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# David Whitton
**David Whitton** (born 22 April 1952) is a Scottish journalist, Labour Party politician and former Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP). He was elected to the Scottish Parliament for Strathkelvin and Bearsden in 2007, defeating the incumbent Independent MSP Jean Turner, and losing the seat at the 2011 election to Fiona McLeod of the Scottish National Party.
## Background
Whitton was educated at the Morgan Academy in Dundee. He began his journalistic career with D. C. Thomson in 1970 before moving to the *Fife Free Press* and then the *Evening Express* in Aberdeen, specialising in local government activities. He worked at *The Scotsman* in Glasgow for three years then moved to the *Daily Record* where he became Industrial Editor in 1983. From 1986--96, Whitton worked at Scottish Television in a variety of roles including producer of news and current affairs programmes, Lobby Correspondent at Westminster, presenter of political programming and on screen news reporter. He was Head of Public Affairs from 1994--96. Whitton\'s time at Scottish Television was followed by a short period as a Director of the PR company, Media House. David Whitton is married and has two children and two grandchildren. He is a member of the National Union of Journalists.
## Political career {#political_career}
In 1999 Whitton became Special Adviser to the then Scottish Secretary Donald Dewar. Whitton was a member of Scottish Labour Party\'s Scottish Parliament election campaign responsible for organising broadcasting coverage and media activity for the Party leader.
Following the first Scottish Parliament elections, Whitton became Special Adviser to the First Minister of Scotland, Donald Dewar and Official Spokesman for the First Minister and the Scottish Executive. Whitton delivered a reading at Dewar\'s funeral at Glasgow Cathedral on 18 October 2000.
In 2000, Whitton established his own public affairs consultancy with clients including Scottish Enterprise, The Scottish Council for Development and Industry, The Al‑Maktoum Institute for Arabic and Islamic Studies.
## Member of the Scottish Parliament {#member_of_the_scottish_parliament}
Whitton was elected to the Scottish Parliament in May 2007 for the constituency of Strathkelvin and Bearsden becoming Parliamentary Aide to Wendy Alexander MSP until her resignation as party leader on 28 June 2008. In addition to a position as Deputy Labour Party Spokesperson on Finance, he was a substitute member of the Economy, Energy and Tourism Committee, Member of the Finance Committee, a member of the Labour Trade Union Group, and a board member of the Scottish Parliamentary Business Exchange. In 2010/11 Whitton claimed more than £34,000 in expenses which was the sixth highest amount at the Scottish Parliament.
In the SNP landslide victory in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, he lost his seat to Fiona McLeod, on a swing of 7.7%
| 449 |
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# Odontolabis siva
***Odontolabis siva*** is a species of beetle in the family Lucanidae.
## Monograph
- Lacroix, J.-P., 1984 - *The Beetles of the World*, volume 4, Odontolabini I (Lucanidae) - Genera *Chalcodes*, *Odontolabis*, *Heterochtes*.[1](https://web.archive.org/web/20100807063853/http://www.insects.demon.co.uk/cm/cm-4-english
| 36 |
Odontolabis siva
| 0 |
11,052,727 |
# Rumex hymenosepalus
***Rumex hymenosepalus***, commonly known as **canaigre**, **canaigre dock**, **ganagra**, **wild rhubarb**, **Arizona dock**, and **tanner\'s dock**, is a perennial flowering plant which is native to the North American deserts in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It is a common food plant of the ruddy copper larvae.
## Uses
It has been cultivated in the southwestern United States for the roots, a good source of tannin, which is used in leather tanning. It also yields a warm, medium brown dye. The leaves and leaf stalks are considered edible when young, the older leaf stalks cooked and eaten like rhubarb, which is in the same plant family.
## Taxonomy
*Rumex hymenosepalus* was first described by American botanist John Torrey in the Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary in 1859.
Synonyms
- *Rumex arizonicus* Britton
- *Rumex salinus* A. Nelson
- *Rumex hymenosepalus* var. *salinus* (A. Nelson) Rech.
- *Rumex saxei* nom. nudum
| 157 |
Rumex hymenosepalus
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11,052,744 |
# Theme from Z-Cars
\"**Theme from *Z-Cars***\" was the theme tune to the long-running BBC television drama *Z-Cars*. Based on the traditional folk song \"Johnny Todd\", which was in a collection of traditional songs by Frank Kidson dated 1891 called *Traditional Tunes: A Collection of Ballad Airs*. Kidson\'s notes for this song say: \"Johnny Todd is a child\'s rhyme and game, heard and seen played by Liverpool children. The air is somewhat pleasing, and the words appear old, though some blanks caused by the reciter\'s memory have had to be filled up.\" The song appears in the book *Songs of Belfast* edited by David Hammond, who heard it from a Mrs. Walker of Salisbury Avenue, Belfast, who claimed it dates from around 1900. There is also what appears to be a version of the same song, mentioned in the first of the Para Handy stories, written in Scotland in 1905, which claims that the tune was popular around 30 years earlier.
The *Z-Cars* theme tune was arranged for commercial release by Fritz Spiegl and Bridget Fry, and performed by John Keating and his Orchestra. The single reached #8 in the *Record Retailer* chart in April 1962, and as high as #5 in other charts.`{{clarify|date=April 2020}}`{=mediawiki} The original television theme was arranged and conducted by Norrie Paramor with his orchestra.
It was soon adopted by fans of the First Division football club Everton, who are based in Liverpool near where the events supposedly took place. It was originally played in honour of actor Leonard Williams, who attended a game while appearing in the show. Williams died just five days later, resulting in Everton playing the tune again in tribute at the next home game. When Everton failed to win the next game after that, where the tune wasn\'t played, fans noted that the two previous games had been comfortable home victories and cited the tune as a good omen. Everton began playing it at their request before games and went on to end a twenty-six year wait to be crowned League Champions at the end of that season in 1963. The theme tune is still played as the team come out onto the pitch at the beginning of all their home matches. They also use the theme tune on their official podcasts, used at the beginning to introduce the podcast. In 1964, Watford F.C. adopted the tune as it was then manager Bill McGarry\'s favourite television programme. It has been played as the players come onto pitch since then. During the rise of the club through the leagues in the 1970s and 1980s, it became associated with the club\'s success under manager Graham Taylor. Sunderland A.F.C. also played the song as their players ran out to the field during their days playing at Roker Park. It has been played for the same purpose at the Borough Park home of Workington A.F.C
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# Wild rhubarb
| 3 |
Wild rhubarb
| 0 |
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# Sārasvatī Suṣamā
***Sārasvatī Suṣamā*** (*lit=Quarterly Sanskrit Research Journal*) is a research journal published in Sanskrit. Established in 1942 and published quarterly, the *Sārasvatī Suṣamā* has been edited by a series of distinguished scholars and has carried important and internationally recognized research on Sanskrit-related topics.
## Origin
*Sārasvatī Suṣamā* was initially published from Government Sanskrit College Benares in 1942. The editors were:
- Dr. Mangal Dev Shastri
- Tribhuvan Prasad Upadhyay
- Kubernath Shukla
## Reputation
During 1958, this college merged into Sampurnanand Sanskrit University. Thereafter the journal was published by the Director, Research Institute, Sampurnanand Sanskrit University, Varanasi, India.
## Editors
The editors of the journal since 1957 are listed below.
No. Name of Editor Period No. of Years
----- ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------ --------------
1 Kshetresa Chandra Chattopadhyaya 1957`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1965 8
2 Baldev Upadhyaya 1966`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1968 2
3 Badarinath Shukla 1968`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1970 2
4 B. P. T. Vagish Shastri 1970`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1996 26
5 Adya Prasad Mishra 1996`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1997 1
6 Shrikant Pandey 1997`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1998 1
7 Rahas Bihari Dwivedi 1999`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}2000 1
8 Rajaram Shukla 2001`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}present 6
## Nature of publication {#nature_of_publication}
*Sārasvatī Suṣamā* publishes articles on the following topics.
- Research articles on oriental learnings.
- Research articles on Pali, Prakrit, Apabhramsa and Culture.
- Unpublished small manuscripts edited by scholars.
- Criticism of the books.
- Continuation work on Purana Index.
- Other treaties
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# Eugene Jarosewich
**Eugene (Gene) Jarosewich** (1926--2007) was a chemist in the department of mineral sciences at the Smithsonian Institution. Jarosewich was known worldwide for wet chemical analyses of meteorites. Working with specimens from the National Mineral Collection, Gene and his co-workers also developed a set of commonly used standards for electron microprobe analyses.
The mineral Jarosewichite and asteroid 4320 Jarosewich are named in his honor
| 66 |
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11,052,771 |
# Dmitri Linter
**Dmitri Linter** (*Дмитрий Серге́евич Линтер*) (born November 22, 1973) is a counselor of the vice-director of the Russian Military Historical Society. He is also a pro-Kremlin political activist, who has worked as vice deputy of the Coordination Centre \"Novorossiya\" on human rights and humanitarian activities. He was one of leaders of the Nochnoy Dozor advocacy group that opposed the relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn memorial in 2007. In March 2014, Linter called for the formation of groups of volunteers to \"correct holiday in the Crimea.\" In October 2014 Dmitri Linter acted as counselor and project manager during a visit to Riga of Russian Minister of Culture Vladimir Medinsky.
## Biography
Linter was born on November 22, 1973, in Tallinn, Estonia. Linter\'s mother is Leonora Linter. Linter\'s wife is Marina Linter.
## Political career {#political_career}
- In the European Parliament elections of 2004 he was a candidate of the \"Russian Party in Estonia\", and received 107 votes.
- In the parliamentary elections of Estonia in 2007, he was candidate of the Constitution Party, gathering a total of 122 votes.
## Arrest
On April 27, 2007, Dmitri Linter was arrested on charges of organizing mass riots. His wife, Marina Linter, has asserted the alibi that on the night of April 26 Dmitri Linter was at home \"keeping multiple contacts with the press\". Marina Linter claimed that despite all the pleas of his wife neither Linter\'s location nor his state of health were revealed. According to representatives of the prosecutor general\'s office of Estonia, it was part of an ordinary investigation. The content of the interrogation and the testimony are not made public in such cases in the interests of the investigation.
On November 16, 2007, after 7 months of imprisonment, Dmitri Linter and another leader of the Night Watch, Maxim Reva, were released on bail.
## Trial
On January 5, 2009, Dmitri Linter, charged with organization of riots during Bronze Night, was found not guilty by the District Court of Harjumaa
| 334 |
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# 1976 Amstel Gold Race
The **1976 Amstel Gold Race** was the 11th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday March 27, 1976, in the Dutch provinces of Limburg. The race stretched 230 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 118 competitors, and 42 cyclists finished the race.
## Result
Rank Rider Time
------ ------- ---------
1 5:53:08
2 \+ 4.29
3 \+ 5.19
4 \+ 0
5 \+ 0
6 \+ 5.32
7 \+ 6.36
8 \+ 6
| 94 |
1976 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,052,794 |
# Loricarioidei
**Loricarioidei** is a suborder of catfishes (order Siluriformes). It contains the six families Trichomycteridae, Nematogenyiidae, Callichthyidae, Scoloplacidae, Astroblepidae, and Loricariidae. Some schemes also include Amphiliidae. This superfamily, including Amphiliidae, includes about 156 genera and 1,187 species.
## Taxonomy
Loricarioidea was previously considered a part of Siluroidei, a clade of all catfishes excluding Diplomystidae. In Nelson, 2006, this grouping is sister to the superfamily Sisoroidea. However, in a recent molecular analysis, it was determined that the suborder Loricarioidei (not including Amphiliidae) is sister to a group including Diplomystidae and Siluroidei. Amphiliidae, in this analysis, was found to be much more closely related to Mochokidae or Malapteruridae. It is disputed whether Loricarioidea or Diplomystidae are the most basal group of catfish, with molecular studies favoring the former while morphological studies favor the latter.
The earliest known definitive loricaroid is the callichthyid *Corydoras revelatus* from the Late Paleocene of Argentina. Molecular estimates suggest that the main radiation of the superfamily occurred during the Late Cretaceous. The putative Cenomanian member *Afrocascudo*, discovered from the Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous in North Africa (Kem Kem Group), was initially described as the earliest loricariid catfish in 2024, which may extend the fossil record of Loricariidae (and Siluriformes as a whole). However, this taxon might represent a juvenile obaichthyid lepisosteiform, possibly a junior synonym of *Obaichthys*, though this has been disputed based on the complete ossification of the bones indicating full maturity and the absence of important holostean characters.
Loricarioidea is currently diagnosed by the derived presence of a reduced gas bladder, encapsulated in expansions of the parapophysis of the first vertebrae, and of odontodes, small dermal denticles. Amphiliidae is the most basal group in Loricarioidea. In some older sources, Amphiliidae is not even included in this classification. Based on morphologically evidence, Trichomycteridae and Nematogenyiidae diverge first; these two families are probably sister groups. This relationship was neither supported nor rejected by molecular evidence. Next, the order of divergence is probably Callichthyidae, then Scoloplacidae, and then Astroblepidae and Loricariidae. A trend in increasingly complex jaw morphology can be seen in this superfamily, which may have allowed for the great diversification of the Loricariidae, which have the most advanced jaws.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
These fish are found in freshwater habitats in the Neotropics, inhabiting South America, Panama, and Costa Rica. Most species inhabit stream habitats or pools; water in these habitats tends to move relatively quickly. Loricariids and Astroblepids have adapted to this with suckermouths that allow them to cling to surfaces. Astroblepids even have the ability to climb up waterfalls.
## Description
Like other catfish, loricarioidean catfish tend to have whiskers (except within the family Loricariidae). Fish in this group can be naked or, in the case of Callichthyids, Scoloplacids, and Loricariids, armored with bony plates. Most loricarioid species are depressed (flattened) in body shape, though Callichthyids tend to be more compressed (thin). Loricarioidea is defined by two characters. First, they have a unique, encapsulated gas bladder. Also, they have integumentary teeth called odontodes on their body and fin rays. In Loricariids, these odontodes on their gill cover can be extended outwards. Astroblepids may use their odontodes as a sensory organ.
## Ecology
Loricarioidea is a very diverse monophyletic group. These fish exhibit a wide range of morphologies and occupy many different habitats and trophic levels. This group includes herbivores, omnivores, and even parasites (candirú) and wood-eating species (*Panaque*). Loricariidae is by far the most successful and diverse family with approximately 700 species (and new species being discovered each year), and is the most species-rich family in the entire order
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# Vlas
**Vlas** is both a surname and a given name
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# Lovedale, Nilgiris
**Lovedale** is a village situated in the Nilgiri Hills in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. It is one of the highest places above mean sea level in the Nilgiris. Today, it is notable for tourism.
## Nearest large population areas {#nearest_large_population_areas}
- Ooty (5 km away). The Queen of Hills is located just 5 km away from Lovedale.
- Conoor (16 km)
- Wellington
- Nilambur
## Population
The permanent population is about 1,000-1,500 people. The residents of The Lawrence School add another 1,000 people to this.
## Establishments
The Lawrence School is a residential school. Lovedale has a police station that serves Lovedale and the nearby villages. It also has a small post office and a bank (branch of SBI), both of which primarily serve The Lawrence School.
