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# Philip Herbert (actor) **Philip Herbert** (born 28 January 1957 in London) is an English actor and mime artist, best known as his comedic alter ego, Hugh Jelly, a sidekick to comedian Julian Clary on the 1989--90 quiz show *Sticky Moments with Julian Clary*. In addition to several TV roles, Herbert appeared as Hermi Odle, one of Jabba the Hutt\'s henchmen in *Return of the Jedi* and as Ginger in *Carry On Columbus*. More recently he has appeared on *The Bill*, *Casualty*, *Trial & Retribution* and *The Family*
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# Mount Collins **Mount Collins** is a mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains, located in the Southeastern United States. It has an elevation of 6188 ft above sea level. Located along the Appalachian Trail between Kuwohi and Newfound Gap, the mountain is a popular destination for thru-hikers. A backcountry shelter and a major trail junction are located along the mountain\'s northeastern slope. The mountain\'s summit is covered by a southern Appalachian spruce--fir forest. ## Description Like most of the Smokies crest, Mount Collins is situated along the Tennessee-North Carolina border, with Sevier County to the north and Swain County to the south. The mountain rises approximately 4000 ft above its southeastern base near Bryson City and just over 3000 ft above its northwestern base near Meigs Post Prong. The mountain is the 25th-highest mountain in the Eastern United States, the 7th-highest in Tennessee, and the 10th-highest in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The Sugarland Mountain massif---which rises in the Sugarlands and stretches nearly 10 mi across the north-central section of the park---intersects the Smokies crest at the summit of Mount Collins. Two major watersheds---Little River and the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River---have their sources high on the mountain\'s northern slopes. The former flows down to Townsend and drains the northwestern Smokies before emptying into the Little Tennessee River. The latter drains the north-central section of the park, flowing through the Sugarlands en route to the French Broad River. Mount Collins is named after Robert Collins, an Oconaluftee resident who guided Arnold Guyot across the crest of the Smokies in the late 1850s. In 1859, Guyot correctly measured the mountain\'s summit at 6188 ft. While originally named \"Mount Collins\", the mountain was known as \"Meigs Post\" throughout the late-19th century and early-20th century after a station constructed by Return Meigs near its summit. In 1931, Horace Kephart requested the mountain be named for him, but after protests from Tennesseans (who favored their statesman Robert Collins over the North Carolinian Kephart), he settled on the mountain that now bears his name several miles to the east. ## Hiking trails {#hiking_trails} Several major trails intersect atop Mount Collins. The Appalachian Trail crosses the summit from southwest to northeast, with Kuwohi nearly 4 mi to the west and Newfound Gap just over 3 mi to the east. The Sugarland Mountain Trail intersects the Appalachian Trail a few hundred meters from the summit and connects the Smokies crest with the Sugarlands and Elkmont areas to the north. The Mountains-to-Sea Trail, which connects the crest of the Smokies with the Atlantic Ocean, also intersects the Appalachian Trail near the summit, just opposite the Sugarland Mountain Trail junction (this leg of the MST is called \"Fork Ridge Trail\" on park maps). The Noland Divide Trail descends Collins\' south slope, connecting the Appalachian Trail to Bryson City. All these trails can be accessed from Kuwohi Road, which is typically open between April 1 and December 1 (in winter, the A.T. can be accessed from U.S. Route 441 at Newfound Gap). The Mount Collins Shelter is located along the Sugarland Mountain Trail, a half-mile north of the Appalachian Trail junction. The shelter can accommodate 12 backpackers
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# Šanac **Šanac** (*Шанац*) is a village north of the town of Kruševac. It is situated along the left bank of the river Zapadna Morava. The name Šanac is derived from the Serbian word for *trench* (*шанч*) after the trenches built on the hill above the village to defend against the Ottomans. Until the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815, the village was part of Ottoman Serbia
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# Hüseyin Beşok **Hüseyin Beşok** (born 8 February 1975) is a retired Turkish professional basketball player. Standing at 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in) in height and 120 kg (265 lbs) in weight, he used to play as center. ## Professional career {#professional_career} A solid big man, he played for Pınar Karşıyaka at the youth and senior level before transferring to Efes Pilsen, where he spent several seasons. He also played for Maccabi Tel Aviv in Israel, Šibenik in Croatia, Asvel in France, shortly for UNICS Kazan in Russia, Le Mans in France and Prokom in Poland in the 2006--07 season start. He was the highest paid athlete in Polish club sport history (including soccer, volleyball, etc.) with a yearly fee of US\$700,000. He used to be a regular member of the Turkish national basketball team
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# Shire of Perenjori The **Shire of Perenjori** is a local government area in the Mid West region of Western Australia, about 360 km north of the state capital, Perth. The Shire covers an area of 8313 km2, and its seat of government is the town of Perenjori. ## History The Shire of Perenjori originated as the **Perenjori Road District**, established on 27 April 1928 when the Perenjori-Morawa Road District (which had separated from the Upper Irwin Road District in 1916), split into separate Perenjori and Morawa road districts. On 1 July 1961, Perenjori became a shire following the passage of the *Local Government Act 1960*, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires. On 18 September 2009, the Shires of Mingenew, Three Springs, Morawa and Perenjori announced their intention to amalgamate. A formal agreement was signed five days later, and the name Billeranga was later chosen. However, by February 2011, community pressure had led to the negotiations stalling, and on 16 April 2011, voters from the Shire of Perenjori defeated the proposal at a referendum. ## Wards The Shire is divided into five wards: - Perenjori Ward (three councillors) - Caron Ward (one councillor) - Latham/Caron Ward (two councillors) - Bowgada Ward (two councillors) - Maya Ward (1 councillor) ## Towns and localities {#towns_and_localities} The towns and localities of the Shire of Perenjori with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census: Locality data-sort-type=number\|Population data-sort-type=number\|Area Map ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ----- Bowgada {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q4950975}} Bunjil {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q4997723}} Latham {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q21888945}} Maya {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q21889727}} Perenjori {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q3899776}} Rothsay {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q7370504}} ## Population ## Heritage-listed places {#heritage_listed_places} As of 2023, 47 places are heritage-listed in the Shire of Perenjori, of which three are on the State Register of Heritage Places
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# Jasmine Sammy **Jasmine Sammy** is a Trinidadian former cricketer who played as an all-rounder, batting right-handed and bowling right-arm off break. She appeared in four One Day Internationals for Trinidad and Tobago at the 1973 World Cup, and six Test matches and one One Day International for the West Indies between 1976 and 1979. She also played domestic cricket for Trinidad and Tobago
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# Arctopsychidae The **Arctopsychidae** are a family of net-spinning caddisflies. The family was described by Robert McLachlan in 1868. Larvae tend to live in clear, cold streams with stony bottoms. The larvae are often filter feeders, and will spin aquatic nets between stones to catch food particles. Adults will then emerge from the water to fly between late May and mid August. Distribution is Holarctic and Oriental
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# Candacy Atkins **Candacy Atkins** (born 13 February 1984) is a Guyanese cricketer who has represented the West Indies and the United States, playing primarily as a right-arm medium bowler. She represented the West Indies in one Test match and 11 One Day Internationals in 2003 and 2004, and played domestic cricket for Guyana between 2002 and 2005. In March 2019, she was named in the United States team for the 2019 ICC Women\'s Qualifier Americas tournament against Canada. She made her WT20I debut for the United States against Canada in the Americas Qualifier on 19 May 2019. In February 2021, she was named in the Women\'s National Training Group by the USA Cricket Women\'s National Selectors ahead of the 2021 Women\'s Cricket World Cup Qualifier and the 2021 ICC Women\'s T20 World Cup Americas Qualifier tournaments
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# Pechersk School International **Pechersk School International** (**PSI**) is a school located in Kyiv, Ukraine. It provides education ranging from the early childhood-level, to the end of the IB diploma-programme. PSI is a dynamic, diverse, not-for-profit international school community. ## History The school was established in 1995 by a group of international parents (mainly diplomats and business people) keen to improve the quality of education for their children. At the time of its opening, the school had 47 students, ranging from preschoolers to 12th graders. The school campus was located at 17 Pavla Tychyny Street in Kyiv. In 2000 PSI officially became an IB World School, offering three IB programmes. PSI is the only school in Ukraine to be accredited in three International Baccalaureate (IB) programmes. These include the Primary Years Programme (PYP), the Middle Years Programme (MYP), and the Diploma Programme (DP). The IB diploma is recognised by more than 2337 universities in over 90 countries. In 2002, PSI received its first accreditation from the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC) and the Council of International Schools (CIS). In September 2003, the school moved to a new campus. In 2017, the school completed the construction of its new Phase 2 building. In February 2022, PSI had to close its campus in Kyiv due to the full-scale war in Ukraine. By August 2022, PSI adapted by opening a temporary satellite campus in Warsaw, Poland, in partnership with the American School of Warsaw (ASW), while also offering online learning in collaboration with Avenues Online for students still in Ukraine. In the spring of 2023, PSI\'s accreditation status was renewed by NEASC and IB through the Collaborative Learning Protocol process. In August 2023, the school resumed operations at its Kyiv campus. ### Accreditations & Memberships {#accreditations_memberships} PSI has been accredited by the New England Association of Schools & Colleges (NEASC) in 2002 and received the most recent re-accreditation status in spring 2023. It is a current member of the [Council of International Schools](https://www.cois.org/) (CIS), [European Council of International School](http://www.ecis.org/) (ECIS), Central and Eastern Schools Association (CEESA) and receives support from the US Department of State Office of Overseas Schools. Pechersk School International is the .only international school in Ukraine with approval from the Ukrainian School of External Studies to offer an additional general education programme accepted by the Ministry of Education of Ukraine. Students study a combination of classes offered by Ukrainian programme teachers and IB classes which are accepted by the Ukrainian Ministry of Education and Science. ## Faculty The faculty at Pechersk School International consists of educators from 11 different nationalities. Faculty members average approximately 9.4 years of teaching experience, with around 9 years specifically in International Baccalaureate (IB) programmes. Seventy-seven percent of the faculty hold postgraduate degrees, and the international teaching staff comprises about 60% of the total team.
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# Pechersk School International ## Educational programmes {#educational_programmes} ### International Baccalaureate {#international_baccalaureate} The educational programs cover the learning and development process for students aged 3 to 19 and include: - IB Primary Years Programme: an early years programme focused on primary education for students up to grade 5. - IB Middle Years Programme: a middle education programme aimed at students from grades 6 to 10. - IB Diploma Programme: a programme for obtaining a diploma that focuses on senior students in grades 11 and 12. The IB diploma provides opportunities for higher education and is accepted and recognized by more than 2,337 universities in 90 countries around the world. For students planning to pursue higher education at institutions in Ukraine, an additional educational program aligned with state standards and approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine is offered. ### Ukrainian School Programme {#ukrainian_school_programme} The Ukrainian school programme at Pechersk School International is offered at two levels: 1. First Level: Instruction is provided without final certification, and no educational document is issued in Ukraine (for students wishing to learn the Ukrainian language). 2. Second Level: Designed for students who want to receive a certificate of education in Ukraine, which includes: - Subject study - Completion of final certification - Receipt of an educational document in Ukraine This programme includes additional subjects: - Ukrainian language - Ukrainian literature - History of Ukraine - Geography of Ukraine - Law - Defence of Ukraine Instruction under this programme began on 1 September 2015. The educational process is conducted in an external form of education. Certificates of basic secondary education and full general secondary education are awarded based on the final scores of the IB programmes and marks from specified subjects within the Ukrainian component of the curriculum. ## Public activities {#public_activities} PSI collaborates with the Children of Heroes Foundation to support children who have lost parents in the war. PSI launched the \'PSI 4 Good\' initiative to support its school community and re-established a scholarship programme providing free access to education at PSI for children who lost one or more parents in the war. ## Russian invasion of Ukraine {#russian_invasion_of_ukraine} Due to the war in Ukraine, the 2022 -- 2023 academic year will find PSI provided in-person instruction to its students at a satellite campus in Warsaw, Poland as well as online instruction for its students living abroad. PSI will resume operations at its campus in Kyiv one the situation will allow its safe re-opening. PSI resumed operations at its campus in Kyiv in August 2023. ### Satellite campus in Warsaw {#satellite_campus_in_warsaw} In August 2022, PSI opened a new temporary satellite campus in Warsaw in partnership with the American School of Warsaw (ASW). This provided many opportunities for students to interact with ASW students, and to benefit from the ASW co-curricular programs, service learning opportunities, student events, such as dances etc. that PSI has always run in the past. The IB Diploma Program students, in addition to face-to-face learning, also have enhanced access to [Pamoja](https://pamojaeducation.com/ib-diploma) courses, a recognised course provider by the International Baccalaureate, meaning that a rich variety of IB DP courses became available to them. ### Return of the school to Kyiv {#return_of_the_school_to_kyiv} In August 2023, Pechersk School International returned to its campus in Kyiv, Ukraine. The school enrolled students from the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, Israel, and Ukraine. ## Alumni Most of its alumni go on to study in foreign universities. 33 students from the class of 2022, had university acceptances across 6 countries. Alumni of Pechersk School International go on to study at world\'s most elite universities, including Harvard University, Yale University, NYU and NYUAD, Yale-NUS College, Stanford University, King\'s College London, University of Edinburgh, and others. There is also an established alumni association, which holds reunions for former students and staff members both face-to-face and virtually. In 2019, reunions were held in New York and London
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# Tróndur í Gøtu **Tróndur í Gøtu** (Icelandic: **Þrándur í Götu**, Old Norse **Þrǫ́ndr í Gǫtu**) (c. 945 -- 1035) was a Viking Age chieftain in the Faroe Islands. He is remembered for his opposition to the importation of Christianity. ## Biography Tróndur í Gøtu lived at his father\'s home in the village of Gøta on the island of Eysturoy. Initially Tróndur and his brother Thorlac drew lots to decide who should inherit the estate. After losing, Thorlac went to live in neighbouring islands with his wife. The siblings eventually lived together at Gøta with their children. Tróndur opposed Christianization of the Faroes and pronounced a curse against the religion and rival chieftain Sigmundur Brestisson who was promulgating it. He and Brestisson are central figures in the *Færeyinga saga*, which tells the early history of the Faroe Islands and the coming of Christianity to the islands. This is also the subject of the poem \"Gandkvæði Tróndar\" by the Faroese poet Janus Djurhuus (1881--1948). ## Icelandic saying {#icelandic_saying} Færeyinga saga was written in Iceland shortly after 1200. The saga is the oldest recorded source of the history of the Faroe Islands. It is commonly believed to have relied upon oral testimonies from the Faroe Islands. Tróndur í Gøtu became symbolic of resistance to royal power, with Icelanders now writing *þrándur* and *götu* in lower case. The saying in the Icelandic language, *vera einhverjum Þrándur í Götu* (e. being someones Þrándur í Götu) or just *að vera þrándur í götu* (e. to be a þrándur í götu), means to be an obstacle to somebody. ## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture} Faroese Tróndur í Gøtu still remains a popular folk character. The Faroese music band Týr wrote a song called \"Tróndur í Gøtu\" in honor of this famous Faroese warrior which was released in 2009 on the album *By the Light of the Northern Star
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# Corofin, County Galway **Corofin** or **Corrofin** (`{{Irish place name|Cora Finne|weir of (the) white one}}`{=mediawiki}) is a village and parish in County Galway, Ireland, situated on the N17 road between Galway City and Tuam. ## History Corofin Castle is a mid-15th century tower house, now partly in ruins. Corrofin\'s Roman Catholic church is dedicated to Saint Colman and was built in the 1840s to replace an earlier 18th century chapel. ## Sport The local Gaelic football club, Corofin, have won five All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championships, most recently beating Kilcoo in the 2019-2020 Championship final. They also hold the record for most successive All-Ireland Club Championship titles, winning three-in-a-row between 2017 and 2020. Their team of the 2010s is the most successful, winning the county title seven times, the Connacht Senior Football Championship four times and the All-Ireland Senior Club Championship five times. Corofin has an athletics team named Corofin AC and a football team named Corofin United. A Corofin native, Bishop Patrick Duggan of Clonfert, declined the honour of being the first patron of the GAA, giving the honour to the younger man, Archbishop Thomas Croke of Cashel
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# Solar-powered desalination unit A **solar-powered desalination unit** produces potable water from saline water through direct or indirect methods of desalination powered by sunlight. Solar energy is the most promising renewable energy source due to its ability to drive the more popular thermal desalination systems directly through solar collectors and to drive physical and chemical desalination systems indirectly through photovoltaic cells. Direct solar desalination produces distillate directly in the solar collector. An example would be a solar still which traps the Sun\'s energy to obtain freshwater through the process of evaporation and condensation. Indirect solar desalination incorporates solar energy collection systems with conventional desalination systems such as multi-stage flash distillation, multiple effect evaporation, freeze separation or reverse osmosis to produce freshwater. ## Direct solar desalination {#direct_solar_desalination} ### Solar stills {#solar_stills} One type of solar desalination unit is a solar still, it is also similar to a condensation trap. A solar still is a simple way of distilling water, using the heat of the Sun to drive evaporation from humid soil, and ambient air to cool a condenser film. Two basic types of solar stills are box and pit stills. In a pit still, impure water is contained outside the collector, where it is evaporated by sunlight shining through clear plastic. The pure water vapor condenses on the cool inside plastic surface and drips down from the weighted low point, where it is collected and removed. The box type is more sophisticated. The basic principles of solar water distillation are simple, yet effective, as distillation replicates the way nature makes rain. The sun\'s energy heats water to the point of evaporation. As the water evaporates, water vapor rises, condensing on the glass surface for collection. This process removes impurities, such as salts and heavy metals, and eliminates microbiological organisms. The end result is water cleaner than the purest rainwater.
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# Solar-powered desalination unit ## Indirect solar desalination {#indirect_solar_desalination} Indirect solar desalination systems comprise two sub-systems: a solar collection system and a desalination system. The solar collection system is used, either to collect heat using solar collectors and supply it via a heat exchanger to a thermal desalination process, or to convert electromagnetic solar radiation to electricity using photovoltaic cells to power an electricity-driven desalination process. ### Solar-powered reverse osmosis {#solar_powered_reverse_osmosis} Osmosis is a natural phenomenon in which water passes through a membrane from a lower to a higher concentration solution. The flow of water can be reversed if a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied on the higher concentration side. In reverse osmosis desalination systems, seawater pressure is raised above the natural osmotic pressure, forcing pure water through membrane pores to the fresh water side. Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most common desalination process in terms of installed capacity due to its superior energy efficiency compared to thermal desalination systems, despite requiring extensive water pre-treatment. Furthermore, part of the consumed mechanical energy can be reclaimed from the concentrated brine effluent with an energy recovery device. Solar-powered RO desalination is common in demonstration plants due to the modularity and scalability of both photovoltaic (PV) and RO systems. A detailed economic analysis and a thorough optimisation strategy of PV powered RO desalination were carried out with favorable results reported. Economic and reliability considerations are the main challenges to improving PV powered RO desalination systems. However, the quickly dropping PV panel costs are making solar-powered desalination ever more feasible. A solar powered desalination unit designed for remote communities has been tested in the Northern Territory of Australia. The \"reverse-osmosis solar installation\" (ROSI) uses membrane filtration to provide a reliable and clean drinking water stream from sources such as brackish groundwater. Solar energy overcomes the usually high-energy operating costs as well as greenhouse emissions of conventional reverse osmosis systems. ROSI can also remove trace contaminants such as arsenic and uranium that may cause certain health problems, and minerals such as calcium carbonate which causes water hardness. Project leader Dr Andrea Schaefer from the University of Wollongong\'s Faculty of Engineering said ROSI has the potential to bring clean water to remote communities throughout Australia that do not have access to a town water supply and/or the electricity grid. Groundwater (which may contain dissolved salts or other contaminants) or surface water (which may have high turbidity or contain microorganisms) is pumped into a tank with an ultrafiltration membrane, which removes viruses and bacteria. This water is fit for cleaning and bathing. Ten percent of that water undergoes nanofiltration and reverse osmosis in the second stage of purification, which removes salts and trace contaminants, producing drinking water. A photovoltaic solar array tracks the Sun and powers the pumps needed to process the water, using the plentiful sunlight available in remote regions of Australia not served by the power grid. Solar photo voltaic power is considered a viable option to power a reverse osmosis desalination plant. The techno-economics both in standalone mode and in PV-biodisel hybrid mode for capacities from 0.05 MLD to 300 MLD were examined by researchers at IIT Madras. As a technology demonstrator, a plant of 500 litre /day capacity has been designed, installed and functional there. #### Energy storage {#energy_storage} While the intermittent nature of sunlight and its variable intensity throughout the day makes desalination during nighttime challenging, several energy storage options can be used to permit 24 hour operation. Batteries can store solar energy for use at night. Thermal energy storage systems ensure constant performance at night or on cloudy days, improving overall efficiency. Alternatively, stored gravitational energy can be harnessed to provide energy to a solar-powered reverse osmosis unit during non-sunlight hours
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# 2007 Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council election The **2007 Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council election** took place on 3 May 2007 to elect members of Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council in England. This election was held on the same day as other local elections. After the election, the composition of the council was: Party Seats ------- ------------------ ------- Labour 25 Conservative 21 Liberal Democrat 20 ## Election results {#election_results} ### Overall election result {#overall_election_result} Overall result compared with 2006. ## Ward results {#ward_results} Results compared directly with the last local election in 2006. ### Bebington ### Bidston and St James {#bidston_and_st_james} ### Birkenhead and Tranmere {#birkenhead_and_tranmere} ### Bromborough ### Clatterbridge ### Claughton ### Eastham ### Greasby, Frankby and Irby {#greasby_frankby_and_irby} ### Heswall ### Hoylake and Meols {#hoylake_and_meols} ### Leasowe and Moreton East {#leasowe_and_moreton_east} ### Liscard ### Moreton West and Saughall Massie {#moreton_west_and_saughall_massie} ### New Brighton {#new_brighton} ### Oxton ### Pensby and Thingwall {#pensby_and_thingwall} ### Prenton ### Rock Ferry {#rock_ferry} ### Seacombe ### Upton ### Wallasey ### West Kirby and Thurstaston {#west_kirby_and_thurstaston} ## Changes between 2007 and 2008 {#changes_between_2007_and_2008} Date Ward Name Previous affiliation New affiliation ----------- ------------------- -------------- ---------------------- -- ----------------- May 2007 Clatterbridge Isabel Moon Resigned. June 2007 Hoylake and Meols David Kirwan Resigned
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# Xiphocentronidae The **Xiphocentronidae** are a family of caddisflies. It has previously been treated as a subfamily of Psychomyiidae, and has a broad distribution, including parts of Asia, Central Africa and the Americas. It contains nine genera, in three subfamilies: Since the subgenus *Cnodocentron* (*Caenocentron*) was elevated to genus level; and the Cretaceous fossil genus *Palerasnitsynus* was moved from Psychomyiidae to a new subfamily within Xiphocentronidae
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Xiphocentronidae
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# Kufuor government This is a list of the ministers who have served in John Kufuor\'s New Patriotic Party government during the Fourth Republic of Ghana. This government started on January 7, 2001, the first changeover between civilian governments in Ghana through the ballot box. Kufuor also won the 2004 elections and served his second term of office ending January 2009. ## List of ministers of state (2001--2005) {#list_of_ministers_of_state_20012005} +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Portfolio | Minister | Time frame | Notes | +================================================================================+==================================+============================+=======================================+ | President | John Kufuor | Jan 2001 - Jan 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Vice President | Aliu Mahama | Jan 2001 - Jan 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Foreign Affairs | Hackman Owusu-Agyeman\ | 2001 -- Apr 2003\ | | | | Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo | Apr 2003 -- 2007 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Interior | Malik Al-Hassan Yakubu\ | 2001 -- 2002\ | Resigned following Yendi conflict | | | Hackman Owusu-Agyeman | 2003 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Finance | Yaw Osafo-Maafo | 2001 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Defence | Kwame Addo-Kufuor | 7 Jan 2001 -- 6 Aug 2007 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Attorney General and Minister for Justice | Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo\ | 2001 -- 2003\ | | | | Papa Owusu-Ankomah | 2003 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Education *later*\ | Prof. Christopher Ameyaw Akumfi\ | 2001 -- 2003\ | | | Minister for Education, Youth and Sports | Kwadwo Baah Wiredu | 2003 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Health | Richard Winfred Anane\ | 2001 -- 2003\ | | | | Dr. Kwaku Afriyie | 2003 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Food and Agriculture | Major Courage Quashigah | 2001 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Fisheries | Ishmael Ashitey | 2001 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Trade and Industry | Dr. Kofi Konadu Apraku\ | 2001 -- 2003\ | | | | Alan Kyeremanteng | 2003 -- 2007 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Ministry for Local Government and Rural Development | Kwadwo Baah-Wiredu\ | 2001 -- 2003\ | | | | Kwadwo Adjei Darko | 2003 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Economic Planning | Paa Kwesi Nduom | 2001 -- 2003 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Manpower Development and Employment | Cecilia Ladze Bannermann\ | 2001 -- 2003\ | | | | Yaw Barimah | 2003 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Energy | Albert Kan Dapaah\ | 2001 -- 2003\ | | | | Dr. Paa Kwesi Nduom (CPP) | 2003 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Mines | Cecilia Ladze Bannermann | 2003 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Lands, Mines and Forestry | Dr. Kwaku Afriyie\ | 2001 -- 2003\ | | | | Prof. Dominic Fobih | 2003 -- present | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Works and Housing | Kwamena Bartels\ | 2001 -- 2003\ | | | | Alhaji Mustapha Idris Ali | 2003 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Women and Children\'s Affairs | Mrs. Gladys Asmah | 2001 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Tourism *later*\ | Hawa Yakubu\ | 2001 -- May 2002\ | | | Minister for Tourism and Modernisation of the Capital City | Jake Obetsebi Lamptey | 2003 -- 2007 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Environment, Science and Technology *later*\ | Prof. Dominic Kwaku Fobih\ | 2001 -- 2003\ | | | Minister for Science and Environment | Prof. Mike Oquaye\ | 2003 -- 2005 | | | | Prof. Kasim Kasanga | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Public Sector Reform and National Institutional Renewal Programme | Joseph Henry Mensah | 2003 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Presidential Affairs | Jake Obetsebi Lamptey | 2001 -- 2003 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Parliamentary Affairs | Felix Owusu-Adjapong | 2003 -- 2007 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister and Leader of Government Business | Joseph Henry Mensah | 2001 -- 2003 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Roads, Highways *later*\ | Kwadwo Adjei-Darko\ | 2001 -- 2003\ | | | Minister for Roads, Highways and Transport | Richard Winfred Anane | 2003 -- 2006 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Ports, Harbours and Railways | Prof.Christopher Ameyaw-Akumfi | 2003 -- present | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Regional Co-Operation and NEPAD | Dr. Paa Kwesi Nduom (CPP)\ | ? -- 2003\ | | | | Dr. Kofi Konadu Apraku | 2003 -- 2006 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Transport and Communications | Felix Owusu-Adjapong | 2001 -- 2003 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Communications and Technology | Albert Kan Dapaah | 2003 -- 2006 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Private Sector Development | Charles Omar Nyanor\ | 2001 -- 2003\ | | | | Kwamena Bartels | 2003 -- ? | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Information | Jake Obetsebi Lamptey\ | ? -- 2003\ | | | | Nana Akomea | 2003 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister for Youth and Sports | Alhaji Mallam Issah | 2001 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister of State (media relations) | Elizabeth Ohene | 2001 -- ? | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Minister of State for primary, secondary and girl-child education | Christine Churcher | 2001 -- 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Regional Ministers | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Ashanti Regional Minister | Sampson Kwaku Boafo | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Brong Ahafo Region | Ernest Debrah | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Central Regional Minister | Isaac Edumadze | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Eastern Regional Minister | Dr. S.K. Osafo Mensah | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Greater Accra Regional Minister | Sheikh I.C. Quaye | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Northern Regional Minister | Ben Salifu\ | February -- November 2001\ | ^‡^Resigned following Yendi conflict\ | | | Prince Imoru Andani^‡^\ | November 2001 -- May 2003\ | | | | Ernest Akobuor Debrah | May 2003 -- February 2005 | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Upper East Region | Mohamed Salifu | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Upper West Region | Mogtari Sahanun | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Volta Regional Minister | Kwasi Owusu-Yeboah | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Western Region | Joseph Boahen Aidoo | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------------------+ - NB. There was a cabinet reshuffle on April 1, 2003.
