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# Timmins—James Bay (provincial electoral district)
## History
Timmins---James Bay was created in 1999 from all of Cochrane North and part of Cochrane South. At that time, Ontario was divided into the same electoral districts as those used for federal electoral purposes.
It consisted initially of:
- the part of the Territorial District of Cochrane lying west and north of a line drawn from the southeast corner of the City of Timmins north and west along the east and north limits of the city north along the east boundaries of the Townships of Prosser, Lucas, Beck and Ottaway, west and north al;ong the south and west boundary of the Township of Clute, north along the east boundary of the Township of Colquhoun, and east along the south boundaries of the Townships of Marven, Thorning, Potter, Sangster, Bragg, Newman, Tomlinson, Hurtubise and St. Laurent,
- the part of the Territorial District of Kenora lying east of a line drawn north from the most northerly northeast corner of the Territorial District of Thunder Bay to Hudson Bay.
In 2005, legislation was passed by the Legislature to divide Ontario into 107 electoral districts, beginning with the next provincial election in 2007. The eleven northern electoral districts are those defined for federal purposes in 1996, based on the 1991 census (except for a minor boundary adjustment). The 96 southern electoral districts are those defined for federal electoral purposes in 2003, based on the 2001 census. Without this legislation, the number of electoral districts in northern Ontario would have been reduced from eleven to ten.
Prior to the 2018 provincial election, the Ontario government\'s Far North Electoral Boundaries Commission proposed dividing Timmins---James Bay into one riding for the city of Timmins, to be named Timmins, and another riding for the remainder of the current district, to be named Mushkegowuk---James Bay. The creation of Mushkegowuk---James Bay, Timmins, and Kiiwetinoong (another new northern riding) were approved with the passage of the *Representation Statute Law Amendment Act, 2017* in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
| 336 |
Timmins—James Bay (provincial electoral district)
| 1 |
11,048,605 |
# 1994 Federation Cup (tennis)
The **1994 Federation Cup** was the 32nd edition of the most important competition between national teams in women\'s tennis. Spain defeated the United States in the final, giving Spain their 3rd and 2nd consecutive title.
This was the last competition to bear the name \"Federation Cup\", and the last in which the final group of teams assembled to compete at a single site. The following year, the International Tennis Federation rechristened the competition the Fed Cup, and adopted a Davis Cup-style format in which all ties were held in one of the competing countries.
## Qualifying rounds {#qualifying_rounds}
- Nations in **bold** qualified for the World Group.
### Americas Zone {#americas_zone}
Venue: Cochabamba Tennis Centre, Cochabamba, Bolivia (outdoor clay)
Dates: April 11--17
Participating Teams
-
-
- **`{{fed|CHI}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
- **`{{fed|CUB}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|PAR}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
-
-
### Asia/Oceania Zone {#asiaoceania_zone}
Venue: Delhi LTA Complex, New Delhi, India (outdoor clay)
Dates: May 2--6
Participating Teams
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
### Europe/Africa Zone {#europeafrica_zone}
Venue: Freizeit Park, Bad Waltersdorf, Austria (outdoor clay)
Dates: April 18--23
Participating Teams
- **`{{fed|AUT}}`{=mediawiki}**
- **`{{fed|BLR|1991}}`{=mediawiki}**
- **`{{fed|BEL}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|SVK}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
-
-
## World Group {#world_group}
Venue: Waldstadion T.C
| 227 |
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| 0 |
11,048,611 |
# Blears
**Blears** is a surname
| 6 |
Blears
| 0 |
11,048,667 |
# List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2007
This is a list of singles that peaked in the top 10 of the *Billboard* Hot 100 during 2007.
T-Pain and Akon each had seven top-ten hits in 2007, tying them for the most top-ten hits during the year.
## Top-ten singles {#top_ten_singles}
Key
- -- indicates single\'s top 10 entry was also its Hot 100 debut
- -- indicates Best performing song of the year
- \(#\) -- 2007 year-end top 10 single position and rank
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| Top ten\ | Single | Artist(s) | data-sort-type=\"number\" \| Peak | Peak date | data-sort-type=\"number\" \| Weeks in\ |
| entry date | | | | | top ten |
+===================+========================================================================+=========================================================+===================================+==============+========================================+
| Singles from 2006 | | | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| November 11 | \"Fergalicious\" | Fergie featuring will.i.am | 2 | January 13 | 14 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| December 16 | \"We Fly High\" | Jim Jones | 5 | February 3 | 10 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| December 23 | \"Say It Right\" (#9) | Nelly Furtado | 1 | February 24 | 14 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| Singles from 2007 | | | | | |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| January 13 | \"It Ends Tonight\" | The All-American Rejects | 8 | January 13 | 3 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| January 20 | \"Welcome to the Black Parade\" | My Chemical Romance | 9 | January 20 | 3 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| February 3 | \"This Ain\'t a Scene, It\'s an Arms Race\" `{{up-arrow}}`{=mediawiki} | Fall Out Boy | 2 | February 3 | 9 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"It\'s Not Over\" | Daughtry | 4 | February 10 | 10 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| February 10 | \"Runaway Love\" | Ludacris featuring Mary J. Blige | 2 | March 3 | 5 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"The Sweet Escape\" (#3) | Gwen Stefani featuring Akon | 2 | April 14 | 15 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"What Goes Around\... Comes Around\" | Justin Timberlake | 1 | March 3 | 9 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| February 17 | \"Walk It Out\" | Unk | 10 | February 17 | 1 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"You\" | Lloyd featuring Lil Wayne | 9 | February 17 | 1 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| February 24 | \"Cupid\'s Chokehold\" | Gym Class Heroes featuring Patrick Stump | 4 | March 31 | 11 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Glamorous\" (#10) | Fergie featuring Ludacris | 1 | March 24 | 13 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| March 3 | \"Don\'t Matter\" | Akon | 1 | April 7 | 13 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Not Ready to Make Nice\" | Dixie Chicks | 4 | March 3 | 1 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| March 10 | \"Break It Off\" | Rihanna featuring Sean Paul | 9 | March 17 | 2 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"This Is Why I\'m Hot\" | Mims | 1 | March 10 | 9 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| March 17 | \"Girlfriend\" `{{up-arrow}}`{=mediawiki} | Avril Lavigne | 1 | May 5 | 18 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| March 31 | \"Throw Some D\'s\" | Rich Boy featuring Polow da Don | 6 | March 31 | 2 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| April 7 | \"Beautiful Liar\" | Beyoncé and Shakira | 3 | April 7 | 4 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| April 14 | \"Last Night\" | Diddy featuring Keyshia Cole | 10 | April 14 | 2 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| April 21 | \"What I\'ve Done\" `{{up-arrow}}`{=mediawiki} | Linkin Park | 7 | April 21 | 1 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin\')\" (#5) | T-Pain featuring Yung Joc | 1 | May 26 | 17 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Give It to Me\" | Timbaland featuring Nelly Furtado and Justin Timberlake | 1 | April 21 | 7 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| May 5 | \"I Tried\" | Bone Thugs-n-Harmony featuring Akon | 6 | May 26 | 4 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"U + Ur Hand\" | Pink | 9 | May 5 | 2 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| May 12 | \"I\'ll Stand by You\" `{{up-arrow}}`{=mediawiki} | Carrie Underwood | 6 | May 12 | 2 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Never Again\" `{{up-arrow}}`{=mediawiki} | Kelly Clarkson | 8 | May 12 | 2 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Because of You\" | Ne-Yo | 2 | May 19 | 3 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Makes Me Wonder\" | Maroon 5 | 1 | May 12 | 12 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| May 26 | \"Pop, Lock & Drop It\" | Huey | 6 | June 2 | 5 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| June 2 | \"Before He Cheats\" (#6) | Carrie Underwood | 8 | June 2 | 2 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Home\" | Daughtry | 5 | June 2 | 3 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Summer Love\" | Justin Timberlake | 6 | June 9 | 7 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| June 9 | \"Big Girls Don\'t Cry\" (#4) | Fergie | 1 | September 8 | 21 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Party Like a Rockstar\" | Shop Boyz | 2 | June 9 | 11 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Umbrella\" (#2) | Rihanna featuring Jay-Z | 1 | June 9 | 14 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| June 23 | \"Hey There Delilah\" (#7) | Plain White T\'s | 1 | July 28 | 14 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Rehab\" | Amy Winehouse | 9 | June 30 | 4 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| June 30 | \"Lip Gloss\" | Lil Mama | 10 | June 30 | 1 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| July 7 | \"Make Me Better\" | Fabolous featuring Ne-Yo | 8 | August 25 | 8 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| July 14 | \"The Way I Are\" | Timbaland featuring Keri Hilson and D.O.E. | 3 | August 25 | 19 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| July 21 | \"Bartender\" | T-Pain featuring Akon | 5 | September 22 | 10 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"A Bay Bay\" | Hurricane Chris | 7 | July 28 | 7 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Big Things Poppin\' (Do It)\" | T.I. | 9 | July 21 | 1 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| August 4 | \"What Time Is It?\" `{{up-arrow}}`{=mediawiki} | High School Musical Cast | 6 | August 4 | 1 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Sorry, Blame It on Me\" `{{up-arrow}}`{=mediawiki} | Akon | 7 | August 4 | 1 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| August 11 | \"Beautiful Girls\" | Sean Kingston | 1 | August 11 | 7 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| August 18 | \"Stronger\" | Kanye West | 1 | September 29 | 16 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| August 25 | \"Shawty\" | Plies featuring T-Pain | 9 | September 8 | 5 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| September 1 | \"Crank That (Soulja Boy)\" | Soulja Boy Tell \'Em | 1 | September 15 | 18 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| September 15 | \"Rockstar\" | Nickelback | 6 | September 22 | 4 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| September 22 | \"Let It Go\" | Keyshia Cole featuring Missy Elliott and Lil\' Kim | 7 | September 29 | 4 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| September 29 | \"Ayo Technology\" | 50 Cent featuring Justin Timberlake | 5 | September 29 | 2 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Bed\" | J. Holiday | 5 | October 6 | 5 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Who Knew\" | Pink | 9 | September 29 | 2 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| October 6 | \"Bubbly\" | Colbie Caillat | 5 | October 27 | 17 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| October 13 | \"1234\" | Feist | 8 | October 13 | 1 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Apologize\" | Timbaland featuring OneRepublic | 2 | November 10 | 25 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Gimme More\" | Britney Spears | 3 | October 13 | 3 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| October 20 | \"Good Life\" | Kanye West featuring T-Pain | 7 | November 10 | 11 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"No One\" | Alicia Keys | 1 | December 1 | 22 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| November 3 | \"Cyclone\" | Baby Bash featuring T-Pain | 7 | November 3 | 6 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Hate That I Love You\" | Rihanna featuring Ne-Yo | 7 | December 22 | 8 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Kiss Kiss\" | Chris Brown featuring T-Pain | 1 | November 10 | 15 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| December 1 | \"Clumsy\" | Fergie | 5 | December 22 | 12 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
| December 22 | \"Tattoo\" | Jordin Sparks | 8 | December 29 | 6 |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------------------+
: List of *Billboard* Hot 100 top ten singles which peaked in 2007
| 1,435 |
List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2007
| 0 |
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# List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2007
## Top-ten singles {#top_ten_singles}
### 2006 peaks
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------+
| Top ten\ | Single | Artist(s) | data-sort-type=\"number\" \| Peak | Peak date | data-sort-type=\"number\" \| Weeks in\ |
| entry date | | | | | top ten |
+==============+=================================================+=================================================+===================================+=============+========================================+
| September 23 | \"Lips of an Angel\" | Hinder | 3 | October 14 | 16 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------+
| September 30 | \"How to Save a Life\" | The Fray | 3 | October 7 | 19 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------+
| October 14 | \"Smack That\" | Akon featuring Eminem | 2 | November 4 | 17 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------+
| October 28 | \"My Love\" | Justin Timberlake featuring T.I. | 1 | November 11 | 14 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------+
| November 18 | \"Irreplaceable\" `{{dagger}}`{=mediawiki} (#1) | Beyoncé | 1 | December 16 | 16 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------+
| December 2 | \"I Wanna Love You\" (#8) | Akon featuring Snoop Dogg | 1 | December 2 | 13 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Shortie Like Mine\" | Bow Wow featuring Chris Brown and Johntá Austin | 9 | December 16 | 5 |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+-------------+----------------------------------------+
: List of *Billboard* Hot 100 top ten singles in 2007 which peaked in 2006
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| 1 |
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# List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2007
## Top-ten singles {#top_ten_singles}
### 2008 peaks {#peaks_1}
+-------------+---------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------------------+
| Top ten\ | Single | Artist(s) | data-sort-type=\"number\" \| Peak | Peak date | data-sort-type=\"number\" \| Weeks in\ |
| entry date | | | | | top ten |
+=============+===============+===========================+===================================+===========+========================================+
| November 24 | \"Low\" | Flo Rida featuring T-Pain | 1 | January 5 | 23 |
+-------------+---------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------------------+
| | \"Paralyzer\" | Finger Eleven | 6 | January 5 | 9 |
+-------------+---------------+---------------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+----------------------------------------+
: List of *Billboard* Hot 100 top ten singles in 2007 which peaked in 2008
## Artists with most top-ten songs {#artists_with_most_top_ten_songs}
Artist Numbers of songs
------------------- ------------------
T-Pain 7
Akon 6
Justin Timberlake 5
Fergie 4
Rihanna 3
Ne-Yo
Timbaland
Ludacris 2
Nelly Furtado
Carrie Underwood
Daughtry
Keyshia Cole
Pink
Kanye West
T.I
| 139 |
List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2007
| 2 |
11,048,683 |
# Pirate Master
***Pirate Master*** is an American reality television show created by Mark Burnett and broadcast on CBS. The show followed sixteen modern-day pirates on their quest for a gold treasure valued at US\$1,000,000. The show was hosted by Cameron Daddo and was filmed around and on the Caribbean island nation of Dominica.
*Pirate Master* premiered Thursday, May 31, 2007. The show also aired on CTV in Canada and Sky3 in the United Kingdom, and premiered on June 21, 2007, on Network Ten in Australia, and on July 4, 2007, on AXN Asia. Due to low ratings, CBS cancelled *Pirate Master* on July 24, 2007 after airing only eight of its 14 episodes. Following this, the series was posted on CBS Innertube, with the last six episodes debuting each week on Tuesday mornings.
## Premise
*Pirate Master* is centered around a fictional story of the pirate captain Henry Steel and the \"Treasure of Zanzibar\". After acquiring the treasure, Steel divided the loot into 14 parts and hid them across the island of Dominica. A special chest, the Chest of Zanzibar, contains fifteen locked compartments, each containing maps and clues to help find one of the stashes. Fourteen of the keys --- all but the key for the first compartment --- are each hidden with one of the hidden treasures; thus, the treasures must be found, and the compartments opened, in a predetermined order. The final compartment contains a map showing the location of every gold stash on the island of Dominica, leading to the grand prize.
### Expeditions
Each week, the contestants are divided into two crews, Black and Red, to hunt for the treasures indicated by the maps and clues obtained from the most recently opened compartment in the Chest of Zanzibar. If the captain and officer positions are occupied (see below), they are automatically assigned to the black crew, while all remaining players draw colored gunshots out of bags to determine their crew. The black crew gains the extra player when an odd number of contestants are available.
Both crews simultaneously go on expeditions and decipher clues along the way to find gold coins hidden around the island of Dominica. During the expedition, there is the potential for the currently leading crew (based on the trailing member of the team) to \"sabotage\" the other crew, slowing them down, such as by causing a net to fall to block passage along a river. There also may be booby traps that can slow down the leading team. The first crew to successfully retrieve the treasure --- even if the other crew arrived and started searching first --- wins the treasure, and indicates their victory by firing a blunderbuss.
### Captain and Officers {#captain_and_officers}
Following the first expedition, the winning crew must elect one of their own to be the ship\'s captain. The captain must then select two crew-mates to be officers. The captain receives the right to claim half of the treasure for themself, in additional to other luxuries, but must also nominate three contestants for elimination. The officers each receive a smaller share of the treasure, and claim lesser luxuries.
After being elected, the captain leads the black crew on the next expedition. If the black crew wins, the captain retains their position automatically and may opt to keep or change their officers as desired. If the red crew wins, the captain and officers are all demoted; the crew-mates on the winning team then elect from among themselves a new captain, who chooses two new officers. When eight contestants remain, the officer position is eliminated entirely.
### Treasure
Most of the treasure found at the end of each expedition comes in the form of gold coins, which can be divided among the winning crew. After the coins are counted and the total value (which varies) is established, the captain claims 50%, the officers share 25%, and the rest of the winning crew members share the remaining 25% of the gold; when necessary, distributions are rounded to the nearest \$100. The coins are distributed to the crew members immediately, and may be used as in-game currency, allowing the contestants to strike deals with each other and vie for long-term security. This money cannot be stolen by other players. Of the total \$1 million prize, \$500,000 was distributed through the show in this manner.
| 724 |
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| 0 |
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# Pirate Master
## Premise
### Pirates\' Court {#pirates_court}
At the end of each episode, all contestants attend Pirates\' Court to determine who will be eliminated. Prior to a court proceeding, the Captain distributes letters to the other contestants, three of which contain a black ink blot (called a \"black spot\"). The three contestants receiving black spots are nominated to be voted off and cannot take part in the voting process that follows; the captain and officers are not allowed to vote either. The remaining crew members then cast their votes by impaling their ballots on an upturned dagger. The contestant with the most votes is then \"cut adrift\" (i.e., voted off the show). In case of a tie, the captain decides which of the tied players he will cast adrift. However, contestants may instead opt to cast their vote for mutiny against the captain. Should the voting contestants do so unanimously, then the officers will individually vote for or against the mutiny; if they both agree with the crew, the Captain will be cut adrift. If either officer disagrees with the mutiny, the mutiny fails, and the captain can then choose any player (including among those that were not originally nominated) to be set adrift.
The fourth episode introduced a \"Royal Pardon\" found in the treasure. Prior to the distribution of the next Black Spot letters, any player (including the captain and officers) may bid secretly for the pardon. At the Pirates\' Court, after the votes have been placed, the winning bid of the pardon is announced, and the bid amount is paid to whoever previously held the pardon. If the player holding the pardon receives the most votes, that player is safe, and the next highest vote earner is cut adrift, and the pardon is removed from the game. If the pardon-holder does not receive the most votes, they retain the pardon but must sell it to a different player via silent auction by the next Pirates\' Court. The Royal Pardon is removed from the game after the ninth Pirate Court, whether it\'s used or not.
When there are eight players remaining, the captain selects two players for Black Spots. Because there are no officers, a unanimous vote for mutiny will result in the captain being set adrift immediately.
| 381 |
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| 1 |
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# Pirate Master
## Premise
### Ghost Crew {#ghost_crew}
The eighth episode introduced a \"Ghost Crew\" made up of the previously eliminated players. On episode 8, the remaining players in the game compete as a single Black Crew against the Ghost Crew. Should the Black Crew win, the rest of the game played out as normal. If the Ghost Crew should win, they not only keep the treasure, but get to decide which three of the remaining players would get the Black Spot for the Pirate\'s Court, and there would be no Captain or Officers until the next expedition.
The Ghost Crew, now incorporating all eliminated players up to that point, returned in the Finale to eliminate one of the final three.
### End Game {#end_game}
When only three competitors are left, an expedition is performed, with each player competing against the others. The first player to the treasure becomes Captain and receives the expedition\'s treasure, and is guaranteed to be competing for Captain Steele\'s bounty. The other two players face a Pirate\'s Court made up of the previously eliminated players, who ultimately decide which player joins the Captain in the final expedition.
The final two players, prior to the final expedition, each select three additional crew members from the previously eliminated contestants to assist them on the expedition. The final expedition includes portions that only the finalist can perform in addition to where teamwork can be used. The finalist who is the first to find Captain Steele\'s treasure wins \$500k and the title of Pirate Master.
## Features
The show is notable for its evocative setting and props. Much of the show takes place on the ship, called the *Picton Castle*, but the contestants also disembark and explore island rivers and muddy riverbanks in search of gold. Skeletons, keys, and other pirate-themed paraphernalia are scattered about the foggy island environment.
Other stereotypical pirate-like features include pirate-themed music, pirate-like clothing (the captain and the officers don garments signifying their superior rank), and the performance of laborious chores aboard the ship. The ship\'s main mast sports a Jolly Roger, stylized with a *Pirate Master* logo.
The ship itself was crewed by the actual crew of the *Picton Castle*, though the contestants did assist with trimming the sails and other tasks.
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# Pirate Master
## Contestants
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| Contestant | Original crew | Ghost crew | Final expedition | Finish |
+===================================================================+===============+============+==================+=================+
| **`{{sortname|John|Lakness|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 1st cut adrift |
| 25, Carlisle, Massachusetts | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Christian|Okoye}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 2nd cut adrift |
| 45, Enugu, Nigeria | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Alexis|Shubin|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 3rd cut adrift |
| 26, Laguna Beach, California | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Cheryl|Kosewicz|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 4th cut adrift |
| 35, Sparks, Nevada | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Sean|Twomey|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 5th cut adrift |
| 27, Venice, California | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Jocelyn "Joy"|McElveen|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 6th cut adrift |
| 21, West Columbia, South Carolina | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Joe Don|Morton|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 7th cut adrift |
| 36, Fairbanks, Alaska | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Elicia "Jupiter"|Mendoza|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 8th cut adrift |
| 30, Los Angeles, California | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Azmyth|Kaminski|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 9th cut adrift |
| 26, Los Angeles, California | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Nessa|Nemir|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 10th cut adrift |
| 29, Berkeley, California | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Kendra|Guffey|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 11th cut adrift |
| 38, Los Angeles, California | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Laurel|Schmidt|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 12th cut adrift |
| 21, Los Angeles, California | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Louie|Frase|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 13th cut adrift |
| 43, Fishing Creek, Maryland | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Jay|Hatkow|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | 14th cut adrift |
| 37, Detroit, Michigan | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Christa|DeAngelo|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | Runner Up |
| 29, Tamaqua, Pennsylvania | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| **`{{sortname|Ben|Fagan}}`{=mediawiki}**\ | | | | Pirate Master |
| 23, Charleston, South Carolina | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
| | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+------------+------------------+-----------------+
: List of *Pirate Master* contestants and notable crews
| 367 |
Pirate Master
| 3 |
11,048,683 |
# Pirate Master
## Episodes
<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%" />
<col style="width: 40%" />
<col style="width: 40%" />
<col style="width: 15%" />
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</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th width="5%"><p>#</p></th>
<th width="40%"><p>Title</p></th>
<th width="40%"><p>Treasure Hidden By</p></th>
<th width="15%"><p>Original airdate</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=I Want That Treasure</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= Unknown</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=1</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= The contestants board the <em>Picton Castle</em> and recover the Chest of Zanzibar. Joe Don becomes arrogant upon taking the role of Captain. Although he led the Black Crew to victory in the first expedition, John was unanimously cut adrift for annoying the crew and threatening to steal the compasses. }}</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Pirates, Guns and Money</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= Felipe Sanchez Grios, The Master Gunner</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=2</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Joe Don initiates an alliance with Jay to trade money for information. Joy injures her knee during the expedition. Joe Don's arrogance as Captain dampens the ship morale. Christian is cut adrift for slowing down the expedition crews. }}</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Bribes, Lies, and Vengeful Eyes</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= The Quarter Master</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=3</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Azmyth leads the Red Crew to its first victory and becomes the new Captain. While some are excited when Azmyth shares the wealth, others question his newfound British accent. Jay attempts to bribe Sean into voting against Cheryl. However, Alexis is cut adrift due to her volatile attitude and lack of teamwork. }}</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title= Death by Coconuts</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= Olivier Le Grand, The Master Craftsman</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=4</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Several ladies privately discuss their dislike for Nessa's flirting. The Black Crew loses the expedition when Azmyth leads them astray. The Royal Pardon is revealed. Joe Don's ultimatum to Jay backfires when Jay reveals their alliance. Louie, the new Captain, seeks to fulfill his vendetta against ex-captain Joe Don for hoarding the treasure. At Pirate's Court, Cheryl is cut adrift for alienating herself from the crew early on. }}</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Loose Lips Sink Ships</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= Barnabas Bagley, The Pilot</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=5</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Christa conquers her fear of heights. Sean butts heads with Jay and Nessa. Azmyth regains the role of Captain, then chooses Ben and Jay as officers to form an alliance of strong men. Joe Don lends Nessa money to buy the Royal Pardon, but Azmyth turns the tables by not marking her with the Black Spot. Sean is cut adrift for being untrustworthy. }}</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Lambs to the Slaughter</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= The Bosun</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=6</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Jupiter takes over the cook's role. The crew begins to resent Azmyth's change in personality as captain. The Triad of Azmyth, Ben, and Jay leads the Black Crew to victory. They decide to strengthen their team by marking weaker Joy and Kendra, and strong Joe Don with Black Spots. After a close vote, Joy is cut adrift. }}</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=A Deal With the Devil</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= Christopher DeGrout, The Purser</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=7</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= The Triad works Joe Don and Louie hard with ship chores to weaken them before the expedition. After another Black Crew victory, Jay offers Kendra safety in trade for a vote against Joe Don. Jupiter squashes the crew's hopes of mutiny. Joe Don and Nessa's feelings for each other grow stronger. Without the safety of the Royal Pardon, Joe Don is cut adrift in favor of keeping personable Louie. }}</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Spirits in the Material World</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= The Navigator</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=8</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Jay calls out Kendra for going back on her word. The previously cut adrift pirates return as a Ghost Crew to compete against the current crew. Unfortunately, John loses the Ghost Crew's key and costs them the victory. At dinner, Jupiter announces the crew's thoughts of mutiny in hopes that Azmyth will choose new Officers. Instead, Azmyth interprets her warning as a threat and marks her with a Black Spot. Having alienated herself at dinner, Jupiter is cut adrift by the crew. }}</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=24 Hour Party Pirates</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= Samuel James, The Cook</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=<br />
Online Only</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=9</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= The eight remaining pirates are summoned to an all night party in a hideaway. The day after, Cameron reveals that Jay and Ben are no longer officers, and they take part in the expedition on the Red Crew leaving Azmyth without his triad for protection on the Black Crew. The Red Crew wins and elects the first woman captain, Christa. She is given all the booty from the expedition. Christa feels the pressure of being Captain and fears she could get a Black Spot after she departs the Captain's Quarters. Jay gives Christa a plan to make money. Christa is to tell Kendra she would receive part of "her share" of the treasure in the form of the last Pardon purchase, double cross her by not purchasing it, and then cut her adrift. Christa ends up sticking to her word and actually purchases the Pardon, surprising Jay. Azmyth and Kendra are put up at Pirate's Court. The crew decides to cut Azmyth adrift, keeping Kendra safe once again. }}</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Chickens with Their Heads Cut Off</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= The Cooper</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=<br />
Online Only</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=10</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Seven pirates remain as Christa begins her first full mission as captain. She admits that Jay has been the mastermind of the ship since the beginning, but keeps him and Ben close in a secret pact in order to win more booty. They mislead Nessa into believing that she is to be among the planned "final four". In the expedition, the Black Crew narrowly defeats the Red Crew, maintaining Christa's captaincy. Christa black spots Kendra and a surprised Nessa. At Pirate's Court, Nessa understates her athleticism by proclaiming to the crew that Kendra's weak swimming is more likely to cause a mission loss then her strengths could cause a win. She also openly accuses Ben, Jay, and Christa of a secret alliance which they deny. Despite this, the pirates unanimously vote her out. }}</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=A Judas In Their Midst</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= Amal Patel, The Smuggler</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=<br />
Online Only</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=11</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= The remaining six pirates sleep in the next morning, attributed to their more lenient captain, Christa. Also allowing swim breaks and sharing the better food, Christa hopes this will keep everyone happy with her captaincy. She continues to plot with Ben and Jay, and the three agree that the Black Crew has to win the expedition. When Jay is placed on the Red Crew, he gives minimal effort, allowing the Black Crew to win yet again. To the dismay of the Black Crew, the expedition resulted in no treasure, as "A. Patel" took it for himself. Jay and Christa agree that Kendra's time has come, and Louie casually volunteers to be the other pirate to receive the Black Spot, as he is sure he will stay. At Pirate's Court, it is publicly revealed that Louie volunteered to be Black Spotted, and he faces scrutiny for having so much confidence he is safe, as Kendra has already survived five Black Spots. In the end, however, the vote is unanimous, and Kendra is finally cut adrift. }}</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Liar, Liar...Pirates On Fire</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= Renshu Chao, The Astronomer</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=<br />
Online Only</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=12</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= The final five pirates remain, and Ben and Christa deliberate on Jay's methods/schemes to remove the captain (Christa) from power. The expedition begins with a swim as the two crews go in search of the Astronomer's treasure. Laurel lags in the swim, slowing Louie down. Ben, Jay and Christa find difficulties along the way, but manage to pull through and win $30,000 in loot. Back on the ship, Jay, Ben and Christa go at each other's necks on the issue of betraying each other and lying. Ben shows his true colors to Jay, and Jay does the same, as Christa goes into a meltdown of emotions. Once the Black Spots are handed out, Jay is surprised as he finds out that Laurel and Ben have been spotted. At Pirate's Court, Laurel is cut adrift after a tie in votes and Christa choosing her over Ben, deciding to compete against the strongest rather than the weakest. }}</p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Dirty Deeds…Not Done Dirt Cheap</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= Lars Christensen, The Carpenter</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=<br />
Online Only</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=13</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Ben is stuck on the Red Crew, separated from Christa and Jay. His attempts at throwing the expedition work, as the Black Crew walks away with $40,000 in treasure. Christa splits the treasure with the other pirates. She Black Spots Ben and Louie, promising Jay that he will not be getting a black spot. In the end, Jay decides to stick with his alliance and sets Louie adrift, leaving him, Christa, and Ben as the final three pirates.</p>
<p>}} {{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Master of Pirates</p></th>
<th><p>Aux1= Jenson Buley, The First Mate & Captain Steel</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=<br />
Online Only</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=14</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= The final three face off head to head to find the First Mate's treasure. Ben becomes the new captain upon claiming that treasure and secures himself a shot at Captain Steele's $500,000. At Pirate's Court, the Ghost Pirates make sure Jay is the first of the three eliminated.</p>
<p>Feeling bad for throwing the previous expedition, Ben makes amends and gives Louie his cut.</p>
<p>From there, Ben and Christa choose from those cast adrift to form teams of four to help one of them find Henry Steel's final treasure. Most offer themselves to Christa. In response Ben offers his previous winnings as incentives for his crew; Christa matches his offer. Ben chooses Cheryl, Azmyth, and Jupiter. Christa picks Jay, John, and Nessa. Ben ultimately wins, making him the Pirate Master.</p>
<p>}}</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
</tbody>
</table>
## Weekly Crew Assignments {#weekly_crew_assignments}
| 1,876 |
Pirate Master
| 4 |
11,048,683 |
# Pirate Master
## Weekly Crew Assignments {#weekly_crew_assignments}
Episode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
-------------- -------------------- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Winning Crew
Booty Found
Crew Member Crew / Booty share
Ben
Christa
Jay
Louie
Laurel
Kendra
Nessa
Azmyth
Jupiter
Joe Don
Joy
Sean
Cheryl
Alexis
Christian
John
| 65 |
Pirate Master
| 5 |
11,048,683 |
# Pirate Master
## Voting history {#voting_history}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>:</p></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th><p>Final Mission</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Pardon<br />
Holder</p></td>
<td colspan="3" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="5" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Cut Adrift</p></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="FBF373"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="14"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Ben</p></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="blue"><p>{{center|1=<!--Please don't keep changing this back to that awful shade of green! ANYTHING ELSE</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="red"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Jay</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Louie</p></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Laurel</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Kendra</p></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td colspan="2" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Nessa</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td colspan="3" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Azmyth</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td colspan="4" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Jupiter</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td colspan="5" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Joe Don</p></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="orange"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td colspan="6" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Joy</p></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td colspan="7" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Sean</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td colspan="8" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Cheryl</p></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="#987654"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td colspan="9" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Alexis</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td colspan="10" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Christian</p></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td colspan="11" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>John</p></td>
<td data-bgcolor="black"></td>
<td colspan="12" data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="darkgray"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*Pirate Master* did not perform well in ratings, drawing in only 7 million viewers on the premiere episode, and subsequent showings drawing in less. Joshua Alston of *Newsweek* called the debut episode a \"confusing muddle\". Some critics have considered that the failure of both *Pirate Master* and *On the Lot* represent not only troubling issues for Mark Burnett, but for reality television as well. In the UK from episode 5 onward, the show was moved from its Sunday night primetime slot on Sky\'s main entertainment channel Sky1 to Monday nights at 6 p.m. on Sky3; a channel which usually only shows content from Sky1 but on a 12-18 month delay. The final episodes were aired on Sky3 at 7 a.m. on a Saturday morning. In Australia, free-to-air Channel Ten moved the show from its 7.30 p.m. Tuesday timeslot to Sunday afternoons on July 27. CBS moved the show from Thursday at 8 p.m. to Tuesday at 10 p.m. After continued low ratings, CBS canceled *Pirate Master* on July 23, 2007 and aired the remaining episodes on CBS Innertube.