## Educational institutions {#educational_institutions}
- Lawrence School, Lovedale
- St. Antony\'s High School, Lovedale
- Nilgiris Matriulation higher Secondary school, Lovedale
## Climate
Lovedale features a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) under Köppen climate classification. It, along with Ooty, are located in the highest part of the Nilgiri Hills. Due to its location in the Nilgiris, Lovedale gets rain from both the monsoons. The wet season runs from April to December and the dry season from January to March. There is a difference of 345 mm of precipitation between the driest and wettest months. Throughout the year, temperatures vary by 4.2 °C. `{{Weather box
|location = Lovedale
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 19.0
|Feb high C = 19.9
|Mar high C = 21.8
|Apr high C = 22.1
|May high C = 21.8
|Jun high C = 18.3
|Jul high C = 17.0
|Aug high C = 17.8
|Sep high C = 18.9
|Oct high C = 18.9
|Nov high C = 18.7
|Dec high C = 18.8
|Year high C =
|Jan mean C=12.4
|Feb mean C=13.5
|Mar mean C=15.3
|Apr mean C=16.3
|May mean C=16.6
|Jun mean C=14.8
|Jul mean C=14.1
|Aug mean C=14.4
|Sep mean C=14.5
|Oct mean C=14.6
|Nov mean C=13.7
|Dec mean C=13.0
|Year mean =
|Jan low C = 5.4
|Feb low C = 6.6
|Mar low C = 8.8
|Apr low C = 10.6
|May low C = 11.5
|Jun low C = 11.4
|Jul low C = 11.3
|Aug low C = 11.2
|Sep low C = 10.7
|Oct low C = 10.4
|Nov low C = 8.7
|Dec low C = 6.6
|Year low C =
|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm = 23.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 21.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 38.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 109.4
|May precipitation mm = 160.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 206.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 366.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 253.6
|Sep precipitation mm = 204.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 263.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 177.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 77.7
|Jan rain days=2
|Feb rain days=2
|Mar rain days=3
|Apr rain days=8
|May rain days=10
|Jun rain days=13
|Jul rain days=16
|Aug rain days=14
|Sep rain days=10
|Oct rain days=15
|Nov rain days=10
|Dec rain days=7
|year rain days=103
|date=May 2015
|source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org''<ref>{{cite web|title=limate: Lovedale - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table - Climate-Data.org|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/181918/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|accessdate=2015-09-24}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} Minsara kanavu climax was shot in this area.
## Transport
- By rail: The NMR (UNESCO World Heritage Site) passes through Lovedale. Lovedale is the second to last railway station on the route to Ooty from Mettupalayam, and is also the highest station on the entire route.
- By road: Lovedale is situated just 5 km from Ooty and one can take a taxicab or bus from there. The bus is the cheapest way to get there, with tickets costing just Rs 5
| 616 |
Lovedale, Nilgiris
| 0 |
11,052,816 |
# Demolition Day
***Demolition Day*** is former Queens of the Stone Age and Kyuss bassist/vocalist Nick Oliveri\'s first solo acoustic album. The album was recorded in 2003 and 2004 at Dave Grohl\'s Studio 606. The album features Oliveri on bass, vocals, guitars and percussion, as well as horns and guitars from other various artists. It was released in 2004 on vinyl only, but a split CD featuring six tracks from the album and four tracks from Mondo Generator was also released.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### Split CD {#split_cd}
*Nick Oliveri*
1. All I\'ve Got (Nick Oliveri)
2. I Want You to Die (Nick Oliveri)
3. Autopilot (Nick Oliveri/Josh Homme)
4. Simple Exploding Man (Nick Oliveri)
5. One More Time in Hell (Nick Oliveri)
6. Paper Thin (Nick Oliveri)
*Mondo Generator*
1. All the Way Down (Nick Oliveri)
2. Bloody Hammer (Roky Erikson)
3. There She Goes Again (Nick Oliveri)
4. Sleep the Lie Away (Nick Oliveri/Dave Catching)
### Vinyl
1. Intro
2. All I\'ve Got
3. I Want You To Die
4. Demolition Day
5. Chiefs
6. Autopilot
7. Simple Exploding Man
8. One More Time In Hell
9. Four Corners
10. Tornadoes
11. So High So Low
12. Ode To Clarissa
13. Wake Up Screaming
14. Detroit
15. Paper Thin
## Trivia
- \"I Want You to Die\" is an acoustic version of the song from Mondo Generator\'s album *Cocaine Rodeo*.
- \"Autopilot\" is an acoustic version of Queens of the Stone Age\'s *Rated R* song and features Mark Lanegan on backing vocals.
- \"Simple Exploding Man\" is an acoustic version of the song from Mondo Generator\'s *Cocaine Rodeo*.
- \"Four Corners\" is from Mondo Generator\'s previous album *A Drug Problem That Never Existed* and features Mark Lanegan on vocals.
- \"Paper Thin\" was rerecorded for Mondo Generator\'s next album *Dead Planet: SonicSlowMotionTrails*.
- \"Ode To Clarissa\" is a new recording from a Queens of the Stone Age B-Side circa Rated R.
- \"So High, So Low\" is a new recording from Mondo Generator\'s album *A Drug Problem That Never Existed* and was rerecorded for Dead Planet: SonicSlowMotionTrails.
- \"All I\'ve Got\" was rerecorded for Mondo Generator\'s next album *Dead Planet: SonicSlowMotionTrails* and was retitled \"Take Me Away\" .
- CD Tracks 7-10 is actually all four tracks from *III the EP*
| 384 |
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| 0 |
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# 1977 Amstel Gold Race
The **1977 Amstel Gold Race** was the 12th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 9, 1977, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 230 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 145 competitors, while 54 cyclists finished the race.
## Result
Rank Rider Time
------ ------- ---------
1 5:45:55
2 \+ 0
3 \+ 0
4 \+ 0.20
5 \+ 0
6 \+ 0
7 \+ 0
8 \+ 0
| 94 |
1977 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,052,827 |
# David Robinson (footballer, born 1969)
**David John Robinson** (born 27 November 1969) is an English retired professional footballer.
A striker, Robinson began his career with his hometown club, Newcastle United, as an apprentice in 1986. In six years at St James\' Park he made eight league and cup appearances, scoring against Reading in an FA cup replay.
After a loan spell with Peterborough United playing a vital role helping them to promotion in 1991, he joined Reading on a free transfer. He remained at Elm Park for just four months, after fellow Geordie Billy Ayre, then-manager at newly promoted Blackpool, came in for his services. He went on to make 26 league appearances for the Tangerines, scoring four goals.
Robinson returned to Tyneside in 1994 with Gateshead. After a year with *the Heed*, and a short spell with Bishop Auckland, he delved back into league football with Cambridge United.
In August 1996, two months after being released by Cambridge, Robinson joined Scottish club Berwick Rangers, where he brought his professional career to a close with four goals in as many games for the club.
His final club was Whitley Bay
| 191 |
David Robinson (footballer, born 1969)
| 0 |
11,052,831 |
# 2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season
The **2003--04 South Pacific cyclone season** was a below-average season with only three tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific to the east of 160°E. The season officially ran from November 1, 2003 to April 30, 2004 with the first disturbance of the season forming on December 4 and the last disturbance dissipating on April 23. This is the period of the year when most tropical cyclones form within the South Pacific Ocean.
During the season at least 16 people were killed from tropical disturbances whilst overall damage was estimated at \$`{{Formatprice|217917626}}`{=mediawiki} (2004 USD; \$`{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|217917626|2004|r=2}}}}`{=mediawiki} {{#time:Y}} USD). The most damaging tropical disturbance was Cyclone Heta which caused at least \$`{{Formatprice|211004414}}`{=mediawiki} (2004 USD; \$`{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|211004414|2004|r=2}}}}`{=mediawiki} {{#time:Y}} USD) in damage to six different countries and left three dead. The deadliest tropical disturbance of the season was Tropical Depression 10F, which was responsible for eleven deaths and caused \$`{{Formatprice|2740080}}`{=mediawiki} (2004 USD) in damage. Cyclone Ivy also caused 2 deaths and caused \$`{{Formatprice|4173132}}`{=mediawiki} (2004 USD; \$`{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|4173132|2004|r=2}}}}`{=mediawiki} {{#time:Y}} USD) worth of damage to Vanuatu. As a result of the impacts caused by Heta and Ivy, the names were retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists.
Within the South Pacific, tropical cyclones are monitored by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) in Nadi, Fiji, and the Tropical Cyclone Warning Center (TCWC) in Wellington, New Zealand. RSMC Nadi attaches a number and an F suffix to tropical disturbances that form in or move into the South Pacific. The United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issues unofficial warnings within the South Pacific, designating tropical cyclones with a number and a P suffix. RSMC Nadi and TCWC Wellington both use the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale, and measure windspeeds over a period of ten minutes, while the JTWC measures sustained winds over a period of one minute and uses the Saffir--Simpson Hurricane Scale.
## Seasonal summary {#seasonal_summary}
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DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/12/2003 till:01/05/2004 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/12/2003
Colors =
` id:canvas value:gray(0.88)`\
` id:GP value:red`\
` id:TDi value:rgb(0,0.52,0.84) legend:Tropical_Disturbance`\
` id:TD value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92) legend:Tropical_Depression`\
` id:C1 value:rgb(0.3,1,1) legend:Category_1_=_63-87_km/h_(39-54_mph)`\
` id:C2 value:rgb(0.75,1,0.75) legend:Category_2_=_88-142_km/h_(55-74_mph)`\
` id:C3 value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55) legend:Category_3_=_143-158-km/h_(75-98_mph)`\
` id:C4 value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54) legend:Category_4_=_159–204_km/h_(99–127_mph)`\
` id:C5 value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.9) legend:Category_5_=_≥205_km/h_(≥128_mph)`
Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas
BarData =
` barset:Hurricane`\
` bar:Month`
PlotData=
` barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till`\
` from:04/12/2003 till:06/12/2003 color:TD text:"01F (TD)"`\
` from:16/12/2003 till:20/12/2003 color:TDi text:"02F (TDi)"`\
` from:25/12/2003 till:07/01/2004 color:C5 text:"``Heta (C5)``"`\
` from:28/12/2003 till:30/12/2003 color:TD text:"04F (TDi)"`\
` barset:break`\
` from:21/02/2004 till:02/03/2004 color:C4 text:"``Ivy (C4)``"`\
` from:20/03/2004 till:22/03/2004 color:TD text:"06F (TD)"`\
` from:23/03/2004 till:26/03/2004 color:C2 text:"Grace (C2)"`\
` from:28/03/2004 till:01/04/2004 color:TD text:"08F (TD)"`\
` from:01/04/2004 till:03/04/2004 color:TD text:"09F (TD)"`\
` from:04/04/2004 till:09/04/2004 color:TD text:"``10F (TD)``"`\
` barset:break`\
` from:07/04/2004 till:07/04/2004 color:TD text:"11F (TD)"`\
` from:07/04/2004 till:13/04/2004 color:TD text:"12F (TD)"`\
` from:12/04/2004 till:13/04/2004 color:TD text:"13F (TD)"`\
` from:18/04/2004 till:19/04/2004 color:TDi text:"14F (TDi)"`\
` from:21/04/2004 till:24/04/2004 color:TDi text:"15F (TDi)"`
` bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas`\
` from:01/12/2003 till:01/01/2004 text:December`\
` from:01/01/2004 till:01/02/2004 text:January`\
` from:01/02/2004 till:28/02/2004 text:February`\
` from:01/03/2004 till:01/04/2004 text:March`\
` from:01/04/2004 till:01/05/2004 text:April`
TextData =
` pos:(569,23)`\
` text:"(For further details, please see"`\
` pos:(713,23)`\
` text:"``scales``)"`
| 538 |
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| 0 |
11,052,831 |
# 2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season
## Systems
### Severe Tropical Cyclone Heta {#severe_tropical_cyclone_heta}
Cyclone Heta developed in the South Pacific Ocean and reached cyclone-force winds on January 1, 2004. It struck the island of Niue with a much more direct blow on January 6. Heta\'s eyewall hit Niue almost exactly at the height of the storm\'s power. It caused extensive property damage throughout the island, and two people were killed. Efforts to rebuild from the storm in Niue lasted almost the entire year of 2004.
Heta caused American Samoa to declare a state of emergency (officially a \"Declaration of Emergency\" in American Samoan law) on January 7, and even though officially the storm never made landfall there, it necessitated the emergency evacuation of 140 people and was responsible for property damage.
The nation of Tonga was also affected by Heta, as the winds swept away trees that were needed for the country\'s food supply. However, Tonga did not receive a direct hit or suffer such extensive loss as Niue.
### Severe Tropical Cyclone Ivy {#severe_tropical_cyclone_ivy}
Numbered 05F. Existed between February 21 and February 28. Caused heavy damage in Vanuatu.
### Tropical Depression 06F {#tropical_depression_06f}
Formed on March 20, dumped heavy rainfall in Vanuatu. 06F was last noted on March 22.
### Tropical Cyclone Grace {#tropical_cyclone_grace}
Entered the region from the west on March 23, became extratropical the next day. Designated as 07F by Nadi.
### Tropical Depression 08F {#tropical_depression_08f}
Existed between March 28 and April 1.
### Tropical Depression 09F {#tropical_depression_09f}
Existed between April 1 and April 3.
### Tropical Depression 10F {#tropical_depression_10f}
Existed between April 6 and April 9. The storm was given the number 22P by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. It was responsible for causing severe flooding to Fiji and 11 deaths. Damage from the flooding was estimated at US\$2.6 million.
### Tropical Depression 12F {#tropical_depression_12f}
Formed on April 7, later caused severe flooding in Fiji. 12F was last noted on April 13.
### Tropical Depression 13F {#tropical_depression_13f}
During April 11 a weak tropical low moved into the South Pacific basin from the Australian region, and was designated as Tropical Disturbance 13F by RSMC Nadi later that day. 13F was last noted on April 13 as a Tropical Depression.
| 373 |
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| 1 |
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# 2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season
## Systems
### Other systems {#other_systems}
The first numbered tropical disturbance of the season developed within a large area of atmospheric convection on December 4, to the northwest of the Fijian dependency of Rotuma. During that day the depression slowly moved west, before it was classified as a weak tropical depression during the next day. The system subsequently weakened and lost its organisation because of moderate to strong vertical windshear and was last noted during December 6.
Tropical Disturbance 02F was first noted by the FMS during December 16, within an environment conducive for further development, about 340 km to the west of Honiara in the Solomon Islands. Over the next few days, the system remained poorly organised and slow-moving within an area of moderate vertical windshear, before it was last noted by the FMS during December 20, as it entered the Australian region. Tropical Disturbance 04F was subsequently first noted within a broad area of low pressure by the FMS, while it was located on the border with the South Pacific basin, about 100 km to the south of Honiara in the Solomon Islands.`{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary December 29, 2003 06z|url=http://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2003/12/29/text/Severe/Severe.29|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|accessdate=February 11, 2020|date=December 29, 2003}}`{=mediawiki}
The system was located in a moderate area of vertical windshear and was poorly organised with atmospheric convection confined to the system\'s eastern semicircle. The system subsequently moved south-eastwards and remained poorly organised, before it was last noted by the FMS later that day while it was located to the south of San Cristobal Island.
During April 6, the FMS reported that Tropical Depression 11F had developed within a monsoon trough, about 140 km to the north-east of Suva in Fiji. Over the next day, the system moved south-eastwards towards Tonga, before it was last noted by the FMS later that day, while it was located about 300 km to the southwest of Tongatapu in Tonga.
On April 18, RSMC Nadi reported that Tropical Disturbance 14F had developed within the monsoon trough, about 515 km to the northeast of Nukuʻalofa in Tonga. During that day, the disturbance moved through the Tongan archipelago, before it was last noted later that day.
During April 22, the FMS reported that Tropical Disturbance 15F had developed around 500 km to the northeast of Honiara in the Solomon Islands. Over the next couple of days, the system remained poorly organised and near stationary to the northeast of the Solomon Islands, before it was last noted during April 24.
| 417 |
2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season
| 2 |
11,052,831 |
# 2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season
## Season effects {#season_effects}
This table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific to the east of longitude 160°E during the 2003--04 season.