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# Kufuor government ## List of ministers of state (2005--2009) {#list_of_ministers_of_state_20052009} +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Portfolio | Minister | Time frame | Notes | +==============================================================================================================================+=====================================================+====================================+===========================================================+ | President | John Kufuor | January 2001 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Vice President | Aliu Mahama | January 2001 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Foreign Affairs *later*\ | Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo\ | Apr 2003 -- Jul 2007\ | | | Minister for Foreign Affairs, Regional Integration and NEPAD | Akwasi Osei-Agyei\ | Jul 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Interior | Papa Owusu-Ankomah\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | | Albert Kan Dapaah\ | 2006 -- 2007\ | | | | Kwamena Bartels\ | 2007 -- 2008\ | | | | Kwame Addo-Kufuor | 2008 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Finance and Economic Planning | Kwadwo Baah Wiredu\ | 2005 -- 2007\ | | | | Dr. Anthony Akoto Osei | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Defence | Kwame Addo-Kufuor\ | 2001 -- 2007\ | | | | Albert Kan Dapaah | 6 Aug 2007 -- 6 Jan 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for National Security | Francis Poku | 2006 -- January 2009 | New portfolio | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Attorney General and Minister for Justice | J. Ayikoi Otoo\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | | Joe Ghartey\ | 2006 -- 2007\ | | | | Ambrose Dery | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Health | Major Courage Quashigah (rtd) | 2005 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Education and Sports *later* Minister for Education, Science and Sports | Yaw Osafo-Maafo\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | | Papa Owusu Ankomah\ | 2006 -- 2007\ | | | | Dominic Fobi | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Food and Agriculture | Ernest Akubuor Debrah | 2005 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Fisheries | Gladys Asmah | 2005 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Trade and Industry *(later)*\ | Alan Kyeremanteng\ | 2003 -- 2007\ | | | Minister for Trade and Industry, Private Sector Development and President\'s Special Initiative | Joe Baidoo Ansah\ | 2007 -- 2008\ | | | | Papa Owusu Ankomah | 2008 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Private Sector Development & President\'s Special Initiative | Kwamena Bartels | 2005 -- 2006 | Ministry merged with Trade and Industry | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Local Government and Rural Development *later* Minister for Local Government, Rural Development and Environment | Charles Bimpong Bintim\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | | Stephen Asamoah-Boateng\ | 2006 -- 2007\ | | | | Kwadwo Adjei-Darko | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Information *later*\ | Daniel Kwaku Botwe\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | Minister for Information and National Orientation | Kwamena Bartels\ | 2006 -- 2007\ | | | | Florence Oboshie Sai-Coffie Stephen Asamoah Boateng | 2007 -- 2008 2008 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Tourism and Modernisation of the Capital City *later*\ | Jake Obetsebi Lamptey\ | 2003 -- 2007\ | | | Minister for Tourism and Diasporean Relations | Stephen Asamoah-Boateng Florence Oboshie Sai-Coffie | 2007 -- 2008 2008 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Works and Housing later Minister for Water Resources, Works and Housing | Hackman Owusu-Agyeman\ | 2005 -- 2007\ | | | | Boniface Abubakar Saddique | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Public Sector Reform | Dr. Paa Kwesi Nduom (CPP)\ | 2005 -- 2007\ | | | | Samuel Owusu-Agyei | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Communication | Albert Kan Dapaah\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | | Prof. Mike Oquaye\ | 2006 -- 2007\ | | | | Dr. Ben Aggrey Ntim | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Roads and Highways | Richard Winfred Anane\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | Resigned after adverse findings against him by the CHRAJ. | | | vacant\ | 2006 -- 2007\ | | | | Godfred T. Boyon | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Ports, Harbours and Railways | Prof.Christopher Ameyaw Akumfi | 2001 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Aviation | Gloria Akuffo | 2006 -- January 2009 | Newly created ministry | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Energy | Prof. Mike Oquaye\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | | Joseph Kofi Adda\ | 2006 -- 2008\ | | | | Felix Owusu-Adjapong | 2008 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Lands, Forestry and Mines | Prof. Dominic Fobih\ | 2003 -- 2007\ | | | | Esther Obeng Dapaah | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Environment and Science | Christine Churcher | 2005 -- 2006 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Regional Co-Operation and NEPAD | Dr. Kofi Konadu Apraku | 2003 -- 2006 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Women and Children\'s Affairs | Hajia Alima Mahama | 2005 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Manpower Development and Employment now\ | Joseph Kofi Adda\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | Ministry for Manpower, Youth and Employment | Boniface Abubakar Saddique\ | 2006 -- 2007\ | | | | Nana Akomea | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister of State for Culture and Chieftaincy | Sampson Kwaku Boafo | 2006 -- January 2009 | New portfolio | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Presidential Affairs | Kwadwo Mpiani | 2005 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Minister for Parliamentary Affairs | Felix Owusu-Adjapong\ | 2001 -- 2007\ | | | | Abraham Ossei Aidooh | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Senior Minister | Joseph Henry Mensah | 2005 -- 2006 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Regional Ministers | | | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Ashanti Regional Minister | Sampson Kwaku Boafo\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | | Emmanuel A. Owusu-Ansah | 2006 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Brong Ahafo Region | Nana Kwadwo Seinti\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | | Ignatius Baffour Awuah | 2006 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Central Regional Minister | Isaac E. Edumadze\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | | Nana Ato Arthur | 2006 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Eastern Regional Minister | Yaw Barimah\ | 2005 -- 2007\ | | | | Kwadwo Afram Asiedu | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Greater Accra Regional Minister | Shiekh Ibrahim Cudjoe Quaye | 2005 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Northern Regional Minister | Boniface Abubakar Saddique\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | | Alhaji Mustapha Ali Idris | 2006 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Upper East Region | Boniface Agambila\ | 2005 -- 2007\ | | | | Alhassan Samari | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Upper West Region | Ambrose Dery\ | 2005 -- 2007\ | | | | George Hikah Benson | 2007 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Volta Regional Minister | Kofi Dzamesi | 2005 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Western Region | Joseph Boahen Aidoo\ | 2005 -- 2006\ | | | | Evans A. Amoah | 2006 -- January 2009 | | +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ There was a cabinet reshuffle on 28 April 2006.\ There was a second cabinet reshuffle to release ministers with presidential ambitions in July 2007
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# Dipseudopsidae **Dipseudopsidae** is a family of caddisflies in the order Trichoptera. There are about 6 genera and at least 110 described species in Dipseudopsidae. The type genus for Dipseudopsidae is *Dipseudopsis* F. Walker, 1852. The oldest fossils are of the extant genus *Phylocentropus*, from the Barremian aged Lebanese amber. ## Genera These six genera belong to the family Dipseudopsidae: - *Dipseudopsis* Walker, 1852^i\ c\ g^ - *Hyalopsyche* Ulmer, 1904^i\ c\ g^ - *Hyalopsychella* Ulmer, 1930^i\ c\ g^ - *Limnoecetis* Marlier, 1955^i\ c\ g^ - *Phylocentropus* Banks, 1907^i\ c\ g\ b^ - *Protodipseudopsis* Ulmer, 1909^i\ c\ g^ - †*Taymyrodipseudon* Ivanov and Melnitsky 2017 Taimyr amber, Russia, Santonian Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide
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# Bashir Ahmad (Scottish politician) **Bashir Ahmad** (12 February 1940 -- 6 February 2009) was an entrepreneur and a Scottish National Party politician. He was first elected as a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Glasgow region at the 2007 election, and was the first MSP to be elected from a South Asian and Muslim background. ## Early life {#early_life} Ahmad was born in Amritsar, British India on 12 February 1940. In 1951, at the age of 11, his family emigrated to Scotland from Pakistan. He served five terms as President of the Pakistan Welfare Association. ## Political career {#political_career} Ahmad joined the Scottish National Party in 1992. In 1995, he founded Asian Scots for Independence to attract more Asian-Scots to the party. When Bashir launched Scots Asians for Independence at the SNP conference in 1995, he gave a speech saying \"it isn\'t important where you come from, what matters is where we are going together as a nation\". He retired from business in 2003 to devote himself to politics. In 2003, he defeated the Labour candidate to become the Councillor for the Pollokshields East ward. Upon his selection as second on the SNP\'s Glasgow list, Ahmad said: \"The lack of any Asian or ethnic minority voice in the Scottish Parliament has been felt deeply in my community. But SNP members have righted that wrong. By doing so, they have proved that the SNP aspires to lead a Scottish Parliament that will represent all of Scotland -- a truly national parliament. I firmly believe the SNP can now earn the trust of the Asian community throughout Scotland and that this will be a bond that endures for generations.\" At the 2007 Scottish Parliament election, Ahmad was elected to the Scottish Parliament on the Glasgow regional list. He thus became the first non-white and first Muslim MSP. On the opening day of the 3rd Scottish Parliament, he wore traditional Pakistani clothing and took his oath of office in both the Urdu and English languages. Ahmad led the bill on making forced marriage a criminal offence in Scotland and participated in a humanitarian campaign for Scottish hospitals to treat the most serious casualties of Israel\'s attacks on the Gaza Strip, particularly women and children with life-threatening burns or other wounds. He was a member of the Scottish Parliament\'s Public Petitions Committee, which decides which action should be taken on petitions submitted by individuals, groups or organisations. Ahmad died of a heart attack on 6 February 2009 at the age of 68. His funeral was held at the Glasgow Central Mosque and he was buried in Cathcart Cemetery. ## Family life {#family_life} Bashir is survived by his wife Naseem, their five daughters, two sons and 11 grandchildren
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# Ernst Ueckermann **Ernst Ueckermann** (born Estcourt in 1954) is a South African composer and pianist. His formal music studies were conducted at the Johannesburg Art School, Royal College and Royal Academy of Music in London, the *Musikhochschulen* of Würzburg and Freiburg, Germany, with Professors Kirsti Hjort, Bertold Hummel and Helmut Barth. He has participated in numerous master classes with members of the Melos Ensemble, Brahms Trio, Moscow piano trio and some of the world\'s foremost pianists. His pianistic career gained momentum during his student years and culminated in a busy international career. Concerts and recordings have been done in many capitals all over the globe as soloist, with diverse chamber music ensembles and as accompanist. Compact disks, radio productions and Television concerts have also been produced for amongst other; the Bavarian Broadcasting Company, West German Radio and Television, Swiss Radio (Zuerich), Rádio Portugal, Azores Television, Korean Television, Adv Vienna and Television Cultura in Brazil. Ernst Ueckermann\'s compositions include works for orchestra, chamber music, solo pieces and four song cycles, of which several have been commissioned. He received composition prizes in 1980 and 1982. Numerous compositions have been recorded by diverse broadcasting companies and have been performed at international festivals. His work - which includes three manuals on \"Creative Harmony\" - is published by the Braun-Peretti Verlag in Bonn. He currently lectures composition techniques at the University of Cologne and heads a piano and chamber music class at the Musikhochschule Wuerzburg. ## Publications +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+ | Kammermusik for String-trio, Woodwinds, Vibraphon, Cembalo and Doublebass | 1978 Wuerzburg\ | | | Production1978 | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+ | Kaleb for two Pianos | 1978 Wuerzburg\ | | | Production1978 | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+ | Le dormeur du val for Voice, Marimba and Doublebass. | 1986 Freiburg \ | | | Commission for the international Doublebass Festival
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# Petar Naumoski **Petar \"Pece\" Naumoski** (*Петар \"Пеце\" Наумоски*; born 27 August 1968) is a former Macedonian professional basketball player. At a height of 1.95 m (6\'4 `{{3/4}}`{=mediawiki}\") tall, and a weight of 95 kg (210 lbs.). He played mainly at the point guard position during his career, but he could also play as a shooting guard and a small forward. He was a very skillful play maker. In his pro playing career, he had some quite successful years, while playing in Turkey and Italy. ## Professional career {#professional_career} In his career, Naumoski won all of the 3 different European-wide professional club basketball leagues that existed while he was playing. He won the championship of the top-tier level European-wide league, the EuroLeague, two times. With the Yugoslavian League club Split, in the 1989--90 season, and the 1990--91 season. He also won the championship of the secondary level European-wide league, the FIBA Saporta Cup, with the Italian League club Treviso Basket, in the 1994--95 season. He won the Saporta Cup again, with the Italian club Mens Sana Basket, in the 2001--02 season. In addition, he also won the championship of the third-tier level European-wide league, the FIBA Korać Cup, with the Turkish Super League club Efes, in the 1995--96 season. He was a three time FIBA EuroStar, in the years 1996, 1997, and 1998. ## National team career {#national_team_career} Naumoski was a member of the senior men\'s Macedonian national basketball team. With Macedonia, he played at the 1999 EuroBasket. ## Post-playing career {#post_playing_career} Naumoski once served as the Sport Minister of the Republic of North Macedonia. In June 2007, some Turkish newspapers claimed that Efes Pilsen was considering Naumoski to be their new head basketball coach of the club, to replace Oktay Mahmuti. However, the Turkish club ultimately opted to hire David Blatt instead. On 27 April 2015, he was named the President of the Basketball Federation of Macedonia. On 9 February 2017, Efes retired his number 7 jersey. ## Personal life {#personal_life} Naumoski also has a Turkish passport, under the name of **Namık Polat**, as well as Italian citizenship. He has a strong friendship with Nikola Danev and Tane Dimovski, who are also his teammates in basketball
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# Anarkali Bazaar **Anarkali Bazaar** (Punjabi, *اناركلى بازار}}*) is a major bazaar in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Anarkali also serves as a neighbourhood and union council of Data Gunj Buksh Tehsil of Lahore. It is situated in the region that extends from the south of Lahori Gate of the Walled City to across the Mall Road. The bazaar was listed in the 2020 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund to highlight the urgent need for its preservation and protection, since it is currently endangered due to neglect. ## History The Anarkali bazaar is one of the oldest surviving markets in the Indian Subcontinent, dating back at least 200 years. It derives its name from the nearby mausoleum thought to be that of a tawaif named Anārkalī, who was \'chased out of town\' by order of the Mughal Emperor Akbar for having a love affair with his son, Prince Salīm, who would later become Emperor Jahāngīr. Anarkali is reportedly buried in a building of Civil Sectt. Lahore, which is adjacent to Anarkali Bazar. ## Bazaar Shops in Anarkali sell textiles, garments, jewellery, and many other items. The bazaar is now divided into two sections: the \'Old Anarkali Bazaar\' and the \'New Anarkali Bazaar\'. The former is noted for its traditional food items, and the latter for its traditional handicraft and embroidery. Within the New Anarkali Baazaar are markets known as Bano Bazaar, Dhani Ram Road, Jan Muhammad Road, Aabkari Road, Paisa Akhbar, Urdu Bazar, Aibak Road and Paan Gali. New Anarkali Bazar is also famous for halwa puri of Ghosha-e-Shireen, Zafar & Imam Din; nihari of Waris and siri paye of Nasir. The mausoleum of Sultan Qutb ud-Din Aibak of Mamluk Sultanate is also located in Anarkali Bazaar. In the early 1970s, the mausoleum was renovated on the orders of the then Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
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# Lopsi **Lopsi** is the name of a Liburnian tribe inhabiting the mountains along the eastern coast of the Adriatic before and during the Roman Empire, specifically present-day Velebit. The tribe was mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his *Naturalis Historia*, and it borrowed its name to one of the Roman cities on the coast, Lopsica (present day Sveti Juraj in Croatia). The name has survived to present day as a place name, as well as the family surname Lopac
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# David Davidson Hay **David Davidson Hay** (January 28, 1828 -- June 14, 1908) was an Ontario political figure. He represented Perth North in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1875 to 1883 as a Liberal member. He was born in Dundee, Scotland in 1828. In 1849, he married Jane Rogerson. He served as reeve for Elma Township and Listowel. Hay was Immigration Commissioner to Scotland for Ontario from 1873 to 1874 and General Immigration Agent for Ontario from 1874 to 1875. He ran unsuccessfully for the same seat in the provincial assembly in 1867. Hay moved to Stratford in 1884 after he was named registrar of deeds for North Perth. His nephew F. Wellington Hay later served in the provincial assembly and the House of Commons
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# Oceans (The Tea Party song) \"**Oceans**\" is a song by Canadian rock band The Tea Party. It was released as a promotional single in Canada, and their last single before disbanding. The music video was created by a team of animators and motion graphics students at York University headed by Jaimie Webster and Jonathon Corbiére. \"Oceans\" was written in dedication to The Tea Party\'s late manager Steve Hoffman, who died of lung cancer in 2003. With the release of the single, The Tea Party hoped to bring more attention to the Steven Hoffman Fund
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# Aam panna **Aam Panna** is an Indian drink. It is made from unripe mangoes and is yellow to light green in color. Mint leaves are often added to the drink, enhancing its green color. Unripe mango is a rich source of pectin, which gradually diminishes after the formation of the stone. Unripe mango is sour in taste because of the presence of oxalic, citric and malic acids. Aam panna or Aam Jhora, which is prepared using raw mangoes, cumin, and an assortment of other spices, quenches thirst and prevents the excessive loss of sodium chloride and iron during summer due to excessive sweating. The drink is mainly consumed in north India and is considered beneficial in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. It is also a good source of vitamin B~1~ and B~2~, niacin, and vitamin C. In Indian culture, it is regarded as a tonic believed to increase resistance against tuberculosis, anemia, cholera and dysentery. Aam Panna - Summer Cooler
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# Triumvir monetalis The ***triumvir monetalis*** (`{{plural form}}`{=mediawiki} *tresviri* or *triumviri monetales*, also called the *triumviri (tresviri) aere argento auro flando feriundo*, abbreviated IIIVIR A. A. A. F. F.) was a moneyer during the Roman Republic and the Empire, who oversaw the minting of coins. In that role, he would be responsible for the \"ordinary coinage\" during the republican period (contrasted to extraordinary coinage, usually minted by other magistrates, done on an *ad hoc* basis). Roman moneyers almost always acted together as a board of three, hence their title *triumvir*. Over the course of the late Republic from 139 BC onwards, the moneyers started to mint more personalised coins which advertised their lineages, achievements of ancestors, and other leaders. From Caesar\'s dictatorship onwards, however, their freedom to do so diminished, before the empire\'s emergence coincided with the minting only of coins depicting the emperor and the imperial family. The office continued into the imperial period as an administrative post. ## Duties and selection {#duties_and_selection} During the Republic, the position was held mostly by young men from senatorial families who were embarking on political careers. The three served for one year and formed part of the *vigintisexviri*, a group of 26 minor magistrates. From the start, the position was annual, but there is disagreement between scholars on whether they were elected or appointed. Michael Crawford thinks the moneyers were elected by the Roman citizenry, even though this magistracy did not grant them admission to the Senate. Andrew Burnett suggests instead that they were appointed by the consuls, having noticed a significant number of familial connections between moneyers and consuls of the same year. Every year, the Senate required the production of a number of coins, then the quaestors (the main financial magistrates) transferred the amount of precious metal needed to produce the coins to the moneyers. Most of the time, the moneyers took turns to mint and only one was active at a time, which means that some moneyers never struck coins as their colleagues had already produced the required number of coins. It also explains the sometime large differences between the production volumes of moneyers of the same year, as the first moneyer struck most of the coins. The order between moneyers likely depended on their social status; men from senatorial families were first to strike. Apart from aristocrats, a good number of moneyers were chosen for their expertise in banking and trade, such as Lucius Minucius, member of a family of businessmen active in Asia, or Lucius Axsius Naso, known as banker in the 70s BC.
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# Triumvir monetalis ## History The *triumviri monetales* were probably established with, or soon after, the creation of the monetary system based on the denarius, circa 211 BC. The censors supervised coinage before that date, but they perhaps lost this competence because of the decline in quality of the last issues of quadrigati. Romans initially produced coin types that remained identical over long periods of time; the goal was to issue public types in the manner of Greek city-states (as with the Owl of Athenian coins). The first Roman coins typically feature gods, the personification of Roma, and the Dioscuri, with often a specific god for each denomination. During the Second Punic War (218 -- 202 BC), several magistrates with *imperium* struck coins while on campaign, which they signed with an abbreviation of their name or their location; this practice was soon adopted by the moneyers, who exclusively minted in Rome (the first issues in Rome had hitherto been anonymous). The purpose of this measure was to identify the magistrate responsible for every coin, in order to ensure a standard quality. The moneyers\' signatures were either monograms, or a symbol hinting to their name, or a combination of both. For example, in 208 BC, Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella signed an as with the letters CN DO and a pickaxe, the meaning of his cognomen in Latin (*dolabella*). This practice of signing coins progressively made the moneyers consider coins as their personal production rather than that of the city of Rome, as with seals. ### From 139 BC {#from_139_bc} The coinage of the Roman Republic changed dramatically in 139 BC after the vote of the *lex Gabinia*, which provided secret ballots for the elections of magistrates. The nobility could no longer use their traditional means of influencing the crowd, and ambitious individuals started to use coinage for self-advertisement. By now moneyers diverted from the traditional type of the head of Roma on the obverse and either the Dioscuri or a god driving a chariot on the reverse. They instead chose themes related to victory (with laurels, trophies, or the goddess Victoria) or the duties of the aedile (distribution of corn and public games). From 123 BC, older types returned for about ten years, probably because of legislation against immoderate ambition passed in 124, but personal types resumed for good in 115 BC. From these years, moneyers often used imagery related to their ancestors\' achievements, such as victories or bravery in battle. They also put down their claim to a mythical ancestry, such as the denarii of Lucius Pomponius Molo in 97 BC who claimed to descend from Numa, the second king of Rome through his son Pompo. In 101 BC, Gaius Fundanius pictured the triumph of Marius on his denarius, the first time a living person appeared on a Roman coin. Most moneyers of the period of Marius\' dominance likewise minted coins with themes related to their leader. Because of the Social War and the civil wars of the 80s BC, a huge amount of denarii were produced during the period. Apollo was the most common theme of the decade, perhaps due to his association with liberty. In the late 80s, Sulla was the first Roman general to strike coins on his own to finance his rebellion against the Republic, as well as the first to strike an aureus. After his victory, Sulla struck coins highlighting his claim to descend from Venus, but unlike Marius, he mostly let moneyers display their own themes. A new innovation occurred in 54 BC with the denarius of Quintus Pompeius Rufus, who picked the head of his grandfathers Sulla and Rufus, which was followed by several other moneyers. ### Personal coinage in decline {#personal_coinage_in_decline} After the arrival in Rome of Julius Caesar in 49 BC, the moneyers could initially make personal types, but from 46 onwards their production was almost entirely devoted to Caesar\'s propaganda, with types related to Venus (Caesar\'s tutelar goddess), Victoria, Fortuna, or honours he received. In 44 BC, Julius Caesar temporarily increased the number of moneyers to four -- therefore becoming *quadrumviri --* for political reasons, they minted denarii with the head of Caesar, the first time a living Roman had his portrait on a coin, in the manner of an Hellenistic monarch. The moneyers of the years following the assassination of Caesar mostly struck personal types again, but their production was gradually marginalised by the members of the Second Triumvirate (Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus), who had their own dynastic coinage with their portraits. The last full college of moneyers minted coins in 41 BC; in 40 and 39, only one *monetalis* could actually issue his own coins before vanishing completely. After Octavian defeated Antony at the Battle of Actium in 30 BC, he restored the appearance of the Republic and moneyers could strike their own coins again for a few years. But, thereafter, coins from imperial mints only mention the emperor and his family. Numerous inscriptions during the Empire indicate that the office continued to administer coin production. ## Name The triumviri monetales derived their title from the Roman mint\'s location in the temple of Juno Moneta (\"Juno the Advisor\" or \"Warner\"). In time, the mint gave the goddess\'s epithet the additional connotation of \"related to money\", which became the source of the English word *`{{linktext|money}}`{=mediawiki}*
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# Günter Nimtz **Günter Nimtz** (born 22 September 1936) is a German physicist, working at the 2nd Physics Institute at the University of Cologne in Germany. He has investigated narrow-gap semiconductors and liquid crystals. His claims show that particles may travel faster than the speed of light when undergoing quantum tunneling. ## Academic career {#academic_career} Günter Nimtz studied Electrical Engineering in Mannheim and Physics at the University of Heidelberg. He graduated from the University of Vienna and became a professor of physics at the University of Cologne in 1983. During 1977 he was a research associate for teaching and researching at McGill University, Montreal/Canada. He achieved emeritus status in 2001. During 2004 he was Visiting Professor at the University of Shanghai and of the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. From 2001 to 2008 he was teaching and doing fundamental research at the University of Koblenz-Landau. ## Industrial research and development {#industrial_research_and_development} In 1993 Günter Nimtz and Achim Enders invented a novel absorber for electromagnetic anechoic chambers. It is based on a 10 nanometer -thick metal film placed on an incombustible pyramidal carrier. At the Merck Company in Darmstadt Nimtz designed an apparatus for the production of ceramic aerosols. ## Experiments related to superluminal quantum tunneling {#experiments_related_to_superluminal_quantum_tunneling} Nimtz and his coauthors have been investigating superliminal quantum tunneling since 1992. Their experiment involved microwaves either being sent across two space-separated prisms or through frequency-filtered waveguides. In the latter case either an additional undersized waveguide or a reflective grating structure had been used. In 1994 Nimtz and Horst Aichmann carried out a tunneling experiment at the laboratories of Hewlett-Packard after which Nimtz stated that the frequency modulated (FM) carrier wave transported a signal 4.7 times faster than light due to the effect of quantum tunneling. Recently, this experiment was successfully reproduced by Peter Elsen and Simon Tebeck and represented at \"Jugend forscht\" the German pupil competition in Physics 2019. They won the first prize of Rheinland-Pfalz and the Heraeus Prize of Germany. Alfons Stahlhofen and Nimtz described an experiment which sent a beam of microwaves towards a pair of prisms. The angle provided for total internal reflection and setting up an evanescent wave. Because the second prism was close to the first prism, some light leaked across that gap. The transmitted and reflected waves arrived at detectors at the same time, despite the transmitted light having also traversed the distance of the gap. This is the basis for the assertion of faster-than-c transmission of information. Nimtz and coworkers asserted that the measured tunneling time is spent at the barrier front, whereas inside the barrier zero time is spent. This result was observed in several tunneling barriers and in various fields. Zero time tunneling was already calculated by several theoreticians, while other mathematical results point at a completely subluminal process when the standard relativistic causality notion is used together with relativistic wave equations for the wavefunction.
