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# DiscoveryBox
***DiscoveryBox*** is a children\'s magazine by Bayard Presse. It is targeted at children from 7 to 14 years old. It covers topics about science, animals, current events, nature, history and the world. It also includes games and quizzes. It is designed for the completely independent reader and is the 4th and final instalment of the Box series (after *StoryBox*, *AdventureBox* and *AdventureBox Max*). The classic sections include Doodle doc, Spotlight, Wildlife and Experiment.
*DiscoveryBox* combines knowledge and fun and leads children to explore natural ecology, history and humanities, innovative technology, and space and the universe. It not only expands their worldview, but also stimulates curiosity and knowledge, inspires enthusiasm for activities, cultivates problem-solving abilities, and helps adapt to the complex and changeable society in the future.
Currently a full-year subscription to *DiscoveryBox* contains 10 issues. Issues in January/February and July/August are combined. *DiscoveryBox Special Editions* are published on occasion.
In July 2009, *DiscoveryBox* collaborated with the movie *Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs* with a behind-the-scenes look at 3D animation.
In July 2023, the 1st issue of *DiscoveryBox Chinese* is published
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# Chunksaah Records
**Chunksaah Records** is an Asbury Park, New Jersey, formerly New Brunswick, New Jersey--based independent record label founded in 1993 by The Bouncing Souls. The label started as a means for the band to release their own recordings, but ended up releasing material by other punk bands, mostly from the New Jersey area, as well. It is named after a benefactor, Timmy Chunks.
The label issues new material and vinyl re-releases. For example, The Bouncing Souls\' *The Gold Record* was released on CD by Epitaph Records but Chunksaah released the vinyl album
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# Lo'ai Al-Amaireh
**Lo\'ai Salem Atallah Al-Amaireh** (*لؤي صالح عطا الله العمايرة*; born October 2, 1978) is a retired Jordanian footballer
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# New wars
**New wars** is a term advanced by British academic Mary Kaldor to characterize warfare in the post-Cold War era. This form of warfare is characterized by:
- violence between varying combinations of state and non-state networks
- fighting in the name of identity politics as opposed to ideology
- attempts to achieve political, rather than physical, control of the population through fear and terror
- conflict financed not necessarily through the state, but through other predatory means that seek the continuation of violence
Other terms used for the concept include \"wars among the people\", \"wars of the third kind\", \"hybrid wars\", \"privatized wars\", and \"post-modern wars\". The new wars thesis has been adopted and adapted by other authors, as well as critiqued from various perspectives.
## Description
Kaldor\'s definition of \"new wars\" is made within the context of a wider \"new wars thesis\" debate between academics on how to properly define or brand the apparent revolution in warfare in the post-Cold War world. Kaldor purports that new war characteristics must be analyzed within the context of globalization. Kaldor does admit that \"new wars\" are not necessarily new, in that they have no precedent in history; however, she insists on keeping the term because there is still a definite need for new policy responses. Old international strategies have failed to address the characteristics of new wars successfully and instead continue to treat it as old conventional warfare. The term is an antonym of conventional warfare whereby conventional military weapons and battlefield tactics are no longer used between two or more states in open confrontation.
Other authors also attempted to characterize the shift in warfare but using other descriptors. Recognizing the blur between state and non-state actors and dual conflation of interstate and intrastate conflict, Frank Hoffman portrays modern wars as \"hybrid wars\". Martin Shaw chose the term \"degenerate warfare\" to describe how a belligerent attacks the enemy\'s civilian population as part of a broader military campaign, as in aerial bombing of cities, but destroying it is not the ultimate goal: the enemy is the state, not the enemy\'s population.
Often, the term \"new war\" is compared to or defined as \"low-intensity conflict,\" a term invented by the US Army which broadly encompasses all modern warfare that does not quite meet the threshold or level of violence found in conventional wars.
Other supporters of the new wars theory are Herfried Münkler from Germany, Martin van Creveld from Israel, Mohammad Mirwais Balkhi from Afghanistan and Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou from Mauritania.
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# New wars
## Criticisms
Kaldor\'s concept of new wars has been criticized by some, who question whether the distinction between old and new can be made. De Waal stipulates that the idea of \"New Wars\" used by Kaldor is not a description of new conflicts as such but a description of conflicts in less governed countries.
Duffield suggests that what is viewed as \"new\" is the security terrain which has been shaped by what he terms network wars, which are described as \"rhizomatic and anti-institution in character\" and which can be typically associated with alterations in social life. Network wars are seen as an uncertain and violent form of reflexive modernity and where \"war as a reflexive network enterprise does not follow the traditional state-based pattern of escalation, stalemate, and decline\". Furthermore, the wars in Africa are seen as involving not just national but also other international actors.
Edward Newman writes of the importance of considering historical examples for making any statements about qualitative changes in recent wars. He suggests that there are many valuable points made in new wars scholarship, including the importance of social and economic dynamics to warfare, and that there are examples of modern wars such as the Bosnian War that fit the new wars template. However, he argues that most of the elements of \"new wars\" are not actually new, but rather have existed for at least the past century. In Newman\'s view, these elements have been more and less prominent at different times and places, rather than just increasing in recent times, and the major differences now are that \"academics, policy analysts, and politicians are focusing on these factors more than before\" and understanding them better and that the media have increased public awareness of the realities and atrocities of war.
In 2013, Kaldor addressed the four main components of her detractors\' arguments: whether new wars are 'new'; whether new wars are war or crime; whether the data support the claims about new wars; and whether new wars are 'post-Clausewitzean'. Kaldor immediately points out \"one of the problems with many of the critics is that they lump together the different versions of the argument and treat criticism of one particular aspect contained in one particular version as a criticism of the whole argument.\" First, she counters the critique against distinguishing between \'old\' and \'new\' wars. Critics concede the \'new wars\' thesis is helpful in foreign policy decisions, which was her intent.
Another critique is that new wars do not capture the gendered logic and impact of war
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# Olaf Bodden
**Olaf Bodden** (born 4 May 1968) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker.
## Career
Bodden was born in Kalkar, West Germany. He had to end his active career in 1997 after he got Infectious mononucleosis and then Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). With the TSV 1860 Munich he scored 25 goals in 67 matches and is presently the record goal scorer of Hansa Rostock in the 2. Bundesliga.
\"Der müde Stürmer\" is the title of a German documentary on Bodden\'s fight against the chronic fatigue syndrome
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# Richard Douglas (footballer)
**Richard Joseph Edwin Douglas** (born 6 February 1987) is a former Australian rules football player who played for the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was drafted by Adelaide with pick 16 in the 2005 national draft.
## AFL career {#afl_career}
After impressing for `{{SANFL Gle}}`{=mediawiki} in the SANFL, Douglas made his AFL debut in round 21 of 2006, his first season, against `{{AFL PA}}`{=mediawiki}. He played two further games for the season, including a Qualifying Final. Douglas established himself in the side over the next two years, playing 13 games in 2007 and 22 of a possible 23 games in 2008.
In June 2009, in the lead-up to Adelaide\'s clash with `{{AFL NM}}`{=mediawiki}, Douglas had a scare when he began displaying symptoms consistent with the swine influenza pandemic, and was quarantined, along with teammate and housemate Tony Armstrong. On the night before the match, the test for swine flu came back negative; however, he did not play in the match. He returned to play the next match, although he was dropped from the side a few weeks later against `{{AFL Fre}}`{=mediawiki}. He played 18 games in 2009 in total.
In 2010, Douglas was given more responsibility in an injury-hit Adelaide side. He relished the opportunity, winning the 2010 Malcolm Blight Medal (club best and fairest award) and the Coaches\' Award in a standout year in which he played all 22 matches and also signed a new contract with the club.
After struggling to find consistency due to injuries in 2011 and early 2012, Douglas began to recapture his 2010 form towards the end of 2012. He signed a new three-year contract with Adelaide in June 2012, and played his 100th AFL match shortly after, in round 12 against `{{AFL StK}}`{=mediawiki}. Douglas had one of his best years at the club in 2013, finishing runner-up in the Malcolm Blight Medal and being named in the preliminary All-Australian squad. He ranked third in the competition for inside 50s, eighth for goal assists, and was second at the club for disposals, marks and tackles.
Douglas suffered a potentially serious groin injury in a trial game in the 2014 pre-season, but he surprisingly returned just three weeks later, wearing a cricket box in a match against `{{AFL|PA}}`{=mediawiki} and collecting 29 disposals. He missed another two matches early in the season due to suspension after concussing `{{AFL GWS}}`{=mediawiki} captain Callan Ward with a head-high bump, but he played every match for the remainder of 2014, averaging 22 disposals and starring in his 150th match against `{{AFL Col}}`{=mediawiki} in round 18. Douglas had his 2015 season interrupted by a foot injury and then appendicitis, but performed strongly when fit. In June he signed a new three-year deal with Adelaide, joining teammate Rory Sloane in committing to the club until the end of 2018, and declaring himself as \"a Crow for life\".
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# Richard Douglas (footballer)
## Statistics
: *Statistics are correct to end of round 12, 2016*
\|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2006 \| style=\"text-align:center\" \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 26 \|\| 3 \|\| 1 \|\| 1 \|\| 15 \|\| 18 \|\| 33 \|\| 6 \|\| 7 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 5.0 \|\| 6.0 \|\| 11.0 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 2.3 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2007 \| style=\"text-align:center\" \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 26 \|\| 13 \|\| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| 72 \|\| 68 \|\| 140 \|\| 28 \|\| 36 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 5.5 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 10.8 \|\| 2.2 \|\| 2.8 \|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2008 \| style=\"text-align:center\" \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 26 \|\| 22 \|\| 22 \|\| 14 \|\| 146 \|\| 127 \|\| 273 \|\| 78 \|\| 72 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 6.6 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 12.4 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 3.3 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2009 \| style=\"text-align:center\" \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 26 \|\| 18 \|\| 11 \|\| 12 \|\| 133 \|\| 140 \|\| 273 \|\| 74 \|\| 64 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 7.4 \|\| 7.8 \|\| 15.2 \|\| 4.1 \|\| 3.6 \|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2010 \| style=\"text-align:center\" \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 26 \|\| 22 \|\| 17 \|\| 20 \|\| 275 \|\| 195 \|\| 470 \|\| 107 \|\| 76 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 12.5 \|\| 8.9 \|\| 21.4 \|\| 4.9 \|\| 3.5 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2011 \| style=\"text-align:center\" \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 26 \|\| 17 \|\| 10 \|\| 9 \|\| 221 \|\| 91 \|\| 312 \|\| 63 \|\| 56 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 13.0 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 18.4 \|\| 3.7 \|\| 3.3 \|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2012 \| style=\"text-align:center\" \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 26 \|\| 19 \|\| 11 \|\| 16 \|\| 236 \|\| 96 \|\| 332 \|\| 74 \|\| 52 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 12.4 \|\| 5.1 \|\| 17.5 \|\| 3.9 \|\| 2.7 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2013 \| style=\"text-align:center\" \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 26 \|\| 22 \|\| 20 \|\| 17 \|\| 326 \|\| 175 \|\| 501 \|\| 116 \|\| 86 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 14.8 \|\| 8.0 \|\| 22.8 \|\| 5.3 \|\| 3.9 \|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2014 \| style=\"text-align:center\" \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 26 \|\| 19 \|\| 11 \|\| 8 \|\| 266 \|\| 147 \|\| 413 \|\| 52 \|\| 91 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 14.0 \|\| 7.7 \|\| 21.7 \|\| 2.7 \|\| 4.8 \|- ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2015 \| style=\"text-align:center\" \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 26 \|\| 16 \|\| 7 \|\| 4 \|\| 204 \|\| 135 \|\| 339 \|\| 47 \|\| 65 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 12.8 \|\| 8.4 \|\| 21.2 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 4.1 \|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\" ! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" \| 2016 \| style=\"text-align:center\" \| `{{AFL Ade}}`{=mediawiki} \| 26 \|\| 12 \|\| 8 \|\| 9 \|\| 117 \|\| 89 \|\| 206 \|\| 31 \|\| 53 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 9.8 \|\| 7.4 \|\| 17.2 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 4.4 \|- class=\"sortbottom\" ! colspan=3\| Career ! 183 ! 122 ! 112 ! 2011 ! 1281 ! 3292 ! 676 ! 658 ! 0.7 ! 0.6 ! 11.0 ! 7.0 ! 18.0 ! 3.7 ! 3
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# USSR in Construction
***USSR in Construction*** (*СССР на стройке*) was a journal published in the decade of 1930 to 1941, as well as briefly in 1949, in the Soviet Union. It became an artistic gem and counter-current in the first year of socialist realism. With elements such as oversized pages and multi-page fold-outs, each issue exists as an elaborate artistic creation. The first issue of the journal was edited by Maxim Gorky.
The journal was published in Russian, French, English, German, and, from 1938, Spanish. The journal informed readers abroad of the hyper-construction taking place within the nation, and portrayed the emergence of the Soviet Union as a leading industrial power. The self-proclaimed purpose of the magazine was to \"reflect in photography the whole scope and variety of the construction work now going on the USSR". By focusing on a single theme or initiative in each issue, the contributing artists produced a work which effectively conveyed the heroic efforts of the Soviet people in fulfilling the objectives set forth by Joseph Stalin to transform the technologically deficient country into a highly developed and productive world power. The first issues of USSR in Construction tended to focus upon large state projects, particularly those related to industrialization. The scope of the journal quickly expanded, however, with later issues focusing on different ethnic republics and regions, various building projects, new transportation routes, and themes of daily life such as children, the arts, and athletics, in addition to special political issues.
The journal was published over the course of eleven years and brought together articles by esteemed writers such as Alexander Fadeyev, Isaac Babel, and Sergei Tretyakov, with montages composed from images created by the Soviet Union\'s most talented photo-journalists: Max Alpert, Arkady Shaikhet, Georgii Zelma, Boris Ignatovich, Semion Fridland, and George Petrusov. El Lissitzky and Sophie Lissitzky-Küppers designed the overall layout and cover arrangements for a number of issues, as did Alexander Rodchenko and his wife, Varvara Stepanova.
*USSR in Construction* first appeared not long after Stalin\'s denunciations of Constructivism as a bourgeois art form and the official proclamation of socialist realism as the only acceptable style of art. Many avant-garde artists thus turned to photomontage as an alternative mode of expression which could side-step around the rigid restrictions being put on painting. The last issue of the journal was published in December 1949. The magazine was succeeded by another one, *Soviet Union*, which was launched in March 1950. Japanese illustrated propaganda magazine *Front* was modeled on *USSR in Construction*.
## Editorial board {#editorial_board}
Apart from Gorky, the official chief editors in the 1930s were Georgy Pyatakov, Valery Mezhlak, Alexander Kosarev. The de facto editor-in-chief of the magazine in the late 1930s was Yevgenia Feigenberg, the wife of Nikolai Yezhov.
The first composition of the editorial board included Mikhail Koltsov, Fedor Konar, Artemy Khalatov and Semyon Uritsky . Separate issues were published under the editorship of Alexander Rodchenko, El Lissitzky and other editorial staff. The main artist was Nikolai Stepanovich Troshin
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# The Twilight of the Golds
***The Twilight of the Golds*** is a play by Jonathan Tolins and produced by Charles H. Duggan that premiered at the Pasadena Playhouse on January 17, 1993. Strong reviews propelled it to theatres across the country including a stop at The Kennedy Center. After fifteen previews, the Broadway theatre production, directed by Arvin Brown, opened on October 21, 1993 at the Booth Theatre, where it ran for 29 performances. The cast included Jennifer Grey as Suzanne, Raphael Sbarge as David, David Groh as Walter, Judith Scarpone as Phyllis and Michael Spound as Rob. The play had received strong reviews across the country but was \"largely clobbered\" when it reached Broadway.
Tolins adapted his play for a television movie, *The Twilight of the Golds*, with a \"completely different ending\".
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
The controversial dramedy tackles the issue of fictional genetic testing that would determine the sexual orientation of an unborn child. When Suzanne Gold-Stein discovers her son is destined to be gay, she considers aborting the fetus, much to the dismay of her gay brother David, whose sexual orientation has never been fully accepted by his conservative family. In the stage version, she has the abortion late in the pregnancy, resulting in her inability to bear any more children, as well as David\'s estrangement from the family. In the film version, Suzanne chooses to have the baby, though this leads to a break-up with her husband, who does not wish to raise a gay son
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# Gotthard Handrick
**Gotthard Handrick** (25 October 1908 -- 30 May 1978) was a German Olympic athlete and German fighter pilot during the Spanish Civil War and World War II.
## Career
Handrick was born on 25 October 1908 in Zittau, at the time in the Kingdom of Saxony as part of the German Empire. He won the gold medal in the modern pentathlon at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.
In July 1937, Handrick was appointed *Gruppenkommandeur* (group commander) of *Jagdgruppe* 88 (18 July 1937 -- 10 September 1938). This unit fought in the Spanish Civil War where he claimed five aerial victories while flying for the Legion Condor, including a Polikarpov I-15 fighter on 9 September 1937 and an Polikarpov I-16 fighter on 18 May 1938. He was later awarded the Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords (*Spanienkreuz in Gold mit Schwertern*) on 14 April 1939 for his service in the Spanish Civil War.
Handrick was then given command of I. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 132 \"Schlageter\" on 11 September 1938 after his return from Spain. This unit then became I. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 26 \"Schlageter\" on 1 May 1939 which he led until 23 June 1940. On 24 June 1940 command of JG 26 was handed over to *Major* Handrick, who passed command of I./JG 26 to *Hauptmann* Kurt Fischer. After he left JG 26, Handrick served with the *Luftwaffenmission Rumänien* (Luftwaffe Mission Romania) under the command of *Generalleutnant* (equivalent to major general) Wilhelm Speidel.
On 7 October, Handrick took over command of III. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 (JG 52---52nd Fighter Wing) from *Hauptmann* Alexander von Winterfeld who was transferred. He led this *Gruppe* until 23 June 1941. Command of the *Gruppe* was then given to *Major* Albert Blumensaat.
### Wing commander {#wing_commander}
In June 1941, Handrick was transferred and became the *Geschwaderkommodore* (wing commander) of *Jagdgeschwader* 77 (JG 77---77th Fighter Wing). While serving on the Eastern Front he claimed a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter on 29 September and a Petlyakov Pe-2 bomber on 22 October 1941.
During World War II he was a recipient of the German Cross in Gold (*Deutsches Kreuz in Gold*) on 17 October 1943. In March 1942, *Oberstleutnant* Handrick transferred to command *Jagdgeschwader* 5 (JG 5---5th Fighter Wing) in Norway and Northern Russia. From June 1943 to June 1944 he was *Jagdfliegerführer Ostmark*. Then as an *Oberst*, he became the commanding officer of *8. Jagd-Division* in Austria, a position he held until the end of the war. After the war he worked in Hamburg as a representative of Daimler-Benz
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# Julia Bruns
**Julia Eliza Bruns** (1895 -- December 24, 1927) was an American stage and silent film actress and model. Bruns came to prominence for her work as a model. Her image was illustrated by artist James Montgomery Flagg in 1917. She appeared on numerous magazine covers and Sunday feature pages.
Once called \"America\'s most beautiful girl\", she eventually succumbed to alcoholism and drug addiction and died at age 32.
## Career
### Stage
Her first acting role was in 1913 in the play *The American Maid*, written by John Philip Sousa, followed by a part in *Help Wanted* by Oliver Morosco. For a number of years she appeared on stage in the United States and Europe.
Bruns was a passenger in a Baldwin Red Devil flown by Tony Jannus, a contestant in a *New York Times* derby, on October 12, 1913. The plane ascended nearly 4,000 feet and flew for twenty minutes above the air at Oakwood Heights, Staten Island.
In November 1916, she was among the players in the Willard Mack theatrical drama *Her Market Value*. It was produced at the Olympic Theatre in Chicago, Illinois. The play had a cast of fifty. Bruns appeared in the comedy, *The Squab Farm* (1918). The play was staged at the Bijou Theatre on Broadway, and it was Tallulah Bankhead\'s first stage role. When Bankhead was rebuked for whistling in the communal dressing room, unknowingly breaking one of the theater\'s oldest superstitions, Bruns took pity on her and invited to share her dressing room.
Bruns was involved in an accident at the *Loews 7th Avenue Theatre* in New York City, in 1918. The theatre closed for several days due to the incident. It reopened on October 7, with a presentation of *The Blue Pearl*.
She returned to New York in January 1920 after appearing as a vamp in London, England, in *Business Before Pleasure* and *Potash and Perlmutter* (1915). In the latter she played the role of a typist. Bruns starred in *Beware of Dogs* (1920) at the Broadhurst Theatre. The comedy showcased the talents of William Hodge. He wrote the play in addition to being among its featured performers.
### Films
She made three motion pictures in Hollywood. They are *No Place For Father* (1913), *At First Sight* (1917), and *Quand on aime* (1919). The first movie was directed by Lionel Barrymore and released by Biograph Studios located in The Bronx. Playing the role of *Nell* in *At First Sight*, Bruns worked with actress Mae Murray and actor Sam Hardy. Her final film was made in France and paired her with actor Paul Guide and director Henry Houry.
## Drug addiction and legal issues {#drug_addiction_and_legal_issues}
In 1926, Bruns wrote a series of articles about her life as a drug addict and her effort to find a cure. She was jailed in Chicago, Illinois for theft of jewels worth \$1,000 in September 1925. Bruns refused to accompany officers to jail unless her chow chow, Babe, and Von Hindenburg, a German Shepherd, came with her. Inside her cell, she kept her dogs and an autographed picture of Enrico Caruso. She was given a cigarette and began to talk freely with detectives. Bruns admitted stealing the jewels to obtain money to purchase narcotics.
## Death
Bruns died of alcohol poisoning in a furnished room at 109 East 105th Street, in New York City, in 1927. She was discovered dying early on the evening of December 24 by automobile agency manager Charles H. Brile. Dr. Donato Bracco of 341 East 116th Street was notified but arrived after Bruns had died
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# White-eyed slaty flycatcher
The **white-eyed slaty flycatcher** (***Melaenornis fischeri***) is a small passerine bird of the genus *Melaenornis* in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It is native to the African highlands from Ethiopia and Kenya through Rwanda to eastern Zaire and Malawi. The sub-species *M. f. toruensis* occurs in Rwanda and Burundi and has an inconspicuous eye-ring.
The specific epithet commemorates the German explorer Gustav Adolf Fischer.
## Gallery
White-eyed slaty flycatcher.jpg\|Bwindi NP, Uganda White-eyed Slaty Flycatcher juvenile RWD.jpg\|Juvenile in Kenya White-eyed slaty flycatcher (Melaenornis fischeri toruensis).jpg\|*M. f
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# Mach reflection
**Mach reflection** is a supersonic fluid dynamics effect, named for Ernst Mach, and is a shock wave reflection pattern involving three shocks.
## Introduction
Mach reflection can exist in steady, pseudo-steady and unsteady flows. When a shock wave, which is moving with a constant velocity, propagates over a solid wedge, the flow generated by the shock impinges on the wedge thus generating a second reflected shock, which ensures that the velocity of the flow is parallel to the wedge surface. Viewed in the frame of the reflection point, this flow is locally steady, and the flow is referred to as pseudosteady. When the angle between the wedge and the primary shock is sufficiently large, a single reflected shock is not able to turn the flow to a direction parallel to the wall and a transition to Mach reflection occurs.
In a steady flow situation, if a wedge is placed into a steady supersonic flow in such a way that its oblique attached shock impinges on a flat wall parallel to the free stream, the shock turns the flow toward the wall and a reflected shock is required to turn the flow back to a direction parallel to the wall. When the shock angle exceeds a certain value, the deflection achievable by a single reflected shock is insufficient to turn the flow back to a direction parallel to the wall and transition to Mach reflection is observed.
Mach reflection consists of three shocks, namely the incident shock, the reflected shock and a Mach stem, as well as a slip plane. The point where the three shocks meet is known as the \'triple point\' in two dimensions, or a shock-shock in three dimensions.
