at the federal level.
In 2005, legislation was passed by the Legislature to divide Ontario into 107 electoral districts, beginning with the next provincial election in 2007. The eleven northern electoral districts are those defined for federal purposes in 1996, based on the 1991 census (except for a minor boundary adjustment). The 96 southern electoral districts are those defined for federal electoral purposes in 2003, based on the 2001 census. Without this legislation, the number of electoral districts in northern Ontario would have been reduced from eleven to ten
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# NGC 4449
**NGC 4449**, also known as **Caldwell 21**, is an irregular Magellanic type galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici, being located about 13 million light-years away. It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 27 April 1788. It is part of the M94 Group or Canes Venatici I Group that is relatively close to the Local Group hosting our Milky Way galaxy.
## Characteristics
This galaxy is similar in nature to the Milky Way\'s satellite galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), though is not as bright nor as large. NGC 4449 has a general bar shape, also characteristic of the LMC, with scattered young blue star clusters.
Unlike the Large Magellanic Cloud, however, NGC 4449 is considered a starburst galaxy due to its high rate of star formation (twice that of the LMC) and includes several massive and young star clusters, one of them in the galaxy\'s center.
Photos of the galaxy show the pinkish glow of atomic hydrogen gas, the telltale tracer of massive star forming regions.
NGC 4449 is surrounded by a large envelope of neutral hydrogen that extends over an area of 75 arc minutes (14 times larger than the optical diameter of the galaxy). The envelope shows distortions and irregularities likely caused by interactions with nearby galaxies.
Interactions with nearby galaxies are thought to have influenced star formation in NGC 4449 and, in fact, in 2012 two small galaxies have been discovered interacting with this galaxy: a very low surface brightness disrupted dwarf spheroidal with the same stellar mass as NGC 4449\'s halo but with a ratio of dark matter to stellar matter between 5 and 10 times that of NGC 4449 and a highly flattened globular cluster with two tails of young stars that may be the nucleus of a gas-rich galaxy. Both satellites have apparently been disrupted by NGC 4449 and are now being absorbed by it.
At least one ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) is known in NGC 4449, called NGC 4449 X7. There are three candidates that have been identified as optical counterparts to NGC 4449 X7 (i.e. they may be associated with the ULX). They are all early (B-type to F-type) supergiants that are estimated to be about 40 to 50 million years old and about 8 times the mass of the Sun
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# Timmins—James Bay (provincial electoral district)
**Timmins---James Bay** was a provincial electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that was represented in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1999 to 2018. Its population in 2001 was 84,001.
The district included the extreme eastern part of the District of Kenora, all of the District of Cochrane except for the central western part, and a small part south of Timmins, and all of the District of Timiskaming except for the extreme southeastern part.
## Geography
Timmins---James Bay consisted of
- the part of the Territorial District of Kenora lying east of a line drawn from the northeast corner of the most northerly point of the Territorial District of Thunder Bay (Albany River) due north to Hudson Bay;
- the Territorial District of Cochrane, excluding the part bounded by a line drawn from the western limit of the territorial district east along the northern limits of the townships of Boyce, Boyce, Shuel, Mulloy, Fintry, Auden, Rogers, Fushimi, Bannerman, Ritchie, Mulvey, Goldwin, Sweet, Hillmer, McKnight, Boyle, Mowbray, Howells, Sheldon, Pinard and Mewhinney, south along the eastern boundaries of the townships of Mewhinney, Bourassa, Tolmie, Menapia, Beniah, Colquhoun and Calder, west along the northern boundary of the Township of Ottaway, south along the western boundaries of the townships of Ottaway, Beck, Lucas and Prosser, and west along the southern boundaries of the townships of Carnegie, Reid, Thorburn, Moberly, Aitken, Poulett, Watson and Lisgar, to the southwestern limit of the territorial district;
- the part of the Territorial District of Timiskaming bounded by a line drawn from the northeast corner of the Township of Harris, west along the northern boundaries of the townships of Harris, Dymond, Hudson, Lundy, Auld and Speight, and south along the western boundaries of the townships of Speight, Van Nostrand and Leo to the southern limit of the territorial district.
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