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# Günter Nimtz ## Scientific opponents and their interpretations {#scientific_opponents_and_their_interpretations} Chris Lee has stated that there is no new physics involved here, and that the apparent faster-than-c transmission can be explained by carefully considering how the time of arrival is measured (whether the group velocity or some other measure). Recent papers by Herbert Winful point out errors in Nimtz\' interpretation. These articles propose that Nimtz has provided a rather trivial experimental confirmation for General Relativity. Winful says that there is nothing specifically quantum-mechanical about Nimtz\'s experiment, that in fact the results agree with the predictions of classical electromagnetism (Maxwell\'s equations), and that in one of his papers on tunneling through undersized waveguides Nimtz himself had written \"Therefore microwave tunneling, i.e. the propagation of guided evanescent modes, can be described to an extremely high degree of accuracy by a theory based on Maxwell\'s equations and on phase time approach.\" (Elsewhere Nimtz has argued that since evanescent modes have an imaginary wave number, they represent a \"mathematical analogy\" to quantum tunnelling, and that \"evanescent modes are not fully describable by the Maxwell equations and quantum mechanics have to be taken into consideration.\" Since Maxwell\'s laws respect special relativity, Winful argues that an experiment which is describable using these laws cannot involve a relativistic causality violation (which would be implied by transmitting information faster than light). He also argues that \"Nothing was observed to be traveling faster than light. The measured delay is the lifetime of stored energy leaking out of both sides of the barrier. The equality of transmission and reflection delays is what one expects for energy leaking out of both sides of a symmetric barrier.\" Aephraim M. Steinberg of the University of Toronto has also stated that Nimtz has not demonstrated causality violation (which would be implied by transmitting information faster than light). Steinberg also uses a classical argument. In a *New Scientist* article, he uses the analogy of a train traveling from Chicago to New York, but dropping off train cars at each station along the way, so that the center of the train moves forward at each stop; in this way, the speed of the center of the train exceeds the speed of any of the individual cars. Herbert Winful argues that the train analogy is a variant of the \"reshaping argument\" for superluminal tunneling velocities, but he goes on to say that this argument is not actually supported by experiment or simulations, which actually show that the transmitted pulse has the same length and shape as the incident pulse. Instead, Winful argues that the group delay in tunneling is not actually the transit time for the pulse (whose spatial length must be greater than the barrier length in order for its spectrum to be narrow enough to allow tunneling), but is instead the lifetime of the energy stored in a standing wave which forms inside the barrier. Since the stored energy in the barrier is less than the energy stored in a barrier-free region of the same length due to destructive interference, the group delay for the energy to escape the barrier region is shorter than it would be in free space, which according to Winful is the explanation for apparently superluminal tunneling. This becomes obvious wrong in a standing wave guide set-up at frequencies below the cut-off frequency. Apart from these strange interpretations further authors have published papers arguing that quantum tunneling does not violate the relativistic notion of causality, and that Nimtz\'s experiments (which are argued to be purely classical in nature) don\'t violate it either. Some oppositional theoretical interpretations have been published.
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# Günter Nimtz ## Nimtz\' interpretation {#nimtz_interpretation} Nimtz and others argue that an analysis of signal shape and frequency spectrum has evidenced that a superluminal signal velocity has been measured and that tunneling is the one and only observed violation of special relativity. However - in contradiction to their opponents - they explicitly point out that this does not lead to a violation of primitive causality: Due to the temporal extent of any kind of signal it is impossible to transport information into the past. After all they claim that tunneling can generally be explained with virtual photons, the strange particles introduced by Richard Feynman and shown for evanescent modes by Ali and by Cargnilia and Mandel. In that sense it is common to calculate the imaginary tunneling wave number with the Helmholtz and the Schrödinger equations as Günter Nimtz and Herbert Winful did. However, Nimtz highlights that eventually the final tunneling time was always obtained by the Wigner phase time approach. Günter Nimtz outlines that such evanescent modes only exist in the classically forbidden region of energy. As a consequence they cannot be explained by classical physics nor by special relativity postulates: A negative energy of evanescent modes follows from the imaginary wave number, i.e. from the imaginary refractive index according to the Maxwell relation $n := \sqrt{\epsilon_r\mu_r}$ for electromagnetic and elastic fields. Nimtz explicitly points out that tunneling indeed confronts special relativity and that any other statement must be considered incorrect. All waves have a zero tunneling time. and the barrier can be seen as a timeless macroscopic space. Winfuls tunneling model is not correct. Recently it was proven in several experiments with photonic and Schrödinger wave packets that all waves have a zero tunneling time.
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# Günter Nimtz ## Related experiments {#related_experiments} It was later claimed by the Keller group in Switzerland that particle tunneling does indeed occur in zero real time. Their tests involved tunneling electrons, where the group argued a relativistic prediction for tunneling time should be 500-600 attoseconds (an attosecond is one quintillionth of a second). All that could be measured was 24 attoseconds, which is the limit of the test accuracy. Again, though, other physicists believe that tunneling experiments in which particles appear to spend anomalously short times inside the barrier are in fact fully compatible with relativity, although there is disagreement about whether the explanation involves reshaping of the wave packet or other effects. This claimed zero tunnel time for electrons is in apparent contrast with the known fact that quantum tunneling is a completely subluminal effect (namely, it is consistent with the standard notion of relativistic causality and does not lead to faster-than-light propagation of information) when modeled with the relativistic Dirac equation. Therefore, or the Dirac equation has to be disregarded to model relativistic tunneling, or the interpretation of the experimental results should be made consistent with the standard textbook relativistic causality notion in which the wave function can not propagate beyond its future light-cone envelope. ## Temporal conclusions and future research {#temporal_conclusions_and_future_research} Nimtz\' interpretation is based on the following theory: The expression $1 \over {(hv)^2 - (pc)^2}$ in the Feynman photon propagator means that a photon has the highest probability of traveling exactly at the speed of light $(hv = pc)$, but it has nonvanishing probability to violate the laws of special relativity, as a "virtual photon", over short time and length scales. While it would be impossible to transport information over cosmologically relevant time scales using tunneling (the tunneling probability is simply too small if the classically forbidden region is too large), over short time and length scales, the tunneling photons are allowed to propagate faster than light, in view of their property as virtual particles. The photon propagation probability is nonvanishing even if the photon's angular frequency omega is not equal to the product of the speed of light *c* and the wave momentum *p*. Nimtz has written in more detail on signals and the described interpretation of the FTL tunneling experiments. Although his experimental results have been well documented since the early 1990s, Günter Nimtz\' interpretation of the implications of these results represents a highly debated topic, which numerous researchers consider as incorrect (see above, #Scientific opponents and their interpretations). Some oppositional studies on zero time tunneling have been published. The common descriptions of FTL-tunneling signals presented in most textbooks and articles are corrected into final conclusions according to Brillouin and other important physicists
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# MG 14/28 The **MG 14/28** Super Sports is a sports car that was launched in 1924. It was the second line of cars produced by W R Morris\'s MG company. The first line of cars were 1548cc Morris Oxfords fitted with a two-seater body supplied by Charles Raworth & Sons of Oxford. They were built at first in small premises in Alfred Lane, Oxford moving in 1925 to a larger site shared with Morris Motors Limited radiator factory at Bainton Road, Oxford. The badge on the front of the car still read ***Morris Oxford***, MG badges were not to appear on the car\'s nose until 1928 but they did appear below the Morris badge on the honeycomb of the last of the 14-28 cars which had flat nose radiators. `{{Clear left}}`{=mediawiki} Cecil Kimber had rebodied a few Morris cars with coachwork to his own design but in 1924 he started to advertise \"our popular M.G. Saloon\" built on the Morris 14/28 Bullnose radiator, Oxford chassis. The basic chassis was collected from the nearby Cowley factory and slightly modified and the engine mildly tuned. They were then fitted with attractive aluminium panelled bodies painted in two colours with in 1924/5 bolt on artillery wheels with Ace discs and in 1925/6 bolt on wire spoke wheels. 1925 MG Morris Oxford 14-28 5852451717.jpg 1925 MG Morris Oxford 14-28 5852476385.jpg\|four-seater tourer 1925 1925 MG Morris Oxford 14-28 5852962412.jpg From late 1924 front wheel brakes were fitted. Suspension was by half-elliptic leaf springs at the front and three-quarter elliptics at the rear. The top speed was approximately 65 mph (105 km/h). A fabric-bodied saloon model was added to the range in 1926. In late 1926 Morris updated the Oxford dropping the distinctive Bullnose radiator in favour of a flat one and widening the chassis thus requiring a re-design of the body. H. N. Charles was employed by Kimber to do this and at the same time the basic chassis received improvements by Morris Garages to braking and suspension taking the MG car further away from its Morris roots. The revised car was heavier and the top speed dropped to around 60 mph (95 km/h). Other changes were half-elliptic springs at the rear and a Solex carburettor replacing the SU on the earlier car. The brakes received assistance from a mechanical servo. The 14/28 was replaced by the very similar 14/40 in 1927, after approximately 400 had been built
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# Zoom Airlines Limited **Zoom Airlines Ltd** was a British scheduled, low-fare, transatlantic airline, the sister company to Zoom Airlines Inc., based in Canada. Zoom Airlines Ltd was based in Crawley, West Sussex, England. Zoom Airlines Ltd operated year-round scheduled services to the United States, United Kingdom, and Bermuda, as well as charter services to Asia, South America and the Caribbean destinations with several European tour operators. Zoom Airlines Limited held a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority Type A Operating Licence (Number OL/A/540), which permitted it to carry passengers, cargo, and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. On 28 August 2008 Zoom suspended all operations and filed for bankruptcy protection due to deteriorating financial position. ## History Zoom Airlines Limited was founded in the summer of 2006 as a low-fare transatlantic airline. The carrier, based in London, was conceived by two Scottish brothers Hugh and John Boyle, to fill an emerging opportunity in the UK-US leisure travel market. During the summer of 2006, the Bank of Scotland Growth Equity acquired a minority stake in Zoom Airlines Inc. as part of a £5.7m investment package. This provided the additional funds for the start up of the UK airline now called Zoom Airlines Ltd. In the summer of 2007, Zoom Airlines Ltd commenced flights to Bermuda and New York. In December 2007, Zoom Airlines Ltd announced two new US routes to San Diego and Fort Lauderdale, due to commence in the summer of 2008. On 28 August 2008, Zoom announced that they were ceasing operations due to rising oil prices. All aircraft will be returned to their respective lessors, and all flights were cancelled. ## Destinations ### Europe - United Kingdom - Cardiff (Cardiff Airport) - Glasgow (Glasgow International Airport) - London (London Gatwick Airport), **hub** - France - Corsica (Calvi -- Sainte-Catherine Airport) ### North America {#north_america} - Bermuda - Ferry Reach (Bermuda International Airport) - United States of America - Fort Lauderdale (Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport), *seasonal* - New York City (John F
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# The Stolen Children ***The Stolen Children*** (*\'\'\'Il ladro di bambini\'\'\'*) is a 1992 Italian film directed by Gianni Amelio. The film was selected as the Italian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 65th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. ## Plot 11-year-old Rosetta and 9-year old Luciano live with their mother in the housing projects of Milan. Internal migrants from Sicily, they face prejudice in their adopted city. Their mother is unemployed and their father has long since abandoned them. For the past two years, the mother has hired her daughter out as a prostitute. The authorities raid the place and arrest the mother and a client. The children are destined to be sent to a Catholic orphanage in Civitavecchia, near Rome. Two carabinieri, the rookie Antonio and an older man named Grignani are assigned the thankless task of escorting the children there by train. Grignani walks out on Antonio at Bologna, leaving Antonio to complete the task alone. The children are unruly, often fighting or running off in different directions. Luciano is sickly, doesn\'t eat much and rarely speaks. Rosetta is cynical, rebellious and manipulative. When they arrive at the orphanage, the priest in charge tells Antonio that the children cannot stay because Rosetta\'s medical record is missing. Antonio suspects that they are using this as a pretext because of her background as a prostitute. Antonio calls Grignani at the number he provided and explains the situation, but Grignani is no help. Rather than contact his superiors for further instructions and expose his partner\'s misconduct, Antonio naively decides to take matters into his own hands and bring the children to another institute in their native Sicily. His plan immediately runs into problems when Luciano has an asthma attack on the way to the train station, causing them to miss the train. They spend an awkward night at the bachelor pad of a carabiniere acquaintance of Antonio\'s. After a long train and coach journey, the trio arrive unannounced at Antonio\'s sister\'s home in Calabria, which doubles as a restaurant. There they celebrate a young girl\'s First Communion. Antonio tells his family that Rosetta and Luciano are the children of one of his superiors. Given a stylish age-appropriate summer dress to wear, Rosetta plays and socializes with other girls her age, while Luciano is befriended by Antonio\'s grandmother, who gives him a photo of a six-year-old Antonio in a Zorro costume. Their fun, however, is short-lived as one of the guests at the party recognizes Rosetta from an article in a tabloid magazine and exposes her past to the other guests. Rosetta, humiliated and ashamed, dashes from the house. Antonio runs after her and comforts her, saying the woman is an idiot and it doesn\'t matter what she thinks. Antonio has cracked through Rosetta\'s tough exterior and now feels a genuine sense of compassion for her and her brother, rather than a simple sense of duty. Antonio, who has acquired an old Fiat 128, agrees to remove Rosetta from the place immediately, and drives them to the ferry terminal at the Strait of Messina. On the ferry, he finally has a conversation with Luciano. Rather than driving directly to the orphanage in Gela, he takes another detour, taking them to a cheap hotel near Marina di Ragusa where he rents two adjoining rooms. The next day, they visit the beach, where he teaches Luciano to swim, forming a close bond with him. There, they meet two young French women, who take a liking to Rosetta. The five of them drive to Noto and visit the Noto Cathedral. One of the tourists gives Rosetta her camera, which is then snatched from her. Antonio chases down the thief and arrests him, taking him to the local Carabiniere station. At the station, one of the tourists learns of the background of the children, and insensitively talks about it with her friend. When Rosetta overhears the word \"prostitute\" her friendly demeanour towards the women instantly disappears. Antonio is accused of kidnapping and abusing the children, and failure to follow orders. He is forced to hand in his warrant card pending a court martial. After several hours they are all released. Antonio drives the children to Gela late into the night. Upset at the probable loss of his career, he says very little during the journey. Having nearly reached their final destination, Antonio pulls over to an abandoned block where all three of them fall asleep in the car. The children wake up at early dawn, and walk off to the side of the road, where they sit together and talk about their future in the orphanage. ## Cast - Enrico Lo Verso - Antonio - Valentina Scalici - Rosetta - Giuseppe Ieracitano - Luciano - Florence Darel - Martine - Marina Golovine - Nathalie - Fabio Alessandrini - Grignani - Agostino Zumbo - Priest - Vitalba Andrea - Antonio\'s Sister - Massimo De Lorenzo - Papaleo - Celeste Brancato - Girl at Dinner - Vincenzo Peluso - Carabiniere - Santo Santonocito - Carabiniere - Renato Carpentieri - Chief of Police - Maria Pia Di Giovanni - Mother of Rosetta and Luciano - Lello Serao - Arrested Man
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# The Stolen Children ## Production The producers originally wanted to cast Antonio Banderas in the lead role, with Enrico Lo Verso\'s southern Italian accent dubbed over, but director Gianni Amelio insisted that Lo Verso was perfect for the role. Influenced by the Italian neorealist cinematic tradition, Amelio cast non-actors for the majority of the roles, including the two child leads. Adding to the sense of authenticity, all filming was done on location. Principal photography began on May 6, 1991, and ended on September 12, 1991. The Italian title *Il ladro di bambini* literally translates as \"The child thief\", an ironic reference to the fact that in taking the children on an unauthorised journey, Antonio has technically kidnapped them. It is also a nod to Vittorio de Sica\'s neorealist classic *Ladri di biciclette*. ## Reception ### Box office {#box_office} The film was number one at the Italian box office for seven weeks and grossed \$7.5 million. In the United States and Canada it grossed nearly \$1 million. ### Critical response {#critical_response} *The Stolen Children* received widespread critical acclaim. It has an approval rating of 86% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 7 reviews, and an average rating of 7.8/10. Roger Ebert gave it 4 stars out of 4, saying \"Here is a movie with the spontaneity of life; watching it is like living it.\" In the 2012 *Sight & Sound* poll of the greatest films of all time, *Cineaste*\'s Gary Crowdus included *Il ladro di bambini* in his top 10 list. ### Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations} - 1992 Cannes Film Festival - Grand Prize of the Jury, Prize of the Ecumenical Jury - European Film Awards - Best Film - 6 David di Donatello - Best Film, Best Director, Best Producer, Best Editing, Best Music, Special David for their child acting (Giuseppe Ieracitano & Valentina Scalici) - 2 Nastro d\'Argento - Best Director, Best Screenplay - The film was nominated for the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics
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# Proceedings of the British Academy The ***Proceedings of the British Academy*** is a series of academic volumes on subjects in the humanities and social sciences. The first volume was published in 1905. Up to 1991, the volumes (appearing annually from 1927) mostly consisted of the texts of lectures and other papers read at the academy, plus obituary notices or \"memoirs\" of Fellows of the British Academy. From 1992 the *Proceedings* became an irregular series through the addition of thematic volumes of papers, typically derived from academic conferences held at the academy. After 2011--2012, the publication of the texts of lectures was transferred to the new online open access *Journal of the British Academy*, and the publication of obituary notices was transferred to a separate *Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the British Academy* series. The *Proceedings of the British Academy* series therefore now focuses on the publication of themed volumes of essays, and is open to proposals from prospective volume editors. The series has always been published on behalf of the British Academy by Oxford University Press. Since 2012 the contents of volumes have also been included in British Academy Scholarship Online
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# Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry The ***Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry*** is an English-language multi-volume encyclopedia published by John Wiley & Sons. It is a comprehensive analytical chemistry reference, covering all aspects from theory and instrumentation through applications and techniques. Containing over 600 articles and over 6500 illustrations the 15-volume print edition published in 2000. The encyclopedia has been available online since the end of 2006
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# National Biodiversity Network The **National Biodiversity Network (UK)** (NBN) is a collaborative venture set up in 2000 in the United Kingdom committed to making biodiversity information available through various media, including on the internet via the NBN Atlas---the data search website of the NBN. ## Description It is estimated that up to 60,000 people routinely record biodiversity information in the UK and Ireland. Most of this effort is voluntary and is organised through about 2,000 national societies and recording schemes. The UK government through its agencies also collects biodiversity data and one of the principal elements for the collation and interpretation of this data is the network of Local Environmental Records Centres. In 2012, it had been listed in the top 1,000 UK charities that raised most donations. ## NBN Trust {#nbn_trust} The NBN Trust---the organisation facilitating the building of the Network---supports agreed standards for the collection, collation and exchange of biodiversity data and encourages improved access. The present partnership consists of over 200 public and voluntary organisations and individual members. The NBN Atlas currently holds over 300 million species records from over 1000 different datasets (August 2024). Data on the NBN Atlas can be accessed by anyone interested in UK, Northern Ireland and Isle of Man wildlife and can be searched at many different levels, as it allows the viewing of distribution maps and the downloading of data by using a variety of interactive tools. The maps can be customised by date range and can show changes in a species' distribution. The organisation believes that, by providing tools to make wildlife data accessible in a digitised and exchangeable form and by providing easy access to the information people need, wise and informed decisions can be made to ensure the natural environment is protected now and for future generations. ## Team The National Biodiversity Network Trust employs a team to facilitate and co-ordinate its growth and development and is governed by a Board of Trustees. The NBN Trust is a registered charity
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# BindView **BindView Development Corporation** (NASDAQ: BVEW) was an American software company founded in 1990 by Eric Pulaski. Pulaski remained as chairman of the board and chief executive officer until the acquisition by Symantec Corporation in January 2006. BindView started out as \"The LAN Support Group\" (LSG) and was a developer of a bindery viewer product for the Novell platform called BindView. In 1995, the company changed names from The LAN Support Group to BindView and developed into a supplier of Novell and Microsoft Windows directory administration, vulnerability management and policy assessment and management software, providing customers with the tools to assess, discover and remediate network, hardware or application anomalies
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# Cathartiformes thumb\|thumbtime=82\|Turkey vultures coming in to the same roost they use for the season. **Cathartiformes** `{{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|θ|ɑːr|t|ᵻ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}}`{=mediawiki} is a former order of scavenging birds which included the New World vultures and the now-extinct Teratornithidae. Unlike many Old World vultures, Canthartiformes lack talons and musculature in their feet suitable for seizing prey. In the past, they were considered to be a sister group to the storks of the order Ciconiiformes based on DNA--DNA hybridization and morphology. However, a 2021 analysis of mitochondrial genes suggested a stronger phylogenetic relationship between Cathartiformes and Accipitriformes, and they are now normally included within the Accipitriformes as the family Cathartidae. ## Description ### Anatomy Cathartiformes possess unique adaptations in their plumulaceous feathers that prevent the accumulation of bacteria and fungal spores, allowing them to feed on carrion without falling sick. These feather adaptations include a lack of aftershaft, a flattened shape, and a porous structure that allows air to flow through, preventing the retention of moisture and bacteria. Their feathers lack the interlocking hooks found in other birds\' feathers, making them more flexible and allowing for a greater degree of movement. This flexibility may aid in their ability to maintain body temperature while soaring at high altitudes and navigating turbulent air currents. Additionally, the presence of feather pulp and melanin pigment in these feathers may contribute to their durability and resistance to wear and tear. Additionally, New World vultures have a highly acidic digestive system that allows them to break down and destroy harmful pathogens in their food, such as those from decomposing carcasses. ### Diet Vultures primarily feed on carrion. Most New World vultures are obligate scavengers, meaning they feed exclusively on animals that are already deceased. Their diet primarily consists of reptiles, mammals, birds, and fish, although they have been known to consume human remains as well. Their nature as detrivores plays an important role in the ecosystem by facilitating the removal of carcasses. Young vultures of the order Cathartiformes rely on their parents for food. Adult Cathartiformes do not have feet adapted for carrying food, so they feed their chicks by regurgitating meat and bone fragments. ### Eyesight and hearing {#eyesight_and_hearing} Vultures possess highly developed eyesight, capable of detecting a carcass measuring approximately 3 ft in length from a distance of 4 mi, even at altitudes of up to 9800 ft. Their hearing is similarly acute, with a range of around 5,000 Hz and a threshold of 20 dB. ## Species The extant species of the Cathartiformes order fall into two primary clades. The first consists of the black vulture, the turkey vulture, and the two yellow-headed vulture species, while the second consists of the California condor, the Andean condor, and the king vulture
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# Tropical cyclone track forecasting `{{Tropicalcyclone}}`{=mediawiki} **Tropical cyclone track forecasting** involves predicting where a tropical cyclone is going to track over the next 120 hours (or five days), every 6 to 12 hours. The history of tropical cyclone track forecasting has evolved from a single-station approach to a comprehensive approach which uses a variety of meteorological tools and methods to make predictions. The weather of a particular location can show signs of the approaching tropical cyclone, such as increasing swell, increasing cloudiness, falling barometric pressure, increasing tides, squalls and heavy rainfall. The forces that affect tropical cyclone steering are the higher-latitude westerlies, the subtropical ridge, and the beta effect caused by changes of the coriolis force within fluids such as the atmosphere. Accurate track predictions depend on determining the position and strength of high- and low-pressure areas, and predicting how those areas will migrate during the life of a tropical system. Computer forecast models are used to help determine this motion as far out as five to seven days in the future. ## History The methods through which tropical cyclones are forecast have changed with the passage of time. The first known forecasts in the Western Hemisphere were made by Lt. Col. William Reed of the Corps of Royal Engineers at Barbados in 1847. Reed mostly utilized barometric pressure measurements as the basis of his forecasts. Benito Viñes, S.J., introduced a forecast and warning system based on cloud cover changes in Havana during the 1870s. Forecasting hurricane motion was based on tide movements, as well as cloud and barometer changes over time. In 1895, it was noted that cool conditions with unusually high pressure preceded tropical cyclones in the West Indies by several days. Before the early 1900s, most forecasts were done by direct observations at weather stations, which were then relayed to forecast centers via telegraph. It was not until the advent of radio in the early twentieth century that observations from ships at sea were available to forecasters. Despite the issuance of hurricane watches and warnings for systems threatening the coast, forecasting the path of tropical cyclones did not occur until 1920. By 1922, it was known that the winds at 3 km to 4 km in height above the sea surface within the storms\' right front quadrant were representative of a storm\'s steering, and that hurricanes tended to follow the outermost closed isobar of the subtropical ridge. In 1937, radiosondes were used to aide tropical cyclone forecasting. The next decade saw the advent of aircraft-based reconnaissance by the military, starting with the first dedicated flight into a hurricane in 1943, and the establishment of the Hurricane Hunters in 1944. In the 1950s, coastal weather radars began to be used in the United States, and research reconnaissance flights by the precursor of the Hurricane Research Division began in 1954. The launch of the first weather satellite, TIROS-I, in 1960, introduced new techniques to tropical cyclone forecasting that remain important to the present day. In the 1970s, buoys were introduced to improve the resolution of surface measurements, which until that point, were not available at all over sea surfaces.