## Types of Mach reflection {#types_of_mach_reflection}
The only type of Mach reflection possible in steady flow is direct-Mach reflection, in which the Mach stem is convex away from the oncoming flow, and the slip plane slopes towards the reflecting surface.
By new results there is a new configuration of shock waves - configuration with a negative angle of reflection in steady flow. Numerical simulations demonstrate two forms of this configuration - one with a kinked reflected shock wave, and an unstable double Mach configuration, depending on the transition path.
In pseudo-steady flows, the triple point moves away from the reflecting surface and the reflection is a direct-Mach reflection. In unsteady flows, it is also possible that the triple point remains stationary relative to the reflecting surface (stationary-Mach reflection), or moves toward the reflecting surface (inverse-Mach reflection). In inverse Mach reflection, the Mach stem is convex toward the oncoming flow, and the slip plane curves away from the reflecting surface. Each one of these configurations can assume one of the following three possibilities: single-Mach reflection, transitional-Mach reflection and double-Mach reflection
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# Maz Jobrani
**Maziyar Jobrani** (*مازیار جبرانی*; born February 26, 1972), better known as **Maz Jobrani**, is an American comedian and actor who was part of the \"Axis of Evil\" comedy group. The group appeared on a comedy special on Comedy Central. Jobrani has also appeared in numerous films, television shows, including *Better Off Ted*, on radio, and in comedy clubs. His filmography includes roles in *The Interpreter*, *Friday After Next*, *Dragonfly*, and *Jimmy Vestvood: Amerikan Hero*. He appeared as a regular character on the 2017 CBS sitcom *Superior Donuts*. He had been an advisory board member of the National Iranian American Council (NIAC).
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Jobrani was born in Tehran, Iran. He and his parents moved to California when he was six years old. He was raised in Tiburon in the San Francisco Bay area. He attended Redwood High School in Larkspur, and was inducted into the Redwood distinguished alumni class of 2017. Jobrani studied political science and Italian at University of California, Berkeley, where he received a B.A. degree. He was enrolled in a PhD program at University of California, Los Angeles when he decided to pursue his childhood dream of acting and performing comedy.
## Career
### Television and radio {#television_and_radio}
Jobrani has since made appearances on shows like *The Colbert Report*, *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno*, *The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson*, *Talkshow with Spike Feresten*, *Whitney*, and regularly performs at top comedy clubs (in California and New York) such as The Comedy Store. He made an appearance as a dental patient on an episode of *Still Standing*, in the pilot episodes of *Better Off Ted*, *The Knights of Prosperity*, on an episode of *Cedric the Entertainer Presents*, on an episode of *Malcolm in the Middle* as Robber #2 and on an episode of *The West Wing* as a Saudi prince. He also made appearances in *13 Going on 30* and *Bug*. He has toured with the Axis of Evil Comedy Tour. He provided the voice of Ahmed Farahnakian in the audiobook version of *World War Z*. Jobrani has written a movie with a friend called *Jimmy Vestvood: Amerikan Hero*.
Jobrani makes occasional appearances on NPR\'s news quiz show *Wait Wait\... Don\'t Tell Me!* and American Public Media\'s *Wits*. He appeared on episode 118, October 28, 2010, of *WTF with Marc Maron*. Additionally, Jobrani co-hosts his own podcast on the All Things Comedy podcasting network with fellow comedians Al Madrigal, Chris Spencer, and Aaron Aryanpur. Titled *Minivan Men*, the podcast chronicles the lives and experiences of the hosts with particular focus on fatherhood.
He played Jafar in the 2015 musical fantasy television film *Descendants*.
In 2015, Jobrani released a memoir entitled *I\'m Not a Terrorist, But I\'ve Played One On TV*.
### Standup style {#standup_style}
Jobrani\'s jokes focus on race and the misunderstanding of Middle Easterners in America. He also talks about his family.
### Social and political activities {#social_and_political_activities}
Jobrani had been a board member of the National Iranian American Council (NIAC). In 2015, he stepped down after discovering NIAC\'s alleged ties to the Iranian government. He also sits on the board of the Persian American Cancer Institute (PACI.org) and also works with International Society for Children with Cancer (ISCC-Charity.org).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 2006, Jobrani married an Indian-American attorney named Pretha. They have a son and daughter and reside in California.
Mr. Jobrani has two younger brothers and an older sister. His youngest brother is A. Joseph \"Joey\" Jobrani. After that is Mr. Kashi Jobrani (b. 1977 - d. 2014) who died when he was 36. His older sister, director/producer Mariam Jobrani (b. 1969 - d. 2017) died at the age of 47 from metastatic breast cancer
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# Ontology learning
**Ontology learning** (**ontology extraction**, **ontology augmentation generation**, **ontology generation**, or **ontology acquisition**) is the automatic or semi-automatic creation of ontologies, including extracting the corresponding domain\'s terms and the relationships between the concepts that these terms represent from a corpus of natural language text, and encoding them with an ontology language for easy retrieval. As building ontologies manually is extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming, there is great motivation to automate the process.
Typically, the process starts by extracting terms and concepts or noun phrases from plain text using linguistic processors such as part-of-speech tagging and phrase chunking. Then statistical or symbolic techniques are used to extract relation signatures, often based on pattern-based or definition-based hypernym extraction techniques.
## Procedure
Ontology learning (OL) is used to (semi-)automatically extract whole ontologies from natural language text. The process is usually split into the following eight tasks, which are not all necessarily applied in every ontology learning system.
### Domain terminology extraction {#domain_terminology_extraction}
During the domain terminology extraction step, domain-specific terms are extracted, which are used in the following step (concept discovery) to derive concepts. Relevant terms can be determined, e.g., by calculation of the TF/IDF values or by application of the C-value / NC-value method. The resulting list of terms has to be filtered by a domain expert. In the subsequent step, similarly to coreference resolution in information extraction, the OL system determines synonyms, because they share the same meaning and therefore correspond to the same concept. The most common methods therefore are clustering and the application of statistical similarity measures.
### Concept discovery {#concept_discovery}
In the concept discovery step, terms are grouped to meaning bearing units, which correspond to an abstraction of the world and therefore to concepts. The grouped terms are these domain-specific terms and their synonyms, which were identified in the domain terminology extraction step.
### Concept hierarchy derivation {#concept_hierarchy_derivation}
In the concept hierarchy derivation step, the OL system tries to arrange the extracted concepts in a taxonomic structure. This is mostly achieved with unsupervised hierarchical clustering methods. Because the result of such methods is often noisy, a supervision step, e.g., user evaluation, is added. A further method for the derivation of a concept hierarchy exists in the usage of several patterns that should indicate a sub- or supersumption relationship. Patterns like "X, that is a Y" or "X is a Y" indicate that X is a subclass of Y. Such pattern can be analyzed efficiently, but they often occur too infrequently to extract enough sub- or supersumption relationships. Instead, bootstrapping methods are developed, which learn these patterns automatically and therefore ensure broader coverage.
### Learning of non-taxonomic relations {#learning_of_non_taxonomic_relations}
In the learning of non-taxonomic relations step, relationships are extracted that do not express any sub- or supersumption. Such relationships are, e.g., works-for or located-in. There are two common approaches to solve this subtask. The first is based upon the extraction of anonymous associations, which are named appropriately in a second step. The second approach extracts verbs, which indicate a relationship between entities, represented by the surrounding words. The result of both approaches need to be evaluated by an ontologist to ensure accuracy.
### Rule discovery {#rule_discovery}
During rule discovery, axioms (formal description of concepts) are generated for the extracted concepts. This can be achieved, e.g., by analyzing the syntactic structure of a natural language definition and the application of transformation rules on the resulting dependency tree. The result of this process is a list of axioms, which, afterwards, is comprehended to a concept description. This output is then evaluated by an ontologist.
### Ontology population {#ontology_population}
At this step, the ontology is augmented with instances of concepts and properties. For the augmentation with instances of concepts, methods based on the matching of lexico-syntactic patterns are used. Instances of properties are added through the application of bootstrapping methods, which collect relation tuples.
### Concept hierarchy extension {#concept_hierarchy_extension}
In this step, the OL system tries to extend the taxonomic structure of an existing ontology with further concepts. This can be performed in a supervised manner with a trained classifier or in an unsupervised manner via the application of similarity measures.
### Frame and Event detection {#frame_and_event_detection}
During frame/event detection, the OL system tries to extract complex relationships from text, e.g., who departed from where to what place and when. Approaches range from applying SVM with kernel methods to semantic role labeling (SRL) to deep semantic parsing techniques.
## Tools
Dog4Dag (Dresden Ontology Generator for Directed Acyclic Graphs) is an ontology generation plugin for Protégé 4.1 and OBOEdit 2.1. It allows for term generation, sibling generation, definition generation, and relationship induction. Integrated into Protégé 4.1 and OBO-Edit 2.1, DOG4DAG allows ontology extension for all common ontology formats (e.g., OWL and OBO). Limited largely to EBI and Bio Portal lookup service extensions
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# Mineiro (footballer, born 1981)
**Huenes Marcelo Lemos** (Iguatama, born 5 December 1981), known as **Mineiro**, is a retired Brazilian footballer who played for Sport Club Internacional\'s reserves team.
## Biography
Born in Iguatama, Minas Gerais, Mineiro played for minor clubs in Brazil in his early career. He signed a `{{frac|4|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}-year contract with ADAP in July 2003 and loaned to CSA from April to July 2006, which he finished as the runner-up of 2006 League of Alagoas state.
### SC Internacional {#sc_internacional}
Mineiro then signed by Internacional in short-term contract, which he played for its B team at 2006 Copa FGF. He signed a new 5-year contract in December 2006. and played for Inter B at 2007 League of Rio Grande do Sul Second Division. He also played 6 matches at 2007 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A and 2007 Recopa Sudamericana for the first team. In the second half of 2007 season, he also played in 2007 Copa FGF.
In January 2008 he was loaned to J1 League club Gamba Osaka. and only played twice in the league, in although wore no.3 shirt. In December the club decided not to extend the loan.
In January 2009 he was loaned to Juventude, competitor of League of Rio Grande do Sul state He also played at 2009 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B.
In the next season, he was loaned to a city \"rival\" Porto Alegre FC in 6 months deal, for 2010 League of Rio Grande do Sul state. He returned to Inter in May. He then played for Inter B at 2010 Copa FGF and winning the cup.
He played 2 games for Inter in 2011 season before left on loan to Criciúma along with Kléber, Wagner Libano and Talles Cunha
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# José Óscar Sánchez Madan
**José Óscar Sánchez Madan**, born in Marianao on 10 December 1961 is a Cuban journalist and author in several Cuban newspapers, and a regular contributor of the Miami-based independent news agency CUBANET.
As spokesman Elizardo Sánchez Santa-Cruz of the Cuba human rights group CCDHRN said, Óscar Sánchez Madan was arrested on Friday April 13, 2007 and was convicted to four years of prison a few hours after his arrest by a secret court in an accelerated process in Union de Reyes, a village east of Havana. He got no defence lawyer and no relatives were allowed to attend the lawsuit. He was convicted under the charges of \"pre-criminal social danger\", a legal subterfuge that allows the Cuban authorities to imprison any citizen as a potential danger to society, even if they have not committed a crime. His arrest put the toll of imprisoned journalists up to 26 as of June 2007
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# Burghausen bei Schweinfurt
**Burghausen** in Lower Franconia is a little village in the commune of Wasserlosen. It has about 300 inhabitants
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# Ghost Train (2006 film)
is a Japanese horror film released in 2006. It was the first Japanese film that was released in Korea before Japan.
## Plot
A young boy, Takeshi, is told by a mysterious woman that he will die after picking up a ticket inside a red bag. While boarding the subway train home, he is pulled outside of the train, which briefly stops when the conductor is distracted by a figure outside. The next day, Takeshi\'s classmate, Noriko Kimura, finds the ticket and shows it to her sister, Nana, experiencing a vision of a baby and her mother in the process. Noriko spots Takeshi while waiting for the train and tries to follow him, but she ends up missing as well.
Nana decides to take action and contacts the train conductor, Shunichi Kuga. From the name written on the ticket, Yaeko Aonuma, she learns that the ticket has been returned to the lost-and-found multiple times. The people who returned it, have all died. The victims all have two distinguishing features: black marks covering their face and black eyes. Nana visits Takeshi\'s apartment, but flees when she sees that Takeshi has returned. Takeshi appears naked and pale. He has dark marks on his face and dark eyes, with his mother repeatedly babbling that he is no longer Takeshi.
Nana\'s classmate, Kanae Fujita, receives a bracelet from her boyfriend that turns out to be a useless trinket. When she confronts her boyfriend at the subway station that night, he is possessed and chokes her. Kanae kicks him to the railway right, when the spirit leaves him and a train appears. Before he dies, he tells her to \"beware of Yaeko\". When Kanae visits the station again, Yaeko\'s spirit chases her until she bumps into Nana. Deciding to tackle the mystery together, the two agree to meet at the station the next day, but Nana unexpectedly has to attend her sick mother at the hospital. Alone at the station, Kanae is almost hit by a train. A mysterious hand saves her at the last second.
Nana demands more information about Yaeko from Kuga, who reveals that Yaeko is a pregnant woman who gave birth to her baby right after she was hit by a train. She died, but the status of the baby is unknown. Kanae wakes up to the woman who had rescued her. The woman tells her that she wants revenge against Yaeko, as her son suffered the same fate as Takeshi. The woman agrees to drive Kanae to the station. Along the way, the car is hijacked by Yaeko and stops right in the middle of a railway. The woman manages to escape, but Kanae is not so lucky. She asks the woman to save Nana, before a train hits the car.
At the station, the woman informs Nana about Kanae\'s fate. With Kuga\'s help, the trio head to a deeper part of the subway. Nana receives another vision, learning that there was already a spirit who resided in the subway and that Yaeko was just another victim. However, her sorrowful spirit, furious at not knowing her baby\'s fate, overcomes the original spirit. She then becomes the sole haunter of the subway.
Unraveling a passageway behind the tunnel walls, Nana and the woman discover the spirit\'s ancient statues and Noriko sleeping atop a mountain of dead bodies. When Yaeko appears, the woman is enraged and tackles her, ending up stabbed by a stalagmite. As she lays dying, Nana learns from the woman\'s scars that she is Yaeko\'s long-lost baby. Seeing the bodies reanimated, Nana and Noriko race back to Kuga\'s train. Nana almost falls to an endless chasm, but is pulled back by her sister, Kuga, and Kanae\'s spirit. Upon reaching the train, Kuga manages to steer the train back to the station.
The next day, Nana and Noriko visit their mother, who has recovered and is ready to come back home. Nana watches the TV and learns that Kuga has ordered an explosion on the subway to seal it forever. She heads outside to sit on a bench and meets Kanae\'s spirit. The two smile at each other, before Kanae disappears.
## Cast
Character Japanese actor English voice
--------------- -------------------- ----------------------
Nana Kimura Erika Sawajiri Colleen Clinkenbeard
Kanae Fujita Chinatsu Wakatsuki Serena Varghese
Shunichi Kuga Shun Oguri Kalob Martinez
Yaeko Aonuma Aya Sugimoto Christine Auten
Kawamura Itsuji Itao Jason Douglas
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# Ghost Train (2006 film)
## Production
The story references an event that occurred in Mizunashi during 1971, in which a lady called Yaeko Aonuma was killed in a train accident. The director took 2 years to create the plot of the film and develop it with his editor.
In the film, while Nana Kimura is browsing a book, the fictional Miskatonic University of the Cthulhu Mythos is featured on one of its pages.
## Release
The film was first released on July 27, 2006, in South Korea, and then on September 30, 2006, in Japan. The film was subsequently released in Taiwan on November 17, 2006, and Hong Kong on November 23, 2006. ADV licensed *Ghost Train* and *Synesthesia* effective 2006/10/24 for \$58,668; in July 2007, ADV Films released an English localization dub of the film on DVD. In 2008, The film, along with over 30 other titles from ADV was transferred over to Funimation Entertainment, which then re-released it in 2009.
## Adaptations
A novel and comic adaptation saw publication in the same year, with the publishing of the works handled by the Kadokawa Shoten
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# Gary Taylor (scholar)
**Gary Taylor** (born 1953) is an American academic, Robert Lawton Distinguished University Professor of English at Florida State University, author of numerous books and articles, and joint editor of *The Oxford Shakespeare*, *The Oxford Middleton*, and \"The New Oxford Shakespeare.\"
## Life
The first member of his family to graduate from high school, Taylor won scholarships that led to bachelor\'s degrees in English and Classics from the University of Kansas (1975) and to a doctorate in English from the University of Cambridge (1988). With Stanley Wells, he worked for eight years as the \"enfant terrible\" of the Oxford Shakespeare (1978--86), a project that generated much controversy through editorial decisions such as printing two separate texts of *King Lear* and accepting and publicizing a manuscript attribution to Shakespeare of a poem commonly known as \"Shall I die?\" (an attribution that has since been almost universally rejected). He has taught at Oxford University, Catholic University of America, Brandeis University (where he was Chair of the English department), and the University of Alabama (where he directed the Hudson Strode Program in Renaissance Studies, 1995--2005). In 2005, he joined the English Department at Florida State University, where he became founder and first director of the interdisciplinary History of Text Technologies program, and served six years as department chair.
Taylor has written extensively on Shakespeare, Middleton, early modern culture, canon formation, race and ethnicity, gender and masculinity. Four of his works are included in the Random House list of the hundred most important books on Shakespeare (more than any other non-British author). He is best known for his work as an editor, textual critic, and editorial theorist, for which he has received fellowships from the Folger Shakespeare Library, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. He has also written for *Time*, *The Guardian*, and other periodicals, spoken to many theatre audiences, and been often interviewed on radio and television.
Taylor devoted twenty years to *The Collected Works of Thomas Middleton*, published by Oxford University Press in 2007. With John Lavagnino, he led a team of 75 contributors from 12 countries to produce \"the Middleton First Folio,\" designed to establish Middleton's status as \"our other Shakespeare.\" Among other works, Taylor and Lavagnino chose to print the entire texts of William Shakespeare\'s plays *Macbeth* and *Measure for Measure*, on the theory that Middleton revised both of these plays after their original composition. They include Shakespeare\'s *Timon of Athens* as well, but in this case postulating that it was a collaboration between the two authors. Also included in the volume are such anonymous plays as *A Yorkshire Tragedy*, *The Second Maiden\'s Tragedy* (presented under the title *The Lady\'s Tragedy*) and *The Revenger\'s Tragedy*, which are generally, though not universally, credited to Middleton by modern scholars.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
Books
- Gary Taylor and Michael Warren, eds., *The Division of the Kingdoms* (1983).
- Stanley Wells, Gary Taylor, John Jowett and William Montgomery, *William Shakespeare: A Textual Companion* (1987).
- *Reinventing Shakespeare: A Cultural History from the Restoration to the Present* (1989).
- Gary Taylor and John Jowett, *Shakespeare Reshaped 1606-1623* (1993).
- *Cultural Selection* (1996).
- *Castration: An Abbreviated History of Western Manhood* (2000).
- *Buying Whiteness: Race, Culture, and Identity from Columbus to Hip Hop* (2005).
- William Shakespeare, *Complete Works*, eds. Stanley Wells, Gary Taylor, John Jowett and William Montgomery (1986, rev. 2005).
- John Fletcher, *The Tamer Tamed*, ed. Celia R. Daileader and Gary Taylor (2006).
- *Thomas Middleton and Early Modern Textual Culture*, gen. eds. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino (2007).
- *The Collected Works of Thomas Middleton*, gen. eds. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino (2007)
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# Rosemarie Bowe
**Rosemarie Bowe Stack** (born **Rose Marie Bowe**; September 17, 1932 -- January 20, 2019) was an American model, best known for her appearances in several films in the 1950s.
Born in Butte, Montana, Bowe was primarily raised in Tacoma, Washington. She began her career modeling in Los Angeles, California, before being cast in uncredited bit parts. Her first major role was a supporting part in the 1954 adventure film *The Adventures of Hajji Baba*. She would have several lead roles before officially retiring from acting following her appearance in John Cassavetes\' *Big Trouble* (1986).
She was married to actor Robert Stack from 1956 until his death in 2003.
## Early life {#early_life}
Bowe was born Rose Marie Bowe on September 17, 1932, in Butte, Montana, the youngest child of Dennis and Ruby Bowe. Bowe\'s father was a building contractor and her mother was a dress designer. She had an older sister, Claire (maternal grandmother of actor Taran Killam), and a brother, Sidney. The family moved to Tacoma, Washington, when Bowe was a child. She was raised Lutheran.
As a teenager, she worked as a model in Seattle. She attended Stadium High School in Tacoma, where she was active in theater and dance, and graduated in 1950. The same year, Bowe won the \"Miss Tacoma\" beauty contest. In 1951, she was one of six finalists in competition for queen of the Home Show and Building Exposition in Los Angeles, California.
Bowe briefly attended Tacoma Community College before moving to Los Angeles.
## Career
### Modeling work {#modeling_work}
She was crowned Miss Tacoma and Miss Montana in 1950. In May 1951, Bowe competed in a contest to choose the queen of the sixth annual Home Show and Building Exposition. Along with Mary Ellen Nichols, she was a runner-up to the contest winner, Linda Peterson.
In 1951, Bowe traveled with her mother to Los Angeles, California, to see her brother Sidney off to the military during the Korean War. \"Washington is very much like London,\" Bowe reflected in an interview. \"Kinda gloomy, dark skies, unless it\'s summertime. Washington state is beautiful from June to September, but after that it\'s overcast, everyday practically. The minute my mother and I saw California palm trees and the sun, we really liked it and we decided we could stay here for awhile.\"
Having done modeling work in the past, Bowe secured work in Los Angeles as a model, appearing in several pin-up portraits by artist Gil Elvgren. Her measurements were 36--25--36. She was 5\'5\" tall and had blue-green eyes. Her modeling agency was contacted by a high-fashion photographer, Christa, who suggested she pose for national and fashion magazine portraits. Modeling for magazines such as *Eye*, *Tempo*, and *Blightly*, she eventually made the transition from model to actress in television.
Bowe\'s look was at times likened to both Marilyn Monroe and Grace Kelly. She always modeled high fashion rather than lingerie or bathing suits. She was never asked by photographers to pose for cheesecake pictures as were many a pin-up girl. She once said, \"Of all the auditions and interviews I have had with casting men, directors, and producers, not one ever made a pass at me. I guess they were afraid of me.\"
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# Rosemarie Bowe
## Career
### Acting career {#acting_career}
Bowe moved to Hollywood in 1950. In 1952, a court approved her seven-year contract with film agent Charles K. Feldman. When his production plans stalled, she obtained a contract with Columbia Pictures. She was trained in dramatic acting by Benno Schneider. Her early experience as an entertainer included performing as a singer and dancer in amateur musicals.
Early in her career, she used the name **Laura Bowe**.
As a screen debutante, Bowe appeared in *Lovely To Look At* (1952) with Kathryn Grayson and Red Skelton. Bowe\'s part is uncredited, as is her depiction of a swimmer in *Million Dollar Mermaid* (1952). The same year in June, she appeared on the cover of *Life*. In 1954, she appeared in *The Golden Mistress* and *The Adventures of Hajji Baba*. The former was Bowe\'s first movie after requesting her release from Columbia. As Ann Dexter, she was featured opposite John Agar in an R.K. Productions release, set in Haiti. Bowe performed her own stunts on the set, and during filming, she almost drowned, was stung by a sea urchin, and sustained bumps, bruises, and insect bites.
Bowe was under option to 20th Century Fox when she filmed *The Peacemaker* (1956). Based on a novel, the Western also featured James Mitchell. It was released by Hal R. Makelim Productions. Announced in April 1954, the Makelim plan for producing pictures \"guaranteed a flow of film products through a fixed-fee system.\"
Her later acting roles included appearances in the films *Murder on Flight 502* (1977) and *Big Trouble* (1986), both of which starred her husband Robert Stack, and the TV movie *Making of a Male Model* (1983).
She appeared in a 1963 episode of *Burke\'s Law*, credited as Rosemarie Bowe. The episode was \"Who Killed Beau Sparrow?\".