\|- \| 01F \|\| `{{Sort|031204|December 4 – 6}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Tropical Depression \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|1005 hPa \|\| None \|\| None \|\| None \|\| \|- \| 02F \|\| `{{Sort|031216|December 16 – 20}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|Tropical Disturbance \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|1000 hPa \|\| Solomon Islands \|\| None \|\| None \|\| \|- \| Heta \|\| `{{Sort|041225|December 25 –<br>January 8}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A5}}`{=mediawiki}\|Category 5 severe tropical cyclone \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A5}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|215|215 km/h (130 mph)}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A5}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|915|915 hPa (27.02 inHg)}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| Samoan Islands, Niue, Tonga, Wallis and Futuna \|\| `{{ntsp|225000000||$}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| `{{nts|3}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| \|- \| 04F \|\| `{{Sort|20041229|December 29}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|Tropical Disturbance \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|1004 hPa \|\| Solomon Islands \|\| None \|\| None \|\| \|- \| Ivy \|\| `{{Sort|040221|February 21 – 28}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A4}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|5|Category 4 severe tropical cyclone}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A4}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|165|165 km/h (105 mph)}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A4}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|0935|935 hPa (27.61 inHg)}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand \|\|\$3.8 million \|\|4\|\| \|- \| 06F \|\| March 20 -- 22 \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Tropical Depression \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| None \|\| None \|\| None \|\| \|- \| Grace \|\| `{{Sort|040321|March 21 – 23}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A2}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|3|Category 2 tropical cyclone}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A2}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|095|95 km/h (60 mph)}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|A2}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|0985|985 hPa (29.11 inHg)}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| None \|\| None \|\| None \|\| \|- \| 08F \|\| March 28 -- April 1 \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Tropical Depression \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| None \|\| None \|\| None \|\| \|- \| 09F \|\| April 1 -- 3 \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Tropical Depression \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| None \|\| None \|\| None \|\| \|- \| 10F \|\| `{{Sort|041005|April 5 – 9}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Tropical Depression \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|55 km/h (35 mph) \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|995 hPa (29.38 inHg) \|\| Fiji \|\| \$4.17 million\|\|11\|\| \|- \| 11F \|\| April 6 -- 7 \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Tropical Depression \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| None \|\| None \|\| None \|\| \|- \| 12F \|\| April 7 -- 13 \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Tropical Depression \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| Fiji \|\| None \|\| None \|\| \|- \| 13F \|\| April 11 -- 13 \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Tropical Depression \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|TD}}`{=mediawiki}\|Not Specified \|\| None \|\| None \|\| None \|\| \|- \| 14F \|\| `{{Sort|040418|April 18 – 19}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|0|Tropical Disturbance}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|999|Not Specified}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|1006 hPa \|\| Tonga \|\| `{{sort|0|None}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| `{{sort|0|None}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| \|- \| 15F \|\| `{{sort|20040422|April 22 – 24}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|0|Tropical Disturbance}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|`{{Sort|999|Not Specified}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| bgcolor=#`{{storm colour|DI}}`{=mediawiki}\|1006 hPa \|\| None \|\| `{{sort|0|None}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| `{{sort|0|None}}`{=mediawiki} \|\| \|- `{{TC Areas affected (Bottom)|TC's=15 systems|dates=December 4 – April 24|winds=215 km/h (130 mph)|pres=915 hPa (27
| 460 |
2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season
| 3 |
11,052,835 |
# Jarosewichite
**Jarosewichite** is a rare manganese arsenate mineral with formula: Mn^2+^~3~Mn^3+^(AsO~4~)(OH)~6~. It was first described in Franklin, New Jersey which is its only reported occurrence. Its chemical composition and structure are similar to chlorophoenicite. This mineral is orthorhombic with 2/m2/m2/m point group. Its crystals are prismatic or barrel-shaped. The color of jarosewichite is dark red to black. It has subvitreous luster of fracture surfaces and reddish-orange streak. This mineral occurs with flinkite, franklinite, andradite and cahnite.
## Composition
The chemical composition of jarosewichite was obtained in 1982. These data were obtained by electron microprobe analysis with a voltage of 15 kV and a current of 0.025μA. Manganite(Mn), synthetic olivenite(As), synthetic ZnO(Zn), and hornblende(Ca, Mg, Fe) are used as standards for the analysis. Water percentage of the sample cannot be measured directly because of lacking large size of sample. The composition of jarosewichite is as follows:
- As~2~O~5~ 24.0
- Mn~2~O~3~ 17.7
- FeO 0.4
- MnO 42.3
- ZnO 1.2
- MgO 2.1
- CaO 0.2
- H~2~O 12.1
- Total 100.0
The final calculation formula of unit cell contents is : \[Mn^3+^~1.00~(Mn^2+^~2.74~Mg~0.24~Fe~0.03~Ca~0.02~Zn~0.07~)~Σ3.10~(AsO~4~)~0.95~(OH)~6.35~\], with Z=8 This result is very similar to the theoretical formula, which is Mn^2+^~3~Mn^3+^(AsO~4~)(OH)~6~. The theoretical weight percent of oxides are: Mn~2~O~3~=17.14, MnO=46.20, As~2~O~5~=24.95 and H~2~O=11.71, and the sum is 100.
## Structure
Jarosewichite is orthorhombic crystal, and the space group is C2/m2/m2/m. The three axes are a=6.56(3), b=25.20(10) and c=10.00(5). These results are from the d-values measurement of a jarosewichite powder, all reflection with odd h or k are very weak, so they are not used to determine the powder pattern.
## Physical properties {#physical_properties}
The color of jarosewichite in nature is very dark red, sometimes black. It has subvitreous luster of fracture surfaces and reddish orange streak. The Mohs scale of hardness is almost 4. The density is 3.66(4) g/cm^3^, which is determined by heavy liquid techniques. This value is very similar to the calculated result of 3.70 g/cm^3^.
In optical aspect, jarosewichite is biaxial and its refractive indices are α=1.780(5),β=1.795(5) and γ=1.805(5). The calculated value of 2V is 78°. The determination of refractive index and 2V has high standard errors, because the refractive index can be influenced by liquids and the crystal size is very small.
## Geologic occurrence {#geologic_occurrence}
Jarosewichite was first found by David K. Cook in Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey. It always occurs with flinkite, franklinite, andradite and cahnite. The mine specimen has a stratified crust of vugs from metamorphosed zinc orebody. There are some small crystals of hausmannite, allactite and cahnite on the vugs, which formed with jarosewichite.
## Biographic sketch {#biographic_sketch}
Jarosewichite was named in honor of Eugene Jarosewich (1926--2007), a chemist in the Department of Mineral Sciences of Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., US. Gene was known in the instrumental analysis of rocks and minerals, especially in wet chemical analyses of meteorites. In the 1970s, Gene and his co-workers also established a set of analytical standards of electron microprobe. The asteroid 4320 Jarosewich (1981 EJ17) was also named after Eugene Jarosewich.
## Literature survey {#literature_survey}
This mineral was first mentioned by Cook\'s \"Recent work on the minerals of Franklin and Sterling Hill, New Jersey\"(1973). But Cook did not recognize that it was a new mineral, he described it as carminite. The first article described it as jarosewichite is Dunn\'s \"Jarosewichite and a related phase: basic manganese arsenates of the chlorophoenicite group from Franklin, New Jersey\"(1982). This article is also the most highly cited paper in Web of Science with five citations and it provided the accurate composition of jarosewichite. The structure of jarosewichite is very similar to chlorophoenicite, so Moore\'s \"The crystal structure of chlorophoenicite \"(1968) is also helpful to this research. Anthony and other 3 writer\'s \"Handbook of Mineralogy\"(2001) provided comprehensive basic information of jarosewichite, but their research is not deep
| 635 |
Jarosewichite
| 0 |
11,052,851 |
# 1978 Amstel Gold Race
300px\|thumb\|upright=2.0\|Amstel Gold Race cycling winner Jan Raas with flowers, Component No 929-6433 The **1978 Amstel Gold Race** was the 13th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday March 25, 1978, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 230 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 138 competitors, and 32 cyclists finished the race.
## Result
Rank Rider Time
------ ------- ---------
1 6:05:03
2 \+ 1.16
3 \+ 0
4 \+ 0
5 \+ 0
6 \+ 4.02
7 \+ 0
8 \+ 4.36
9 \+ 5
| 109 |
1978 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,052,865 |
# Roberta Miranda
**Roberta Miranda**, artistic name of **Maria Albuquerque Miranda**, from João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil is a Brazilian singer. She is the fourth best-selling female artist in Brazil behind Rita Lee (55 million), Xuxa (33 million) and Maria Bethânia (24.3 million), with 15 million discs sold so far. She got her start in the music industry singing in the clubs of São Paulo, Brazil. Among her greatest successes are A Majestade O Sabiá (The Majesty the Sabiá Bird), Vá Com Deus (Go with God), and Sol da Minha Vida (Sun of My Life) the disc that sold 750,000 copies in the early 1990s.
She has successfully collaborated with other MPB (Musica Popular Brasileira) acts, such as Roberto Carlos, Chitãozinho e Xororó, Fagner, and others. In 2015, she won the 26th Brazilian Music Award in the Best Popular Song Singer category.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In an interview with Tatá Werneck in the late-night talk show Lady Night, from 2018, Roberta declared herself as trisexual
| 165 |
Roberta Miranda
| 0 |
11,052,882 |
# Cap carbonate
**Cap carbonates** are layers of distinctively textured carbonate rocks (either limestone or dolomite) that occur at the uppermost layer of sedimentary sequences reflecting major glaciations in the geological record.
## Characteristics and occurrence {#characteristics_and_occurrence}
Cap carbonates are found on most continents. They are typically 3--30 meters thick, laminated structures. They are depleted in ^13^C compared to other carbonates. The progression of late Neoproterozoic glaciations portrayed by substantial δ^13^C deviations in cap carbonates suggest out of control ice albedo.
Experiments have been performed to see if the massive abiotic carbonate is possible in extreme environments.
## Formation theories {#formation_theories}
There are several different hypotheses for cap carbonate formation.
### Physical stratification {#physical_stratification}
Physical stratification results in a strong carbon isotopic gradient in the ocean. Massive carbonates will precipitate when the postglacial upwelling carries the alkalinity and isotopically light carbon to the continents. In this model, cap carbonates is the by-product of continental flooding.
### Snowball Earth {#snowball_earth}
The short-lived change in carbon isotopic composition is the foundation for this theory. In the snowball Earth episode, the surface ocean of Earth is covered by the sea ice that separates the ocean and the atmospheric CO~2~ reservoirs. The atmospheric CO~2~ then built up to \~100,000 ppm and triggered the rapid deglaciation and melting of the sea ice, which reconnects the ocean and the atmosphere and provides excess alkalinity to the ocean. The transport of carbon dioxide from that atmosphere to the ocean will lead to carbonate precipitation. This is caused by mixing upwelling, isotopically-depleted, alkaline bottom water and calcium-rich surface water.
### Methane clathrate formation {#methane_clathrate_formation}
A third theory for cap carbonate formation is that methane hydrate destabilization results in the formation of cap carbonate and strongly negative carbon anomalies The unusual fabrics within the cap carbonate is similar to carbonate fabrics as from cold methane seeps
| 307 |
Cap carbonate
| 0 |
11,052,885 |
# 1979 Amstel Gold Race
The **1979 Amstel Gold Race** was the 14th edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Saturday April 14, 1979, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 237 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 137 competitors, and 32 cyclists finished the race.
## Result
Rank Rider Time
------ ------- ---------
1 5:59:56
2 \+ 0.39
3 \+ 0
4 \+ 1.06
5 \+ 0
6 \+ 0
7 \+ 1.13
8 \+ 1
| 94 |
1979 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,052,896 |
# 2005 Aruban general election
General elections were held in Aruba on 23 September 2005. They were won by the People\'s Electoral Movement, which took 11 of the 21 seats in the Estates
| 33 |
2005 Aruban general election
| 0 |
11,052,902 |
# Sgùrr nan Each
**Sgùrr nan Each** is a Scottish mountain situated in the group of hills known as the Fannichs. It is 27 km south of Ullapool in the Ross and Cromarty district of the Highland council area.
## Overview
Sgùrr nan Each is not an easy mountain to view from any main road, being set in the interior of the Fannichs with lines of sight often blocked by the other nine Munros in the group. It overlooks Loch Fannich and reaches a height of 923 m making it the 266th highest Munro. Its name originates from the Gaelic language and translates as "Peak of the Horses".
## Geography
Sgùrr nan Each stands on a spur that goes south off the main Fannichs ridge. This ridge, which is scalloped and steep on its eastern side, also contains the adjoining and higher Munro of Sgùrr nan Clach Geala, which stands 2 km to the north. The two mountains are joined by a ridge that is sharp in places and provides some minor scrambling and has a low point of 815 m. Sgùrr nan Each falls away abruptly on its eastern flanks with crags in places to the valley of the Allt a' Choire Mhòir. To the west, the slopes are grassy and moderate down to the 700 m contour before falling abruptly to the head of Loch Fannich. To the south, the ridge continues over the subsidiary top of Sgùrr a\' Chadha Dheirg (866 m) before dropping down to the shores of Loch Fannich.
All drainage from the mountain goes south to Loch Fannich to find its way to the Cromarty Firth via the rivers Grudie and Conon. The mountain is made up of the metamorphic rock schist with infusions of mica and quartz. The mountain lies within the Fannich Hills Site of Special Scientific Interest and Special Area of Conservation because of its profusion of bogs, marshes, and water-fringed vegetation, although the area is primarily managed as a deer forest, and herds can be regularly seen in the corries and on the lower slopes of the mountain.
| 348 |
Sgùrr nan Each
| 0 |
11,052,902 |
# Sgùrr nan Each
## Ascents
Sgùrr nan Each is a minor peak among the Fannichs, therefore it is invariably climbed in junction with other hills of the group. The most popular ascent is from the north, starting at a lay by on the A832 road at grid reference `{{gbm4ibx|NH162760}}`{=mediawiki}. This route climbs the Munros of Meall a\' Chrasgaidh and Sgùrr nan Clach Geala first before continuing south along the ridge to the top of Sgùrr nan Each. It is also possible to climb the highest peak of the Fannichs, Sgùrr Mòr, on this walk by an out and back trip from the col between the first two Munros.
An approach from the south is possible but a mountain bike is required for the 15 km ride to the foot of the south ridge. The ride uses the hydro road from the locked gates at Grudie on the A835 at grid reference `{{gbm4ibx|NH310624}}`{=mediawiki}. The road is tarmac as far as the Fannich dam then becomes a track which passes Fannich Lodge to reach the south ridge from where the mountain can be climbed. A number of years ago it was possible to obtain a key for the locked gate at Grudie and drive a car as far as the dam. Several mountain guide writers recommend this southern approach for a long day in the hills which takes in seven of the Fannich Munros. There was formerly a bothy known as the "Nest of Fannich" situated on Sgùrr nan Each's lower south west slopes by the loch which a great help when climbing mountains in this area, the bothy burned down several years ago. The highlight of the view from the top of Sgùrr nan Each is the western panorama which takes in the Fisherfield Forest, Slioch and the Torridon Hills
| 300 |
Sgùrr nan Each
| 1 |
11,052,939 |
# SPRESI database
The **SPRESI** data collection is one of the largest databases for organic chemistry worldwide. The database covers the scientific literature from 1974 to 2014, focusing on organic synthesis. It contains information on 5.8 million chemical structures and 4.6 million chemical reactions abstracted from 700,000 references.
## History
Since 1974 the data collection has been jointly built by VINITI(All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of the Russian Academy of Sciences, based in Moscow) and ZIC (Zentrale Informationsverarbeitung Chemie, based in east Berlin, up to 1989) and the data are now maintained by the VINITI Institute. Since 1990 [InfoChem GmbH, part of DeepMatter Group](http://www.deepmatter.io), based in Munich, Germany, has been the distributor of this data collection and developed the database SPRESIweb and the app SPRESImobile.
## Database Content {#database_content}
The SPRESI database contains information on organic substances, including coverage of reactions, structures and properties. Over 32 million records of factual data, such as physical properties (boiling/melting points, refractive indexes, etc.), reaction conditions (catalysts, yields, etc.) and keywords have also been abstracted. Links to the literature in which the substances are described are also given.