Despite being removed from American television in mid-run, the show went on to win an Emmy award in the category of outstanding original main title theme music.
## Post Show {#post_show}
Cheryl Kosewicz, the fourth person to leave the game, was found dead inside her home on July 27, 2007, after an apparent suicide. The show paid respects to her death in the final episode with a brief blackscreen dedication message before the final credits. On fellow contestant Nessa\'s MySpace webpage, Cheryl blamed the show for causing friction between herself and her boyfriend, who committed suicide two months prior
| 731 |
Pirate Master
| 6 |
11,048,691 |
# Ethnoburb
An **ethnoburb** is a suburban residential and business area with a notable cluster of a particular ethnic minority population, which may or may not be a local majority. That can greatly influence the social geography within the area because of distinct cultural and religious values. Ethnoburbs allow for ethnic minority groups to maintain their traditional identity, forestalling cultural assimilation.
According to Dr. Wei Li, the author of many writings on the subject, the ethnoburb has resulted from \"the influence of international geopolitical and global economic restructuring, changing national immigration and trade policies, and local demographic, economic and political contexts.\"
Although many assume that an ethnoburb is composed of immigrants with a lower economic status, that may not always be the case, as many ethnoburbs are made up of wealthy and high economic status individuals in more expensive neighbourhoods and communities.
## History of term {#history_of_term}
The term was first coined in 1997 by Dr. Wei Li, then assistant professor of geography and Asian American studies at the University of Connecticut, in a paper examining the suburban Chinese population in Los Angeles. She further examines and delineates the difference between \"Chinatowns\" and \"ethnoburbs\" in \"Ethnoburb versus Chinatown: Two Types of Urban Ethnic Communities in Los Angeles.\"
Ethnoburbs emerge in combination or as separate entities for reasons like significant changes in world politics and the world economy, policy changes in the US, and demographic shifts in individual or in local connecting neighborhoods. Such communities have substantial external connections to the globalised mainstream economy, leading to higher socioeconomic levels in its residents. An ethnoburb functions as a social hub and a place in which immigrants may work and do business within their own networks. That definition of an ethnoburb closely resembles that of the ethnic enclave as defined and studied by sociologists Wilson and Portes. Though the terms are different, the types and functions of these hubs are nearly identical. The formation of ethnoburbs also have an effect on the cultural and political characteristics of a city. In cities like San Francisco, Vancouver, and Toronto; in the New York City-Philadelphia and Washington, DC areas; and in the San Gabriel Valley, for example, Chinese immigrants have built large houses and malls catering to Chinese businesses, changing the landscape of the communities and a significant number of smaller ones throughout Canada and the US.
*Ethnoburb: The New Ethnic Community in Urban America* explores in depth the phenomenon of ethnoburbs scattered through the United States. The book used the term \"ethnoburb\" for the first time, in 1997, to describe the new formation of contemporary suburban Asian settlements, and the author continues her studies in larger metropolitan areas in the US and in Canada.
The term has become widely used in academia and is slowly gaining usage in the popular vernacular.
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# Ethnoburb
## Community dynamics {#community_dynamics}
Ethnoburbs present interesting benefits and disadvantages to those within the community. They can be shaped to meet the specific cultural and social needs of those who live there because of the high degree of ethnic similarities. That can be seen as a benefit as it aids in the adaptation of immigrants to a new environment in terms of language, culture, education, and job training. Also, the sharing of common cultural traditions and new experiences encountered allows a greater sense of community to be developed. An ethnoburb not only contributes to the fostering of cultural preservation particularly amongst immigrants but also can play an important role in the larger cultural tapestry of a greater regional area or country as a whole.
On the other hand, ethnoburbs are sometimes viewed in a negative. It is thought that they can inhibit cultural assimilation because those living in these regions will become comfortable within the community and not expand to incorporate social elements from outside their community. One way that can be mitigated is educational programs and the completion of public or private schooling. Because the dominant culture within an ethnoburb is not always the majority of the population since other ethnicities are also present, it can be helpful if the other cultures are also integrated into the regional identity to lessen the degree of severe representation and catering towards one ethnic group.
White flight can also be a result of ethnoburbs. Min Zhou, Yen-fen Tseng, and Rebecca Y. Kim claim: `{{blockquote|text=In the past, the movement of ethnic minorities of lower SES [socioeconomic status] into urban neighborhoods triggered white flight into the suburbs. The current movement of immigrants of higher SES into the suburbs has ushered in a similar trend because newcomers have settled without going through the time-honored process of acculturation. They pose a new threat to the established white middle-class residents, who fear being “un-Americanized” by the newcomers. The Chinese ethnoburb shows that affluent immigrants from Asia, no less than blacks and Hispanics, can be perceived as a threat to white middle-class communities when they achieve a substantial presence.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zhou|first1=Min|first2=Yen-fen|last2=Tseng|first3=Rebecca Y.|last3=Kim|year=2009|chapter=Suburbanization and New Trends in Community Development: The Case of Chinese Ethnoburbs in the San Gabriel Valley, California|title=Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, Ethnicity, and Community Transformation|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Temple University Press}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
Within Canada, the presence of ethnic communities is often favoured. That is a result of the country\'s belief in supporting a cultural mosaic in which individuals maintain their unique cultural identity after their immigration. Ethnoburbs are often viewed as an \"expression of preferences, common interests, social networks and the cultural and/or religious residents\... \[serving\] as the basis for their integration into the Canadian economy and society.\"
That view may not be shared by all geographical regions and is still an issue of contention in some areas of Canada, as ethnoburbs can present both beneficial and negative elements that may either provide a pathway for the adaptation into a new society or the hindering of assimilation by cultural division.
In comparison, the United States has historically often discouraged the maintenance of cultural identity after immigration by melting pot policies and encouragement to adopt the \"American\" way of life. However, there has still been an increasing trend in the United States for ethnic minority groups to maintain their cultural identity and individuality from the general American identity after immigration.
## Contrasting concepts {#contrasting_concepts}
The ethnoburb concept was developed in reference to the United States, and mainly applies there and in countries with similar immigration and urban planning contexts, such as Australia and Canada. Suburban ethnic enclaves in other counties are described with other concepts.
### Banlieue
In the French-speaking world, the word for a suburb, *banlieue*, has taken on a connotation of racial and economic segregation and deprivation. In the inverse of the \"white flight\" phenomenon seen in the United States in the twentieth century, immigrants to France---primarily from former French colonies, notably Francophone Africa---often moved to Habitations à Loyer Modéré (low-rent apartment buildings) building in suburban areas around Paris and other large cities, rather than to older neighbourhoods in the \"inner city\". Of course immigrants moved to the city proper as well, but rents in Paris are generally too high for the newly-arrived; therefore the *banlieues* (or many of theme) became increasingly identified as immigrant neighbourhoods, even as new generations of Black- and Arab-descended French citizens were born there.
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# Ethnoburb
## Examples
### Vancouver, British Columbia {#vancouver_british_columbia}
The Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) is home to a number of ethnic suburbs, each with its own unique characteristics. In recent years, changes to immigration policies have made the municipalities magnets for immigrants. Here, members of the community find acceptance, security and comfort in the presence of common cultural practices. However, in some situations, increasing segregation has led to tension.
In the past 40 years, the Canadian immigration policy has adopted a multicultural model, with immigrants being granted equal rights in all facets of society Prior to 1962, the Canadian federal government used a country of origin preference system to grant immigration status. The removal of this policy and the introduction of a points system in 1967 caused an influx of immigration to the GVRD. The integration of newly arrived immigrants into the ethnoburbs of Metropolitan Vancouver has increased the diversity of the city but some might argue segregation based on ethnicity has risen in recent years.
This socially constructed segregation has physical ramifications on the landscape. In Vancouver\'s case, increased immigration of affluent East Asians has also meant a boom in the housing market. The expansion of real estate development in the 1980s and 1990s lead to the transformation of post war suburbs into areas dominated by infamous \"Vancouver Specials,\" monster homes, and megamalls. The extravagant building types have become points of contention in the GVRD. Along with that, a growing fear of longtime Canadians is that increasing immigration means decreased space in \"good schools\". Such factors feed the argument that spatial segregation based on ethnicity effects the social fabric of communities. Today, nearly 40,000 people immigrate to the GVRD every year, approximately 30,000 from Asia, with China and India as the two major source countries. The result has been the formation of ethnically-distinct municipalities such as Richmond and Surrey.
Richmond and Surrey are not the only ethnic enclaves in the GVRD. Several neighbourhoods in Vancouver proper have formed, based on lines of heritage. Chinatown, Little Italy, Little India (Punjabi Market) and more are examples of such communities. They are on a smaller scale than Richmond or Surrey. Mapping of ethnicity in Greater Vancouver shows that populations, although concentrated in some areas, disperse out on a gradient. Research on the subject depicts the landscapes as places of integration and acceptance. Increasing diversity has increased the liveability of this growing metropolis. There are, of course, challenges to multiculturalism. Nonetheless, they are communities with deep roots, unique traditions, and shared social identities. From May 2013, the Canadian government tightened the language requirements for all immigrants, and reduced the benefits for immigrants who spoke both of Canada\'s two official languages. Here, there are increased opportunities for immigrants upon arrival in Canada.
#### Richmond, British Columbia {#richmond_british_columbia}
Large communities of visible minorities have changed the cultural landscape Vancouver\'s suburbs, adding to the diverse society that the GVRD prides itself on. Massive shopping malls built in the 1980s such as Aberdeen and Yaohan centres, are focused solely on Chinese clientele. Such shopping centres are highly specialized and highly successful. On average, 19.6% of the GVRD\'s population is Chinese. In some parts of Richmond, British Columbia, 66.9% of the population have Chinese heritage. For many new immigrants and long time residents alike, it is a great comfort to be able buy familiar foods and communicate with shop keepers in their native languages. However, some would argue the absence of English from signage and service creates tension within the Richmond community.
However, tensions aside, Richmond\'s unique blend of culture has added to the mosaic of the city. Some Christians with Hong Kong roots take comfort in Cantonese sermons, being able to connect on personal, congregational, regional and international levels of community. Richmond is also home to many Buddhist temples and societies. The Ling Yen Mountain Temple is an active monastery, and boasts 10,000 members in Greater Vancouver. This micro and macro scale involvement and sense of identity is beneficial in an increasingly global community.
Richmond also hosts many festivals, including the Summer Night Market. which highlights East Asian Canadian culture and celebrate diversity.
#### Surrey, British Columbia {#surrey_british_columbia}
Another predominant ethnoburb filled with temples and shopping centres is in Surrey, British Columbia. Stretching from Newton to Bear Creek Park, from Strawberry Hill to Kennedy Heights, the neighbourhood is a picture of ethnic integration. According to Douglas Todd of *The Vancouver Sun*, a fifth of Canada\'s South Asian community is found in Surrey, and many neighbourhoods are \"intensely monoethnic.\" Moreover, census data reveals that two thirds residents of Surrey have South Asian heritage. On average, 12.0% of the GVRD\'s population is South Asian however in some parts of Surrey, South Asians account for 70.7% of residents, a higher concentration than Chinese residents in Richmond.
Based on Todd\'s case study of west Newton, people there do not feel segregated by ethnicity. Instead, there is a sense of familiarity, and community cohesiveness, despite Surrey\'s reputation for violence. That unique sense of place and the resulting geographies of such communities is in part due to the high occurrence of family migration practices. These practices are another result of evolving Canadian immigration policies.
Like Richmond, Surrey residents are proud of their contributions to social aspects of their communities. There are numerous Sikh gurdwaras, Hindu mandirs and Muslim mosques, alongside western houses of worship. Festivals in both cities invite thousands of people every year to experience a sampling of different ethnic backgrounds. Surrey hosts a massive Vaisakhi Parade & Celebration during April, the largest outside India.
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# Ethnoburb
## Examples
### Los Angeles, California {#los_angeles_california}
One of the largest cities in the United States, Los Angeles, California is a culturally-diverse urban area with pockets of ethnic communities within the city, including many Chinatowns. As populations in the urban regions continued to grow and became increasingly congested, many ethnic groups began migrating out of the urban centre of Los Angeles and into newer and more affordable suburban communities surrounding the city, thus increasing their quality of life from that of a downtown, inner-city neighbourhood, to a more open and clean suburban community. In particular, many ethnic communities in Los Angeles moved to the nearby San Gabriel Valley, especially Monterey Park. In addition to escaping regional congestion, this area offered further geographical opportunities as it \"is bordered by three major freeways\... making it easier to get downtown, where most jobs were located, and to Chinatown.\"
Los Angeles is also an interesting example when examining the distinct difference between an ethnoburb and a Chinatown. In the article \"Ethnoburb Versus Chinatown: Two Types of Urban Communities in Los Angeles,\" Dr. Wei Li looks at these differences by comparing the Chinatown communities within downtown Los Angeles and the ethnoburbs in the surrounding San Gabriel Valley area. By examining historical records, census data, and conducting interviews, she reveals how the Chinese community within the region, in particular, has greatly evolved from densely populated Chinatowns in the downtown to more geographically spread out regions in an ethnic suburb. For example, according to Li, \"the San Gabriel Valley ethnoburb had become by 1990 a more important Chinese residential area than Chinatown.\" Li also explains how the ethnoburb offers more opportunities than a Chinatown, as there are additional economic benefits through business opportunities when catering towards the regional cultural identity.
She reveals further differences between an ethnoburb and Chinatown in that the composition of the populations vary in terms of age, socioeconomic level, and time since their immigration. Within a Chinatown, the population is mainly \"immigrants of Chinese descendants from mainland China and Southeast Asia, with a much older age structure and longer duration of residence\... \[and\] socio-economic status of its residents is lower.\" In contrast, although culturally an ethnoburb may appear to cater towards a specific ethnic group, the regional areas tend to include a more ethnically diverse population, which is composed of a greater variety of age groups with a higher socioeconomic status. In addition, a higher level of education is more common within an ethnoburb when compared to a Chinatown, thus allowing for a greater degree of use and understanding of English within the areas. Thus, Li\'s findings show that an ethnoburb can be culturally positive in the sense that it allows for more opportunities than a Chinatown.
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# Ethnoburb
## Examples
### Auckland, New Zealand {#auckland_new_zealand}
Auckland, which has a predominantly European population, as well as one of the highest Polynesian populations in the world, experienced a dramatic increase in Asian migration during the 1900s. Over the past 20 years, many Asian immigrants migrating to Auckland have settled into \"ethnoburbs\". About 60% of the Chinese population in New Zealand lives in Auckland and by 1990, they were the fourth-largest ethnic group, and people started settling in East and South Auckland. The areas were of existing high quality housing or brand new neighborhoods. By 2006, all of Auckland was considered its own Chinese ethnoburb because of Auckland\'s already small population, based on Li Wei\'s concept of ethnoburbs. The spatial distributions in Auckland proposed there would be three large ethnoburb regions: North Shore City (North Auckland), Auckland City (Central East Auckland) and Manukau City (East Auckland). It is said that Chinese people come to New Zealand not only for economic reasons but also for better education, the relaxed lifestyle and the stable political system.
### Washington, D.C. area {#washington_d.c._area}
The Washington D.C. area has a large amount of significant ethnoburbs for its immigrant populations, due to the rising house prices and limited space in the District itself. The immigrant populations that have notable ethnoburbs in the D.C. area are Salvadoran, Guatemalan, Ethiopian, Indian, Korean, Vietnamese, and Chinese.
Many Salvadoran and Guatemalan immigrants have increasingly settled into suburbs in Prince George\'s County on the border with D.C., with suburbs such as Chillum, Brentwood, Wheaton, and Langley Park, some which have developed a majority or plurality-Central American population, in particular Langley Park, which is up to 75% Central American, as well as Brentwood (41% Central American), Chillum (39% Central American), and Wheaton (29% Central American).
Despite the existence of a thriving Little Ethiopia in D.C., as Ethiopians are D.C.\'s second-largest immigrant population, rising property prices in the areas where Ethiopians established businesses, such as Shaw and Adams Morgan, Ethiopians have now been moving northwards and establishing significant populations and businesses in areas such as Silver Spring, Takoma Park, Wheaton, and Forest Glen. Silver Spring in particular is known for its second \"Little Ethiopia\" with a concentration of Ethiopian-owned businesses.
Bangladeshi, Indian, and Pakistani American communities have rapidly established population centers in Northern Virginia and Montgomery County; Vietnamese ethnoburbs include Seven Corners, Falls Church, and Springfield; Korean ethnoburbs include Annandale and Centreville; and Chinese ethnoburbs in Montgomery County include Potomac, North Potomac, and Rockville.
### Toronto, Ontario {#toronto_ontario}
Many Chinese residents live outside the downtown Chinatown area and in suburbs of the Greater Toronto Area. Spatial patterns of ethnic residential and business districts have been shaped mainly by development in the suburbs. Only 18% of the 338,265 Chinese residents in Toronto live in the downtown area, as the rest live in suburbs. Areas with a lower population Chinese residents (closer to the downtown area) are in East York, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, and York, which account for 47% of the Chinese population. Areas that are on the outer suburb zone (Markham, Richmond Hill, and Mississauga) make up the remaining percentage of Chinese population. In recent years, the Chinese economy in the Greater Toronto Area has changed from local restaurants and grocery stores to consumer services in large shopping centres. That has brought more shopping centres to the inner and outer suburbs, enlarging Toronto\'s economy.
Much like in Los Angeles, the Chinese population in Toronto also stratifies along lines of origin and socioeconomic class that show up in residential patterns. Immigrants from Hong Kong were the largest population from China to Toronto and moved to Markham and Richmond Hill, which influenced the style of the new upscale shopping centres. Immigrants from Taiwan settled in North York because of the public school system.
In addition to the Chinese community, Toronto\'s massive South Asian community has also developed in the suburbs of Brampton (52% South Asian) and Mississauga (25% South Asian). Notably, South Asians are the fastest growing minority group in the distant Toronto suburbs of Milton and Ajax, and numerous Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim places of worship have been built in those areas.
### Melbourne, Australia {#melbourne_australia}
Australia is also undergoing a shift in its demography with large numbers of Asian immigrants settling in the country. From 2010 to 2011, Australia recorded 14,611 settlers from China and according to the 2011 census, there were 393,924 people in Australia born in Mainland China and Hong Kong. Sydney had nearly half of all Chinese-born citizens (46.6%) and Melbourne had slightly over a quarter (28.5%) according to the census data.
Melbourne has received some of the focus of the changing demographics because of Asian immigration. Glen Waverley is a community in Melbourne with a large proportion of Chinese-Australian citizens. According to an article in *The Age*, Glen Waverley has many Chinese immigrants because the area provides high-quality education, good transportation and safety, making it the hub of Chinese Melbourne. According to the article, public high schools in the area have been inundated with Chinese Australians, representing up to 80% of the student population. According to another article in *The Age*, European luxury vehicles, such as Audi and BMW, are the most popular car brands in Glen Waverley
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# Clockwork (Juelz Santana song)
\"**Clockwork**\" is the fourth single by American rapper Juelz Santana from his second studio album *What the Game\'s Been Missing!* (2005).
## Music video {#music_video}
The music video for the song was directed by Dale \"Rage\" Resteghini
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# USS Satyr
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{{Infobox ship image
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``
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# Arrow Active
The **Arrow Active** is a British aerobatic aircraft built in the 1930s.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
In 1930, Arthur Cecil Thornton, previously an aircraft designer with Blackburn Aircraft, set up his own company, Arrow Aircraft, at Leeds, Yorkshire, to develop his ideas for a single-seat aerobatic aircraft and advanced trainer. The resulting design, the Arrow Active was a single-seat biplane of conventional configuration, with single-bay, staggered wings of unequal span and chord, bordering on being a sesquiplane. The upper and lower wings are joined by a single interplane strut. The undercarriage is fixed, with a pair of mainwheels and a tail-skid. It was originally powered by a 115 hp (86 kW) Cirrus-Hermes IIB engine.
The second aircraft built featured a more powerful 120 hp (90 kW) de Havilland Gipsy III and was designated **Active 2**. It also differed from the Active 1 in having a strutted, conventional centre section, a slightly different shaped fin and rudder, and smaller, wider wheels.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
Although it was originally hoped that the military might show an interest in the aircraft, this did not transpire, and the Active was flown as a sports plane. The Active 1 *G-ABIX* received its Certificate of Airworthiness on 21 May 1931 and flew at 132.2 mph (212 km/h) in the 1932 King\'s Cup Race. It was Alex Henshaw\'s mount in the second half of 1935 until severely damaged in a crash following an in-flight fire that December.
The Active 2 *G-ABVE* was certified on 29 June 1932 and flew in the King\'s Cup in both 1932 and 1933. Slightly faster than the Arrow 1, it recorded a speed of 137 mph (220 km/h)
## Variants
Active 1
: One aircraft powered by a 115hp (86kW) Cirrus Hermes IIB engine.
Active 2
: One aircraft powered by a 120hp (90kW) de Havilland Gipsy III engine, rebuilt in 1958 with a de Havilland Gipsy Major 1C.
## Surviving aircraft {#surviving_aircraft}
Rebuilt in 1958, and again in 1989, the Active 2 is still on the British civil register and is based at Coventry, England.
## Specifications (Active 2) {#specifications_active_2}
`{{Aircraft specs
|prime units? = imp
|ref=<ref>{{harvnb|Jackson|1959|pp=407–408}}; {{harvnb|Jackson|1973|pp=206–207}}</ref>
|crew=one pilot
|length m=5.74
|length ft=18
|length in=10
|span m=7.32
|span ft=24
|span in=0
|height m=2.21
|height ft=7
|height note=<ref name="OrdH">{{Harvnb|Ord-Hume|2000|pages=234}}</ref>
|height in=3
|wing area sqm=11.2
|wing area sqft=120
|wing area note=<ref name="OrdH"/>
|empty weight kg=420
|empty weight lb=925
|gross weight kg=600
|gross weight lb=1,325
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[de Havilland Gipsy III]] inverted [[inline engine (aviation)|inline engine]]
|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->80
|eng1 hp=<!-- prop engines -->120
|max speed kmh=230
|max speed mph=144
|cruise speed kmh=206
|cruise speed mph=128
|range km=676
|range miles=420
|range note=<ref name="OrdH"/>
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{aircontent
<!-- include as many lines are appropriate. additional lines/entries with carriage return
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# Rhodes Volume I
***Rhodes I*** (1986) is the first album by American singer-songwriter Happy Rhodes.
## Overview
Her first four albums were not conceived and recorded as album releases, but were a gathering together of songs recorded at Cathedral Sound Studios from 1984 to 1986. When fellow musician Kevin Bartlett offered to release Rhodes\' songs on his cassette-only personal label Aural Gratification, Rhodes culled through the songs she had recorded and ordered them to her satisfaction.
Rhodes I and Rhodes II are often considered to be a double album by fans because the songs are similar in musical style and lyrical subject matter. The songs on both albums are very acoustically orientated, with most songs consisting of Rhodes playing a guitar and singing. This is opposed to Rhodes\' later albums, which rely more on her electronic talents.
Originally released as a cassette tape, each copy sold was a 1 to 1 real-time dub. *Rhodes I* was released on CD in 1992 with additional tracks.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All music, lyrics, voices, instruments and arrangements by Happy Rhodes, except \"Possessed\" music by Happy Rhodes, lyrics by Dave Snyder
1. \"Rainkeeper\" -- 2:24
2. \"Oh The Drears\" -- 3:17
3. \"Given In\" -- 4:14
4. \"He\'s Alive\" -- 4:22
5. \"Possessed\" -- 2:55
6. \"I\'ll Let You Go\" -- 3:59
7. \"Number One\" -- 2:49
8. \"Case of Glass\" -- 3:39
9. \"Moonbeam Friends\" -- 2:49
10. \"I\'m Not Awake, I\'m Not Asleep\" -- 3:23
11. \"The First to Cry\" -- 3:00
12. \"Step Inside\" -- 3:46
13. \"The Wretches Gone Awry\" -- 2:36
14. \"The Flaming Threshold\" -- 4:39 (CD bonus track, previously unreleased)
15. \"Suicide Song\" -- 2:24 (CD bonus track, previously unreleased)
1986 cassette:13 tracks, 45 minutes\
1992 CD 15 tracks, 50:15 minutes
## Personnel
- Happy Rhodes: Vocals, Guitar
Recorded and Mixed by Pat Tessitore at Cathedral Sound Studios in Rensselaer, NY
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# Harry Oliver
**Harry Oliver** (April 4, 1888 -- July 4, 1973) was an American humorist, artist, and Academy Award nominated art director of films from the 1920s and 1930s. Besides his outstanding work in Hollywood, he is now best remembered for his humorous writings about the American Southwest, and his publication (1946--1964) of the *Desert Rat Scrap Book*, an irregular broadsheet devoted to the Southwest. He was born in Hastings, Minnesota and died in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California.
He is known for his Hollywood work as art director on the films *7th Heaven* (1927) and *Street Angel* (1928), for which he was nominated for the very first Academy Awards, as well as set design or art direction on the films *Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ* (1925), *Sparrows* (1926), *Scarface* (1932), *Viva Villa!* (1934), *Mark of the Vampire* (1935), and *The Good Earth* (1937).
## His life and works {#his_life_and_works}
### Early years {#early_years}
Harold Griffith Oliver was born in Hastings, Minnesota, April 4, 1888, to Mary Simmons (born in Minnesota) and Frederick William Oliver (born in England). Raised in a Tom Sawyer environment, he associated with trappers, timbermen and steamboat men, and became an expert canoesman, guide, and muskrat hunter while a very young man. His father, Frederick Oliver, ran a general store in pioneer conditions.
Oliver\'s formal education was scanty. He said, \"I attended public school in Eau Claire, Wisconsin until the fourth grade, that\'s when dad put me to work in a small town print shop in hopes that I would learn to spell.\"
After working as a bill-poster for the Ringling Brothers circus, Oliver moved with his family to Puget Sound, Washington in 1909. He worked as a scenic painter for the first Seattle World\'s Fair where he met famous hat-maker John B. Stetson, who gave Oliver his trademark black Stetson hat.