## Personal life {#personal_life}
On January 23, 1956, Bowe married Robert Stack in Beverly Hills Lutheran Church. The couple became the parents of a daughter, Elizabeth Langford Stack, on January 20, 1957. They shared mutual passions for the outdoors, especially sailing and riding. Bowe temporarily gave up her career when her children were young.
In October 1969, Bowe was in an automobile accident in Sacramento, California, and sustained serious internal injuries. She crashed into a concrete culvert because of a mechanical failure in the rental car she was driving. Kathleen Lund, the wife of Art Lund, was killed in the accident. At the time, Stack was filming *The Name of the Game*. He chartered a flight to be with her. Art Lund filed a \$750,000 wrongful-death suit, alleging Bowe had been driving at an \"excessive speed\" during the accident.
Bowe died on January 20, 2019. Her son, Charles Robert Stack, is a retired investment banker. Her nephew David Bowe is also an actor.
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# Rosemarie Bowe
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
------ -------------------------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------- --
1952 *Lovely to Look At* Model Uncredited
*Million Dollar Mermaid* Swimmer Uncredited
1954 *The Adventures of Hajji Baba* Ayesha
*The Golden Mistress* Ann Dexter
1955 *The Big Bluff* Fritzie Darvel
*The View from Pompey\'s Head* Kit Robbins Garrick
1956 *The Peacemaker* Ann Davis
1959 *John Paul Jones* (minor role) Uncredited
1961 *All in a Night\'s Work* Tony\'s Blonde Friend
1967 *The Peking Medallion* Bar Patron Also known as: *The Corrupt Ones*
1975 *Murder on Flight 502* Dorothy Saunders Television film
1983 *Making of a Male Model* Lila Chandler Television film
1986 *Big Trouble* Mrs
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# Eli Whitney Technical High School
**Eli Whitney Technical High School**, or **Whitney Tech**, is a technical high school located in Hamden, Connecticut, which receives students from many nearby towns. Eli Whitney Tech is part of the Connecticut Technical Education and Career System
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# Parliamentary Republic (Chile)
Presidential Republic \|flag_s1 = Flag of Chile.svg \|image_flag = Flag of Chile.svg \|image_coat = Coat of Arms of Chile (1834-1920).svg \|image_map = CHL orthographic (+all claims).svg \|common_languages = Spanish \| religion = Roman Catholicism (official religion) until 1925 \|government_type = Unitary quasi-parliamentary republic
- under military dictatorship (1924-1925)
\|capital = Santiago \|leader1 = Jorge Montt (*first*) \|year_leader1 = 1891--1896 \|leader2 = Arturo Alessandri Palma (*last*) \|year_leader2 = 1925--1925 \|title_leader = President \|representative1 = \|year_representative1 = \|title_representative = \|legislature = \|stat_year1 = \|stat_area1 = \|stat_pop1 = \|currency = Chilean peso }}
The **Parliamentary Era in Chile** began in 1891, at the end of the Civil War, and spanned until 1925 and the establishment of the 1925 Constitution. Also called \"pseudo-parliamentary\" period or \"Parliamentary Republic\", this period was thus named because it established a quasi-parliamentary system based on the interpretation of the 1833 Constitution following the defeat of President José Manuel Balmaceda during the Civil War. As opposed to a \"true parliamentary\" system, the executive was not subject to the legislative power but checks and balances of executive over the legislature were weakened. The President remained the head of state but its powers and control of the government were reduced. The Parliamentary Republic lasted until the 1925 Constitution drafted by President Arturo Alessandri and his minister José Maza. The new Constitution created a presidential system, which lasted, with several modifications, until the 1973 coup d\'état.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Chile temporarily resolved its border disputes with Argentina with the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina, the Puna de Atacama Lawsuit of 1899 and the Cordillera of the Andes Boundary Case, 1902.
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# Parliamentary Republic (Chile)
## Parliamentarism
The pseudo-parliamentary system was established in Chile following José Manuel Balmaceda\'s defeat in the 1891 Chilean Civil War. Whereas in a complete parliamentary system the chief of government is designed by the parliamentary majority, and usually belongs to it, the function of chief of government was hereby unofficially assumed by the Minister of Interior. The National Congress indirectly controlled his nomination and the rest of the cabinet through the vote of the periodical laws (*leyes periódicas*), the budget, the military credits, etc. Others means of control included the refusal, by any one of the two Chambers (Senate or Chamber of Deputies) to vote a motion of confidence or the refusal to vote laws of lesser importance proposed by the executive.
While a Parliament may withdraw its confidence in the Prime minister in the Westminster-style parliamentary system, the head of government is normally granted the power of dissolution of parliament, leading to the calling of new elections in order to have the sovereign people arbitrate between the legislative and the executive. However, in the Chilean system, the President of the Republic did not dispose of this power of dissolution, thus restricting the Prime Minister\'s margins of decision.
The system of parties was very fluid, functioning on the basis of groups depending on individual personalities or *caudillos* who held the control of the parties and could form or dissolve cabinets. Furthermore, there was no established voting discipline in the parties. The custom was soon established for the President to nominate \"universal cabinets\" which included ministers from all parties. The stability of these cabinets was therefore dependent on the political intrigues in the National Congress.
Parliamentary instability was quite strong during this period, with a large rotation of cabinets. This pseudo-parliamentary system was terminated with the 1925 Constitution which declared incompatible the charges of ministers with parliamentary offices and made the approval of the *Ley de Presupuestos* automatic, which included the organization of the state income, if the Congress did not approve it after a while. It also enacted the election of the President at universal direct suffrage.
## Political structure and electoral practices {#political_structure_and_electoral_practices}
The main parties between 1891 and 1925 included, from right to left, the Conservative Party, close to the Roman Catholic Church; various liberal groups in the center belonging to the National Party (aka *Monttvarista* after Manuel Montt and Antonio Varas), the Liberal Party, the Liberal Democratic Party (or *Balmacedista*); and on the left the Radical Party and the Democrat Party. At the end of the 1910s, the Socialist Workers Party, associated with the labour movement, began to gain some importance.
These parties allied themselves either in the Coalition, grouping the Conservative Party and the liberals, or in the Liberal Alliance, composed by the liberals and the Radical Party.
As opposed to the Conservative Republic (1831--1861) or the Liberal Republic (1861--1891), the executive power did not interfere in the elections as it did through intendants, governors and inspectors. Elections were organized by the municipalities of Chile, held by various local *caudillos*. Bribes, electoral fraud, stealing of ballot boxes were frequent in rural zones.
## Social groups {#social_groups}
Three main social classes composed the Parliamentary Republic: the oligarchy, the middle classes and the working classes.
The aristocracy was formed by the landlords, politicians, saltpeter entrepreneurs (many of whom were foreigners), bankers, physicians, intellectuals, etc. They lived in neoclassical palaces or mansions, followed European fashion, etc. The oligarchy, however, was internally divided on some points; hence the many parties, the two main alliances, with the liberals joining either the Conservative Party or the Radical Party.
The working classes were formed by saltpeter workers, industrial workers and workers in public works, as well as landless peasants. The first lived in the north, in huts made of Calamina, where differences in temperature between day and night spanned 30 degrees Celsius. Others workers lived in *conventillos* (dormitories) or in round quarters (rooms without windows or lighting). Peasants lived on ranches. All worked without contracts between 12 and 16 hours daily without Sunday sabbath. Some were paid by company scrips.
## The economy of saltpeter {#the_economy_of_saltpeter}
Saltpeter, sodium nitrate, was the main resource of Chile and the economy revolved around it. A third of the profits of saltpeter mining were taken by foreigners, the second third by the state, which taxed exports, and the last third was used to re-invest in the saltpeter mines. The state used the revenue to build infrastructure (roads, railroads, ports, etc.).
| 747 |
Parliamentary Republic (Chile)
| 1 |
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# Parliamentary Republic (Chile)
## Presidents of the Parliamentary Republic {#presidents_of_the_parliamentary_republic}
*The charge of Vice-President was exercised as an interim by the Minister of Interior if the President died.*
- Alm
| 31 |
Parliamentary Republic (Chile)
| 2 |
11,053,965 |
# Finless flounder
***Achiropsetta tricholepis***, the **Finless flounder** or **Prickly flounder**, is a species of southern flounder with a southern circumpolar distribution. It lives in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean off Patagonia, the Falkland Islands and the Burdwood Bank, and also off the Ob Bank, Kerguelen Islands, Crozet Islands, and the Campbell Plateau. It is usually caught in depths of 21 to. This species can grow to 39 cm TL
| 69 |
Finless flounder
| 0 |
11,053,975 |
# John Lofland (poet)
**John Lofland** (1798--1849), widely known as the \"Milford Bard\" of Milford, Delaware, was a prolific and widely read writer of prose, verse, and speeches. He grew up and spent much of his life in \"The Towers\" on North West Front Street in Milford. Later in his life he moved to Baltimore, Maryland where he associated with Edgar Allan Poe.
## Family background {#family_background}
Lofland was born in Milford, Delaware on March 17, 1798. His father, Isaac, had moved to Milford from Frederica to start a general merchandise business. Isaac had married twice, but, tragically, both his wives had died. His third marriage was to Cynthia Virden, the daughter of a prominent local figure in Brown\'s Branch, five miles north of Milford. The marriage is speculated to have been an arranged one, a tactic of Cynthia\'s father to forge a strong relationship with Isaac, who held great sway in the local community. Cynthia\'s father wanted Issac\'s support to get appointed as the Milford schoolmaster.
Lofland was Isaac and Cynthia\'s first child. He had a brother but he died aged three. The Loflands had another child, a daughter, Sarah, in 1802. Lofland formed a close and affectionate relationship with Sarah that lasted throughout their lives. Lofland\'s father died in 1803, bequeathing his widow and children a significant fortune. Cynthia later married a Laurel, a druggist who went on to run a general merchandise business.
## Education
Lofland wasn\'t the brightest child at school. His mother had to teach him at home. It took Lofland longer than usual to learn how to read. After that his learning abilities improved significantly. He developed a love for reading and became a voracious reader. The first books he read were mostly English literature. Books written by American writers were rare and there were none for children. After turning twelve Lofland began reading science, theology, metaphysics, history, and mythology.
As he reached his teens, Lofland gained access to a local scholar\'s library. He began reading Voltaire, d\'Alembert, Maupertuis, Rousseau, Condorcet, Volney, Hume, and Gibbon. Lofland later described this phase in his life as reading and awakening as a skeptic. The skepticism spilled into his family life and caused problems. Being deeply religious, his family found it hard to cope with his philosophical awakening. Giving in to his mother\'s constant demands, he finally read the Bible, finding in it truth and beauty. Nevertheless, he did not consider himself capable of following Christianity
| 408 |
John Lofland (poet)
| 0 |
11,053,982 |
# PZL-105 Flaming
The **PZL-105 Flaming** (*flamingo*) is a Polish short-takeoff-and-landing (STOL) utility aircraft designed by PZL \"Warszawa-Okęcie\". It remained a prototype.
## Development
The PZL-105 was designed as a successor to the successful utility aircraft PZL-104 Wilga, being more modern and economical and offering increased transport capacity. The design was initially called **Wilga 88**. It retained the high-wing layout of the PZL-104 and the upward-opening side doors, but it was a completely new aircraft. Compared with the Wilga, it has a six-seat cabin instead of four seats and the wings are supported by single struts instead of a cantilever design. The plane was intended for a variety of purposes, like glider towing, parachute training, transport, air ambulance, patrolling and crop dusting (with 500 kg of chemicals). Also, a seaplane variant was intended.
The first prototype, powered by a 265 kW (360 hp) Russian M-14P radial engine, was first flown on 9 November 1989 (markings SP-PRC). An intended designation of a serial variant was **PZL-105M**. The second prototype, designated **PZL-105L**, was fitted with a flat engine 298 kW (400 hp) Lycoming IO-720. It was flown on 27 July 1991 (markings SP-PRD). There was also made one prototype for static trials.
Problems with funding at the outbreak of the 1980s and 1990s, connected with a change of political system in Poland, and the priority of the PZL-130 Orlik trainer program, had caused the Flaming program to be suspended, and production of the type has yet to have started. The company developed a new variant of the PZL-104, the Wilga 2000 with Lycoming IO-540 flat engine instead.
## Design
Metal construction braced high-wing monoplane, conventional in layout, duralumin covered. Semi-monocoque fuselage. Rectangular single-spar wings, fitted with Fowler flaps and slotted flaperons. Six-seat cabin with three rows of seats, with large side doors opening upwards. Conventional fixed landing gear with tail wheel, the main gear is made of composite spring legs. Two-blade or three-blade (PZL-105L) metal propeller. Fuel tanks in wings (270 L).
## Surviving aircraft {#surviving_aircraft}
The first prototype and the second prototype airframe (lacking engine) are in a collection of the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków
| 355 |
PZL-105 Flaming
| 0 |
11,053,984 |
# Malaria Atlas Project
**The Malaria Atlas Project** (MAP) is a nonprofit academic group led by Peter Gething, Kerry M Stokes Chair in Child Health, at the Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia. The group is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, with previous funding also coming from the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust. MAP aims to disseminate free, accurate, and up-to-date information on malaria and associated topics, organised on a geographical basis. The work of MAP falls into three areas:
- Estimation of the spatial distribution of malaria prevalence and incidence and related topics, such as the spatial distribution of insecticide treated nets, antimalarial drugs, mosquito vectors, and human blood disorders
- Disseminating data on malaria via the Repository for Open Access Data (ROAD-MAP) project
- Providing maps relating to malaria prevalence and related topics for the World Health Organization (WHO) and other bodies
The MAP team have assembled a unique spatial database on linked information derived from medical intelligence, satellite-derived climate data to constrain the limits of malaria transmission, and the largest-ever archive of community-based estimates of parasite prevalence. These data have been assembled and analysed by a team of geographers, statisticians, epidemiologists, biologists, and public health specialists. Furthermore, where these data have been cleared for release, they are available via a data explorer tool on the MAP website.
## History
MAP was founded by Bob Snow and Simon Hay in 2005 to fill the niche for the malaria control community at a global scale. Between 2012 and 2015, it was led by Peter Gething, Dave Smith, Catherine Moyes, and Simon Hay. The initial focus of MAP centred on predicting the endemicity of *Plasmodium falciparum*, the most deadly form of the malaria parasite, due to its global epidemiological significance and its better prospects for elimination and control. Work in 2009 began to map the extent and burden of the relatively neglected *Plasmodium vivax*.
The Repository for Open Access Data from the Malaria Atlas Project (ROAD-MAP) was established in 2011.
The project moved from the University of Oxford in the UK to the Telethon Kids Institute in Perth, Western Australia, in September 2019.
In late 2023, an East African branch of MAP was established at the Ifakara Health Institute in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
## Academic research {#academic_research}
### Modelling malaria prevalence {#modelling_malaria_prevalence}
A key aspect of MAP\'s work is to use statistical approaches to modelling the prevalence of different forms of malaria on a global scale using Bayesian model-based geostatistics.
#### *Plasmodium falciparum* prevalence maps {#plasmodium_falciparum_prevalence_maps}
In September 2015, research by MAP published in *Nature* quantified the attributable effect of malaria disease control efforts in Africa. The results showed *Plasmodium falciparum* infection prevalence in endemic Africa halved and the incidence of clinical disease fell by 40% between 2000 and 2015. The best estimate is that interventions have averted 663 million clinical cases since 2000. Insecticide-treated nets, the most widespread intervention, were by far the largest contributor. Although still below target levels, current malaria interventions have substantially reduced malaria disease incidence across the continent.
#### *Plasmodium vivax* prevalence maps {#plasmodium_vivax_prevalence_maps}
In 2012, MAP published the first global maps for *Plasmodium vivax* endemicity
| 527 |
Malaria Atlas Project
| 0 |
11,054,034 |
# Nicky Salapu
**Nicky Vitolio Salapu** (born September 13, 1980) is an American Samoan footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for ASFA Soccer League club PanSa East, which he captains, and the American Samoa national football team. He previously played for PanSa East from 2000 to 2011, before leaving for Indonesian side Mitra Kukar in 2012. He played in American Samoa\'s 31--0 loss to Australia, where he was the only player from the senior squad remaining after the rest of the squad was ruled ineligible due to holding Samoan, rather than US, passports.
Salapu conceded a total of 91 goals in the 2002 and 2006 World Cup qualifiers, while also starting in American Samoa\'s first ever official FIFA World Cup qualifiers win. After the game, Salapu said: \"I feel like a champ right now. Finally I\'m going to put the past behind me.\"
His stint with the American Samoa national team was covered in the 2014 documentary *Next Goal Wins*, and the 2023 biographical comedy-drama also called *Next Goal Wins*.
## Club career {#club_career}
Salapu played for PanSa East for eleven years, beginning in 2000 and terminating in 2011. Despite rumors circulating online about Salapu joining Austrian club SC Mauerbach in 2008, Salapu contradicted those claims in an interview with Marca in 2011. In 2011, he went to play for Mitra Kukar, a club playing in the Indonesia Super League (ISL), which is a fully professional football competition as the top tier of the football league pyramid in Indonesia. Salapu returned to PanSa East in 2013.
## International career {#international_career}
Salapu conceded 31 goals to Australia in a 2002 World Cup qualifying match on April 11, 2001, which became a world record that still stands to this day. Salapu later said that he hid tears from his teammates.
In 2007, Salapu missed his flight from Hawaii to the South Pacific Games in Samoa. Because he could not make it on time, he was replaced by the 17-year-old Jordan Penitusi. He was not eligible to play until he arrived for the last match of American Samoa in the South Pacific Games with Tonga, but there he was an unused substitute. In November 2011, Salapu was the goalkeeper when American Samoa won its first ever full FIFA match, a 2--1 win over Tonga during the first round of the OFC qualifiers for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In 2015, he was called up as substitute goalkeeper for the 2018 World Cup Qualifiers.
He represented American Samoa at the 2019 Pacific Games in Apia. Salapu has been selected for the American Samoan team at the 2023 Pacific Games in Honiara.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
His son Dylan is also a footballer
| 448 |
Nicky Salapu
| 0 |
11,054,055 |
# WPRW-FM
**WPRW-FM** (107.7 MHz), also known as \"Power 107\", is a mainstream urban station in the Augusta, Georgia, radio market. The station is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to Martinez and has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 24.5 kW. Its studios are located at the Augusta Corporate Center near the I-20/I-520 interchange in Augusta, and the transmitter tower is north of Appling, Georgia.
## History
The station signed on as WKBG in 1994 with a country format. In 1996, WKBG was purchased by Wilkes Broadcasting and became WUUS, re-branding itself as \"US 107\". Wilkes also purchased WGUS-AM-FM and WRXR and housed all three stations in the WGUS building. US-107 hired the former morning talent from Kicks 99 (Jill and Charlie) and the former morning man from WBBQ (Mark Summers) and spent much of the late-1990s going up against established country outlet WKXC-FM, but fared poorly in the ratings. The stations were sold to Cumulus Media in 1998.
In November 1999, the station switched over to urban as WPRW, adopting the \"Power 107\" handle. This station became the first serious challenger to longtime urban outlet WFXA and both stations have been battling each other in the ratings ever since. At one time WPRW was the syndicated home of the *Star and Buc Wild Morning Show*; it now carries *The Breakfast Club* in the mornings.
The station is owned by iHeartMedia and competes with WFXA and WIIZ
| 239 |
WPRW-FM
| 0 |
11,054,056 |
# Bak District
`{{for|other places|Bak (disambiguation)}}`{=mediawiki} **Bäk District** (*باک ولسوالۍ*, *ولسوالی باک*) is in the northern part of Khost Province, Afghanistan. It borders Tere Zayi District to the south, Sabari District to the west, Zazi Maydan District to the north, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan to the east. According to Afghanistan\'s National Statistics and Information Authority (NSIA) the 2020 estimated population of the district was 24,977 people. The district center is the village of Bäk, in the southern part near the border with Tere Zayi District
| 86 |
Bak District
| 0 |
11,054,062 |
# K-finite
In mathematics, a **K-finite function** is a type of generalized trigonometric polynomial. Here *K* is some compact group, and the generalization is from the circle group *T*.
From an abstract point of view, the characterization of trigonometric polynomials amongst other functions *F*, in the harmonic analysis of the circle, is that for functions *F* in any of the typical function spaces, *F* is a trigonometric polynomial if and only if its Fourier coefficients
: *a*~*n*~
vanish for \|*n*\| large enough, and that this in turn is equivalent to the statement that all the translates
: *F*(*t* + θ)
by a fixed angle θ lie in a finite-dimensional subspace. One implication here is trivial, and the other, starting from a finite-dimensional invariant subspace, follows from complete reducibility of representations of *T*.
From this formulation, the general definition can be seen: for a representation ρ of *K* on a vector space *V*, a *K*-finite vector *v* in *V* is one for which the
: ρ(*k*).*v*
for *k* in *K* span a finite-dimensional subspace. The union of all finite-dimension *K*-invariant subspaces is itself a subspace, and *K*-invariant, and consists of all the *K*-finite vectors. When all *v* are *K*-finite, the representation ρ itself is called *K*-finite
| 205 |
K-finite
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# Brunello (character)
**Brunello** is a character in the Italian romantic epics *Orlando Innamorato* by Matteo Maria Boiardo and *Orlando Furioso* by Ludovico Ariosto. Brunello is a dwarf and a cunning thief who works for the Saracen army of King Agramante. He first appears in the second book of *Orlando Innamorato* where Agramante intends to invade Europe and defeat Emperor Charlemagne. He has been told he has no chance of success unless he has the young warrior Ruggiero on his side, but Ruggiero has been hidden in a secret garden by the wizard Atlante and the only way to reach him is by using the magic ring belonging to Princess Angelica. Brunello undertakes to steal it and sets off for the fortress of Albracca where he not only manages to snatch the ring but also robs King Sacripante of his horse (from right underneath him) and the female warrior Marfisa of her sword. Marfisa sets off in pursuit but Brunello evades her and gives the ring to Agramante, who rewards him with a kingdom. The Saracens find Ruggiero at Mount Carena where they see him behind a wall of glass. However, the wall is too steep and slippery to climb, so Brunello suggests they trick Ruggiero out. He gets them to play war games in the plain beneath the mountain. Ruggiero, with his inherent love of combat, cannot resist and despite Atlante\'s pleas he leaves the garden and begs Brunello for his horse and armor. Brunello only agrees if he will join their expedition against France, to which Ruggiero happily consents.
In *Orlando Furioso*, Brunello is entrusted with the ring by Agramante. The female warrior Bradamante is in love with Ruggiero, who has been taken captive. She consults Merlin, who tells her she must kill Brunello and take the ring if she wants to free her beloved. She seizes the ring from Brunello but does not kill him and leaves him tied to a fir tree. Brunello is freed only to be caught by Marfisa, who wants her sword back. She hands him over to Agramante, who has Brunello hanged.
Ariosto describes him thus:
La sua statura, acciò tu lo conosca,
non è sei palmi, ed ha il capo ricciuto;
le chiome ha nere, ed ha la pelle fosca;
pallido il viso, oltre il dover barbuto;
gli occhi gonfiati e guardatura losca;
schiacciato il naso, e ne le ciglia irsuto:
l\'abito, acciò ch\'io lo dipinga intero,
è stretto e corto, e sembra di corriero.
(*Orlando furioso*, III.72)
That thou mayst recognise the man, in height
Less than six palms, observe one at this inn
Of black and curly hair, the dwarfish wight!