## Access
The SPRESI data collection can be accessed online via the web-application [SPRESI^web^](http://www.spresi.com), developed and distributed by InfoChem. Alternatively the complete set or subsets of the database can be acquired as raw data in SDF/RDF chemical file format
| 225 |
SPRESI database
| 0 |
11,052,957 |
# Hansa-class ferry
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 2, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Infobox ship image
^
``
| 19 |
Hansa-class ferry
| 0 |
11,052,964 |
# Thorleif Holbye
**Thorleif Holbye** (29 April 1883 -- 19 October 1959) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Irene*, which won the gold medal in the 8 metre class (1907 rating)
| 45 |
Thorleif Holbye
| 0 |
11,052,988 |
# Tellef Wagle
**Tellef \"Tell\" Wagle** (16 July 1883 -- 2 December 1957) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Irene*, which won the gold medal in the 8 metre class (1907 rating)
| 46 |
Tellef Wagle
| 0 |
11,053,000 |
# Julia Goodman
**Julia Goodman** (`{{nee|'''Salaman'''}}`{=mediawiki}; 12 November 1812 -- 31 December 1906) was a British portrait painter.
## Biography
The daughter of Simeon Kensington Salaman (b. 1789) and Alice Cowan, she was one of fourteen siblings and first studied painting under Robert Faulkner, himself a pupil of Sir Joshua Reynolds. In 1836 she married London linen draper, Louis Goodman (1811--1876). Her sister, Kate was an accomplished miniature painter.
Julia Goodman was a student at Sass\'s Academy in Bloomsbury and began her career by copying old masters and her works were much in demand. In 1835 she began exhibiting her original portraits at the Royal Academy and The Society of British Artists.
Julia Goodman had seven children Edward (1836), Walter (1838), Constance (1841), Arthur (1842), Robert (1845), Alice (1848), and Miriam (1850). Miriam was a well-known pianist of her day and graduated from the Royal Academy of Music. Edward, a playwright and author of many novels and travel books, was on the editorial staff of The Daily Telegraph for almost forty years and was the chairman of the Savage Club committee. Walter was the acclaimed painter, illustrator and author.
Julia Goodman died on New Year\'s Eve 1906 and is buried at Golders Green Jewish Cemetery in London.
## Work
One of Goodman\'s earliest original works was a portrait of Mr. Gilbert Abbott à Beckett. Other sitters included the Earl of Westmorland (who founded the Royal Academy of Music), Sir George A. MacFarren, Sir John Erichsen, Lady Martins, David Woolf Marks, Vere Lady Isham, the Hon. Mrs. Le Poer Tench, Countess Waldegrave, Sir Henry Taylor, Joaquin Cuadras (shown at the Exhibition of the Society of Female Artists in London in 1864), Colonel Thorpe of Guernsey, Colonel Thurburn, Charles Bertram, Miss Fanny Corbaux, Miss Beattie Kingston, Miss Kate Rorke, Dr. Van Oven, Dr. Francis Goldsmid, Henry Lemon, Rev. Dr. Lowy, Rev. Professor Marks, various members of the Mocatta family, Sir John Simon, and Charles Kensington Salaman. Other notable works that are documented are Abraham Soloman Esq. (Liverpool Society of Fine Arts, 1859), Sir F. L. Goldsmid, Bart. (Liverpool Society of Fine Arts, 1861), The Belle of the Ball (Liverpool Society of Fine Arts, 1862), T. Solamon Esq. (Liverpool Institute of Fine Arts, 1863), and Flora (Liverpool Institute of Fine Arts, 1865).
The paintings Goodman exhibited at The Royal Academy are G. A. Beckett Esq. (1838), Miss Rosa Goodman (1841), Miss Minna Goodman (1842), Miss Fanny Corbaux (1844), B. Van Oven Esq. M.P.(1857), The Earl of Westmorland (1858), and Alice (1863). The portraits of George MacFarren and The Earl of Westmorland are in the collection of the Royal Academy of Music.
Julia Goodman exhibited two paintings at The British Institution - A Young Cottager, in 1837, and Don Juan, in 1848.
She is also known to have painted many other portraits of her family. Her final portrait was that of the Rev. Isidore Harris, which she painted at the age of 90. Julia Goodman herself estimated that she had painted more than one thousand portraits
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# Kristoffer Olsen
**Kristoffer Olsen** (8 August 1883 -- 4 August 1948) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Irene*, which won the gold medal in the 8 metre class (1907 rating)
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# Christmas Island, Nova Scotia
**Christmas Island**, Nova Scotia (*Eilean na Nollaig*) is a Canadian community of the Cape Breton Regional Municipality on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. It has a post office, a firehall and a very small population. It has a beach with access to the Bras d\'Or Lake. A small island just off shore, also named Christmas Island, encloses Christmas Island Pond, a pond that runs into the lake.
## History
The original inhabitants of the land, the Miꞌkmaq people, called the area *Abadakwichéch*, which means \"the small reserved portion.\" Christmas Island received its present name from a Mi\'kmaw leader, said to have been a chief named \"Noel\", which translates from the French as \"Christmas\", who died and was buried on the island opposite the beach.
The first European settlers in the area arrived in 1802--1804. Angus McNeil, a native of Barra, in Scotland's Outer Hebrides was one of the first. He was soon followed by other MacNeils from Scotland, attracted by reports of the good agricultural farmland that was available, as well as the nearby fish stocks in the Bras d'Or Lake. By June, 1812, Donald, James, Alexander, Roderick, and John MacNeil were living at Goose Pond, and Hector and John MacDougall, and Donald McNeil were at Christmas Island. Other early settlers were John McKenzie, Hugh Gillis, and Archibald McDougall. John McDonald came from South Uist in 1822 and settled at Rear Christmas Island.
A log Roman Catholic Chapel was under construction by 1814, and completed in 1815. A new church was built in 1823--1824. The new St. Barra Roman Catholic church was consecrated on 22 July 1883, and a League of the Cross Hall was completed in October 1908. In 2015 the Bishop of Antigonish ordered the church closed because of a declining congregation. However, a few parishioners continue to hold services in the church. The Diocese considers them to be trespassers. The parishioners maintain that a nineteenth-century deed names the church\'s trustees as its rightful owner.
A schoolhouse was in place in Christmas Island by 1875, and in 1918--1919 a new school building was completed.
The Post Office was moved from a neighbouring community to Christmas Island for January 1856.
## Postmark
The post office of Christmas Island gets thousands of postcards and packages a day---up to a thousand on the busiest days---during the peak holiday timeframe. These come from around the world during Christmastime so they can be sent on to their destinations with the unique Christmas Island postmark. Greeting cards and packages come from as far as Hong Kong, Seoul, Paris, Mexico City, Sydney, Tahiti and various points across Canada and the United States from collectors and holiday enthusiasts to be franked with the official postmark of Christmas Island. Each year the post office mails out from 12,000 to 14,000 Christmas cards hand-stamped with the special postmark.
The postmark dates back to 1994 when MacKinnon\'s predecessor, Margaret Rose MacNeil, asked Canada Post to create a postmark named after Christmas Island. Canada Post agreed to the request, creating a postmark with a simple motif with three conifers. It was one of the first pictorial postmarks that Canada Post created.
> \"Last Christmas and the Christmas before, we had 17,000 Christmas cards,\" Postmaster Margaret Rose McNeil told (CBC\'s) King, who noted the rural outlet typically served \"a few hundred people.\"
The current postmark is more ornate, including a wreath laden with decorations and a bow.
To have Christmas Cards or packages stamped with the Christmas Island postmark, address and place the correct postage on the actual greeting card envelope, insert the card or cards into a large envelope and send it to Christmas Island Post Office, 8499 Grand Narrows Highway, Christmas Island, N.S., B1T 1A0.
## Gaelic
The Christmas Island fire hall holds the *Fèis An Eilein* every summer, a Gaelic festival featuring Gaelic music, dancing and culture. It is held in August and includes such things as a milling frolic, square dance, bonfire, bag-piping, step dance, fiddle and piano lessons. As well there is instruction in Gaelic language, folklore and music.
Gaelic is still spoken by a few elderly residents, as many Highland Scots emigrated to Christmas Island during the Highland Clearances
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# Alf Jacobsen
**Alf Kristian Bruun Jacobsen** (14 June 1885 -- 29 May 1948) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Irene*, which won the gold medal in the 8 metre class (1907 rating)
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# Arthur Wheen
**Arthur Wesley Wheen**, `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100%||MM2}}`{=mediawiki} (9 February 1897 -- 15 March 1971) was an Australian soldier, translator and museum librarian. He is best known for translating the works of Erich Maria Remarque into English, beginning with the classic war novel *All Quiet on the Western Front* in 1929.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
He was the son of Clara and Harold Wheen, who was a Wesleyan Minister. His father was transferred to Sydney in 1910, where young Arthur attended Gordon Public School and Sydney Boys High School. In 1915, he won admission to Sydney Teachers College and later attended the University of Sydney, where he studied the fine arts.
## First World War {#first_world_war}
Wheen was eighteen years and eight months old when he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 15 October 1915. Two months later, he embarked as a reinforcement for the 1st Australian Battalion and arrived in Egypt when the Australian Army in Egypt was being expanded from two to four divisions. He was transferred to the newly formed 54th Battalion of the 5th Australian Division where he served as a signaller. The battalion trained at a military base near Tel-el-Kebir before moving with the rest of the division to France in June 1916.
He was awarded the Military Medal (MM) for braving enemy artillery barrages to repair telephone lines and maintain communications at Fromelles in July 1916. Later, two bars would be added to his medal, one at Beaulencourt in 1917 and the second at Villers-Bretonneux in 1918. He was one of only fifteen Australians to receive three Military Medals. He was appointed lance corporal in January 1918 and promoted corporal a week later. Later in 1918 he attended an officers\' training course in Oxford and was commissioned lieutenant in August. He was twice wounded (in 1917 and 1918). Wheen was invalided to England in September 1918 and returned to Australia reaching Sydney on 5 January 1919.
## Later years {#later_years}
He promptly returned to Sydney University to complete his studies. In 1920, he was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship and left Australia to study Modern History at New College, Oxford, graduating in 1923. He was soon able to secure a position at the Victoria and Albert Museum, where he was appointed \"Keeper of the Library\" in 1945, remaining in that post until his retirement in 1962. In his later years, he dabbled in etching and pottery, as well as writing the occasional magazine article
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# Carl Ringvold
**Carl August Ringvold** (3 April 1876 -- 22 February 1960) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Irene*, which won the gold medal in the 8 Metre (1907 rating). Four years later he won his second gold medal in the 8 metre class together with his son Carl Ringvold Jr
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# Per Pedersen (cyclist)
**Per Pedersen** (born 5 April 1964) is a retired road bicycle racer from Denmark, who was a professional rider from 1986 to 1993. He competed in four Tours de France (1989, 1991, 1992 and 1993). He also competed in the individual road race event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
Today he runs a bicycle shop near Herning, Denmark. After his career he admitted he used cortisone during his career. Cortisone was allowed at the time but has later been classified as doping.
## Teams
- 1986: R.M.O. (France)
- 1987: R.M.O. (France)
- 1988: R.M.O. (France)
- 1989: R.M.O. (France)
- 1990: R.M.O
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# South Blooming Grove, New York
**South Blooming Grove** is a village inside the Town of Blooming Grove in Orange County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census the population was 3,973. It is part of the Kiryas Joel--Poughkeepsie--Newburgh, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York--Newark--Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area.
## History
The idea for incorporating a new village came in 2004 when a group called the South Blooming Grove Homeowner\'s Association was concerned about the rapid expansion of the sprawling Satmar Hasidim village of Kiryas Joel and hoped to prevent unchecked annexation of land for high-density residential housing by incorporating a section of the large, unincorporated area known as Blooming Grove. After gathering over 1,000 signatures in favor of the new village, a New York State Supreme Court Justice put things on hold in January 2005. Finally, on June 29, 2006, incorporation passed overwhelmingly, 856 votes to 89.
A similar incorporation vote was held on August 11, 2006 in the neighboring Town of Woodbury; it also passed by a wide margin.
On September 2, 2006, South Blooming Grove held its first board elections. The candidates for mayor (Robert Jeroloman) and four trustee seats (Garry Dugan, Jim Mulany, Dorine Sas and John Hickey) ran unopposed. All five have since been re-elected, again unopposed: Sas and Hickey in 2008 and 2012, and Dugan, Mulany and Jeroloman in 2010. In the 2014 elections, Mayor Jeroloman and Trustee Mulany were again re-elected, but Gary Dugan did not seek another term; James LoFranco was elected to Dugan\'s old seat.
In the September 2020 election, three challengers backed by South Blooming Grove\'s growing Hasidic community won control of the village\'s governing board. In the March 2021 election, Hasidic-backed candidates won the remaining two board seats; resulting in the five member village board being composed of four Hasidic members, plus the mayor (George Kalaj) who is not Hasidic but was elected with the backing of the Hasidic community.
## Demographics
## Education
Most of the village is in Washingtonville Central School District , while portions are in Monroe-Woodbury Central School District
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# Alt.music.hardcore
***Alt.music.hardcore*** is the tenth studio LP by hardcore punk band 7 Seconds. It is a compilation of the 1982 *Skins, Brains, and Guts* 7-inch EP, the 1983 *Committed for Life* 7-inch EP, and the 1985 *Blast From the Past* EP
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Skins, Brains, and Guts\" - 0:55
2. \"No Authority\" -- 0:51
3. \"Redneck Society\" -- 0:41
4. \"Baby Games\" -- 0:27
5. \"Racism Sucks\" -- 2:26
6. \"This Is My Life\" -- 1:08
7. \"Anti-Clan\" -- 1:06
8. \"I Hate Sports\" -- 0:41
9. \"We\'re Gonna Fight\" -- 2:31
10. \"5 Years of Lies\" -- 0:44
11. \"Drug Control\" -- 0:39
12. \"Bottomless Pit\" -- 1:32
13. \"Fight Your Own Fight\" -- 1:06
14. \"Committed for Life\" -- 1:25
15. \"This Is the Angry\" -- 1:06
16. \"Aggro\" -- 1:06
17. \"War in the Head\" -- 0:41
18
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# 83rd Illinois Infantry Regiment
The **83rd Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry** was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
## Service
The 83rd Illinois Infantry was organized at Monmouth, Illinois and mustered into Federal service on August 21, 1862. Commanding the regiment was Colonel Abner C. Harding.
The regiment was heavily engaged on February 3, 1863, at Fort Donelson when it repulsed an attack by 2,500 Confederate troops under Joseph Wheeler and Nathan Bedford Forrest. The loss to the regiment was 13 killed and 51 wounded. This engagement is known as the Battle of Dover (1863).
The regiment was mustered out on June 26, 1865, in Nashville, Tennessee and discharged in Chicago, Illinois, on July 5, 1865. Future lawman Virgil Earp served as a private in the regiment.
## Detailed Service {#detailed_service}
This regiment was organized at Monmouth and was mustered into the U. S. service Aug. 21, 1862. Cos. A, B, C, F and H were recruited in Warren County, D in Mercer, E, G, I and K, in Knox. The regiment moved from camp Aug. 25, via Burlington and St. Louis to Cairo arriving there the 29th and reporting to Brig.-Gen. Tuttle commanding the post. On Sept. 3 it moved to Fort Henry and thence to Fort Donelson, where it remained until Sept., 1863. It had heavy guard duty to perform, and as the whole country, especially along the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers was infested with guerrillas, it had daily skirmishes with the enemy, some of them being quite severe, as at Waverly, Tenn., and Garrettsburg, Ky. On Feb. 3, nine companies of the 83rd with Co. C, 2nd Ill. Light Artillery, successfully resisted the attack of Forrest and Wheeler with 2,500 men on Fort Donelson, the loss of the regiment being 13 killed and 51 wounded. On the morning of Aug. 20, Capt. William M. Turnbull of Co. B, with 11 of his company, left Fort Donelson in pursuit of 5 guerrillas who were making their way to the Tennessee River with a number of horses, but failing to overtake them he was overpowered by a party of guerrillas secreted in the timber, while returning to the fort. Turnbull and 8 of his men were killed and but 3 of the party escaped to tell the sad fate of their companions. During the year 1864 the regiment had some 200 miles of communications to guard, as well as much heavy patrol duty, and during the winter of 1864-65 it was on provost duty at Nashville, Tenn. On June 26, 1865, the regiment was mustered out at Nashville and sent to Chicago, where it received final pay and discharge on July 4.