Harry\'s parents soon settled down on a chicken ranch in Santa Cruz, California where Oliver worked as a burro-driver for the U.S. Forest Service. In 1910 Oliver returned to Minnesota to wed Alice Elizabeth Fernlund, \"a pretty little Minnesota bear trapper\" who later bore him two daughters, Amy Fern and Mary Alice. Oliver and Alice returned to the chicken ranch in Santa Cruz. Oliver worked odd jobs, including scenic artist with small theaters. \"One day a movie company came to town with an opening, and I got the job.\"
### Hollywood years {#hollywood_years}
Oliver worked on various Hollywood productions from around 1911 to 1941, rising from set painter to set dresser to art director. A complete record of all his films is probably not available, but here is a partial list:
- 1914: *The Sparrow*
- 1919: *Behind the Door*; *The Grim Game*
- 1920: *Down Home*; *Below the Surface*
- 1921: *[The Face of the World](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0012146/)*
- 1924: *[The Hill Billy](https://www.imdb.com/find?ref_=nv_sr_fn&q=The+Hillbilly&s=all)* aka *[The Hillbilly](https://www.imdb.com/find?ref_=nv_sr_fn&q=The+Hillbilly&s=all)*
- 1925: *Little Annie Rooney*; *Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ*
- 1926: *The Black Pirate*; *Sparrows*
- 1927: *The Gaucho*; *7th Heaven*
- 1928: *Street Angel*
- 1929: *Sunny Side Up*; *The River*; *Lucky Star*; *They Had to See Paris*
- 1930: *Liliom*; *Lightnin\'*; *Song o\' My Heart*; *City Girl*
- 1932: *Movie Crazy*; *Scarface*
- 1933: *White Woman*; *Tillie and Gus*; *Dancing Lady*
- 1934: *The Band Plays On*; *Peck\'s Bad Boy*; *The Cat\'s-Paw*; *David Harum*; *Viva Villa!*
- 1935: *Vanessa: Her Love Story*; *Mark of the Vampire*
- 1937: *Make a Wish*; *The Good Earth*; *The Californian*
- 1938: *Of Human Hearts*; *Little Orphan Annie*
- 1941: *The Outlaw*
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# Harry Oliver
## His life and works {#his_life_and_works}
### His architecture {#his_architecture}
Designing and building structures occupied portions of both the professional and personal life of Oliver. For illustrations of some of these, see the [Harry Oliver architecture page](http://www.phantomranch.net/hofc/architecture.htm).
Oliver built a number of adobe houses for himself and his family, both because he liked the esthetic effect, and because the building materials were extremely inexpensive. The first of these was La Ballona Rancho (named after nearby Ballona Creek), built beginning in 1917 near the old Palms film studios. In 1980 it was still standing at the corner of National and Exposition Blvd. in Los Angeles.
Homesteading at Borrego Springs (see below), Oliver built his Rancho Borego house from 1930 -- \"a real first class, old time Spanish residence\" and \"surely a credit to the valley\" according to the local newspaper. It was still standing in 2002, \"not far from the [Pegleg Monument](http://www.phantomranch.net/hofc/oliveriana.htm#monument). But I will warn you right now, the current owner does not take to trespassers, and does not want anybody poking around the old place. Seriously.\" [1](https://archive.today/20130209180713/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/DRSB/message/11)
Moving to San Juan Capistrano in the late 1930s, where he managed a general store--trading post after retiring from Hollywood, he may have built another adobe house for himself, but documentation on this is sparse. And when he finally moved to Thousand Palms, California he built his famous [Old Fort Oliver](http://www.phantomranch.net/hofc/architecture.htm#fort), \"as old as the hills, \'cause that\'s where I got the adobe.\"
Besides his work on film sets, Oliver\'s known professional designs date from the 1920s onward. The elaborate gingerbread Willat-Spadena Witch House (1921), \"perhaps the ultimate example of Storybook Style\" [2](http://www.phantomranch.net/hofc/architecture.htm#witc), with no two windows or angles alike, was originally built on the set of the Irvin Willat Film Studio in Culver City, then moved to Beverly Hills in 1934 and converted to a private residence.
Another of Oliver\'s designs was the original Van de Kamp Bakery [windmill](http://www.phantomranch.net/hofc/architecture.htm#van), the corporate symbol of that firm. It was built at the Willat Studio film lot around 1921, then moved about 200 ft south of Beverly Drive on Western Blvd. The design was reproduced in the widely-spread bakery cottages around Southern California. Very few of these now survive.
Members of the Lawry\'s Foods and Van de Kamp Bakery families decided to build a restaurant at the corner of Boyce and Los Feliz in Hollywood. They commissioned a design from Oliver, who constructed the Storybook Style building aided by movie studio carpenters. This Tam O\'Shanter Inn opened in June 1922 and was a great success. The owner said, \"Every piece of wood which was used in this structure was thrown into fire first with the result that we never had to paint it and it got more beautiful as the years went by.\" ^(L.L.Frank\ to\ B.Stohler)^ It was since remodeled and renamed the Great Scot.
In 1935, Oliver was engaged to design, direct and produce [Gold Gulch](http://www.phantomranch.net/hofc/drsbtext/t022.htm#gulch), the largest concession at the San Diego World\'s Fair (California Pacific International Exposition). Gold Gulch was a 21 acre old west mining camp and ghost town replica which undoubtedly inspired the Knotts Berry Farm Ghost Town, which Oliver was consulted upon but was not formally involved with.
In 1946--1947, Oliver designed and supervised the construction of the [Arabian Nights Stage](http://www.phantomranch.net/hofc/architecture.htm#stage) at the National Date Festival fairgrounds in Indio, California. `{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714074118/http://www.datefest.org/Portals/0/mediaKit/2007%20History%20of%20Fair.pdf |date=July 14, 2007 }}`{=mediawiki} Gaudy productions have been staged in this faux--Baghdad fantasyland from 1948 to the present.
### Family life {#family_life}
Of his family, Oliver said, \"My sister Amy Silver died giving birth to twins. My other sister Francis was a bright little brown-eyed newspaper woman in the good old days {circa World War I}. My (older) brother Fred was a Western Auto sales buyer for years.\"
In 1910 Oliver traveled from California to Minnesota to wed Alice Elizabeth Fernlund (1896?--1935) who bore him two daughters, Amy Fern and Mary Alice. When Oliver homesteaded in the desert in 1929 (see below) he spent much time there, as well as at remote locations for his movie work. This removal from his Los Angeles home put great strains on the marriage, which seems to have ended around 1929.
Oliver moved back to the Palms house after the death of Alice Oliver from tuberculosis (age 39) on 9 January 1935, and raised his two daughters with a succession of housekeepers. He soon met Ruth Dayton whilst engaged in his San Diego World\'s Fair project (see below). \"She amused Harry from the start -- riding backward on a burro down the narrow winding road into \'Gold Gulch\'.\" Ruth and Oliver were married in San Diego on 27 July 1935; she was 29, he was 47. \"However Harry soon learned Ruth was a bit too fond of booze \... resulting in a short stormy marriage.\"
In 1936--1937 Oliver decided he needed to spend more time with his daughters. He pulled them out of school and together they traveled all over California, visiting all the missions, the construction site of the Golden Gate Bridge, numerous Gold Rush locales, \"and Harry kept his daughters busy writing history theses on everything they saw.\"
By 1941 the daughters were grown and married with children of their own, and Oliver left Tinseltown for good, relocating to Thousand Palms, California where he built Old Fort Oliver (see below). His daughters\' families spent a great deal of time at the Fort; some descendants, like granddaughter Betty Jo, told of happily \"growing up\" there.
### Desert rat years I {#desert_rat_years_i}
Oliver seems to have started adopting his Desert Rat persona in 1916, when he was introduced to life in California\'s [Borrego Valley](https://ca.water.usgs.gov/projects/borrego/) (which he insisted on spelling Borego), and with the informal formation of the Pegleg Smith Liar\'s Club, made up of Los Angeles desert enthusiasts and [Anza-Borrego](https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=638) area homesteaders. In the following decades, Hollywood and Los Angeles artists and literati established a small vacation colony at Borrego Springs, more remote and modest than the [Hollywood colony](http://www.themoviecolony.org/index.php) just north in Palm Springs.
Oliver homesteaded in Borrego from 1929. He gained media attention by carving and weathering dozens of wooden peglegs which he scattered around area hillsides and gullies, so that rockhounds and tourists might think themselves on the track of the fabulous Lost Pegleg Mine. The *Riverside Enterprise* newspaper wrote, \"Defending himself, Oliver says the Government stocks trout streams for fisherman, why shouldn\'t I stock the desert with peglegs?\"
Inspired by the characters and liars of Borrego, Oliver wrote a series of local color stories for *Life Magazine* (the 1883--1936 humor journal, not the Henry Luce photojournalism magazine). He later collected and expanded on these stories for his own publications (*Desert Rough Cuts*, *99 Days In The Desert*, *The Old Mirage Salesman*. and *Desert Rat Scrap Book*.) His desert stories also appeared in magazines such as *The Gold Miner*, *Todo*, *[The Grizzly Bear](https://archive.org/details/grizzlybe361924371925nati)*, *New Mexico*, *[Desert Magazine](https://desertmagazine.com/)*, [*Stage*](http://www.stagemagazine.org/), and others. He later wrote columns for *Desert Magazine*, *Arizona Highways*, and daily for a group of California and Arizona newspapers. \"But my writing wasn\'t in demand until I became my own publisher\", he said.
Oliver moved to Thousand Palms, California (just north of Palm Springs) three weeks after Pearl Harbor Day, 1941. He passed the duration of World War II growing rubber at Bell Ranch and working with the US Army at Palm Springs Airport. And immediately after the war, he started producing the *Desert Rat Scrap Book*.
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# Harry Oliver
## His life and works {#his_life_and_works}
### Desert rat years II {#desert_rat_years_ii}
`{{blockquote|When you've been here in the Desert a few years you find yourself talking to yourself ... After a few more years you find yourself talking to the lizards ... Then in another couple of years you find the lizards talking to you ... When you find yourself stealing their amazing tales you are about ready to start a Desert paper.|Harry Oliver, 1948|[http://phantomranch.net/hofc/drsbtext/t033#philosopher]}}`{=mediawiki}
Oliver produced 44 \'quarterly\' issues of his *Desert Rat Scrap Book* or *DRSB* newspaper, often at irregular intervals, between 1946--1965, until his health and optimism failed. In 1967 he gave his operation to ex-merchant seaman Bill Powers, who produced two more issues and reprinted a few old issues, then abandoned the *DRSB* forever and disappeared, possibly returning to sea. While it lasted, the *DRSB* had a devoted worldwide audience.
### Publications
-
- -- compiled by his daughters, Amy and Mary Oliver
- -- reprints of his column \"Desert Briefs\" which appeared in various newspapers
- `{{LCC|F868.B6 O5}}`{=mediawiki}
- -- WorldCat Notes: \"\'From his \[i.e. Harry Oliver\'s\] book, Desert rough cuts, a haywire history of the Borego Desert.\' \... Includes several quotations from various sources, and Manana \[i.e. Man?ana\], a poem by S. Omar Barker. Printed and bound to resemble a book of matches, with the leaves stapled in place of matches.\" Series: Tumbleweeds west
- -- WorldCat notes: \"\'We have whiskey & we have whisky.\' Printed and bound to resemble a book of matches, with the leaves stapled in place of matches.\" Don Hildredth listed as contributor.
- -- WorldCat abstract: Comments \[with interviewer Diana Dreiman\] on work as an art director in silent and sound moving pictures. Oliver recalls his work on various pictures, including *Ben Hur* and *The Good Earth*, and his innovations in set design
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# A Stranger's Heart
***A Stranger\'s Heart*** (working title *Brokenhearted*) is a Hallmark Channel made-for-TV movie that premiered on May 5, 2007.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Callie Morgan (Samantha Mathis), a workaholic magazine editor who prides herself on having no emotional attachments in her life, changes practically overnight when she undergoes a life-saving heart transplant operation. Not only does Callie find herself strangely drawn to a young girl who happens to be the heart donor\'s orphaned daughter, but she also finds unlikely romance with another patient who also recently received a new heart. She soon discovers that the man, named Jasper Cates (Peter Dobson), received the heart from her donor\'s husband.
## Cast
- Samantha Mathis as Callie Morgan
- Peter Dobson as Jasper Cates
- Mary Matilyn Mouser as Sarah \'Cricket\' Cummings
- Gina Hecht as Darlene
- Kevin Kilner as Doc Jackson
- Raynor Scheine as Frank
- Amanda Carlin as Rose
- Thomas Kopache as Duds (Callie\'s father)
- June Squibb as Aunt Cass
- W
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# Charles M. Falco
**Charles M. Falco** (born August 17, 1948) is an American experimental physicist and an expert on the magnetic and optical properties of thin film materials.
## Biography
Falco earned his Ph.D. at the University of California, Irvine in 1974 and spent the next eight years at Argonne National Laboratory before joining the University of Arizona in 1982 as a Professor of Optical Sciences. In 1989, he received the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Senior Distinguished U.S. Scientist Award, and in 1998 was awarded the UA Chair of Condensed Matter Physics. Falco, a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the Optical Society of America, and the Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) has published more than 250 scientific manuscripts, most of which are related to physical properties of materials produced by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), co-edited two books, has seven U.S. patents, and has given more than 250 invited talks on his research at conferences and research institutions in 25 countries.
In addition to his scientific research, in 1975 Falco was one of three participants in Chris Burden\'s performance art piece \'220\', and since 1985 his photography has been represented by the agency PhotoResearchers. In 1998 Falco was co-curator of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum\'s *The Art of the Motorcycle*, for which he also wrote the exhibition catalog\'s introductory essay and bibliography. With over 2 million visitors in New York, Chicago, Bilbao, Spain and the Guggenheim Las Vegas, it was the most successful exhibition of industrial design ever assembled, and one of the most attended museum exhibition of any kind. For this work he received an award from the International Association of Art Critics, along with architect Frank Gehry, museum director Thomas Krens, and filmmaker Ultan Guilfoyle. In 1999, Falco was a technical advisor for the Nam June Paik retrospective at the Guggenheim.
In 2000, Falco began collaborating with the British-American artist David Hockney, resulting in their discovery of scientific evidence in paintings made as early as c.1430 that demonstrated portions of them were created with the aid of optical projections. Hockney\'s 2001 book *Secret Knowledge* resulted in widespread coverage of the \"Hockney-Falco Thesis\" in the popular media, including an hour-long BBC special and a segment on the CBS show *60 Minutes*. In 2008, Falco gave the US National Art Education Association\'s \'Ziegfeld Lecture\', awarded for his role in this theory, and for its importance for art education
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# Pierre de Rauzan
**Pierre de Rauzan**, also known as **Pierre de Mesures de Rauzan**, was a Bordeaux wine merchant. He served as estate manager of Château Latour. In the 1690s he began buying land in the Médoc near the village of Pauillac.
## Legacy
Upon the marriage of his daughter Thérèse to Jacques François de Pichon, Seigneur de Longueville, Rauzan passed on the estate to them which became the Pichon Longueville estate that would later split to the Second growth estates of Château Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande and Château Pichon Longueville Baron. To his three sons, he bequeathed 60 acre of vineyards around Château Margaux that would later become the second growths of Château Rauzan-Ségla and Château Rauzan-Gassies, as well as the classified growths Château Desmirail and Château Marquis de Terme
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# James T. Monroe
**James Thomas Monroe**, or **James T. Monroe**, is an American scholar and translator of Arabic. He is emeritus professor of Arabic and Comparative Literature at the University of California at Berkeley, focusing on Classical Arabic Literature and Hispano-Arabic Literature. His doctorate was from Harvard University. Professor Monroe works in the areas of lyric poetry, the Middle Ages, and East-West relations with particular interest in the importance of the Arab-contribution to Spanish civilization
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# Rhodes Volume II
***Rhodes II*** (1986) is the second album by American singer-songwriter Happy Rhodes.
## Overview
Her first four albums were not conceived and recorded as album releases, but were a gathering together of songs recorded at Cathedral Sound Studios from 1984 to 1986. When fellow musician Kevin Bartlett offered to release Rhodes\' songs on his cassette-only personal label Aural Gratification, Rhodes culled through the songs she had recorded and ordered them to her satisfaction.
*Rhodes I* and *Rhodes II* are often considered to be a double album by fans because the songs are similar in musical style and lyrical subject matter. The songs on both albums are very acoustically orientated, with most songs consisting of Rhodes playing a guitar and singing. This is opposed to Rhodes\' later albums, which rely more on her electronic talents.
Originally released as a cassette tape, each copy sold was a 1 to 1 real-time dub. *Rhodes II* was released on CD in 1992 with additional tracks.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All music, lyrics, voices, instruments and arrangements by Happy Rhodes.
1. \"Come Here\" -- 3:55
2. \"The Revelation\" -- 3:01
3. \"Many Nights\" -- 2:50
4. \"Under And Over The Brink\" -- 2:36
5. \"Let Me Know, Love\" -- 3:23
6. \"Where Do I Go?\" -- 3:25
7. \"Not For Me\" -- 2:49
8. \"One Alien\" -- 3:26
9. \"No One Here\" -- 4:13
10. \"To The Funny Farm\" -- 2:10
11. \"Asylum Master\" -- 3:18
12. \"Beat it Out\" -- 3:33
13. \"The Chase\" -- 4:19
14. \"Take Me With You\" -- 5:45 (CD bonus track, previously unreleased)
15. \"Under And Over The Brink\" -- 2:32 (\"barely salvaged from the vault\") (CD bonus track, previously unreleased)
- 1986 tape US Aural Gratification AGC 0007 13 tracks, 50 minutes
- 1992 CD US Aural Gratification AGCD0007 15 tracks, 49:50 minutes
## Personnel
- Happy Rhodes -- vocals, guitar, keyboards
- Recorded and mixed by Pat Tessitore at Cathedral Sound Studios in Rensselaer, New York
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# Kevin Scarce
Rear Admiral **Kevin John Scarce**, `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%|sep=,|AC|CSC}}`{=mediawiki} (born 4 May 1952) is a retired Royal Australian Navy officer who was the 34th Governor of South Australia, serving from August 2007 to August 2014. He was succeeded by Hieu Van Le, who had previously been his lieutenant governor. He was the 16th Chancellor of the University of Adelaide from 2014 to 2020.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Adelaide, South Australia on 4 May 1952, Scarce spent his early childhood in Woomera and attended Elizabeth East Primary School and Elizabeth High School.
## Career
### Military service {#military_service}
Scarce joined the Royal Australian Navy College in 1968 and graduated in 1972, having distinguished himself as an all-round sportsman. In 1973, he continued his training with the Royal Navy in the United Kingdom. On his return to Australia, he served on HMA Ships *Vendetta, Yarra and Duchess*, at the Sydney shore base `{{HMAS|Watson||6}}`{=mediawiki} and on the aircraft carrier `{{HMAS|Melbourne|R21|6}}`{=mediawiki}.
Scarce served during the Vietnam War on the troop transport `{{HMAS|Sydney|R17|6}}`{=mediawiki}. After Vietnam, his naval career specialised in military logistics and procurement. He served on the staff of the Australian Embassy\'s Naval Attaché in Washington, D.C. from 1979 to 1982 and in 1994 returned to Washington to undertake a master\'s degree in National Security Strategy at the US War College (National Defense University).
In Australia, Scarce rose to the rank of rear admiral and Head of Maritime Systems at the Defence Materiel Organisation. Scarce also served as the commander of `{{HMAS|Cerberus|naval base|6}}`{=mediawiki} between 1995 and 1997.
In 2004 and 2005, Rear Admiral Scarce served as Chief Executive Officer of the South Australian Government Defence Unit. The unit was tasked to expand business opportunities for the State\'s defence sector. Scarce played a key role in South Australia\'s winning bid for a A\$6 billion defence contract to build three air warfare destroyers for the Australian Defence Force. He was also Chairman of the Defence Industry Advisory Board at the time.
### Governor of South Australia {#governor_of_south_australia}
On 3 May 2007, it was announced that Scarce would become Governor of South Australia -- the Queen\'s representative in the state. After his appointment he broke the tenets of viceregal impartiality by publicly stating that he is an avowed supporter of an Australian republic. When appointed, he was the youngest South Australian-born governor and the first Royal Australian Navy officer appointed to the position. In 2008, Scarce was appointed the Patron of Debating SA.
As governor, Scarce stressed the importance of science and maths education, and continued to champion economic opportunities in South Australia\'s defense sector. In 2010 he told Defense Business SA magazine: `{{blockquote|My major role as Governor is helping to sell the opportunities of investing in South Australia. I welcome visiting delegations and travel overseas helping to promote the state's capabilities and aspirations.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.dtc.org.au/Portals/0/Pages/News/SA%20Defence%20Business/7_SADefenceBusiness_SeptOct2010.pdf|title = An admirable vision|last = Nash|first = Kate|date = 2010-09-01|journal = Defense Business SA|access-date = 2015-09-09|page = 21}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
On 13 February 2012, Scarce\'s term was extended by two years to 7 August 2014. Hieu Van Le, Scarce\'s lieutenant-governor, was announced on 26 June 2014 as Scarce\'s replacement, and took over the role on 1 September.
Also during his incumbency, Scarce presented the deed of title at the Maralinga Tjarutja Section 400 Handback Ceremony at the Maralinga Village. Section 400 was a 3,126 km^2^ parcel of land, located 136 km from the Oak Valley Aboriginal Community. The ceremony marked the return of Section 400 to its traditional owners, which had previously been disallowed access due to radioactive contamination. The contamination was a legacy of a program of British nuclear weapons tests which ran from 1956 until 1963. Seven major nuclear weapons tests occurred in 1956 and 1957 followed by a series of \'minor\' tests which included the explosive scattering of 22 kg of plutonium.
### Not-for-profit sector {#not_for_profit_sector}
Since ending his term as Governor of South Australia, Scarce has remained active in South Australia\'s not-for-profit sector. He was appointed Chairman of the Cancer Council of South Australia in November 2014 and has since met many beneficiaries of the organisation\'s fundraising, research, education and services. He told *The Advertiser* that he took the role last November after being impressed by the council\'s work during his time as governor, and also because his grandmother Leah died from cancer. Scarce has also cycled as part of the Cancer Council\'s *Ride for a Reason* team in the Santos Tour Down Under. Also in November 2014, Scarce was appointed President of Novita Children\'s Services which provides assistance to disabled children, their families and carers. Kevin Scarce and Raymond Spencer are ambassadors for Impact 100, a sub fund of the Australian Communities Foundation, which awards grants to not-for-profit organisations in South Australia. In 2016, Scarce joined the board of Operation Flinders.
### Chancellor of the University of Adelaide {#chancellor_of_the_university_of_adelaide}
Scarce was appointed the 16th Chancellor of the University of Adelaide with effect from 1 December 2014 in succession to the Hon Robert Hill AC, who retired in July 2014. In the interim, Deputy Chancellor, Di Davidson, was the Acting Chancellor of the University. Scarce retired from this role on 4 May 2020, with his resignation followed the next day by the Vice-Chancellor, Peter Rathjen, taking an indefinite leave of absence. Scarce was succeeded as Chancellor by Catherine Branson in July of the same year.
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# Kevin Scarce
## Career
### Deputy Chairman, Seeley International {#deputy_chairman_seeley_international}
Scarce joined the board of directors of Seeley International in December 2014 and was later appointed Deputy Chairman.
### Nuclear fuel cycle royal commission {#nuclear_fuel_cycle_royal_commission}
In December 2014, Scarce broke seven years of \'political silence\' by suggesting that South Australia consider developing nuclear industries to compensate for a downturn in the manufacturing sector. He said that a debate between experts and without political intervention was needed. He was speaking as an invited guest of the South Australian Chamber of Mines and Energy (SACOME).
On 9 February 2015, the South Australian Premier, Jay Weatherill, announced that Scarce would lead a Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission to inquire into the possible expansion of nuclear industries in South Australia, including uranium mining, enrichment, power generation and radioactive waste storage. He told the media that he wanted a debate on the opportunities and risks the development of nuclear industries in South Australia represented, stating: \"I come to this with no preconceived views.\"
Scarce appeared in a segment about the nuclear Royal Commission on ABC\'s 7.30 program, broadcast on 14 March 2015. He said: `{{blockquote|I know the dangers of the industry. I also know the opportunities it can bring. How do we convince South Australians that it ''is'' safe{{nbsp}}... and what are the benefits of so doing?<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2015/s4197556.htm|title = Nuclear Royal Commission examines how to turn uranium into profit|date = 2015-03-13|access-date = 2015-03-15|website = 7.30|publisher = ABC|last = Mann|first = Alex}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
In May 2016, Scarce completed the report and presented to the Government of South Australia and the public. The report provided twelve key recommendations and determined that the greatest economic opportunity for the nuclear industry in South Australia was in the establishment of a deep geological repository for imported spent nuclear fuel.
Following the conclusion of the commission, Scarce gave presentations about the final report and its recommendations at various private and public events, including those hosted by the University of South Australia (in collaboration with UCL Australia), the Committee for Economic Development of Australia (CEDA) and the Resources and Engineering Skills Alliance. In addition to promoting the opportunities that his Commission identified in the nuclear industry, Scarce has also restated his interest in Australia considering becoming a republic.
## Honours
- 26 January 1994: Conspicuous Service Cross
- 11 June 2001: Member of the Order of Australia (Military division) for exceptional service to the Royal Australian Navy as Commander Training Command -- Navy, and as Support Commander -- Navy.
- 26 January 2004: Officer of the Order of Australia (Military division) for distinguished service in logistics management and acquisition as the Head, Maritime Systems Division in the Defence Materiel Organisation.
- 9 August 2007: Knight of Grace in the Venerable Order of Saint John, awarded by the Governor-General of Australia.
- 26 January 2008: Companion of the Order of Australia (General division) for contributions to Australia\'s defence industry through the provision of leadership and strategic advice on the development of naval capabilities, to maritime transport management, and to the people of South Australia.
-
-- ------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
Companion of the Order of Australia (General Division) (AC) \(2008\)
Officer of the Order of Australia (Military Division) (AO) \(2004\)
Member of the Order of Australia (Military Division) (AM) \(2001\)
Conspicuous Service Cross (CSC) \(1994\)
Knight of the Order of St John (KStJ) \(2007\)
Australian Active Service Medal 1945--1975
Vietnam Logistic and Support Medal
Defence Force Service Medal with 4 clasps 35--39 years service
Australian Defence Medal
-- ------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------
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# Kevin Scarce
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1975, Scarce married Elizabeth Anne Taylor while posted at HMAS *Watson*. They have two adult children, Kasha (born in 1978), who works as a social worker in Sydney; and Kingsley (born in 1980), who serves as a lieutenant commander in the Royal Australian Navy
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# Blockbusters (American game show)
*Blockbusters* (British game show)\|the Australian children\'s adaptation\|Blockbusters (Australian game show){{!}}*Blockbusters* (Australian game show)\|other uses\|Blockbuster (disambiguation){{!}}Blockbuster}} `{{one source|date=January 2015}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox television
| image = Blockbusters logo.png
| runtime = 22 minutes
| location = [[The Burbank Studios|NBC Studios]]<br>[[Burbank, California]]
| creator = [[Steve Ryan (author)|Steve Ryan]]
| presenter = [[Bill Cullen]]<br>[[Bill Rafferty]]<ref name="eotvgs">{{cite book|last1=Schwartz|first1=David|last2=Ryan|first2=Steve|last3=Wostbrock|first3=Fred|title=The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows|edition=3|year=1999|publisher=Facts on File, Inc.|isbn=0-8160-3846-5|page=23}}</ref>
| announcer = [[Bob Hilton]]<br>[[Rich Jeffries]]<ref name="eotvgs"/>
| director = [[Ira Skutch]] (1980–82)<br />[[Marc Breslow]] (1987)<ref name="eotvgs"/>
| executive_producer = Ira Skutch (1980–82)<br />Robert Sherman (1987)<ref name="eotvgs"/>
| producer = Robert Sherman (1980–1982)<br>Diane H. Janaver (1987)
| theme_music_composer = [[Bob Cobert]] (1980–82)<br />Music Design Group (1987)<ref name="eotvgs"/>
| company = [[Mark Goodson|Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions]] (1980–1982) <br> [[Mark Goodson|Mark Goodson Television Productions]] (1987)
| channel = [[NBC]]
| country = United States
| first_aired = {{Start date|1980|10|27}}
| last_aired = {{End date|1982|04|23}}
| first_aired2 = {{Start date|1987|01|05}}
| last_aired2 = {{End date|1987|05|01}}
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 372 (1980–82)<br>85 (1987)
| related = ''[[Blockbusters (British game show)|Blockbusters]]'' (United Kingdom)
}}`{=mediawiki} ***Blockbusters*** is an American game show, created by Steve Ryan for Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions, which had two separate runs in the 1980s. On this program, contestants answered general-knowledge questions to complete a path across or down a game board composed of hexagons. The first series of the show debuted on NBC on October 27, 1980, and aired until April 23, 1982. In the first series, a team of two family members competed against a solo contestant. *Blockbusters* was revived on NBC from January 5 to May 1, 1987, but featured only two solo contestants competing. Bill Cullen hosted the 1980--82 version, with Bob Hilton as announcer; Bill Rafferty hosted the 1987 version with Rich Jeffries as announcer. The show is the basis of the British game show of the same name, which aired in various incarnations between 1983 and 2019.
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# Blockbusters (American game show)
## Gameplay
### 1980--82
*Blockbusters* and *Las Vegas Gambit*, which premiered on the same day, were added to the NBC schedule to replace *The David Letterman Show*. Letterman\'s show, for which NBC had cancelled three game shows in June 1980 to free up airtime, did not draw good ratings. It only managed a total of 18 weeks of episodes (and was cut in length from 90 minutes to 60 minutes midway into its run) before NBC decided to return to a more traditional morning lineup.
Three contestants played in each game, with a solo contestant playing against a team of two related contestants that was referred to as the \"family pair\". The solo contestant played behind a red desk while the family pair played from a white one.
The main game was played on a board that consisted of four interlocking rows of five hexagons each. Within each hexagon was a different letter of the alphabet, which represented the first letter of the correct answer to a question. For example, if the letter P was chosen, a sample question might be: \"What \'P\' is a herbivorous North American mammal whose body is covered with thousands of bristles called quills?\", in which case the correct answer would be \"Porcupine\". Contestants attempted to complete a connection of hexagons to win each round: in red from top to bottom for the solo player, and in white from left to right for the family pair. The solo player had the advantage of being able to win with as few as four hexagons, while the family pair required at least five. Due to the game board\'s design, there was no way to end a game in a tie. In addition, the two members of the family pair were not allowed to discuss questions at any time. All questions had one-word answers.