Beard overgrown about the cheek and chin;
With shaggy brow, swollen eyes, and cloudy sight,
A nose close flattened, and a sallow skin;
To this, that I may make my sketch complete,
Succinctly clad, like a courier, goes the cheat
| 482 |
Brunello (character)
| 0 |
11,054,084 |
# Antarctic armless flounder
The **Antarctic armless flounder** *(Mancopsetta maculata)* is a species of southern flounder found on subantarctic shelves, around Antarctic islands, and banks off East Antarctica. This species can grow to a length of 50 cm SL. It lives in depths of from 100 to
| 47 |
Antarctic armless flounder
| 0 |
11,054,091 |
# Building the Colossus
***Building The Colossus*** (1994) is the eighth album by American singer-songwriter Happy Rhodes.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All music, lyrics, voices, instruments and arrangements - Happy Rhodes (except as noted in credits)
1. \"Hold Me\" - 4:40
2. \"Just Like Tivoli\" - 6:04
3. \"Dying\" - 5:44
4. \"Collective Heart\" - 4:43
5. \"Building the Colossus\" - 4:18
6. \"Omar\" - 4:47
7. \"Pride\" - 2:39
8. \"You Never Told Me\" - 5:03
9. \"If I Ever See the Girl Again\" - 5:33
10. \"Down, Down\" - 6:15
11. \"Big Dreams, Big Life\" - 2:31
12
| 100 |
Building the Colossus
| 0 |
11,054,092 |
# FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1979
The **FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1979** took place in Inzing, Austria
| 21 |
FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1979
| 0 |
11,054,126 |
# Ronquières inclined plane
The **Ronquières Inclined Plane** is a canal inclined plane on the Brussels-Charleroi Canal in the province of Hainaut in Wallonia, Belgium. It opened in April 1968 having taken six years to build. It is in the municipality of Braine-le-Comte and takes its name from the nearby village of Ronquières.
The plane was built to reduce the delays imposed by the 14 locks (already reduced from 16 in the 19th century) that had hitherto been needed for the canal to follow the local topography.
## By visiting this place {#by_visiting_this_place}
The top of the tower offers a wide view over Nivelles and beyond (as far north as Brussels, the Atomium, the King Baudouin Stadium, the Koekelberg Basilica on a clear day).
## Description
The Ronquières Inclined Plane is 1432 m long and lifts boats vertically through 67.73 m. It consists of two large caissons mounted on rails. Each caisson measures 91 m long by 12 m wide and has a water depth between 3 and. It can carry one boat of 1,350 tonnes or many smaller boats within the same limits.
Each caisson has a 5,200-tonne counterweight running in the trough below the rails, which permits the caisson to be moved independently of the other. Each caisson is pulled by eight cables wound by capstans at the top end of the inclined plane. Each cable is 1480 m long. Each caisson can be moved between the two canal levels at a speed of 1.2 m/s, taking about 22 minutes. It takes 50 minutes in total to pass through the 1800 m of the entire structure, including the raised canal bridge at the top end.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
- The film *Brussels by Night* (1983) takes place (in part) at the inclined plane of Ronquières.
## Photo gallery {#photo_gallery}
Image:Ronquières JPG02.jpg\|Boat waiting before the inclined plane Image:Ronquières JPG03.jpg\|Lower control tower and machine hall Image:Ronquiières Schëffslift.JPG\|Caisson leaving lower lock Image:Ronquières JPG04.jpg\|Caisson en route Image:Ronquières JPG05.jpg\|The inclined plane Image:RonquièresPlanIncliné1
| 331 |
Ronquières inclined plane
| 0 |
11,054,135 |
# FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1980
The **FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1980** took place in Passeier, Italy
| 21 |
FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1980
| 0 |
11,054,145 |
# Pietro Respighi
**Pietro Respighi** S.T.D. JUD (22 September 1843 -- 22 March 1913) was an Italian Catholic prelate who served as Archpriest of the Basilica of Saint John Lateran and vicar general of Rome. He was made a cardinal in 1899.
## Biography
He was born in Bologna, the son of a mathematics professor at the University of Bologna. His nephew was Monsignor Carlo Respighi. Respighi studied philosophy with Battaglini, who later became archbishop of Bologna.
He received the sacrament of confirmation in November 1850. He was educated in the Seminary of Bologna and the Pio Roman Seminary in Rome, earning doctorates in theology, civil and canon law in 1870. Ordained to the priesthood on the last day of March 1866 in Rome, he afterwards worked in the Archdiocese of Bologna as professor of Sacred Liturgy and Christian Archology of its seminary from 1872 to June 1874. He was appointed as Archpriest of *Santi Gervasio e Protasio* parish until 1891.
Pope Leo XIII appointed him Bishop of Guastalla on 14 December 1891. He was appointed to the see of Ferrara in 1896. As Archbishop of Ferrara he was created Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quattro Coronati in the consistory of 19 June 1899. He resigned pastoral government of the archdiocese of Ferrara on 19 April 1900. On the death of Pope Leo XIII he participated in the conclave of 1903 that elected Pope Pius X. He was Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from 1906 until 1907, and in 1910 he was appointed Archpriest of the Patriarchal Lateran basilica, a position he held until his death three years later
| 269 |
Pietro Respighi
| 0 |
11,054,164 |
# Puerto Rico Baseball Academy and High School
The **Puerto Rico Baseball Academy & High School** (**PRBAHS**) is a non-profit organization combining academics and sports programs into one curriculum. Its goal is to prepare its students for higher education, competitive college scholarship opportunities, and the Major League Baseball Draft. The PRBAHS is one of the only baseball high schools in Puerto Rico or the United States with this type of learning environment.
The school is located 30 minutes outside of San Juan near the University of Turabo in Gurabo, Puerto Rico. It admits students ages 14--18 into 10th through 12th grade.
## History
The school was first envisioned by former Texas Rangers pitcher Edwin Correa, who was motivated by the decline of Puerto Rican players in the major leagues. The Dominican Republic has recently had many more players signed than Puerto Rico has, in part because of differing rules. United States standards, upheld by the PRBAHS, require players to complete a high school diploma or to be at least 18 years of age, while Dominican players are able to sign with major league organizations as early as 16 years of age. For the 2003 season, there were 38 versus 79 on the Major League rosters that came from Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, respectively.
Although the school was founded in 2001, its inception began 1999, when founder Ed Correa coached at Las Palmas, the Los Angeles Dodgers' complex located in the Dominican Republic. It was at Las Palmas where his vision began and he decided to use the complex as a model to draft his own prototype.
## Program curriculum {#program_curriculum}
The core academic curriculum includes courses in Spanish, English, United States History, Puerto Rican History, Latin American History, Biology, Work Management, Chemistry, Physics, Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry, and Pre-calculus. The available electives are Health, Photography, Psychology, Sports Psychology, Music, Journalism, Ethics, History of Baseball, and the Critical Analysis of Chess.
The baseball program emphasizes the mental, physical, and technical aspects of each position to create a complete understanding of the game. Topics covered include throwing mechanics, weight training, fielding mechanics, communication, running the bases, the mental aspect of the game, run downs, the art of pitching, the art of catching, and bunt plays.
## Community involvement {#community_involvement}
In addition to academics and sport, the school also encourages community outreach and involvement in local activities. Students visit hospitals during the holidays, participate in interactive sporting days with children who have disabilities, and visit centers for children
| 416 |
Puerto Rico Baseball Academy and High School
| 0 |
11,054,179 |
# List of World Swimming Championships (25 m) medalists (men)
This is the complete list of **men\'s World Championships medalists in short-course swimming** from 1993 to 2024
| 27 |
List of World Swimming Championships (25 m) medalists (men)
| 0 |
11,054,182 |
# M25 sniper weapon system
The **M25 sniper weapon system** is a joint venture precision rifle built for the U.S. Army Special Forces and later adopted by the U.S. Navy SEALs. It was originally developed by the 10th Special Forces Group, based at Fort Devens, Mass., to fulfill a requirement for a sniper rifle based on a match grade M14 that satisfied the requirements of the Army Special Forces.
SOCOM called the rifle the \"light sniper rifle\", and it is also known as the \"sniper security system\" and \"product improved M21\". The commercial version has been named \"White Feather\" in honor of Carlos Hathcock, the U.S. Marine Corps sniper who became famous during the Vietnam War. (The enemy called him \"White Feather\" because he wore a white feather on his hat to taunt enemy troops hoping to collect a large bounty for his death or capture offered by the enemy.)
The M25 is not a replacement rifle for the M24 sniper weapon system; it was designed to fill a specific need for accurate fire beyond the range of a standard-issue carbine and has been used from the Persian Gulf War onwards as the designated marksman\'s rifle (DMR). As the DMR, the M25 gives either the sniper\'s spotter or a squad-level marksman a long-range rifle that can be fired at a faster rate than a sniper\'s bolt-action rifle.
## Design
The M25 is similar in many ways to the M21. It has a National Match M14 barrel in a McMillan glass bedded fiberglass stock, uses a special gas piston, a National Match spring guide and a Brookfield Precision Tool Advanced Scope Mounting System. Most rifles use the Bausch & Lomb 10× Tactical scope; some use scopes made by Leupold & Stevens, including the Ultra Mark 4 M1, Ultra Mark 4 M3, and Vari X-III LR M3. Suppressors for use with this rifle are manufactured by OPS
| 315 |
M25 sniper weapon system
| 0 |
11,054,183 |
# FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1982
The **FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1982** took place in Feld am See, Austria
| 23 |
FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1982
| 0 |
11,054,221 |
# Finn Schiander
**Finn Schiander** (7 May 1889 -- 7 June 1967) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Lyn*, which won the silver medal in the 8 metre class (1919 rating)
| 45 |
Finn Schiander
| 0 |
11,054,236 |
# FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1984
The **FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1984** took place in Kreuth, West Germany
| 22 |
FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1984
| 0 |
11,054,242 |
# Nils Thomas
**Nils Marius Thomas** (9 July 1889 -- 13 November 1979) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Lyn*, which won the silver medal in the 8 metre class (1919 rating)
| 46 |
Nils Thomas
| 0 |
11,054,243 |
# Te Deum (Pärt)
***Te Deum*** is a setting of the Latin Te Deum text, also known as the Ambrosian Hymn attributed to Saints Ambrose, Augustine, and Hilary, by Estonian-born composer Arvo Pärt, commissioned by the Westdeutscher Rundfunk in Cologne, Germany, in 1984. Dedicated to the late Alfred Schlee of Universal Edition, the WDR Broadcast Choir premiered the Te Deum under the direction of conductor Dennis Russell Davies on January 19, 1985. The Te Deum plays an important role in the services of many Christian denominations, including the Paraklesis (Moleben) of Thanksgiving in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Because of the unusual instrumentation Pärt employs, his Te Deum is not suited for use within the Orthodox Church. It was recorded on the ECM New Series label in 1993 by the Estonian Philharmonic Chamber Choir and Tallinn Chamber Orchestra under the direction of Tõnu Kaljuste. The piece is approximately thirty minutes long.
Te Deum employs Pärt\'s signature tintinnabuli compositional style. Tintinnabuli is often described as a minimalistic compositional technique, as its harmonic logic departs from that of the tonal tradition of Western classical music, creating its own distinct harmonic system. Tintinnabulation is a process in which a chosen triad encircles a melody, manifesting itself in specific positions in relation to the melody according to a predetermined scheme of adjacency. In its most rudimentary form, Pärt\'s tintinnabuli music is composed of two main voices: one carries the usually stepwise melody (M-voice) while the other follows the trajectory of the melody but is limited to notes of a specific triad (T-voice). In the case of Te Deum, it is a D triad that is featured in the T-voice, and as such provides the harmonic basis for the entire piece.
The work is scored for three choirs (women\'s choir, men\'s choir, and mixed choir), prepared piano, divisi strings, and wind harp. According to the Universal Edition full score, the piano part requires that four pitches be prepared with metal screws and calls for \"as large a concert grand as possible\" and \"amplified\". The wind harp is similar to the Aeolian harp, its strings vibrating due to wind passing through the instrument. Manfred Eicher of ECM Records \"recorded this \'wind music\' on tape and processed it acoustically.\" The two notes (D and A) performed on the wind harp are to be played on two separate CD or DAT recordings. According to the score preface, the wind harp functions as a drone throughout the piece, fulfilling \"a function comparable to that of the ison in Byzantine church music, a repeated note which does not change pitch.\"
On an ECM records leaflet, Pärt wrote that the Te Deum text has \"immutable truths\", reminding him of the \"immeasurable serenity imparted by a mountain panorama.\" His composition sought to communicate a mood \"that could be infinite in time---out of the flow of infinity. I had to draw this music gently out of silence and emptiness.\" (Hillier 140)
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# Te Deum (Pärt)
## Text and melody {#text_and_melody}
The Latin text of the Te Deum is made up of 29 lines of verse, each of which is the subject of one section of Pärt\'s composition. These 29 sections are not considered movements in the sense of traditional choral works because they are not separated by silences or pauses. Each line of text is introduced as plainsong before its augmentation in either a choral or instrumental texture. Although each of the piece\'s 29 sections follow this pattern, they function differently from the movements of traditional choral works because they are not punctuated by silences or pauses. With the notable exception of three silences, each section of the Te Deum flows directly into the succeeding one, with the wind-harp drone often serving as part of the sonic bridge between.
Pärt harmonizes the melody (M-voice) of Te Deum using his signature tintinnabuli process. As is common in Pärt\'s choral works, the melodic contour of the M-voice is subject to a kind of compositional serialization based directly on the text. In the case of Te Deum, the melody is tied to the text\'s syllabic and grammatical features. All words either begin or end on a given pitch, and the number of syllables in each word determines how far from that pitch the melody deviates. For example, if a word has three syllables and the pitch center is A, then the first note might be A, the second note B and third note C.
The melodic contours of Te Deum are thus strictly tied to the rhythms of the text. The text, by engendering the melody that then dictates the harmony, becomes fundamental to all aspects of the piece. Not only does the text provide linguistic meaning, but also it informs the musical form itself in a way that is uncharacteristic of traditional text-setting practices.
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# Te Deum (Pärt)
## Melodic serialization process {#melodic_serialization_process}
Paul Hillier theorizes these syllabically derived melodies in terms of four different modes, outlined below. (All examples assume that the M-voice is written in C major with C as the pitch center. The five notes given in each example also assume a five-syllable word; fewer or more syllables would lead to a larger or smaller number of pitches, respectively.)
Mode 1: ascending away from the pitch center (e.g.: C-D-E-F-G) Mode 2: descending away from the pitch center (e.g.: C-B-A-G-F) Mode 3: descending toward the pitch center (e.g.: G-F-E-D-C) Mode 4: ascending toward the pitch center (e.g.: F-G-A-B-C)
Additionally, stressed syllables in multisyllabic words are brought forward in the melody by writing them melismatically (the technical term for when a single syllable that is split between two pitches). This melisma can take one of two forms.
The first is a simple splitting on a syllable over two adjacent pitches. In these cases, a stressed syllable first takes the pitch assigned it by the syllabic system described above, but then it also anticipates the pitch of the word\'s subsequent syllable. For example, if the three-syllable word \"Dominum\" were written accordingly (in Mode 1 with a pitch center of C) it would look like this:
\"Do-\" would be sung first on C, then would ascend to D \"-mi-\" would be sung on D \"-num-\" would be sung on E
The other sort of melisma Pärt uses on the stressed syllables of Te Deum is one in which two notes of the tintinnabuli chord melodically surround the melodic pitch. In this case, the \"Do-\" of \"Dominum\" might be sung on C (the melodic note), drop down to a G a fourth below, and jump up to an E (both notes of the C tintinnabuli triad) before descending to the D on which the syllable \"-mi-\" is sung.
## Harmonic process (tintinnabuli) {#harmonic_process_tintinnabuli}
Tintinnabuli harmony consists of a reaction in the harmonic line (or T-line) to the M-line, such that the former follows the contour of the latter, but makes use only of pitches of the tintinnabuli triad.
The most prominent tintinnabuli line in Te Deum is 1st position alternating.
The harmony in the piece is principally based on the triads of D major and D minor, with appearances of A minor interspersed throughout.
An important feature of the harmonic language of Te Deum is the prominence of drones. Although not part of Pärt\'s tintinnabulation style, drones are very much part of the chant aesthetic to which Pärt alludes throughout the piece. Although mainly a D drone, there are moments where an A drone dominates the texture.
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## Influence of early European music and church music {#influence_of_early_european_music_and_church_music}
Te Deum arguably bears more resemblance to early Christian music than to the choral works of the past three hundred years. The structure of the sections, which present a chant followed by its elaboration in multiple voices, mimics a structure common in Renaissance polyphonic masses. The wind harp drone, on the other hand, can be likened to the ison (or drone voice) found in Byzantine chant. Byzantine chant was not monophonic like its Latin counterparts, but featured two voices: one melody and one drone. The drone was particularly significant in the Orthodox Church because it spoke to the unchanging, underlying reality behind worship. Hillier considers the drone in Te Deum similar to this Orthodox precedent, calling it the \"spiritual force\" that unites the piece and functions as its foundation.
The drone can thus be thought of less as a part of the piece itself than it is a part of the environment in which the choirs and strings perform. Pärt himself wrote that the text of Te Deum bears for him \"immutable truths\" that remind him of the \"immeasurable serenity imparted by a mountain panorama\" (Te Deum liner notes). His composition sought to communicate a mood \"that could be infinite in time---out of the flow of infinity. I had to draw this music gently out of silence and emptiness.\" (Hillier, 140) The music in many ways evokes this mountain panorama. Not only does the foundational drove function similarly to the base of a mountain (143), but the piece also features many other unchanging elements that imply an immutable, spiritual force. The tintinnabuli process, founded on the constant reiteration of the notes of a single, unchanging triad, is one such constant element
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# Oedipus (Dryden play)
The heroic drama ***Oedipus: A Tragedy***, is an adaption of Sophocles\' *Oedipus Rex*, written by John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee. After being licensed in 1678 and published in 1679, it became a huge success on stage during the Restoration period.
## Career and reputation of *Oedipus, a Tragedy* {#career_and_reputation_of_oedipus_a_tragedy}
*Oedipus, a Tragedy* may today have an unintended comic effect, given the bloodthirsty ending of the drama. In past centuries, however, there was a wide range of views, ranging from enthusiasm to condemnation.
\"Celebratur Oedipus...\" In 1700, the journal \"Acta Eruditorum\", published in Leipzig, celebrated Dryden and Lee\'s adaptation of Oedipus. Along with *All for Love*, *Oedipus, a Tragedy* was regarded as the climax of Dryden\'s dramatic work. Charles Gildon, however, who revised many of Gerard Langbaine\'s articles in the manual on English Drama *An Account of the English Dramatick Poets*, harshly criticised *Oedipus, a Tragedy*, saying:
> The most understanding Judges wish they \[i.e. Dryden/Lee\] had followed Sophocles yet closer, it had then been the best of our Modern Plays, as \'tis of the Ancients: but as it is, they have destroyed the Character of Oedipus...
It remains uncertain which parts of this play were written by Dryden and by Lee. According to *The London Stage*, Dryden wrote the first two acts, Lee the last three. In his introduction to *Oedipus, a Tragedy* of 1808, Walter Scott says that the first and the third acts were wholly written by Dryden, maintaining a decided superiority over the rest of the piece. Since there are \"many excellent passages through Lee\'s scenes\" and \"the tragedy has the appearance of general consistence and uniformity\", Scott supposes that the whole play was corrected by Dryden afterwards.
*Oedipus, a Tragedy* was licensed on 3 January 1678 by Roger L\'Estrange and published in 1679 by R. Bentley and M. Magnes in Russel Street in Covent Garden. Bentley and Magnes were already Lee\'s publishers. Financial considerations were probably the motivation for Dryden\'s decision to change publishers at this time, ending his long association with Henry Herringman, which dated back to the days before the Restoration. Bentley and Magnes also printed *The Kind Keeper*, though Dryden complained that they had done so in his absence and without his supervision. With his next play, *Troilus and Cressida*, he began an association with Jacob Tonson that would last the rest of his life. It remains uncertain when exactly the tragedy was performed on stage for the first time; but it may have been the first new play of the season: The Prologue refers to it as \"the first Play bury´d since the Wollen Act,\" the Act going into effect on 1 Aug 1678.
The tragedy was performed by the Duke\'s Company in London, surprisingly not by the King\'s Company, with whom Dryden had a contract to produce three plays a year from 1668 until 1683. Dryden produced his plays at a steady rate, though not three a year: there were twenty-two plays between 1663 and 1683. The King\'s Company, who anticipated a huge success from the \"combined talents of Dryden and Lee\", complained about the fact that the play Oedipus, a Tragedy, was given to the Duke\'s Company, and not to them.
> Mr Dryden has now jointly with Mr. Lee (who was in Pension with us to the last day of our Playing, & shall continue) Written a play call´d AEdipus, and given it to the Duke\'s Company, contrary to his said agreemt \[the contract of 1668\], his promise \[allegedly made after they granted him a third day for All for Love\], and all gratitude \[,\] to the great prejudice and almost undoing of the Company, They being the only Poets remaining to us.
But this complaint went unheeded, and the scenic complexity of the play shows that Dryden and Lee originally intended it for the Duke\'s Theatre. In 1671, the Duke\'s Company moved to a new theatre at Dorset Garden which had arrangements for even more elaborate scenic effects, their mastery of spectacle was never matched by the King\'s Company, particularly after a fire destroyed the Theatre Royal in 1672. The replacement building, designed by Wren, was only a \"Plain Built House\". Dryden\'s divorce from the King\'s players was now complete. During the remaining years of the company, which finally merged with the Duke\'s men in 1682, he wrote a number of prologues for his old associates, but he was probably paid a set fee for those. For the rest of his plays, Dryden was now paid like other playwrights, with the profits of the third performance on stage.
> Dryden\'s share of the third day\'s proceeds from Oedipus, which he had to divide with Lee, probably amounted to no more than 50 pound, but any payment was welcome under the circumstances.
The amount of 50 pounds is considered to be a meagre wage here for a popular playwright. In comparison to the earnings of contemporary skilled workers and other professions, however, one might assume that Dryden received an appropriate if not overly generous share of money. The premiere and the following performances of this drama on stage were highly successful. The \"bombastic violence of Oedipus\", as Kinsley puts it, was a \"scandalous success, with the Bettertons playing Oedipus and Jocasta.\"
> This play was Admirably well Acted; especially the Parts of Oedipus and Jocasta: One by Mr Betterton, the other by Mrs Betterton; it took prodigiously being Acted 10 Days together.
Dryden\'s *All for Love*, by contrast, despite its high place in the estimation both of Dryden and of his modern critics, seems to have had much less general appeal. Published early in 1678, a few months after its first stage presentation, it was only twice reprinted in Dryden\'s lifetime. *Oedipus, a Tragedy*, by contrast, reached six editions by 1701 and ten editions by 1734. The heroic drama by Dryden and Lee remained popular for a long period of time and was constantly performed on stage, almost every year between 1678 and 1710. After the premiere, it was restaged in the following years: 1686, 1692, 1696, 1698, 1702, 1703, and between 1705 and 1710 almost every year. The performance of Thursday 13, October 1692, is especially remarkable:
> On Thursday last was acted the tragedy of Oedipus king of Thebes at the theater, where Sandford \[as Creon\] and Powell \[as Adrastus\] acting their parts together, the former by mistake of a sharp dagger for one that runs the blade into the handle, stab\'d the other 3 inches deep: said the wound is mortal.
The effect of this \'accident\' on the audience attending the play is impossible to reconstruct. Such incidents might have increased the popularity of the play to a certain extent or might have satisfied the audience\'s cravings for sensation.
There must have been a change in the reputation of the drama on stage in the late 18th and early 19th century. In his introduction to *Oedipus, a Tragedy*, written in 1808, Scott considers the performance of the play to be unbearable for the audience about thirty years before, because it was considered to be too bloodthirsty.
> It is certain, that, when the play was revived about thirty years ago, the audience were unable to support it to an end; the boxes being all emptied before the third act was concluded. Among all our English plays, there is none more determinedly bloody than Oedipus, in its progress and conclusion. The entrance of the unfortunate king, with his eyes torn from their sockets, is too disgusting for representation.
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# Oedipus (Dryden play)
## Concept and composition of *Oedipus, a Tragedy* {#concept_and_composition_of_oedipus_a_tragedy}
### The underlying concept for the play {#the_underlying_concept_for_the_play}
*Oedipus Rex* was originally written by Sophocles in 430 BC, and later on the subject was adapted by Seneca and Corneille. In the preface to *Oedipus, a Tragedy*, Dryden refers to these authors and comments on their works. By doing so, he reveals his concept of *Oedipus, a Tragedy*, and explains why he thinks that the Latin and French adaptions of the drama were inferior to the original work by Sophocles.