## Total strength and casualties {#total_strength_and_casualties}
The regiment suffered 4 officers and 34 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officers and 82 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 121 fatalities.
## Commanders
- Colonel Abner C. Harding - Promoted to brigadier general February 1863
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# The Old Demon
**The Old Demon** is a short story by Pearl S. Buck set during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
## Publication details {#publication_details}
The story has been published by Creative Co. in 1981 with `{{ISBN|0-87191-828-5}}`{=mediawiki}, illustrated by Sandra Higashii . The story is about Mrs.Wang, who was the eldest woman in her village, and how she sacrificed herself in order to save her family and village from the Japanese who were near her village. She describes the river as the old demon because she felt that whenever the river was unchecked,
Category:1939 short stories Category:Works about the Second Sino-Japanese War Category:Works by Pearl S
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# Jesus Loves You (band)
**Jesus Loves You** were a British band, founded by singer Boy George. The band\'s music is a mixture of electronic dance music, Indian classical music and western pop music. Their lyrics are about love, spirituality and the equality of all human beings.
## History
After the band Culture Club broke up, Boy George started a solo career. He succeeded with the singles taken from his debut album *Sold* in 1987. For the next two albums, *Tense Nervous Headache* (1988) and *Boyfriend* (1989), he wanted to break out in a new direction, by dabbling in electronic dance music. The singles taken from the two albums did not attain much commercial success, but they were often played at clubs.
Boy George founded the band Jesus Loves You, as a collective project with other musicians, under his own label More Protein, which aimed to be an underground label and not meant to release music for the charts. George adopted the pseudonym \"Angela Dust\". \"After the Love\", the first song by Jesus Loves You that was released as a single, is about the separation from his ex-bandmate Jon Moss, drummer of Culture Club, and the two artists wrote it together.
The first three singles by the band only had modest success in the UK Singles Chart. On a journey across India, Boy George got to know better the Hare Krishna movement. He was impressed with the Hare Krishna philosophy, and as a result he wrote the song \"Bow Down Mister\". This was a crucial turning point for the band, because it was their first religious song. It was released as a single in 1991 and it became a hit in the United Kingdom`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki} with a peak of #27, their highest position, France, Switzerland, Germany and most notably in Austria`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki} where it peaked at #2 in the Ö3 Austria Top 40, the official singles chart.
Because of this success, the band\'s debut album, *The Martyr Mantras*, was released in the same year. Meanwhile, Boy George felt more and more grateful to Hare Krishna. The religion helped him to conquer his heroin addiction, he said.
In late 1991, remixes of \"Generations of Love\" and \"After the Love\" were released as singles.
In July 1992, the band performed before 35,000 people at the Luzhniki Stadium, in Moscow, Russia, during a Hare Krishna festival (the festival also took place in Saint Petersburg, Russia; Riga, Latvia; and Kyiv, Ukraine, but the band only participated in the Moscow event).
In December 1992, the release of the second album, *Popularity Breeds Contempt*, was planned. The single \"Sweet Toxic Love\" (with \"Am I Losing Control\" as B-side) was pre-released, but the record company Virgin Records was so disappointed in the chart positions of the single that the album was not released. The remaining songs that were recorded for the album have since been released. The band dissolved a short time later.
In 2005, a white label 12\" and a one-sided promo 12\" were released in the summer, using the Jesus Loves You pseudonym. The track was called \"Love Your Brother\". On the information sheet included with the white label, it suggested to \"expect an album in September\", but that never materialised.
## Discography
### Albums
+------+----------------------+-----------------+
| Year | Album | Chart positions |
+:====:+:====================:+:===============:+
| UK\ | AUS\ | AUT\ |
+------+----------------------+-----------------+
| 1990 | *The Martyr Mantras* | 60 |
+------+----------------------+-----------------+
| | | |
+------+----------------------+-----------------+
### Singles
+-------------+-------------------------+-----------------+------------+
| Year | Single | Chart positions | |
+:===========:+:=======================:+:===============:+:==========:+
| UK\ | first= David | last= Roberts | year= 2006 |
| {{cite book | | | |
+-------------+-------------------------+-----------------+------------+
| 1989 | \"After the Love\" | 68 | 160 |
+-------------+-------------------------+-----------------+------------+
| 1990 | \"Generations of Love\" | 80 | 145 |
+-------------+-------------------------+-----------------+------------+
| | \"One on One\" | 83 | -- |
+-------------+-------------------------+-----------------+------------+
| 1991 | \"Bow Down Mister\" | 27 | 142 |
+-------------+-------------------------+-----------------+------------+
| | \"Generations of Love\" | 35 | -- |
+-------------+-------------------------+-----------------+------------+
| | \"After the Love\" | 77 | -- |
+-------------+-------------------------+-----------------+------------+
| 1992 | \"Sweet Toxic Love\" | 65 | -- |
+-------------+-------------------------+-----------------+------------+
| | | | |
+-------------+-------------------------+-----------------+------------+
Note: No single was released in the United States. The album *The Martyr Mantras* was released as a Boy George album in the United States, and not as Jesus Loves You
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# Brian Grieve
Professor **Brian John Grieve** (15 August 1907 -- 5 September 1997) was an Australian botanist best known for his multi-volume book series *How to know Western Australian wildflowers*.
Born in Allans Flat, Victoria, he was educated at Williamstown High School, then matriculated to the University of Melbourne. He graduated with First Class Honours in Botany in 1929, and the following year was awarded an M.Sc. He then won an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship that enabled him to undertake Doctoral studies at the University of London.
Grieve returned to Victoria in 1931, taking up a lecturing position at the University of Melbourne. He remained there until 1947, except for a period in 1938 and 1939 when he studied mycology at the University of Cambridge, and a brief time serving in the Royal Australian Naval Reserve early in World War II. During World War II his university research included an investigation into fungal contamination of field glasses in New Guinea.
In 1947, Grieve moved to Western Australia to become head of the University of Western Australia\'s Botany Department. In 1957 he became the Department\'s Foundation Professor. His research interests were broad, taking in general botany, anatomy, physiology, genetics, biosystematics, ecology, mycology and systematics. Later, he began to specialise in the physiology of Australia\'s native plants, especially their water relationships.
Grieve was a long-time member of the Royal Society of Western Australia, joining in 1948, and twice serving as President. He was made an Honorary Life Member in 1975, and was awarded the Society\'s Medal in 1979. He also served on the Kings Park Board from 1959 to 1978.
In the public\'s eye, he is best known for his contributions to the *How to Know Western Australian Wildflowers* project, a series of books on systematic identification of the flora of Western Australia begun by William Blackall, and continued by Grieve after Blackall\'s death in 1941. Despite working on the project for over fifty years, he never published a formal taxonomic paper, and so does not have a formal botanical author abbreviation
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# Wesley Woodyard
**Wesley Woodyard Jr.** (born July 21, 1986) is an American former professional football linebacker. He played college football for the University of Kentucky and was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Denver Broncos in 2008. Woodyard also played for the Tennessee Titans.
## Early life {#early_life}
Woodyard was born in LaGrange, Georgia and attended LaGrange High School. He was named the Georgia Class AAA Defensive Player of the Year by the *Atlanta Journal-Constitution* and was first-team all-state as a senior by the Georgia Sportswriters Association and the Journal-Constitution. As a four-year letterman and two-year starter at outside linebacker, the team posted a 51--3 record during his three seasons, winning a pair of state championships.
## College career {#college_career}
As a freshman in 2004, Woodyard played in the first 10 games, and midway through the season, he switched from strong safety to inside linebacker. Woodyard recorded 34 tackles for the season and was selected for the Freshman All-SEC Team by SEC coaches. As a sophomore in 2005, he started all 11 games at linebacker. For the season, Woodyard recorded 100 tackles, seven for-a-loss, and four fumble recoveries. He was named second-team Sophomore All-American and All-SEC honorable mention.
As a junior in 2006, Woodyard started all 13 games at linebacker, leading the team with 122 tackles and tackles-for-loss with 9.5. For the season, he earned Defensive MVP honors in the Music City Bowl. As a senior in 2007, Woodyard started all 13 games at linebacker, leading the team with 139 tackles. He is a member of Omega Psi Phi fraternity.
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# Wesley Woodyard
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Denver Broncos {#denver_broncos}
#### 2008
On April 29, 2008, the Denver Broncos signed Woodyard to a three-year, \$1.17 million contract that included a \$20,000 signing bonus after he went undrafted in the 2008 NFL draft.
Throughout training camp, Woodyard competed for a job as an outside linebacker against Boss Bailey, Nate Webster, Jamie Winborn, Louis Green, Jordan Beck, and Spencer Larsen. Head coach Mike Shanahan named Woodyard the backup weakside linebacker behind D. J. Williams to start the regular season.
Woodyard made his NFL debut in the season-opener at the Oakland Raiders and recorded a solo tackle during the 41--14 victory. On November 6, 2008, Woodyard earned his first NFL start in place of D. J. Williams who sustained a knee injury. He finished the 34--30 victory at the Cleveland Browns with a season-high ten combined tackles. On December 31, 2008, the Denver Broncos fired Mike Shanahan after the Broncos finished with an 8--8 record and did not qualify for the playoffs. Woodyard finished his rookie season with 55 combined tackles (47 solo) and a pass deflection in 16 games and six starts.
#### 2009 {#section_1}
The Broncos new defensive coordinator Mike Nolan opted to convert to a base 3-4 defense, using four linebackers instead of three. Woodyard competed against Mario Haggan, Braxton Kelley, and Lee Robinson for a roster spot as a backup inside linebacker. Head coach Josh McDaniels named Woodyard the backup inside linebacker behind D. J. Williams and Andra Davis to start the regular season. On September 10, Woodyard was named the special teams captain by his teammates for the 2009 season.
On September 13, Woodyard recorded three combined tackles, broke up a pass, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Carson Palmer as the Broncos won 12--7 at the Cincinnati Bengals. In Week 9, he collected a season-high eight combined tackles during a 28--10 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers. Woodyard finished his second NFL season with 44 combined tackles (32 solo), two pass deflections, and an interception in 16 games and 16 starts.
#### 2010 {#section_2}
Throughout training camp, Woodyard competed for a job as a backup inside linebacker against Akin Ayodele, Joe Mays, and Nick Greisen. Josh McDaniels named him the backup inside linebacker behind D. J. Williams and Joe Mays.
Woodyard was a healthy scratch for the Broncos\' Week 2 victory against the Seattle Seahawks. On September 20, Woodyard was featured in a press conference held by the Broncos after their wide receiver Kenny McKinley committed suicide the day prior. He was inactive for their Week 4 victory at the Tennessee Titans after sustaining a hamstring injury. Woodyard also missed three consecutive games (Weeks 6--8) after he aggravated his hamstring injury. On November 14, 2010, Woodyard earned his first career start and recorded two solo tackles during a 49--29 win against the Kansas City Chiefs. On December 6, the Broncos fired McDaniels after they lost at the Kansas City Chiefs and fell to a 3--9 record. In Week 16, he made his second NFL start and collected a season-high nine combined tackles in the Broncos\' 24--23 win against the Houston Texans. The following week, Woodyard recorded five solo tackles and made his first NFL sack on quarterback Philip Rivers during the Broncos\' 33--28 loss to the San Diego Chargers. Woodyard finished the 2010 season with 37 combined tackles (33 solo) and one sack in 11 games and three starts.
#### 2011 {#section_3}
On July 29, 2011, the Broncos signed Woodyard to a one-year, \$1.85 million contract. He was voted as the special teams captain for the third consecutive year. Woodyard competed against D. J. Williams, Lee Robinson, and Braxton Kelley for the role as the starting weakside linebacker. He was moved to outside linebacker after new Broncos\' defensive coordinator Don Martindale opted to switch to a base 4-3 defense. Head coach John Fox named Woodyard the starting weakside linebacker to start the regular season after D. J. Williams suffered a dislocated elbow and was projected to miss 3-4 games.
On September 18, 2011, Woodyard recorded a season-high 13 combined tackles (ten solo) and broke up a pass during their 24--22 victory against the Cincinnati Bengals. The following week, he collected a ten combined tackles (seven solo) during a 17--14 loss at the Tennessee Titans. He was demoted back to backup outside linebacker after Williams returned from injury in Week 5. Woodyard missed the Broncos\' Week 10 victory at the Kansas City Chiefs after he sustained a shoulder injury the previous week. He finished the 2011 season with 97 combined tackles (67 solo) and two pass deflections in 15 games and seven starts.
#### 2012 {#section_4}
On May 19, 2012, the Denver Broncos signed Woodyard to a two-year, \$3.5 million contract. Woodyard entered training camp slated as the starting weakside linebacker after D. J. Williams was suspended for six games for failing a test for performance-enhancing drugs. He faced minor competition from Danny Trevathan, Cyril Obiozor, and Mike Mohamed.
Woodyard started the Broncos\' season-opener against the Pittsburgh Steelers and recorded a career-high 12 solo tackles and sacked Ben Roethlisberger during their 31--19 victory. On October 28, 2012, Woodyard collected a season-high 13 combined tackles (nine solo), two pass deflections, a sack, and intercepted a pass by Drew Brees during the Broncos\' 34--14 win against the New Orleans Saints. The following week, Woodyard recorded a season-high 14 combined tackles (four solo) in the Broncos\' 31--23 win at the Cincinnati Bengals. Woodyard was inactive for the Broncos\' Week 14 victory at the Oakland Raiders due to an ankle injury he sustained the previous game. In Week 16, he collected eight combined tackles and a season-high 1.5 sacks as Denver defeated the Cleveland Browns 34--12. He finished the 2012 season with a career-high 117 combined tackles (73 solo), six pass deflections, 5.5 sacks, and a career-high three interceptions in 15 games and 14 starts.
The Broncos finished the 2012 season atop the AFC West with a 13--3 record, clinching a playoff berth and first-round bye. On January 12, 2013, Woodyard started in his first NFL playoff game and recorded seven solo tackles in the Broncos\' 38--35 loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Divisional round.
#### 2013 {#section_5}
Woodyard entered training camp slated as the starting weakside linebacker. On August 20, 2013, starting strongside linebacker Von Miller was suspended for the first six games for violating the league\'s substance abuse policy. Defensive coordinator Jack Del Rio shifted middle linebacker Nate Irving to Miller\'s strongside linebacker position and had Woodyard take over as the middle linebacker. Head coach John Fox officially named Woodyard the starting middle linebacker to start the regular season, along with outside linebackers Nate Irving and Danny Trevathan.
Woodyard suffered a neck injury during the Broncos\' Week 5 win at the Dallas Cowboys and was unable to play in the next two games (Weeks 6--7). On November 24, 2013, Woodyard recorded a season-high 15 combined tackles (seven solo) during a 34--31 loss at the New England Patriots. The following week, he collected five solo tackles, broke up a pass, and intercepted a pass by Alex Smith during their 35--28 victory at the Kansas City Chiefs. After a string of poor performances, Woodyard was benched in favor of veteran Paris Lenon for the last four games of the season. He finished the `{{NFL Year|2013}}`{=mediawiki} season with 84 combined tackles (48 solo), four pass deflections, 1.5 sacks, and an interception in 14 games and ten starts. The Broncos selected him for the team\'s Walter Payton Man of the Year Award for 2013.