Each game started with a letter chosen at random. The first contestant to buzz in was given a chance to answer; if a contestant did so before the host finished the question, he stopped reading and the contestant had to answer immediately. A correct answer awarded the hexagon to that team and allowed them to choose the next letter, while a miss gave the opposing team a chance to hear the entire question and respond. If the solo contestant missed, only one member of the family pair could attempt to answer. If both teams missed the same question, a new one was asked using the same letter.
Originally, winning the first round earned the team no money but allowed the winning team to play the bonus round for \$2,500. A second win allowed a return trip to the bonus round for an additional \$5,000. Later, each round earned the winning team \$500, and teams advanced to the bonus round only after winning two rounds. If the family pair advanced to the bonus round, the captain decided which member would participate.
From the premiere until the change in the front game format, champions retired from the show after winning eight matches. This limit was raised to 10 matches after the change, and later to 20. Following the second increase, several previously undefeated 10-time champions were invited to compete again on the show.
### Gold Rush/Gold Run {#gold_rushgold_run}
The same board layout was used, with the left and right sides now colored gold, and the object was to complete a path across the board within 60 seconds. Each hexagon now contained up to five letters, standing for the initial letters in the solution to a clue (e.g. for \"RTRNR\" and a clue of \"He pulled Santa\'s sleigh,\" the solution would be \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\"). A correct response turned the hexagon gold, while an incorrect response or pass, turned the hexagon black on that board, forcing the contestant to work around that space to complete the path.
The bonus round was originally known as the \"Gold Rush\" and was played after each game in the match. A contestant/family team\'s first attempt was worth \$2,500 if successful, and an additional \$5,000 for the second attempt (dubbed the \"Super Gold Rush\"). Contestants earned \$100 per correct answer if they failed to make a connection. When the format changed to a best-two-out-of-three match with \$500 awarded per game, Gold Rush was played only after the match and was always worth \$5,000.
In the show\'s 19th week on the air, the round\'s name was changed to \"Gold Run\".
### 1987 changes
When NBC revived *Blockbusters* in 1987, the solo-vs.-family pair contest was changed to two individual contestants playing. The champion represented white while the challenger represented red. Also, this version used a computer-generated board.
Again, the game was best two-out-of-three, with the advantage alternating between contestants in the first two games. If a tiebreaker game was needed, the board was reduced to a 4×4 field, with neither contestant having an advantage. Each win was worth \$100. Contestants stayed until they won ten matches or were defeated.
The Gold Run was played exactly as before, with the contestant having to complete a left-to-right path within 60 seconds. The prize was originally a flat \$5,000, but partway through the run it became a jackpot that began at \$5,000 and increased by that amount every time it was not won. The jackpot reset to \$5,000 whenever it was collected or a new champion was crowned. Throughout the run, the contestant received \$100 per correct answer if he/she did not win.
The 1987 theme music was a stock music piece called \"Run, Don\'t Walk\" from the KPM music library, composed by British composer Richard Myhill but credited to the Music Design Group.
## Home game {#home_game}
The Milton Bradley Company published a single home game edition in 1982. The front game play was the same as the show (with six possible board configurations to play with, although the arrangement of the hexagons was upside-down from what was used on the show). The Gold Run was also played with one of these boards, using only single-letter definitions rather than the multi-letter combinations frequently used on the television show.
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# Blockbusters (American game show)
## Episode status {#episode_status}
Both versions of the series are intact, and have aired on Game Show Network at various times. Reruns were first aired on CBN (now Freeform) from October 8, 1984, to August 30, 1985, and was the first Goodson-Todman game show (along with *Card Sharks*) to be rerun on cable TV, pre-dating the launch of GSN 10 years later. GSN resumed airing the Cullen version on December 2, 2013, but it has since been dropped. The Bill Cullen version began airing on the second day of Buzzr programming on June 2, 2015.
An episode was featured in the 1998 movie *Great Expectations*.
## Reception
Cullen received an Emmy Award nomination for Best Game Show Host, his first ever, for hosting the show
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# Shirley Boys' High School
**Shirley Boys\' High School** (*Ngā Tama o Ōruapaeroa*), also known as **SBHS**, is a single sex state (public) secondary school in Christchurch, New Zealand. It was originally situated on a 6 hectare site in the suburb of Shirley, but in April 2019 moved, along with Avonside Girls\' High School, further east to the former QEII Park, 8.6 kilometres from the city centre.
## Brief history {#brief_history}
Parents in the eastern and northern suburbs of Christchurch had wanted single-sex education for their sons. In 1957, this finally became available when the school opened under its first Headmaster, Charles Gallagher.
Established on a swampy paddock formerly used for grazing horses to the west of North Parade, the School grew rapidly. Within a few years it became a self-confessed and proud rival to Christchurch Boys\' High School as well as to St. Andrew\'s and St Bede\'s College.
A detailed satirical portrait of the school as it was in the late 1960s can be found in *The Shining City*, a novel by former student Stevan Eldred-Grigg.
On the Easter weekend (April) of 2007, Shirley Boys\' High School celebrated its 50th Jubilee. Commemorative events included an Old Boys\' XV playing the current 2nd XV and the 1st XV playing in historic uniform against St. Andrew\'s College; as well as a golf tournament, formal black-tie dinner, staff luncheon and \'meet-and-greet evening\'.
### 2011 earthquake
During the magnitude 6.3 quake on 22 February the school suffered extensive damage and had to close. At least two classroom blocks were expected to be demolished, and all of the concrete areas of the school, including the new tennis courts, were badly damaged.
The students did not attend school for almost a month afterwards, before the decision was made to shift its pupils to Papanui High School -- with Papanui High School\'s students changing to attend classes from 8 am until 1 pm, while the Shirley Boys\' High School students entered the school at 1.15 pm and finished at 5.45 pm. After about 6 months of this arrangement pupils were able to return to the re-opened school in early September 2011.
### Move to new site {#move_to_new_site}
Education Minister Hekia Parata announced on 16 October 2013 that the school would move, and be co-located with Avonside Girls\' High School at a site in east Christchurch. On 12 February 2015 the site was announced to be the former QEII Park site.
The move to the new site was completed in April 2019.
## Enrolment
As of `{{NZ school roll data|3=y}}`{=mediawiki}, Shirley Boys\' High School has roll of `{{NZ school roll data|321|y}}`{=mediawiki} students, of which `{{NZ school roll data|321m|y}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{Decimals|{{formatnum:{{NZ school roll data|321m|y}}|R}}/{{formatnum:{{NZ school roll data|321|y}}|R}}*100|1}}`{=mediawiki}%) identify as Māori.`{{NZ school roll data|4=y}}`{=mediawiki}
As of `{{NZ school equity index data|203||y|||}}`{=mediawiki}, the school has an Equity Index of `{{NZ school equity index data|321|y||||}}`{=mediawiki},`{{NZ school equity index data|28|||y||}}`{=mediawiki} placing it amongst schools whose students have `{{NZ school equity index data|321b|y||||}}`{=mediawiki} socioeconomic barriers to achievement (roughly equivalent to deciles 5 and 6 under the former socio-economic decile system).
## Houses
-- ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------
**Aoraki** Named after Aoraki / Mount Cook, the largest peak in New Zealand.
**Mullins** Named after Mr. Mullins, Former Deputy Headmaster.
**Snell** Named after Peter Snell, New Zealand athlete.
**Blake** Named after Peter Blake, New Zealand sailor and conservationist
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# Loja Canton
: *The following article is about the Loja Canton. For the Loja Province, see Loja Province and for the city, see Loja, Ecuador.*
**Loja Canton** is located in the southeast of the Province of Loja bordering the Podocarpus National Park and the Province of Zamora-Chinchipe in the east and south, and the cantons of Saraguro in the north, Catamayo, Gonzanama, and Quilanga in the west. The principal city is Loja which is also the provincial capital. It is also home to Vilcabamba, the \"Valley of Longevity.\"
## Demographics
Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
- Mestizo 90.2%
- White 3.5%
- Indigenous 2.6%
- Afro-Ecuadorian 2.5%
- Montubio 1.1%
- Other 0.1%
## Sights
- City of Loja
- National Shrine of Our Lady of El Cisne.
- Reynaldo Espinoza Botanical Gardens (one of the world\'s highest-altitude botanical gardens, at 2100m)
- The Incan ruins of de Ciudadela, Quinara, Taranza, and Llano Grande
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# Theodore McMillian
**Theodore McMillian** (January 28, 1919 -- January 18, 2006) was the first African American to serve on the Missouri Court of Appeals, and the first African American to serve as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit.
## Education and career {#education_and_career}
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, McMillian attended Vashon High School. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Lincoln University in 1941. He received a Bachelor of Laws from Saint Louis University School of Law in 1949. He was in the United States Army from 1942 to 1946. He was in private practice of law in St. Louis from 1949 to 1953. He was an assistant circuit attorney of City of St. Louis from 1953 to 1956. He was a judge of the Circuit Court in St. Louis from 1956 to 1972. He was appointed by Governor Warren E. Hearnes as a judge of the Eastern Division of the Missouri Court of Appeals from 1972 to 1978, being retained in 1974. He was an associate professor at the University of Missouri from 1970 to 1972. He was a faculty member of the National College of Juvenile Justice at the University of Nevada, Reno from 1972 to 1977. He was an associate professor of the Webster College Graduate Program in 1977.
### Other service {#other_service}
McMillian served as board chairman of the Human Development Corporation, local CAP agency, Minority Economic Development Agency and the Herbert Hoover's Boys Club of St. Louis. He served as a board member of the American Judicature Society, Blue Cross Hospital Association and Urban League. He was a member of the St. Louis University's President's Council and board of trustees of the St. Louis Junior College District.
## Federal judicial service {#federal_judicial_service}
McMillian was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on August 3, 1978, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit vacated by Judge William H. Webster. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 22, 1978, and received his commission on September 23, 1978. He assumed senior status on July 1, 2003. His service was terminated on January 18, 2006, due to his death in St. Louis
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# Rearmament (album)
***Rearmament*** is the third album by American singer-songwriter Happy Rhodes, released in 1986.
## Overview
Rhodes\' first four albums were not conceived and recorded as album releases, but were a gathering together of songs recorded at Cathedral Sound Studios from 1984 to 1986. When fellow musician Kevin Bartlett offered to release the songs on his cassette-only personal label Aural Gratification, Rhodes culled through the songs she had recorded and ordered them to her satisfaction.
Originally released as a cassette tape, each copy sold was a 1 to 1 real-time dub. *Rearmament* was released on CD in 1992 with additional tracks.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
*All music, lyrics, voices, instruments and arrangements by Happy Rhodes.*
1. \"Perfect Irony\" -- 3:59
2. \"For We Believe\" -- 2:46
3. \"I Am a Legend\" -- 4:05
4. \"\'Til the Dawn Breaks\" -- 5:53
5. \"The Issue Is\" -- 3:21
6. \"Friend You\'ll Be\" -- 3:36
7. \"Dreams Are\" -- 5:41
8. \"Box H.A.P.\" -- 3:01
9. \"I Have a Heart\" -- 4:41
10. \"Crystal Orbs\" -- 3:41
11. \"Because I Learn\" -- 3:39
12. \"Baby Don\'t Go\" -- 4:10
13. \"Rhodes Waltz\" -- 2:36
14. \"Ally, Ally Oxen Free\" -- 5:40
15
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# North Carolina Watermelon Festival
The **North Carolina Watermelon Festival** is an annual celebration of the watermelon started in 1957 in Raleigh, North Carolina. In 1985 it was relocated to Murfreesboro, North Carolina. The festival features a seed-spitting contest, the crowning of a \"Miss Watermelon\" and an award for the best/biggest melons.
There\'ll be no celebration planned in 2020.
## Winners
### Watermelon grower {#watermelon_grower}
- 1970 - Ed Weeks, 118 lb
- 2004 - Adam Worley, 195
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# A Celebration: The Music of Pete Townshend and The Who
***A Celebration: The Music of Pete Townshend and The Who**\'\', also known as***Daltrey Sings Townshend**\'\', is a music event and a later live album by Roger Daltrey (of English rock band The Who) documenting a two-night concert at Carnegie Hall in February 1994.
## Overview
The music event broke Carnegie Hall\'s two-day box office gross record, and was the fastest sell-out in the historic venue\'s history. The concert also raised money for Columbia Presbyterian Babies Hospital. This event was produced by Richard Flanzer and Roger Daltrey in celebration of Daltrey\'s 50th birthday. The Who\'s music was arranged for orchestra by Michael Kamen, who directed The Juilliard Orchestra for the event. Pete Townshend, John Entwistle, Eddie Vedder, Sinéad O\'Connor, Lou Reed, David Sanborn, Alice Cooper, Linda Perry, the Chieftains and others performed as special guests.
The event was followed by a major tour of the same name including John Entwistle on bass, Zak Starkey on drums and Simon Townshend on guitar. Although the tour was considered an artistic success, it didn\'t earn enough profit in several cities to cover high expenses, so it was concluded early.
In 1994, Daltrey\'s manager, Richard Flanzer, made a \$450,000 deal to record and film the two nights of Carnegie Hall performances with Tim Brack (President of Continuum Records) with direction credited to Michael Lindsay-Hogg. The CD was released on Continuum 19402 USA. Edited by Alan Miller, a DVD was released 14 July 1998. The vocal contribution of Sinéad O\'Connor on \"Baba O\'Riley\" and \"After the Fire\" were edited from the CD, but included on the DVD.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs were written by Pete Townshend. The track listing for the CD and video is as follows:
1. Overture (7:26)
2. Pinball Wizard (3:19)
3. Imagine a Man (4:29)
4. Doctor Jimmy (6:15)
5. The Song Is Over (5:43)
6. The Real Me (4:42)
7. Baba O\'Riley (6:42)
8. After the Fire (5:12)
9. 5:15 (5:58)
10. The Sea Refuses No River (6:11)
11. Who Are You (6:25)
12. Won\'t Get Fooled Again (8:07)
\"Overture\" is not the Who song from *Tommy*, but a special medley for these concerts and subsequent tour, consisting of \"A Little Is Enough\", \"Love Reign, o\'er Me\", \"Rough Boys\", \"Sparks\", \"Dr
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# Des Tuddenham
**Desmond Vincent Tuddenham** (born 29 January 1943) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for `{{AFL Col}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1960s and 1970s.
## Early life {#early_life}
Tuddenham was born and raised in Ross Creek, Victoria, a country town near Ballarat. He and his twin brother, Basil, were two of a large family consisting of nine children (seven boys and two girls) to parents William and Anne Tuddenham.
Tuddenham\'s upbringing was typical of country footballers who came from farming families. Before and after school and during weekends, he had to help with various farm chores. Sport, usually football or cricket, was played on Saturday, and the family attended church on Sundays. The daily grind of farm work helped to strengthen Tuddenham\'s shoulders and arms, and a fanatical attitude to fitness hardened his body.
Tuddenham played cricket with five of his brothers for Ross Creek, and football for the Young Christian Worker\'s club in Ballarat. In the space of three seasons, he went from the under-14s to the under-19s side, and won the league\'s best and fairest trophy at 16. This attracted the attention of several VFL clubs.
## Football career {#football_career}
Tuddenham made his VFL debut in 1962 against `{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki} at Arden Street Oval. His brand of football was fearless and tough, with a habit of grasping the football to his chest with his elbows sticking out dangerously. In recognition of his toughness and skills, Tuddenham was appointed Collingwood captain in 1966. In the semi-final against `{{AFL StK}}`{=mediawiki}, he kicked seven goals on Daryl Griffiths in a tense 10-point win to advance to the grand final. But St Kilda reversed the result two weeks later to take out the 1966 VFL grand final by one point, winning their first and only premiership so far.
Collingwood were eliminated from the 1967 finals by eventual runner-up `{{AFL Gee}}`{=mediawiki} in the first semi-final. The Magpies trailed by one point at three-quarter time, but the Cats kicked six goals to one in the final quarter to win by 30 points. Tuddenham was reported for striking Geelong defender Geoff Ainsworth on the head with his forearm in the last quarter by field umpire Jeff Crouch. He was found guilty and suspended for four matches.
In February 1970, Tuddenham and his deputy Len Thompson were involved in a pay dispute after they learned that Collingwood had recruited its first interstate player, Peter Eakins, from Western Australian club `{{WAFL|Sub}}`{=mediawiki} for a sign-on fee of A\$5,000 and A\$5,000 a season for three years. That was A\$2,000 more than Tuddenham was receiving as captain. Tuddenham asked for A\$8,000 over three seasons, and Thompson A\$30,000 over five seasons, threatening to walk out if their demands were not met. Three weeks later, during which time there had been no negotiations, both players returned. Although their demands had not been met they did obtain a slightly improved salary; under the clubs terms, Tuddenham would receive A\$125 per match plus VFL provident fund payments, and Thompson would earn A\$105 per match.
Although Tuddenham was confident the little episode would not affect his chances of retaining the captaincy, the Magpies committee announced Terry Waters as captain for the 1970 VFL season and Tuddenham accepted the decision. Collingwood finished on top of the ladder with 18 wins and defeated arch-rivals `{{AFL Car}}`{=mediawiki} in a semi-final by 10 points to advance to the grand final. However, as had happened four years earlier against St Kilda, Carlton would reverse the result in the 1970 VFL grand final, coming from 44 points down at half-time to overrun Collingwood in the second half. Tuddenham was regarded among Collingwood\'s best players on the day. During the game he accidentally floored teammate Peter McKenna in the second quarter with a hip-and-shoulder bump meant for a Carlton player. McKenna had kicked five goals up to that stage of the game and would only add one more for the rest of the match.
In an interview 40 years later, Tuddenham cited a lack of fitness, as well as inaccurate kicking for goal, as the main reason Collingwood lost:
> \"I suggested to (coach) Bob Rose after we lost the 1966 Grand Final to St Kilda by a point that he do the coaching and I look after the fitness along with my friend John Toleman. The idea was that I would be an assistant coach, and I\'ll tell you what, I would have got the buggers fit.\"
In 1971, Tuddenham became the first player to be named captain of the VFL representative team whilst not captain of his own club. When asked about this, state coach Tom Hafey replied bluntly: \"We are not here to talk about Collingwood\'s mistakes.\"
Tuddenham stayed with the club for a further season before moving to `{{AFL Ess}}`{=mediawiki} as captain-coach. He played four seasons for the Bombers before returning to Collingwood for his final two seasons.
In 1978, Tuddenham was appointed senior coach of South Melbourne for a season, replaced by Ian Stewart when he failed to take the club to the finals. He coached VFA second division club Werribee to the finals in 1988, but left after he and the club concluded a playing coach would be better suited to the club\'s needs.
## Post-football career {#post_football_career}
Tuddenham ran a plastics manufacturing business, which he sold in 1979. He later worked as a scrap-metal dealer. Tuddenham recently appeared on Sam Newman's You Cannot Be Serious podcast. <https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/episode-295-part-3-des-tuddenham/id1474582435?i=1000691253460>
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# Des Tuddenham
## Controversy
Since retirement, Tuddenham has been in trouble with the law on several occasions.
- In December 1980, he was found guilty by a County Court jury of having received stolen tyres valued at \$30,000 and was remanded in custody.
- In June 1989, he pleaded guilty to a charge of conspiring to defraud the Victorian Automobile Chamber of Commerce of \$13,000. He told the magistrate that he was \"guilty on the grounds I was helping out a friend in trouble\".
- In July 2004, it was reported that he had received a two-month sentence suspended for two years for his third drink-driving offence. He was ordered to pay a A\$500 fine and had his driving licence cancelled for 30 months.
- In December 2017, he pleaded guilty and was convicted of drink driving, having been found to have a blood alcohol level of 0.055 after drinking \"three beers\" at a football function.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Tuddenham has four children. One of them, Paul, played 40 games for `{{AFL Col}}`{=mediawiki} from 1987 to 1991.
## Legacy
Tuddenham was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2008.
In 2009, *The Australian* nominated Tuddenham as one of the 25 greatest footballers never to win a Brownlow Medal
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# Radulf Novell
**Radulf Novell** was a 12th-century Anglo-Norman prelate. He was a native of York, and according to writings produced by the Archbishopric of York, was elected as Bishop of Orkney at St Peter\'s church in York by some representatives of the community of Orkney.
It is probable that Radulf had the support of the faction supporting Earl Magnus Erlendsson. Thus when Earl Magnus was murdered in 1115 Radulf\'s position in Orkney, whatever that was, would have come under serious pressure. There are letters from Pope Calixtus II to Kings Sigurd Jorsalfare and Eystein in 1119 instructing them to ensure that Radulf could maintain peaceful possession. A further letter of 1128, from Pope Honorius II, reveals that Radulf\'s possession was tenuous. King Sigurd is instructed to remove an intruder to the see, and ensure there be one bishop only.
These letters correspond with the beginning of Radulf\'s continuous presence in England. Radulf was a staunch supporter of Archbishop Thurstan of York. Radulf was present at Thurstan\'s consecration at Rheims on 19 October 1119. It was probably Thurstan\'s support and Radulf\'s presence at Rheims that produced Pope Calixtus\' letters. Radulf does not, however, seem to have been able to regain his position in Orkney from the Lund appointee William the Old.
Radulf became a titular bishop, propping up the suffragan numbers of the Archbishop of York, as well as being an assistant to the Archbishop and the Bishop of Durham. An English chronicler wrote that he found himself in this position because he was unacceptable to the people, clergy and earl of Orkney. A speech rallying the English against the Scottish host at the Battle of the Standard in 1138 was famously attributed to him by some Anglo-Norman chroniclers. His name occurs for the last time in 1151, though the date of his death is not known.
In some American genealogies, this Bishop of Orkney is referred to as \"Robert Nowell\" and \"was bishop of the Orkneys, never consecrated, curate under Bishop of York, and friend of Archbishop Thurston; led the English armies at the battle of the Standard at Northallerton; signed himself Nowellus Episcopus; living in 1154
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# Gary Colling
**Gary Colling** (born 17 March 1950) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for St Kilda from 1968 until 1981 in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Colling played 265 VFL games for the Saints after being recruited from Frankston. A defender, he was St Kilda captain in 1978.
After retiring from football Colling held a number of positions at St Kilda; he coached the reserves team and was also football manager. He is still an active member of the Saints\' past players and officials group
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# Ecto (album)
***Ecto*** is the fourth album by American singer-songwriter Happy Rhodes, released in 1987.
## Overview
Rhodes\' first four albums were not conceived and recorded as album releases, but were a gathering together of songs recorded at Cathedral Sound Studios from 1984 to 1986. When fellow musician Kevin Bartlett offered to release Rhodes\' songs on his cassette-only personal label Aural Gratification, Rhodes culled through the songs she had recorded and ordered them to her satisfaction.
Originally released as a cassette tape, each copy sold was a 1 to 1 real-time dub. *Ecto* was released on CD in 1992 with additional tracks. The bonus track *When The Rain Came Down* was uploaded to the file sharing network Napster by an unknown person, and misidentified as a duet between Kate Bush and Annie Lennox, two singers who (as of July 2007) have never worked together.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
*All music, lyrics, voices, instruments and arrangements by Happy Rhodes.*
1. \"I\'m Going Back\" -- 4:18
2. \"If Love Is A Game, I Win\" -- 5:32
3. \"Would That I Could\" -- 4:11
4. \"Off From Out From Under Me\" -- 3:53
5. \"Project 499\" -- 2:13
6. \"I Won\'t Break Down\" -- 3:28
7. \"If So\" -- 3:36
8. \"Ecto\" -- 4:40
9. \"I Cannot Go On\" -- 4:07
10. \"Ode\" -- 4:10
11. \"Don\'t Want To Hear It\" -- 4:56
12. \"Poetic Justice\" -- 2:59
13. \"To Be E. Mortal\" -- 8:15
14. \"Look For The Child\" -- 5:54 (CD bonus track, previously unreleased)
15
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# Titanic: The Complete Story
***Titanic: The Complete Story*** is a 1994 American two-part documentary chronicling the story of the ocean liner `{{RMS|Titanic}}`{=mediawiki} which sank on its maiden voyage in 1912. It is a compilation of a four-hour documentary special produced by A&E Television Networks in 1994. A&E Home Video originally sold the entire documentary in a 4-tape VHS set and later a DVD release. It is considered by many critics and historians to be the definitive documentary regarding the *Titanic*. It is most famous for being one of the few Titanic documentaries to feature survivors.
## The documentary {#the_documentary}
The documentary is narrated by actor David McCallum (who played survivor Harold Bride in the 1958 film *A Night to Remember*) and begins with a quote from first-class passenger Jack Thayer, about how the world\'s mindset was forever altered by the sinking. Rare interviews with some of the few remaining *Titanic* survivors, including Edith Brown, Eva Hart, Ruth Becker (who had already died in 1990), Millvina Dean, and Michel Marcel Navratil; discussions with leading historical authorities on the sinking, including Charles Haas, John Eaton, Ken Marschall, Don Lynch and Robert Ballard; and excerpts from survivor\'s writings and newspaper articles accompany McCallum\'s telling of the story.
The documentary is presented in two parts:
### *Titanic: Death of a Dream* {#titanic_death_of_a_dream}
The first half, *Titanic: Death of a Dream*, encapsulates the first two hours. It tells the story of the RMS *Titanic*{{\'}}s origins, from its conception and construction, to its maiden voyage, leading up to the initial collision with the iceberg that would ultimately sink the ship.
### *Titanic: The Legend Lives On* {#titanic_the_legend_lives_on}
The second half, *Titanic: The Legend Lives On*, concentrates on the ship\'s sinking, its immediate aftermath, and its discovery in 1985 by Dr. Robert Ballard, along with *Titanic*{{\'}}s continuing legacy.
## Special edition {#special_edition}
In 2002, the documentary was re-released on DVD as *Titanic: The Complete Story -- Special Commemorative Edition*, supplemented by a third film - the 1998 documentary *Beyond Titanic*, which is narrated by Victor Garber, who portrayed *Titanic* designer Thomas Andrews in the 1997 film *Titanic*. *Beyond Titanic* tells of the cultural influence of the ship and its sinking, and how its story has continued to be retold through the years through different forms of media.
In 2012, the documentary was again re-released on DVD as simply *Titanic: The Complete Story*, and included the 2007 documentary *Titanic\'s Achilles Heel*. Produced by the History Channel, *Titanic\'s Achilles Heel* follows *Titanic* researchers and historians exploring theories of whether the ship had a fatal design flaw that contributed to its sinking, investigating the wreck of the ship itself, as well as its sunken sister ship, *Britannic*.
## Cast
- David McCallum as Narrator
- Millvina Dean \... *Titanic* survivor
- Edith Haisman \... *Titanic* survivor
- Dot Kendle \... Daughter of Edith Brown Haisman
- Eva Hart \... *Titanic* survivor
- Ruth Becker Blanchard \... *Titanic* survivor
- Wyn Wade \... Author
- Michael McCaughan \... Ulster Folk and Transport Museum (curator of maritime history)
- Walter Lord \... Author
- Ken Marschall \... Historian, artist
- John P. Eaton \... Author
- Charles A. Haas \... Author
- Frances John Parkinson Jr. \... Son of *Titanic* woodworker
- Don Lynch \... Historian, author
- Donald Hyslop \... First Southampton City Council (senior oral historian)
- Brian Ticehurst \... British Titanic Society
- Edward S. Kamuda \... Titanic Historical Society (founder and president)
- George Behe \... Titanic Historical Society (vice-president), historian, author
- Michel \'Momon\' Navratil \... *Titanic* survivor
- Leslie Harrison \... Author
- Stanley Tutton Lord \... Son of Stanley Phillip Lord, captain of SS *Californian*
- Dr. Robert Ballard \... Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Center for Marine Exploration (director)
- Jean-Louise Michel \... IFREMER (engineer)
- Arnie Geller \... RMS Titanic, Inc.
- George Tulloch \... RMS Titanic, Inc.
- Paul-Henri Nargeolet \... IFREMER (commander)
- Dr. Stephen Deucher \... National Maritime Museum (head of exhibitions)
## Reception
The film received a positive review from *DVD Magazine*
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# Aftermath of the Holocaust
The Holocaust had a deep effect on society both in Europe and the rest of the world, and today its consequences are still being felt, both by children and adults whose ancestors were victims of this genocide.
## Evidence in Germany {#evidence_in_germany}
German society largely responded to the enormity of the evidence for and the horror of the Holocaust with an attitude of self-justification and a practice of keeping quiet. Germans attempted to rewrite their own history to make it more palatable in the post-war era. For decades, West Germany and then unified Germany refused to allow access to its Holocaust-related archives in Bad Arolsen, citing privacy concerns. In May 2006, a 20-year effort by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum led to the announcement that 30--50 million pages would be made available to survivors, historians and others.
## Survivors
### Displaced persons and the State of Israel {#displaced_persons_and_the_state_of_israel}
The Holocaust and its aftermath left millions of refugees, including many Jews who had lost most or all of their family members and possessions, and often faced persistent antisemitism in their home countries. The original plan of the Allies was to repatriate these \"displaced persons\" to their countries of origin, but many refused to return, or were unable to as their homes or communities had been destroyed. As a result, more than 250,000 languished in displaced persons camps for years after the war ended. Many American-run DP camps had horrific conditions, with inmates living under armed guard, as revealed in the Harrison Report.
With most displaced persons being unable or unwilling to return to their former homes in Europe, and with restrictions to immigration to many western countries remaining in place, the British Mandate of Palestine became the primary destination for many Jewish refugees. However, as local Arabs opposed their immigration, the United Kingdom refused to allow Jewish refugees into the Mandate territory. Countries in the Soviet Bloc made emigration difficult. Former Jewish partisans in Europe, along with the Haganah in British Mandate of Palestine, organized a massive effort to smuggle Jews into Palestine, called Berihah, which eventually transported 250,000 Jews (both displaced persons and those who had been in hiding during the war) to Mandate Palestine. After the State of Israel declared independence in 1948, Jews were able to emigrate to Israel legally and without restriction. By 1952, when the displaced persons camps were closed, there were more than 80,000 Jewish former displaced persons in the United States, about 136,000 in Israel, and another 10,000 in other countries, including Mexico, Japan, and countries in Africa and South America.