> In our Age, Corneille has attempted it, and it appears by his Preface, with great success: But a judicious Reader will easily observe, how much the Copy is inferiour to the Original.
Dryden disapproves of the way Corneille has treated the subject, but not the subplot -- a love story involving Theseus and Dirce: in *Oedipus, a Tragedy*, Dryden himself uses a love story as subplot. According to Dryden, however, the French dramatist failed to create a heroic Oedipus. Instead of showing Oedipus as a just and merciful monarch, Corneille attaches only negative traits to Oedipus. The love story involving Theseus and Dirce gets too much attention and is put into the centre of his work.
> ...if he desir\'d that Oedipus should be pitied, he shou\'d have made him a better man. He forgot that Sophocles had taken care to shew him in his first entrance, a just, a merciful, a successful, a Religious Prince, and in short, a Father of his Country: instead of these, he has drawn him a suspicious, designing, more anxious of keeping the Theban Crown, than solicitous for the safety of his People: Hector\'d by Theseus, contemn\'d by Dirce, and scarce maintaining a second part in his own Tragedie...\"
Dryden criticises Seneca\'s adaptation of the drama for lacking any naturalness of emotion and blames the Latin author for using artificial language, and as a consequence the lack of effects on stage:
> Seneca \[...\] is always running after pompous expression, pointed sentences, and Philosophical notions, more proper for the Study than the Stage: The French-man follow'd a wrong scent; and the Roman was absolutely at cold Hunting.
Dryden disapproves of the fact that Seneca has failed to introduce new aspects, except one: the scene when Lajus\'s ghost is called and appears on stage, which Dryden and Lee implement in their adaptation.
> Seneca supply\'d us with no new hint, but only a Relation which he makes of his Tiresias raising the Ghost of Lajus: which is here perform\'d in view of the Audience...
Sophocles\'s *Oedipus* is praised and considered \"the most celebrated piece of all Antiquity\" by Dryden. The Greek author, who was
> not only of the greatest Wit, but one of the greatest Men in Athens, made it for the Stage at the Publick Cost, and that it had the reputation of being his Masterpiece, not only amongst the Seven of his which are still remaining, but of the greater Number which are perish\'d.
Since Sophocles is \"admirable every where\", Dryden and Lee claim to follow the Greek author as closely as they can. Dryden points out the compositional differences, saying:
> ...the Athenian Theater, (whether more perfect than ours is not now disputed) had a perfection differing from ours.
Dryden summarises the distinctive features of Greek theatre. A Greek tragedy is composed of three acts, each act generally comprising one scene \"... (or two at most) which manage the business of the Play.\" The three unities are distinctive features of the Athenian theatre. What Dryden disapproves of in Greek theatre is only that the \"principal person\" appears constantly throughout the plot of a play, \"but the inferiour parts seldome above once in the whole Tragedie.\"
Dryden/Lee\'s adaptation of Oedipus extends Sophocles\'s plot in two respects: by adding two further acts to the play and introducing a subplot with secondary characters, namely the love story of Eurydice and Adrastus. In the preface of the play, Dryden justifies the subplot as a necessary gesture towards English \"Custom\":
> The conduct of our Stage is much more difficult, where we are oblig´d never to lose any considerable character which we have once presented. Custom likewise has obtain´d, that we must form an under-plot of second Persons, which must be depending on the first, and their by-walks must be like those in a Labyrinth, which all of \'em lead into the great Parterre: or like so many several lodging Chambers, which have their out-lets into the same Gallery.
Dryden compares the subplot of *Oedipus, a Tragedy* with \"by-walks\" in a \"Labyrinth\" that lead into the \"great Parterre\". Architectural metaphors are generally applied by Dryden to designate parts of a play. In the construction of a play, the playwright is the \"master-workman\" who needs \"many subordinate hands, many tools to his assistance\", including \"history, geography, or moral philosophy.\" The plot is the base of the building, the characters and their manners the sides of it. All parts must be fitted properly to the whole; every part is neatly tied in.
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# Oedipus (Dryden play)
## Composition of *Oedipus, a Tragedy* in comparison with Sophocles\'s *Oedipus* {#composition_of_oedipus_a_tragedy_in_comparison_with_sophocless_oedipus}
*Oedipus, a Tragedy* was based on Sophocles\'s *Oedipus*, but the original drama was crucially changed in several respects.
### The design of sub-plots and intrigues {#the_design_of_sub_plots_and_intrigues}
Dryden and Lee add a subplot of secondary characters -- a love story about Adrastus, prince of Argos, and Eurydice, Oedipus\' daughter. Unlike Corneille, Dryden and Lee put the dramatic love story of Oedipus and Jocasta in the centre of the dramatic plot. But also the main characters appearing in both versions -- Oedipus and Creon -- are presented differently.
Sophocles designs his Oedipus as a just and merciful monarch, determined to rescue his kingdom from the dreadful disease. For this, he must investigate the murder of Lajus, the former king of Thebes. Although the blind prophet Tiresias explicitly tells Oedipus at the beginning of the play that he is the cause of the plague, Oedipus at first does not understand. Instead he accuses Tiresias of conspiring with Creon, Jocasta\'s brother, to overthrow him. In the meantime, Oedipus reveals the tyrant sides to his character. Oedipus demands strict obedience under any circumstances.
> Creon. And if thy mind is darkened...? Oedip. Still obey! Creon. Not to a tyrant ruler. Oedip. On my country! (Act I, p. 11)
Sophocles presents Creon as a just character. His only intention is to seek the truth on behalf of the Thebans to free them from the disease. He does not intend de-throne Oedipus on his own behalf; the burden of being a king would be too demanding for him and he would be rather afraid of taking on all responsibility for the country alone.
> Creon. My mind, retaining reason, ne'er could act The villain's part. I was not born to love such thoughts myself.... (Act I, p. 11)
In Dryden/Lee\'s adaptation, the main characters are designed differently. According to Brunkhorst, Oedipus is presented as the ideal ruler of a country. Right upon his introduction, Oedipus returns from a battle between Thebes and Argos as the successful victor. The monarch has already managed to rescue the Thebans twice: not only did he manage to solve the Sphinx\'s riddle, but he also fought successfully against the rival kingdom Argos and captured prince Adrastus. The monarch turns out to be merciful, when he releases Adrastus, his former enemy, from prison. Despite all his personal doubts, Oedipus keeps the position as an omnipotent and just king throughout the play. As a public person, Oedipus appears self-confident; as a private person, however, he is full of desperation and insecurity. Oedipus is being haunted by dark forebodings and nightmares until he finally resigns in Act IV:
> All that the hardest temper'd weather'd flesh, With fiercest humane Spirit inspir'd, can dare Or do, I dare; but, oh you Pow'rs, this was By infinite degrees too much for man. (Act II, Scene I) If not otherwise stated, the following quotations are taken from Oedipus, a Tragedy, 1769.
Dryden and Lee present Creon as Oedipus\'s counterpart. He, as the villain, is deceitful, treacherous and scheming. He intends to depose Oedipus and become the only ruler of his country. To gain the throne, Creon does not hesitate to accuse his niece Eurydice, whom he desires, of murder.
> O Beauty! \[...\] I must accuse thee! \[...\] The first of Lajus blood Gave him his Death. Is there a Prince before her? Then she is faultless. (Act II, p. 24)
Adrastus, who genuinely loves Eurydice, joins in and tries to protect her, saying
> Touch not Euridice, by all the Gods, As you would save your Thebes, but take my life (Act II, p. 24)
Creon tries hard to drive a wedge between the young couple, Adrastus and Eurydice. If Adrastus accused her of murdering Lajus, he could escape death.
> Proclaim your innocence, Accuse the Princess (Act III, p. 35)
At the end of the fifth act, Creon\'s calculating and resentful character shows up again: If Eurydice is not willing to marry him, she has to die.
> Euridice shall dye, or be my Bride (Act V, p. 66)
Such constant scheming and intriguing by Creon is missing in Sophocles\'s *Oedipus*.
### Shift of compassion for the hero {#shift_of_compassion_for_the_hero}
With prince Adrastus, Dryden designs a far more positive hero than Oedipus, who is guilty of murder. The prince of Argos genuinely loves Eurydice and does not hesitate to accuse himself of killing Lajus to rescue her, even if he puts his own life at risk. Like Adrastus, Eurydice is presented with exclusively positive traits. Before marrying Creon, she would prefer to die. As a courageous woman, she is not even afraid of death.
> Death only can be dreadful to the bad: To innocence, \'tis like a bug-bear dress'd To fright'n Children; pull but off his Masque And he'll appear a friend. (Act III, p. 32)
Not even death can divide the strong and genuine love of the young couple:
> For death shall ne're divide us: death, what's death! (Act III, p. 32)
In act V, Creon eventually kills his niece before Adrastus\' eyes. Adrastus immediately stabs Creon, but he himself is killed by Creon\'s soldiers. Even his last words and thoughts are dedicated to Eurydice:
> She's gone \[...\] They talk of Heroes, and Celestial Beauties, And wondrous pleasures in the other World; Let me but find her there, I ask no more. (Act V, p. 76)
The love story of the young couple ends tragically; but not even death can divide their genuine love for each other. Instead of feeling pity for Oedipus and Jocasta, who both commit suicide in the end, it is the fate of Adrastus and Eurydice that arouses compassion and sympathy.
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# Oedipus (Dryden play)
## Composition of *Oedipus, a Tragedy* in comparison with Sophocles\'s *Oedipus* {#composition_of_oedipus_a_tragedy_in_comparison_with_sophocless_oedipus}
### Spectacular effects and the increase of interest {#spectacular_effects_and_the_increase_of_interest}
To \"please an unsatiable Audience\" Dryden and Lee make use of devices. In Dryden/Lee\'s adaptation, for instance, the scenic complexity is much greater than in Sophocles\'s *Oedipus*: more settings are employed, such as the streets of Thebes (Act I, Scene Thebes), an open gallery, a royal chamber being supposed behind (Act II, Scene I) or a dark grove (Act III, Scene I).
The plot of Sophocles\'s *Oedipus* only spans a few hours. Sophocles holds on to the Greek convention of unity of time. That is, performance on stage and plot progress simultaneously. Dryden/Lee\'s version extends this time period. Their plot spans two days and a night in between, creating tension. Their play makes extensive use of stage effects. The most elaborate devices are used in Act III: After thunder and lightning (\"peal of thunder\",\"flashes of lightning\") the stage is \"wholly darkened\", then a \"flash of lightning: the stage is made bright\" again.
*Oedipus, a Tragedy* reflects Dryden\'s own poetic style. As in many other plays and poems Dryden
Dryden focused on clarity and decorum. He always \"insisted on the superior role of fancy\", that is the excessive usage of imagery and metaphors throughout the play and the addition of poems or songs like the Song to Apollo at the beginning of Act II:
> Phœbus, God belov\'d by men; At thy dawn, every Beast is rouz\'d in his Den; At thy setting, all the Birds of thy absence complain, And we dye, all dye till the morning comes again, Phœbus, God belov\'d by men! Idol of the Eastern Kings, Awful as the God who flings His Thunder round, and the Lightning wings; God of Songs, and Orphean strings, Who to this mortal bosom brings All harmonious heav\'nly things! Thy drowzie Prophet to revive, Ten thousand thousand forms before him drive; With Chariots and Horses all o\'fire awake him, Convulsions, and Furies, and Prophesies shake him: Let him tell it in groans, tho\'he bend with the load, Tho\'he burst with the weight of the terrible God. (Act II, p. 23)
To increase the tension, the climax of the drama is postponed in Dryden/Lee\'s adaptation. In Sophocles\'s *Oedipus*, for instance, the seer Tiresias accuses Oedipus straight away as the murderer of Lajus, the former king of Thebes:
> Tiresias. Thou art the accursed plague -- spot of the land. (Act I, p. 7)
>
> Tiresias. I say that thou stand'st there a murderer. (Act I, p. 7)
>
> Tiresias. I say that thou, in vilest intercourse With those thou lovest best, dost blindly live ... (Act I, p. 7)
In Dryden/Lee\'s play, this denunciation is postponed to the third act. The seer Tiresias doesn\'t know Oedipus is the murderer until he calls the ghost of Lajus (Act III). As Scott points out in his introduction, the first anathema of the prophet is levelled only against the unknown murderer:
In Sophocles\'s *Oedipus*, Jocasta hangs herself, and Oedipus, upon discovering her body, blinds himself with the brooches of her dress. Sophocles makes his Oedipus survive the discovery of his unintentional guilt, and \"reserved him, in blindness and banishment for the subject of his second tragedy of Oedipus Coloneus. But there is more to it: in Greek, the words \"truth\" and \"light\" are covered by one term: \"aletheia\". Although Oedipus can see the surface of the world, he is not able to see the truth behind. The blind prophet Tiresias, in contrast, is able to see the truth. At the end of the play, Oedipus tears out his eyes, which are not necessary to see the truth.
Dryden and Lee make their Oedipus tear out his eyes as well, but unlike Sophocles\' Oedipus, he commits suicide. But it is not only Oedipus and Jocasta who die in the end:
> Of all the persons of the drama, scarce one survives the fifth act. Oedipus dashes out his brains, Jocasta stabs herself, their children are strangled, Creon kills Eurydice, Adrastus kills Creon and the insurgents kill Adrastus; when we add to this, that the conspirators are hanged, the reader will perceive, that the play, which began with pestilence, concludes with a massacre.
The following quotation, taken from the epilogue, summarises Dryden\'s approach:
> Their \[i.e. Dryden/ Lee\] treat is what your palates relish most, Charm! song! and show! a murder and a ghost!
Extensive and decorative poetic language, the audience\'s strong lust for stage action, visual effects, intensive conflicts and complex plots, all changed Greek tragedy in the Restoration era.
## Purcell\'s music {#purcells_music}
Act III scene i contains a masque with surviving Incidental music by Henry Purcell which includes the famous song *Music for a While*. As Laius is summoned, with \"*the stage wholly darkened*\" Tiresias call for a chorus of alto, tenor and bass voices:
> ...infernal gods.\
> Must you have music too ? then tune your voices,\
> And let them have such sounds as h\'ell ne\'er heard.\
> Since Orpheus bribed the shades.\
> Music First. Then Song:
>
> 1 . Hear, ye sullen powers below :\
> Hear, ye taskers of the dead.\
> 2. You that boiling cauldrons blow.\
> You that scum the molten lead.\
> 3. You that pinch with red-hot tongs ;\
> 1 . You that drive the trembling hosts\
> Of poor, poor ghosts,\
> With your sharpened prongs ;\
> 2. You that thrust them off\' the brim.\
> 3. You that plunge them when they swim :\
> 1 . Till they drown ;\
> Till they go\
> On a row,\
> Down, down, down :\
> Ten thousand, thousand, thousand fathoms low.\
> Chorus. Till they drown, &c.
This is followed by the solo for alto *Music for a While*, and then another chorus:
> 1\. Come away.\
> Do not stay.\
> But obey,\
> While we play.\
> For hell\'s broke up, and ghosts have holiday.\
> Chorus. Come away, &c.\
> \[A flash of Lightning- : The stage is made bright, and the Ghosts are seen passing betwixt the Trees
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# Ralph Tschudi
**Ralph Tschudi** (26 February 1890 -- 11 October 1975) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Lyn*, which won the silver medal in the 8 metre class (1919 rating)
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# The Keep (Happy Rhodes album)
***The Keep*** (1995) is the ninth album by American singer-songwriter Happy Rhodes.
## Overview
A compilation of acoustic versions of previously released songs, and rarities 1984--1995.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All music, lyrics, voices, instruments and arrangements - Happy Rhodes (except as noted in credits)
1. \"Temporary And Eternal\" - 5:33
2. \"Life On Mars\" - 3:20
3. \"Collective Heart\" - 4:45
4. \"The Yes Medley\" - 6:05
5. \"Save Our Souls\" - 6:00
6. \"Flash Me Up\" - 2:14
7. \"For We Believe\" - 2:34
8. \"Summer\" - 3:28
9. \"Oh Holy Night\" - 3:27
10. \"Look For The Child\" - 4:20
11. \"Hold Me\" - 3:25
12. \"Bye Moon\" - 2:07
13. \"Prey Of The Strange\" - 3:36
14. \"Oh Hand Of Mine\" - 3:49
- Album Produced by Kevin Bartlett.
- Individual songs Produced by
- Happy Rhodes
- Happy Rhodes and Kevin Bartlett
- John Diliberto
- Bruce Raines
- John Patoubas
## Personnel
- **Happy Rhodes**:
- Vocals, Nylon Guitar, Acoustic Guitar
- **Kevin Bartlett**:
- Electric Guitar, Loops, Effects
- **Carl Adami**:
- Bass, Devices
- **Dean Sharp**:
- Percussion
- **Kelly Bird**:
- Backing vocals, Acoustic Guitar
\"The Yes Medley\":\
\"I Sleep Alone\" written by Trevor Rabin. Published by Uni/Chappell Music, Warnell Chappell Music\
\"Soon\" written by Jon Anderson. Published by Topographic Music BMI\
\"Endless Dream\" written by Trevor Rabin, Jon Anderson. Published by Tremander\'s Songs BMI and Fizz Music Ltd., Warner Bros. Music Corp. ASCAP\
\"Hearts\" written by Jon Anderson, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Alan White, Tony Kaye
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# FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1986
The **FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1986** took place in Fénis, Italy
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# Suresh Rattan
**Suresh Rattan** (full name: ***Suresh Inder Singh Rattan***; born in 1955 in Amritsar, India) is a biogerontologist -- a researcher in the field of biology of ageing, biogerontology.
In addition to his professional research work on the biology of ageing, he is also very much interested and involved in the public communication of science and he likes to undertake explorations in the Indian classical music and semi-classical music by playing Tabla -- the North Indian drums, as evident from music CDs \"State of the Art: Small Town People\" by Harry Jokumsen and other artists (2008), and \"The Fall and the Rise of a Woman\" by Pearl (2014) in which he plays Tabla under his artistic name Shashi Maharaj.
## Academic background {#academic_background}
Suresh Rattan has been heading, since its inception in 1984, the Laboratory of Cellular Ageing at the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics at the Aarhus University in Denmark, where he has become Emeritus since 2020. He was introduced to the field of ageing by Professor Suraj P. Sharma at the Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar, India, during his BSc and MSc studies (1973--1977), followed by MPhil studies on the regenerative capacity of Hydra, under the guidance of Professor Sivatosh Mookerjee, at the School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New Delhi, India (1977--1979). Suresh Rattan earned his PhD in 1982 from the National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK, based on his research project testing the error theory of cellular ageing, under the supervision of Dr. Robin Holliday FRS, and Dr. Ian Buchanan. He also earned the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc) in 1995, from the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Aarhus, Denmark, based on his post-PhD research work on the molecular biology of human cellular ageing. He is also the recipient of an [Honorary Doctorate](https://web.archive.org/web/20101128205922/http://mb.au.dk/en/single-news/article/suresh-rattan-nominated-honorary-doctor-at-the-russian-academy-of-medical-sciences/) from the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences for his \"\...fruitful research and training in the field of biology of ageing, as well as his outstanding contribution to dissemination of scientific knowledge in basic gerontology\...\". He has been awarded a Visiting Professorship at the Faculty of Science, [Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic](http://www.upol.cz/en/) (2012--2016). The British Society for Research on Ageing (BSRA) has awarded their prestigious Lord Cohen Medal to Suresh Rattan for his continuing contributions to gerontology. He was unanimously elected as the President/Chair of the Biological Section of the European Region of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (IAGG-ER) for the periods 2011--2015, 2015 to 2019, and again for the period 2019--2023. He was also given the Outstanding Career Achievement Award - 2017, by the International Dose Response Society, USA
Suresh Rattan has published over 300 research and review articles and about 20 books on the biology of ageing, including those for school children and general public. He is the founding Editor-in-Chief of *Biogerontology*, a leading peer reviewed journal in the field of ageing. His name has been included in Marquis Who\'s Who in the World (from 1993); Marquis Who\'s Who in Medicine and Healthcare (from 1998); and International Directory of Distinguished Leadership (from 1998). He was a member of the World Economic Forum\'s Global Agenda Council on Gerontology (2008--2009).
## Important contributions {#important_contributions}
Suresh Rattan\'s major intellectual contribution in gerontology is the formulation of the concepts of essential lifespan and virtual gerontogenes regarding the nature of genes involved in ageing that real gerontogenes do not exist. Additionally, in the area of ageing modulation, Suresh Rattan is credited with the sole inventorship for discovering the anti-ageing effects of kinetin and zeatin in human skin cells; and these compounds are being used in several skin-care cosmetics throughout the world, for example Valeant product Kinerase. His areas of expertise include ageing, anti-ageing and healthy ageing of human cells, specially fibroblasts, keratinocytes, osteoblasts, and bone marrow stem cells. His current research focuses on the beneficial effects of mild stress, Hormesis, and discovering hormetins (a new category of natural and synthetic compounds which bring about their beneficial effects through hormesis) for slowing down ageing and improving the quality of life in old age. The first skincare product to come out of the theory of hormesis is the [Vaxin for Youth from Givenchy](http://www.stylelist.com/2010/08/30/givenchy-vaxin-for-youth/). He has also put forward the terms for the science and study of hormesis, and \"hormetin\" for any condition that can bring about hormesis \"[hormetics](http://sureshrattan.com/)\".
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# Suresh Rattan
## Books
Suresh Rattan has written/edited/co-edited the following books on ageing in English, Punjabi and Danish:
### In English {#in_english}
- Successful Ageing: Ambition and Ambivalence, Authors: Clemens Tesch-Romer, Hans-Werner Wahl, Suresh I.S. Rattan, and Liat Ayalon; Oxford University Press, UK; 2021 `{{ISBN|9780192897534}}`{=mediawiki}
- Nutrition, Food and Diet in Ageing and Longevity, Editors: Suresh I.S. Rattan and Gurcharan Kaur; volume 14 in the book series \"Healthy Ageing and Longevity\", Springer Nature, Switzerland, 2021 `{{ISBN|978-3-030-83016-8}}`{=mediawiki}
- Explaining Health Across the Sciences, Editors: Jonathan Sholl and Suresh I.S. Rattan; volume 12 in the book series \"Healthy Ageing and Longevity\", Springer Nature, Switzerland, 2020 `{{ISBN|978-3-030-52663-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- Encyclopedia of Biomedical Gerontology, Editor-in-Chief: Suresh I.S. Rattan; 3 volumes, Elsevier/Academic Press; 2020 `{{ISBN|978-0-12-816075-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- The Science of Hormesis in Health and Longevity, Academic Press UK; 2019 `{{ISBN|978-3-319-63000-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- AGE, in the series Reflections, by Aarhus University Press, 2018 `{{ISBN|978-87-7184-735-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- Hormones in Ageing and Longevity, 2017 `{{ISBN|978-3-319-63000-7}}`{=mediawiki} `{{doi|10.1007/978-3-319-63001-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- Cellular Ageing and Replicative Senescence, 2016 (`{{ISBN|978-3-319-26237-6}}`{=mediawiki} [1](https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319262376))
- Hormesis in Health and Disease, 2014 (`{{ISBN|978-148-2205459}}`{=mediawiki})
- Brain Aging and Therapeutic Interventions, 2012 (`{{ISBN|978-94-007-5236-8}}`{=mediawiki})
- Calorie Restriction, Aging, and Longevity, 2010 (`{{ISBN|978-90-481-8555-9}}`{=mediawiki})
- Mild Stress and Healthy Aging: Applying hormesis in ageing research and interventions, 2008 (`{{ISBN|978-1-4020-6868-3}}`{=mediawiki})
- Healthy Aging and Longevity, 2007 (`{{ISBN|978-1-57331-680-4}}`{=mediawiki})
- Biogerontology: Mechanisms and Interventions, 2007 (`{{ISBN|978-1-57331-679-8}}`{=mediawiki})
- Prevention and Treatment of Age-related Diseases (`{{ISBN|978-1-4020-4884-5}}`{=mediawiki})
- Understanding and Modulating Aging, 2006 (`{{ISBN|978-1-57331-599-9}}`{=mediawiki})
- Aging Interventions and Therapies, 2005 (`{{ISBN|981-256-084-X}}`{=mediawiki})
- Biological Aging and Its Modulation, 2003 (`{{ISBN|1-4020-1369-8}}`{=mediawiki})
- Molecular Gerontology: Research Status and Strategies, 1996 (`{{ISBN|0-306-45491-2}}`{=mediawiki})
- Where\'s Baba Gone?, 1999, 2001, 2012 (`{{ISBN|81-87510-20-X}}`{=mediawiki})-*a popular science-in-fiction book for children.*, also published in Punjabi
(Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts), Hindi (Devnagri script), Polish and Romanian languages.