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# Tropical cyclone track forecasting ## Single station forecasting of a tropical cyclone passage {#single_station_forecasting_of_a_tropical_cyclone_passage} About four days in advance of a typical tropical cyclone, an ocean of 1 m in height will roll in about every 10 seconds, moving towards the coast from the direction of the tropical cyclone\'s location. The ocean swell will slowly increase in height and frequency the closer a tropical cyclone gets to land. Two days in advance of the center\'s passage, winds go calm as the tropical cyclone interrupts the environmental wind flow. Within 36 hours of the center passage, the pressure begins to fall and a veil of white cirrus clouds approaches from the cyclone\'s direction. Within 24 hours of the closest approach to the center, low clouds begin to move in, also known as the bar of a tropical cyclone, as the barometric pressure begins to fall more rapidly and the winds begin to increase. Within 18 hours of the center\'s approach, squally weather is common, with sudden increases in wind accompanied by rain showers or thunderstorms. Winds increase within 12 hours of the center\'s approach, occasionally reaching hurricane force. The ocean\'s surface becomes whipped with foam. Small items begin flying in the wind. Within 6 hours of the center\'s arrival, rain becomes continuous and the storm surge begins to come inland. Within an hour of the center, the rain becomes very heavy and the highest winds within the tropical cyclone are experienced. When the center arrives with a strong tropical cyclone, weather conditions improve and the sun becomes visible as the eye moves overhead. At this point, the pressure ceases to drop as the lowest pressure within the storm\'s center is reached. This is also when the peak depth of the storm surge occurs. Once the system departs, winds reverse and, along with the rain, suddenly increase. The storm surge retreats as the pressure suddenly rises in the wake of its center. One day after the center\'s passage, the low overcast is replaced with a higher overcast, and the rain becomes intermittent. By 36 hours after the center\'s passage, the high overcast breaks and the pressure begins to level off. `{{dead link|date=December 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Tropical cyclone track forecasting ## Basics The large scale synoptic scale flow determines 70 to 90 percent of a tropical cyclone\'s motion. The deep-layered mean flow through the troposphere is considered to be the best tool in determining track direction and speed. If storms experience significant vertical wind shear, use of a lower level wind such as the 700 hPa pressure level (at a height of 3000 m above sea level) will work out as a better predictor. Knowledge of the beta effect can be used to steer a tropical cyclone, since it leads to a more northwest heading for tropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere due to differences in the coriolis force around the cyclone. For example, the beta effect will allow a tropical cyclone to track poleward and slightly to the right of the deep layer steering flow while the system lies the south of the subtropical ridge. Northwest moving storms move quicker and left, while northeast moving storms move slower and left. The larger the cyclone, the larger the impact of the beta effect is likely to be. ### Fujiwhara effect {#fujiwhara_effect} When two or more tropical cyclones are in proximity to one another, they begin to rotate cyclonically around the midpoint between their circulation centers. In the northern hemisphere, this is in a counterclockwise direction, and in the southern hemisphere, a clockwise direction. Usually, the tropical cyclones need to be within 1450 km of each other for this effect to take place. It is a more common phenomenon in the northern Pacific Ocean than elsewhere, due to the higher frequency of tropical cyclone activity which occurs in that region. ### Trochoidal motions {#trochoidal_motions} Small wobbles in a tropical cyclone\'s track can occur when the convection is distributed unevenly within its circulation. This can be due to changes in vertical wind shear or inner core structure. Because of this effect, forecasters use a longer term (6 to 24 hours) motion to help forecast tropical cyclones, which acts to smooth out such wobbles. ## Forecast models {#forecast_models} `{{See also|Tropical cyclone prediction model}}`{=mediawiki} High-speed computers and sophisticated simulation software allow meteorologists to run computer models that forecast tropical cyclone tracks based on the future position and strength of high- and low-pressure systems. Combining forecast models with increased understanding of the forces that act on tropical cyclones, and a wealth of data from Earth-orbiting satellites and other sensors, scientists have increased the accuracy of track forecasts over recent decades. The addition of dropwindsonde missions around tropical cyclones in what are known as synoptic flow missions in the Atlantic Basin decreased track error by 15--20 percent. Using a consensus of forecast models, as well as ensemble members of the various models, can help reduce forecast error. However, regardless how small the average error becomes, large errors within the guidance are still possible. An accurate track forecast is important, because if the track forecast is incorrect, forecasts for intensity, rainfall, storm surge, and tornado threat will also be incorrect.
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# Tropical cyclone track forecasting ## Length of forecast period {#length_of_forecast_period} Forecasts within hurricane advisories were issued one day into the future in 1954 before being extended to two days into the future in 1961, and three days into the future in 1964. Starting in the mid to late 1990s, research into tropical cyclones and how forecast models handle the systems led to substantial improvements in track error. By 2001, the error had reduced sufficiently to extend track out to 5 days in the future on public advisories. In addition, at 1700 UTC during the hurricane season, a medium-range coordination call takes place between the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center and the National Hurricane Center to coordinate tropical cyclone placement on the medium-range pressure forecasts 6 and 7 days into the future for the northeast Pacific and Atlantic basins. Every so often, even at this time range, successful predictions can be made. In forecasts, the National Hurricane Center uses a track forecast cone for the graphical representation of the uncertainty in its forecasts of a tropical cyclone\'s future location. The cone represents the probable position of a tropical cyclone\'s circulation center, and is made by drawing a set of circles centered at each forecast point---12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours for a three-day forecast, as well as 96 and 120 hours for a five-day forecast. The radius of each circle is equal to encompass two-thirds of the historical official forecast errors for the preceding five-year period. The cone is then constructed by drawing a tangent line that connects the outside boundary of all the circles. The National Hurricane Center states that the entire track of the tropical cyclone \"can be expected to remain within the cone roughly 60--70% of the time
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# Determination of equilibrium constants Equilibrium constants are determined in order to quantify chemical equilibria. When an equilibrium constant `{{mvar|K}}`{=mediawiki} is expressed as a concentration quotient, $$K=\frac{\mathrm{[S]} ^\sigma \mathrm{[T]}^\tau \cdots } {\mathrm{[A]}^\alpha \mathrm{[B]}^\beta \cdots }$$ it is implied that the activity quotient is constant. For this assumption to be valid, equilibrium constants must be determined in a medium of relatively high ionic strength. Where this is not possible, consideration should be given to possible activity variation. The equilibrium expression above is a function of the concentrations \[A\], \[B\] etc. of the chemical species in equilibrium. The equilibrium constant value can be determined if any one of these concentrations can be measured. The general procedure is that the concentration in question is measured for a series of solutions with known analytical concentrations of the reactants. Typically, a titration is performed with one or more reactants in the titration vessel and one or more reactants in the burette. Knowing the analytical concentrations of reactants initially in the reaction vessel and in the burette, all analytical concentrations can be derived as a function of the volume (or mass) of titrant added. The equilibrium constants may be derived by best-fitting of the experimental data with a chemical model of the equilibrium system. ## Experimental methods {#experimental_methods} There are four main experimental methods. For less commonly used methods, see Rossotti and Rossotti. In all cases the range can be extended by using the competition method. An example of the application of this method can be found in palladium(II) cyanide. ### Potentiometric measurements {#potentiometric_measurements} A free concentration \[A\] or activity {A} of a species A is measured by means of an ion selective electrode such as the glass electrode. If the electrode is calibrated using activity standards it is assumed that the Nernst equation applies in the form $$E=E^0+\frac{RT}{nF}\ln\mathrm{\{A\}}$$ where `{{math|''E''<sup>0</sup>}}`{=mediawiki} is the standard electrode potential. When buffer solutions of known pH are used for calibration the meter reading will be a pH. $$\mathrm{pH}=\frac{nF}{RT}\left(E^0-E\right)$$ At 298 K, 1 pH unit is approximately equal to 59 mV. When the electrode is calibrated with solutions of known concentration, by means of a strong acid--strong base titration, for example, a modified Nernst equation is assumed. $$E=E^0 + s\log_{10}\mathrm{[A]}$$ where `{{mvar|s}}`{=mediawiki} is an empirical slope factor. A solution of known hydrogen ion concentration may be prepared by standardization of a strong acid against borax. Constant-boiling hydrochloric acid may also be used as a primary standard for hydrogen ion concentration. #### Range and limitations {#range_and_limitations} The most widely used electrode is the glass electrode, which is selective for the hydrogen ion. This is suitable for all acid--base equilibria. `{{math|log<sub>10</sub> ''β''}}`{=mediawiki} values between about 2 and 11 can be measured directly by potentiometric titration using a glass electrode. This enormous range of stability constant values (ca. 100 to 10^11^) is possible because of the logarithmic response of the electrode. The limitations arise because the Nernst equation breaks down at very low or very high pH. When a glass electrode is used to obtain the measurements on which the calculated equilibrium constants depend, the precision of the calculated parameters is limited by secondary effects such as variation of liquid junction potentials in the electrode. In practice it is virtually impossible to obtain a precision for log β better than ±0.001. ### Spectrophotometric measurements {#spectrophotometric_measurements} #### Absorbance It is assumed that the Beer--Lambert law applies. $$A=l \sum {\varepsilon c}$$ where `{{mvar|l}}`{=mediawiki} is the optical path length, `{{mvar|ε}}`{=mediawiki} is a molar absorbance at unit path length and `{{mvar|c}}`{=mediawiki} is a concentration. More than one of the species may contribute to the absorbance. In principle absorbance may be measured at one wavelength only, but in present-day practice it is common to record complete spectra. ##### Range and limitations {#range_and_limitations_1} An upper limit on `{{math|log<sub>10</sub> ''β''}}`{=mediawiki} of 4 is usually quoted, corresponding to the precision of the measurements, but it also depends on how intense the effect is. Spectra of contributing species should be clearly distinct from each other #### Fluorescence (luminescence) intensity {#fluorescence_luminescence_intensity} It is assumed that the scattered light intensity is a linear function of species' concentrations. $$I=\sum \varphi c$$ where `{{mvar|φ}}`{=mediawiki} is a proportionality constant. ##### Range and limitations {#range_and_limitations_2} The magnitude of the constant `{{mvar|φ}}`{=mediawiki} may be higher than the value of the molar extinction coefficient, ε, for a species. When this is so, the detection limit for that species will be lower. At high solute concentrations, fluorescence intensity becomes non-linear with respect to concentration due to self-absorption of the scattered radiation. ### NMR chemical shift measurements {#nmr_chemical_shift_measurements} Chemical exchange is assumed to be rapid on the NMR time-scale. An individual chemical shift `{{mvar|{{overbar|δ}}}}`{=mediawiki} is the mole-fraction-weighted average of the shifts `{{mvar|δ}}`{=mediawiki} of nuclei in contributing species. $$\bar {\delta} =\frac{\sum x_i \delta_i}{\sum x_i}$$ Example: the p*K*~a~ of the hydroxyl group in citric acid has been determined from ^13^C chemical shift data to be 14.4. Neither potentiometry nor ultraviolet--visible spectroscopy could be used for this determination. #### Range and limitations {#range_and_limitations_3} Limited precision of chemical shift measurements also puts an upper limit of about 4 on `{{math|log<sub>10</sub> ''β''}}`{=mediawiki}. Limited to diamagnetic systems. ^1^H NMR cannot be used with solutions of compounds in ^1^H~2~O.
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# Determination of equilibrium constants ## Experimental methods {#experimental_methods} ### Calorimetric measurements {#calorimetric_measurements} Simultaneous measurement of `{{mvar|K}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|[[Enthalpy|Δ''H'']]}}`{=mediawiki} for 1:1 adducts is routinely carried out using isothermal titration calorimetry. Extension to more complex systems is limited by the availability of suitable software. #### Range and limitations {#range_and_limitations_4} Insufficient evidence is currently available. ### The competition method {#the_competition_method} The competition method may be used when a stability constant value is too large to be determined by a direct method. It was first used by Schwarzenbach in the determination of the stability constants of complexes of EDTA with metal ions. For simplicity consider the determination of the stability constant $K_{AB}$ of a binary complex, *AB*, of a reagent *A* with another reagent *B*. $$K_{AB}=\frac{[AB]}{[A][B]}$$ where the \[X\] represents the concentration, at equilibrium, of a species X in a solution of given composition. A ligand *C* is chosen which forms a weaker complex with *A* The stability constant, K~AC~, is small enough to be determined by a direct method. For example, in the case of EDTA complexes *A* is a metal ion and *C* may be a polyamine such as diethylenetriamine. $$K_{AC}=\frac{[AC]}{[A][C]}$$ The stability constant, *K* for the competition reaction $$AC + B \leftrightharpoons AB +C$$ can be expressed as $$K=\frac{[AB][C]}{[AC][B]}$$ It follows that : $K_{AB}=K \times K_{AC}$ where K is the stability constant for the competition reaction. Thus, the value of the stability constant $K_{AB}$ may be derived from the experimentally determined values of *K* and $K_{AC}$ .
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# Determination of equilibrium constants ## Computational methods {#computational_methods} It is assumed that the collected experimental data comprise a set of data points. At each `{{mvar|i}}`{=mediawiki}th data point, the analytical concentrations of the reactants, `{{math|''T''<sub>A</sub>(''i'')}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{math|''T''<sub>B</sub>(''i'')}}`{=mediawiki} etc. are known along with a measured quantity, `{{mvar|y<sub>i</sub>}}`{=mediawiki}, that depends on one or more of these analytical concentrations. A general computational procedure has four main components: 1. Definition of a chemical model of the equilibria 2. Calculation of the concentrations of all the chemical species in each solution 3. Refinement of the equilibrium constants 4. Model selection The value of the equilibrium constant for the formation of a 1:1 complex, such as a host-guest species, may be calculated with a dedicated spreadsheet application, Bindfit: In this case step 2 can be performed with a non-iterative procedure and the pre-programmed routine Solver can be used for step 3. ### The chemical model {#the_chemical_model} The chemical model consists of a set of chemical species present in solution, both the **reactants** added to the reaction mixture and the **complex species** formed from them. Denoting the reactants by A, B\..., each *complex species* is specified by the stoichiometric coefficients that relate the particular combination of *reactants* forming them. : {\\mathit p A} + \\mathit q B \\cdots \<=\> A\_\\mathit{p}B\_\\mathit{q} \\cdots: $\beta_{pq\cdots}=\frac {[\ce{A}_p\ce{B}_q \cdots ]} {[\ce A]^p[\ce B]^q \cdots }$ When using general-purpose computer programs, it is usual to use cumulative association constants, as shown above. Electrical charges are not shown in general expressions such as this and are often omitted from specific expressions, for simplicity of notation. In fact, electrical charges have no bearing on the equilibrium processes other that there being a requirement for overall electrical neutrality in all systems. With aqueous solutions the concentrations of proton (hydronium ion) and hydroxide ion are constrained by the self-dissociation of water. : H2O \<=\> H+ + OH-: $K_\mathrm{W}^' = \frac{[H^+][OH^-]}{[H_2O]}$ With dilute solutions the concentration of water is assumed constant, so the equilibrium expression is written in the form of the ionic product of water. : $K_\mathrm{W}=\ce{[H+]}[\ce{OH-}]\,$ When both H^+^ and OH^−^ must be considered as reactants, one of them is eliminated from the model by specifying that its concentration be derived from the concentration of the other. Usually the concentration of the hydroxide ion is given by : $[\ce{OH-}]=\frac{K_\ce{W}}{[\ce{H+}]}\,$ In this case the equilibrium constant for the formation of hydroxide has the stoichiometric coefficients −1 in regard to the proton and zero for the other reactants. This has important implications for all protonation equilibria in aqueous solution and for hydrolysis constants in particular. It is quite usual to omit from the model those species whose concentrations are considered negligible. For example, it is usually assumed then there is no interaction between the reactants and/or complexes and the electrolyte used to maintain constant ionic strength or the buffer used to maintain constant pH. These assumptions may or may not be justified. Also, it is implicitly assumed that there are no other complex species present. When complexes are wrongly ignored a systematic error is introduced into the calculations. Equilibrium constant values are usually estimated initially by reference to data sources.
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# Determination of equilibrium constants ## Computational methods {#computational_methods} ### Speciation calculations {#speciation_calculations} A speciation calculation is one in which concentrations of all the species in an equilibrium system are calculated, knowing the analytical concentrations, T~A~, T~B~ etc. of the reactants A, B etc. This means solving a set of nonlinear equations of mass-balance : \\begin{align} \\ce{T_A} & = \[\\ce A\]+\\sum\_{1,nk}p\\beta\_{pq \\cdots}\[\\ce A\]\^p\[\\ce B\]\^q \\cdots \\\\ \\ce{T_B} & = \[\\ce B\]+\\sum\_{1,nk}q\\beta\_{pq \\cdots}\[\\ce A\]\^p\[\\ce B\]\^q \\cdots \\\\ etc. \\end{align} for the free concentrations \[A\], \[B\] etc. When the pH (or equivalent e.m.f., E).is measured, the free concentration of hydrogen ions, \[H\], is obtained from the measured value as > $[\mathrm H]=10^{-\mathrm{pH}}$ or $[\mathrm H]=e^\mathrm{{ -\frac{nF}{RT}}(E-E^0) }$ and only the free concentrations of the other reactants are calculated. The concentrations of the complexes are derived from the free concentrations via the chemical model. Some authors include the free reactant terms in the sums by declaring *identity* (unit) `{{mvar|β}}`{=mediawiki} constants for which the stoichiometric coefficients are 1 for the reactant concerned and zero for all other reactants. For example, with 2 reagents, the mass-balance equations assume the simpler form. : \\begin{align} T\_\\ce{A} & = \\sum\_{0,nk}p\\beta\_{pq}\[\\ce A\]\^p\[\\ce B\]\^q \\\\\[4pt\] T\_\\ce{B} & = \\sum\_{0,nk}q\\beta\_{pq}\[\\ce A\]\^p\[\\ce B\]\^q \\\\ \\end{align} : $\beta_{10}= \beta_{01} = 1$ In this manner, all chemical species, *including the free reactants*, are treated in the same way, having been *formed* from the combination of reactants that is specified by the stoichiometric coefficients. In a titration system the analytical concentrations of the reactants at each titration point are obtained from the initial conditions, the burette concentrations and volumes. The analytical (total) concentration of a reactant R at the `{{mvar|i}}`{=mediawiki}th titration point is given by : $T_\ce{R}=\frac{\ce{R}_0+v_i\ce{[R]}}{v_0+v_i}$ where R~0~ is the initial **amount** of R in the titration vessel, `{{math|''v''<sub>0</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is the initial volume, \[R\] is the **concentration** of R in the burette and `{{mvar|v<sub>i</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is the volume added. The burette concentration of a reactant not present in the burette is taken to be zero. In general, solving these nonlinear equations presents a formidable challenge because of the huge range over which the free concentrations may vary. At the beginning, values for the free concentrations must be estimated. Then, these values are refined, usually by means of Newton--Raphson iterations. The logarithms of the free concentrations may be refined rather than the free concentrations themselves. Refinement of the logarithms of the free concentrations has the added advantage of automatically imposing a non-negativity constraint on the free concentrations. Once the free reactant concentrations have been calculated, the concentrations of the complexes are derived from them and the equilibrium constants. Note that the free reactant concentrations can be regarded as implicit parameters in the equilibrium constant refinement process. In that context the values of the free concentrations are constrained by forcing the conditions of mass-balance to apply at all stages of the process.