The Jewish population still remains below pre-Holocaust levels. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics of Israel, the world Jewish population reached 15.2 million by the end of 2020 -- approximately 1.4 million less than on the eve of the Holocaust in 1939, when the number was 16.6 million.
### Resurgence of antisemitism {#resurgence_of_antisemitism}
The few Jews in Poland were augmented by returnees from the Soviet Union and survivors from camps in Germany. However, a resurgence of antisemitism in Poland, in such incidents as the Kraków pogrom on August 11, 1945, and the Kielce pogrom on July 4, 1946, led to the exodus of a large part of the Jewish population, which no longer felt safe in Poland. Anti-Jewish riots also broke out in several other Polish cities where many Jews were killed.
The atrocities were motivated in part by the widespread Polish idea of \"*Żydokomuna*\" (Judeo-Communism) which cast Jews as supporters of communism. Żydokomuna was one of the causes that led to an intensification of Polish antisemitism in 1945--48, which some have argued was worse than prior to 1939; hundreds of Jews were killed in anti-Jewish violence. Some Jews were killed for merely attempting to recover their property. As a result of the exodus, the number of Jews in Poland decreased from 200,000 in the years immediately after the war to 50,000 in 1950 and 6,000 by the 1980s.
Lesser post-war pogroms also broke out in Hungary.
### Welfare in Israel {#welfare_in_israel}
It was reported in May 2016 that 45,000 Holocaust survivors are living below the poverty line in Israel, and in need of more assistance. Situations like these result in heated and dramatic protests on the part of some survivors against the Israeli government and related agencies. The average rate of cancer among survivors is nearly two and a half times the national average, while the average rate of colon cancer, attributed to the victims\' experience of starvation and extreme stress, is nine times higher. `{{As of|2016}}`{=mediawiki}, the population of survivors that live in Israel had fallen to 189,000.
### Searching for records of victims {#searching_for_records_of_victims}
There has been a recent resurgence of interest among descendants of survivors in researching the fates of their relatives. Yad Vashem provides a searchable database of three million names, about half of the known Jewish victims. Yad Vashem\'s *Central Database of Shoah Victims Names* is searchable over the internet [yadvashem.org](http://www.yadvashem.org) or in person at the Yad Vashem complex in Israel. Other databases and lists of victims\' names, some searchable over the internet, are listed in Holocaust (resources).
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# Aftermath of the Holocaust
## Impact on culture {#impact_on_culture}
### Effect on the Yiddish language and culture {#effect_on_the_yiddish_language_and_culture}
In the decades preceding World War II, there was a tremendous growth in the recognition of Yiddish as an official Jewish European language, and there was even a Yiddish renaissance, particularly in Poland. On the eve of World War II, there were 11 to 13 million speakers of Yiddish in the world. The Holocaust destroyed the Eastern European bedrock of Yiddish, though the language was rapidly declining anyhow. In the 1920s and 1930s the Soviet Jewish public rejected the cultural autonomy which was offered to it by the government and opted for Russification: while 70.4% of Soviet Jews declared Yiddish their mother tongue in 1926, only 39.7% did so in 1939. Even in Poland, where harsh discrimination left the Jews as a cohesive ethnic group, Yiddish was rapidly declining in favour of Polonization. 80% of the entire Jewish population declared Yiddish its mother tongue in 1931, but among high school students this number fell to 53% in 1937. In the United States, the preservation of the language was always a unigenerational phenomenon, and the immigrants\' children quickly abandoned it for English.
Starting with the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939, and continuing with the destruction of Yiddish culture in Europe during the remainder of the war, the Yiddish language and culture were almost completely rooted out of Europe. The Holocaust led to a dramatic decline in the use of Yiddish, because the extensive Jewish communities, both secular and religious, that used Yiddish in their day-to-day lives were largely destroyed. Around five million victims of the Holocaust, or 85% of the total, were speakers of Yiddish.
### Holocaust theology {#holocaust_theology}
Holocaust theology is a body of theological and philosophical debate concerning the role of God in the universe in light of the Holocaust of the late 1930s and 1940s. It is primarily found in Judaism; Jews were drastically affected by the Holocaust, in which six million Jews were murdered in a genocide by Nazi Germany and its allies. Jews were murdered in higher proportions than other groups; some scholars limit the definition of the Holocaust to the Jewish victims of the Nazis as Jews alone were targeted for the Final Solution. Others include the additional five million non-Jewish victims, bringing the total to about 11 million. One third of the total worldwide Jewish population was murdered during the Holocaust. The Eastern European Jewish population was particularly hard hit, being reduced by ninety percent.
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have traditionally taught that God is omniscient (all-knowing), omnipotent (all-powerful), and omnibenevolent (all-good) in nature. However, these views are in apparent contrast with the injustice and suffering in the world. Monotheists seek to reconcile this view of God with the existence of evil and suffering. In so doing, they are confronting what is known as the problem of evil.
Within all of the monotheistic faiths many answers (theodicies) have been proposed. In light of the magnitude of depravity seen in the Holocaust, many people have also re-examined classical views on this subject. A common question raised in Holocaust theology is \"How can people still have any kind of faith after the Holocaust?\"
Orthodox Jews have stated that the fact that the Holocaust happened does not diminish the belief in God. For a creation will never be able to fully grasp the creator, just as a child in an operating theater can not fathom why people are cutting up a live person\'s body. As the Lubavitcher Rebbe once told Elie Wiesel, after witnessing the Holocaust and realizing how low human beings can stoop, who can we trust, if not God? Nevertheless, Orthodox Judaism does encourage us to pray and cry out to God, and complain to him how he lets bad things happen.
### Art and literature {#art_and_literature}
Theodor Adorno commented that \"writing poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric,\" and the Holocaust has indeed had a profound impact on art and literature, for both Jews and non-Jews. Some of the more famous works are by Holocaust survivors or victims, such as Elie Wiesel, Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl and Anne Frank, but there is a substantial body of literature and art in many languages. Indeed, Paul Celan wrote his poem \"*Todesfuge*\" as a direct response to Adorno\'s dictum.
The Holocaust has also been the subject of many films, including Oscar winners *Schindler\'s List*, *The Pianist* and *Life Is Beautiful*. With the aging population of Holocaust survivors, there has been increasing attention in recent years to preserving the memory of the Holocaust. The result has included extensive efforts to document their stories, including the Survivors of the Shoah project and Four Seasons Documentary, as well as institutions devoted to memorializing and studying the Holocaust, including Yad Vashem in Israel and the US Holocaust Museum. The historic tale of the Danish Jews fleeing to Sweden by fishing boat is recounted in an award-winning American children\'s novel.
### Pre-1945 European art {#pre_1945_european_art}
The Holocaust also had a devastating impact on already-extant art. From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany stole approximately 600,000 works of art worth \$2.5 billion in 1945 U.S. dollars (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|US-GDP|2.5|1945|fmt=c}}`{=mediawiki} billion in `{{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}) from museums and private collections across Europe. Works of art belonging to Jews were prime targets for confiscation. As an heir of one Holocaust victim later explained: \"You ask, did they kill? Yes, they killed. They killed for art, when it suited them. So killing Jews and confiscating art somehow went together.\" Thus, any work of art that existed prior to 1945 has a potential provenance problem.
This is a serious obstacle for anyone who currently collects pre-1945 European art. To avoid wasting thousands or even millions of dollars, they must verify (normally with the assistance of an art historian and a lawyer specializing in art law) that potential acquisitions were *not* stolen by the Nazis from Holocaust victims. The highest-profile legal cases arising from this issue are the U.S. Supreme Court decisions of *Republic of Austria v. Altmann* (2004) and *Germany v. Philipp* (2021).
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# Aftermath of the Holocaust
## Reparations
In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the Jewish Agency led by Chaim Weizmann submitted to the Allies a memorandum demanding reparations to Jews by Germany but it received no answer. In March 1951, a new request was made by Israel\'s foreign minister Moshe Sharett which claimed global recompense to Israel of \$1.5 billion based on the financial cost absorbed by Israel for the rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors. West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer accepted these terms and declared he was ready to negotiate other reparations. A Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany was opened in New York City by Nahum Goldmann in order to help with individual claims. After negotiations, the claim was reduced to a sum of \$845 million direct and indirect compensations to be installed in a period of 14 years. In 1988, West Germany allocated another \$125 million for reparations.
In 1999, many German industries such as Deutsche Bank, Siemens or BMW faced lawsuits for their role in the forced labour during World War II. In order to dismiss these lawsuits, Germany agreed to raise \$5 billion of which Jewish forced laborers still alive could apply to receive a lump sum payment of between \$2,500 and \$7,500. In 2012, Germany agreed to pay a new reparation of €772 million as a result of negotiations with Israel.
In 2014, the SNCF, the French state-owned railway company, was compelled to allocate \$60 million to American Jewish Holocaust survivors for its role in the transport of deportees to Germany. It corresponds to approximately \$100,000 per survivor. Although the SNCF was forced by German authorities to cooperate in providing transport for French Jews to the border and did not make any profit from this transport, according to Serge Klarsfeld, president of the organization Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France.
These reparations were sometimes criticized in Israel where they were seen as \"blood money\". The American professor Norman Finkelstein wrote *The Holocaust Industry* to denounce how the American Jewish establishment exploits the memory of the Nazi Holocaust for political and financial gain, as well as to further the interests of Israel. These reparations also led to a massive scam where \$57 million were fraudulently given to thousands of people who were not eligible for the funds.
While the restitution movements of the mid-1990s reunited some families with their stolen property, Holocaust remembrance also served as an important part of the reparation and restitution movement. The main idea of Holocaust remembrance comes from Dan Diner\'s article \"Restitution and Memory: The Holocaust in European Political Cultures\" which is the idea that Europe is now bound together by a collective memory of the Holocaust. This unified memory is one of the main reasons Diner lists for the flourishing of the restitution movement of the mid-1990s, following that of the initial movement immediately after World War II. This unified memory allowed for all European countries to come together after such a tragic event to establish the Holocaust at its center as one of the most damaging occurrences of the 20th century leading to a greater consciousness and awareness of this horrific event, in addition, to beginning countless discourses on the topic. Immediately after the Holocaust, countries such as the United States were preoccupied with the Cold War, whereas countries like Germany were controlled by foreign powers, and the Holocaust was not the main concern. Only as time went on did Europe begin to understand the importance of restitution and reparations. As the restoration of property increased, an increase in the memories for Holocaust survivors was found to be a direct correlation. The connection between property and memory proved to be a key in unlocking more details about the Holocaust, further adding to this collective European memory, and thereby increasing and furthering the restitution movement.
## Holocaust Memorial Days {#holocaust_memorial_days}
The United Nations General Assembly voted on November 1, 2005, to designate January 27 as the \"International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust.\" January 27, 1945, is the day that the former Nazi concentration and extermination camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau was liberated. The day had already been observed as Holocaust Memorial Day in a number of countries. Israel and the Jewish diaspora observe Yom HaShoah Ve-Hagvora, the \"Day of Remembrance of the Holocaust and the courage of the Jewish people,\" on the 27th day of the Hebrew month of Nisan, which generally falls in April. Starting in 1979, the United States\' equivalent commemoration is similarly timed to include the *27 Nisan* date as well in a given year, beginning on the Sunday before the Gregorian calendar date that *27 Nisan* falls on, and onward for a week to the following Sunday.
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# Aftermath of the Holocaust
## Holocaust denial {#holocaust_denial}
Holocaust denial is the claim that the genocide of Jews during World War II--usually referred to as the Holocaust--did not occur in the manner and to the extent described by current scholars.
Key elements of this claim are the rejection of the following: that the Nazi government had a policy of deliberately targeting Jews and people of Jewish ancestry for extermination as a people; that between five and seven million Jews were systematically killed by the Nazis and their allies; and that genocide was carried out at extermination camps using tools of mass murder, such as gas chambers. Key elements of Holocaust denial:
- \"Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term \"Holocaust denial.\" Holocaust deniers, or \"revisionists,\" as they call themselves, question all three major points of definition of the Nazi Holocaust. First, they contend that, while mass murders of Jews did occur (although they dispute both the intentionality of such murders as well as the supposed deservedness of these killings), there was no official Nazi policy to murder Jews. Second, and perhaps most prominently, they contend that there were no homicidal gas chambers, particularly at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where mainstream historians believe over 1 million Jews were murdered, primarily in gas chambers. And third, Holocaust deniers contend that the death toll of European Jews during World War II was well below 6 million. Deniers float numbers anywhere between 300,000 and 1.5 million, as a general rule.\" Mathis, Andrew E. [Holocaust Denial, a Definition](http://www.holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609180542/http://www.holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ |date=2011-06-09 }}`{=mediawiki}, The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
- \"In part III we directly address the three major foundations upon which Holocaust denial rests, including\... the claim that gas chambers and crematoria were used not for mass extermination but rather for delousing clothing and disposing of people who died of disease and overwork; \... the claim that the six million figure is an exaggeration by an order of magnitude---that about six hundred thousand, not six million, died at the hands of the Nazis; \... the claim that there was no intention on the part of the Nazis to exterminate European Jewry and that the Holocaust was nothing more than the unfortunate by-product of the vicissitudes of war.\" Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman. *Denying History: : who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?*, University of California Press, 2000, `{{ISBN|0-520-23469-3}}`{=mediawiki}, p. 3.
- \"Holocaust Denial: Lies that the mass extermination of the Jews by the Nazis never happened; that the number of Jewish losses has been \'greatly exaggerated\'; that the Holocaust was not systematic nor a result of an official policy; or simply that the Holocaust never took place.\" [What is Holocaust Denial](https://web.archive.org/web/20020606142334/http://www.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/faqs/answers/faq_35.html), Yad Vashem website, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
- \"Among the untruths routinely promoted are the claims that no gas chambers existed at Auschwitz, that only 600,000 Jews were killed rather than twelve million, and that Hitler had no murderous intentions toward Jews or other groups persecuted by his government.\" [Holocaust Denial](http://www.adl.org/hate-patrol/holocaust.asp) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404130634/http://www.adl.org/hate-patrol/holocaust.asp |date=2007-04-04 }}`{=mediawiki}, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
\"The kinds of assertions made in Holocaust-denial material include the following:
- Several hundred thousand rather than approximately twelve million Jews died during the war.
- Scientific evidence proves that gas chambers could not have been used to kill large numbers of people.
- The Nazi command had a policy of deporting Jews, not exterminating them.
- Some deliberate killings of Jews did occur, but were carried out by the peoples of Eastern Europe rather than the Nazis.
- Jews died in camps of various kinds, but did so as the result of hunger and disease. The Holocaust is a myth created by the Allies for propaganda purposes, and subsequently nurtured by the Jews for their own ends.
- Errors and inconsistencies in survivors' testimonies point to their essential unreliability.
- Alleged documentary evidence of the Holocaust, from photographs of concentration camp victims to Anne Frank\'s diary, is fabricated.
- The confessions of former Nazis to war crimes were extracted through torture.\" [The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?](http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm) `{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044959/http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm |date=July 18, 2011 }}`{=mediawiki}, JPR report #3, 2000. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
Many Holocaust deniers do not accept the term \"denial\" as an appropriate description of their point of view, and use the term *Holocaust revisionism* instead. Refer to themselves as revisionists:
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# Aftermath of the Holocaust
## Holocaust denial {#holocaust_denial}
- \"Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities.\" ([The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?](http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044959/http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm |date=July 18, 2011 }}`{=mediawiki}, JPR report #3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007)
- \"The deniers\' selection of the name revisionist to describe themselves is indicative of their basic strategy of deceit and distortion and of their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in the traditional practice of illuminating the past.\" Deborah Lipstadt. *Denying the Holocaust---The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory*, Penguin, 1993, `{{ISBN|0-452-27274-2}}`{=mediawiki}, p. 25.
- \"Dressing themselves in pseudo-academic garb, they have adopted the term \"revisionism\" in order to mask and legitimate their enterprise.\" [Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism](http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020743/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp |date=2011-06-04 }}`{=mediawiki}, \"Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda\", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
- \"Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities.\" [The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?](http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm), JPR report #3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
Scholars, however, prefer the term \"denial\" to differentiate Holocaust deniers from historical revisionists, who use established historical methods. Denial vs. \"revisionism\":
- \"This is the phenomenon of what has come to be known as \'revisionism\', \'negationism\', or \'Holocaust denial,\' whose main characteristic is either an outright rejection of the very veracity of the Nazi genocide of the Jews, or at least a concerted attempt to minimize both its scale and importance\... It is just as crucial, however, to distinguish between the wholly objectionable politics of denial and the fully legitimate scholarly revision of previously accepted conventional interpretations of any historical event, including the Holocaust.\" Bartov, Omer. *The Holocaust: Origins, Implementation and Aftermath,* Routledge, pp.11-12. Bartov is John P. Birkelund Distinguished Professor of European History at the Watson Institute, and is regarded as one of the world\'s leading authorities on genocide ([\"Omer Bartov\"](http://www.watsoninstitute.org/contacts_detail.cfm?id=97) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115629/http://www.watsoninstitute.org/contacts_detail.cfm?id=97 |date=2008-12-16 }}`{=mediawiki}, The Watson Institute for International Studies).
- \"The two leading critical exposés of Holocaust denial in the United States were written by historians Deborah Lipstadt (1993) and Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman (2000). These scholars make a distinction between historical revisionism and denial. Revisionism, in their view, entails a refinement of existing knowledge about an historical event, not a denial of the event itself, that comes through the examination of new empirical evidence or a reexamination or reinterpretation of existing evidence. Legitimate historical revisionism acknowledges a \"certain body of irrefutable evidence\" or a \"convergence of evidence\" that suggest that an event_like the black plague, American slavery, or the Holocaust---did in fact occur (Lipstadt 1993:21; Shermer & Grobman 200:34). Denial, on the other hand, rejects the entire foundation of historical evidence\...\" Ronald J. Berger. *Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach*, Aldine Transaction, 2002, `{{ISBN|0-202-30670-4}}`{=mediawiki}, p. 154.
- \"At this time, in the mid-1970s, the specter of Holocaust Denial (masked as \"revisionism\") had begun to raise its head in Australia\...\" Bartrop, Paul R. \"A Little More Understanding: The Experience of a Holocaust Educator in Australia\" in Samuel Totten, Steven Leonard Jacobs, Paul R Bartrop. *Teaching about the Holocaust*, Praeger/Greenwood, 2004, p. xix. `{{ISBN|0-275-98232-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- \"Pierre Vidal-Naquet urges that denial of the Holocaust should not be called \'revisionism\' because \'to deny history is not to revise it\'. *Les Assassins de la Memoire. Un Eichmann de papier et autres essays sur le revisionisme* (The Assassins of Memory---A Paper-Eichmann and Other Essays on Revisionism) 15 (1987).\" Cited in Roth, Stephen J. \"Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law\" in the *Israel Yearbook on Human Rights*, Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, `{{ISBN|0-7923-2581-8}}`{=mediawiki}, p. 215.
- \"This essay describes, from a methodological perspective, some of the inherent flaws in the \"revisionist\" approach to the history of the Holocaust. It is not intended as a polemic, nor does it attempt to ascribe motives. Rather, it seeks to explain the fundamental error in the \"revisionist\" approach, as well as why that approach of necessity leaves no other choice. It concludes that \"revisionism\" is a misnomer because the facts do not accord with the position it puts forward and, more importantly, its methodology reverses the appropriate approach to historical investigation\... \"Revisionism\" is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit, because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result; it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred; and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, \"revisionism\" denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty.\" McFee, Gordon. [\"Why \'Revisionism\' Isn\'t\"](http://www.holocaust-history.org/revisionism-isnt/) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428044832/http://www.holocaust-history.org/revisionism-isnt/ |date=2010-04-28 }}`{=mediawiki}, The Holocaust History Project, May 15, 1999. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
- \"Crucial to understanding and combating Holocaust denial is a clear distinction between denial and revisionism. One of the more insidious and dangerous aspects of contemporary Holocaust denial, a la Arthur Butz, Bradley Smith and Greg Raven, is the fact that they attempt to present their work as reputable scholarship under the guise of \'historical revisionism.\' The term \'revisionist\' permeates their publications as descriptive of their motives, orientation and methodology. In fact, Holocaust denial is in no sense \'revisionism,\' it is denial\... Contemporary Holocaust deniers are not revisionists --- not even neo-revisionists. They are **Deniers**. Their motivations stem from their neo-nazi political goals and their rampant antisemitism.\" Austin, Ben S. [\"Deniers in Revisionists Clothing\"](http://www.mtsu.edu/~baustin/revision.htm) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121021941/http://www.mtsu.edu/~baustin/revision.htm |date=November 21, 2008 }}`{=mediawiki}, The Holocaust\\Shoah Page, Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved March 29, 2007.
- \"Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review). Holocaust deniers often refer to themselves as 'revisionists', in an attempt to claim legitimacy for their activities. There are, of course, a great many scholars engaged in historical debates about the Holocaust whose work should not be confused with the output of the Holocaust deniers. Debate continues about such subjects as, for example, the extent and nature of ordinary Germans' involvement in and knowledge of the policy of genocide, and the timing of orders given for the extermination of the Jews. However, the valid endeavour of historical revisionism, which involves the re-interpretation of historical knowledge in the light of newly emerging evidence, is a very different task from that of claiming that the essential facts of the Holocaust, and the evidence for those facts, are fabrications.\" [The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?](http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044959/http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm |date=July 18, 2011 }}`{=mediawiki}, JPR report #3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
- \"The deniers\' selection of the name revisionist to describe themselves is indicative of their basic strategy of deceit and distortion and of their attempt to portray themselves as legitimate historians engaged in the traditional practice of illuminating the past. For historians, in fact, the name revisionism has a resonance that is perfectly legitimate \-- it recalls the controversial historical school known as World War I \"revisionists,\" who argued that the Germans were unjustly held responsible for the war and that consequently the Versailles treaty was a politically misguided document based on a false premise. Thus the deniers link themselves to a specific historiographic tradition of reevaluating the past. Claiming the mantle of the World War I revisionists and denying they have any objective other than the dissemination of the truth constitute a tactical attempt to acquire an intellectual credibility that would otherwise elude them.\" Deborah Lipstadt. *Denying the Holocaust \-- The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory*, Penguin, 1993, `{{ISBN|0-452-27274-2}}`{=mediawiki}, p. 25.
Most Holocaust denial claims imply, or openly state, that the Holocaust is a hoax arising out of a deliberate Jewish conspiracy to advance the interest of Jews at the expense of other peoples. A hoax designed to advance the interests of Jews:
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# Aftermath of the Holocaust
## Holocaust denial {#holocaust_denial}
- \"The title of App\'s major work on the Holocaust, The Six Million Swindle, is informative because it implies on its very own the existence of a conspiracy of Jews to perpetrate a hoax against non-Jews for monetary gain.\" Mathis, Andrew E. [Holocaust Denial, a Definition](http://www.holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609180542/http://www.holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ |date=2011-06-09 }}`{=mediawiki}, The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
- \"Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as 'truth' and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel.\" [The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?](http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044959/http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm |date=July 18, 2011 }}`{=mediawiki}, JPR report #3, 2000. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
- \"Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations.\" Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. *Denying History: : who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?*, University of California Press, 2000, `{{ISBN|0-520-23469-3}}`{=mediawiki}, p. 106.
- \"Since its inception in 1979, the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world.\" [Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States](http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/usa.htm) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184616/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/usa.htm |date=June 28, 2011 }}`{=mediawiki}, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
- \"The central assertion for the deniers is that Jews are not victims but victimizers. They \'stole\' billions in reparations, destroyed Germany\'s good name by spreading the \'myth\' of the Holocaust, and won international sympathy because of what they claimed had been done to them. In the paramount miscarriage of injustice, they used the world\'s sympathy to \'displace\' another people so that the state of Israel could be established. This contention relating to the establishment of Israel is a linchpin of their argument.\" Deborah Lipstadt. *Denying the Holocaust \-- The Growing Assault onTruth and Memory*, Penguin, 1993, `{{ISBN|0-452-27274-2}}`{=mediawiki}, p. 27.
- \"They \[Holocaust deniers\] picture a vast shadowy conspiracy that controls and manipulates the institutions of education, culture, the media and government in order to disseminate a pernicious mythology. The purpose of this Holocaust mythology, they assert, is the inculcation of a sense of guilt in the white, Western Christian world. Those who can make others feel guilty have power over them and can make them do their bidding. This power is used to advance an international Jewish agenda centered in the Zionist enterprise of the State of Israel.\" [Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism](http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020743/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp |date=2011-06-04 }}`{=mediawiki}, \"Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda\", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
- \"Deniers argue that the manufactured guilt and shame over a mythological Holocaust led to Western, specifically United States, support for the establishment and sustenance of the Israeli state --- a sustenance that costs the American taxpayer over three billion dollars per year. They assert that American taxpayers have been and continue to be swindled\...\" [Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism](http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp), \"Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda\", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
- \"The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course.\" Lawrence N. Powell, *Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke\'s Louisiana*, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, `{{ISBN|0-8078-5374-7}}`{=mediawiki}, p. 445.
For this reason, Holocaust denial is generally considered to be an antisemitic\<!\--
LONG FOOTNOTE FOLLOWS \--\> The methods of Holocaust deniers are often criticized as based on a predetermined conclusion that ignores extensive historical evidence to the contrary.
- \"\'Revisionism\' is obliged to deviate from the standard method of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, \"revisionism\" denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodical dishonesty.\" McFee, Gordon. [\"Why \'Revisionism\' Isn\'t\"](http://www.holocaust-history.org/revisionism-isnt/) `{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428044832/http://www.holocaust-history.org/revisionism-isnt/ |date=2010-04-28 }}`{=mediawiki}, The Holocaust History Project, May 15, 1999. Retrieved December 22, 2006.
- Alan L. Berger, \"Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?\", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds), *Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas*, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.
As of 2025, 17 European countries, along with Canada and Israel, have laws in place that cover Holocaust denial as a punishable offence.
## Holocaust awareness {#holocaust_awareness}
According to German-British journalist Alan Posener, the \"\...failure of German films and TV series to deal responsibly with the country\'s past and to appeal to younger audiences feeds a growing historical amnesia among young Germans. \... A September 2017 study conducted by the Körber Foundation found that 40 percent of 14-year-olds surveyed in Germany did not know what Auschwitz was.\"
A survey released on Holocaust Remembrance Day in April 2018 found that 41% of 1,350 American adults surveyed, and 66% of millennials, did not know what Auschwitz was. 41% of millennials incorrectly claimed that 2 million Jews or less were killed during the Holocaust, while 22% said they had never heard of the Holocaust. Over 95% of all Americans surveyed were unaware that the Holocaust occurred in the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. 45% of adults and 49% of millennials were unable to name a single Nazi concentration camp or ghetto in German-occupied Europe during the Holocaust. In contrast, a study conducted in Israel has shown that young participants in social media use the Holocaust as a discursive means to critique and object Israel\'s current surveillance agenda
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# Mardiyanto
Minister of Home Affairs \|term_start = 29 August 2007 \|term_end = 20 October 2009 \|president = Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono \|predecessor = Mohammad Ma\'ruf\
Widodo Adi Sutjipto\
(*ad-interim*) \|successor = Gamawan Fauzi \|order2 = 12th \|office2 = Governor of Central Java \|term_start2 = 24 August 1998 \|term_end2 = 28 September 2007 \|deputy2 = Achmad\
Djoko Sudantoko\
Mulyadi Widodo\
Ali Mufiz \|predecessor2 = Soewardi \|successor2 = Ali Mufiz \|birth_date = `{{Birth date and age|1947|11|21|df=y}}`{=mediawiki} \|birth_place = Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia \|death_date = \|death_place = \|nationality = Indonesian \|party = PDI-P (1998--2004) \|allegiance = `{{flag|Indonesia}}`{=mediawiki} \|serviceyears = 1970--1998 \|rank = Major General \|branch = Indonesian Army \|unit = Infantry \|battles = \|awards = \|laterwork = \|spouse = \|relations = \|children = 2 \|alma_mater = National Military Academy \|occupation = Military\
Politician \|profession = \|cabinet = United Indonesia Cabinet \|signature = \|website = \|footnotes = }} **Mardiyanto** (born 21 November 1946 in Surakarta, Central Java) is an Indonesian politician and former general. He was the governor of Central Java beginning in 1998, and was re-elected as a PDI-P party candidate in 2003. He held the position of Minister of Home Affairs until 2009 when he was succeeded by Gamawan Fauzi.
## Gallery
<File:Mardiyanto
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# Networx-BG
**Networx Bulgaria** is private owned Telecommunication Company based in Northern Bulgaria. In this region they hold more than 350 000 homes covered with FTTB. In many of the cities Networx is the carrier with best developed underground infrastructure and penetration where other carriers and even the incumbent do not provide FO connectivity. Currently they provide CATV and Internet service to home subscribers and companies where they rank number 5 in Bulgaria (source national research). They also provide large portfolio of services to other telecoms - DF rent, DF IRU, transport, MAN, colocation, etc. They operate services for most of the known operators in Bulgaria. They also operate services and collaborate with international operators like Prime Telecom, GTS and RomTelecom. Established during year 2000 Networx Bulgaria achieved a leading position into regional market, delivering residential, business and wholesale IP, MAN and FO services.
## Network and Support {#network_and_support}
Based on own underground FO infrastructure, Networx is currently delivering FTTB connections and supporting one of the largest MAN, providing high class IP connectivity.