The Broncos finished atop the AFC West with a 13--3 record, clinching a first-round and home-field advantage. They went on to Super Bowl XLVIII after they defeated the San Diego Chargers in the AFC Divisional Round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship. On February 2, 2014, Woodyard made three combined tackles as the Broncos were routed 43--8 to the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII.
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# Wesley Woodyard
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Denver Broncos {#denver_broncos}
#### 2014 {#section_6}
Woodyard became an unrestricted free agent in 2014 and attended visits with the New England Patriots and Tennessee Titans, while also receiving interest from the Dallas Cowboys and Baltimore Ravens. He stated that his original intent was to stay with the Broncos, but Woodyard did not receive a contract offer from them.
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# Wesley Woodyard
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Tennessee Titans {#tennessee_titans}
On March 14, 2014, the Tennessee Titans signed Woodyard to a four-year, \$15.75 million contract that included \$4.75 million guaranteed and a \$3 million signing bonus.
#### 2014 {#section_7}
Head coach Ken Whisenhunt named Woodyard the starting left inside linebacker opposite Zaviar Gooden and along with outside linebackers Kamerion Wimbley and Derrick Morgan.
Woodyard made his Titans debut in their season-opener at the Kansas City Chiefs and recorded five solo tackles and sacked Alex Smith during a 26--10 victory. On September 27, 2014, Woodyard recorded a season-high nine combined tackles, broke up two passes, and intercepted a pass by Andrew Luck during their 41--17 loss at the Indianapolis Colts. He finished the `{{NFL Year|2014}}`{=mediawiki} season with 94 combined tackles (53 solo), three pass deflections, 2.5 sacks, and two interceptions in 16 games and starts.
#### 2015 {#section_8}
Throughout training camp, Woodyard competed against Avery Williamson, Zach Brown, and Zaviar Gooden for a job as the starting inside linebacker. Head coach Ken Whisenhunt named Woodyard the backup inside linebacker behind Avery Williamson and Zach Brown to start the regular season.
During Week 2, Woodyard made two solo tackles, sacked quarterback Johnny Manziel, and forced a fumble in a 28--14 loss at the Cleveland Browns. He was promoted to the starting lineup ahead of Zach Brown prior to the Titans\' Week 4 matchup against the Buffalo Bills. On October 18, 2015, Woodyard recorded a season-high ten combined tackles (eight solo) and sacked quarterback Ryan Tannehill during a 38--10 loss to the Miami Dolphins. On November 4, 2015, the Titans fired head coach Ken Whisenhunt after they fell to a 1--6 record. Tight ends coach Mike Mularkey was named the interim head coach for the remainder of the season. Woodyard finished the `{{NFL Year|2015}}`{=mediawiki} season with 87 combined tackles (54 solo) and five sacks in 16 games and 14 starts.
#### 2016 {#section_9}
Woodyard entered training camp slated as the starting left inside linebacker after Zach Brown departed for the Buffalo Bills in free agency. Defensive coordinator Dick LeBeau named Woodyard the starting inside linebacker with Avery Williamson and outside linebackers Brian Orakpo and Derrick Morgan.
During Week 12, Woodyard recorded five solo tackles, a career-high three pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Jay Cutler during a 27--21 victory at the Chicago Bears. On January 1, 2017, he collected a season-high six combined tackles in a 24--17 victory against the Houston Texans. He finished the season with 57 combined tackles (42 solo), five pass deflections, two sacks, and an interception in 16 games and ten starts. He shared time with Sean Spence who started the other six games in place of Woodyard.
#### 2017 {#section_10}
On March 15, 2017, the Titans signed Woodyard to a three-year, \$10.5 million extension that includes \$2 million guaranteed.
Head coach Mike Mularkey named Woodyard the starting inside linebacker after Sean Spence departed for the Indianapolis Colts in free agency. During Week 9, he recorded a season-high 14 combined tackles (nine solo) and broke up a pass in a narrow 23--20 victory over the Baltimore Ravens. During Week 15, he collected ten combined tackles (seven solo) and a sack in a 25--23 road loss against the San Francisco 49ers.
Woodyard finished the 2017 season with a career-high 124 combined tackles (84 solo), five pass deflections, and five sacks in 16 games and starts.
#### 2018 {#section_11}
During a 34--10 Week 10 victory over the New England Patriots, Woodyard registered 10 tackles and 1.5 sacks. This effort earned him AFC Defensive Player of the Week.
Woodyard finished the 2018 season with 113 tackles, 4.5 sacks, two pass deflections, and a fumble recovery in 14 games and starts.
#### 2019 {#section_12}
During Week 7 against the Los Angeles Chargers, Woodyard recorded six tackles and a forced fumble in the 23--20 win. Woodyard\'s forced fumble occurred late in the fourth quarter when he stripped the football from Melvin Gordon on the goal line and teammate Jurrell Casey made the recovery.
Woodyard\'s role decreased in 2019 due to the emergence of second-year linebackers Rashaan Evans and Harold Landry. He finished the season with 42 tackles, a sack, a forced fumble, and a pass deflection in 15 games and two starts.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
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# Wesley Woodyard
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Regular season {#regular_season}
Year Team Games Tackles
------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ ------- ------ --------- --------
GP GS Cmb Solo Ast Sck
2008 DEN 16 6 55 47
2009 DEN 16 0 46 38
2010 DEN 11 3 24 20
2011 DEN 15 7 90 60
2012 DEN 15 14 114 70
2013 DEN 14 10 91 52
2014 TEN 16 16 94 53
2015 TEN 16 12 84 51
2016 TEN 16 10 53 39
2017 TEN 16 16 **121** **81**
2018 TEN 14 14 113 69
2019 TEN 15 2 42 25
[Career](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WoodWe20.htm) 180 110 951 627
### Postseason
Year Team Games Tackles
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ ------- ------ --------- --------
GP GS Cmb Solo Ast Sck
2011 DEN 2 0 1 1
2012 DEN 1 1 7 7
2013 DEN 3 0 7 4
2017 TEN 2 2 **16** 8
2019 TEN 3 0 11 **10**
[Career](https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/W/WoodWe20/gamelog/post/) 11 3 42 30
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# Wesley Woodyard
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Woodyard is a Christian. He and his wife, Veronica, have four kids.
In September 2016, Woodyard was part of a viral video. Woodyard, decked out in full uniform, picked up a young boy encouraging the Titans prior to the team\'s game against the Detroit Lions and carried him a few steps. The video has spread across social media and it was shown on NFL Network soon after. Regarding his kind gesture, Woodyard told Titans Online: \"I have a son, and it just touched my heart, seeing the kid there. That's the thing about this game of football, it allows us to bring each other together. It doesn't matter about the skin color, race, or anything, money. We are all the same, we all enjoy Sundays, and to me that was special, seeing the kid in the tunnel."
Woodyard was inducted into the Kentucky Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2018
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# Gray Audograph
The **Gray Audograph** was a dictation machine format introduced in 1945. It recorded sound by pressing grooves into soft vinyl discs.
The Audograph recorded on thin vinyl discs of 15cm diameter, recording from the inside to the outside, the opposite of conventional gramophone records. Unlike conventional records, the disc was driven by a surface-mounted wheel. This meant that its recording and playback speed decreased toward the edge of the disc (like the Compact Disc and other digital formats), to keep a more constant linear velocity and to improve playing time, which was ten minutes.
In 1950, Gray began to make a variant of the Audograph for AT&T, known as the **Peatrophone**
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# Mike Herrera's Tumbledown
**Mike Herrera\'s Tumbledown** is an alternative country band from Bremerton, Washington consisting of MxPx guitarist/vocalist Mike Herrera and Rocky Point All Stars (Jack Parker, Marshall Trotland, and Harley Trotland). The name \"Tumbledown\" comes from a line of a Woody Guthrie song. They are currently signed to End Sounds, which is based in Austin, Texas. In Mexico, they are signed to Cafeina Riot Radio Records.
## History
Herrera had first explored country music while in MxPx in 2005, with the track \"Late Again\" from the *Panic* album, which featured Parker on guitar. According to Herrera: \"After that, I knew what I wanted to do with Tumbledown.\" In November 2007, Herrera formally announced the Tumbledown project. In January 2008, a music video was released for \"Atlantic City\", followed by one for \"Ballad of a Factory Man\" two months later.
The group released a self-titled debut album on May 19, 2009. *The Aquarian Weekly* gave it an \'A\' rating, with reviewer Alexa Gilmartin calling it \"a solid, enjoyable record\...a taste of country for the non-believers\". In August and September 2009, they went on a co-headlining US tour with Straylight Run frontman John Nolan. On September 2, 2009, a music video was released for \"Butcher of San Antone\", directed by Joe the Visualist.
In 2010 the band release the *Live in Tulsa* album, recorded the previous year.
In October 2010, the band\'s second studio album, *Empty Bottle*, was released on End Sounds.
The group performed on the Vans Warped Tour in 2014.
## Influences and sound {#influences_and_sound}
Herrera has pointed out that he has been writing country songs since 1998, and that this project has been long-awaited. He has cited Whiskeytown, Hank Williams, Johnny Cash, and Bill Monroe among influences. He explained his move into country music: \"I\'ve always liked country. I think the first song I ever learned to sing was Willie Nelson\'s \"On The Road Again.\" When I write punk songs, I do it on an acoustic guitar, so it was just a natural progression to write more folk type songs.\" The band\'s music has been described as \"a twangy mashup of country, folk, and punk sounds featuring acoustic guitar and upright bass\". The band has often covered MxPx songs at their shows
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# J.J. & Jeff
***J.J. & Jeff***, known in Japan as `{{nihongo|'''''Kato-chan & Ken-chan'''''|カトちゃんケンちゃん}}`{=mediawiki}, is a side scrolling platform game for the TurboGrafx-16. The Japanese version of the game is loosely based on the popular comedy television show *Fun TV with Kato-chan and Ken-chan*. The game features off-beat characters and enemies, and toilet humor, including flatulence, urination and defecation in the Japanese release. In 2007, the game was re-released on the Wii\'s Virtual Console in North America on May 28, and in Europe on June 15.
## Plot
J.J. and Jeff (Kato-chan and Ken-chan in the Japanese version of the game) are bungling detectives in the same vein as Inspector Clouseau. They are out to solve a kidnapping case. The Japanese version is based mostly on the \"Detective Story\" segments of the show.
## Gameplay
The player chooses either J.J. or Jeff as the main playable character. The non-selected character will appear at various moments in the game standing by lampposts and hiding in bushes, but remains unplayable.
The player can utilize three attacks: kick, jump, or using a can of spray paint.
The game included six levels (fields) split into four parts, even though the manual says there are a total of 8 levels.
A life bar labeled \"Vitality\" depletes as the character is injured. Eating food hidden in each level will replenish this meter. Found money can be used to play a slot machine game for items. The slot machine is one of several hidden rooms found in each level. Kicking random objects can produce money, food, and other items. Extra lives are obtained at 70,000, 150,000, 300,000 and 500,000 points.
## Release
The original Japanese game has a heavy emphasis on sophomoric toilet humor, most of which was removed for the American version. For example, in the Japanese version, the spray can was originally Kato and Ken\'s own flatulence. Also, the unplayable character was originally defecating in the bushes and urinating on lampposts, but the urine was removed, and the character was seen wearing a bear mask in the American version.
## Reception
*Computer and Video Games* reviewed *Chan & Chan* in 1989, giving it a 91% score. They said it \"has got to be one of the rudest and funniest platform games around\" with \"a myriad of secret screens and bonuses to discover.\" They recommended that \"PC Engine fans shouldn\'t miss it
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# 1936 French legislative election
Legislative elections were held in France on 26 April and 3 May 1936, the last elections before World War II. The number of candidates set a record, with 4,807 running for election to the Chamber of Deputies. In the Seine Department alone, there were 1,402 candidates. The legislative election was the last before women were granted the right to vote in April 1944.
The Popular Front, a broad centre-left electoral alliance composed of the social-democratic French Section of the Workers\' International (SFIO), the social-liberal Radical-Socialists, the French Section of the Communist International (SFIC), and associated smaller left-wing groups, won power from the conservative coalition that had governed since the 6 February 1934 crisis. Léon Blum became president of the council.
## Results
The SFIC, predecessor of the Communist Party, more than tripled its seats total from 11 SFIC and 9 Union Ouvrière deputies in 1932 to 72 in 1936. The party made gains in industrialized suburbs and working-class areas of major cities. They also progressed in rural central and southwestern France (e.g., Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne) The Radicals lost votes to the SFIO and SFIC, but also to the right. The SFIO declined slightly. In working-class suburbs, the party declined, but it gained votes in Brittany, to the dismay of the right. Only 174 seats were elected in the first round, 424 were decided in a run-off. The right fared better in the second round
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# JGR Class 7170
The Japanese **Class 7170** steam locomotive was among the first trains to be used in Hokkaido, and was utilized alongside the JNR Class 7100 on the Horonai Railway.
The two tender locomotives that were to become the Class 7170 were purchased from the American Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1889, and were included into the numbering sequence of the six 7100 trains as numbers 7 and 8. Soon afterwards, the Horonai Railway came to be controlled by Hokuyūsha company president Murata Tsutsumi, who renamed them \"First Murata\" and \"Second Murata\" (*dai-ichi* and *dai-ni Murata*). The two were later sold off by the Meiji government, which privatized (sold) a great many government endeavors.
## History
Though originally numbered 8 & 9 upon their import from the United States, the two locomotives were re-numbered 9 & 10 upon their sale by the government-controlled Horonai Railway to the Hokkaido Colliery and Railway Company in 1889. The 1906 Railway Nationalization Act then incorporated the Hokkaido Colliery and Railway Company into the Japanese Government Railways. Three years later, legislation would formalize and standardize the numbering, establishing the Class 7170 as consisting of these two locomotives, dubbed 7170 and 7171. At this time, the chimneys were altered, and the forward sections of the steam rooms expanded.
Following the nationalization of the railways, in 1920 the two were sold to the Suttsu Railways, and re-numbered No. 1 and No. 2, serving Kutchan, Muroran, Asahikawa and Hakodate. Though they served their new purpose well, and were used extensively, one of the locomotives suffered an accidental collision on July 2, 1950, and was scrapped the following year.
## Construction
The tender locomotives had their maker\'s standard 2-6-0 (1C) axle positions. Like the 7100 series, they bore a diamond-shaped chimney and cow catcher in the older American style, but had straight-top boilers instead of wagon-top ones, and a steam-dome in the second boiler compartment. The furnace was located between the second and third driving wheels, which were 1,372 mm apart; the first and second driving wheels were 2,296 mm apart. Of the tender\'s three axles, the second and third were bogies.
### Main specifications {#main_specifications}
- Total length： 13,005 mm
- Total height：3,696 mm
- Axle positions： 2-6-0 (1C)
- Driving wheel diameter： 1,016 mm
- Gauge: standard Stephenson gauge, American type
- Cylinders： 356 ×
- Boiler pressure： 7.71 kgf/cm2
- Fire lattice area： 1.06 m²
- Total heat area： 69.8 m²
- Steam： 55.7 m²
- Furnace： 14.1 m²
- Boiler capacity： 2.3 m³
- Smaller pipes： 454.5 × (160 count)
- Locomotive operating weight： 24.33 t
- Locomotive weight empty： 22.05 t
- Driving wheel weight (running)： 20.12 t
- Driving wheel axle weight (largest)： 7.77 t
- Tender operating weight：15.44 t
- Tender weight empty： 8.43 t
- Water tank capacity： 4.22 m³
- Fuel capacity： 1
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# Solanum bahamense
***Solanum bahamense***, commonly known as the **Bahama nightshade**, is a plant in the nightshade family. It is native across the West Indies, from the Florida Keys east to Dominica (excluding Hispaniola). It is a common species in coastal habitats, often on calcareous soils.
## Taxonomy
Originally described by Carl Linnaeus, it has a convoluted taxonomic history. *S. bahamense* is known by many junior synonyms and involved in several cases of homonymy.