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# Determination of equilibrium constants ## Computational methods {#computational_methods} ### Equilibrium constant refinement {#equilibrium_constant_refinement} The objective of the refinement process is to find equilibrium constant values that give the best fit to the experimental data. This is usually achieved by minimising an objective function, `{{mvar|U}}`{=mediawiki}, by the method of non-linear least-squares. First the residuals are defined as : $r_i=y_i^\text{obs}-y_i^\text{calc}$ Then the most general objective function is given by : $U=\sum_i\sum_j r_i W_{ij} r_j\,$ The matrix of weights, `{{math|'''W'''}}`{=mediawiki}, should be, ideally, the inverse of the variance-covariance matrix of the observations. It is rare for this to be known. However, when it is, the expectation value of U is one, which means that the data are fitted *within experimental error*. Most often only the diagonal elements are known, in which case the objective function simplifies to : $U=\sum_i W_{ii}r_i^2$ with `{{math|''W<sub>ij</sub>'' {{=}}`{=mediawiki} 0}} when `{{math|''j'' ≠ ''i''}}`{=mediawiki}. Unit weights, `{{math|''W<sub>ii</sub>'' {{=}}`{=mediawiki} 1}}, are often used but, in that case, the expectation value of `{{math|U}}`{=mediawiki} is the root mean square of the experimental errors. The minimization may be performed using the Gauss--Newton method. Firstly the objective function is linearised by approximating it as a first-order Taylor series expansion about an initial parameter set, `{{math|'''p'''}}`{=mediawiki}. : $U=U^0+\sum_i \frac{\partial U}{\partial p_i}\delta p_i$ The increments `{{math|δ''p<sub>i</sub>''}}`{=mediawiki} are added to the corresponding initial parameters such that `{{mvar|U}}`{=mediawiki} is less than `{{math|''U''<sup>0</sup>}}`{=mediawiki}. At the minimum the derivatives `{{math|{{sfrac|∂''U''|∂''p<sub>i</sub>''}}}}`{=mediawiki}, which are simply related to the elements of the Jacobian matrix, `{{math|'''J'''}}`{=mediawiki} $$J_{jk}=\frac{\partial y_j^\mathrm{calc}}{\partial p_k}$$ where `{{mvar|p<sub>k</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is the `{{mvar|k}}`{=mediawiki}th parameter of the refinement, are equal to zero. One or more equilibrium constants may be parameters of the refinement. However, the measured quantities (see above) represented by `{{math|'''y'''}}`{=mediawiki} are not expressed in terms of the equilibrium constants, but in terms of the species concentrations, which are implicit functions of these parameters. Therefore, the Jacobian elements must be obtained using implicit differentiation. The parameter increments `{{math|δ'''p'''}}`{=mediawiki} are calculated by solving the normal equations, derived from the conditions that `{{math|{{sfrac|∂'''U'''|∂'''p'''}} {{=}}`{=mediawiki} 0}} at the minimum. : ${ \left(J^\mathrm{T} W J\right) \delta p=J^\mathrm{T} W r }$ The increments `{{math|δ'''p'''}}`{=mediawiki} are added iteratively to the parameters : $\mathbf{p}^{n+1}=\mathbf{p}^n +\delta \mathbf{p}$ where `{{mvar|n}}`{=mediawiki} is an iteration number. The species concentrations and `{{math|''y''<sup>calc</sup>}}`{=mediawiki} values are recalculated at every data point. The iterations are continued until no significant reduction in `{{mvar|U}}`{=mediawiki} is achieved, that is, until a convergence criterion is satisfied. If, however, the updated parameters do not result in a decrease of the objective function, that is, if divergence occurs, the increment calculation must be modified. The simplest modification is to use a fraction, `{{mvar|f}}`{=mediawiki}, of calculated increment, so-called shift-cutting. : $\mathbf{p}^{n+1}=\mathbf{p}^n +f \mathbf{\delta p}$ In this case, the direction of the shift vector, `{{math|δ'''p'''}}`{=mediawiki}, is unchanged. With the more powerful Levenberg--Marquardt algorithm, on the other hand, the shift vector is rotated towards the direction of steepest descent, by modifying the normal equations, : $\mathbf{ \left(J^\mathrm{T} W J +\lambda I\right)\delta p=J^\mathrm{T} W r }$ where `{{mvar|λ}}`{=mediawiki} is the Marquardt parameter and `{{math|'''I'''}}`{=mediawiki} is an identity matrix. Other methods of handling divergence have been proposed. A particular issue arises with NMR and spectrophotometric data. For the latter, the observed quantity is absorbance, `{{mvar|A}}`{=mediawiki}, and the Beer--Lambert law can be written as : $A_\lambda=l\sum(\varepsilon_{pq..})_\lambda c_{pq..}$ It can be seen that, assuming that the concentrations, c, are known, that absorbance, `{{mvar|A}}`{=mediawiki}, at a given wavelength, $\lambda$, and path length $l$, is a linear function of the molar absorptivities, `{{mvar|ε}}`{=mediawiki}. With 1 cm path-length, in matrix notation : $\mathbf{A}=\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \mathbf{C} \,$ There are two approaches to the calculation of the unknown molar absorptivities : \(1\) The `{{math|'''ε'''}}`{=mediawiki} values are considered parameters of the minimization and the Jacobian is constructed on that basis. However, the `{{math|'''ε'''}}`{=mediawiki} values themselves are calculated at each step of the refinement by linear least-squares: : $\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} = \mathbf{\left(C^\mathrm{T}C\right)^{-1}C^\mathrm{T}A }$ : using the refined values of the equilibrium constants to obtain the speciation. The matrix : $\mathbf{\left(C^TC\right)^{-1}C^T}$ : is an example of a pseudo-inverse. : Golub and Pereyra showed how the pseudo-inverse can be differentiated so that parameter increments for both molar absorptivities and equilibrium constants can be calculated by solving the normal equations. : \(2\) The Beer--Lambert law is written as : $\mathbf{\boldsymbol\varepsilon}_\lambda= \mathbf{A}^{-1}_\lambda \mathbf{C} \,$ : The unknown molar absorbances of all \"coloured\" species are found by using the non-iterative method of linear least-squares, one wavelength at a time. The calculations are performed once every refinement cycle, using the stability constant values obtaining at that refinement cycle to calculate species\' concentration values in the matrix $\mathbf{C}$. #### Parameter errors and correlation {#parameter_errors_and_correlation} In the region close to the minimum of the objective function, `{{mvar|U}}`{=mediawiki}, the system approximates to a linear least-squares system, for which : $\mathbf{p=\left(J^\mathrm{T}WJ\right)^{-1}J^\mathrm{T}Wy^\mathrm{obs}}$ Therefore, the parameter values are (approximately) linear combinations of the observed data values and the errors on the parameters, `{{math|'''p'''}}`{=mediawiki}, can be obtained by error propagation from the observations, `{{math|'''y'''<sup>obs</sup>}}`{=mediawiki}, using the linear formula. Let the variance-covariance matrix for the observations be denoted by `{{math|'''Σ<sup>y</sup>'''}}`{=mediawiki} and that of the parameters by `{{math|'''Σ<sup>p</sup>'''}}`{=mediawiki}. Then, : $\mathbf{\Sigma^p=\left(J^\mathrm{T}WJ\right)^{-1}J^\mathrm{T}W \Sigma^y W^\mathrm{T}J(J^\mathrm{T}WJ)^{-1}}$ When `{{math|'''W''' {{=}}`{=mediawiki} (**Σ^y^**)^−1^}}, this simplifies to : $\mathbf{\Sigma^p=\left(J^\mathrm{T}WJ\right)^{-1}}$ In most cases the errors on the observations are un-correlated, so that `{{math|'''Σ<sup>y</sup>'''}}`{=mediawiki} is diagonal. If so, each weight should be the reciprocal of the variance of the corresponding observation. For example, in a potentiometric titration, the weight at a titration point, `{{mvar|k}}`{=mediawiki}, can be given by : $W_k= \frac{1}{\sigma^2_E+\left( \frac{\partial E}{\partial v} \right)^2_k\sigma^2_v}$ where `{{mvar|σ<sub>E</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is the error in electrode potential or pH, `{{math|<big><big>(</big></big>{{sfrac|∂''E''|∂''v''}}<big><big>)</big></big>{{su|b=''k''}}}}`{=mediawiki} is the slope of the titration curve and `{{mvar|σ<sub>v</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is the error on added volume. When unit weights are used (`{{math|'''W''' {{=}}`{=mediawiki} **I**}}, `{{math|'''p''' {{=}}`{=mediawiki} (**J**^T^**J**)^−1^**J**^T^**y**}}) it is implied that the experimental errors are uncorrelated and all equal: `{{math|'''Σ<sup>y</sup>''' {{=}}`{=mediawiki} *σ*^2^**I**}}, where `{{math|''σ''<sup>2</sup>}}`{=mediawiki} is known as the variance of an observation of unit weight, and `{{math|'''I'''}}`{=mediawiki} is an identity matrix. In this case `{{math|''σ''<sup>2</sup>}}`{=mediawiki} is approximated by : $\sigma^2 = \frac{U}{n_\mathrm{d}-n_\mathrm{p}}$ where `{{mvar|U}}`{=mediawiki} is the minimum value of the objective function and `{{math|''n''<sub>d</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|''n''<sub>p</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} are the number of data and parameters, respectively. : $\mathbf{\Sigma^p}=\frac{U}{n_\mathrm{d}-n_\mathrm{p}}\left(\mathbf{J}^\mathrm{T}\mathbf{J}\right)^{-1}$ In all cases, the variance of the parameter `{{mvar|p<sub>i</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is given by `{{mvar|Σ{{su|p=p|b=ii}}}}`{=mediawiki} and the covariance between parameters `{{mvar|p<sub>i</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{mvar|p<sub>j</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is given by `{{mvar|Σ{{su|p=p|b=ij}}}}`{=mediawiki}. Standard deviation is the square root of variance. These error estimates reflect only random errors in the measurements. The true uncertainty in the parameters is larger due to the presence of systematic errors---which, by definition, cannot be quantified. Note that even though the observations may be uncorrelated, the parameters are always correlated. #### Derived constants {#derived_constants} When cumulative constants have been refined it is often useful to derive stepwise constants from them. The general procedure is to write down the defining expressions for all the constants involved and then to equate concentrations. For example, suppose that one wishes to derive the pKa for removing one proton from a tribasic acid, LH~3~, such as citric acid. : \\begin{align} \\ce{L\^3-}+ \\ce{ H+ \<=\> }\\ \\ce{LH\^2-} &:\\ \[\\ce{LH\^2-}\] =\\beta\_{11} \[\\ce{L\^3-}\] \[\\ce{H+}\]\\\\ \\ce{L\^3-}+ \\ce{2H+ \<=\> }\\ \\ce{LH2\^-} &:\\ \[\\ce{LH2\^-}\] =\\beta\_{12} \[\\ce{L\^3-}\] \[\\ce{H+}\]\^2\\\\ \\ce{L\^3-}+ \\ce{3H+ \<=\> }\\ \\ce{LH3} &:\\ \[\\ce{LH3}\] =\\beta\_{13} \[\\ce{L\^3-}\] \[\\ce{H+}\]\^3 \\end{align} The stepwise *association* constant for formation of LH~3~ is given by : $\ce{{LH2^-} + H+ <=> LH3\ ; \quad\ [LH3]}=K[\ce{LH2^-}][\ce{H+}]$ Substitute the expressions for the concentrations of LH~3~ and `{{chem|LH|2|−}}`{=mediawiki} into this equation : $\beta_{13}[\ce{L^3-}][\ce{H+}]^3=K\beta_{12}[\ce{L^3-}][\ce{H+}]^2[\ce{H+}]$ whence $$\beta_{13}=K\beta_{12}; K=\frac{\beta_{13}}{\beta_{12}} \,$$ and since `{{math|p''K''<sub>a</sub> {{=}}`{=mediawiki} −log~10~ `{{sfrac|1|''K''}}`{=mediawiki}}} its value is given by : $\ce{p}K_\ce{a1} = \log_{10} \beta_{13}-\log_{10} \beta_{12}\,$ : $\ce{p}K_\ce{a2} = \log_{10} \beta_{12}-\log_{10} \beta_{11}\,$ : $\ce{p}K_\ce{a3} = \log_{10} \beta_{11}\,$ Note the reverse numbering for pK and log β. When calculating the error on the stepwise constant, the fact that the cumulative constants are correlated must accounted for. By error propagation $$\sigma^2_K=\sigma^2_{\beta_{12}}+\sigma^2_{\beta_{13}}-2 \sigma_{\beta_{12}} \sigma_{\beta_{13}}\rho_{12,13}\,$$ and $$\sigma_{\log_{10} K}=\frac{\sigma_K}{K}$$
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# Determination of equilibrium constants ## Computational methods {#computational_methods} ### Model selection {#model_selection} Once a refinement has been completed the results should be checked to verify that the chosen model is acceptable. generally speaking, a model is acceptable when the data are fitted within experimental error, but there is no single criterion to use to make the judgement. The following should be considered. #### The objective function {#the_objective_function} When the weights have been correctly derived from estimates of experimental error, the expectation value of `{{math|{{sfrac|''U''|''n''<sub>d</sub> − ''n''<sub>p</sub>}}}}`{=mediawiki} is 1. It is therefore very useful to estimate experimental errors and derive some reasonable weights from them as this is an absolute indicator of the goodness of fit. When unit weights are used, it is implied that all observations have the same variance. `{{math|{{sfrac|''U''|''n''<sub>d</sub> − ''n''<sub>p</sub>}}}}`{=mediawiki} is expected to be equal to that variance. #### Parameter errors {#parameter_errors} One would want the errors on the stability constants to be roughly commensurate with experimental error. For example, with pH titration data, if pH is measured to 2 decimal places, the errors of `{{math|log<sub>10</sub> ''β''}}`{=mediawiki} should not be much larger than 0.01. In exploratory work where the nature of the species present is not known in advance, several different chemical models may be tested and compared. There will be models where the uncertainties in the best estimate of an equilibrium constant may be somewhat or even significantly larger than `{{math|''σ''<sub>pH</sub>}}`{=mediawiki}, especially with those constants governing the formation of comparatively minor species, but the decision as to how large is acceptable remains subjective. The decision process as to whether or not to include comparatively uncertain equilibria in a model, and for the comparison of competing models in general, can be made objective and has been outlined by Hamilton. #### Distribution of residuals {#distribution_of_residuals} At the minimum in `{{mvar|U}}`{=mediawiki} the system can be approximated to a linear one, the residuals in the case of unit weights are related to the observations by : $\mathbf{r=y^\mathrm{obs}-J \left(J^\mathrm{T}T \right)^{-1}J^\mathrm{T} y^\mathrm{obs}}$ The symmetric, idempotent matrix `{{math|'''J'''('''J'''<sup>T</sup>'''T''')<sup>−1</sup>'''J'''}}`{=mediawiki} is known in the statistics literature as the hat matrix, `{{math|'''H'''}}`{=mediawiki}. Thus, : $\mathbf{r=\left(I-H \right) y^\mathrm{obs}}$ and : $\mathbf{M^r=\left(I-H \right) M^y \left(I-H \right)}$ where `{{math|'''I'''}}`{=mediawiki} is an identity matrix and `{{math|'''M<sup>r</sup>'''}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|'''M<sup>y</sup>'''}}`{=mediawiki} are the variance-covariance matrices of the residuals and observations, respectively. This shows that even though the observations may be uncorrelated, the residuals are always correlated. The diagram at the right shows the result of a refinement of the stability constants of Ni(Gly)^+^, Ni(Gly)~2~ and `{{chem|Ni(Gly)|3|-}}`{=mediawiki} (where GlyH = glycine). The observed values are shown a blue diamonds and the species concentrations, as a percentage of the total nickel, are superimposed. The residuals are shown in the lower box. The residuals are not distributed as randomly as would be expected. This is due to the variation of liquid junction potentials and other effects at the glass/liquid interfaces. Those effects are very slow compared to the rate at which equilibrium is established. #### Physical constraints {#physical_constraints} Some physical constraints are usually incorporated in the calculations. For example, all the concentrations of free reactants and species must have positive values and association constants must have positive values. With spectrophotometric data the calculated molar absorptivity (or emissivity) values should all be positive. Most computer programs do not impose this constraint on the calculations. #### Chemical constraints {#chemical_constraints} When determining the stability constants of metal-ligand complexes, it is common practice to fix ligand protonation constants at values that have been determined using data obtained from metal-free solutions. Hydrolysis constants of metal ions are usually fixed at values which were obtained using ligand-free solutions. When determining the stability constants for ternary complexes, M~p~A~q~B~r~ it is common practice the fix the values for the corresponding binary complexes M~p′~A~q′~ and M~p′′~B~q′′~, at values which have been determined in separate experiments. Use of such constraints reduces the number of parameters to be determined, but may result in the calculated errors on refined stability constant values being under-estimated. #### Other models {#other_models} If the model is not acceptable, a variety of other models should be examined to find one that best fits the experimental data, within experimental error. The main difficulty is with the so-called minor species. These are species whose concentration is so low that the effect on the measured quantity is at or below the level of error in the experimental measurement. The constant for a minor species may prove impossible to determine if there is no means to increase the concentration of the species. .
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# Determination of equilibrium constants ## Thermodynamic principles of host--guest interactions {#thermodynamic_principles_of_hostguest_interactions} The thermodynamics of the host- guest interaction can be assessed by NMR spectroscopy, UV/visible spectroscopy, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Quantitative analysis of binding constant values provides useful thermodynamic information. An association constant, $K^\ominus_a$ can be defined by the expression $$K^\ominus_a = \frac{\{HG\}}{\{H\}\{G\}} = \frac{[HG]}{[H][G]} \times \Gamma$$ where {HG} is the thermodynamic activity of the complex at equilibrium. {H} represents the activity of the host and {G} the activity of the guest. The quantities $[HG]$, $[H]$ and $[G]$ are the corresponding concentrations and $\Gamma$ is a quotient of activity coefficients. In practice the equilibrium constant is usually defined in terms of concentrations. $$K_a =\frac{[HG]}{[H][G]}$$ When this definition is used, it is implied that the quotient of activity coefficients has a numerical value of one. It then appears that the equilibrium constant, $K_A$ has the dimension 1/concentration, but that cannot be true since the standard Gibbs free energy change, $\Delta G^\ominus$ is proportional to the logarithm of $K_A$. $$\Delta G^\ominus = -RT \ln{K_A^\ominus}$$ This apparent paradox is resolved when the dimension of $\Gamma$ is *defined* to be the reciprocal of the dimension of the quotient of concentrations. The implication is that $\Gamma$ is regarded as having a constant value under all relevant experimental conditions. Nevertheless it is common practice to attach a dimension, such as millimole per litre or micromole per litre, to a value of *K* that has been determined experimentally. A Large $K_a$ value indicates that host and guest molecules interact strongly to form the host--guest complex. ### Determination of binding constant values and kinetic constant {#determination_of_binding_constant_values_and_kinetic_constant} #### Simple host--guest complexation {#simple_hostguest_complexation} When the host and guest molecules combine to form a single complex, the equilibrium is represented as $$H + G \leftrightharpoons HG$$ and the equilibrium constant, K, is defined as $$K=\frac{[HG]}{[H] [G]}$$ where \[X\] denotes the concentration of a chemical species X (all activity coefficients are assumed to have a numerical values of 1). The mass-balance equations, at any data point, $$T_H = [H] + K [H] [G]$$ $$T_G = [G] + K [H] [G]$$ where $T_G$ and $T_H$ represent the total concentrations, of host and guest, can be reduced to a single quadratic equation in, say, \[G\] and so can be solved analytically for any given value of K. The concentrations \[H\] and \[HG\] can then derived. $$[H] = T_H - T_G + [G]$$ $$[HG] = K [H] [G]$$ The next step in the calculation is to calculate the value, $X^{calc}_i$, of a quantity corresponding to the quantity observed $X^{obs}_i$. Then, a sum of squares, U, over all data points, np, can be defined as $$U=\sum_{i=1,np} (X^{obs}_i -X^{calc}_i)^2$$ and this can be minimized with respect to the stability constant value, K, and a parameter such the chemical shift of the species HG (nmr data) or its molar absorbency (uv/vis data). The minimization can be performed in a spreadsheet application such as EXCEL by using the in-built SOLVER utility. This procedure is applicable to 1:1 adducts. #### General complexation reaction {#general_complexation_reaction} For each equilibrium involving a host, H, and a guest G $$pH + qG \leftrightharpoons H_pG_q$$ the equilibrium constant, $\beta _{pq}$, is defined as $$\beta _{pq}=\frac{[H_p G_q]}{[H]^p [G]^q}$$ The values of the free concentrations, $[H]$ and $[G]$ are obtained by solving the equations of mass balance with known or estimated values for the stability constants. $$T_H = [H] + \sum p\beta_{pq}[H]^p [G]^q$$ $$T_G = [G] + \sum q\beta_{pq}[H]^p [G]^q$$ Then, the concentrations of each complex species may also be calculated as $[H_p G_q] =\beta_{pq}[H]^p [G]^q$. The relationship between a species\' concentration and the measured quantity is specific for the measurement technique, as indicated in each section above. Using this relationship, the set of parameters, the stability constant values and values of properties such as molar absorptivity or specified chemical shifts, may be refined by a non-linear least-squares refinement process. For a more detailed exposition of the theory see Determination of equilibrium constants. Some dedicated computer programs are listed at Implementations.
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# Determination of equilibrium constants ## Thermodynamic principles of host--guest interactions {#thermodynamic_principles_of_hostguest_interactions} ### Cooperativity In cooperativity, the initial ligand binding affects the host\'s affinity for subsequent ligands. In positive cooperativity, the first binding event enhances the affinity of the host for another ligand. Examples of positive and negative cooperativity are hemoglobin and aspartate receptor, respectively. The thermodynamic properties of cooperativity have been studied in order to define mathematical parameters that distinguish positive or negative cooperativity. The traditional Gibbs free energy equation states: $\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S \$. However, to quantify cooperativity in a host--guest system, the binding energy needs to be considered. The schematic on the right shows the binding of A, binding of B, positive cooperative binding of A--B, and lastly, negative cooperative binding of A--B. Therefore, an alternate form of the Gibbs free energy equation would be $$\Delta G_S^\circ = \Delta G_A^\circ + \Delta G_B^\circ - \Delta G_{AB}^\circ$$ $$\Delta H_S^\circ = \Delta H_A^\circ + \Delta H_B^\circ - \Delta H_{AB}^\circ$$ $$\ T\Delta G_S^\circ = T\Delta H_A^\circ + T\Delta H_B^\circ - T\Delta S_{AB}^\circ$$ where: $$\Delta G_A^\circ$$ = free energy of binding A $$\Delta G_B^\circ$$ = free energy of binding B $$\Delta G_S^\circ$$ = free energy of binding for A and B tethered $$\Delta G_{AB}^\circ$$ = sum of the free energies of binding It is considered that if $\Delta G_S^\circ$ more than the sum of $\Delta G_A^\circ$ and $\Delta G_B^\circ$, it is positively cooperative. If $\Delta G_S^\circ$ is less, then it is negatively cooperative. Host--guest chemistry is not limited to receptor-lingand interactions. It is also demonstrated in ion-pairing systems. Such interactions are studied in an aqueous media utilizing synthetic organometallic hosts and organic guest molecules. For example, a poly-cationic receptor containing copper (the host) is coordinated with molecules such as tetracarboxylates, tricarballate, aspartate, and acetate (the guests). This study illustrates that entropy rather than enthalpy determines the binding energy of the system leading to negative cooperativity. The large change in entropy originates from the displacement of solvent molecules surrounding the ligand and the receptor. When multiple acetates bind to the receptor, it releases more water molecules to the environment than a tetracarboxylate. This led to a decrease in free energy implying that the system is cooperating negatively. In a similar study, utilizing guanidinium and Cu(II) and polycarboxylate guests, it is demonstrated that positive cooperatively is largely determined by enthalpy. In addition to thermodynamic studies, host--guest chemistry also has biological applications. ## Implementations Some simple systems are amenable to spreadsheet calculations. A large number of general-purpose computer programs for equilibrium constant calculation have been published. See for a bibliography. The most frequently used programs are: - Potentiometric data: [Hyperquad](http://www.hyperquad.co.uk/hq2000.htm), BEST PSEQUAD, [ReactLab pH PRO](http://jplusconsulting.com/products/reactlab-ph/) - Spectrophotometric <data:%5Bhttp://www.hyperquad.co.uk/HypSpec.htm> HypSpec\], SQUAD, Specfit, [ReactLab EQUILIBRIA](http://jplusconsulting.com/products/reactlab-equilibria/) - NMR data [HypNMR](http://www.hyperquad.co.uk/hypnmr.htm), [EQNMR](http://www.nuigalway.ie/chem/Mike/wineqnmr.htm) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714173527/http://www.nuigalway.ie/chem/Mike/wineqnmr.htm |date=2019-07-14 }}`{=mediawiki} - Calorimetric data [HypΔH](http://www.hyperquad.co.uk/hypdeltah.htm). [Affinimeter](https://www.affinimeter.com/site/itc/)\ Commercial Isothermal titration calorimeters are usually supplied with software with which an equilibrium constant and standard formation enthalpy for the formation of a 1:1 adduct can be obtained. Some software for handling more complex equilibria may also be supplied
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# Posthuman (band) **Posthuman** are an electronic music duo consisting of cousins Richard Bevan and Joshu Doherty. They run the I Love Acid record label and clubnight. Establishing themselves in the early 2000s as part of the London IDM scene, through the following years the pair experimented with various styles and genres, including electronica, ambient music, post-rock, and Detroit techno. Since 2010 their sound is mostly categorised as Acid house and the pair are regarded amongst the foremost champions of the UK Acid House scene. ## Band biography {#band_biography} Richard and Joshu first wrote music together as teenagers. In 1999, they sent their first demo CD to Skam Records, resulting in a release on the label\'s SMAK series. In 2000, the pair moved to London and began running a series of electronic music clubnights under the name \'Seed\'. These nights increased in size and soon relocated to Aldwych tube station, a disused underground train station. A number of these events took place between 2001 and 2004, among the artists who appeared were Aphex Twin, Alison Goldfrapp, Richard X, Plaid, and Funkstörung. On the back of this series of events, the pair set up their own record label Seed Records, as an outlet for their own material, and music by other artists who had appeared at the \'Seed\' events. The last of these events were to be held on 13 and 14 November 2004, however, John Peel, who was booked to DJ, passed away around a fortnight before the event. The following week, the event was canceled due to London Underground rescinding the venue hire, and on the night of the event, John Balance of Coil (who were also on the bill to play) also died. Soon after, Joshu left Seed Records to work briefly for [B12 Records](http://www.b12records.com). In 2010 he founded a new imprint [Balkan Vinyl](http://www.balkanvinyl.com). Since 2007, Joshu has run the Acid House clubnight [I Love Acid](http://www.iheartacid.com) and it\'s associated vinyl-only record label from 2014, named after the track by Luke Vibert, who features regularly. In 2019 it won the DJ Mag Best British Club Event award. The artwork for their 2010 album *Syn Emergence* was based around Bevan\'s award winning visual project of the same name. In 2018, their album *Mutant City Acid* was pressed on randomly coloured vinyl, with the entire process livestreamed on video from the pressing plant. As opposed to manual pressing, marbled or mixed colour vinyl, this experimental randomised process was the first time this has been done successfully, leading to almost 100 different colour variations of the double album. ## Album Discography {#album_discography} **Title** **Format** **Label** **Catalog number** **Formats** **Year** **Notes** --------------------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- *Posthuman* Album Seed Records SEEDEX01 CD 2000 Hand made sleeves in various colours (Blue, Grey, Brown, and Black) *The Uncertainty of the Monkey* Album Seed Records SEEDLP/CD01 Double 12\" vinyl & CD 2001 *Lagrange Point* Album Seed Records SEED09 CD 2003 *The People\'s Republic* Album Seed Records SEEDCD12 CD 2006 *Hilda Family Remixed* Mini-album Myuzyk MZYKN08CD CD 2008 Remix album, hand made sleeve, limited edition of 200. *Syn Emergence* Album Balkan Vinyl BV07 Double 12\" vinyl & CD 2010 Two editions: double picturedisc & double heavyweight. Each limited to 250 copies. *Datalinks* Mini-album n/a n/a Digital 2011 Collection of unreleased material from 2000-2010, including a track named after the Feraliminal Lycanthropizer. *Back To Acid* Compilation Album Balkan Recordings BD06 Digital 2016 A collection of previously released tracks from various compilations, EPs, and singles. *Mutant City Acid* Album Balkan Vinyl BV29 Double 12\" vinyl 2018 Pressed on experimental random coloured vinyl *Voyager 3* Mini-album The Dark Outside TDO013 Cassette 2019 Limited Edition of 77 copies
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# Longwood Cricket Club **Longwood Cricket Club** is a tennis and former cricket club based in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States. It is the site of the first Davis Cup competition. ## History A club for cricket was opened in 1877 at Longwood Estate, a place named after the house Napoleon Bonaparte stayed at while exiled to Saint Helena. Located on the outskirts of Boston on land donated by the Sears family, cricketers and baseball players put Longwood on the sports map. Specifically, Harry Wright, first player-manager of the Boston Red Stockings, played cricket for the United States, as did his brother George Wright. George Wright combined with tennis pro Charlie Chambers in league games throughout New England and played at Longwood against Lord Harris\' XI in 1891. George Wright was the co-proprietor of Wright and Ditman, purveyor of fine sports goods. Wright brought the first tennis gear to Boston on his return from a baseball-cricket tour of England in 1874. Wright also taught tennis to Harvard students and toured with them in California in 1890. It was George Wright who deserves the credit for Longwood\'s broad-based sporting tradition, having excelled in baseball and cricket as a paid professional and at tennis as a promoter of the game. A lawn tennis court was laid in 1878, two years after the organization of the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club at Lord\'s Cricket Ground in London. On January 5, 1888, Longwood member and US cricket team captain C.L. Bixby led the team to a win over the West Indies cricket team at the Bourda ground in Georgetown, Guyana. Richard D. Sears, who won seven United States Championships, would soon become a club member as well. The club\'s first tennis tournament was held in 1882. The following year saw the first Longwood Bowl tournament, attracting top American players. It would continue to be held annually until 1942. The Eastern Championship for doubles tennis was held in 1890. Cricket was last played at Longwood in 1933 before a one-off game was held in October 2008 between the Faded Blues CC and St. Columba\'s Cricket Club from Newport, Rhode Island.