### In Punjabi, Hindi and other languages {#in_punjabi_hindi_and_other_languages}
- ਬਾਬਾ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਗਏ, 1997, 2001 (`{{ISBN|81-87510-05-6}}`{=mediawiki})- (Where\'s Baba Gone?; also in Polish as Dokad Odchodzisz?, 2009; (`{{ISBN|978-83-928015-1-1}}`{=mediawiki}); in Hindi as बाबा कहाँ गए? (2011; `{{ISBN|81-87510-19-6}}`{=mediawiki}); and in Romanian as Unde Sa-Dus Baba? (2012; `{{ISBN|978-606-588-391-8}}`{=mediawiki})
- ਧਰਮ, ਮਨੁਖਤਾ ਤੇ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ, 2003 *(Religion, Humanity, and Science) -- a collection of essays.*
### In Danish {#in_danish}
- E=GMC2 -- formlen for evig ungdom (`{{ISBN|87-7417-685-4}}`{=mediawiki})(*E=GMC2 -- The Formula for Eternal Youth)*
- ALDER - in the series Tænkepause, published by Aarhus University Press, 2017 (`{{ISBN|978-87-7124-924-8}}`{=mediawiki}); also published in English as AGE, by Aarhus University Press, and in Polish and Turkish languages
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# Leonids Tambijevs
**Leonīds Tambijevs** (born September 26, 1970 in Riga, Soviet Union) is a former professional ice hockey left winger, currently serving as the head coach of Admiral Vladivostok in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Tambijevs began his career with the Dinamo Riga youth team. As a junior he played with several Latvian teams. He debuted at the USSR Tier III level with RASMS-Energo, but soon joined USSR top level team Leningrad SKA for the 1990/1991 season. He then returned to Riga where had played until 1995 with ex-USSR league premier level teams Stars Riga and Pardaugava Riga.
After the disbanding of Riga premier league teams in 1995, Tambijevs moved abroad and played with Denmark team Hvidovre IK. A career highpoint includes a spot with Finnish SM-liiga at Rauma Lukko. He then played in Germany, Denmark, Russia, Switzerland, Italy, and spent his final season with EV Zeltweg in Austria
Tambijevs has an extensive Latvian national ice hockey team career. He made his debut at the first official renewed national teams\' game in 1992 and has played at every world championship, Olympic qualifier and Olympic Games for the Latvian team until 2007. On 13 April 2007 in a Latvian game against Finland, Tambijevs and Aleksandrs Semjonovs became the first two players to play 200 games for the Latvia national team. He has played the most games and scored the most points for the national team.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Tambijevs has previously coached Saryarka Karagandy. Currently, he is the head coach of the Admiral hockey club and assistant head coach of the Kazakhstan national team.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------- ---------------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1988--89 RASMS--Energo Rīga URS.3 28 6
1989--90 SKA--2 Leningrad URS.3 66 30
1990--91 SKA Leningrad URS 23 7
1990--91 SKA--2 Leningrad URS.3 1 0
1991--92 Stars Rīga CIS 9 1
1991--92 RASMS Rīga CIS.3 22 9
1992--93 Pārdaugava Rīga IHL 41 11
1992--93 Pārdaugava--2 Rīga LAT 11 9
1993--94 Pārdaugava Rīga IHL 42 18
1993--94 Essamika Ogre LAT --- ---
1994--95 Pārdaugava Rīga IHL 47 21
1995--96 Hvidovre IK DEN 42 61
1995--96 Essamika Ogre LAT --- ---
1996--97 Hvidovre IK DEN 43 37
1997--98 Hvidovre IK DEN 20 29
1997--98 Lukko SM-l 25 12
1998--99 Lukko SM-l 53 26
1999--2000 Lukko SM-l 52 19
2000--01 Iserlohn Roosters DEL 60 19
2001--02 Rødovre Mighty Bulls DEN 39 29
2002--03 Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod RUS.2 41 30
2002--03 Torpedo--2 Nizhny Novgorod RUS.3 2 1
2003--04 Amur Khabarovsk RSL 13 0
2003--04 Tappara SM-l 12 4
2003--04 EHC Chur SUI.2 8 7
2004--05 EHC Chur SUI.2 43 21
2005--06 EHC Basel NLA 21 3
2005--06 EHC Olten SUI.2 3 2
2006--07 HC Merano ITA.2 30 21
2006--07 DHK Latgale LAT 2 1
2007--08 EV Zeltweg AUT
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| 0 |
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# DFW B.I
thumb\|upright=1\|Crashed DFW B.I \"Weddingen\" showing shape of wings The **DFW B.I** (factory designation **MD14**) was a biplane reconnaissance aircraft and trainer built by the *\[\[Deutsche Flugzeug-Werke\]\]* (DFW) during the First World War for the Imperial German Army\'s (*Deutsches Heer*) Imperial German Air Service (*Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches*). It first flew before the start of the war in August 1914 and was still in service as a trainer in 1918.
## Development
DFW designed the B.I as an unarmed, two-seat observation biplane for the Imperial Air Service in 1914, with its fuselage built from steel tubing and three-bay wing from wire-braced wood, both covered in doped fabric. The aircraft had a distinctive appearance that differentiated it from its contemporaries as the leading edge of its wings curved to the junction with the trailing edge. Its shape was inspired by that of the earlier Rumpler Taube monoplane, and led to the DFW aircraft being named the \"Flying Banana\" (*Fliegende Banane*) by its pilots. The observer\'s cockpit was located beneath the upper wing while the pilot\'s was behind the wing\'s trailing edge. The aircraft flew a variety of water-cooled engines, although the 100 hp Mercedes D.I straight-six engine was commonly used. Some B.Is were fitted with the more powerful Mercedes D.II or Benz Bz.III engines. Its radiators were located on the sides of the fuselage and its cylindrical fuel tank was positioned above the upper wing.
The **B.II** was similar but had a more conventionally shaped two-bay wing with a straight leading edge. It mostly served as a trainer through the end of the war.
## Specifications (DFW B.I) {#specifications_dfw_b
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# Fifinella (horse)
**Fifinella** (1913--1931) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. In a career that lasted from 1915 until 1917 she ran seven times and won four races. She was the highest-rated British two-year-old of either sex in 1915 and went on to greater success the following season. As a three-year-old in 1916 she won the Derby and Oaks both of which were run that year at Newmarket. She was the sixth and most recent filly to win the Derby.
## Background
Fifinella a chestnut filly with a narrow white blaze and two white socks, was bred by her owner, the publisher Edward Hulton. She was sired by Polymelus out of the mare, Silver Fowl. Polymelus was a highly successful racehorse who won the Champion Stakes and the Cambridgeshire in 1906 before going on to be a five time Champion Sire and, through his son Phalaris, the male-line ancestor of most modern thoroughbreds. Silver Fowl was a highly successful broodmare who produced ten other winners including Silver Tag (Cambridgeshire), Silvern (Coronation Cup) and Tai-Yang (Jockey Club Stakes).
Fifinella was sent into training at Newmarket, Suffolk, with Richard C. Dawson who at that time was Hulton\'s private trainer. Or so the \"official\" story has stated for over fifty years. The truth is slightly different. Hulton had several trainers over the years but they were always public. After the retirement of Richard Wootton he kept some horses with Wootton\'s sons but the bulk went to Dawson at Whatcombe. At the end of the 1916 season Hulton and Dawson parted company and Fifinella and the rest of the Hulton string left Whatcombe and went briefly to Billy Walters at Newmarket. Walters tried without much success to bring Fifinella to the racecourse throughout 1917 though she managed to run third to Phalaris in a little plate at Newmarket on 14 September. For what it\'s worth Dawson himself was briefly based at Newmarket in 1918 but this was long after Fifinella\'s time. She was not an easy or pleasant filly to train, being described by Dawson as \"catty and peevish\".
## 1915: two-year-old season {#two_year_old_season}
As a two-year-old Fifinella, ridden by Steve Donoghue, won two of her three races, all of which were run at Newmarket. She began her career with an easy win in the Fulbourne Stakes (beating the King\'s colt Marconi). In the Bibury Club Stakes she was beaten a head by Telephone Girl, to whom she was conceding ten pounds. As Telephone Girl had given weight and a beating to the leading colt Argos, Fifinella\'s form looked very strong. On her final start of the year she won the Cheveley Park Stakes by eight lengths. In the Free Handicap, a ranking of the best British two-year-olds, Fifinella was rated the best juvenile of 1915.
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# Fifinella (horse)
## 1916: three-year-old season {#three_year_old_season}
As a three-year-old, Fifinella was ridden by Joe Childs. On her debut she was made odds-on favourite for the 1000 Guineas over one mile at Newmarket on 5 May. She was unco-operative before the race and Childs struck her hard with his whip. The filly responded badly and did not show her best form in the race, being beaten three quarters of a length by Canyon.
When the original entries for the 1916 Derby were made, Fifinella had not been entered. The outbreak of war in 1914 however, led to the race, and all the entries, being cancelled and then re-opened when it was agreed to run a substitute race at Newmarket. Fifinella was therefore eligible for the race which was run on 29 May. Fifinella started at odds of 11/2 against nine colts in front of a smaller crowd than usual. She produced a strong late run along the rails to win by a neck from Kwang-Su, with Nassovian a head further back in third. The Derby win by the \"flying filly\" was the third in eight years by a female, following Signorinetta (1908) and Tagalie (1912).
Two days later, over the same course and distance, Fifinella started 8/13 favourite in a field of seven for the \"New Oaks\". She won \"in a canter\" by five lengths from Salamandra, with Market Girl third. The impressive winning time of 2:35.0 was 1.6 faster than that she had recorded when winning the Derby.
Hopes for a September meeting between Fifinella and the year\'s best colt Hurry On in a Newmarket substitute \"St Leger\" were not fulfilled as the filly went \"amiss\" and was unable to run. As a four-year-old in the Autumn of the following year, with Vic Smyth up, she finished third of three runners behind Phalaris in the Bury St Edmunds Plate at Newmarket beaten by six and three-quarter lengths.
## Breeding record {#breeding_record}
Fifinella was retired to her owners stud, where she remained until 1928 when she was sold for 12,000 guineas to Lord Woolavington. She was a successful broodmare, despite her tendency to pass on her difficult temperament, producing six winners. The best of her offspring was the colt Press Gang who won the Middle Park and the Princess of Wales\'s Stakes. Fifinella died in late April 1931 after giving birth to a filly by Hurry On. One of her modern direct descendants was the multiple Grade I National Hunt winner Oscar Whisky.
## Assessment
In their book *A Century of Champions*, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Fifinella the eighth best British-trained filly of the 20th Century.
## Popular culture {#popular_culture}
Author Roald Dahl, born the year of Fifinella\'s great racing successes, used her name for his female characters in his 1943 book, *The Gremlins*. The character\'s image, designed by Walt Disney, became the mascot of the Women Airforce Service Pilots, who called themselves the \"Order of Fifinella\".
## Pedigree
- Fifinella was inbred 4x4 to Isonomy. This means that the stallion appears twice in the fourth generation of her pedigree
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# From the Greenhouse
***From the Greenhouse*** is a studio album by the American band Crack the Sky, released in 1989. It saw the return of keyboardist Vince DePaul as well as founding members Rick Witkowski (lead guitar) and drummer Joe D\'Amico (relegated to just singing back-up vocals). A concept album about environmental degradation, it originated as a John Palumbo solo album.
The *Ottawa Citizen* wrote that \"Crack the Sky only relaxes its borrowing from Pink Floyd long enough to copy a few hooks and harmonies from the Beatles.\" *The Buffalo News* called the album a \"snappy, sleekly-produced set with its echoes of Pink Floyd\'s Roger Waters and, occasionally, Peter Gabriel
| 111 |
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11,054,371 |
# FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1990
The **FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1990** took place in Gsies, Italy.
## Men\'s singles {#mens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
## Women\'s singles {#womens_singles}
Medal Athlete Time
-------- --------- ------
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Panyutina becomes the first person not from Austria or Italy to medal at the championships
| 62 |
FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1990
| 0 |
11,054,380 |
# Oodua Peoples Congress
The **Oodua Peoples Congress** (OPC) is a Yoruba nationalist, regionalist, and vigilante organization in Nigeria. It is also known as the **Oodua Liberation Movement** (OLM) or the **Revolutionary Council of Nigeria**. It is based in southwestern Nigeria and has grassroots support within the Yoruba ethnic community.
## History
The Oodua Peoples Congress was formed by a group of Yoruba elites and artisans which included Dr. Fredrick Fasehun (founder and its first national leader).
They decided to form an organization to actualize the annulled mandate of Chief Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola, a Yoruba who most people believed to be on his way to winning the presidential election of 12 June 1993, which was subsequently annulled by the military government before vote tallying was complete.
Although the founding president of the OPC was Frederick Fasehun, in 1999 a faction led by Gani Adams broke off from the main organization, but continued usage of the main party\'s name. Until his death in 2018, Fasehun was widely held by the Yoruba to be the leader of the OPC. He bestowed Ganiu Adams with the title of the National Coordinator in other to bring the factions under one body, while he remained its president and founding father. In December 1999, the newly formed Arewa People\'s Congress said it would begin full self-defense training for northern residents in reaction to attacks on Hausas by the OPC. After Fasehun\'s death, Oodua People\'s Congress the factions continued and the Fasheun faction elected a new leader, Prince Oshibote. This was in line with Fasehun\'s wishes before he died
| 263 |
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| 0 |
11,054,401 |
# Oakland Military Academy
**Oakland Military Academy** was founded in Oakland, New Jersey in the 1930s by the Sarcka family. During the 1950s, the military curriculum was discontinued, and the academy was moved to New Windsor, New York. The academic program was discontinued in the early 1970s, although the Oakland School of Horsemanship continued until about 1980, closing after the passing of John Sarcka.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
Alumni include many civic and business leaders.
- Fred Kummer, founder of the Adam\'s Mark hotel chain
- Denzel Washington
- Charles H
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# Dave Thompson (author)
David Thompson}} `{{Other people||David Thomas (disambiguation){{!}}`{=mediawiki}David Thomas}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox writer
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}}`{=mediawiki} **David Thompson** (also **Dave Thomas**; born 4 January 1960) is an English writer who is the author of more than 100 books, largely dealing with rock and pop music, but also covering film, sports, philately, numismatics and erotica. He wrote regularly for *Melody Maker* and *Record Collector* in the 1980s, and has since contributed to magazines such as *Mojo*, *Q*, *Rolling Stone* and *Goldmine*.[\"Dave Thompson\"](https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Writer/dave-thompson). Rock\'s Backpages. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
## Biography
Thompson was born in Bideford in Devon, England. In the late 1970s, he wrote and published a punk rock fanzine. In the 1980s, he was employed by Richard Desmond\'s Northern & Shell in the London Docklands. He moved to the United States in 1989. Among many other music publications for which he has written are *Alternative Press* and *Shindig!*, as well as for the AllMusic website.
His first published book, *U2: Stories for Boys* (Plexus, 1985, under the pen name Dave Thomas), was the first biography of the band U2. His other book subjects include Depeche Mode, the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Phish, T. V. Smith and the Adverts, ZZ Top, Joan Jett, Perry Farrell, Patti Smith, Kurt Cobain, Deep Purple, Genesis and Simple Minds.
Thompson has also written extensively on David Bowie, including the biographies *Moonage Daydream* (1987) and *Hallo Spaceboy* (2006), as well as the semi-fictional *To Major Tom* (2000). In 2004, Helter Skelter published his book *The Psychedelic Furs: Beautiful Chaos*. Thompson\'s book *Black and White and Blue: Adult Cinema from the Victorian Age to the VCR* was published in 2007 by ECW Press. In March 2018, he published the book *The Incomplete Angler - Ten Years of Fruits de Mer*, which chronicles the first ten years of British psychedelic folk record label Fruits de Mer Records, along with an extensive discography of the company\'s output
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# Khalid Ishaq
**Khalid Muhammad Ishaq** Senior Advocate Supreme Court, is a Pakistani jurist and scholar of law, Islamic studies and literature.
## Education
Muhammad graduated with a degree in Arabic from D. J. Science College in 1945. He received the first position in MA examinations given by the Bombay University. Later, he did his LLB at the SC Shahani Law College.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Muhammad was born on 16 August 1926 in Shikarpur, Sindh to Mohammed Ishaq and Begum Talat Farrukh Ahmed Ishaq. His maternal grandfather was Maulvi Ziauddin Ahmed who was the first Indian to serve as DIG`{{Clarify|reason=What is DIG?|date=January 2018}}`{=mediawiki} of Bombay Sind Presidency.
Ishaq\'s first marriage was to an Italian lady. His second marriage was with Begum Khursheed Ishaq. He has two daughters and two sons. Ishaq started legal practice in 1948. In 1958, when he was only 32 years of age, he was appointed Additional Advocate General of West Pakistan. Five years later, he was promoted to Advocate General. In 1964, Ishaq stepped down from that position and established his own practice. He practiced civil law in the High Court of Sindh and the Supreme Court of Pakistan. He became president of the High Court Bar Association in 1965. Ishaq died in Karachi in 2004.
## Scholarship
Since Islam was his inspiration, Ishaq\'s chief interest lay in Persian and Arabic. In 1965, he became the project director of the Islamic Research Institute. He was a member of the Council of Islamic Ideology Pakistan from 1969 to 1972, and again from 1977 to 1980. Ishaq taught at the Sindh University from 1976 to 1977 as a Professor of Seerut-un-Nabi. He also appeared in scores of television programmes which dealt with legal and religious problems.
Ishaq had a large collection of commentaries on the Quran. His private library, until 1999, contained 175,000 volumes, making him the owner of one of the biggest collection of books in Pakistan. Many institutions requested that he donate his collection but he refused to part with his books. The books were donated to Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) in 2005. Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) has dedicated the first floor of its library as the \"Khalid Ishaq Wing\" in recognition of the massive donation of books.
## Students and associates {#students_and_associates}
Men and women from Ishaq\'s chambers have become leading jurists in their own right. Among his associates who were elevated to the superior judiciary were Justice Abdul Qadir Sheikh, Justice Amir Raza, Justice Nasir Aslam Zahid, Justice Majida Rizvi, the late Justice Nizam Ahmed, Justice Sabihuddin Ahmed, Justice Ghulam Nabi Soomro, Justice Mujeebullah Siddiqui, Justice Amir Hani Muslim and Justice Mushtaq Memon.
Many students cite Khalid Ishaq as their mentor, teacher and colleague, including Abdul Hafeez Lakho, Muneer Malik, Shehenshah Hussain, Ahsan Zaheer Rizvi, Khalid Ibrahim, Abdul G. Soomro, Abid Zuberi, Faisal Kamal Alam, Arshad Hussain Khan, Ghulam Sarwar Jenjer, Muhammad Ehsan, Sohail Jabbar Malik and Khalid Ishaq\'s son, Sohaib Khalid Ishaq. Khalida Ghous did her Ph.D. thesis under his supervision.
An important feature of his life was the weekly meeting of 20 to 30 people at his home every Sunday from 9:00 AM to 1:00 PM. These meetings, which were held for almost 40 years and terminated only a few weeks before his death, were a kind of intellectual forum where the current issues were discussed freely. Among the regular participants were the journalists, Salahuddin, the editor of weekly *Takbir*, Major Ibn ul-Hasan, a columnist of that time and Nusrat Mirza, educators Abd ul-Qadeer Saleem, Molana Amir Usmani and Molan Tasin and businessmen Riaz Shafi, and Saeed Ahmad of Anchor Shipping. Iqbal Shah DSP (r), a renowned Sind police officer unfairly retired in Ayub Khan\'s martial law who was considered by Ishaq to be an expert in Allama Iqbal\' s writings, attended these meetings as well.
## Books and booklets {#books_and_booklets}
- *Constitutional Limitations: An Essay on Limits on Exercise of Political Power*, Pakistan Publishing House, 1972, 85 p.
- *Islamic Principles of Economic Management*, Economist Research Unit, 1982, 57 p.
- *Islamization of Laws: The Pakistan Experience*, 1986.
- *The Problem: Building Interest-Free Economy*, 1988, 69 p
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# Lauritz Schmidt
**Lauritz Thura Thrap Schmidt** (1 May 1897 -- 27 June 1970) was a Norwegian yacht racer and businessperson.
He was born in Kristiania as a son of jurist Axel Schmidt (1863--1930) and Petra Jensen. He finished his secondary education in 1915, took commerce school and practical training in Hamburg. In 1927 he married wholesaler\'s daughter Ingeborg Molstad.
As a yacht racer he competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Lyn-2*, which won the silver medal in the 8 metre class (1919 rating). Sixteen years later he won his second silver medal in the 8 metre class. He represented the Royal Norwegian Yacht Club.
He spent his professional career as manager of the book printer Nationaltrykkeriet and the bookbinder Forlagsbokbinderiet, from 1926. He chaired the Association for the Promotion of Skiing from 1939 to 1946, having been a board member since 1927
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# My Prayer
\"**My Prayer**\" is a 1939 popular song with music by salon violinist Georges Boulanger and lyrics by Carlos Gomez Barrera and Jimmy Kennedy. It was originally written by Boulanger with the title *Avant de mourir* (Before dying) in 1926. Kennedy added the lyrics for this version in 1939.
Glenn Miller recorded the song that year for a number two hit and the Ink Spots\' version featuring Bill Kenny reached number three, as well, that year. It has been recorded many times since, but the biggest hit version was a doo-wop rendition in 1956 by the Platters, whose single release reached number one on the *Billboard* Top 100 in the summer, and ranked four for the year. This version also went to #1 on both the R&B Airplay and R&B Juke Box chart.
The Platters recording features in the 2008 film *The Curious Case of Benjamin Button*, in the 1985 film *Mischief*, in the 1999 film *October Sky*, and in two episodes of the 2017 series of *Twin Peaks.* The Ink Spots\' version of the song was featured in the 1992 movie *Malcolm X*. Vera Lynn sang the song in the British film *One Exciting Night* in 1944.
The song also became a tango in the Italian version by Norma Bruni and Cinico Angelini\'s orchestra (1940), \"*Sì, voglio vivere ancor!*\".
## Recordings
- Ambrose (1939)
- Denny Dennis recorded June 17, 1939
- Glenn Miller and His Orchestra (1939)
- The Ink Spots feat. Bill Kenny (1939)
- Vera Lynn recorded July 5, 1939 with Fela Sowande (Organ) and issued on Decca F 7120.
- Dick Haymes (1951) included in the compilation album *Polka Dots & Moonbeams* (1987)
- The Orioles (1951)
- Rosita Serrano, German lyrics by Curth Flatow entitled \"*Eine Saite zersprang*\". Rosita Serrano with Kurt Wege\'s orchestra Violin solo: Barnabas Bakos recorded it in Berlin on November 22, 1951. The song was released by Electrola as catalog number EG 7702
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# Walham Green
**Walham Green** is the historic name of an English village, now part of inner London, in the parish of Fulham in the County of Middlesex. It was located between the hamlet of North End (now renamed West Kensington) to the north, and Parsons Green to the south. To the east it was bounded by Counter\'s Creek, the historical boundary with the parish of Chelsea, and to the south-east is Sands End.
Within the area is the old athletics stadium of Stamford Bridge, now home to Chelsea F.C.