- Network - over 800 km. own underground, metro and intercity FO network
- Services - full range telecom services - FO rent & IRU, MAN, IP transport and transit, VPN, colocation, site construction
- Business customers - more than 240 business customers and over 35 national and international telecom operators
Operating 24/7 NOC monitoring system, the company supports 24 hours maintenance teams - fully equipped and trained to maintain any metro and intercity connections.
## Telecom class services {#telecom_class_services}
- Dark Fiber, MAN, IP PN, Co-location, duct rental, power supply etc
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# Richard McCoy Jr.
**Richard Floyd McCoy Jr.** (December 7, 1942 -- November 9, 1974) was an American aircraft hijacker. McCoy hijacked a United Airlines passenger jet for ransom in April 1972. Due to a similar *modus operandi*, McCoy has been proposed as the person responsible for the November 1971 hijacking of Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 305, attributed to the still-unidentified \"D. B. Cooper\".
## Early life {#early_life}
McCoy was born December 7, 1942, in the town of Kinston, North Carolina, to Richard Floyd McCoy Sr. (1916--2008) and Myrtle Helen McCoy (1922--2020), who were first cousins. He grew up in nearby Cove City. In 1962 McCoy moved to Provo, Utah, and enrolled at Brigham Young University (BYU) before dropping out to serve a two-year tour of duty in the Army. He served in Vietnam as a demolition expert and pilot and was awarded the Purple Heart in 1964.
In 1965, McCoy returned to BYU, where he met Karen Louise Burns. They married in August 1965 in Raleigh. By 1971 they had two children, Chanté and Richard.
McCoy served another term in the Army on the condition he could go to Vietnam, where he was awarded both the Army Commendation Medal and Distinguished Flying Cross. Upon returning to Utah, he served as a warrant officer in the Utah National Guard and was an avid skydiver.
McCoy taught Sunday school and had studied law enforcement at BYU. His purported dream was to become an FBI agent.
## Criminal career {#criminal_career}
On April 7, 1972, McCoy, using the alias \"James Johnson,\" boarded United Airlines Flight 855, a Boeing 727-22C (Registration: N7426U) en route from Newark, New Jersey to Los Angeles. McCoy boarded the plane, which carried 85 passengers and a crew of six, including pilot Captain Jerry Hearn, during a stopover in Denver. The aircraft was equipped with aft stairs (as was the aircraft used in the D. B. Cooper incident), via which McCoy escaped in mid-flight by parachute after giving the crew similar instructions as Cooper had. McCoy had obtained a \$500,000 cash ransom, and carried a hand-grenade and a pistol.
Police began investigating McCoy following a tip from a motorist. The driver had picked up McCoy hitch-hiking at a fast-food restaurant, where McCoy was wearing a jumpsuit and carrying a duffel bag. McCoy had also described to an acquaintance how easy it would be to carry out such a hijacking.
Following fingerprint and handwriting matches, McCoy was arrested two days after the hijacking. McCoy was on National Guard duty flying one of the helicopters involved in the search for the hijacker. Inside his house, FBI agents found a jumpsuit and a duffel bag filled with cash totaling \$499,970.
McCoy claimed innocence, but was convicted of the hijacking and received a 45-year sentence. Once incarcerated at the Federal penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, McCoy used his access to the prison\'s dental office to fashion a fake handgun out of dental paste. He and a crew of convicts (Joseph Havel, Larry L. Bagley, and Melvin Dale Walker) escaped on August 10, 1974, by commandeering a garbage truck and crashing it through the prison\'s main gate. Havel and Bagley were captured three days later following a shootout after a bank robbery.
Three months later, the FBI located McCoy in Virginia Beach, Virginia. News reports stated that on November 9, 1974, McCoy walked into his home and was met by FBI agents Nick O\'Hara, Kevin McPartland, and Gerald Houlihan; he fired at them, and all agents opened fire, killing McCoy. Melvin Dale Walker tried to flee in their getaway car but he was apprehended after a short car chase by FBI Agents Richard Rafferty and Henry Bolin Jr.
## Lawsuits over Cooper allegations {#lawsuits_over_cooper_allegations}
1991 saw the publication of *D. B. Cooper: The Real McCoy*, by Chief Probation Officer Bernie A. Rhodes Jr. and FBI agent Russell P. Calame. Both authors investigated McCoy\'s skyjacking case, and their book posits that Cooper and McCoy were the same person.
After the book\'s publication, Karen McCoy, McCoy\'s widow, filed suit against the authors, the publisher, and her former attorney, Thomas S. Taylor. She stated that they misrepresented her involvement in the hijacking for which McCoy was convicted, and also misrepresented later events from interviews done with Taylor in the 1970s. She sought an injunction against publication and distribution of the book.
During court proceedings, it was revealed that Karen was deeply involved in the hijacking. Her request for an injunction to prohibit further sales of the book was denied. However, an injunction to prohibit the sale of movie rights to the book -- conditional upon the movie including references to four specific allegations in the book that she protested -- was granted.
Karen accepted settlements in 1994. The book\'s publisher, the University of Utah Press, paid Karen McCoy \$20,000. Taylor was ordered to pay her \$100,000. The two authors\' settlements are confidential.
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# Richard McCoy Jr.
## Continued FBI interest {#continued_fbi_interest}
In 2006, a radio station in Utah did a series of interviews with FBI agents involved in the McCoy and Cooper cases, many of which were the last public interviews of the FBI agents before they died.
Documents released in 2020 via the Freedom of Information Act revealed that as late as 2004 the FBI had still not completely cleared McCoy as a Cooper suspect and were attempting to obtain a DNA sample from McCoy\'s family discreetly. In a 2024 YouTube video by Dan Gryder, McCoy\'s children said they believed he had been D. B. Cooper and found a parachute in their mother\'s storage shed, which Gryder claimed matched the exact specifications of the parachute used by Cooper. Gryder reported that the parachute had been taken by the FBI for investigation, though the FBI have not confirmed this
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# Warpaint (Happy Rhodes album)
***Warpaint*** is the fifth album by American singer-songwriter Happy Rhodes, released in 1991. It is the first of Rhodes\' albums to feature musicians other than herself.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Waking Up\" -- 4:06
2. \"Feed The Fire\" -- 4:33
3. \"Murder\" -- 4:55
4. \"To Live In Your World\" -- 3:33
5. \"Phobos\" -- 5:13
6. \"Wrong Century\" -- 4:25
7. \"Lay Me Down\" -- 3:51
8. \"Terra Incognita\" -- 4:33
9. \"All Things (Mia ia io)\" -- 4:48
10. \"Words Weren\'t Made For Cowards\" -- 5:22
11. \"Warpaint\" -- 6:15
12
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# Jane Marcus
**Jane Marcus** (1938--2015) was a pioneering feminist literary scholar, specializing in women writers of the Modernist era, but especially in the social and political context of their writings. Focusing on Virginia Woolf, Rebecca West, and Nancy Cunard, among many others, she devised groundbreaking analyses of Woolf\'s writings, upending a generation of criticism that ignored feminist, pacifist, and socialist themes in much of Woolf\'s work and critique of imperialism and bourgeois society. Marcus\'s understanding of Woolf\'s place within the larger context of English literature has become prevailing wisdom today in the fields affected by her theorization and research, despite the controversial nature of her positions when they were originally formulated and how much opposition she garnered from earlier scholars and critics.
Illuminating aspects of their work that had been overlooked or undervalued, Marcus was also an expert and groundbreaking scholar in relation to other key figures of the 20th century, such as Dame Rebecca West, the British composer Ethel Smyth, and Nancy Cunard. During the course of her research on West, Marcus and West became friends in the last years of West\'s life, and the two shared a passion for women\'s writings and women\'s perspectives, as well as for controversy, outspokenness, and original thinking from a feminist perspective. The Jane Marcus Collection is newly housed at Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts, and includes manuscripts of her books, talks, correspondence and research files. Her correspondence with Rebecca West as well as the poet Adrienne Rich are of particular interest to scholars working in the fields of feminist theory, gender studies, modernism, and women\'s history, among others.
## Education
Jane Marcus did her undergraduate A.B. cum laude in English, 1960, at Radcliffe College, her M.A. at Brandeis University, 1965, and her Ph.D. at Northwestern University, 1973.
## Appointments (selected list) {#appointments_selected_list}
Marcus was a Distinguished Professor of English at the City College of New York and the Graduate Center, CUNY, whose faculty she joined in 1986. Marcus also taught at the University of Texas, Austin and helped found women\'s studies programs at the University of Illinois at Chicago and the University of Texas. She was a Guggenheim Foundation Fellow in 1993. She was an IRADAC Fellow (Rockefeller) CCNY 2002-2003; March--April 1997, Rockefeller Bellagio Residency, Fall 1996; Camargo Foundation Fellowship, Cassis, France, 1995-6; Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Fellowship, Harry Ransome Humanities Research Center, University of Texas (June 1996); 1994-5 Visiting Fellow Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis; Visiting fellow, Clare Hall Cambridge University, 1993-4, Scholar Incentive Award, The City College of New York, 1993 (Spring); Eisner Fellow, CCNY (Strasbourg, France, 1991-3; Coordinator of Women\'s Studies Certificate Program, CUNY, 1991-1994; 1990 Iris Howard Regents Professor of English and Comparative Literature, University of Texas.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Marcus was of Irish Catholic descent. Born in Vermont`{{failed verification|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki}, she grew up in the Boston area. She was the mother of Lisa Marcus, Professor of English, Pacific Lutheran University; Jason Marcus; and the novelist Ben Marcus and is portrayed in his book *Notable American Women*; through him, her daughter-in-law is writer Heidi Julavits. Her husband, Michael Marcus, is a Professor Emeritus at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York in the Department of Mathematics.
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# Jane Marcus
## Works
### Books
- (ed.) *Selected Writings of Caroline Norton*, with intro by James Hoge. New York: Scholars\' Facsimile Press, 1978.
- *New Feminist Essays on Virginia Woolf*. London: Macmillan; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981; ppbk 1984.
- *The Young Rebecca West: 1911-1917*. London: Macmillan/Virago, New York: Viking Press, 1982); ppbk: Virago 1983; Indiana University Press, 1989)
- (ed.) *Virginia Woolf: A Feminist Slant*. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983.
- (ed.) *Virginia Woolf and Bloomsbury: A Centenary Celebration*. London: Macmillan, Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1987.
- *Virginia Woolf and the Languages of Patriarchy*. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.
- (ed.) *Suffrage and the Pankhursts*. London: Routledge, 1987
- *Art and Anger: Reading Like a Woman*. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1988.
- *Virginia Woolf and Cambridge: The Proper Upkeep of Names*. London: Cecil Woolf Publishers, Bloomsbury Heritage Series #11, 1996.
- *Hearts of Darkness: White Women Write Race*. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2004.
### Articles and essays {#articles_and_essays}
- \'Britannia Rules The Waves\' in *Decolonizing Tradition: The Cultural Politics of Modern British Literary Canons*, Ed. Karen Lawrence. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991; rpt in New Century Views: *Virginia Woolf: A Collection of Critical Essays*, ed. Margaret Homans, New York: Prentice Hall 1993; rpt in *Virginia Woolf: Critical Assessments*, ed. Virginia McNees, London: Helm, 1993.
- \"Registering Objections: Grounding Feminist Alibis\" in *Reconfigured Spheres: Feminist Explorations of Literary Space*, ed. Margaret Higonnet and Joan Templeton, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994, 171-193.
- \"Bonding and Bondage: Nancy Cunard and the Making of the Negro Anthology\" in *Borders, Boundaries and Frameworks* (Essays from the English Institute) ed. Mae Henderson, New York: Routledge, 1994, 33-63.
- \"Wrapped in the Stars and Stripes: Virginia Woolf in the U.S.A.,\" *South Carolina Review*, 1996.
- \"Working Lips, Breaking Hearts: Class Acts in American Culture,\" *SIGNS*, Spring, 1997, vol 22 #3, 715-34.
- \"Post Scriptum\...Triste,\" *LitCrit: Journal of the Indian School of Aesthetics* 44 & 45, vol 23, 21-33.
- \"Afterword\" to Merry Pawlowski, ed., *Virginia Woolf and Fascism*. Macmillan 2001, 194-5.
- \"Nancy Cunard and the Writing of Race in the Spanish Civil War,\" in *Women Write the Thirties*, ed. Robin Hackett, Jane Marcus, and Gay Wachman, University of Florida Press, 2004.
- Suptionpremises,\" Negrophilia, *Modernism/Modernity*, vol 9 #3, 2002, 491-502.
- \"Amy Lowell, Body and Sou-ell\" in *Amy Lowell: American Modern*, ed. Adrienne Munich and Melissa Bradshaw, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004, 186-197.
- \"Rebecca West\" for *Rediscovering Rebecca West*, ed. Bernard Scweizer.
### Reviews
- \"A Tale of Two Cultures\" Review essay covering MFS Woolf Issues, Vita and Virginia by Suzanne Raitt, and the play Vita and Virginia, the Sally Potter film of Orlando and three Woolf conferences, *The Women\'s Review of Books*, January 1994, 11-13.
- \"An Embarrassment of Riches,\" Review Essay on Virginia Woolf in new Oxford, Penguin and Blackwell editions of the Works, *The Women\'s Review of Books*, March 1994, 17-18.
- \"Domestic Interiors: The Art of Dora Carrington,\" *The Women\'s Review of Books*, October, 1994,11-12.
- *The World Book Encyclopedia*, 1995; entries on Margaret Drabble and Muriel Spark.
- \"What I Want for Feminism,\" in *Revisioning Feminism Around the World*, Florence Howe, The Feminist Press, 1995, 47.
- Review essay on Woolf and Lessing, *SIGNS*, 1997.
- Note in *Virginia Woolf Miscellany*, 1999.
- \"Putting Woolf in Her Place,\" *Women\'s Review of Books*, March 2001, 4-5 (with Snaith, Nicolson, Glenny, Light, Peach).
- \"Nancy Cunard\" Curtis Moffat Portfolio, London: 2001.
- \"Nancy Cunard\" in new *Dictionary of National Biography*, Oxford, UP, 2003.
### Unfinished manuscripts {#unfinished_manuscripts}
- *A Key to a Room of One\'s Own*. Unfinished manuscript; see, The Jane Marcus Collection, Mount Holyoke College
- *White Looks: Modernism, Primitivism and Nancy Cunard*. Unfinished; currently being annotated and edited by Jean Mills
- *Ethyl Smyth*
### Dissertation
- *Elizabeth Robins: A Biography*, 1973
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# Trey Hillman
**Thomas Brad \"Trey\" Hillman** (born January 4, 1963) is an American professional baseball coach and manager. He has served as the manager of the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), the Kansas City Royals in Major League Baseball (MLB) and the SK Wyverns in the KBO League. He has also been a coach for the Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Yankees, Houston Astros, and the Miami Marlins.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Hillman played college baseball at the University of Texas at Arlington. He signed with the Cleveland Indians in 1985, and played in the Indians farm system from 1985 to 1987, appearing in 162 games and hitting .179 while playing various infield positions.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Hillman became a scout for the Indians in 1988. He became a manager in the New York Yankees minor league system in 1990 and remained in the Yankees farm system through 2001, including three years (1999--2001) as manager of the Triple-A Columbus Clippers. He won the league championship in 1990 with the Oneonta Yankees of the New York--Penn League.
He left the Yankees to become the director of player development for the Texas Rangers in 2002.
### Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters {#hokkaido_nippon_ham_fighters}
Hillman was invited to manage the Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters in 2003. His team won the Pacific League championship in 2006, and returned to defend their title in 2007. It was the first pennant for the franchise in 25 years when they won the championship in 2006, and the repeated success in 2007 was accomplished despite the loss of key players such as Michihiro Ogasawara and Hideki Okajima. His team also won the Japan Series and Asia Series in 2006. The team set a franchise-record 14-game winning streak during the 2007 season.
Pitcher Satoru Kanemura spoke out against Hillman after he had been removed in a two out, bases loaded situation in a game on September 24, 2006. Kanemura was angered because he would have gotten his 10th win of the year if he had gotten through the inning. The team reacted harshly, penalizing Kanemura with a large fine and a suspension (which was later shortened). Kanemura apologized to Hillman afterwards, and went on to win Game 4 of the Japan Series.
#### \"Shinjirarenai!\"
Following the example of Chiba Lotte Marines manager Bobby Valentine, he showed his appreciation towards fans by speaking in broken Japanese sentences. After the game in which Fighters won the pennant in 2006, he shouted \"Shinjirarenai!\", the Japanese phrase stands for \"Unbelievable\", to the fans gathered in Sapporo Dome. He repeated the phrase after winning the Nippon Series, and repeated again after winning the Asia Championship. Thus, like Boston Red Sox\'s \"The Impossible Dream\", Hillman\'s \"Shinjirarenai\" became the most popular term describing Fighters\' success in 2006.
#### Leaving Japan {#leaving_japan}
After the end of the 2006 season, Hillman was one of the final four candidates for the Texas Rangers\' managerial position, but he eventually lost the job to Oakland Athletics third base coach Ron Washington. He was also a candidate for the San Diego Padres\' managerial position around the same time, but the Padres elected to hire Bud Black instead. Following Joe Torre\'s departure from the New York Yankees, Hillman was considered to be a candidate to become the Yankees\' next manager. On October 19, 2007, Hillman signed a multi-year contract to manage the Kansas City Royals. He was the first Major League Baseball manager to be hired based on his Japanese baseball record.
### Kansas City Royals {#kansas_city_royals}
On March 31, 2008, Hillman made his managerial debut for the Kansas City Royals. The Royals defeated the Detroit Tigers 5--4 in 11 innings to earn Hillman his first career managerial victory in MLB. Hillman said \"It\'s a great honor, it\'s humbling.\"
Under Hillman, the Royals started the season 3--0 with a series sweep over the heavily favored Detroit Tigers. Through 15 games, the team was 9--6 compared to their 4--11 start from the previous season. By the end of the season, the Royals\' 75--87 record was the team\'s best since 2003. Hillman returned for a second season with the Royals in 2009 but the team tallied a 65--97 record despite a promising start to the season. He served on Joe Maddon\'s coaching staff for the 2009 MLB All-Star Game.
Hillman was fired as manager of the Royals on May 13, 2010 and replaced by Royals\' special adviser Ned Yost after the Royals posted a 12--23 record to begin the `{{baseball year|2010}}`{=mediawiki} season.
### Los Angeles Dodgers {#los_angeles_dodgers}
On November 22, 2010, Hillman was hired by the Los Angeles Dodgers to become their bench coach under new manager Don Mattingly.
After three seasons at this position, Hillman was fired by the Dodgers on October 22, 2013.
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# Trey Hillman
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### New York Yankees {#new_york_yankees}
He subsequently was hired by the New York Yankees to be a special assistant for major and minor league operations.
### Houston Astros {#houston_astros}
On October 14, 2014, Hillman was hired by the Houston Astros to become their bench coach under new manager A. J. Hinch.
### SK Wyverns {#sk_wyverns}
On October 26, 2016, Hillman was hired by the KBO League team SK Wyverns as their new manager. With this move, he became the first person to manage teams in Major League Baseball, Nippon Professional Baseball, and the KBO League. On November 12, 2018, Hillman became the first foreign manager to win the Korean Series by defeating Doosan Bears in the 2018 Korean Series. He also became the first manager to win the Korean Series and the Japan Series.
### Miami Marlins {#miami_marlins}
In December 2018, Hillman was hired by the Miami Marlins as their new infield and first base coach. He became the Marlins third base coach prior to the 2020 season. On October 22, 2021, Hillman left the Marlins organization to pursue other opportunities.
### Los Angeles Angels {#los_angeles_angels}
On January 24, 2022, Hillman was hired by the Los Angeles Angels as part of the team\'s player development staff.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Hillman is a Christian. He and his wife of more than 20 years, Marie, have two children, a son T.J., and a daughter Brianna, and live in Liberty Hill, Texas. Brianna is married to Brett Phillips
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# 1995 Fed Cup
{{ Infobox tennis circuit season \| name = 1995 Fed Cup \| image = \| image_caption = \| duration = 21 April -- 26 November \| edition = 33rd \| previous = 1994 \| next = 1996 }}
The **1995 Fed Cup** was the 33rd edition of the most important competition between national teams in women\'s tennis, and the first to bear the name Fed Cup.
Major changes to the tournament\'s structure went into effect for 1995. The format was changed to a multi-tiered league system similar to the Davis Cup, and a Group II was added to the existing Group I at Zonal level. The World Group I was reduced to eight teams and the World Group II was added with another eight teams.
Ties were played at home sites rather than all in one location as before. Play-offs determined promotion and relegation between World Group and World Group II and Zonal Group I. Two singles rubbers were added to the ties, which became the best of five matches.
The final took place on 25--26 November, with Spain defeating the United States to give Spain their third title.
## World Group {#world_group}
**Participating Teams**
-------------------------
### Draw
## World Group play-offs {#world_group_play_offs}
The four losing teams in the World Group first round ties (Austria, Bulgaria, Japan and South Africa), and four winners of the World Group II ties (Argentina, Australia, Canada and Netherlands) entered the draw for the World Group play-offs.
Date: 22--23 July
Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team
------------------------ -------------- ------------------------------- ------- -------------------------------
San Miguel, Argentina Outdoor clay **`{{fed|ARG}}`{=mediawiki}** 5--0
Outdoor hard 5--0
Gifu, Japan **`{{fed|JPN}}`{=mediawiki}** 5--0
Noordwijk, Netherlands 1--4 **`{{fed|AUT}}`{=mediawiki}**
## World Group II {#world_group_ii}
The **World Group II** was the second highest level of Fed Cup competition in 1995. Winners advanced to the World Group play-offs, and loser played in the World Group II play-offs.
Date: 22--23 April
Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team
------------------ -------------- ----------- ------- -------------------------------
Outdoor hard 2--3 **`{{fed|ARG}}`{=mediawiki}**
Perth, Australia 3--2
Ancona, Italy Outdoor clay 2--3 **`{{fed|CAN}}`{=mediawiki}**
0--5
## World Group II play-offs {#world_group_ii_play_offs}
The four losing teams from World Group II (Indonesia, Italy, Slovakia and Sweden) played off against qualifiers from Zonal Group I. Two teams qualified from Europe/Africa Zone (Belgium and Czech Republic), one team from the Asia/Oceania Zone (South Korea), and one team from the Americas Zone (Paraguay).
Date: 22--23 July
Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team
-------------------- -------------- ------------------------------- ------- -------------------------------
Ostend, Belgium Outdoor clay **`{{fed|BEL}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--2
4--1
Salerno, Italy Outdoor clay 2--3
Asunción, Paraguay Outdoor clay 0--5 **`{{fed|SVK}}`{=mediawiki}**
## Americas Zone {#americas_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition.
### Group I {#group_i}
Venue: Caracos Sports Club, Caracas, Venezuela (outdoor hard)
Dates: 11--15 April
Participating Teams
-
-
-
- *`{{fed|CUB}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
- **`{{fed|PAR}}`{=mediawiki}**
- *`{{fed|PER}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
### Group II {#group_ii}
Venue: Trinidad C.C., Maraval, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago (outdoor hard)
Dates: 27--30 March
Participating Teams
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|PUR}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
- **`{{fed|URU}}`{=mediawiki}**
## Asia/Oceania Zone {#asiaoceania_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition.
### Group I {#group_i_1}
Venue: Jang Choong Tennis Centre, Jung-gu, South Korea (outdoor clay)
Dates: 18--22 April
Participating Teams
-
- *`{{fed|TPE}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
-
- *`{{fed|NZL}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
- **`{{fed|KOR}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
### Group II {#group_ii_1}
Venue: Maharashtra L.T.A., Mumbai, India (outdoor clay)
Dates: 8--11 March
Participating Teams
- **`{{fed|IND}}`{=mediawiki}**
- **`{{fed|MAS}}`{=mediawiki}**
- Pacific Oceania
-
-
-
-
## Europe/Africa Zone {#europeafrica_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition
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# Calvas Canton
**Calvas** is a canton of the Province of Loja, Ecuador, located in the south of the province, bordering Paltas and Gonzanamá in the north, Quilanga and Espíndola in the east, Peru in the south, and Sozoranga in the west. It covers 851.2 km^2^ at an altitude of about 1,932 m. The total population is 26,042, and the capital city of the canton is Cariamanga.
## Demographics
Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
- Mestizo 95.9%
- White 2.2%
- Afro-Ecuadorian 1.2%
- Indigenous 0.4%
- Montubio 0.3%
- Other 0.1%
## Attractions
- Ahuaca Hill - 2463m tall, it is made up of two peaks. A cross is placed at 2454m as a symbol of local faith
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# Puyango Canton
**Puyango** is a canton of the Province of Loja, Ecuador. It is located in the west of the province, and borders the cantons of Paltas, Celica, Pindal, and Zapotillo
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# Jagiellonian Library
The **Jagiellonian Library** (*Biblioteka Jagiellońska*, popular nickname *Jagiellonka*) is the library of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and with almost 6.7 million volumes, one of the largest libraries in Poland, serving as a public library, university library and part of the Polish national library system. It has a large collection of medieval manuscripts, for example the autograph of Copernicus\' *De Revolutionibus* and Jan Długosz\'s *Banderia Prutenorum*, and a large collection of underground literature (so-called *drugi obieg* or samizdat) from the period of communist rule in Poland (1945--1989). The Jagiellonian also houses the *Berlinka* art collection, whose legal status is in dispute with Germany.
## Organization
The deputy directors of Administration and Construction, 19th and 20th Century Materials, and Special Collections oversee a staff of 283 employees in fourteen different library departments.
## Collections
Jagiellonian Library is one of the largest and most famous libraries in Poland; over its history it has received many donations and inherited many private collections.
Its collection contains 1,503,178 volumes of monographs, 557,199 volumes of periodicals, 104,012 early printed books, 3,586 incunabula, 24,258 manuscripts, 12,819 maps, 35,105 music scores, and 77,336 microforms. Among its music scores are many of Mozart\'s original autographs. "It was not until 1869 when the donation of Leon Rogalski from Warsaw became the foundation of a separate section of musical notes." (para 1)
Notable rare manuscripts and books owned by the library include:
- 15th century copy of *Bogurodzica*
- Jan Długosz -- *Banderia Prutenorum*
- *Balthasar Behem Codex*
- Paulus Paulirini de Praga -- *Liber viginti artium*
- Nicolaus Copernicus -- manuscript of *De revolutionibus*, and printed editions
- Rembrandt van Rijn -- *Faust*
- Ludwig van Beethoven -- Symphony No. 7 and Piano Trio, Op. 97 (*Archduke Trio*)
- Frédéric Chopin -- Scherzo in E major, Op. 54 and the Barcarolle, Op. 60
- Adam Mickiewicz, Pan Tadeusz, first edition, Paris 1834, Sonety, Moscow 1824.
- Stanisław Moniuszko -- *Trzeci śpiewnik domowy. Muzyka wokalna z towarzyszeniem fortepianu*
- Juliusz Słowacki, Poezje Vol. 1--3, Paris 1833.
- Stanisław Wyspiański -- *Wesele. Dramat w 3 aktach*
- Ignacy Jan Paderewski -- *Stara Suita*
The library possess one of the most prominent collections of music autographs by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, which includes among others piano concertos K. 246, K. 271, K. 413, K. 414, K. 415, K. 449, K. 451, K. 453, Rondo for Piano and Orchestra, K 382, Concerto for 3 Pianos, K. 242, Concerto for 2 Pianos, K. 365, Concerto for Flute and Harp, K. 299, horn concertos K. 417 and 412, piano sonatas K. 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284 and 330, piano trios K. 254, 542, and 564, string quartets K. 80, 169, 171 and 173, String Quintet, K. 516, Flute Quartet K. 285, Divertimento K. 287, symphonies 16, 38 and 39, Exsultate, jubilate, Vesperae solennes de confessore, the Coronation Mass, Bastien und Bastienne, Die Entführung aus dem Serail (acts I and III), Le nozze di Figaro (acts III and IV), Così fan tutte (act I) and two numbers from act I of La clemenza di Tito.
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# Jagiellonian Library
## History
The beginning of the Jagiellonian Library is traditionally considered the same as that of the entire university (then known as *Cracow Academy*) - in the year 1364; however instead of having one central library it had several smaller branches at buildings of various departments (the largest collection was in Collegium Maius, where works related to theology and liberal arts were kept).
"In 1399 a generous endowment to the Academy made by King Wladislaw Jagiello and his consort Jadwiga made possible the reorganization of the Academy into a centralized institution of learning with a library." (p 95) Queen Jadwiga championed the library and bequeathed much of her wealth to help the university flourish in 1400.
The library was growing at a rapid pace without the funds for more space until in 1492, a major part of the Collegium Maius (the academy\'s library) was destroyed in a fire. This prompted a need to rebuild the library, but the academy did not want to finance it. Instead, the poor faculty members decided to fund the project themselves. A contract was struck with a building crew, but financial issues still presented an obstacle, until chests of money were excavated during construction. A total of five chests were found, one in 1494, and the other four between 1515 and 1518. This helped not only rebuild the library, but purchase more acquisitions as well.
After 1775, during the reforms of Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, which established the first Ministry of Education in the world, various small libraries of the university were formally centralized into one public collection in Collegium Maius. During the partitions of Poland, the library continued to grow thanks to the support of such people as Jerzy Samuel Bandtkie, Karol Józef Teofil Estreicher and Karol Estreicher. Its collections were made public in 1812. Since 1932, it has had the right to receive a copy of any book issued by Polish publishers within Poland. In 1940, the library finally obtained a new building of its own. During the Second World War, library workers cooperated with underground universities.
It wasn\'t until the 19th century that the university and therefore library was dubbed, "Jagiellonian" after the Jagiellonian dynasty. Since the 1990s, the library\'s collection is increasingly digital.
## Building
The current building of the library located at Al. Mickiewicza 22 was constructed in the years 1931-1939 and expanded twice, in the years 1961-1963 and 1995--2001.