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# Longwood Cricket Club ## Former notable events {#former_notable_events} ### Davis Cup {#davis_cup} In 1900 Dwight Davis, then a fourth-year student at nearby Harvard University, arranged for a British team to visit Longwood and compete for what became the first Davis Cup, branded the International Lawn Tennis Challenge. The Davis-captained Americans won the inaugural contest 3--0. In total, 15 Davis Cup ties have been settled at Longwood. The British Isles defeated the Americans 4--1 in the 1903 final. The 1908 semi-final saw the Americans reverse their fortunes and prevail by the same score. The next eight ties played at Longwood did not involve the American team. 1914 saw Australia defeat Britain 3--0 in a semi-final. 1922 through 1925 saw a tie played a year with Australasia defeating France 4--1 in a quarterfinal encounter in 1922, Australia beating France by the same score in a 1923 semi-final and in 1924, but by a 3--2 scoreline, and Australia defeating Japan 4--1 in 1925. After France swept Japan 5--0 in a 1927 semi-final, the Davis Cup would not return to Longwood for 11 years, with Australia defeating Nazi Germany 5--0 in the 1938 semi-final. A further decade would elapse before in 1948 Australia won another semi, this time over Czechoslovakia, 3--1. In 1957, the U.S. team returned to Brookline to defeat Brazil 5--0 in a 3rd round tie. Two years later saw Australia dispatch with India 4--1 in the penultimate round. Another 40 years would pass before in 1999, Australia, led by Pat Rafter and Lleyton Hewitt defeated the U.S., led by Pete Sampras, 4--1 in a quarterfinal tie played on hard courts. This was the last time a top-flight professional tennis match was played at Longwood. ### U.S. Pro Tennis Championships {#u.s._pro_tennis_championships} The U.S. Pro Tennis Championships a Major (1927--67) professional tennis tournament was contested annually at Longwood from 1964 to 1999, when it was discontinued, with the exception of 1995, when the tournament was rained out and 1996, when it was not scheduled. ### Longwood Bowl {#longwood_bowl} The Longwood Bowl was a men\'s and women\'s tennis tournament first played at the Longwood Cricket Club courts at Brookline, Massachusetts, United States from 1882 to 1949. ### New England Championships {#new_england_championships} The New England Championships also called the New England Sectional Championships was a men\'s and women\'s open tennis tournament staged annually at various locations including Longwood CC from 1886 until 1978
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# Paul Courbis **Paul Courbis de Bridiers de Villemor**, aka **Paul Courbis** (born 3 November 1967), is a French programmer, mostly known for reverse engineering the HP-28 and then the HP 48 series of calculators, and writing multiple articles and books disclosing his findings. These books had a surprising success in France. Very soon, a team of enthusiasts formed, gathering around Maubert Electronic, a small electronics shop in Paris\' Latin Quarter, and developing a large number of utilities and games (one of the most impressing one was Pac-Man for the 48, one of the first programs using the hardware scrolling device of the 48). Most of these programs are still available and can be traced back to the original reverse-engineering published by Paul Courbis. Paul Courbis was the chief information officer at the French Ordre National des Médecins, he is also working during his spare time on a set of tools to help people administrating Alcatel\'s PABX (for the 4400 series). He also publishes various tricks (iPhone, shells scripts, etc.) on his web site. ## Other works {#other_works} ### Published works {#published_works} - A HP 48 running on Unix/X11 and used for automatizing the understanding of the 48G internals; - Courbis is also the conceptor of the website of the first French computer bookstore on the Internet: - a set of tools to help people administrating an Alcatel 4400 PABX (website in construction) - The for the - Some modules for sybtcl: and ### Unpublished works {#unpublished_works} - An expandable RPL interpreter written in object-oriented C
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# NTUC Downtown East **NTUC Downtown East** is an entertainment hub located in Pasir Ris, Singapore. It is 147,000 square metres in area and was officially opened on 5 November 2000. It is run by NTUC club. It provides leisure and entertainment for families and youths. It competes with the two Integrated Resorts, especially Resorts World Sentosa. ## Attractions Various types of entertainment features are being provided in NTUC Downtown East. Such features are shopping, arcades and others. The attractions include: ### E!Hub A five-storey leisure and entertainment hub, named E!hub, was opened in early 2008. E!hub\'s main features include: - eXplorerkid, the largest indoor family park in Singapore - nEbO City, a combination of Cathay Cineplex, gaming and cafe. ### Wild Wild Wet {#wild_wild_wet} Wild Wild Wet is the largest-operating water park in Singapore as of January 2024, which features a 3-storey high raft water slide (known as Ular-Lar) that is the first of its kind in Southeast Asia. Wild Wild Wet opened in June 2004, 4 years after Downtown East\'s official opening. Currently competing with Resorts World Sentosa\'s Adventure Cove Waterpark, part of Marine Life Park, Wild Wild Wet has a total of nine water slides, and many other water attractions, one of which was sponsored by Yakult for a period of time. It also has a 18-metre slide called Torpedo. The riders would slide down at 70 metres an hour. ### Escape Theme Park {#escape_theme_park} Escape Theme Park was Singapore\'s largest outdoor theme park until Universal Studios Singapore took its position in May 2010. Opened in 2000, it operates on Saturdays, Sundays and gazetted school and public holidays. Its slogan is \'360 degrees of fun\', and had a total of twelve operating rides. It closed on 26 November 2011 due to declining business and the site was used for a bigger Wild Wild Wet and Costa Sands Resort. ## Accommodation In 2015, a 5-storey resort and hotel combination accommodation, D\'Resort, was opened. It was built over the former location of the Escape Theme Park and comprises 387 rooms
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# Aydın Örs **Aydın Örs** (born 23 July 1946 in Ankara) is a Turkish former basketball coach and former head coach of Fenerbahçe. He started to play basketball in 1963. He played for DSİ Spor and Sekerspor also played for 35 times with the Turkish national basketball team. He started to be Efes Pilsen youth level coach in 1981 then head-coach of Efes Pilsen SK in 1992. He won 20 cups in 29 years as a head-coach. He was the head-coach of the Turkish national basketball team when they played in the final of EuroBasket 2001. He was also the head coach of Efes Pilsen SK where he won couple of titles, as well as the third biggest cup of European basketball on clubs-level, the Korać Cup in 1996. When he was the head-coach of Efes Pilsen S.K. he was known as the architect of *\"death\" zone defense* He also was the head coach of Fenerbahçe in 2007, where he earned another national title. His arguments with Will Solomon were notable as he benched the American basketball player after a few incidents
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# Church of St Mary and St John The **Church of St Mary and St John** is the older of two Roman Catholic churches in the town of Ballincollig, County Cork, Ireland. The church was built in the 1860s, funded by donations from the local people of the time, and officially opened on 28 October 1866. The church is in a Gothic Revival style, combined with some features of other periods. It is built of ashlar limestone with roof slates. ## First church {#first_church} Up to 1808, Catholic residents of Ballincollig had to travel to Ballinora, Kilnaglory or Clash Cross in Carriganarra to attend mass. An increase in the Catholic population, largely due to the expansion of the Ballincollig Royal Gunpowder Mills, made it necessary for a new church to be erected in Ballincollig. This new church became the parish church - replacing Ballinora as the main church in the area. The first church was built in 1808 by Fr. Nicholas O'Riordan P.P. in the building which is now occupied by the community hall. The site was given by Charles Henry Leslie for 960 years at the rent of 6d (2½ p.) per year. Leslie also donated 100 guineas towards the cost of building the church. The Bishop of Cork, Francis Moylan, was involved in the negotiations for the site. After the closure of this church building in 1866, it was converted to use as a school. ## New church {#new_church} The ceremony to lay the foundation stone of a new Roman Catholic Church in Ballincollig was led by the Right Rev. Dr. Delany, Bishop of Cork, on 13 August 1865. The population of the parish of Ballincollig had grown so large that for a considerable time the chapel which stood on the south side of the village was unable to cope with the large attendances. The new site was on higher ground less than 100 yards to the south of the old church. It was on the property of Thomas Wise who gave the site free of charge. He also gave the use of a quarry at his property in Coolroe, a short distance away, where all the stone was needed for the building could be got. Other funds were provided by the management of the nearby Gunpowder Mills - with some sources attributing these donations as an attempt to appease some sections of the local population. The total cost was expected to be about £5,000, half of which had already been raised by the time of the foundation laying ceremony. This ceremony followed a mass in the old church. The Bishop led a procession to the site of the new church, where a service and ceremonial sprinkling of holy water took place. The Bishop then blessed the foundation stone, and it was then formally laid. A collection was made in aid of the funds for the new church and nearly £100 was subscribed on the spot. ## Architecture The building was designed by George Goldie. Goldie had already designed many other churches in England and Ireland. The design of the church was neo-gothic in style, which was typical of this period. Goldie also combined features from other periods, giving Ballincollig church some \"unique\" characteristics. ## Construction The builder employed to construct the church was Mr. Barry McMullen of Cork. The walls of the church were made of ashlar limestone (i.e. limestone which had to be individually chiselled into blocked). The stained glass for the windows was supplied by messrs. Wiles of Newcastle in England. The windows vary in shape and size from the narrow pointed type (neo-Gothic) to the rose shaped-windows. The window shapes incorporate limestone tracery. The names of a number of people who contributed to the construction of the church can be seen on some of the windows. For example, the stained glass window behind the statue of Mary was donated by Barry McMullen, and reads: \"Pray for Barry McMullen Builder of the church\". Others read: \"Pray for George Goldie Architect of this church\" and \"Pray for the very Rev David Horgan of Cork, Priest of Ballincollig who erected the church with help of his parishioners and all the faithful- A.D. 1866\". The metalwork in the church was done by messrs. Peard and Jackson of London. Much of this ornate metalwork has now been removed, e.g. the altar railings, the metal brackets which held the oil lamps. The railings on the outer wall of the church are the most visible examples of their work. Another feature of the church is the belfry with its pointed top. It is another example of the Gothic style of architecture. It is made from blocks of limestone and is surmounted with a stone cross. The bell itself was supplied by Sheridan of Dublin.
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# Church of St Mary and St John ## Dedication ceremony {#dedication_ceremony} On 28 October 1866, the church of St. Mary and St. John was dedicated by the Right Rev. Dr. Delaney, Lord Bishop of the Diocese of Cork. A large number of people came to witness the dedication, with special trains running on the Cork and Macroom Railway. During the dedication mass, the very Rev. Fr. Brigitt delivered a sermon which included passages from the gospel of Luke VI, V and VI: \"And when Jesus came to the place, looking up he saw him and said to him, \'Zacheus, make haste and come down, for this day I must abide in thy house\'.\" Fr. Brigitt said that the building indicated that the spirit of Zacheus was reflected in the people of Ballincollig
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# Database journalism **Database journalism** or **structured journalism** is a principle in information management whereby news content is organized around structured pieces of data, as opposed to news stories. See also Data journalism Communication scholar Wiebke Loosen defines database journalism as \"supplying databases with raw material - articles, photos and other content - by using medium-agnostic publishing systems and then making it available for different devices.\" ## History and development of database journalism {#history_and_development_of_database_journalism} Computer programmer Adrian Holovaty wrote what is now considered the manifesto of database journalism in September 2006. In this article, Holovaty explained that most material collected by journalists is \"structured information: the type of information that can be sliced-and-diced, in an automated fashion, by computers\". For him, a key difference between database journalism and traditional journalism is that the latter produces articles as the final product while the former produces databases of facts that are continually maintained and improved. 2007 saw a rapid development in database journalism. A December 2007 investigation by The Washington Post ([Fixing DC\'s schools](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/metro/interactives/dcschools/#fullseries)) aggregated dozens of items about more than 135 schools in a database that distributed content on a map, on individual webpages or within articles. The importance of database journalism was highlighted when the Knight Foundation awarded \$1,100,000 to Adrian Holovaty\'s EveryBlock project, which offers local news at the level of city block, drawing from existing data. The Pulitzer prize received by the St. Petersburg Times\' Politifact in April 2009 has been considered a *Color of Money* moment by Aron Pilhofer, head of the New York Times technology team. Referring to Bill Dedman\'s Pulitzer Prize-winning articles called *The Color of Money,* Pilhofer suggested that database journalism has been accepted by the trade and will develop, much like CAR did in the 1980s and 1990s. Seeing journalistic content as data has pushed several news organizations to release APIs, including the BBC, the Guardian, the New York Times and the American National Public Radio. By doing so, they let others aggregate the data they have collected and organized. In other words, they acknowledge that the core of their activity is not story-writing, but data gathering and data distribution. Beginning with the early years of the 21st century, some researchers expanded the conceptual dimension for databases in journalism, and in digital journalism or cyberjournalism. A conceptual approach begins to consider databases as a specificity of digital journalism, expanding their meaning and identifying them with a specific code, as opposed to the approach which perceived them as sources for the production of journalistic stories, that is, as tools, according to some of the systematized studies in the 90s. ## Difference with data-driven journalism {#difference_with_data_driven_journalism} Data-driven journalism is a process whereby journalists build stories using numerical data or databases as a primary material. In contrast, database journalism is an organizational structure for content. It focuses on the constitution and maintenance of the database upon which web or mobile applications can be built, and from which journalists can extract data to carry out data-driven stories. ## Examples of database journalism {#examples_of_database_journalism} Early projects in this new database journalism were mySociety in the UK, launched in 2004, and Adrian Holovaty\'s chicagocrime.org, released in 2005. As of 2011, several databases could be considered journalistic in themselves. They include EveryBlock, OpenCorporates, and Govtrack.us
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# Japrocksampler ***Japrocksampler: How the Post-war Japanese Blew Their Minds on Rock \'n\' Roll*** is a book written by author and musician Julian Cope and published by Bloomsbury on 3 September 2007. ## Overview The 304-page hardcover book is a companion piece to Cope\'s 1995 book on Krautrock, *Krautrocksampler*, and covers in extensive detail the post-war democratizing and westernizing of Japan, plus a detailed 28-page analysis of the experimental music scene from 1951--69. The first part, about the 1960s, was described by Simon Reynolds as a \"prequel to the book proper\". The unusual relationship between Japanese experimental theatre and rock music is carefully explained in the 14-page essay \'J.A. Caesar and the Radical Theatre Music of Japan\'. There are also detailed biographies of the bands Taj Mahal Travellers, Flower Travellin\' Band, Les Rallizes Denudes, Far East Family Band and Speed, Glue & Shinki. ## Reception Simon Reynolds found *Japrocksampler* to contain some extraneous material and wrote that \"a certain windy ponderousness of phrase and tone creeps into the prose now and then\". But Reynolds also argued, \"If Cope\'s exaltation of Les Rallizes Denudes seems like mystique-building covering up simple underachievement \[\...\], elsewhere his evocations \[\...\] are enticing and convincing.\" Helen Zaltzman praised it in *The Observer* as exhaustive but said that \"one senses that despite his intense interest in the subject, Cope is padding out his material because there were simply not enough bands in the movement with which he is concerned. \[\...\] Though fans will no doubt relish the jaunt through the Archdrude\'s mind, less committed readers may be put off by his tendency to pomposity, repetition and leaden pace.\" Michel Faber wrote, \"Cope\'s descriptions are tantalising but no replacement for hearing the music itself, so the book\'s usefulness depends on whether it inspires you to rush off in search of \[classic albums\] \[\...\] Less adventurous readers may simply enjoy the anecdotes about a host of chancers, mad idealists, Buddhist gangsters, Monkees clones \[\...\] and bonafide geniuses.\" Faber said that Cope\'s \"lack of affinity with folk or the subtler forms of jazz causes him to ignore or sideline many of Japan\'s most distinctive artists.\" But Faber still argued that it was the best book on Japanese rock music available. Sam Jordison praised the book as \"utterly wonderful\" and said, \"Before reading it I knew nothing about this subject. \[\...\] Now, I know even less than before.\" Jordison stated that \"part of the pleasure of the book is his unbounded enthusiasm for the strange arcana he has dug up
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# Schneider Haus The **Schneider Haus National Historic Site**, formerly Joseph Schneider Haus, is a museum in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. Situated on some of the earliest land to be settled by non-Indigenous peoples in what would become Waterloo County, the museum includes the oldest remaining dwelling in the area and was named a National Historic Site of Canada in 1999. ## History Schneider Haus was originally a farmstead with a Georgian-frame house, with outbuildings, built circa 1816 (not 1820 as a historic plaque indicates) by Joseph and Barbara Schneider in what was then called Berlin, Ontario. The family was among a large group of Pennsylvania German Mennonites from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania to settle in Waterloo County, Ontario in the early 19th century. The land, situated on the German Company Tract, a subset of land within the Haldimand Tract known as Block 2, was the earliest in the County to be settled by non-Indigenous peoples. The group included Bishop Benjamin Eby, who planned to start a new Mennonite colony in what was then called Upper Canada. Eventually, the village of Ebytown (Berlin by the 1830s and Kitchener after 1916) grew around the core where the Haus is located. Other areas of what later became the Township of Waterloo and then Waterloo County, Ontario, including St. Jacobs, Ontario and Elmira, Ontario also attracted Mennonites. Originally, the Schneider farmstead included 181-hectares. The house is the oldest extant dwelling in Kitchener. The Schneider Haus is a living re-creation of life in Ontario in the 1850s, and has been restored to that period. The site includes several out-buildings that help make the site reminiscent of an earlier era. Costumed interpreters use traditional implements to make history come to life. The museum\'s collection includes over 7,000 items such as paintings, quilts, historical documents, board games and leather objects. The 1916 homestead was restored and opened as a museum in 1981. Costumed interpreters depict life in 1856; by that time, the second generation was living in the house. The Schneider Haus was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1999. ### Name change {#name_change} In 2017, the Regional Municipality of Waterloo renamed the house, dropping the word Joseph from the name of the museum. The change was made better reflect the contributions of the Schneider family as a whole, including those of Joseph\'s wife Barbara, and to avoid confusion with the founder of the Schneider Foods, John Metz Schneider
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# Gabriel Alonso de Herrera **Gabriel Alonso de Herrera** (1470--1539) was a Spanish author, best known for his *Obra de Agricultura* (Treatise on Agriculture), published in 1513 under the patronage of Cardinal Cisneros. Herrera was born in Talavera de la Reina. His treatise contains the teachings of the classics, and was used as a reference book until the early 20th century. This ample tome also contains information on veterinary medicine, meteorology and studies on the influence of food on health
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# Sri Lanka Engineers The **Corp of Sri Lanka Engineers (SLE)** is a combat support arm of the Sri Lanka Army which provides military engineering. It is made up of ten regular regiments and one volunteer regiment. Headquartered at Panagoda Cantonment, it is headed by the Centre Commandant. The corps provides combat engineering, construction and other technical support to the Sri Lankan Army and civil authorities. The corps\' key roles are mobility and counter mobility. That is providing mobility to friendly forces while denying movement to enemy forces. Engineers are able to conduct tasks including penetrating minefields, locating and disarming booby traps, purifying water and building roads and bridges to maintain lines of communications. ## History ### Formation and World Wars {#formation_and_world_wars} The **Ceylon Engineers** was formed in 1911 as part of the Ceylon Defence Force, following the transfer of Royal Engineers units from Ceylon. Duties of this unit were to the coastal searchlight and signal works. The unit was made up only of Europeans at its inception, mostly volunteers who had transferred from the Ceylon Planters Rifle Corps. Its first commanding officer was Captain T. H. Chapman who held the post of Director of Public Works in government service. The Ceylon Engineers were mobilized during World War I and demobilized at its conclusion. After the war, the Commander of the Ceylon Defence Force, in consultation with the GOC Ceylon, recommended that the members of the Burgher community who were enlisted to the Colombo Town Guard be invited to replace the Ceylon Engineers which was to be disbanded by 31 December 1926. This proposal was accepted and the reconstituted **Ceylon Engineer Corps** was raised on 1 January 1927. Personnel for the reconstituted unit were individually re-enlisted and a strength of 11 officers and 144 Other Ranks was recorded. This attracted the attention of two prominent members of the Legislative Council, D. S. Senanayake and E. W. Perera, who raised the question as to why there should be racial`{{clarify|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki} military units in the Island. In 1928 the Committee set up by the Governor of Ceylon to inquire into this question, proposed in their report that the *Ceylon Engineer Corps* shall comprise British subjects of good character and respectability. From then onwards, the Ceylon Engineer Corps was open to all Ceylonese. The Corps was to comprise two Companies of Field Engineers (for combat engineering), two Companies of Fortress Engineers (to man defence lights and engines) and one Company of Signalers. In 1939 the Corps was mobilized for World War II and in 1943 a second signal company was raised. These formed Ceylon Signals Corps. ### Post Independence {#post_independence} With the establishment of the Ceylon Army after independence, the 1st Field Squadron was formed in 1951 under the command of Major (later Brigadier) Douglas Ramanayake. This became the core of a new **Ceylon Engineers** which was formed in 1957, with the regimental headquarters permanently located at the Panagoda Cantonment. A military engineering unit was set up in May 1958 at Konduwattuan Camp in Ampara, this school was moved several times before been located at Thunkama in Embilipitiya where it is today. In 1959, the 1st Field Engineer Squadron became the 1st Field Engineer Regiment. The Volunteer counterpart of the 'Sappers\', the 4th Development and Construction Engineers Regiment was raised in 1964, replacing 2nd (V) Field/Plant Regiment, which was disbanded in 1962 after the attempted military coup that year which involved some of its officers. In the recent years, the Corps of Sri Lanka Engineers have been deployed in many parts of the country in support of military operations against terrorists. Since its conception in 1951 the corps has taken part in many development projects carried out in Sri Lanka by the government and has assisted during several natural disasters. ## Units ### Formations - Engineering Division - Field Engineer Brigade - Plant Engineer Brigade - General Engineering Brigade ### Regular Army {#regular_army} - 1st Field Engineer Regiment - 5th Field Engineer Regiment SLE - 6th Field Engineer Regiment SLE - 7th Field Engineer Regiment SLE - 8th Field Engineer Regiment SLE - 9th Field Engineer Regiment SLE - 10th Field Engineer Regiment SLE - 11th Field Engineer Regiment SLE - 12th Field Engineer Regiment SLE - 14 CBRN Regiment SLE - 16 Workshop Regiment - Sri Lanka School of Military Engineering - Explosive Ordnance Disposal Squadron ### Volunteer Regiments {#volunteer_regiments} - 4th(Volunteer) Field Engineer Regiment SLE (Formed on 1 September 1964) - 15th(Volunteer) Field Engineer Regiment SLE (Converted from 33 Sri Lanka National Guard on 3 March 2009)
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# Sri Lanka Engineers ## Recipients of the Weerodara Vibhushanaya {#recipients_of_the_weerodara_vibhushanaya} - Colonel C. D. Wickramanayake ## Notable members {#notable_members} - Lieutenant Basil Arthur Horsfall VC `{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki} -- Only Ceylonese recipient of the Victoria Cross - Brigadier Douglas Ramanayake -- founder of the Sri Lanka Engineers - General Denis Perera VSV, ndc, psc, SLE -- Former Commander of the Army (1977--1981). - General Nalin Seneviratne, VSV, ndc, SLE -- Former Commander of the Army (1985--1988) - General Crishantha de Silva, RWP, USP, ndc, psc, SLE -- Chief of the Defence Staff and Commander of the Army (2015--2017) - General Mahesh Senanayake, RWP, RSP, USP, psc -- Commander of the Army - Lieutenant General Nalin Angammana `{{KIA}}`{=mediawiki} -- Former GOC, 3rd Division. - Major General Mendaka Samarasinghe, RWP, RSP, USP, ndc, psc, SLE -- former Chief of Staff of the Sri Lanka Army (2009--2010) - Major General J. R. S. de Silva, RSP, VSV, USP, SLE -- Chief of Staff of the Sri Lanka Army (1991--1992) - Major General K. J. C. Perera, RWP, RSP, VSV, USP, rcds, psc, SLE -- Chief of Staff of the Sri Lanka Army (2000--2001) - Major General E. H. Samaratunga USP, SLE - Major General A. E. D. Wijendra RSP, USP, ndc, psc, SLE - Major General M. D. S. Chandrapala RWP, RSP, USP, psc, SLE - Major General D. S. K. Wijesooriya RWP, RSP, USP, psc, SLE - Major General J. K. N. Jayakody USP, ndc, SLE - Major Genera V N Wijegunawardena - Major General Janaka Walgama RSP VSV USP ndu psc - Lieutenant Colonel J.H.V. de Alwis -- former Commanding Officer, 2nd Volunteer Engineers, Ceylon Engineers & accused conspirator in the 1962 coup d\'état attempt - Lieutenant Colonel D. A. Priyantha Dissanayake RSP, USP - Brigadier S.A.R
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# Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis The ***Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis*** is published in print and online by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The online version is also known as e-EROS. The encyclopedia contains a description of the use of reagents used in organic chemistry. The eight-volume print version includes 3500 alphabetically arranged articles and the online version is regularly updated to include new reagents and catalysts
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# Erinlẹ In the Yoruba tradition, **Erinlẹ** was a great hunter who became an *orisha*. He is said to have conducted the first Olobu of Ilobu to the site of the town of Ilobu, and to have protected the people of the town from Fulani invasions. He is usually described as a hunter but sometimes as a herbalist or a farmer. It is said that one day he sank into the earth near Ilobu and became a river. He is known all over Yorùbáland. The cult of Erinlẹ is found in towns throughout the former Oyo Empire. His shrines contain smooth, round stones from the Erinlẹ River. The name may be derived from *erin* (elephant) and *ilẹ* (earth), or from *erin* and *ile* (house). He is known as **Inle** by the Lukumi in Cuba and as Ode Inle, and sometimes as Oxossi Ibualamo in Brazilian Candomblé. The Erinlẹ River, a tributary of the Osun River, takes his name
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# Let the Right One In (novel) ***Let the Right One In*** (*Låt den rätte komma in*) is a 2004 vampire novel by Swedish writer John Ajvide Lindqvist. The story centers on the relationship between a 12-year-old boy, Oskar, and a centuries-old vampire child, Eli. It takes place in Blackeberg, a working-class suburb of Stockholm, in the early 1980s. The book grapples with the darker side of humanity, including such issues as existential anxiety, social isolation, fatherlessness, divorce, alcoholism, school bullying, paedophilia, genital mutilation, self-mutilation, and murder. The book was a bestseller in the author\'s home country of Sweden; it was translated into several languages, including English. It has been adapted as three independent films, a play, and a television series. A Swedish-language film, *Let the Right One In*, directed by Tomas Alfredson, was released in 2008. Another adaptation was created in English and based on Lindqvist\'s screenplay. Entitled *Let Me In*, it was directed by Matt Reeves and released in 2010. An English-language stage adaptation premiered in 2013. The 2021 Irish horror comedy film *Let the Wrong One In* is loosely based on Lindqvist\'s novel. American network TNT ordered a pilot episode for a television series based on the novel, to premiere in 2017. TNT ultimately passed on the series. In 2021, Showtime gave the *Let the Right One In* series a 10-episode order, to be produced by Tomorrow Studios and starring Demián Bichir. The series premiered on October 9, 2022. ## Synopsis Oskar is a boy who is on the verge of his 13th birthday. He lives with his mother, who is loving and with whom he seems to have a connection. His father is an alcoholic living in the countryside. Oskar has gained interests in crime and forensics. He keeps a scrapbook filled with articles about murders and often fantasizes about killing his tormentors. He even goes as far as taking out his aggression on a tree in the woods near his apartment. Oskar befriends Eli. Eli, who lives with a man named Håkan, is revealed to be a vampire who was turned as a child and is stuck forever in a child\'s body and mind. Oskar and Eli develop a relationship, and Eli helps him fight back against his tormentors. Their relationship becomes closer, and they reveal more of themselves, including fragments of Eli\'s life. Among the details revealed is that Eli is a boy named Elias who was castrated when he was turned into a vampire over 200 years ago. Eli dresses in girls\' clothing, is perceived by outsiders as a girl, and insists on being referred to as one. Håkan serves Eli by procuring blood from the living. He struggles with his conscience and chooses victims whom he can trap, but who are not too young. Eli pays him for doing this. Håkan offers to go out one last time if he can spend a night with Eli after he gets the blood. Håkan is only allowed to touch Eli. Håkan\'s attempt to get blood fails, and he is caught. He disfigures himself with acid so that the police will not be able to trace Eli through him. Eli visits Håkan, who offers his blood. Eli drinks, but a guard interrupts them and Eli fails to kill him. Håkan throws himself out the window to the ground below, but is reanimated as a vampire driven by his desire for Eli. Håkan pursues and tries to rape Eli. Eli fights him off and escapes. Håkan is destroyed by Tommy after he gets locked in the basement with him. Lacke suspects a child is responsible for the murder of his friend. Lacke witnesses Eli attack his girlfriend. Eli tries to drink her blood, but Lacke fights Eli off. Virginia survives, but starts turning into a vampire. She does not realize her \"infection\" until she tries to prolong her life by drinking her own blood, and finds that exposure to the sun causes boils on her skin. Virginia realizes her transformation and kills herself in bed by exposing herself to daylight. Lacke is thwarted by Oskar and Eli. Oskar fights back and injures his tormentor. He and his older brother corner Oskar at night at the pool and try to drown him. Eli rescues Oskar and beheads the two brothers. Eli and Oskar flee the city with Eli\'s money and possessions. ## Characters - Oskar, the male protagonist, a bullied twelve-year-old - Eli, a centuries-old vampire who physically and mentally resembles a twelve-year-old - Håkan, a middle-aged man who helps Eli by procuring blood - Tommy, a rebellious teenager, neighbor and friend of Oskar - Lacke, the local alcoholic - Virginia, a divorced woman who has a difficult relationship with Lacke - Yvonne, Tommy\'s mother - Staffan, a policeman and Yvonne\'s new boyfriend - Jonny, a bully in Oskar\'s class - Jimmy, Jonny\'s older, sadistic brother - Morgan, Jocke, Larry and Gösta, Lacke\'s friends
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# Let the Right One In (novel) ## Title The title refers to the Morrissey song \"Let the Right One Slip In\". It is a play on the concept in vampire folklore which says that vampires cannot enter a house unless invited. The American version is called *Let Me In* because the publishers believed that the original title was too long. They first suggested the title be changed to *Let Her In*, but Lindqvist suggested *Let Me In* instead, given that \'Her\' was inaccurate. It is the vampire who must be careful to let the right person in on her secret. A paperback with the original title was later released to promote the film. ## Epilogue Lindqvist wrote a short story titled *Låt de gamla drömmarna dö* (\"Let the Old Dreams Die\"), exploring what happened to Oskar and Eli after they got off on the train. The story is told from the perspective of a friend of a couple consisting of Karin, a police officer who oversaw the investigation of the killings at the pool, and Stefan, the last person to see Oskar and Eli alive. Stefan saw Oskar and Eli after they had disembarked from the train on which they were riding in the epilogue. They were sitting on a trunk holding hands which they had cut to engage in the pact which Oskar had described to Eli previously, suggesting Oskar was intent on becoming a vampire along with Eli. The story concludes with new evidence that Oskar and Eli were recently in Barcelona, Spain. ## Film adaptations {#film_adaptations} ### *Let the Right One in* (2008) {#let_the_right_one_in_2008} In 2008, a Swedish film adaptation of *Let the Right One In* was released, directed by Tomas Alfredson and starring Lina Leandersson as Eli and Kåre Hedebrant as Oskar. The film received critical acclaim and was voted the 94th greatest film since 2000 in an international critics\' poll conducted by BBC. ### *Let me in* (2010) {#let_me_in_2010} An English language film based mainly on the Swedish film\'s screenplay was released in October 2010. The film\'s setting was changed from Blackeberg to Los Alamos, New Mexico, and the main characters\' names were changed to Owen and Abby. Directed by *Cloverfield* director Matt Reeves and starring Chloë Grace Moretz as Abby and Kodi Smit-McPhee as Owen, it received positive reviews despite not performing well at the box office.