## History
In the 19th century Counter\'s Creek became the Kensington Canal, soon to be replaced by the West London Railway, and Walham Green acquired its own parish church of St John in 1828 on the site of the village pond. With the arrival of the District Railway and urbanisation, the heart of Fulham shifted from its centuries-old All Saints parish church on the Thames and the area of Fulham High Street to Walham Green, the centre of which was subsequently renamed *Fulham Broadway*. From 1880 to 1952 Fulham Broadway tube station was called *Walham Green*. All that remains of the village\'s former identity is the tree-lined street called \'Walham Grove\'.
Walham Green has a history of brewing dating back to 1765. The Swan Brewery (and its associated inn) was located about 50 yards south-east of St John\'s Church on what is now Fulham Broadway. The Stocken family were brewers here for many years. In 1880 the Swan Brewery (now run by Messrs Stansfeld & Co) was relocated to 3 acres of land next to Eel Brook Common, just off the Fulham Road, set back behind the houses between Cassidy Road and Shottendane Road. The new brewery was a stylish affair, as was typical of the mid-Victorian era, even the 130 foot chimney was ornate. The brewery stopped brewing in 1928, and was closed shortly afterwards. The site was cleared, and the chimney demolished in 1930. The site of the brewery is now the location of Fulham Court.
Walham Green was the venue for the first AAC Championships, when the Amateur Athletic Club held the 1866 AAC Championships on 23 March 1866, in the grounds of Thomas Jones, 7th Viscount Ranelagh\'s Beaufort House.
## Fulham Broadway {#fulham_broadway}
*Fulham Broadway* denotes a section of the Fulham Road within the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham which contains the former Grade II listed Fulham Town Hall, the eponymous underground station and the intersection with the busy commercial thoroughfare that is North End Road and Harwood Road. A triangle -- by the bus turning alley, with an office block on it -- is the site of Frank Matcham\'s old *Granville Theatre*, which closed in 1971. Fulham Broadway also refers to the area in the immediate vicinity of the station which is now set inside a shopping mall with a cinema complex, and the pedestrianised streets by St John\'s church, which offer a host of restaurants, pubs, cafés and small shops, including a printers. The Royal Mail sorting office is nearby as are four supermarkets, one of them large with a car park and one that specialises in organic produce.
The rest of Walham Green village has been subsumed in several conservation areas and is today considered a desirable place to live for young professionals and Chelsea \'overspill\'. Residents have included Gloria Hunniford and Loyd Grossman. Nearby attractions include Parson\'s Green, the bars, clubs and restaurants of the New King\'s Road and Chelsea Harbour
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# Paulus Khofri
**Paulus Khofri** (*ܦܘܠܘܣ ܟܦܪܝ*, *پولوس خفری*; 7 August 1923 -- May 2000) was an Assyrian composer, lyricist and painter.
## Biography
Khofri was born on 7 August 1923 in Baghdad, Mandatory Iraq. His father, Jibrael Khofri, and his mother Victoria, were of Assyrian descent and originally from Iran. They fled Iran during the Assyrian Genocide of World War I, migrating to Iraq, where they lived for many years. In 1928, the Khofri family returned to Iran and settled in Kermanshah in Western Iran. Khofri grew up in Kermanshah and graduated from high school there.
Khofri\'s father was an accordion player who inspired his son to learn the instrument. Khofri soon began to develop popular Assyrian music into a classical style; eventually, this led to the establishment of the *Assyrian Music Ensemble,* which performed many concerts for the Assyrian community in Kermanshah.
Khofri continued his musical studies in composition through correspondence courses from the United States and finally obtained a diploma in music composition and harmony from the *United States School of Music*, a correspondence school located in Port Washington, New York. Khofri conducted the *Saint Joseph Catholic Church Choir* in Tehran for many years and also taught piano and music on the side while working for the *Iranian Oil Company* until his retirement.
Khofri is credited with composing numerous Assyrian folk songs in both Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and Persian. An accomplished painter, along with these musical compositions, he often included landscapes of villages in Urmia done in black ink or water color.
In 1985, the *Assyrian Foundation of America*, in Berkeley, California, gave him an award in recognition of his work in Assyrian folk music.
He died in May 2000 in Tehran, Iran.
## Vocal music {#vocal_music}
- Book \# 1 *Yoomani\'d Eda Soora* (Christmas Days) for piano and vocal (Illustrated), 1972
- Book \# 2 *Zamrakh Am Ikhdadi* (Sing Together) Tome 1 for piano and vocal (Illustrated), 1982
- Book #3 *Sheeta\'d IsreI Arba Yakhi* (24 Months a Year) two songs for every month of the year with illustrations, 1982
- Book \# 4 *Zamrakh Mikhdadi* (Sing together) Tome 2 classic folkloric song for 2, 3 and 4 voices, 1984
- Book \# 5 *Galli\'d Zoomari* Tome 3 for piano and vocals (illustrated), 1988
- Book \# 6 *Zmoor Blishanookh* ( Sing in your Mother's Language) for young singers, 1998
- Book \# 7 *Songs of Praise* Tome 1 for Organ and Vocals, 1988
## Instrumental Music {#instrumental_music}
- Book \# 1 *Braghala\'d Nemati* Tome 2 No. 1 for piano, 1970
- Book \# 2 *Braghala\'d Nemati* Tome 2 No. 2 for Piano, 1980
- Book \# 3 *Assyrt* Tome 1 classic folkloric music for piano, 1984
- Book \# 4 *Nemati Mbazgha* Tome 1 No. 1 for piano, 1987
- Book \# 5 *Braghala\'d Nemati* Tome 2 No. 1 piano, violin, flute, guitar 1988. This book contains five parts: No. 1 Sonata in G minor for violin and cello, dedicated to Maestro William Daniel, Assyrian composer and author; No. 2 Sonata in G Major for piano, composed in Zurich, Switzerland, dedicated to Issa Benyamin, the famous Assyrian calligrapher; No. 3 Fantasia in G minor for flute and guitar, dedicated to Mr. Simon Tomik, a classical guitarist; No. 4 Suite in D minor for violin, flute, guitar and piano, titled *Braghala min Toora*, dedicated to the Assyrian Highlanders; No. 5 *Dipna\'d Aina* (Near the Spring) in D Major for flute, guitar and piano, composed for young girls in the villages bringing fresh cold water, in clay jars for their fathers working in the wheat fields
## Orchestral music {#orchestral_music}
- Book \# 1 *Assyrian Classic Folkloric Dance Compilation*, May 1998
- Book \# 2 *Epic of Gilgamesh*, May 1998
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# Paulus Khofri
## Famous quotes {#famous_quotes}
- *Whatever reaches one\'s ears, reflects all tides of life this nation has undergone in the past, present and will experience in the future.*
- *Music seeks to retain firmly that spirit, either sung by men and women praising God; or hummed by the farmer tilling his field. The joy of a young man whistling expecting to meet the girl he loves. The beating of the drum and the song of the fife in religious*Shara*(festivals). The blaring of the Brass instruments in anger, the wailing of the Oboe in sorrow, the intimate chatter of the string instruments all tell and paint vivid images of life in waves of sound. It is hoped, therefore, one can peep through this small window of music and see the revival of our past culture in budding
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# Archard equation
The **Archard wear equation** is a simple model used to describe sliding wear and is based on the theory of asperity contact. The Archard equation was developed much later than **`{{Interlanguage link|Reye's hypothesis|it|Ipotesi di Reye}}`{=mediawiki}** (sometimes also known as **energy dissipative hypothesis**), though both came to the same physical conclusions, that the volume of the removed debris due to wear is proportional to the work done by friction forces. Theodor Reye\'s model became popular in Europe and it is still taught in university courses of applied mechanics. Until recently, Reye\'s theory of 1860 has, however, been totally ignored in English and American literature where subsequent works by Ragnar Holm and John Frederick Archard are usually cited. In 1960, `{{Interlanguage link|Mikhail Mikhailovich Khrushchov|ru|Хрущов, Михаил Михайлович}}`{=mediawiki} and Mikhail Alekseevich Babichev published a similar model as well. In modern literature, the relation is therefore also known as **Reye--Archard--Khrushchov wear law**. In 2022, the steady-state Archard wear equation was extended into the running-in regime using the bearing ratio curve representing the initial surface topography.
## Equation
$$Q = \frac {KWL}H$$ where:
: *Q* is the total volume of wear debris produced
: *K* is a dimensionless constant
: *W* is the total normal load
: *L* is the sliding distance
: *H* is the hardness of the softest contacting surfaces
Note that $WL$ is proportional to the work done by the friction forces as described by Reye\'s hypothesis.
Also, K is obtained from experimental results and depends on several parameters. Among them are surface quality, chemical affinity between the material of two surfaces, surface hardness process, heat transfer between two surfaces and others.
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# Archard equation
## Derivation
The equation can be derived by first examining the behavior of a single asperity.
:
The local load $\, \delta W$, supported by an asperity, assumed to have a circular cross-section with a radius $\, a$, is:
$$\delta W = P \pi {a^2} \,\!$$
where *P* is the yield pressure for the asperity, assumed to be deforming plastically. *P* will be close to the indentation hardness, *H*, of the asperity.
If the volume of wear debris, $\, \delta V$, for a particular asperity is a hemisphere sheared off from the asperity, it follows that:
: $\delta V = \frac 2 3 \pi a^3$
This fragment is formed by the material having slid a distance 2*a*
Hence, $\, \delta Q$, the wear volume of material produced from this asperity per unit distance moved is:
$$\delta Q = \frac {\delta V} {2a} = \frac {\pi a^2} 3 \equiv \frac {\delta W} {3P} \approx \frac {\delta W} {3H}$$ making the approximation that $\,P \approx H$
However, not all asperities will have had material removed when sliding distance 2*a*. Therefore, the total wear debris produced per unit distance moved, $\, Q$ will be lower than the ratio of *W* to *3H*. This is accounted for by the addition of a dimensionless constant *K*, which also incorporates the factor 3 above. These operations produce the Archard equation as given above. Archard interpreted *K* factor as a probability of forming wear debris from asperity encounters. Typically for \'mild\' wear, *K* ≈ 10^−8^, whereas for \'severe\' wear, *K* ≈ 10^−2^. Recently, it has been shown that there exists a critical length scale that controls the wear debris formation at the asperity level. This length scale defines a critical junction size, where bigger junctions produce debris, while smaller ones deform plastically
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# Many Worlds Are Born Tonight
***Many Worlds Are Born Tonight*** (1998) is the tenth album by American singer-songwriter Happy Rhodes.
## Overview
Rhodes\' first album on a larger independent label (Samson Music), leading to the All-Music Guide reviewer mistakenly describing this as her debut album.
\"Roy (Back from the Offworld)\" is the only Happy Rhodes track to have ever charted thus far (August 2007) - peaking at #42 on the *Billboard* Hot Dance/Club Play chart. \[`{{BillboardURLbyName|artist=happy rhodes|chart=all}}`{=mediawiki} 1\]
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All music, lyrics, voices, arrangements, sequencing, programming, sampling - Happy Rhodes (unless otherwise noted in album credits)
1. \"100 Years\" - 5:25
2. \"Many Worlds Are Born Tonight\" - 4:52
3. \"The Chariot\" - 5:22
4. \"Ra Is a Busy God\" - 6:21
5. \"If Wishes Were Horses, How Beggars Would Ride\" - 5:02
6. \"Roy (Back from the Offworld)\" - 5:33
7. \"Tragic\" - 6:09
8. \"Proof\" - 4:22
9. \"Looking Over Cliffs\" - 4:57
10. \"Winter\" - 3:58
11. \"Serenading Genius\" - 6:37
12. \"How It Should Be\" - 4:19 (German CD only)
- Produced by Happy Rhodes.
- Engineered by Happy Rhodes with additional tracking by Kevin Bartlett at Aural Gratification
- All vocals engineered by Kevin Bartlett
## Personnel
- Happy Rhodes - Nylon String Guitar, 12 String Guitar, Hand Percussion
- Kevin Bartlett - Harmonic, Shadow and Original E-bow, Bass, Bass Loops, Drippy Bass, Hand Percussion, Jug, Vase, Linguini Grill, Log Drums, Bongos, Mini Djembe, Chime
- Jerry Marotta - Drums, Barney Rubble Drums, Nails of Goat and \"Oh\"
- Carl Adami - Bass, Bass Loopie Things
- Rob Taylor - Violin
- Kelly Bird, Mitch Elrod - Additional Voices on \"Proof\"
## Samples
- -
- Peter Siedlaczeks\' Classical Choir
- David Torn\'s Tonal Textures #22
- Gota Yashiki\'s Groove Activator
- Project Lo\'s Dabblings In Darkness, \"Three Rivers Of Lor\"
- David Torn\'s Tonal Textures #6,
- Rich Goodhart\'s Never Give A Sword To A Man Who Can\'t Dance, \"Ritual Dreaming\" Copyright 1995
- SSS Laidback Drumtools
- Big Fish Audio\'s Loopalicious and Drum Looks 3
- Trevor Rabin\'s Can\'t Look Away \"Something To Hold On To\" Copyright 1989
- \"Warrior Songs\" - Purchased on the streets of N.Y.C from an American Indian\...
- Rarefaction\'s A Poke In The Ear With A Sharp Stick \...Voice
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# Kusakabe
**Kusakabe** (written: 草壁 or 日下部) is a Japanese surname
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# Canada (band)
**Canada** is an American indie folk-pop music group from Ann Arbor, Michigan. Its songs are generally acoustic and feature guitars, drums, cellos, glockenspiels, melodicas, rhodes piano, organ and accordions. The group is known for its group vocals and harmonies and energetic live shows where members switch instruments between songs.
\"With a blend of pop, folk, and country, Canada keeps an even keel with amazing melodies and even more engaging instrumentation, never becoming tiresome or trite in its mission to craft the perfect pop song\... They have made what could very well be the best pop album to come out of the ever-fruitful Detroit music scene in 2006, and considering the quality of the competition, that\'s no small praise.\"
The band, composed of long-time friends, formed in late 2004 and self-released the six song *How Dare You* EP in July 2005. Soon after, they were approached by indie Michigan label Quite Scientific and soon signed with them to record a full-length album. Recording took place during the fall and winter of 2005 in Lansing, Michigan on a soundboard originally used to mix portions of the second and third *Star Wars* films.
The band released its first album, *This Cursed House*, in June 2006. The album became the No. 1 most-added album in college radio for June 20, 2006, and later climbed to No. 13 on the CMJ Radio Top 200 (CMJ New Music Report, Issue 971).
Canada proceeded to embark on a series of tours with friends Page France (Suicide Squeeze), Saturday Looks Good To Me (Polyvinyl) Headlights (Polyvinyl), and Margot and the Nuclear So and So\'s (Artemis). Joe, Ryan, and Aaron (Shaul) became brief members of Saturday Looks Good To Me during this time, playing bass, drums, and glockenspiel respectively. Ryan later became a more permanent member with the group and toured with them as their drummer during their 2007 US and European tours. Canada also performed at the 2006 Pygmalion Music Festival in Champaign-Urbana, the 2006/7/8 CMJ Music Marathon in New York City and SXSW 2006/7 in Austin.
Canada embarked on its longest (8 week) nationwide tour in the summer of 2007. The band was prepping the release of their second full-length when creative, scheduling, and recording issues put a halt to production in late 2008.
On November 19, 2021, the band released their long-lost second album *Put Singing Birds Into Your Messy Hair* via Quite Scientific records
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# Kyongwon Ahn
**Kyongwon Ahn**, 9th *dan* (Kukkiwon), is a South Korean taekwondo master who founded the United Taekwondo Association (UTA) in the United States.
Ahn was born in 1937 in Keijō, Keiki-dō, Korea, Empire of Japan, and began training in the martial arts began when he was 12 years old. He served an internship with his instructor, Chang Bok Lee, as the Master Instructor for the South Korean and American armies from 1955 to 1967. In 1962, Ahn achieved his Juris Doctor (Civil Law) from Kangwon University. In August 1967, he emigrated to the US and began teaching tang soo do at the University of Cincinnati in Ohio. He has also held teaching and advisory positions at the Miami University (in Ohio) and Xavier University. Ahn founded the International Martial Arts Federation, now the United Taekwondo Association in 1971 in an effort to standardize taekwondo teaching methods.
## Information
In 1974, Ahn was a founding member of the Amateur Athletic Union\'s Taekwondo Committee. The World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) awarded Ahn his Master Instructor certification in 1977. He received 9th *dan* ranking from Kukkiwon in 1990. Through the 1980s, Ahn worked within the United States Taekwondo Union (USTU) and ultimately served as the association president USA Taekwondo. He served as a member of the board of directors for the United States Olympic Committee and worked to bring taekwondo to the 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympic Games. In 2000, Ahn was one of the founders of the United States Taekwondo Won (USTW). From 2003 to 2005, he served on the WTF\'s Legislative Committee. In 2005, South Korea awarded Ahn the National Sport Merit Award in recognition of his work in promoting taekwondo and helping it to become a full medal Olympic sport.
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# Kyongwon Ahn
## Major Taekwondo career accomplishments {#major_taekwondo_career_accomplishments}
- 1967 -- Arrived in Cincinnati, OH to establish the martial arts program at the University of Cincinnati and to provide instruction to the R.O.T.C. students
- 1974 -- Founding member of the National AAU Committee
- 1975 to 1979 -- President of the Ohio Taekwondo Association
- 1977 -- Head of the U.S. National Team at the 3rd World Championships held in Chicago, IL
- 1978 -- Author of the promotion standards and code of operation for the National AAU Taekwondo Committee
- 1980 to 1984 -- Vice President of the United States Taekwondo Union
- 1985 to 1986 -- President-elect of the United States Taekwondo Union
- 1986 -- Director of the 1st World Cup Taekwondo event held in Colorado Springs, CO
- 1986 to 1992 -- President of the United States Taekwondo Union
- 1987 to 1992 -- Executive Board Council member of the World Taekwondo Federation
- 1986 to 1992 -- Member of the Board of Directors of the United States Olympic Committee
- 1988 -- Team Leader for the U.S. National Team at the 1st Taekwondo Demonstration at the Olympic Games in Seoul, South Korea
- 1989 to 1992 -- Chairman of the Law & Legislation Committee of the World Taekwondo Federation
- 1990 -- Certified as an International Referee by the World Taekwondo Federation
- 1990 -- Promoted to 9th Dan by the World Taekwondo Federation / Kukkiwon
- 1992 -- Team Leader for the U.S. National Team at the 2nd Taekwondo Demonstration at the Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain
- 1992 -- Member of the Promotion Committee for the Taekwondo Olympic status
- 1992 -- Member of the Arbitration Committee for the 1992 Barcelona Taekwondo Olympic Games
- 1995 -- President of the Ohio State Taekwondo Association
- 1999 -- Founding member of the United States Taekwondo Won
- 2001 to 2004 -- President of the United States Taekwondo Won
- 2008--2009 -- Member of the Kukkiwon International Advisory Committee
## Awards
- 1977 -- Award from Dr. Un Yong Kim for Outstanding Contribution to Taekwondo
- 1987 -- Award from Pan American Games
- 1992 -- Award from the Barcelona Olympic Games
- 1995 -- Award from Dr. Un Yong Kim for Outstanding Contribution to Taekwondo
- 2002 -- National Martial Artist of the Year from the International Tang Soo Do Federation
- 2003 -- National Sport Merit Award from the Republic of Korea
## Achievements
- One of the founding members of the AAU Taekwondo program
- Responsible for establishing the United States Taekwondo Union as the National Governing Body for Olympic Taekwondo
- Lobbyist for Taekwondo as an Olympic Sport
- Initiator for the World Cup Taekwondo event when President of the United States Taekwondo Union
- Founding member of the United States Taekwondo Won
- Has taught Taekwondo from 1957 through 2011 (1957 to 1967 in Korea; 1967 to current in the United States)
## Senior students {#senior_students}
As an instructor Ahn is responsible for teaching and promoting thousands of under black belt students, hundreds of black belts and several master instructors and six Grandmaster Instructors -- Grandmaster August K. Oneal, Grandmaster Kim Limes, Grandmaster Ron Hickey, Grandmaster James Beasley, Grandmaster Robert K. Fujimura (former executive director of the US Taekwondo Union/now USA Taekwondo) and Grandmaster Chuck Beyersdoerfer. These masters and students made their mark as Taekwondo instructors, International Referees, state and national champions and successful business leaders in many fields. He also sponsored other Korean instructors when they first came to the United States of America. Noted as much for his patience and kindness toward students as he is his ever-demanding standards of perfection within the study of Taekwondo, Ahn is known as a beloved mentor to thousands of who have learned under his instruction over the last half-century
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# North View Secondary School
**North View Secondary School** (**NVSS**) was a government secondary school located in Yishun, Singapore.
## History
On 2 Jan 1988, the school was formed with an enrolment of 483 pupils. Kwek Hiok Chuang was appointed Principal of the school. The school had 35 teaching staff and 12 non-teaching staff. Classes were held at two locations - the Secondary One pupils were housed in Yishun Secondary School while the Secondary Two to Five pupils were in the former Upper Thomson Secondary School building.
The new school building situated at Yishun Ring Road was officially handed over to MOE by PWD on 15 June 1988. The principal, Kwek received the school keys from the PWD representative, Tan Lip Pheow, the Architect-in-charge of the school, on behalf of the Ministry of Education. The school building which costs \$7.2m is the S101 model.
On 27 Jun 1988, the school began functioning at the new premises. The Heads of Department scheme was implemented in the school. On 15 Mar 1991 the school was officially opened by Mr Charles Chong, Member of Parliament for Sembawang GRC.
On 18 Dec 1992 Raymond Ong Eng Kong was appointed as the new principal. Ong was from the Public Relations Department, Ministry of Education. Kwek was transferred to Anderson Secondary School as its principal. At the same time Mohd Khairunan Bin Ali was appointed as the new Vice-Principal. On 23 July 1995, Ong died.
From late 1995 to December 1999, Nadarajah Satianathan was the principal of North View Secondary School. From early 1998 to June 1999, two extension blocks were constructed - an admin and a classroom block. The admin-block houses the office, staff-room, library, conference room, computer laboratories and three media resource rooms.
The school was merged into Northland Secondary School in 2017, marking an end to 29 years of the school\'s history
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# Georges Hellebuyck
**Georges Hellebuyck** (21 August 1890 -- 20 February 1975) was a Belgian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Belgian boat *Antwerpia V*, which won the bronze medal in the 8 metre class (1919 rating)
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# Pierre Mankowski
**Pierre Mankowski** (born 5 November 1951) is a French former football striker who later became a coach. He is of Polish descent.
Mankowski is currently a football advisor at Scottish club Caledonian Braves
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# Milanka Price Index
The **Milanka Price Index** was one of the principal stock indices of the Colombo Stock Exchange in Sri Lanka till it was discontinued in January 2013 further to introduction of Standard & Poor\'s Sri Lanka 20 index. It was composed of a select group of 25 best performing stocks, a list which was reviewed each quarter, as opposed to the Colombo Stock Exchange\'s \"All Share Price Index\", which uses all of the \~250 stocks on the exchange to calculate an index value
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# Love Field, Dallas
**Love Field** is a neighborhood located in northwest Dallas, Texas. It lies southwest of and is adjacent to Dallas Love Field Airport and is bounded by Denton Drive, Inwood Road, Harry Hines Boulevard, and Webb Chapel Extension. The neighborhood takes its name from Love Field Airport.
## Economy
The main business in Love Field is Dallas Love Field. The headquarters of Southwest Airlines are located at 2702 Love Field Drive, adjacent to the airport.
Several other large manufacturing plants are in the neighborhood.
## Geography
The only body of water within Love Field is Bachman Lake. It lies between Northwest Highway and Dallas Love Field. The Trinity River has several runoffs.
## Education
### Primary and secondary schools {#primary_and_secondary_schools}
#### Public schools {#public_schools}
The Dallas Independent School District operates local public schools. The area is within the Board of Trustees District 8; as of 2008 Adam Medrano represents the district.
Obadiah Knight Elementary School, a public elementary school, is within Love Field. All residents zoned to Knight are also zoned to Thomas J. Rusk Middle School and Thomas Jefferson High School [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20080517153351/http://www.dallasisd.org/demo/schoolinfo/feeder2007/jefferson.htm).