## Thefts from the collections {#thefts_from_the_collections}
In the 1990s, a number of priceless books were stolen from the library, presumably in order to be sold in the West. One of the worst such outbreaks in Poland was made public in April 1999. It included the theft of works by Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler and Bessarion. Some were recovered from an auction in the German auction house Reiss&Sohn. It remains unclear who was behind the operation
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# Alliance for Natural Health
The **Alliance for Natural Health** (**ANH**) is an advocacy group founded in 2002 by Robert Verkerk and based in the United Kingdom. ANH was founded to raise funds to finance a legal challenge of the EU Food Supplement Directive. ANH lobbies against regulation of dietary supplements, in favour of pseudo-scientific alternative medicine, and advocates dietary and other lifestyle approaches to health. It also criticises established science showing that Megavitamin therapy lack any health benefit.
## Positions
ANH runs campaigns in favour of dietary supplements, \"sustainable healthcare\", and traditional medicinal cultures such as Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. It also campaigns against GMOs, fluoridation of drinking water, corporate influence in agriculture, electromagnetic radiation, and the global harmonisation of the food trade by the United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission.
The ANH believes that negative media publicity about nutrients such as vitamin E are merely a result of misinterpretations over the science. It also criticises the latest research proposing vitamin C supplementation does not protect against the common cold as having a number of fundamental flaws.
Verkerk has been quoted in newspapers criticising scientific findings from *Journal of the American Medical Association* and the Cochrane Collaboration, among others, which found that some antioxidant vitamin supplements may shorten lifespan.
Speaking at the inaugural \"Scientific Research in Homoeopathy\" conference held by the Complementary Medical Association (CMA) at the University of Westminster in June 2008, Verkerk said that it was \"utterly inappropriate\" to use randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to assess homoeopathy and other complementary medicines, arguing that \"as soon as you put someone into a trial situation, you destroy many of the effects that exist between patient and practitioner.\"
Speaking to the BBC, Verkerk has alleged that EU standards on health claims favour bigger food companies, adding that big firms who had sufficient resources could play the system and claim health benefits simply by inserting a small amount of an approved ingredient such as Vitamin C into a product.
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# Alliance for Natural Health
## Legal challenges {#legal_challenges}
### Legal challenge to European Union Food Supplements Directive {#legal_challenge_to_european_union_food_supplements_directive}
In 2004, along with two British trade associations, ANH legally challenged the European Union\'s Food Supplements Directive referred to the European Court of Justice by the High Court in London. The European Court of Justice\'s Advocate General said that the EU\'s plan to tighten rules on the sale of vitamins and nutritional supplements should be scrapped but was overruled by the European Court, which decided that the measures in question were necessary and appropriate for the purpose of protecting public health. ANH interpreted the ban as applying only to synthetically produced supplements - and not to vitamins and minerals normally found in or consumed as part of the diet. The European judges did acknowledge the Advocate General\'s concerns, stating that there must be clear procedures to allow substances to be added to the permitted list based on scientific evidence. They also said that any refusal to add a product to the list must be open to challenge in the courts.
### Legal challenge to European Union Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Directive {#legal_challenge_to_european_union_traditional_herbal_medicinal_products_directive}
In March 2011, ANH announced its intention to launch a legal challenge to the European Union\'s Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products Directive. The Directive will be challenged first of all in the High Court in London, arguing that it is \"disproportionate, non-transparent and discriminatory.\" ANH then hopes to have the case referred to the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. It argues the new rules adversely impact alternative medicine practices such as Ayurveda and that the registration costs are affordable for single herbal products with big markets, such as echinacea, but not for small producers of compound herbal remedies.
### Legal challenge to U.S. FDA\'s adoption of new manufacturing regulations {#legal_challenge_to_u.s._fdas_adoption_of_new_manufacturing_regulations}
In April 2011, a U.S. federal judge ruled against a legal challenge by ANH to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration\'s adoption of new manufacturing regulations. U.S. District Judge Beryl Howell found that the regulations \"did not exceed the FDA\'s statutory authority, are not impermissibly vague under the due process clause, and are not arbitrary and capricious under the Administrative Procedure Act.\" The complaint was filed in 2009 by ANH, along with Durk Pearson, Sandy Shaw and the Coalition to End FDA and FTC Censorship
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# Catamayo Canton
**Catamayo Canton** is a canton of Loja Province in Ecuador. Its seat is Catamayo. It is located in the north of the province, bordered by the cantons of Loja, Gonzanamá, Olmedo, and Chaguarpamba. In it is located the largest and most fertile valley of the province, and is the location of the Monterrey Sugar Cane Processing Plant, a major sugarcane operation which is a financial boon to the province and country. The town of La Toma in Catamayo is the seat of the city of Loja\'s airport.
## Geography
The canton covers 651.9 km² situated between altitudes of 500 - 1700 m, and has a population of 35,240.
Main exports are sugar and bananas
Attractions include:
- Boqueron River - with sandy beaches and warm water, the river is a popular tourist destination
## Demographics
Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
- Mestizo 88.0%
- Afro-Ecuadorian 7.5%
- White 3.8%
- Indigenous 0.3%
- Montubio 0.3%
- Other 0
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# Janet McDonald
**Janet McDonald** (August 10, 1953 -- April 11, 2007) was an American writer of young adult novels as well as the author of *Project Girl*, a memoir about her early life in Brooklyn\'s Farragut Houses and struggle to achieve an Ivy League education. Her best known children\'s book is *Spellbound*, which tells the story of a teenaged mother who wins a spelling competition and a college scholarship. The book was named as one of the American Library Association\'s eighty-four Best Books for Young Adults in 2002. In 2003, her novel *Chill Wind* won her the John Steptoe Award for New Talent.
In addition to books, McDonald also wrote articles for publications such as *Slate*, including one in which she paid psychic Sylvia Browne \$700 for a telephone reading. McDonald was a member of Mensa, the high IQ society.
## Biography
After graduating from Vassar (1977), Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism (1984), and New York University Law School (1986), McDonald practiced law in New York City (1986--89) and Seattle (1989--91). She took a position as an intern at a Paris law firm (1991--93) before moving to Olympia, Washington, to work in the Attorney General\'s office and teach French language classes at Evergreen State College. McDonald settled in Paris in 1995 to work first as an international attorney and then as a writer, until she died of cancer in 2007.
## Quotes
- \"Freedom is \... not about nothing left to lose, it\'s about nothing left to be; you don\'t have to be anything.\"
- \"Paris is where I became possible. It\'s where I became free
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# Celica Canton
**Celica** is a canton in Loja Province, Ecuador. Its seat is Celica. The canton is located in the west of the province and is bordered by the cantons of Puyango and Paltas in the north, Sozoranga in the east, Macará in the south, and Pindal and Zapotillo in the west. It covers 521.9 km^2^ at an altitude of 2,500 m.
## Demographics
Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
- Mestizo 95.5%
- White 2.1%
- Afro-Ecuadorian 1.5%
- Montubio 0.6%
- Indigenous 0.2%
- Other 0
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# William the Old
**William the Old** (*Gulielmus Senex*; died 1168) was a 12th-century prelate who became one of the most famous bishops of Orkney. Although his origins are obscure in detail, William was said to have been a \"clerk of Paris\". Saga tradition had it that William had been bishop for 66 years when he died in 1168, meaning that his accession to the bishopric would have been around 1102. There is no contemporary evidence of his episcopate until a letter of Pope Honorius II in 1128, which even then does not name William specifically, but rather only mentions a bishop holding office at the same time as Radulf Novell. He was however definitively in charge by December 1135 during the earldom of Earl Paul Haakonsson.
Bishop William was a promoter of the cult of St Magnus, and was allegedly witness to some posthumous miraculous activity of the former earl. William had St Magnus\' relics transferred to Kirkwall, fixing the episcopal seat at this location and, with the assistance of Earl Rognvald Kali Kolsson, constructing a new cathedral there. It was probably for these reasons that William was remembered in later Orcadian tradition, saga and ecclesiastical, as the founding bishop of Orkney. Along with Earl Rognvald, between 1151 and 1153 William went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In 1153/4 the bishopric of Orkney came firmly into the Scandinavian fold, as opposed to the York or St Andrews fold, when the Papal legate Nicholas Breakspear arrived in Norway to create a new Archbishopric of Trondheim (*Niðaros*) embracing the Orcadian see
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# Chaguarpamba Canton
**Chaguarpamba** is a canton in the Province of Loja Ecuador. Its seat is Chaguarpamba. The canton is located in the north of the province and is bordered by the cantons of Catamayo, Olmedo, Paltas, and the province of El Oro. The name is Quichua for \"Valley of Jaguars.\" It occupies an area of 313.4 km^2^ at an altitude of 1050 m, with a population of 6,857. Average temperature is between 18 and 24 °C
Chaguarpamba is noted for its coffee.
## Demographics
Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
- Mestizo 95.7%
- White 2.3%
- Montubio 1.3%
- Afro-Ecuadorian 0.6%
- Indigenous 0.1%
- Other 0
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# Miloš Mladenović
**Miloš Mladenović** (1903--1984) was professor emeritus of History at McGill University in Montreal, and an expert on Cold War politics.
## Biography
Miloš Mladenović was born in Valjevo, Serbia, in 1903. He studied at the University of Belgrade\'s Law School between 1922 and 1926, and graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce and Law. At that time he seemed to be destined for a long, diplomatic career, however, World War II intervened. After World War II, Miloš Mladenović settled temporarily in Western Europe. Unwilling to return to Yugoslavia under a Communist regime, Mladenović chose to settle in Canada permanently. A polyglot and with degrees (in law and economics) from the University of Belgrade in Serbia and a Ph.D. from the Sorbonne in Paris, respectively, Mladenović joined the Department of History at McGill University as a specialist on Eastern Europe in June 1950. He immediately proceeded to expand the department\'s offerings in Russian and Byzantine history. Six months later, he was also joined by his wife (Gertrud) and stepson (Peter Schaal, now a prominent Toronto surgeon).
Witness to the Slav tragedy of World War II, the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Nazi attempt at invading Russia, Mladenović aroused not only a desire but a need for a better understanding of Slav people and their countries among the McGill staff and students he taught. He is credited with revitalizing the Department of History at McGill with his lectures and life experiences. Mladenović was not only a scholar but a diplomat in the service of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia before the war. He was a staunch anti-Communist.
McGill University\'s biographer Stanley Brice Frost wrote: \"Miloš Mladenović, who came to this country in 1950 as a Political refugee, originally from Yugoslavia, and who almost singlehandedly introduced the serious study of Russian and East European history, not only to McGill but also, through his former students, to many other Canadian universities.\"
Professors Veljko Lalich, Waclaw Babinski, and Dr. Theodor F. Domaradski, Mladenović\'s counterparts at the University of Montreal, often invited him to offer courses at their Department of Russian and Slavic Studies. Mladenović was a sought-after speaker outside of the academic community, too. The Canadian Forces, in collaboration with McGill University, invited Mladenović to conduct seminars on Soviet Law for the Faculty of Law, and arrange conferences at various units stationed in the Province of Quebec.
In his spare time, Mladenović prepared and published a series on Eastern Europe, as well as early articles on the Serbs in Canada for the Canadian Encyclopedia, book reviews for The Montreal Star, and a study of East European Law in Canada for *Bulletin zur Ostforschung*. From 1964 to 1974, Mladenović was editor of the scholarly journal *The New Review* which focused on Eastern Europe.
In 1969, his students presented Professor Mladenović with a Festschrift to commemorate his 65th birthday. Entitled \"Eastern Europe: Historical Essays,\" the book contained essays from nineteen current and former students. \"At one time in the 1970s, seven departments of history, two of political science, and one of Byzantine studies were chaired by his former students,\" wrote J. L. Black.
## *Oeuvre*
Mladenović authored several books and published numerous studies and articles in various magazines and journals of learned societies. His books and manuscripts were published mainly in French, Serbian, German and English and include:
- *Le caractere de l\'etat serbe au moyern age* (1930);
- *L\'etat serbe au Moyen Age* (1931);
- *Stanoje Stanojevici i istorija srpskog srednjevekovnog prava* (1938);
- *Zakonik Leke Dukacina* (1938);
- *Dve srpske geopoliticke studije: Sta je geopolitika?*;
- *The New Yugoslav Historiography and the Problem of Feudalism in Medieval Serbia* (1956);
- *Serbische Familiennamen osmanischer Herkunft* (1960);
- *Die Herrschaft der Osmanen in Serbien im Licht der Sprache* (1961);
- *Lazni idoli i varljivi ideali* (1965);
- *Family Names of Osmanli Origin in Bosnia and Herzegovina* (1976);
- *Kako su dvojica siromaka postali politicki emigranti* (1984);
- *Selo Do u ratu i revoluciji: Roman* (1984);
- *Samostalan i organizovan zlocin: Roman* (1984);
- *Andjeo unistenja*;
- *Umece letenja*;
- *Geopoliticke sile na Sredozemnom moru* (1994)
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# Jetset Records
**Jetset Records** was a New York--based indie rock record label. Founded by Shelley Maple in 1996, the label\'s first release was a reissue of German punk rock band The Golden Lemons\' fourth album, *Punkrock*. The label has released music by a variety of independent bands, including Firewater, Sun Kil Moon and Mogwai
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# Lydia Field Emmet
**Lydia Field Emmet** (January 23, 1866 -- August 16, 1952) was an American artist best known for her work as a portraitist. She studied with, among others, prominent artists such as William Merritt Chase, Harry Siddons Mowbray, Kenyon Cox and Tony Robert-Fleury. Emmet exhibited widely during her career, and her paintings can now be found hanging in the White House, and many prestigious art galleries, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
## Early life and family {#early_life_and_family}
Emmet was born on January 23, 1866, at New Rochelle, New York, the seventh of eight children born to merchant William Jenkins Emmet and illustrator Julia Colt Pierson.
Emmet\'s paternal great-grandfather, Thomas Addis Emmet, was a prominent lawyer who later served as New York State Attorney General. Thomas was an Irish nationalist who held a pivotal position in the Dublin Society of the United Irishmen after the failure of the Irish Rebellion of 1798. In historical accounts of the period, Thomas is overshadowed by his younger brother Robert Emmet, who was hanged in 1803 for high treason by the British government, for his abortive attempt to implement an Irish rebellion. Thomas immigrated to the United States with his family shortly after the execution of his brother.
Emmet\'s paternal grandfather, Judge Robert Emmet (1792--1873), married Rosina Hubley, served as the captain of a cavalry regiment in the War of 1812, and followed in his father\'s footsteps becoming a prominent New York jurist. He retained an interest in Irish politics, and served as president of the Repeal Movement in the United States, *\"in sympathy with the efforts of Daniel O\'Connell to bring about a repeal of the so-termed union with England.\"*
Emmet\'s maternal grandfather, Josiah G. Pierson, was an inventor who established the firm of J. G. Pierson & Brothers in Ramapo, New York; an iron works that manufactured cut nails. Pierson is believed to have invented the first properly functioning nail-cutting machine, with a patent registered for this device in 1795. Josiah was the son of Congressman Jeremiah Halsey Pierson (1766--1855).
Emmet\'s two surviving sisters, Rosina Emmet Sherwood (1854--1948) and Jane Emmet de Glehn (1873--1961), also became successful artists, as did their first cousin Ellen Emmet (\"Bay\") Rand (1876--1941).
One of Emmet\'s brothers, William LeRoy Emmet, was an accomplished engineer employed by General Electric. A graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, he was a pioneer in the areas of current electricity and power generation, best known for his work with steam turbines, mercury vapor, and electric ship propulsion. Another of her brothers was Robert Temple Emmet, a West Point graduate, and Medal of Honor recipient. Her brother Devereux Emmet was a pioneering American golf course architect who, according to one source, designed more than 150 courses worldwide. Her brother Christopher Temple Emmet was a noted attorney and sportsman.
## Education
Emmet was given her first art lessons as a child by her older sister Rosina. Emmet and Rosina went on to attend the Académie Julian in Paris, France in 1884--1885. The Emmet family had suffered severe economic setbacks in the aftermath of the Civil War. The sisters were able to study abroad only after receiving an inheritance from their cousin, Bache Whitlock. However, the Emmets were disappointed with Julian\'s, and Rosina commented that the admission standards were *\"so low that it is not very inspiring. If they (instructors) criticized conscientiously they would punch holes through some of the vile paintings and make them begin from drawing casts.\"* The Emmets did hold a high opinion of at least one of their instructors, Tony Robert-Fleury, whom Lydia found to be *\"so much brisker and more severe and decided, besides being very inspiring.\"*
After returning to New York, the Emmet sisters, and their cousin Ellen, became students of notable American painter and instructor William Merritt Chase. During her tenure in New York City, Emmet also studied with such artists as: Harry Siddons Mowbray, Kenyon Cox and Robert Reid. She continued her training in Paris with William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Louis-Joseph-Raphaël Collin, Tony Robert-Fleury, and the American sculptor and painter Frederick William MacMonnies. She worked mainly in the mediums of watercolor and oil.
While studying in Europe, Emmet and her cousin Ellen joined a summer colony of American artists, including John Leslie Breck and Theodore Robinson, at Hotel Baudy near Claude Monet\'s home in Giverny, France.
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# Lydia Field Emmet
## Career
One of Emmet\'s first artistic achievements came in 1883, at the age of sixteen, when she was commissioned to illustrate Henrietta Christian Wright\'s children\'s book *Little Folk in Green*.
In order to supplement her income, Emmet worked during the early 1890s as the assistant of her former instructor, William Merritt Chase, teaching preparatory classes at his Shinnecock Hills Summer School of Art on Long Island, New York.
In 1893, Emmet was selected, along with prominent women American artists such as Mary Cassatt, Mary MacMonnies-Low, Lucia Fairchild Fuller and her sister, Rosina (Emmet) Sherwood, to paint murals in the newly constructed Woman\'s Building at the World\'s Columbian Exposition. Emmet\'s contributions included a painting entitled *Seal of the New York State Board* and a mural entitled *Art, Literature and Imagination*.
Emmet later designed stained glass windows for Louis Comfort Tiffany and was a prolific illustrator for *Harper\'s Bazaar* magazine. She also received commissions from the Associated Artists, and a commission from President Herbert Hoover to paint an official portrait of the First Lady, Lou Henry Hoover, which now hangs in the White House.
In 1896 Field Emmet designed the Cullum Geographical Medal, one of the oldest awards of the American Geographical Society, established in the will of Major General George Washington Cullum (1809--92), the vice president of the Society, and is awarded \"to those who distinguish themselves by geographical discoveries or in the advancement of geographical science\".
Though best known for her portraits of children, Emmet preferred to paint adult sitters, as she did not consider child portraits to be especially challenging work. One of Emmet\'s most famous portraits is that of her young nephew, playwright Robert Emmet Sherwood.
Emmet exhibited her work frequently at the National Academy of Design, and participated in several major international expositions. She was the recipient of prizes at the World\'s Columbian Exposition (1893), the Atlanta Exposition (1895), the Pan-American Exhibition (1901), the St. Louis Exhibition (1904) and the Carnegie International Exhibition (1912). Emmet was also awarded the Thomas R. Proctor Prize (1907) and the Maynard Prize (1918) from the National Academy of Design; the Newport popular prize (1921, 1923); and the Philadelphia Bok prize (1925). Emmet was made an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1909 and in 1911 was promoted to Academician at the academy.
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# Lydia Field Emmet
## Legacy
In late April 2007, Arden Galleries in Manhattan held an exhibition of paintings by five generations of women in the Emmet family. It consisted of 130 exhibits by 14 artists, beginning with nine portraits by Lydia Field Emmet\'s great-aunt Elizabeth Emmet, and ending with sculptures by her great-great-grandnieces Julia Townsend and Beulah Emmet.
## Memberships
- American Federation of Arts
- American Society of Miniature Painters (ASMP)
- Art Students League of New York
- Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts
- National Academy of Design
-
- National Association of Women Artist
- New York Watercolor Club
- Stockbridge Art Association
## Institutions in possession of works by Lydia Field Emmet {#institutions_in_possession_of_works_by_lydia_field_emmet}
- Berkshire Museum, Pittsfield, Massachusetts
- Brooklyn Museum, New York City
- Castle Hill on the Crane Estate, Ipswich, Massachusetts
- Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington, Delaware
- Groton School, Groton, Massachusetts
- Lyme Academy of Fine Arts, Lyme Academy Gallery, Old Lyme, Connecticut
- Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
- Museum of the City of New York
- National Academy of Design, New York City, New York
- National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
- National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, D.C.
- National Society of Colonial Dames of America, State of Vermont
- New York Historical Society
- Newport Art Museum, Newport, Rhode Island
- Old Westbury Gardens, Old Westbury, New York
- Parrish Art Museum, Southampton, New York
- RISD Museum, Providence, Rhode Island
- United States Military Academy Museum, West Point, New York
- White House, Washington, D.C
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# Christina Gonzalez
**Christina Gonzalez** is a news reporter for FOX 11 (KTTV) in Los Angeles. She has been with FOX 11 since 1990.
## Biography
Gonzalez was born in New York, NY, USA and grew up in Bogotá, Colombia and Miami, Florida. She graduated cum laude from the University of Miami.
Gonzalez began her career in radio producing shows for WNWS in Miami, Florida. From there she hosted popular radio talk shows and anchored news updates for KVVA Radio in Phoenix, Arizona. Her television broadcasting career began in the mid-1980s as a general assignment reporter for KTVW also in Phoenix, Arizona.
In the late 1980s, Gonzalez anchored the 6pm and 11pm newscasts for Univision's Los Angeles-affiliate, KMEX. As a fill-in anchor, she was regularly seen on the station's 6:30pm newscast. In 1990, on joining Fox, she became the first journalist from a Spanish-language station to successfully \"cross over\" to English-language TV news.
In May 1991, Gonzalez spearheaded KTTV's *On Our Toes* program. This unique alternative ballet program for at risk teenagers was endorsed by the LA County Probation Department. Acknowledgement for her work with the dancers came from school districts and community agencies. An award for a half-hour special documenting *On Our Toes* was given by Women in Communications, with a 1993 Clarion Award for best public affairs program, and another Los Angeles area Emmy nomination for arts and culture programming. Her reports on the violence at the US/Mexico border were nominated for additional Emmys in 1991.
In 1994, Gonzalez wrote, produced and anchored another special, *California AIDS Ride*, about the week long, 850 kilometres fundraising cycling event. Her work received Golden Mike Awards for best documentary, news videography, and videotape editing, and a regional Emmy Award nomination in 1995.
For live reports from the Burlington Apartments fire, Gonzalez received a 1994 Golden Mike Award for Best Spot News Reporting, a local 1994 Emmy nomination, and the LA Press Club's Above and Beyond Award for her live-saving efforts at the fire scene. The city and county of Los Angeles and the California State Legislature commended her as well.
In 1997, Gonzalez wrote, produced and anchored *Through the Eyes of the Children: War in Bosnia*, a half-hour news special about children living in the uneasy peace of Sarajevo, in the former Yugoslavia. Through the *Eyes of the Children* received the Golden Mike Award for best documentary and was a finalist for the Edward R. Murrow Award. In 1999, Gonzalez travelled to refugee camps in southeast Sudan, to work with and document the relief efforts battling a famine and civil war. That coverage earned her two Emmy nominations that year. Later that year she received another Golden Mike Award for her reporting on religious pilgrimages in Cuba\]and Haiti.
For her 2000 documentary work, she received two Los Angeles area Emmy awards. *"Black and Brown -- When Colors Collide"*, examined interracial tensions between teenagers. Another half-hour special, *"LA Riots... From This Day Forward"*, looked at changes since the deadliest urban riots in U.S. history, which Gonzalez herself covered for Fox 11, in 1992.
In 2001, she received three more Emmy nominations for investigative reports on slave labor, health care abuses and features on horse training.
In 2002, Gonzalez' undercover investigation and reporting on pyramid schemes led to the raid and prosecution of what LAPD officials allege to be the most extensive pyramid fraud in the history of Los Angeles. *Light of Gold Pyramid Scheme* was honored at the 2002 Los Angeles Press Club Journalism Awards.
As an active community supporter, Gonzalez is a frequent guest speaker, counselor to young people, and mentor for several schools and colleges. Her involvement has garnered recognition from several Southern California organizations and city governments, including the Los Angeles City Council, which cited her for her "extraordinary commitment and numerous contributions to serving the community\". The California State Assembly lauded her \"effort for deserving women in the 34th Congressional District\".
## Los Angeles May Day Mêlée {#los_angeles_may_day_mêlée}
On 1 May 2007 she was involved in the immigration rally mêlée at MacArthur Park. She criticised LAPD constables after they pushed and struck her and several other members of the media during protests. She yelled, \"You can\'t do that! You cannot do that!\" in response to the LAPD shoving her and her camerawoman Patricia Lynn Ballaz and telling them to leave the park.
The Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office found that although the officers tactics may have been questionable there was not enough evidence to seek criminal proceedings against the constables. Gonzalez and several other journalists would file civil lawsuits against both the LAPD and the city. On 4 February 2009 the LA city council voted to settle lawsuits resulting from the incident for \$12.85 million.
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# Christina Gonzalez
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Gonzalez was formerly married to radio talk show host Tom Leykis. After allegedly finding and investigating some hotel receipts, he discovered that she had cheated on him leading to their divorce. Her name was not mentioned on his former radio show, but Leykis stated that, during his time in Arizona, his then-wife cheated on him.
Gonzalez\'s current husband is a retired Southern California Police Constable. The couple live in Los Angeles
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# Ippolito Borghese
**Ippolito Borghese** (late 16th century -- March 1627) was an Italian painter of the late-Renaissance, born in Sigillo (near Perugia).
His training was probably in Rome, where he became a follower of Scipione Pulzone and was influenced by the painterly traditions of Federigo Barocci. He then moved to Naples. He was influenced by the circle of Mannerist artists active in the Rome of Sixtus V. In 1598 he completed a *St. George and the dragon* for the Duomo of Ischia. In 1601 he signed a canvas in Carpignano Salentino. He painted a *Madonna & saints* (1601) for the church of Santa Maria della Grotta in Carpignano. In 1603, he painted an *Assumption of the Virgin* for the Chapel of the Palace of Monte di Pietà in Naples. One of his pupils was Paolo Domenico Finoglia. In 1605, he painted for the church of Santa Teresa in Studi.
He painted numerous altarpieces intended for Neapolitan churches such as Santa Maria La Nova, the Bishop\'s seminary, and Santi Filippo e Giacomo, as well as for churches in surrounding sites such as Lucera, Regoledo, Corigliano Calabro, Amalfi, Caiazzo, San Gregorio Armeno, Meta di Sorrento, and Atri. In 1627, he collaborated with Finoglia in a polyptych for the church of Sant\'Antonio in Lauria
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# Actias sinensis
***Actias sinensis***, the **golden moon moth**, is a moth of the Family Saturniidae. It is found in China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Myanmar, India and Thailand. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1855.
## Subspecies
- *Actias sinensis sinensis*
- *Actias sinensis subaurea* Kishida, 1993 (Taiwan)
## Gallery
<File:Actias> sinensis (Xingping)
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# Newcastle Civic Theatre
The **Newcastle Civic Theatre**, also known as ***The Civic***, is a heritage-listed building located on Hunter Street, Newcastle, Australia. Opened in 1929, the 1520-seat theatre is now the venue for a wide range of musicals, plays, concerts and dance events each year and is the city\'s oldest surviving theatre.
Together with the Newcastle City Hall, each site is, individually, of state heritage significance, and they are listed jointly on the New South Wales State Heritage Register as the Newcastle City Hall and Civic Theatre Precinct.
## History
Built under the direction of the Council of the City of Newcastle, the venue has grown to become one of Newcastle\'s most popular and prestigious venues. The building was opened by the Premier of New South Wales, Thomas Bavin in 1929 as a theatre but was for decades only used as a cinema. The Civic Theatre and Newcastle Town Hall were completed at the same time at a cost of £300,000. Designed by renowned theatre architect, Henry Eli White, the exterior of the building is in the Georgian Revival style, with the interior decoration in the Spanish Baroque style with a marble staircase, terrazzo balcony and chandeliers. Prior to the theatre\'s opening, the older Victoria Theatre on Perkins Street in the city\'s east end had been the premier venue for entertainment and also the city\'s largest and most opulent auditorium; it now stands unoccupied.
## Description
The Civic Theatre is a two-storey rendered brick Georgian Revival building. Its facade exhibits features of the Georgian Revival style with Italian Renaissance elements, particularly in the elegant, repetitive semi-circular-headed windows. According to the National Trust, the facade of the shop at No 14 Wheeler is the only original. Entranceways are timber framed with glass, and leadlight above. The awning is painted in heritage colours with circular motifs and pressed metal soffit.
The interior is an elaborate example of White\'s style in \"Spanish Baroque\" featuring a traditional proscenium arch, crowned with a classical frieze, a grand ornamental dome in the ceiling, with smaller domes above the back stalls and huge, recessed arches over the Royal boxes which flank the stage. Within these arches are Alamo-style parapets containing statues. The domes are indirectly lit and a \"blue sky\" surround flanks the stage. The auditorium walls were decorated to imitate stone castle walls. Renovations in the early 1970s enlarged the stage and orchestra pit.
The theatre was reported to be in good condition as at 3 May 2013.
## Current use {#current_use}
Designed initially as a live-theatre, The Civic was initially leased as a cinema to interests associated with Greater Union between 1929 and 1940, and then Hoyts between 1941 and 1973. From 1974, Newcastle City Council decided to move towards more live productions and phase out cinema operations completely, which was completed by 1976. With little maintenance on the building over the years, the Civic was renovated between June 1992 and November 1993 at a cost of `{{AUD}}`{=mediawiki}10.4 million.