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# Let the Right One In (novel) ## Television series {#television_series} In March 2015, A&E Studios confirmed the television series adaption of the novel. The series will air on A&E and is written by Jeff Davis and Brandon Boyce. In August 2016, TNT ordered a pilot. In September 2016, Kristine Froseth was cast as Eli in the pilot. In October 2016, Thomas Kretschmann and Benjamin Wadsworth were cast in the pilot. TNT decided not to produce the series, and it was shopped around. In March 2021, Showtime ordered a pilot. Demián Bichir joined the cast and the pilot will be produced by Tomorrow Studios. In April 2021, Anika Noni Rose joined the cast in the pilot. Later that month, Grace Gummer joined the cast of the pilot. In June, Madison Taylor Baez was added to the cast to star as the vampire-daughter Eleanor; other actors are Kevin Carroll, Jacob Buster, and Ian Foreman. In September 2021, it was announced that Showtime had given the production a series order for a first season consisting of 10 episodes. In February 2022, Željko Ivanek and Fernanda Andrade joined the cast in recurring roles. The series premiered on October 9, 2022. In an October 2022 interview John Ajvide Lindqvist mentioned he had nothing to do with the TV show and lamented inadvertently selling all rights to the book for only 1 SEK when he thought he was only giving Hammer Films the rights to make the movie (*Let Me In*), meaning he will earn no royalties from the TV show. According to Lindqvist, Hammer had misled him of the nature of the contract; "There were thick bundles of American legal prose. And that would then mean that I sold all the rights for a penny, but that was just a mere formality and would have no practical meaning, they said." In January 2023, the series was cancelled after one season. ## Stage adaptations {#stage_adaptations} ### Lindqvist An adaptation directed by Jakob Hultcrantz Hansson with a script by John Ajvide Lindqvist premiered March 16, 2011, on Uppsala Stadsteater, Uppsala. It premiered at Nord-Trøndelag Teater in Steinkjer, Norway, on November 15, 2012. ### Thorne A new stage adaptation produced by Marla Rubin and the National Theatre of Scotland written by Jack Thorne directed by John Tiffany, assisted Justin Martin, by premiered at Dundee Rep Theatre in June 2013 and transferred to the Royal Court Theatre for November and December 2013. The show transferred to the Apollo Theatre in March 2014, having received positive reviews from a number of national media outlets. The production toured to New York with a run at St. Ann\'s Warehouse in 2015. Thorne\'s play premiered at Rogaland Teater in Stavanger, Norway on January 24, 2015, in a new production as *La den rette komme inn*. In October to November 2022, a production directed by Alexander Berlage was performed by Darlinghurst Theatre in Sydney, Australia, presented by arrangement with Marla Rubin Productions. Will McDonald played Oskar, while Ell was played by Sebrina Thornton-Walker. ## Comic book series {#comic_book_series} In April 2010, Hammer Film Productions and Dark Horse Comics announced a four-issue comic book limited series with Marc Andreyko as the author. The series, titled *Let Me In: Crossroads*, is a prequel to the American film. The first issue has Abby and her \"guardian\" facing a ruthless real-estate tycoon who wants to steal their home and was released in December 2010. Original author John Ajvide Lindqvist said, \"Nobody has asked me about \[doing a comic\] and I think that the project stinks. I am looking into this matter and hope that they have no right to do this.\" Later, he told fans that he learned he had unwittingly sold the rights for the comic to be made. He said that the producers had misled him about the contract he had signed for the adaptation of his work
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# Edwin E. Wagner **Edwin E. Wagner** is the principal proponent and author of \"The Hand Test\". Wagner has written over 200 publications in psychology including manuals, reviews, monographs, books and journal articles. Born in 1930 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he received a B.A. in psychology (*summa cum laude*) (1956), M.A. in psychology (1957) and Ph.D. in psychology (1959) all from Temple University. Wagner\'s academic appointments include instructor at Pennsylvania State University and Temple University, Professor Emeritus at University of Akron, and Dean at Forest Institute of Professional Psychology in Huntsville, Alabama. ## The Hand Test {#the_hand_test} The Hand Test is a projective technique that utilizes ten unbound 3.5 x 4.5 inch cards, nine with simple line drawings of single hands and one blank card, to measure how the viewer interprets what each hand is doing (the blank card is left to the imagination of viewer). Verbal responses are given or \"projected\" by the viewer, and the results are recorded, scored and interpreted by the administrator. Wagner presented the Hand Test as a \"starting point\" or \"narrow band\" instrument that \"does not necessarily measure all major aspects of personality but does assess the individual\'s behavioral tendencies.\" (Wagner, 1983). ## Publications ### Books - Edwin E. Wagner. *The Hand Test*, Revised ed. 1983: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. - Glenn R. Young and Edwin E. Wagner. *The Hand Test : advances in application and research*. Malabar, Fla. : Krieger Pub. Co., 1999. `{{ISBN|1-57524-055-6}}`{=mediawiki} - Review: by Petersorn CA, *Journal of Personality Assessment* **76** (1): 185-188 Feb 2001 - Paul E. Panek and Edwin E. Wagner, *The use of the Hand test with older adults\"*, Springfield, Ill., U.S.A. : Thomas, c1985. `{{ISBN|0-398-05111-9}}`{=mediawiki} - Edwin E. Wagner and Carol F. Wagner, *The interpretation of projective test data : theoretical and practical guidelines*, Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A. : C.C. Thomas, c1981
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# 2007 Aberdeenshire Council election **Elections to Aberdeenshire Council** were held on 3 May 2007 the same day as the other Scottish local government elections and the Scottish Parliament general election. The election was the first one using 19 new wards created as a result of the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004, each ward would elect three or four councillors using the single transferable vote system form of proportional representation. The new wards replaced 68 single-member wards which used the plurality (first past the post) system of election. The council remained under no overall control and a coalition was formed between the Liberal Democrats and the Conservatives. ## Background ### Previous election {#previous_election} At the previous election in 2003 the Liberal Democrats won 28 seats, falling 7 seats short of an overall majority. The SNP, Conservative and Independent groups also fell well short of an overall majority. Party Seats Vote share ------------------- ------- ------------ Liberal Democrats 28 33.5% SNP 18 27.6% Conservative 11 21.0% Independent 11 14.5% : 2003 Aberdeenshire Council election result Source: ### Composition There was one by-election in the 2003-07 term. The seat was held by the Conservatives. Party 2003 election Dissolution ------------------- --------------- ------------- Liberal Democrats 28 28 SNP 18 18 Conservative 11 11 Independent 11 11 : Composition of Aberdeenshire Council Source: ## Results **Note:** \"Votes\" are the first preference votes. The net gain/loss and percentage changes relate to the result of the previous Scottish local elections on 1 May 2003. This may differ from other published sources showing gain/loss relative to seats held at dissolution of Scotland\'s councils. Source: ## Ward results {#ward_results} ### Banff and District {#banff_and_district} ### Troup ### Fraserburgh and District {#fraserburgh_and_district} ### Central Buchan {#central_buchan} ### Peterhead North and Rattray {#peterhead_north_and_rattray} ### Peterhead South and Cruden {#peterhead_south_and_cruden} ### Turriff and District {#turriff_and_district} ### Mid-Formartine {#mid_formartine} ### Ellon and District {#ellon_and_district} ### West Garioch {#west_garioch} ### Inverurie and District {#inverurie_and_district} ### East Garioch {#east_garioch} ### Westhill and District {#westhill_and_district} ### Huntly, Strathbogie and Howe of Alford {#huntly_strathbogie_and_howe_of_alford} ### Aboyne, Upper Deeside and Donside {#aboyne_upper_deeside_and_donside} ### Banchory and Mid-Deeside {#banchory_and_mid_deeside} ### North Kincardine {#north_kincardine} ### Stonehaven and Lower Deeside {#stonehaven_and_lower_deeside} ### Mearns
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# 2007 Aberdeenshire Council election ## Aftermath As no party group had the required 35 seats to have an overall majority, the council remained under no overall control and after negotiations, a coalition was formed between the Liberal Democrats and the Conservatives. Cllr Ian Tait resigned from the SNP on 28 July 2008 and now sits as an Independent Scottish Nationalist. Cllr Debra Storr resigned from the Liberal Democrats on 18 November 2008 and on 5 March 2009 she joined the Scottish Green Party. She was a member of the Democratic Independent Group on the council. Cllr Martin Ford resigned from the Liberal Democrats on 23 November 2008 and on 5 March 2009 he joined the Scottish Green Party. He is a member of the Democratic Independent Group on the council. On 23 January 2009, Cllr Sam Coull resigned from the Liberal Democrats. Since 5 March 2009 he sits as a member of the Democratic Independent Group On 23 January 2009, Cllr Paul Johnston left the Liberal Democrat Council Group. He was subsequently expelled from the Liberal Democrats. Since 5 March 2009 he sits as a member of the Democratic Independent Group. Cllr Andy Ritchie resigned from the SNP on 1 April 2009 and now sits as an Independent. Cllr Mark Cullen is also a member of the Democratic Independent Group on the council. On 21 February 2012 Banff and District Cllr John Cox ceased to be an Independent and joined the Scottish National Party. ### By-elections {#by_elections} #### Troup by-election {#troup_by_election} There was a Troup by-election held on 1 May 2008 to fill the vacancy which arose with the death of the SNP\'s Michael Burnett on 4 February 2008. The by-election was won by the SNP\'s Bob Watson.`{{STV Election box begin2| |title = Troup - 1 seat <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/elections/Byelection1May2008.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316104516/http://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/elections/Byelection1May2008.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref> |numcounts =1 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{STV Election box candidate2| |party = Scottish National Party |candidate = '''Bob Watson''' |count1 = '''1,721''' |percentage = 62.83 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{STV Election box candidate2| |party = Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party |candidate = Lisa Watt |count1 = 515 |percentage = 18.80 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{STV Election box candidate2| |party = Scottish Liberal Democrats |candidate = Edward Acton |count1 = 503 |percentage = 18.36 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link| |winner = Scottish National Party |loser = |swing = }}`{=mediawiki} `{{STV Election box end2 |numcounts = 1 |electorate = 7,589 |valid = 2,739 |spoilt = 16 |quota = 1,371 |turnout = 2,755 (36.3%) }}`{=mediawiki} #### Aboyne, Upper Deeside and Donside by-election {#aboyne_upper_deeside_and_donside_by_election} There was an Aboyne, Upper Deeside and Donside by-election held on 23 April 2009 to fill the vacancy which arose with the resignation of the Conservative\'s Bruce Luffman in 2009. The by-election was won by the Liberal Democrat\'s Rosemary Bruce.`{{STV Election box begin2| |title = Aboyne, Upper Deeside and Donside - 1 seat <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/elections/combinedresultspages230409.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316104505/http://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/elections/combinedresultspages230409.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref> |numcounts = 5 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{STV Election box candidate2| |party = Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party |candidate = Jo Pick |percentage = 31.47 |count1 =1,144 |count2 =1,148 |count3 =1,152 |count4 =1,241 |count5 =1,468 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{STV Election box candidate2| |party = Scottish Liberal Democrats |candidate = '''Rosemary Bruce''' |percentage = 26.66 |count1 =969 |count2 =975 |count3 =981 |count4 =1,180 |count5 ='''1,566''' }}`{=mediawiki} `{{STV Election box candidate2| |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = William Forbes |percentage = 23.16 |count1 =842 |count2 =845 |count3 =855 |count4 =1,003 |count5 =&nbsp; }}`{=mediawiki} `{{STV Election box candidate2| |party = Scottish National Party |candidate = George Parkinson |percentage = 16.97 |count1 =617 |count2 =621 |count3 =636 |count4 =&nbsp; |count5 =&nbsp; }}`{=mediawiki} `{{STV Election box candidate2| |party = British National Party |candidate = Roy Jones |percentage = 1.21 |count1 =44 |count2 =44 |count3 =&nbsp; |count4 =&nbsp; |count5 =&nbsp; }}`{=mediawiki} `{{STV Election box candidate2| |party = Independent (politician) |candidate = David Hutchison |percentage = 0.52 |count1 =19 |count2 =&nbsp; |count3 =&nbsp; |count4 =&nbsp; |count5 =&nbsp; }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box gain with party link| |winner = Scottish Liberal Democrats |loser = Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party |swing = }}`{=mediawiki} `{{STV Election box end2 |numcounts = 5 |electorate = 8,357 |valid = 3,635 |spoilt =20 |quota = 1,819 |turnout = 3,655 (43
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# Caçapava do Sul **Caçapava do Sul** is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, located on the banks of the Camaquã River. As of 2020, the city has an estimated population of 33,548. It was the 2nd capital of the Piratini Republic from 1839 to 1840. The economy depends primarily on the mining industry. Caçapava do Sul produces 80% of the calcareous rock mined in Rio Grande do Sul. For many years it was Brazil\'s major producer of copper and is still an important center of copper mining. A major deposit of copper ore was discovered in the 1940s by the CBC (Companhia Brasileira do Cobre / Brazilian Copper Company), under the direction of Brazilian industrialist and famous playboy Francisco \"Baby\" Pignatari. The area, about 5 km from Caçapava, came to be known as the Minas do Camaquã (Camaquã Mines). This large operation contributed enormously to the town\'s economy and is still the site of operating copper mines, by such companies as Majestic Diamonds & Metals. The area has several interesting natural formations. Nearby lies Pedra do Segredo (Stone of the Secret), a natural outcropping of stone that attracts mountain climbers and tourists from all over the state and elsewhere. ## Geography The city is located at latitude 30º30\'44\"S and longitude 53º29\'29\"W, at an altitude of 444 m. It has a geographical area of 3044.8 km2
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# Otto Falkenberg **Otto Gabriel Grubbe Dietrichson Falkenberg** (9 January 1885 -- 21 July 1977) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Mosk II*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class (1919 rating)
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# Tommie Shelby **Tommie Shelby** (born 1967) is an American philosopher. Since 2013, he has served as the Caldwell Titcomb Professor of African and African American Studies and of Philosophy at Harvard University, where he is the current chair of the Department of African and African American Studies. He is particularly known for his work in Africana philosophy, social and political philosophy, social theory (especially Marxist theory), and the philosophy of social science. ## Education and career {#education_and_career} Shelby was the eldest of six children. He was a self-described \"jock\" in high school, competing in basketball and track. He earned his B.A. in philosophy from Florida A&M University in 1990 and his Ph.D. in philosophy with a certificate in cultural studies from the University of Pittsburgh in 1998. His dissertation, *Marxism and the Critique of Moral Ideology*, was directed by David Gauthier. Before moving to Harvard University as an assistant professor in 2000, he was an assistant professor of philosophy at Ohio State University from 1998 to 2000. He was the John L. Loeb Associate Professor of the Social Sciences at Harvard from 2004 to 2007. Shelby is the second black scholar to be tenured in the philosophy department at Harvard. The first was Kwame Anthony Appiah, now a professor at New York University. Shelby served as an editor of *Transition Magazine* and of the *Du Bois Review*. In 2015, he was elected to the Pulitzer Prize Board. In June 2022, he was elected as the Board\'s 2022-2024 co-chair, serving alongside Poynter Institute President Neil Brown. Shelby also was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2019.
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# Tommie Shelby ## Research areas and publications {#research_areas_and_publications} Shelby is the author of *We Who Are Dark: The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity* (Harvard University Press, 2005). The book discusses the history of black political thought from Martin Delany to Malcolm X and extrapolates a new theory for black political solidarity consistent with liberal values of individual liberty, social equality, and cultural tolerance. Orlando Patterson described the book as \"contest\[ing\] the movement\'s central claims at a level of sociophilosophical sophistication that one rarely encounters.\" Bill Lawson, in his review of Shelby\'s book in *Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews*, described it as a \"provocative and insightful book.\" He continued, \"Professor Shelby has done a great service to both philosophical and historical academic studies\... What makes this book worth reading beyond the scholarship and its scholarly insights is Professor Shelby\'s attempt to move Black Nationalism into the post-civil rights era.\" Shelby is also the co-editor of *Hip-Hop and Philosophy: Rhyme 2 Reason* with Derrick Darby. In his review of the book, Tommy J. Curry said that it is \"\...a great work that inhabits the tension between the sterile thought of the academy and the rich lives of many young urban Americans.\" Shelby also co-edited *Transition 99* with Henry Louis Gates Jr., K. Anthony Appiah and F. Abiola Irele, and is the author of the entry on Black Nationalism in the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online. His second monograph, *Dark Ghettos: Injustice, Dissent, and Reform*, was published by the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press in 2016. His third book, *The Idea of Prison Abolition*, was published by Princeton University Press in 2022. Shelby is the son-in-law of Harvard philosopher Thomas Scanlon
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# Charles Arentz **Charles Acher Arentz** (8 November 1878 -- 25 September 1968) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Mosk II*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class (1919 rating)
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# Tropical peat **Tropical peat** is a type of histosol that is found in tropical latitudes, including South East Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. Tropical peat mostly consists of dead organic matter from trees instead of spaghnum which are commonly found in temperate peat. This soils usually contain high organic matter content, exceeding 75% with dry low bulk density around 0.2 mg/m3. Areas of tropical peat are found mostly in South America (about 46% by area) although they are also found in Africa, Central America, Asia and elsewhere around the tropics. Tropical peatlands are significant carbon sinks and store large amounts of carbon and their destruction can have a significant impact on the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Tropical peatlands are vulnerable to destabilisation through human and climate induced changes. Estimates of the area (and hence volume) of tropical peatlands vary but a reasonable estimate is in the region of 380000 km2. Although tropical peatlands only cover about 0.25% of the Earth\'s land surface they contain 50,000--70,000 million tonnes of carbon (about 3% global soil carbon). In addition, tropical peatlands support diverse ecosystems and are home to a number of endangered species including the orangutan. The native peat swamp forests contain a number of valuable timber-producing trees plus a range of other products of value to local communities, such as bark, resins and latex. Land-use changes and fire, mainly associated with plantation development and logging (deforestation and drainage), are reducing this carbon store and contributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The problems that result from development of tropical peatlands stem mainly from a lack of understanding of the complexities of this ecosystem and the fragility of the relationship between peat and forest. Once the forest is removed and the peat is drained, the surface peat oxidises and loses stored carbon rapidly to the atmosphere (as carbon dioxide). This results in progressive loss of the peat surface, leading to local flooding and, due to the large areas involved, global climate change. Failure to account for such emissions results in underestimates of the rate of increase in atmospheric GHGs and the extent of human induced climate change
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# List of members of the 2nd House of Commons of Northern Ireland This is a list of **members of Parliament elected in the 1925 Northern Ireland general election**. Elections to the 2nd Northern Ireland House of Commons were held on 3 April 1925. All members of the Northern Ireland House of Commons elected at the 1925 Northern Ireland general election are listed. Sir James Craig, (later Viscount Craigavon) continued as Prime Minister following the election. The second place Nationalist Party ended its policy of abstentionism and took their seats but refused to accept the role of Official Opposition. ## Members Name Constituency Party ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------- Robert Anderson Londonderry J. M. Andrews Down Edward Archdale Fermanagh and Tyrone John Milne Barbour Antrim Richard Dawson Bates Belfast East Jack Beattie Belfast East Richard Best Armagh Arthur Black Belfast South Sir John Campbell Queens University of Belfast Lloyd Campbell Belfast North Dehra Chichester Londonderry John Henry Collins Armagh James Cooper Fermanagh and Tyrone James Craig Down Robert Crawford Antrim Joe Devlin Belfast West Herbert Dixon Belfast East Alex Donnelly Fermanagh and Tyrone Eamon Donnelly Armagh Rowley Elliott Fermanagh and Tyrone John Fawcett Gordon Antrim William Grant Belfast North James Woods Gyle Belfast East George Boyle Hanna Antrim Thomas Harbison Fermanagh and Tyrone Cahir Healy Fermanagh and Tyrone George Henderson Antrim Tommy Henderson Belfast North Robert Johnstone Queens University of Belfast Sam Kyle Belfast North Thomas Lavery Down George Leeke Londonderry Robert John Lynn Belfast West Thomas Stanislaus McAllister Antrim Robert McBride Down Basil McGuckin Londonderry John McHugh Fermanagh and Tyrone Thomas McMullan Down William McMullen Belfast West John Martin Mark Londonderry William Miller Fermanagh and Tyrone Thomas Moles Belfast South Hugh Morrison Queens University of Belfast Harry Mulholland Down Patrick O\'Neill Down Robert William O\'Neill Antrim Hugh Pollock Belfast South John Hanna Robb Queens University of Belfast David Shillington Armagh Éamon de Valera Down Philip James Woods `{{ref|1|1}}`{=mediawiki} Belfast South Philip James Woods `{{ref|1|1}}`{=mediawiki} Belfast West ## Changes - Philip James Woods (Independent Unionist) was elected in both the Belfast West and Belfast South constituencies. He declined the Belfast South seat resulting in a by-election held on 6 November 1925, which was won by Anthony Brutus Babington (UUP)
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# Robert Giertsen **Robert Roach Giertsen** (24 August 1894 -- 17 October 1978) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Mosk II*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class (1919 rating)
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# Carrigrohane parish (Church of Ireland) The **Carrigrohane Union of Parishes** is a Church of Ireland parish in County Cork, Ireland. In 2017 the parish used profits from a land sale to acquire a former military building for conversion into a church and parish center. The parish also holds an archive of military records from the Irish revolutionary period, which have been published in an online database. The three constituent churches of the parish are St Peter\'s Church, Carrigrohane, the Church of the Resurrection, Blarney, and St Senan\'s Church, Inniscarra
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# Arne Sejersted **Arne Sejersted** (18 July 1877 -- 17 December 1960) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Mosk II*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class (1919 rating)
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# Erik Herseth **Erik Johan Herseth** (9 July 1892 -- 28 January 1993) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Eleda*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class (1907 rating). ## Professional life {#professional_life} Herseth was a real Homo Universalis. When he won his Olympic Gold in 1920 Herseth was a famous baritone. He made his debut in 1918 in the Opera Comique in Oslo. In 1921 he moved to Vienna. There as correspondent of the newspaper *Abendpost* he did interviews of personalities like Josephine Baker. From 1924 till 1928 he was part of the Wiener Volksoper. Herseth was besides baritone a voice teacher, art dealer and painted under the Pseudonym of L. Smith. Besides all this Herseth was a First lieutenant by the Norwegian Airforce. In this role he was in active duty during World War II by the Norwegian troops in Sweden. ## Personal life {#personal_life} His daughter Astri Herseth became a famous soprano at the Norwegian State Opera in Oslo
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# Ole Sørensen (sailor) **Ole Sørensen** (22 September 1883 -- 25 February 1958) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Eleda*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class (1907 rating)
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# Barnett Abrahams **Barnett Abrahams** (1831 -- 15 November 1863) was the Principal of Jews\' College, and a Dayan (rabbinic judge) in London. Abrahams was born in Warsaw in 1831. His father emigrated to England in 1839, while he and his mother did so only in 1841; two more sons were born in 1843 and 1844. Abrahams was educated by his father, and later by Chief Rabbi Nathan Marcus Adler. In 1849 he joined the yeshiva at Bevis Marks Synagogue (Spanish and Portuguese congregation). The elders there paid for him to attend the City of London School and University College London, from which he graduated BA. In 1851 he began to preach at Bevis Marks synagogue, acting as Hakham. He became assistant *Dayan* in 1854, and in 1856 was made head of its Beth Din. He was the youngest man to act as *dayan* in the London Jewish community and the first English Jewish minister to hold a British university degree. Abrahams married in 1854. He had 6 children; Joseph and Moses became Jewish ministers, and Israel became an author and teacher. In 1858, on the resignation of Louis Loewe as headmaster of Jews\' College, Abrahams succeeded him while continuing to carry out his religious duties. Abrahams was most concerned about educating the young, and in 1860 he founded the Association for the Diffusion of Religious Knowledge, the precursor of the Jewish Religious Education Board
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# Thomas Tobin **Sir Thomas Tobin** (22 March 1807 -- 9 January 1881) was a British merchant. He moved to Ballincollig in 1863 to become managing director of Ballincollig Royal Gunpowder Mills. He played an active part in the social and industrial life of Ballincollig and Cork until his death in 1881. ## Tobins of Liverpool {#tobins_of_liverpool} The Tobins were an important merchant family in Liverpool at a time when the city was rapidly expanding at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries. Thomas\'s grandfather, Patrick, was a native of Ireland and lived on the Isle of Man. Two of Patrick\'s sons, John and Thomas, became apprentice seamen and later master mariners. They both built their prosperity on the slave trade later branching into palm oil and ivory. They had estates in Africa which employed many black people. After the emancipation many of these slaves came to England, and it was not uncommon to see coloured people in Liverpool who bore a mark identifying them as having once been on the servitude of the Tobins. John became Mayor of Liverpool in 1819 and was knighted on the ascension of George IV to the throne. On 19 July 1821, George IV\'s Coronation Day, Prince\'s Dock was opened, and the Tobins ship, *May*, was the first ship which entered and in honour of the occasion she was exempted from paying Town or Dock Dues. ## Thomas\' father and family {#thomas_father_and_family} On 6 June 1806, John\'s brother, Thomas, married Esther Watson, daughter of Richard Watson of Preston in Preston Church. They took up residence in Bold Street in Liverpool. At that time Bold Street had not become a shopping street but consisted of dwelling houses of well-to-do merchants, many of whom had their counting houses at the back. About halfway up the street Thomas Tobin, senior, lived in a fine house with a counting house behind. Thomas Tobin, senior, had a large family-six boys and six girls. The eldest of these were also called Thomas after his father and he was born on 22 March 1807, and was baptised in St. Peter\'s Church, Church Street, on 26 June 1807. Very little is known about the young Thomas\' upbringing, except, as the oldest son, he naturally became involved in his father\'s business. ## Powder mills {#powder_mills} In 1833--34, Tobin and company of Liverpool purchased the dilapidated powder mills in Ballincollig from the British Board of Ordnance. Thomas junior was involved in inspecting the buildings before the purchase was concluded for £15,00. With the renovation and the opening of the mills, Thomas junior was sent to Ballincollig by his father to become managing director of the mills. It seems unusual that Thomas, as the oldest son, was not kept in Liverpool to inherit the family in the business. But in the mid-1830s Thomas was the only son available to go to Ballincollig. One son had died at six months, a second was in the Army, a third was not yet twenty, while the fourth, James Aspinall, who later took over to Liverpool business, was only seventeen. It is clear Thomas took an active interest in the running of the mills, which grew rapidly. He is credited with making Ballincollig \"almost a model village\". In March 1806, on his retirement from his position as managing director, he was presented with \"\'a magnificent piece of plate\' by the supervisors and workmen, a small token of their deep regret.... And of their gratitude for the kindness and humanity with which he always exercised his authority\". ## Family Shortly after taking up his position as managing director in 1835, Thomas married Catherine Ellis, daughter of Lister Ellis of Crofthead, Cumberland, on 12 September 1835. They had one child, a son, Arthur Lionel, who was born in Ballincollig on 7 August 1837. Arthur became a lieutenant in the 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers with whom he served in the Crimean War and in the Indian Mutiny. He was wounded in the thigh while fighting at the capture of Kaiserbogh, Lucknow (16 March 1858) and died on 12 October 1858. He was buried near Lucknow. Saddened by the death of their only son and child at 21 years of age, Tobin presented a stained glass window to St. Peter\'s Church, Carrigohane, to commemorate his son. He also presented a memorial to the Royal Welsh Fusiliers and endowed a boat in his son\'s name with the Royal National Lifeboat Institution of which Tobin himself was the local representative.