#### Private schools {#private_schools}
Our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic School is a Roman Catholic school of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas. OLPH students range in age from Pre-K to eighth grade. OLPH is located across the street from Knight Elementary School.
## Crime
The Love Field area lies roughly within the Dallas Police Department beats 121--126, 131--135, 143, 145, 541, and 542
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# Percy Goodman
**Percy Arnold Goodman** (3 October 1874 -- 25 April 1935) was a Barbadian cricketer who toured with the first two West Indies touring sides to England in 1900 and 1906. He was one of the top West Indian batsmen of his day and was also an effective medium-pace bowler, especially in his younger days. \"A big finely-built man, Goodman perhaps carries a little more flesh than a cricketer would elect to bear in a hot climate.\"
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Goodman was educated at The Lodge School, Barbados, and made his debut in important matches playing for Barbados as a 16-year-old in the 1891--92 Tournament in Barbados, the precursor of the Inter-Colonial Tournament. He top scored with 74 in the match against Trinidad and in the Tournament took 17 cheap wickets in the 3 matches. In the 1893--94 Tournament match against Trinidad he took 10 wickets in the match for just 31 runs and scored 30 himself in his only innings when still only 18 years old.
His performances against Priestley\'s side and Lord Hawke\'s team in 1896--97 and in the Inter-Colonial Tournament led to his selection for 1900 tour. He was described before the 1900 tour as \"Twenty-five years of age. Good all-round cricketer, fine field in the slips. Member of the Pickwick Club\". On the tour he was fourth in the batting averages at 28.15 but his bowling proved ineffective. He was said to have \"a good defence and when a loose ball came along he hit it very hard\".
In 1904--05 he was chosen for the combined West Indies team against Lord Brackley\'s team and then got his maiden first class century with 103 against the tourists for Barbados.
He led the West Indian first-class batting averages in 1906 with 31.94 and scored centuries against Yorkshire and Northamptonshire. As in 1900 his bowling proved ineffective. Before the tour he was described as \"another excellent bat, also a good change bowler, field at slip\" and \"he has a good defence and can hit hard. He makes a pretty cut and uses his wrist well. He can bowl medium pace right hand with a break from leg. A capital slip\".
His next important matches were in the 1908--09 Inter-Colonial Tournament when he scored 180, 115 and 16 not out in his three innings. He continued playing until 1912--13, ending his career with a batting average of nearly 31 and a bowling average of just over 13.
His brother Clifford was a successful bowler and his other brothers Aubrey and Evans also played first-class cricket for Barbados
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# Rusk (hair care)
**Rusk** is a brand of hair care products and devices designed for hair salons. The brands products are sold in several markets of the world most notably in North America and Europe.
It was founded by the couple, Irvine and Louise Rusk. Irvine, who was from Scotland, moved to the United States and met Louise Rodgers, an accomplished hairdresser. They married in 1993 and \"soon started a family together and worked tirelessly to build their line of hair care products aptly named RUSK.\"
Rusk was purchased in 2003 by the multinational company, Conair Corporation.
Rusk is managed by Beauty Quest Group, with Offices in Stamford CT
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# Asaf Zeynally
**Asaf Zeynalabdin oglu Zeynally** (*Asəf Zeynallı*), also spelled **Zeynalli** (5 April 1909, Derbent -- 27 October 1932, Baku), was an Azerbaijani composer.
## Early life {#early_life}
Asaf Zeynally was the third child of the gardener Zeynalabdin and his wife Asband. He grew up in a house located next to Derbent\'s famous historical Naryn-Kala sight. Asaf Zeynally\'s father died shortly after his birth, and his mother, Asband, a weaver, became the family\'s breadwinner. She was also an amateur musician and singer, and she played the accordion contributing to her younger son\'s growing passion for music. In 1916, 7-year-old Zeynally started attending the Derbent Realschule, a local primary school, where he became a member of the school choir and was taught to play the clarinet often participating in public performances of an amateur brass band outside school. In 1920, the family moved to Baku, Azerbaijan, where Zeynally continued his education at a military school, at which he also learned to play the trumpet.
## Contributions
In 1923, Zeynally enrolled in the newly established musical college (which would be later named after him) where he was taught by prominent composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov. While studying at the college, he composed his first work entitled *Mahni* (\"The Song\") and performed it on a trumpet. The performance was perceived at revolutionary by music experts as the young composer managed to adjust the ceremonial march-like tune of the instrument in order to play folk Azeri music. Encouraged by Hajibeyov, Zeynally enrolled in the composer program at the Azerbaijan State Conservatoire upon graduating from the musical college in 1926. Along with writing music, Zeynally publishes articles on Azeri musical culture, in which he mainly develops Hajibeyov\'s method of merging traditional Azeri styles with Western European classical music. In the early 1930s, he was among members of intelligentsia who opposed the goal of the Soviets to ban tar. Since 1928 Zeynally taught at the music school by the Conservatoire, where he teaches theories of music (Gara Garayev, Jovdat Hajiyev and Tofig Guliyev were among his students). 1929 becomes the peak of the composer\'s activity. Among his works produced that year, there was the romance *Olkam* (\"My Country\"), children\'s suite, *Garabagh shikastasi* for a symphonic orchestra, and other folk songs adjusted for Western instruments. In 1931 graduated from the Conservatoire and was appointed head of the Department of Music of the Baku Turkic Labour Theatre. There, his main contribution was writing music for the controversial propaganda play *Sevil*. In 1932, the theatre successfully toured Saint Petersburg.
Asaf Zeynally died in 1932, at the age of 23, of an illness, never getting to compose the monumental symphony dedicated to Baku that he had planned earlier.
The Asaf Zeynally Music School in Baku currently bears his name
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# R. Laird Harris
**Robert Laird Harris** (March 10, 1911 -- April 25, 2008) was a Presbyterian minister, church leader, and Old Testament scholar.
## Biography
Harris was born near Upper Makefield Township, Pennsylvania. He was son of Rev. Walter B.Harris, a Presbyterian minister with a Princeton degree who married Pearl Graves. Known as R. Laird or just Laird, he had an older sister Dr. Bethel Fleming, who became a pioneer physician in Nepal. Her story is told in The Fabulous Flemings of Kathmandu, by Grace Nies Fletcher (E. P. Dutton, N.Y.1964). He earned a B.S. from the University of Delaware (1931), a Th.B. (1935) and a Th.M. (1937) from Westminster Theological Seminary, an A.M. from University of Pennsylvania (1941), and a Ph.D. from Dropsie College (1947).
He was licensed as a minister in the Presbyterian Church (USA) in 1935, joined the newly formed Orthodox Presbyterian Church in 1936, then teamed up with those forming the Bible Presbyterian Church in 1937. In 1956, he became moderator of a new offshoot denomination, the Bible Presbyterian Synod (BPS), later to become the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. He was involved on the committee that brought about the merger of the EPC with another denomination to become the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Synod (RPCES) in 1965, and then the RPCES, along with its education institutions Covenant College and Covenant Theological Seminary, became part of the Presbyterian Church in America in 1982, at which time Harris was elected moderator of the 10th General Assembly of that body.
He was part-time instructor in Hebrew at the University of Pennsylvania (1946--1947) and then taught for twenty years at Faith Theological Seminary (1937--1956). He resigned from that institution because of his belief in the propriety of denomination-controlled institutions, and he then helped found the Covenant Theological Seminary, which was a denominational institution and where he was chairman of the Old Testament department until he retired in 1981. Harris served as Professor of Old Testament (and later adjunct professor) at Knox Theological Seminary at its founding in 1989. He was actively involved with the development of the Old Testament department there, teaching Hebrew, Hebrew Exegesis, the Pentateuch, and Survey through 1993.
Harris\'s first wife, Elizabeth K. Nelson, was born on April 30, 1910, and died in 1980. He then married Anne P. Krauss and lived in Quarryville, Pennsylvania.
## Publications
Harris published several books including *Introductory Hebrew Grammar*, *Inspiration and Canonicity of the Bible*, *Your Bible*, and *Man---God\'s Eternal Creation*
He also served as editor of *The Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament* and was a contributing editor to the *Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible*. He was contributed articles to the *Wycliffe Bible Commentary* and the *Expositor\'s Bible*, and he served as chairman of the Committee on Bible Translation for the New International Version
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# Thomas Sydserf
**Thomas Sydserf(f)**, or St. Serf, (1581 -- 1663) was a Scottish minister of the Church of Scotland who served as Protestant Bishop first of Brechin, then Galloway and finally Orkney.
## Life
The eldest son of James Sydserf, an Edinburgh merchant, Sydserf graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1602 before travelling to continental Europe to study at the University of Heidelberg. After returning to Scotland, he entered the ministry, beginning at St Giles\' parish, Edinburgh in 1611. 15 years later, in January 1626, he was translated to Trinity College Kirk, Edinburgh, before being promoted to Dean of Edinburgh on 19 February 1634 (based at St Giles Cathedral).
However, in the same year, and on the recommendation of William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, he ascended to episcopal rank, receiving consecration as Bishop of Brechin on 29 July. In the following year, on 30 August 1635, he was translated as Bishop of Galloway.
Sydserf was very much a royalist, pro-Episcopacy, and inclined to be highly sympathetic towards Arminianism. These views brought him much conflict in Scotland, and as Bishop of Galloway, he exercised his episcopal powers against his ideological opponents. He supported the introduction in 1637 of an English-style Book of Common Prayer, and for this, he was attacked on several occasions by mobs in Falkirk, Dalkeith and Edinburgh. Some went further and accused him of being a Roman Catholic: he was alleged to wear a crucifix. He was finally deposed by the General Assembly of the Scottish church on 13 December 1638.
Sydserf thereafter went to England, briefly becoming a follower of King Charles I, before moving to continental Europe. He returned to Scotland, and after the Restoration and reimposition of Episcopacy in Scotland, was reinstated as a bishop, though on this occasion becoming Bishop of Orkney. He was the only pre-1638 bishop to be reinstated as a bishop in Scotland after the Restoration. He lobbied hard to be made Primate of Scotland but without success. His willingness to ordain as a clergyman anyone who asked him attracted much criticism, a fact recorded by Samuel Pepys in his famous diary.
Sydserf died in Edinburgh on 29 September 1663 and is buried in Greyfriars Churchyard (location unknown).
Sydserf was responsible for remodelling the nave of Whithorn Priory in line with the new styles of worship he tried to promote.
Although not formally a member of the Hartlib Circle, he was on friendly terms with some of its members including Arnold Boate, who dedicated to Sydserf his memoir of his wife Margaret Dongan. Their friendship was apparently not affected by Boate\'s closeness to Oliver Cromwell, for whom he is said to have acted as a spy.
## Family
In 1624 he married Rachel Byers, the daughter of an Edinburgh magistrate: they had four sons and four daughters, including Thomas junior, a popular dramatist and journalist
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# Utah Mr. Basketball
Each year, the **Utah Mr. Basketball** Award is given to the person chosen as the best high school boys basketball player in the U.S. state of Utah, in the United States. Class 5A was introduced in 1994. Class 6A was introduced in 2018.
The award has been given since 1987 by the *Deseret News*. Winners are chosen by the Utah Associated Press Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association (UAPSSA).
Year Utah Mr. Basketball High school Class College NBA
------ --------------------- ------------------- ------- ------------------------------- -------------------
2025 Gavin Lowe Olympus 5A TBA
2024 Cooper Lewis Lehi 6A Saint Mary\'s
2023 Quentin Meza Cyprus 6A Wofford
2022 Collin Chandler Farmington 6A BYU
2021 Ethan Potter Layton 6A Utah Valley/Utah Tech
2020 Dallin Hall Fremont 6A BYU
2019 Rylan Jones Olympus 5A Utah/Utah State
2018 Rylan Jones Olympus 5A Utah/Utah State
2017 Jaxon Brenchley Ridgeline 3A Utah
2016 Frank Jackson Lone Peak 5A Duke 2017 2nd Round
2015 Jesse Wade Davis 5A Gonzaga/BYU
2014 T. J. Haws Lone Peak 5A BYU
2013 Nick Emery Lone Peak 5A BYU
2012 Jordan Loveridge West Jordan 5A Utah
2011 Tyrell Corbin West 5A UC Davis/SLCC/CSU Bakersfield
2010 Kyle Collinsworth Provo 4A BYU
2009 Tyler Haws Lone Peak 5A BYU
2008 Tyler Haws Lone Peak 5A BYU
2007 Morgan Grim Riverton 5A Utah/Utah State
2006 Daniel Deane Judge Memorial 3A Utah/Oregon St.
2005 Jackson Emery Lone Peak 5A BYU
2004 Tai Wesley Provo 4A Utah State
2003 Josh Olson Alta 5A Utah
2002 Brody Van Brocklin Davis 5A Weber State
2001 Jared Jensen Fremont 5A BYU
2000 Garner Meads Brighton 5A BYU
1999 Tim Henry Mountain View 5A SLCC
1998 Tony Brown Mountain Crest 4A Utah State
1997 Britton Johnsen Murray 4A Utah Various NBA teams
1996 Jeff Johnsen Murray 4A Utah
1995 Jeff Johnsen Murray 4A Utah
1994 Alex Jensen Viewmont 5A Utah
1993 Ben Melmeth Judge Memorial 3A Utah
1992 JaRon Boone Skyline 4A Nebraska
1991 Justin Weidauer Cottonwood 3A BYU
1990 Kenneth Roberts Bingham 4A BYU
1989 Shawn Bradley Emery High School 2A BYU 1993 1st Round
1988 Matt Bowman Timpview 3A Utah Valley
1987 Kurt Miller Ben Lomond 3A New Mexico
: `{{sronly|Utah Mr
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# Sudanese goat marriage incident
In 2006, a South Sudanese man named Charles Tombe was forced to \"marry\" a goat with which he was caught engaging in sexual activity, in the Hai Malakal suburb of Juba, at the time part of Sudan. The owner of the goat subdued the perpetrator and asked village elders to consider the matter. One elder noted that he and the other elders found the perpetrator, tied up by the owner, at the door of the goat shed. The goat\'s owner reported that, \"They said I should not take him to the police, but rather let him pay a dowry for my goat because he used it as his wife.\" The perpetrator was thus ordered to \"marry\" the goat, pay the cost of the goat and pay a dowry of SD 15,000 (equating to US\$50 in 2006, the GDP per capita was US\$1,522 for 2008), with half of the dowry up front. The goat apparently acquired the name \"Rose\" during the elders\' deliberations as part of a joke.
On 3 May 2007, it was reported that the goat had died, having choked on a plastic bag. The goat was survived by a four-month-old male kid. In November 2013, the South Sudan Law Society called for a review of all South Sudan\'s laws to abolish bizarre or cruel practices under customary law, such as \"a man being forced to marry a goat called \'Rose\' after deflowering her.\"
## Press attention {#press_attention}
The story, first published on 24 February 2006 on the BBC website, attracted media attention and was republished on numerous newspapers, blogs and other websites. Even a year after publication, the story was consistently among the BBC\'s 10 most emailed articles, with many visitors to the BBC news site passing the tale on to friends. The story received over 100,000 hits on five successive days long after its original publication, and was read by millions of people. The BBC, astonished at this popularity, wondered if there was a campaign to keep the tale at the top of its rankings; however, an investigation by its senior software engineer, Gareth Owen, determined that the demand was genuine.
The BBC honoured the goat with a mock obituary when it died in 2007. The death was also reported in many other news outlets, including *The Times* and Fox News
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# Mike Dorgan
**Michael Cornelius Dorgan** (October 2, 1853 -- April 26, 1909) was an American professional baseball player and manager. He played 10 seasons in Major League Baseball, principally as an outfielder, including five seasons and 425 games with the New York Giants from 1883 to 1887. He was also a player-manager for three major league clubs from 1879 to 1881.
Dorgan appeared in 715 major league games, 600 of them as an outfielder, and compiled a .274 batting average with 112 doubles, 34 triples, four home runs, and 346 runs batted in.
## Early years {#early_years}
Dorgan was born in Middletown, Connecticut in 1853. His parents were Cornelius Dorgan and Mary (Cahill) Dorgan, both of whom were immigrants from Ireland. His younger brother, Jerry Dorgan, also played Major League Baseball.
## Professional baseball career {#professional_baseball_career}
### Minor leagues {#minor_leagues}
Dorgan began his baseball career with Middletown in 1873. He next played for the Webster, Massachusetts \"Clippers\" in 1874. He played during the 1875 season with teams in Grafton and Lynn, Massachusetts.
In 1876, Dorgan played for the famous Syracuse Stars club that \"won nearly every game played.\"
### St. Louis {#st._louis}
Dorgan made his major league debut in May 1877 with the St. Louis Brown Stockings of the National League. He appeared in 60 games for St. Louis, 50 of them as an outfielder, and compiled a .308 batting average with nine doubles, seven triples, and 23 RBI.
### Syracuse
Dorgan returned to the Syracuse Stars for the 1878 and 1879 seasons. In 1879, the Stars joined the National League and attained major league status. Dorgan appeared in 59 games for the Stars in 1879, playing in the outfield (16 games) and at first base (21 games), third base (11 games), shortstop (six games), catcher (four games), pitcher (two games), and second base (one game). He compiled a .267 batting average with 11 doubles, five triples, a home run, and 17 RBI. Dorgan also served as the team\'s manager in 1879, leading the team to a 17--26 record.
### Providence
In 1880, Dorgan played for the Providence Grays of the National League. He appeared in 79 games, 77 as an outfielder, and compiled a .246 batting average with 10 doubles, a triple, and 31 RBI. Dorgan was also the manager of the 1880 Providence team, compiling a 26--12 record.
### Worcester and Detroit {#worcester_and_detroit}
In 1881, Dorgan played for the Worcester Ruby Legs and Detroit Wolverines, both of the National League. In 59 games with the two teams, 27 at first base and 28 in the outfield, Dorgan compiled a .272 batting average with six doubles and 23 RBI. He was the manager of the Worcester club for a portion of the 1881 season, leading the Ruby Legs to a 24--32 record.
### New York Giants {#new_york_giants}
In 1883, Dorgan joined the New York Giants and spent the next five years there. He appeared in 425 games with the Giants, over 400 of them as an outfielder. In his five seasons with the Giants, Dorgan compiled a .281 batting average with 255 runs scored, 68 doubles, 21 triples, three home runs, 234 RBI, and 31 stolen bases.
### Return to Syracuse {#return_to_syracuse}
Dorgan concluded his major league playing career in 1890 with the Syracuse Stars, then part of the American Association. Dorgan appeared in 33 games, all as an outfielder, and compiled a .216 batting average. He appeared in his last major league game on June 9, 1890, at age 36.
## Later years {#later_years}
After retiring from baseball, Dorgan owned and ran a cafe and worked as a bartender for a number of years. He was married to Jennie Dorgan, and they had two sons, William and Harry, and a daughter, Mary. At the time of the 1900 United States census, and also the 1905 New York Census, Dorgan was living in Syracuse, New York with his wife, Jennie, and three children and was employed as a \"barkeeper.\" Dorgan later moved to Hartford, Connecticut, where he worked for the American Bridge Company.
In February 1909, Dorgan underwent an operation on his knee to repair an old baseball injury. He developed blood poisoning and died at St. Francis Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut six weeks after the operation. Dorgan was age 55 when he died. He was buried at St. Agnes Cemetery in Syracuse, New York. His obituary stated that he was \"at one time known as the greatest all around baseball player in the United States.\"
Dorgan was posthumously inducted into the Syracuse Hall of Fame in 1999
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# Flyback diode
A **flyback diode** (also called **freewheeling diode**) is any diode connected across an inductor used to eliminate flyback, which is the sudden voltage spike seen across an inductive load when its supply current is suddenly reduced or interrupted. It is used in circuits in which inductive loads are controlled by switches, and in switching power supplies and inverters.
Flyback circuits have been used since 1930 and were refined starting in 1950 for use in television receivers. The word *flyback* comes from the horizontal movement of the electron beam in a cathode ray tube, because the beam flew back to begin the next horizontal line.
This diode is known by many other names, such as snubber diode, commutating diode, freewheeling diode, suppressor diode, clamp diode, or catch diode.
## Operation
Fig. 1 shows an inductor connected to a battery - a constant voltage source. The resistor represents the small static resistance of the inductor\'s wire windings. When the switch is closed, the voltage from the battery is applied to the inductor, causing current from the battery\'s positive terminal to flow down through the inductor and resistor. The increase in current causes a back EMF (voltage) across the inductor due to Faraday\'s law of induction which opposes the change in current. Since the voltage across the inductor is limited to the battery\'s voltage of 24 volts, the rate of increase of the current is limited to an initial value of ${dI \over dt} = {V_B \over L},$ so the current through the inductor increases slowly as energy from the battery is stored in the inductor\'s magnetic field. As the current rises, more voltage is dropped across the resistor and less across the inductor, until the current reaches a steady value of $I = V_B/R$ with all the battery voltage across the resistance and none across the inductance.
However, the current drops rapidly when the switch is opened in Fig. 2. The inductor resists the drop in current by developing a very large induced voltage of polarity in the opposite direction of the battery, positive at the lower end of the inductor and negative at the upper end. This voltage pulse, sometimes called the inductive \"kick\", which can be much larger than the battery voltage, appears across the switch contacts. It causes electrons to jump the air gap between the contacts, causing a momentary electric arc to develop across the contacts as the switch is opened. The arc continues until the energy stored in the inductor\'s magnetic field is dissipated as heat in the arc. The arc can damage the switch contacts, causing pitting and burning, eventually destroying them. If a transistor is used to switch the current, such as switching power supplies, the high reverse voltage can destroy the transistor.
To prevent the inductive voltage pulse on turnoff, a diode is connected across the inductor, as shown in Fig. 3. The diode doesn\'t conduct current while the switch is closed because it is reverse-biased by the battery voltage, so it doesn\'t interfere with the normal operation of the circuit. However, when the switch is opened, the induced voltage across the inductor of opposite polarity forward biases the diode, and it conducts current, limiting the voltage across the inductor and thus preventing the arc from forming at the switch. The inductor and diode momentarily form a loop or circuit powered by the stored energy in the inductor. This circuit supplies a current path to the inductor to replace the current from the battery, so the inductor current does not drop abruptly and does not develop a high voltage. The voltage across the inductor is limited to the forward voltage of the diode, around 0.7 - 1.5V. This \"freewheeling\" or \"flyback\" current through the diode and inductor decreases slowly to zero as the magnetic energy in the inductor is dissipated as heat in the series resistance of the windings. This may take a few milliseconds in a small inductor.
These images show the voltage spike and its elimination through the use of a flyback diode (1N4007). In this case, the inductor is a solenoid connected to a 24V DC power supply. Each waveform was taken using a digital oscilloscope set to trigger when the voltage across the inductor dipped below zero. **Note the different scaling:** left image 50V/division, right image 1V/division. In Figure 1, the voltage as measured across the switch, bounces/spikes to around -300 V. In Figure 2, a flyback diode was added in antiparallel with the solenoid. Instead of spiking to -300 V, the flyback diode only allows approximately -1.4 V of potential to be built up (-1.4 V is a combination of the forward bias of the 1N4007 diode (1.1 V) and the foot of wiring separating the diode and the solenoid`{{dubious|reason=turn on time and capacitance|date=February 2017}}`{=mediawiki}). The waveform in Figure 2 is also smoother than the waveform in Figure 1, perhaps due to arcing at the switch for Figure 1. In both cases, the total time for the solenoid to discharge is a few milliseconds, though the lower voltage drop across the diode will slow relay dropout.
## Design
When used with a DC coil relay, a flyback diode can cause delayed drop-out of the contacts when power is removed, due to the continued circulation of current in the relay coil and diode. When rapid opening of the contacts is important, a resistor or reverse-biased Zener diode can be placed in series with the diode to help dissipate the coil energy faster, at the expense of higher voltage at the switch.
Schottky diodes are preferred in flyback diode applications for switching power converters because they have the lowest forward drop (\~0.2 V rather than \>0.7 V for low currents) and are able to quickly respond to reverse bias (when the inductor is being re-energized). They, therefore, dissipate less energy while transferring energy from the inductor to a capacitor.
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Flyback diode
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