## Heritage listings {#heritage_listings}
The Civic Theatre is of state significance under a number of criteria as one of the finest theatre buildings in New South Wales having been designed by prominent theatre architect Henry Eli White, architect of Sydney\'s State and Capitol Theatres. It is one of few surviving late-1920s atmospheric theatres in the country. The building is a finely crafted example of the Georgian Revival style, employed on a large scale. Along with the Newcastle Club and the BHP Administration Building, it represents the influence of this style in the Hunter Region. The theatre\'s largely intact interior is considered to be an outstanding example of the Spanish/Moroccan style. The building is also an important townscape element, being part of the civic cultural precinct, located adjacent to the City Hall (also designed by White at the same time as the City administration and council chambers) and reflects Newcastle\'s status as the state\'s second capital at the time of the theatre\'s construction. The theatre has operated almost continuously as an entertainment venue since 1929 and continues to be a focus of social and cultural activity, highly valued by the citizens of Newcastle for its outstanding historical, aesthetic and social significance and rarity.
The Civic Theatre, in conjunction with the Newcastle City Hall, was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 27 September 2012
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# John Rogers (sculptor)
**John Rogers** (October 30, 1829 -- July 26, 1904) was an American sculptor who produced very popular, relatively inexpensive figurines in the latter 19th century.
He became famous for his small genre sculptures, popularly termed \"Rogers Groups\", which were mass-produced in cast plaster. A total of 80,000 copies of almost 80 Rogers Groups were sold across the United States and abroad.
At the height of their popularity, Rogers\' figurines graced the parlors of homes in the United States and were found as far away as Chile and Australia. The English novelist Charles Reade furnished his home with all the Rogers figurines available to him, and in the Dakota Territory, Lt. Col. George Custer and his wife had one. Often selling for \$15 apiece, the figurines were affordable to the middle class.
Instead of working in bronze and marble, he sculpted in more affordable plaster, painted the color of putty to hide dust. Rogers was inspired by popular novels, poems and prints as well as the scenes he saw around him.
## Life
John Rogers was born in Salem, Massachusetts, on October 30, 1829, to an unsuccessful but well-connected Boston merchant and attended Boston English High School. He gave early evidence of artistic interests and even as a young child, showed a taste and talent for drawing. However, it was the feeling of his parents that an artist's life was little better than a vagabond, and in 1845, at the age of sixteen, after what was considered a good education in the town schools, he was placed in a dry-goods store in Boston, with the intention of learning the business. However, John Rogers felt certain he was not suited for this line of work, and in 1848 he began his career as a machinist and draftsman at the Amoskeag Locomotive Works in Manchester, New Hampshire, to learn the trade. During this period, John Rogers devoted himself to his art with enthusiasm and his attention was drawn to sculpture, in particular. John Rogers began to model in clay in his leisure hours. Nevertheless, in 1856 Rogers sought work in Hannibal, Missouri as a mechanic with the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. In 1858 he left that position to visit Europe to continue his formal education in sculpting. On his return in 1859 he went to Chicago, where he modeled, for a charity event, \"The Checker Players,\" a group in clay, which attracted much attention. This event marked the beginning of an unusual career.
Rogers died at his home in New Canaan, Connecticut, in 1904.
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# John Rogers (sculptor)
## Recognition
John Roger\'s statuettes celebrated the lives ordinary, everyday, urban and rural people, in portraits that conveyed and endorsed shared American values. Through his Rogers Groups he offered an unrivaled transcript of the manners, sports, amusements, social customs, domestic interests, costumes, and even modes of furnishing of the period. John Rogers made statues of Civil War soldiers, family groups, literary topics, theater scenes and heroic historical figures. His statues ranged from eight to forty-six inches tall.
Between 1860 and 1893 Rogers sculpted approximately 85 different, mostly patented groups of statuary. During that period, some 25 workman in his New York factory turned out thousands of plaster castings of his works. Of some subjects executed by John Rogers, only a few copies were cast and sold. Of other John Rogers Groups, thousands were sold. In Rogers\' 30-year career, the artist sold over a million dollars of sculpture (about \$30,000,000 in 2015, adjusted for inflation). It is estimated that a total of 80,000--100,000 plaster castings of his groups were produced during John Rogers' lifetime. By the 1880s, it seemed that families who did not have a John Rogers Group were not conforming to the times. Even Abraham Lincoln had a John Rogers Group.
John Rogers statuary were moderately priced, averaging \$14.00 a piece (about \$425 in 2015 dollars). Rogers\' sculptures became a nationwide vogue, and were seen in virtually every art and bookstore window. The appearance of a new John Rogers statue was a major event covered by reporters from the nation\'s newspapers.
John Rogers' sculpture of \"The Slave Auction,\" which was exhibited in New York in 1860, brought him to the notice of the general public. This was the forerunner of the well-known war series of Civil War statuettes which included, among others, the \"Picket Guard\" (1862), \"One more Shot\" (1864), \"Union Refugees" (1864), \"Taking the Oath and drawing Rations\" (1866), \"Wounded Scout\" (1864), and \"Council of War\" (1868).
Rogers' works on social subjects, most of which were sculpted following the Civil War, were also very popular. Among the most commonly found John Rogers Groups today are \"Coming to the Parson\" (1870), \" We Boys\" (1872), \"The Favored Scholar\" (1873), \"Going for the Cows\" (1873) and \"Checkers up at the Farm\" (1875).
Rogers also sculpted several statues illustrating passages from literature, including a series of three groups illustrating Washington Irving\'s *Rip Van Winkle* (1871) as well as \"Why don\'t You speak for Yourself?\" (1885) from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow\'s *The Courtship of Miles Standish*. In addition, John Rogers frequently used subjects from Shakespeare, including "The Wrestlers" (1881) from *As You Like It*, \"Is it so nominated in the Bond?\" (1880) from *The Merchant of Venice*, \"Ha! I like Not That\" (1882) from *Othello*, and others.
Rogers was also commissioned to execute a number of monumental sculptures, including the sculpture of General John F. Reynolds (1881--1883), which stands before the Philadelphia City Hall, and in 1887 he exhibited \"Ichabod Crane and the Headless Horseman,\" a huge bronze group.
While Rogers produced plaster castings of his groups in the United States, during his lifetime, seven of his groups were copied in England in Parian ware, which is an unpolished porcelain, by at least two companies, Robert Cooke and Robinson & Leadbeater. There may have been other makers of these Parian-ware Rogers Groups. While not definitive, it is assumed these copies were unauthorized, as there is no record of Rogers having made arrangements for their manufacture. The groups that were produced in Parian ware include \"One More Shot\", The Wounded Scout\", \"Checker Players\", \"Camp Life, The Card Players\", \"Taking the Oath and Drawing the Rations\" and \"Union Refugees.\" In addition, some of these English copies were produced in majolica (a glazed porcelain). While the Parians are always white, the majolica versions have been found in white, red, green, beige and brown. It is important to note that these Parian and majolica versions were essentially \"knock offs\" since while the subject and compositions were extremely similar to the Rogers originals, these Parian manufacturers actually \"resculpted\' the pieces using their own staff artists. So, there are numerous variations in the details between the original plasters and the Parian copies. However, Rogers himself did sculpt \"The Fisher Girl\" of which 11 copies were cast in England by Copeland in Parian ware, as a lottery winning for subscribers/members of the Cosmopolitan Art Association in 1861.
In 1878 Rogers opened his small studio in New Canaan, Connecticut. The popularity of Rogers\' figurines was already declining when poor health forced his retirement in 1893 and had significantly diminished by the time of his death in 1904.
His studio at The New Canaan Historical Society, 13 Oenoke Ridge, New Canaan Connecticut, now known as the John Rogers Studio, was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1965
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# Black Lakes of Jumbura
The **Black Lakes of Jumbura** are located in the canton of Espíndola in the province of Loja, Ecuador.
They are a 15-hectare complex of volcanic crater lakes at the altitude of 3390 m, with water temperature ranging from 6 to 8°C. The largest lake has a waterfall which forms a smaller sub-lake. The name \"Black Lakes\" comes from the colour of the volcanic stone that forms the lakebeds. The lakes are only accessible in October, November, and the first week of December, due to weather conditions. There is a wide range of orchids along the paths, and trout fishing is popular
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# Billy Mitchell (saxophonist)
**William Melvin Mitchell** (November 3, 1926 -- April 18, 2001) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist.
## Career
Mitchell was born in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. He and his family moved to Detroit, where he received early music education at Cass Tech. He was known for his close association with trumpeter Thad Jones, who was also from Detroit, and worked in several big bands, including Woody Herman\'s when he replaced Gene Ammons. In 1949, Mitchell recorded with the Milt Buckner band, as well as making several recordings with Thad Jones.
From 1951 to 1954, Mitchell led the house band at the Blue Bird Inn in Detroit. The band operated in different configurations, including with drummer Oliver Jackson and his bassist brother Ali; as a quartet with Terry Pollard, Beans Richardson, and Elvin Jones; as a quintet including Thad Jones; and, for several months in 1953, with Miles Davis as a guest soloist.
From 1956 to 1957, he played with Dizzy Gillespie in his big band. From 1957 until 1961, and from 1966 to 1967, Mitchell played with Count Basie. In the early 1960s, he co-led a group with Al Grey, The Al Grey Billy Mitchell Sextet, which won the *Down Beat* magazine new band award in 1962. Mitchell performed and recorded with the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band in Europe in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was musical director for Stevie Wonder for a short time during this period.
He died in Rockville Centre in 2001 of lung cancer at the age of 74.
He is not to be confused with Billy Mitchell, the jazz pianist and keyboardist, whose career was with Optimism Records in the 1980s.
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# Billy Mitchell (saxophonist)
## Discography
### As leader {#as_leader}
- *This Is Billy Mitchell* (Smash, 1962)
- *A Little Juicy* (Smash, 1964)
- *Now\'s the Time* (Catalyst, 1976)
- *The Colossus of Detroit* (Xanadu, 1978)
- *De Lawd\'s Blues* (Xanadu, 1980)
**With Al Cohn**
- *Xanadu in Africa* (Xanadu, 1981)
- *Night Flight to Dakar* (Xanadu, 1982)
**With Al Grey**
- *Dizzy Atmosphere* (Specialty, 1957)
- *Motor City Scene* (United Artists, 1959)
- *The Last of the Big Plungers* (Argo, 1960)
- *The Thinking Man\'s Trombone* (Argo, 1961)
- *The Al Grey - Billy Mitchell Sextet* (Argo, 1962)
- *Snap Your Fingers* (Argo, 1962)
- *Night Song* (Argo, 1963)
### As sideman {#as_sideman}
**With Count Basie**
- *Basie Plays Hefti* (Roulette, 1958)
- *Sing Along with Basie* (Roulette, 1958)
- *Basie One More Time* (Roulette, 1959)
- *Breakfast Dance and Barbecue* (Roulette, 1959)
- *Strike Up the Band* (Roulette, 1959)
- *Chairman of the Board* (Roulette, 1959)
- *Everyday I Have the Blues* (Roulette, 1959)
- *Dance Along with Basie* (Roulette, 1959)
- *Not Now, I\'ll Tell You When* (Roulette, 1960)
- *The Count Basie Story* (Roulette, 1960)
- *Kansas City Suite* (Roulette, 1960)
- *Count Basie/Sarah Vaughan* (Roulette, 1961)
- *Back with Basie* (Roulette, 1962)
- *Basie\'s Beat* (Verve, 1967)
**With the Kenny Clarke/Francy Boland Big Band**
- *Handle with Care* (Atlantic, 1963)
- *Now Hear Our Meanin\'* (CBS, 1966)
- *Off Limits* (Polydor, 1971)
- *November Girl* (Black Lion, 1976) with Carmen McRae
**With Dizzy Gillespie**
- *World Statesman* (Norgran, 1956)
- *Dizzy Gillespie at Newport* (Verve, 1957)
- *Birks\' Works* (Verve, 1958)
- *Dizzy in Greece* (Verve, 1979)
**With Milt Jackson**
- *Meet Milt Jackson* (Savoy, 1949)
- *Roll \'Em Bags* (Savoy, 1949)
- *Soul Brothers* with Ray Charles (Atlantic, 1958)
**With others**
- Ernestine Anderson, *Moanin\' Moanin\' Moanin\'* (Mercury, 1960)
- Tony Bennett, *In Person!* (Columbia, 1958)
- Dave Burns, *Warming Up!* (Vanguard, 1964)
- Paul Chambers, Tommy Flanagan, *Motor City Scene* (Lone Hill, 2004)
- Dolo Coker, *Anniversary* (Xanadu, 1985)
- Nat King Cole, *Welcome to the Club* (Capitol, 1959)
- Sammy Davis Jr., *I Gotta Right to Swing* (Brunswick, 1960)
- Duke Ellington, Count Basie, *First Time! The Count Meets the Duke* (Columbia, 1971)
- Jimmy Heath, *Little Man Big Band* (Verve, 1992)
- Jon Hendricks, *Fast Livin\' Blues* (Columbia, 1962)
- Bobby Hutcherson, *The Al Grey & Dave Burns Sessions* (Lone Hill, 2004)
- Eddie Jefferson, *Things Are Getting Better* (Muse, 1974)
- Thad Jones, *Detroit-New York Junction* (Blue Note, 1956)
- Thad Jones, *The Magnificent Thad Jones* (Blue Note, 1956)
- Leiber-Stoller Big Band, *Yakety Yak* (Atlantic, 1960)
- Percy Mayfield, *Weakness Is A Thing Called Man* (RCA Victor, 1970)
- Jimmy McGriff, *The Big Band* (Solid State, 1966)
- Martin Mull, *Normal* (Capricorn, 1974)
- Pony Poindexter, *Pony\'s Express* (Epic, 1962)
- Bernard Purdie, *Stand by Me (Whatcha See Is Whatcha Get)* (Mega, 1971)
- Mel Torme, *Night at the Concord Pavilion* (Concord 1990)
- Sarah Vaughan, *No Count Sarah* (Mercury, 1959)
- Ernie Wilkins, *Hard Mother Blues* (Mainstream, 1970)
- Ernie Wilkins, *Screaming Mothers* (Mainstream, 1974)
- Joe Williams, *Everyday I Have the Blues* (Roulette, 1979)
- Frank Vignola, *Appel Direct* (Concord Jazz, 1993)
- Frank Wess Harry Edison Orchestra, *Dear Mr
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# Laughlin River Run
**Laughlin River Run** was an annual motorcycle rally held in Laughlin, Nevada. It was the largest gathering of bikes and bikers in the Western United States. The event drew an estimated 70,000 motorcycle enthusiasts in 2005.
## History
The river run was started in 1983 with 426 participants. It was \"conceived by Harley-Davidson dealer Dale Marschke, who wanted to bring his customers on a fun weekend ride.\" The name comes from the fact that riders are riding out to the Colorado River, on which Laughlin sits. Other riders go across the river to Laughlin\'s sister city, Bullhead City, Arizona, Route 66 rides to Oatman, Arizona and Kingman, Arizona and also down to Lake Havasu City, Arizona.
The event featured several attractions and events, including live concerts, many motorcycle vendors, a poker run, drag races, bike show, Ms. Laughlin competition and charity events.
Accommodations are usually made at the various large hotels in Laughlin, however in recent years, campsites have also been utilized for RV\'s.
The 2002 rally was marred by the River Run Riot, a major brawl between rival motorcycle clubs (Hells Angels and Mongols) at Harrah\'s Laughlin that left three bikers dead, another 13 injured, and 9 bikers arrested.
The *Laughlin Nevada Times* reported on January 14, 2020 that the promoter for the 2020 event has not responded to inquiries and its website appears to have been abandoned, and that the Laughlin Chamber of Commerce has removed the event from their calendars. Since that year, the COVID-19 pandemic caused the river run to go on hiatus
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# Actias truncatipennis
***Actias truncatipennis*** is an uncommon moth of the family Saturniidae that is found in Mexico. The species was first described by Léon Sonthonnax in 1899.
It resembles the Luna moth but is considerably larger
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11,049,814 |
# Gonzanamá Canton
**Gonzanamá** is a canton in the Province of Loja, Ecuador. It is located in the south-east of the province, bordered by the cantons of Catamayo, Loja, Quilanga, Calvas, and Paltas. It is the \"agricultural, farming, and craftsmanship capital of Loja.\" Gonzanamá Canton covers 681.9 km^2^ at an altitude of 2,045 m, with a population of 12,247. The principal town is Gonzanamá.
## Demographics
Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
- Mestizo 96.7%
- White 1.6%
- Afro-Ecuadorian 1.2%
- Montubio 0.3%
- Indigenous 0.0%
- Other 0.0%
## Attractions
- Festivals of Buen Suceso Señor and Virgen de el Carmen - celebrated on August 20 and July 16, respectively.
Pagina Web(Blog): <https://web.archive.org/web/20080409014717/http://gonzanama.ec
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11,049,870 |
# Rocky Wood
**Rocky Wood** (19 October 1959 -- 1 December 2014) was a New Zealand-born Australian writer and researcher best known for his books about horror author Stephen King. He was the first author from outside North America or Europe to hold the position of president of the Horror Writers Association. Wood was born in Wellington, New Zealand and lived in Melbourne, Australia with his family. He had been a freelance writer for over 35 years. His writing career began at university, where he wrote a national newspaper column in New Zealand on extra-terrestrial life and UFO-related phenomena and published other articles about the phenomenon worldwide, in the course of which research he met such figures as Erich von Däniken and J. Allen Hynek; and had articles on the security industry published in the US, Canada, the UK, New Zealand and South Africa. In October 2010, Wood was diagnosed with motor neurone disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). He died of complications on 1 December 2014.
## Reference works on Stephen King {#reference_works_on_stephen_king}
In the Stephen King and horror communities, Wood was regarded as a leading expert on Stephen King\'s work. He is the co-author of *The Complete Guide to the Works of Stephen King* (Kanrock Partners, 2003, 2004); *Stephen King: Uncollected, Unpublished* (Cemetery Dance Publications, 2006); *The Stephen King Collector\'s Guide* (Kanrock Partners, 2007); *Stephen King: The Non-Fiction* (Cemetery Dance Publications, 2009) and the author of *Stephen King: A Literary Companion* (McFarland, 2011). In 2012 the Overlook Connection Press issued a fourth edition of *Stephen King: Uncollected, Unpublished*, extensively revised and with direct input from Stephen King, resolving many previous mysteries.
Wood assisted King with research for *Doctor Sleep*, the sequel to *The Shining*. King said in the *Author\'s Note* to *Doctor Sleep*: \"Rocky Wood was my go-to guy for all things *Shining*, providing me with names and dates I had either forgotten or plain got wrong. He also provided reams of info on every recreational vehicle and camper under the sun (the coolest was Rose\'s EarthCruiser). The Rock knows my work better than I do myself. Look him up on the web sometime. He\'s got it going on.\"
Wood had also written many articles on King that have appeared in such magazines as *Cemetery Dance*, *Dark Discoveries*, and *Lighthouse*.
In 2002, he traveled to Orono, Maine and spent three weeks researching the Stephen King Archives at the Special Collections Unit of the Raymond H. Fogler Library at the University of Maine. Wood had undertaken five research trips to Maine in the course of his research on King\'s work.
His first King book was *The Complete Guide to the Works of Stephen King*, a 6000+ page encyclopedia on CD-ROM, which summarizes every story, every character, every place, and the entire timeline of King\'s work. In-depth information on all 270+ fiction works by Stephen King, 26,000 King characters, and 5,000 King places are included, along with adaptations of King\'s work to the big and small screens. The *Complete* *Guide* is used by Stephen King\'s office for research.
In his research, Wood rediscovered previously unknown King stories, including two written in his high school years, of which even the author did not have a copy. King agreed to allow the inclusion of another two previously unpublished pieces, *Sword in the Darkness* and *Dino* in *Stephen King: Uncollected, Unpublished*. That book covers about 100 King stories that had never been published or appeared only in obscure venues.
In 2005, he returned to Maine for a lengthy investigative trip into King's non-fiction, discovering over 40 previously unknown pieces, again including lost material from King's formative years, which he later provided to the author. King agreed to the inclusion of an obscure article, *My Little Serrated Security Blanket* in Wood\'s *Stephen King: The Non-Fiction*, which covers more than 600 individual items. Wood returned to Maine in 2007, 2008 and 2009 to continue his research. In 2008/9 he wrote the \'King of Horror\' column for the Australian magazine, \'Black: Australian Dark Culture\'.
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# Rocky Wood
## Affiliations and award nominations {#affiliations_and_award_nominations}
Wood was an active member and president of the Horror Writers Association (HWA), serving a two-year term from 1 November 2010 (having previously served a term from 2008--10 as a Trustee). He was re-elected to a further two-year term in 2012. He was also an active member of International Thriller Writers (ITW). Wood was president of the Australian American Association (Victoria) in Australia from 2008--2010 and was elected a Life Member in September 2010; and was a member of the Australian Logistics Council from 2008 to 2012.
He was nominated for the HWA\'s Bram Stoker Award for Superior Achievement in Non-Fiction for *Stephen King: Uncollected, Unpublished* (2006) and *Stephen King: The Non-Fiction* (2009). He won the Bram Stoker Award for Superior Achievement in Non-Fiction for *Stephen King: A Literary Companion* (2011). He was a member of the Australian Horror Writers Association. He served as Guest Judge (Edited Publications) for the Australian Shadows Award, 2010.
Wood\'s first mainstream fiction was the graphic novel, *Horrors! Great Tales of Fear and Their Creators* (McFarland, 2010), a re-imagining of events in 19th century horror, illustrated by Glenn Chadbourne. *Horrors!* was nominated both for a Black Quill Non-Fiction Award and a for Best Illustrated Book or Graphic Novel in the 2010 Aurealis Awards. His second graphic novel was *Witch Hunts: A Graphic History of the Burning Times* (McFarland, 2012), examining the witch hunting phenomenon that plagued Europe and New England. It is co-written by Lisa Morton and illustrated by Greg Chapman and won the Bram Stoker Award for Superior Achievement on a Graphic Novel in 2012.
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# Rocky Wood
## Media appearances and conferences {#media_appearances_and_conferences}
Wood made many media appearances on TV, radio, and in the press, and has spoken at conferences in the US, Canada, UK, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, Australia, and New Zealand.
Wood was keynote speaker at the 2003 Stephen King (SKEMER) Conference held in Estes Park, Colorado at the site of the hotel that featured in *The Shining* (2003). He spoke at Continuum 3 (2005), Continuum 4 (2006) and Continuum 5 (2009) in Melbourne, Australia; Conflux in Canberra, Australia (2006); at the Stephen King film festival (Dollar Baby Film Festival) held in King\'s hometown of Bangor, Maine in October 2005; at the World Horror Convention in Salt Lake City (2008); at the 68th World Science Fiction Convention in Melbourne (2010); at the World Horror Convention in Austin, Texas (2011) and the Horror Writers Association\'s Bram Stoker Weekends in Burbank (2009), on Long Island, New York (2011) and in New Orleans, Louisiana (2013). He was a Special Guest at the World Horror Convention in Salt Lake City in March 2012. He also addressed the Lisbon Historical Society in Lisbon Falls, Maine twice in July 2009 about inspirations from Stephen King\'s later childhood and teenage years in Durham, Maine and attending Lisbon High School
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# Dirk Spennemann
**Dr. Dirk Spennemann**, an Australian cultural heritage academic, is an Associate Professor in Cultural Heritage Management at the School of Agriculture, Environmental, and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University in Albury, New South Wales, Australia. His main research interest rests in the area of futures studies focussing on heritage futures by examining issues such as the conceptual understanding of emergent heritage(s), the recognition of heritage sites and objects of future heritage value such as Space Heritage and Robotics; and the relationship between cultural heritage values and the influences of management processes as they play out between heritage professionals and the general public.
## Biography
Spennemann is the recipient of the Governor\'s Humanities Award for Excellence in Research and Publication, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (2004) and the Partnership Steward Ship Award for Cultural Resources, Pacific West Region, US National Park Service (2001) as well as the Vice Chancellor\'s Award for Research Excellence, Charles Sturt University (1996) and the Vice Chancellor\'s Award for Teaching Excellence, Charles Sturt University (1995).
Spennemann is a member of the Association of Professional Futurists, the World Futures Studies Federation, the World Futures Society, the British Interplanetary Society and Australia ICOMOS. Spennemann is the editor of the journals *Studies in German Colonial Heritage* (ISSN 1834-7797) and *Studies in Contemporary and Emergent Heritage* (ISSN 1834-4208) and a co-editor of the *Micronesian Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences* (ISSN 1449-7336).
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- *Space Heritage:*
- *The ethics of treading on Neil Armstrongs footsteps* (2004)
- *The Naval heritage of project Apollo* (2005)
- *Heritage sites of the US Space Program in Australia* (2005, with *Linda Kosmer*)
- *Out of this world* (2006)
- *Technological heritage on Mars* (2007, with *Guy Murphy*)
- *Extreme Cultural Tourism* (in press)
- *Heritage Futures & Robotics:*
- *Asterix und das Atomkraftwerk. Bibliographische Forensik eines deutschen Underground-Comics* (2015)
- *On the cultural heritage of robots* (2007)
- *Of Great Apes and Robots* (2007),
- *Space Tourism:*
- *Orbital, Lunar and Interplanetary Tourism* (in press)
- *Conference Papers:*
- *Technological heritage on Mars (Paris)* (2006, with *Guy Murphy*)
- *SpaceScapes: Past, Present and Future Extraterrestrial Landscapes in the Human Imagination* (Caen, France) (2007)
- *Orbital, Lunar and Interplanetary Tourism: Opportunities for Different Perspectives in Star Tourism* (La Palma, Spain) (2007)
Space-related publications (or their abstracts) can be accessed via the [SpaceArchaeology Wiki](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929055701/http://www.spacearchaeology.org/wiki/index
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# Trebor (composer)
**Trebor** was a 14th-century composer of polyphonic chansons, active in Navarre and other southwest European courts c. 1380--1400. He may be the same person also called **Triboll**, **Trebol**, and **Borlet** in other contemporaneous sources. His name is possibly an anadrome of **Robert**.
## Music
His compositions are associated with the style known as *ars subtilior*, and six of his works survive in one of the most important surviving manuscripts of *ars subtilior* music, the Chantilly Codex. Some of his pieces explicitly reference historical events such as the Aragonese conquest of Sardinia in 1388-89 and the reign of Gaston Febus, the count of Foix. His music was well known to Avignonese composers of the time, such as Grimace and F. Andrieu, who quoted some of his pieces in their works. He is noted for his use of displacement syncopation and sustained chords, the former of which is one of the hallmark devices of *ars subtilior*
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11,049,932 |
# Equipoise (Happy Rhodes album)
***Equipoise*** is the sixth studio album by alternative rock singer-songwriter Happy Rhodes. It was released in 1993 on Aural Gratification.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Runners\" -- 6:00
2. \"He Will Come\" -- 4:08
3. \"The Flight\" -- 4:52
4. \"Out Like A Lamb\" -- 6:48
5. \"Save Our Souls\" -- 6:16
6. \"Closer\" -- 5:05
- Additional vocals by Kelly Bird
7. \"Temporary And Eternal\" -- 4:51
8. \"Cohabitants\" -- 5:41
9. \"Play The Game\" -- 6:28
10. \"Mother Sea\" -- 5:24
11
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| 0 |
11,049,946 |
# Radio-controlled aerobatics
**Radio-controlled aerobatics** is the practice of flying radio-controlled aircraft in maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in normal flight.
## Beginner RC maneuvers {#beginner_rc_maneuvers}
### Inside loops {#inside_loops}
Due to its simplicity, the inside loop is among the first aerobatic maneuvers a pilot learns. It is named after a 360 degree circle with the pilot on the inside of the loop. Simply applying power while pulling back on the elevator stick will cause the aircraft to loop upward into vertical flight, continue into inverted flight, continue into a dive, and return to horizontal flight. A well-performed inside loop will look like clean circle with the same entry and exit point, and this requires management of power to overcome the tendency of gravity to shorten the upward portion and lengthen the downward portion.
The inside loop is performed by:
- starting from level controlled flight
- increasing power to maximum and applying up elevator in the amount that yields desired loop curvature
- reducing the up elevator input to maintain loop curvature at the 2nd and 3rd quadrant
- reducing power at the 4th quadrant while adjusting elevator input to maintain curvature
- pulling back to level flight and increasing power while returning elevator to neutral
### Outside loops {#outside_loops}
An outside loop follows the same path as an inside loop, but is performed with the pilot or cockpit on the outside of the circle the aircraft describes.
Therefore, if the aircraft starts in a normal, upright flight position, then an outside loop will be performed by inputting down elevator and progressing down below the original line of flight before executing a circular path to return to the original position. This is sometimes referred to as a \'bunt\'.
Outside loops generally require more power and a higher control input than inside loops to perform because the lift force is in an outwards direction, thus tending to pull the aircraft out of the loop.
### Immelmann turn {#immelmann_turn}
The **Immelmann turn** is named after flying ace Max Immelmann. It has become one of the most popular aerial maneuvers, being commonly used in airshows all across the globe.
To execute the Immelmann turn, the pilot pulls the aircraft into a vertical climb, and eventually completes half a loop in the aircraft from this climb, inverting the aircraft. The pilot then executes a half-roll to regain level flight.
The Immelmann turn can also be reversed by starting with a half-roll into inverted flight, and then using elevator to pull the aircraft down through a half loop back to level flight.
In both cases, the aircraft has changed course 180 degrees and exchanges speed with altitude.
### Inverted flight {#inverted_flight}
An aircraft is in inverted flight when it has rotated 180 degrees about its longitudinal axis, so that its cockpit and tail fin are pointing at the ground.
Inverted flight in itself is not generally regarded as a maneuver, rather as an attitude in which to perform other aerobatic maneuvers. Therefore, an inverted maneuver is one in which the aircraft begins in an inverted flight position.
There are many ways to enter inverted flight. The simplest is to
- begin from straight level flight,
- increase power if necessary, depending on the aircraft,
- roll the aircraft with aileron control while maintaining heading with slight rudder and/or elevator input, neutralizing aileron when inverted,
- apply slight down elevator to maintain level inverted flight.
When in inverted flight, elevator and rudder inputs are reversed while aileron and throttle input remains the same.
Alternatively, one can enter inverted flight by performing half an inside loop or half an outside loop.
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