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# Thomas Tobin ## Oriel House {#oriel_house} Thomas and Catherine lived in Oriel House, Ballincollig, from 1835. But in the early 1850s he rented the castle in Ballincollig and intended to have it \'repaired and protected from further decay\'. He also intended to have the grounds around it \"tastefully planted\". Instead, in the mid-1850s he seemed to live for a while in Bridepark, Ovens. However, after that he lived in the Oriel House until his death in 1881. ## Travel and antiquities {#travel_and_antiquities} Thomas and Catherine had a common interest in travel and in the antiquities of the middle and Near East. Thomas was elected member of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries, Copenhagen (1849), a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (1853), and a member of the Royal Irish Academy (1869). Thomas and Catherine travelled to North Africa, the Levant and Palestine. In February 1856, he lectured in the Athenium (Opera House) on \'Egypt, Past and Present\', an account of a visit Cairo and a journey along the Nile. He concluded that the Turkish empire was doomed and speculated on Egypt\'s future. George Kelleher has suggested, however, that while Thomas Tobin was an \'antiquarian and curio collector in the spirit of the Victorian age\', his wife Catherine, \'was a far more considerable cultural figure\'. Her interest in antiquaries led her to write two books, \"Shadows of the East\" (Longmans, 1855) and \"The Land of Inheritance\" (Quaritch, London, 1863), and to translate a third \"Illustration of Discoveries at Nineveh\" (Longmans, 1859) by Paul-Émile Botta. ## Activity in Cork {#activity_in_cork} Thomas was very involved in many aspects of the social and commercial life of the Cork area. He was patron of Carrigrohane Church of Ireland Primary School. He was also a Justice of the Peace as well as being Deputy Lieutenant of the county of the City of Cork. Like his father, who was a member of the Dock Committee in Liverpool, Thomas was a member of Cork Harbour Board. He had greatest influence during the 1850s when he was \"one of the most active members\" of the Executive Committee which organised the Cork Exhibition of 1852. He was also Secretary of the Police Committee, which organised security for the Exhibition. His carriage was one of the fifty which rode in the parade at the opening of the Exhibition Knighthood. The profits of the Cork Exhibition were used to build the Atheneum (Opera House). Thomas was President of the Atheneum and at its opening on 22 May 1855, he was knighted by the Lord Lieutenant. The Earl of Carlisle said \"In recognition of the services he has rendered for the institution, of the great esteem in which he was held by the citizens of Cork but particularly in reference for the vast goods and great benefits he has dispensed to the public in the conduct of the large manufactory at Ballincollig and especially for his kindness and humanity to the numerous workers over whom he has charge.\" Hospitals Thomas took an active interest in the management of a number of the city hospitals. Two of these were the Erinville Hospital and the Eglinton District Lunatic Asylum along the Lee Road. In 1874, he presided over a public meeting, which was called to organise a new hospital for Cork. This was \"The County and City of Cork Hospital for Women and Children\" which later became the Victoria Hospital. Thomas was elected to the permanent Committee of Management in 1877. He was appointed Honorary Treasurer and Secretary in 1878 and served in this capacity until his death in 1881. His wife, Lady Catherine, was a patroness of the Hospital for many years. Tobin\'s collection of Irish Bronze Age antiquities, that was mostly found in the area around Cork, was purchased by the British Museum in 1871. ## Death Thomas died on 9 January 1881. He had been sick for ten weeks with a gastric ulcer and his brother, James Aspinall, was present at his death. He was buried at Inniscarra Cemetery on 11 January. The Cork Examiner said on his death: \"Much regret was felt at the announcement of the death of the courteous and popular gentleman, Sir Thomas Tobin. He was not a native of this city but for a long time had identified himself with it. By political conviction he was a Conservative but his opinions were always maintained in the courteous and least obtrusive manner and they detracted nothing from the esteem which his urbane manners and general kindness of disposition had won for him.\" (In his will he left effects in Ireland valued at £5,305.7s.2d.) After his death his wife, Lady Catherine, moved back to England, first to London and then to Eastham in Cheshire where James Aspinall lived. She died there on 23 April 1903, and was buried in Eastham. The memory of Sir Thomas Tobin is largely forgotten in Ballincollig today. Yet he played a very important part in the development of the town in the middle of the last century. He was for many years the managing director of one of the largest manufactories in the south of Ireland. He also played a very important part in the cultural life of Cork City at that time. His grave lies at the end of Inniscarra Graveyard
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# Gunnar Jamvold **Gunnar Jamvold** (22 April 1896 -- 9 September 1984) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Eleda*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class (1907 rating)
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# No quarter **No quarter**, during military conflict or piracy, implies that combatants would not be taken prisoner, but executed. Since the Hague Convention of 1899, it is considered a war crime; it is also prohibited in customary international law and by the Rome Statute. Article 23 of the Hague Convention of 1907 states that \"it is especially forbidden \[\...\] to declare that no quarter will be given\". ## Etymology The term *no quarter* may originate from an order by the commander of a victorious army that they will not quarter (house) captured enemy combatants. Therefore, none can be taken prisoner and all enemy combatants must be killed. A second derivation, given equal prominence in the *Oxford English Dictionary* (*OED*), is that quarter (n.17) can mean \"Relations with, or conduct towards, another\" as in Shakespeare\'s *Othello*, Act II, scene iii, line 180, \"Friends all \[\...\] In quarter, and in termes, like bride and groome\". So \"no quarter\" may also mean refusal to enter into an agreement (relations) with an enemy attempting to surrender. The *OED* mentions a third possible derivation but says \"The assertion of De Brieux (*Origines{{nbsp}}\[\...\] de plusieurs façons de parler* (1672) 16) that it arose in an agreement between the Dutch and Spanish, by which the ransom of an officer or private was to be a quarter of his pay, is at variance with the sense of the phrases *to give or receive quarter*.\" ## History During the First English Civil War, the Long Parliament issued an ordinance of no quarter to the Irish on 24 October 1644 in response to Confederate Ireland electing to send troops in support of Charles I of England against them: }} By the 17th century, siege warfare was an exact art, the rules of which were so well understood that wagering on the outcome and duration of a siege became a popular craze; the then-enormous sum of £200,000 was alleged to have been bet on the outcome of the Second Siege of Limerick in 1691. Professional honour demanded a defence, but if a garrison surrendered when \"a practicable breach\" had been made, they were given \"quarter\". The garrison signaled their intent to surrender by \"beating the chamade\"; if accepted, they were generally allowed to retain their weapons, and received a safe conduct to the nearest friendly territory. If a garrison continued their defence beyond this point, the surrender was not accepted, hence \"no quarter\"; the besiegers were then \"permitted\" to sack the town, and the garrison was often killed. thumb\|left\|upright=.7\|Bloody flag thumb\|upright=.7\|The traditional \"Jolly Roger\" of piracy In some circumstances, the opposing forces would signal their intention to give no quarter by using a red flag (the so-called bloody flag). However, the use of a red flag to signal no quarter does not appear to have been universal among combatants. Black flags have been used to signify that quarter would be given if surrender was prompt; the best-known example is the Jolly Roger used by pirates to intimidate a target crew into surrender. By promising quarter, pirates avoided costly and dangerous sea battles which might leave both ships crippled and dozens of critical crew dead or incapacitated. Other \"no quarter\" incidents took place during the Battle of the Alamo in 1836, the 1850 to 1864 Taiping Rebellion, and at Tippermuir in 1644, Scots Covenanters used the battle cry \"Jesus, and no quarter\", signifying they would not take prisoners. ## International humanitarian law {#international_humanitarian_law} Under international humanitarian law, \"it is especially forbidden \[\...\] to declare that no quarter will be given\". This was established under Article 23(d) of the 1907 Hague Convention *IV -- The Laws and Customs of War on Land*. Since a judgment on the law relating to war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials in October 1946, the provisions of the 1907 Hague Convention---including Article 23(d)\'s explicit prohibition to declare that no quarter will be given---are considered to be part of the customary laws of war and are binding upon all parties in an international armed conflict
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# Carrigrohane Straight The **Carrigrohane Straight** is a straight segment of road that stretches for 2.75 mi, from the edge of Cork west to Carrigrohane in County Cork, Ireland. It is just over 140 years old, and now forms part of the N22 National Primary route between Cork and Tralee. ## Construction The Carrigrohane Straight was built around the late 1830s and early 1840s. Earlier maps such as Taylor and Skinner\'s *Maps of the Roads of Ireland* (1776), or a map of Cork\'s Parliamentary Borough in 1832, do not show any track or path in this area. However, the first edition of the Ordnance Survey Map (1841--42) shows that work was in progress on the new road linking Cork city with Carrigrohane and Leemount Cross. Before the building of the Straight, a few houses were to be seen in this area. An osiery lay at the city side, consisting of a swamp where willow trees grew. An expanse of green could be seen as fields stretched for miles around. The tradition that the road was a \"Famine Road\" may be partly true. Even though the Straight itself was built by 1842, the section as far as Leemount Cross (including Leemount Bridge) may not have been completed until during the famine (1845--50). The building of the Straight, and its extension on to Leemount Cross, which necessitated the building of two bridges -- one over the tail race of Carrigrohane Flour Mills, the second over the River Lee -- changed the traffic pattern to the west of the city. Before the Straight and Leemount Bridge were built, the Model Farm Road took traffic to Ballincollig and Macroom, while the Lee Road led to Blarney, Coachford and Inniscarra. After the construction of the Straight and Leemount Bridge, a straight and flatter route reduced the importance of these roads and the Coachford or Iniscarra traffic could now merge with the Macroom traffic by crossing Leemount Bridge. ## Tramway In the 1880s, the building of the Muskerry Tram increased the importance of the Straight. The city terminus was on the present site of Jury\'s Hotel, while the line ended at Blarney, Donoughmore and Coachford. Along its route there were twenty one stations, one of which was at Carrigrohane at the western end of the Straight, and a second one at Leemount Cross. It used to be said that passengers on the Muskerry Tram, or the \"Hook and Eye\" as it was sometimes called, could pick blackberries from the carriages as the train was moving, such was its speed. The tickets had to be checked in one carriage, and then, while the train was still moving, the ticket collector had to move to the next carriage along the outside. This procedure was very dangerous because of the rocking and swaying of the carriages. One of the most unusual incidents of the history of the Muskerry Tram was a crash with a steamroller in 1926. The steamroller was involved in the resurfacing of the Carrigrohane Straight, when tram and steamroller collided. The tram was de-railed, a few people fainted, but nobody was hurt. The Muskerry Tram was eventually closed down in December 1934. ## Flooding The Straight is very flat and subject to both tidal and river flooding. It occurred regularly during the winter, when the swollen rivers burst due to heavy rain, and the road was also affected by spring tides. A contributory factor is the confluence of two rivers with the Lee at Carrigrohane. The Shournagh joins the Lee at Crubeen Bridge on the Lee Road, and a smaller river, the Carrig, joins the Lee at the junction under Carrigrohane Castle, and is forded by what was known as Cromwell's Bridge. The worst affected area of the Straight is the centre, near Inichigaggin Lane, so that residential and commercial development has been limited to the eastern and western ends of the Straight. The building of the Carrigadrohid and Inniscarra Dams has enabled some control to be put on the flooding so it is now not as severe. The most dramatic floods occurred in the years 1870, 1916 and 1962. The flood of 1916 was the largest, reaching Inichigaggin Lane and having a height of 28 ft above sea level. The 1962 flood was a tidal flood, which flooded the city centre of Cork, including the Courthouse, to a height of 19 ft above sea level.
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# Carrigrohane Straight ## Cork Exhibition (1932) {#cork_exhibition_1932} The Straight became the site of the Cork Industrial and Agricultural Fair in 1932. After considerable local controversy, agreement was reached to hold the Exhibition at the eastern end of the Straight. Tim Corcoran, chairman of the County Council at this time, supervised the erection of the necessary buildings. Building commenced on Monday, 10 August 1931. The initial operations consisted of the erection of the advertising posters on the front of the site along the Straight. The fair was opened on Wednesday, 11 May 1932, and continued until Sunday, 2 October. There were 13 acre of amusements, a car park which held 3,000 vehicles, flower beds and shrubberies, and a bandstand in the centre, demonstration plots for agricultural and horticultural sections, and a miniature railway running around the grounds. ## Surface The original surface of Carrigrohane Straight was limestone. In 1927, the County Council and Corporation, who both controlled sections of the Straight, laid reinforced concrete. The Straight was one of the first concrete road surfaces in Ireland, or even Great Britain. In the early days, concrete surfaces were laid in slabs, with expansion joints of bitumen to take up expansion and contractions as the temperature affected them. The reinforced concrete consisted of a layer of mesh steel covered with concrete in sections approximately 20 to long, and several inches thick. Concrete was used because it was thought to be suitable for boggy ground. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, a number of concrete roads were constructed over bog in Northern Ireland, for example the Ballymena to Ballymoney road. The South of Ireland Asphalt Company (S.I.A.C.) was engaged in the surfacing of the Straight, and the concrete was hand laid. After the closure of the Muskerry Tram, the tracks were removed in 1935, and the area they occupied was then concreted, adding about 10 ft to the width of the road. In recent years, Cork Corporation has covered this section with tar macadam, but the section outside the city still has the original concrete, and the extra width of concrete laid after the tram tracks were removed. This can be seen on the south side of the road. ## Racing Due to the flat surface of the Straight, it proved suitable for speed trials. The Straight, together with Model Farm Road, forms a circle, which proved suitable for racing. During the 1920s and 1930s, both motorbikes, such as the Yamaha 750 cc, and cars, such as the Ingersoll-Rand Formula One Shadow, featured in speed trials and racing competitions. Drivers in these competitions came from across Europe, and crowds came from all over Cork and Munster to see the trials. The 1938 Cork Grand Prix, for example, reportedly attracted 70,000 spectators. Rosemary Smith established an Irish land speed record of 156.101 mph on the Straight in 1978, driving a seven-litre Jaguar XJ6. In later years, the Straight has been used for speed trials, including land speed records for motorbikes and cars. The Carrigrohane Straight featured in the \"Cork 800\" festivities (which marked the eighth centenary of the city). This included a \"Great Race\" and \"Steeple Jack\"
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# Claus Juell **Claus Ludvig Juell** (5 February 1902 -- 19 December 1979) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Eleda*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class (1907 rating)
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# Collingtree Park **Collingtree Park** is a district in the Borough of Northampton in the East Midlands of England.`{{TOC left}}`{=mediawiki} ## Location Collingtree Park is located at the extreme south of the urban area, due north of the village of Collingtree, which itself is in the Northampton borough. It is currently a small part of the East Hunsbury area of the town. `{{TOC right}}`{=mediawiki} ## History Part of the area is the site of the former Collingtree Grange and park demolished in the 1960s but the many old trees from the original park grounds have been retained. The Grange was constructed in 1875 by a local architect, Edmund Francis Law, for Mr Pickering Phipps, a local brewer. The house was immediately north of the church of St Columba, with the front facing north to north-east. The Sears family, a local boot and shoe manufacturer, purchased the house in 1913 and completely re-planning Glebe Farm. Only the entrance lodges and gateway remain on the A45 road close to an old bridge which carried the main road. The bridge crosses Wootton brook which flows west to join the River Nene on the west side of Northampton. The park still retains a number of tall sequoia trees from the original landscaping but some have been lost by the encroachment of their roots on modern houses built too close. Collingtree Park is a short walking distance via a bridle path to the historic village of Collingtree. Mentioned the Domesday Book, Collingtree is recorded as \'Colentrev\' and as \'trev\' is the Celtic word for place, this could well derive from \'the place of St Columb\' and be the likely origin of the village name. More details and information about Collingtree village can be found in their local website. ## Facilities There is a Virgin Active (formerly Esporta) Health Club in the park, a Care Home and Collingtree Park Golf Club. A number of large modern houses are an integral part of the golf course. The course was designed by The Open and U.S. Open champion Johnny Miller. The area is close to other facilities in East Hunsbury and near to the A45 road (re-numbered from the A508 road in the early 21st century) and within a mile of M1 junction 15. ## Expansion In July 2008 a proposal. for a major urban extension of housing was being planned by Bovis Homes to the east of the golf course with some *remodelling* of the course. The extension includes some 2,000 houses of which around 35% will be affordable housing. Access to the site for residents is proposed from Rowtree Road and Windingbrook Lane in East Hunsbury. This still leaves a remaining area for possible future development. Concern has been expressed about access for vehicle to Collingtree Park and East Hunsbury as there are only four entrance/exit points at present and no plans for any more. At the end of 2013 the Bovis proposal was reduced to 1000 houses in an attempt to resolve potential flooding, air pollution and traffic congestion in the area. The local neighbourhood continues to oppose any development whatsoever and this stance is supported by Northampton Borough Councillors and Northampton County Councillors representing the area. As at August 2014 the Independent Government Inspectors Report into the \'soundness\' of the Joint Core Strategy for the expansion of Northampton is still awaited. Meanwhile, in late 2013 a large 2 million sq foot warehouse was speculatively proposed along a large section of the south side of the M1 at Collingtree. Expansion south of the M1 was excluded from the original Joint Core Strategy. A formal planning application was submitted in 2014
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# Mazdoor ***Mazdoor*** (*Worker*) is a 1983 Bollywood film. Produced by B. R. Chopra, it was directed by his son Ravi Chopra. The film stars Dilip Kumar, Nanda, Raj Babbar, Suresh Oberoi, Rati Agnihotri, Padmini Kolhapure, Iftekhar, Madan Puri, and Johnny Walker. The music of the film was composed by R. D. Burman. This was veteran actress Nanda\'s final appearance before her retirement from acting. ## Plot The son of Mr. Sinha changes everything in order to maximize profits. This brings him into conflict with his employees including Dinanath Saxena. When Dinanath openly confronts Hiralal in a public meeting, Hiralal wants him to tender a written apology, but Dinanath instead resigns and decides to open his very own mill with the help of a struggling Engineer, Ashok Mathur. They do eventually succeed, go into production, hire employees, and soon earn a good reputation. Dinanath gets his daughter, Meena, married to Ashok, who becomes a ghar jamai, much to the chagrin of Smita, the daughter of multi-millionaire Kundanlal Batra, who had expected Ashok to marry her. She soon concocts a scheme to bring discord in the Mathur family, and also ensure Ashok\'s ruin. ## Cast - Dilip Kumar as Dinanath Saxena - Nanda as Radha Saxena - Raj Babbar as Ashok Mathur - Padmini Kolhapure as Meena Saxena - Rati Agnihotri as Smita Batra - Raj Kiran as Ramesh Saxena - Suresh Oberoi as Heeralal Sinha - Madan Puri as Daulatram - Johnny Walker as Govinda - Iftekhar as Kundanlal Batra - Nazir Hussain as Mr. Sinha - Jagdish Raj as Bank Manager Tiwari ## Soundtrack The songs are composed by R.D. Burman. The lyrics are written by Hasan Kamal. The album consists of seven songs
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# Huguenot cross The **Huguenot cross** is a Christian religious symbol originating in France and is one of the more recognizable and popular symbols of the French evangelical reformed faith. It is commonly found today as a piece of jewellery (often in gold or silver) or engraved on buildings connected with the Reformed Church in France, of which it is the official logo. It is sometimes asserted that the cross appeared for the first time during the Huguenot Wars (1562--1598) in the south of France. Bertrand Van Ruymbeke asserts instead that the Huguenot cross stands out as \"the most revealing\" of symbolic signs of latter-day Huguenot solidarity: \"Although a Huguenot cross was indeed designed in Nîmes in the 1680s, never was it in France the *symbole de reconnaissance* it later became for the descendants of the Huguenot refugees in the last third of the nineteenth century\" Van Ruymbeke identifies the late 19th-century Huguenot revival as sharing characteristics with two of historian Eric Hobsbawm\'s three categories of \"invented traditions\": First, \"those establishing or symbolizing social cohesion or the membership of groups, real or artificial communities\", and, second, \"those whose main purpose \[is\] socialization, the inculcation of beliefs, value systems and conventions of behavior.\" Long after the revocation (1685) of the Edict of Nantes (1598), the Huguenot cross came into general use among 19th-century Huguenot descendants in countries where Huguenot refugees settled, as a sign of both identification with French Huguenot ancestry and confirmation of the wearer\'s faith. In 1942, the Free French Protestants in Great Britain issued a badge that paired the Huguenot cross with the Cross of Lorraine, which had been taken up by the Free French Forces. ## Symbolism The Huguenot cross contains significant symbolism: - The cross as an eminent symbol of the Christian faith, represents not only the death of Christ but also victory over death and piety. This is represented also in the Maltese cross. - The *boutonné*, the eight points symbolizing the eight Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3--12) - Between the arms of the cross is the stylized fleur-de-lys (on the French Coat of Arms), each having 3 petals; the total of twelve petals of the fleur-de-lys signify the Twelve Apostles. Between each fleur-de-lys and the arms of the Maltese cross with which it is joined, an open space in the form of a heart, the symbol of loyalty, suggests the seal of the French Reformer, John Calvin. - The pendant dove symbolizes the Holy Spirit (Romans 8:16). In times of persecution a pearl, symbolizing a teardrop, replaced the dove. The elements of the Huguenot cross mirrored those of the cross of the 1578 Order of the Holy Spirit, the senior chivalric order of France by precedence
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# Ingar Nielsen **Ingar Nielsen** (29 August 1885 -- 21 January 1963) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Eleda*, which won the gold medal in the 10 metre class (1907 rating). Four years later he won his second gold medal in the 8 metre class
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