Some additional varieties of *S. bahamense* have been described, but they are not considered taxonomically distinct today:
- *Solanum bahamense var. inerme* Dunal
- *Solanum bahamense var. lanceolatum* Griseb. (Not to be confused with *S. lanceolatum*.)
- *Solanum bahamense var. luxurians* D\'Arcy
- *Solanum bahamense var. rugelii* D\'Arcy
- *Solanum bahamense var. subarmatum* (Willd.) O.E
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# Solanum bulbocastanum
***Solanum bulbocastanum***, the **ornamental nightshade**, is a plant in the family Solanaceae, native to Mexico and parts of the U.S. Southwest. It is closely related to the potato and, as it has evolved strong resistance to all known varieties of potato blight, has been used to genetically engineer resistance into the cultivated varieties of potatoes around the world. The use of genetic engineering is helpful, as efforts to hybridize by traditional methods have so far been unsuccessful, and the use of somatic hybridization to transfer genes is difficult. A resistance to the Columbia root-knot nematode *Meloidogyne chitwoodi* has been identified in *S. bulbocastanum*, which can be transferred to cultivated potato
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# Zen in the Art of Writing
***Zen in the Art of Writing: Essays on Creativity*** is a collection of essays by Ray Bradbury and published in 1990. The unifying theme is Bradbury\'s love for writing.
Essays included are:
- The Joy of Writing (1973)
- Run Fast, Stand Still, Or, The Thing At the Top of the Stairs, Or, New Ghosts From Old Minds (1986)
- How To Keep and Feed a Muse (1961)
- Drunk, and in Charge of a Bicycle (1980)
- Investing Dimes: Fahrenheit 451 (1982)
- Just This Side of Byzantium: Dandelion Wine (1974)
- The Long Road to Mars (1990)
- On The Shoulders of Giants (1980)
- The Secret Mind (1965)
- Shooting Haiku in a Barrell (1982)
- Zen in the Art of Writing (1973)
- \...On Creativity (No Date Given)
This book attempts to give creative ideas and inspiration to writers
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# 1932 French legislative election
Legislative elections were held in France on 1 and 8 May 1932 to elect the 15th legislature of the French Third Republic.
The elections saw the victory of the second *Cartel des gauches*, but the socialists and Radicals could not form a coalition government. Édouard Herriot instead formed a government with the support of the centre-right and Radicals held the premiership until the 6 February 1934 crisis
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# Solanum campechiense
***Solanum campechiense***, the **redberry nightshade**, is a plant in the family Solanaceae
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# Gustaaf Van Roosbroeck
**Gustaf Van Roosbroeck** (born 16 May 1948 in Hulshout) is a retired Belgian professional road bicycle racer who competed in the 1970s.
He finished fifth in the 1974 Amstel Gold Race
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# Shire of Ravensthorpe
The **Shire of Ravensthorpe** is a local government area in the southern Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, about halfway between the city of Albany and the town of Esperance and about 530 km southeast of the state capital, Perth. The Shire covers an area of 13551 km2, and its seat of government is the town of Ravensthorpe.
## History
The Phillips River Road District was gazetted on 9 November 1900. On 1 July 1961, it became the Shire of Ravensthorpe under the *Local Government Act 1960*, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires.
## Indigenous people {#indigenous_people}
The Shire of Ravensthorpe is located on the traditional land of the Wudjari people of the Noongar nation.
## Wards
As of the 2003 election, the Shire is divided into three wards:
- Ravensthorpe Ward (two councillors)
- Hopetoun Ward (two councillors)
- Rural Ward (three councillors)
## Towns and localities {#towns_and_localities}
The towns and localities of the Shire of Ravensthorpe with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:
Locality data-sort-type=number\|Population data-sort-type=number\|Area Map
------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- -----
Fitzgerald {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55448902}}
Fitzgerald River National Park \* ‡ {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q130360957}}
Hopetoun {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q2748670}}
Jerdacuttup {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q2748652}}
Munglinup {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q2748661}}
Ravensthorpe {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q2748677}}
West River {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55772092}}
- ( \* indicates suburb partially located within City)
- ( ‡ indicates boundaries of national park and locality are not identical)
## Heritage-listed places {#heritage_listed_places}
As of 2023, 122 places are heritage-listed in the Shire of Ravensthorpe, of which one is on the State Register of Heritage Places, the Metropolitan Hotel in Hopetoun.
## Sex Scandal {#sex_scandal}
In September 2021, Shire of Ravensthorpe chief executive Gavin Pollock was sacked after being accused of spending almost \$55,000 of shire money on a sex worker. A report tabled in the Western Australian State Parliament on 22 September 2021 alleges that Mr Pollock was a client of a sex worker named \"Ms E\", for whom he issued multiple fake invoices and purchase orders on his office computer totalling \$54,850. Two further invoices totalling a combined \$13,350 were prepared but not paid as a result of the commission investigation
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# 84th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The **84th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry** was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
## Service
The 84th Illinois Infantry was organized at Quincy, Illinois and mustered into Federal service on September 1, 1862.
The regiment was mustered out on June 8, 1865, in Nashville, Tennessee and discharged on June 16, 1865.
## Total strength and casualties {#total_strength_and_casualties}
The regiment suffered four officers and 120 enlisted men who were killed in action or died of their wounds and 1 officer and 144 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 269 fatalities.
## Commanders
- Colonel Lewis Henry Waters - Mustered out with the regiment
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# Solanum capsicoides
***Solanum capsicoides***, the **cockroach berry**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Solanaceae. It is native to eastern Brazil but naturalized in other tropical regions, where it sometimes becomes an invasive weed.
## Synonyms
This species had been included in *S. aculeatissimum* as variety *denudatum* by Dunal (*Solanum denudatum* of Bitter is *S. humile* as described by Lamarck). It was also included in the eggplant (*S. melongena*) under its junior synonym *S. trongum* (as var. *sinuato-pinnatifidum*), also by Dunal.
In addition, the cockroach berry is sometimes referenced under the following obsolete names:
- *Solanum arrebenta* Vell.
- *Solanum bodinieri* H.Lév. & Vaniot
- *Solanum capsicoides* Hort. Paris ex Lam. (preoccupied)
- *Solanum ciliare* Willd.
- *Solanum ciliatum* Lam.
: *S. ciliatum* of Blume from F.A.W. Miquel is an undetermined species of *Lycianthes*.
- *Solanum ciliatum* var. *arenarium* Dunal
: *S. arenarium* of Schur is *S. villosum* as described by Philip Miller.
: *S. arenarium* of Otto Sendtner is a valid species
- *Solanum macowanii* Fourc.
- *Solanum pentapetaloides* Roxb. ex Hornem.
: *S. pentapetaloides* of Bojer from Dunal in de Candolle is *S. imamense*.
- *Solanum pentapetalum* Schltdl.
- *Solanum sinuatifolium* Vell.
- *Solanum sphaerocarpum* Moric
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# 1969 French constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in France on 27 April 1969. The referendum proposed government decentralization and changes to the Senate. These reforms were rejected by 52.4% of voters, leading to President Charles de Gaulle\'s resignation.
## Proposals
### Government decentralization {#government_decentralization}
The first part of the project aimed to classify the existence of regions in the constitution as territorial collectivities. That would affect the regional *circonscriptions* created in 1960, and Corsica.
The Region\'s jurisdiction would be enlarged, primarily with taking control of public utilities, housing and urbanization. In order to exercise these new powers, the Region would be able to borrow money, enter into contracts, create, manage or grant public organizations and enter into agreements with other Regions.
The Regional Councils would be composed of:
- three-fifths elected regional *députés* (deputies) and territorial regional councillors, elected by the General Councils (one per department, for three years) and by the municipal councils or their *délégués*, for six years;
- two-fifths regional councillors, designated by representative agencies, for six years.
Special arrangements would be taken for the Parisian Region, Corsica and the overseas departments.
### Senate reform {#senate_reform}
The second part of the project would combine the Senate and the Economic and Social Council into one new Senate having a consultative function and no blocking power. The necessity of a second consultative house representing the territorial collectivities and economic, familial and intellectual organizations had been announced by de Gaulle in his Bayeux speech, on 16 June 1946, and mentioned again during his presidency and to Alain Peyrefitte. The main changes in the role of the Senate would be the following:
- The acting president of the Republic, in case of incapacity or death of the president, would be the Prime Minister rather than the President of the Senate;
- Declaration of war and prorogation of a state of siege would be authorized by the National Assembly;
- Senators would no longer be able to make new laws;
- Bills of law would first be presented to the Senate, which would be able to propose their adoption, rejection, or amendment, before they are put before the National Assembly; after this, the Government or the National Assembly would be able to send them back to the Senate;
- Constitutional amendments would be passed only by an absolute majority in the National Assembly before being voted on in a national referendum; they would then be submitted once more to the National Assembly, which would be able finally to ratify them only by a two-thirds majority of its members;
- Senators would no longer be allowed to question the government;
- In matters concerning the High Court of Justice, only a meeting of senators representing Territorial Collectivities would have a role (with the National Assembly), rather than the Senate.
Senators would be elected for six years, with elections held for half the house every three years (as has been the case since 2003). They would have to be over twenty-three, rather than the then minimum age of thirty-five.
The Senate\'s composition would be the following:
- 173 senators representing territorial collectivities of metropolitan France (160) and its overseas territories (DOM: 7, TOM: 6), elected, the regions being the electoral constituencies, by deputies, territorial regional councilors, general councilors and representatives of the municipal councils;
- 4 senators representing French citizens residing abroad, appointed by the High Council of French Citizens Abroad;
- 146 senators representing economic, social and cultural activities, appointed by representative agencies:
- 42 senators for the working-class;
- 30 for farmers;
- 36 for businesses;
- 10 for families;
- 8 for accredited professionals;
- 8 for higher education and research;
- 12 for social and cultural activities.
## Campaign
President Charles de Gaulle threatened to resign if the reforms were refused. The opposition urged people to vote no, and the president was equally hindered by popular former right-wing prime minister Georges Pompidou, who would stand as a presidential candidate if de Gaulle were to leave, reducing the fear of a power vacuum felt by the right-wing Gaullist electorate. Former finance minister Valéry Giscard d\'Estaing also announced that he would not vote in favour of the reforms. Only the Union of Democrats for the Republic campaigned for a yes.
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# 1969 French constitutional referendum
## Results
Choice Metropolitan France
------------------------- --------------------- ---------
Votes \% Votes
For 10,512,469 46.8
Against 11,945,149 53.2
Invalid/blank votes 635,678 --
**Total** **23,093,296** **100**
Registered voters 28,655,692 --
Source: Nohlen & Stöver
## Aftermath
Following the referendum\'s failure, de Gaulle announced his resignation as intended on 28 April 1969, at ten past midnight, and released a laconic statement from Colombey-les-Deux-Églises:
> I will cease to exercise my functions as president of the Republic. This decision will take effect today at midday.
Alain Poher, president of the Senate, became acting president. De Gaulle\'s resignation triggered the 1969 presidential election, which was won by Georges Pompidou
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# 2006 Netherlands Antilles general election
General elections were held in the Netherlands Antilles on 27 January 2006. The result was a highly fragmented Estates, with no party winning more than five seats
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# Dewoitine D.27
The **Dewoitine D.27** was a parasol monoplane fighter aircraft designed by Émile Dewoitine in 1928.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
After the end of World War I, the slump in demand for aircraft forced Dewoitine to close his company and move to Switzerland in 1927.
He produced the D.27 the following year, 66 of which were produced for the Swiss Air Force from 1931. It was also license-built in Yugoslavia by Zmaj aircraft and in Romania.
## Operational history {#operational_history}
Seven strengthened versions, designated the **D.53**, served experimentally with the French *Escadrille* 7C1, flying from the aircraft carrier `{{Ship|French aircraft carrier|Béarn||2}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Variants
- **D.271** : One aircraft used for testing a Hispano-Suiza 12Hb engine.
- **D.273** : One aircraft used for testing a Bristol Jupiter engine with supercharger.
- **D.531** : One aircraft used for testing a Hispano-Suiza engine.
- **D.532** : A single aircraft used for testing a Rolls-Royce Kestrel inline engine.
- **D.535** : One aircraft fitted with an HS 12Xbis engine.
- **D.534** : Used for parachute trials.
## Operators
`{{FRA}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Aviation Navale*
`{{flag|Romania}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Romanian Air Force
`{{flag|Spain|1931}}`{=mediawiki}
- Spanish Republican Air Force
`{{SUI}}`{=mediawiki}
- Swiss Air Force
`{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Yugoslav Air Force
## Specifications (D.27) {#specifications_d.27}
`{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft<ref>Jackson, Robert, ''The Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft'', Paragon, 2002. {{ISBN|0-7525-8130-9}}</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--
General characteristics
-->
|genhide=
|crew=one
|length m=6.5
|span m=9.8
|height m=2.79
|empty weight kg=1,038
|gross weight kg=1,382
|max takeoff weight kg=1,414
<!--
Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Hispano-Suiza 12Mc]]
|eng1 type=V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine
|eng1 kw=373<!-- prop engines -->
<!--
Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=312
|range km=600
|ceiling m=9,200
|climb rate ms=10
<!--
Armament
-->
|guns= 2 × fixed forward-firing 7.5 mm (
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# Tamaz Gelashvili
**Tamaz Gelashvili** (`{{lang-ka|თამაზ გელაშვილი}}`{=mediawiki}; born 8 April 1978) is a Georgian chess grandmaster.
## Career
He was awarded the Grandmaster title in 1999. His highest FIDE rating has been 2623, achieved in October 2007. His national ranking is fourth and he has played for his country at several Olympiads. In 2001 he tied for 1st with Yannick Pelletier, Mark Hebden and Vladimir Tukmakov in the 9th Neuchâtel Open and in 2006 won the Acropolis International tournament in Athens. In 2008 he tied for 2nd with Giorgi Bagaturov in the Gyumri International tournament and tied for 1st with Nigel Short, Vadim Milov, Aleksej Aleksandrov, Baadur Jobava, Alexander Lastin, Gadir Guseinov and Farid Abbasov in the President\'s Cup in Baku. In 2011 he won the 5th Annual Philadelphia Open.
He is noted for playing some unusual opening variations, such as 2.b3 in response to the Sicilian, French and Caro--Kann Defences
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# 85th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The **85th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry** was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
## Service
The 85th Illinois Infantry was organized at Peoria, Illinois and mustered into Federal service on August 27, 1862.
The regiment was mustered out on June 5, 1865.
## Total strength and casualties {#total_strength_and_casualties}
The regiment suffered 4 officers and 86 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officers and 131 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 222 fatalities.
## Commanders
- Colonel Robert S. Moore - Resigned due to disability June 14, 1863.
- Colonel Caleb James Dilworth - Mustered out with the regiment
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# Battle of Ryesgade
The **Battle of Ryesgade** was a nine-day series of street fights in mid-September 1986, in the Copenhagen street Ryesgade. It was the most violent event in a long-standing conflict between the Copenhagen City Council and the city\'s community of squatters. Faced with an ultimatum to leave their illegally occupied housing or face eviction, the squatters instead fortified the streets around their building so strongly that it became a cop-free zone. They took advantage of this lack of control by burning down a building belonging to the Sperry Corporation. For nine days, massed police unsuccessfully attempted to evict the squatters. The civil disorder was of a magnitude never before seen in Denmark. After communicating a manifesto through the media, the defenders finally abandoned the squat and dispersed without being apprehended.
## Background
Throughout the 1980s, the Copenhagen City Council and property owners came into conflict, both violent and ideological, with squatters. At this time, the squatters in Denmark had organized into an active and well-funded movement with left-wing overtones. It started in Copenhagen, where a group of young people began to take over empty buildings, using them for free housing and as alternative cultural and community centers. The youngsters were made up of a mixture of punks, left-wing activists, and unemployed teenagers, mostly from the working-class area of Nørrebro.
The economic situation in Denmark was one of high unemployment and poor housing, especially in Copenhagen. In the 1970s, the Copenhagen City Council, led by a Social Democratic mayor, Egon Weidekamp, had begun a process of rehousing for people living in the poor areas of Copenhagen. The process involved the demolition of large parts of the old boroughs surrounding the city center. Although the intent was to raise the standard of living for working-class people, the consequence was that the new houses often became too expensive for those very people to live in. Many found themselves temporarily relocated to elsewhere in the city, and when they wanted to return to their old homes, they found the rent to be too high for them to pay. This gave rise to a growing anger towards the city council and a feeling amongst the poor people of Copenhagen that decisions concerning their lives were being made without them having anything to say about it. The city\'s plans also left many old and worn, but still useful, buildings empty. At the same time, a lot of young people were unemployed and without homes. All these factors opened the door to widespread squatting.
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# Battle of Ryesgade
## Copenhagen Squatters Movement {#copenhagen_squatters_movement}
The Copenhagen Squatters Movement first appeared as a political force when a group of young people moved in and took over an abandoned bread factory in Nørrebro. They demanded that the city council give them a house where the young people of Copenhagen could gather without charge. Furthermore, the house had to be completely self-organized and under the control of the youths, without the city council having any influence on the day-to-day running of the house. The action lasted only two hours before the police moved in and cleared the factory.
Over the next year or so the squatters multiplied, as did the tensions between them and the authorities. On March 6, 1982 the first seriously violent confrontation between squatters and police took place. Earlier that day, about 90 people had illegally occupied an old building. When the police moved in for the eviction, several of the squatters were wearing bandannas and ski masks to hide their faces. The police tried to break down the door, but their first assault was forced back by a bombardment of bricks and other building materials. They regrouped and brought in an armored car and industrial saw. When they did manage to get inside the building, they severely beat several of their opponents.
This event marked a turning point in the conflict. Where the evictions of other squats had been relatively peaceful, this was the first time that the squatters had actually attacked the police. During the first attack a toilet was thrown at the police. This act later became famous as a symbol of the end of the squatters\' peaceful resistance against evictions.
After the confrontation in March, the squatters gained significant advances. They established many new squats in the spring and summer of 1982. The squats were mostly located in Nørrebro, and unlike before, the police did not move in and evict the squatters right away. This allowed the squatters to establish collectives. The houses included such now-infamous sites as Allotria, Bazooka, Den Lille Fjer (\"The Little Feather\"), Garternergade 14 (\"Gardener Street 14\"), Snehvide (\"Snow White\"), Safari, and many more. Allotria in particular became a popular place for alternative music. In Bazooka, the squatters even set up a housing service with records of empty houses and flats in the area. Those in need of a place to live could come to Bazooka. They were shown an empty house and offered a crowbar with which to break down the door.
As these types of activities grew, they drew more and more people into squatting. `{{citation needed span|date=July 2022|At this time, the squatters experienced great support from the people in the local community, many of whom saw the squatters as fighting for a noble cause.}}`{=mediawiki} The squatters also took a harder line in their attitude toward the authorities. In the fall of 1982, a series of confrontations took place. Most famous of these was Endagskrigen (\"The One-Day War\") where the squatters violently resisted an eviction. This confrontation was the most violent street fight yet. The squatters set up improvised barricades in the streets and pelted police with building materials taken from nearby construction sites, Molotov cocktails, and stones.
In October 1982, the council caved to the squatters\' original demands and handed over an old building for their use. The building was named Ungdomshuset (\'the Youth House\') and was located on Jagtvej 69 in Nørrebro. (The house was finally evicted on March 1, 2007, after the city council sold the building to a Christian sect.) With this gesture, the city council hoped that the squatters would abandon the other squatted houses and settle for the new building on Jagtvej 69. This did not happen. As a result, the city council and the mayor launched a wave of evictions against the squatters.
In January 1983 the police evicted Allotria. A force of about 1500 policemen had been mobilized, and the squatters realized that they stood no chance against such numbers. When the police entered the house, the squatters had already escaped through a tunnel dug under the street. The tunnel was seen by the media and the public as a creative stroke of genius. The police were ridiculed in the papers, and the general public saw it as victory for the squatters. The squatters did not see it that way. To them, the loss of their homes was at best bittersweet. Over the next couple of days the massive police force evicted the rest of the squats in Nørrebro. Bulldozers then moved in and demolished the houses.
## Ryesgade 58 {#ryesgade_58}
In 1983, a group of squatters moved in and took control of an empty house in Ryesgade 58. The squatters, many of them very experienced, moved in slowly and in small groups to avoid detection. The plan succeeded, and after a couple of months, they had established a well-organized squat. It was designed so that every floor was an independent collective charged with maintaining its part of the house. They improved the living conditions in the house, and Ryesgade 58 soon became the unofficial headquarters of the squatters movement. It was the center for political activities and was usually the place where foreign squatters lived when visiting Copenhagen. Soon after the squatting of Ryesgade 58, other new squats were established around Copenhagen. These squats included Kapaw in Østerbro, Baldersgade 20 (\"Baldurs Street 20\"), Bauhaus, and the infamous Sorte Hest (\"Black Horse\").
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# Battle of Ryesgade
## Conflict with the owners and the city council {#conflict_with_the_owners_and_the_city_council}
In 1984 the squatters began negotiating with UNGBO, the owner of the Ryesgade house. UNGBO was originally created by the National Association of City Councils to tackle the problems with youth housing in the major cities of Denmark. The squatters demanded that UNGBO and the city council gave Rysegade 58 the status of autonomous housing. This involved the city council allowing the house to remain under the control of the occupants and that the squatters would be free to organize without interference. After nearly two years of negotiation, a compromise was reached that would have given the residents full control over the house as an officially recognized social experiment.
However, since UNGBO was under the control of the city council, the agreement between the squatters and UNGBO required its approval. In June 1986, the council and Egon Weidekamp rejected the agreement and told UNGBO that they would have to call on the police to evict Ryesgade 58. UNGBO complied, and the squatters were told that they had until September 14 to leave the house. This angered the squatters who replied to UNGBO that they and the city council could \"stick it up their ass\".`{{Citequote|date=July 2022}}`{=mediawiki} The squatters then started to prepare the defense of Ryesgade 58. The stage was now set for what would be the biggest confrontation ever fought between the squatters and the police.
## September 14 demonstration {#september_14_demonstration}
The police plan was to move in at midnight on September 14 and evict the house while the squatters were still in their beds. In past evictions, the police did not assault a house until long after the moment of the deadline, and the hope was to take the squatters by surprise and minimize the time available for them to prepare their defense. A couple of days before the eviction was to take place, posters were hung up all over the city. The posters invited people to come to a demonstration in support of the house. The poster showed a large image of a burning car and the text said that it was a good idea to show up with your face masked. This did raise some eyebrows at police headquarters, but in the end the police estimated that it was just a coincidence and that nothing big was underway. The police also thought that since the demonstration was held at 10:00 pm on a Sunday, not many people would attend.
However, as the demonstration began at Rådhuspladsen, it was attended by well over 2000 masked demonstrators. They were very determined and aggressive and the police soon found themselves outmatched. As the demonstration moved towards Nørrebro, every police officer that could be spared was rushed to the demonstration. When the demonstrators reached Nørrebro, fireworks were fired into the air, and the demonstration suddenly changed direction and started to move towards Ryesgade. By this time, more people had joined the demonstration. Squatters present in the demonstration handed out flyers with the text \"The fight is on.\" The police found themselves unable to control the demonstration and had to watch as the demonstration moved towards Ryesgade 58. When the demonstration was within a few hundred yards of Ryesgade, people started to run. The demonstration broke through the remaining police lines, and within a couple of minutes they had entered Ryesgade. While the police had been busy handling the demonstrators, the squatters in Ryesgade 58 had moved into the street and started to set up barbed-wire barricades. The obstacles had been prepared in advance, built over the summer in the courtyard behind the house, and they were not the only preparations the squatters had made. Most of them were wearing blue overall work suits, ski masks, and combat boots. Many of them were also wearing motorcycle helmets and carrying clubs and iron bars for close-quarters fighting with the police, and several were equipped with powerful slingshots. On top of that, several hundred Molotov cocktails were now being carried to the barricades. A large banner had been hung from the squat, reading \"Rather die standing up, then living life on your knees!\"
Under the supervision of the squatters, demonstrators expanded the barricades. They stole trailers and building materials from a nearby construction site to build more barricades. Soon the obstacles covered several streets, in places four or five layers deep. Cobblestones from the streets were broken up and distributed for use as missiles. Soon, the whole street had been turned into something like a fortress. After an hour, the police attacked with 50 men. They were quickly turned back by a hail of stones and iron pellets fired from slingshots. Several police officers were injured. The police then retreated, and both sides regrouped. Around 600 people, primarily youths, had chosen to remain behind the barricades and help the squatters defend the house.
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# Battle of Ryesgade
## Second day {#second_day}
As the squatters awoke on the second day, they found themselves surrounded by an army of police. During the night, the Copenhagen police force had mustered over 400 men in riot gear. But at the same time, hundreds of citizens and many news reporters had also made their way to Ryesgade. The police had been planning to storm the barricades at dawn, but the presence of so many noncombatants people in the area, many of whom had made their way right up to the barricades and were now talking with the squatters, made their plans impossible. It was decided that the attack would have to be called off until the area just outside the obstacles was under firm police control and could be evacuated of all those not actively resisting.
While the police were busy trying to control the crowds, some of the reporters warned the squatters that the police were planning something big, and the squatters quickly organized a plan to counter the upcoming attack. The 700 defenders were organized in six groups. Each of the groups were charged with different parts of the defense. The barricades were divided into four sections, each with a group of defenders attached to it. These four groups were the biggest of the six groups (about 130 people strong) and were named \"the standing units\". The two other groups were named \"the mobile unit\" and \"the house unit\". The house unit was charged with defending the back entrance of the house and manning a lookout post on the roof. It was their responsibility to warn the others in case of an attack and to oversee many of the logistic tasks such as the making of more Molotov cocktails. They also had to prepare a final defense of the house in case the police broke through. The role of the mobile unit was as a reserve to support the standing units at the barricades. It was not attached to any particular barricade, but was free to move from place to place and assist if the defenders were in danger of being overwhelmed. Many people in this unit were given helmets and clubs for hand-to-hand fighting.
At about 1:30 am, the police attacked. A wave of about 150 of them in riot gear charged the western part of the barricades in a solid shield wall. Due to an early warning from the lookout post on top of the squat, the defenders were prepared. They bombarded the police with stones and petrol bombs, forcing them to retreat after about 10 minutes. Of the 150 police officers involved in the charge, only about 14 made it near the barricades, and about 40 police officers were injured in the attack.
The attackers then went to their backup plan, sending several squads of police in through the alleys and back houses surrounding Ryesgade. These squads would then go through an old shop and emerge well behind the barricades. The police were hoping that this would create a gap through which more police could flow, eventually establishing a bridgehead within Ryesgade. At 4:30, they sent the first squads in. The plan failed when local residents who had spotted the police moving through the back alleys warned the squatters.
The police broke down the door to the shop, only to find large, armed group of defenders waiting for them. The squatters started hurling stones through the shop window, and the police officers at the front soon found themselves trapped between the attacking squatters and the rush of police coming in from behind. Instead of retreating, the police commanders ordered their men to form a shield wall and tried to push their way into the street. The squatters responded by attempting to burn down the shop with the police inside, but the police had brought fire extinguishers with them and were able to put out the flames of the Molotov cocktail.
For a moment it looked as if the police would manage to push home their attack, but some of the squatters were armed with tear-gas grenades and threw three of them into the shop. The police were carrying gas masks but it was impossible to don them without breaking their shield wall and thus exposing themselves to the incoming stones. The police attack broke. Fifteen officers were injured, and another 20-30 had to be taken to hospital to have their eyes flushed because of the tear gas. After this, the police gave up trying to storm the barricades. The order was given that nobody was to try to enter the area. The police now focused on keeping the squatters inside the barricaded area. The police commanders feared that the squatters would try to expand the barricades to cut several main roads around the house.
The rest of the day saw a series of skirmishes between the police and the squatters. Normally these were just small incidents without any injuries to either side. The police now started to play the waiting game. This they hoped would give them time to re-organize and for extra forces from the rest of Denmark to arrive.
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# Battle of Ryesgade
## End of siege {#end_of_siege}
The next day, the situation in Ryesgade had become the talk of the nation. The national news broadcasters canceled shows in order to transmit live updates on the situation. Most elements of the press were very critical towards the squatters and their supporters. Headlines calling the squatters \"a bunch of terrorists\" and \"masked maniacs\" were common. The squatters found themselves facing groups of journalists, all asking questions and demanding answers from the defenders. The tone of the coverage angered the squatters, and they at first refused to talk to the press. But when the squatters found that they might be facing a prolonged siege, they eventually decided to address the media.
The press were invited behind the barricades for a press conference. Though the police had warned people from going near the barricaded area, dozens of reporters from all the large media outlets made their way to the barricades. Here they were met by representatives of the squatters. The squatters had prepared a manifesto explaining why they had acted as they had and listing their demands. In the manifesto, the squatters attacked the city council and the mayor, calling them \"a bunch of arrogant bureaucrats,\" and furthermore stated that they would not leave the barricades until the negotiations were re-opened or another acceptable solution had been found.
The statement ended with these words: \"We are not doing this because we want to fight. We are not doing this because we think that is funny to see what the inside of a jail cell looks like, nor because we like the sound of riot police in the streets or the taste of teargas. We are doing this because any other alternative would mean bowing down to the pigs who hide behind their desks and try to control ours and other people\'s lives!\"`{{Citequote|date=July 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
Over the next couple of days, the tension increased. Several compromises were suggested by various parties but they were all rejected by the city council. At the same time, the police were beginning to prepare for a final assault against the defenders. This plan involved breaking through the barricades with armoured bulldozers acquired from the military. Several units of police were then going to charge the squat, some of them armed with submachine guns. About 1500 police had been drafted in for the assault. `{{citation needed span|date=July 2022|The police commanders stated that this assault would most likely result in the death of several people.}}`{=mediawiki} Faced with an unyielding city council and the prospect of an eviction that would end in a bloodbath, the squatters decided to leave the barricades.
The squatters called another press conference for the morning of September 23, but reporters arrived to find the contested buildings empty. Overnight, the squatters had filtered out. This was done in small groups and without discovery from the police.
The squatters had left behind a final manifesto. It read \"We have decided to leave the barricades and our home behind. We have been faced with politicians who have proven themselves to be more cynical than we could ever have imagined. We refuse to sit like a trapped bear waiting for the hunters to come. We refuse to be a part of your sick game. You might think that you have won now, but you are mistaken. You have not broken us. You have shown us what we have the strength to do. The experience we have gained and most of all the solidarity and support that the ordinary people of Copenhagen have shown us is something you can never take from us. We chose to live and fight another day. You have not broken us nor have you destroyed us
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# Philopotamidae
**Philopotamidae** is a family of insects in the order Trichoptera, the caddisflies. They are known commonly as the **finger-net caddisflies**.
The aquatic larvae of these caddisflies spin mesh nets of silk in flowing water to catch food. A larva can spin over a kilometer of extremely thin silk to create its intricate net
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# Null and Void Ordinance
The **Null and Void Ordinance** was an Ordinance passed by the Parliament of England on 20 August 1647. On 26 July 1647 demonstrators had invaded Parliament forcing Independent MPs and the Speaker to flee from Westminster. On 20 August, Oliver Cromwell went to Parliament with an armed escort, following which the Null and Void Ordinance was passed annulling all parliamentary proceedings since 26 July. Most of the Presbyterian MPs then retreated from Parliament leaving the independent MPs with a majority
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# Noddy (card game)
Costly Colours \| playing_time = 30 min. \| random_chance = Medium \| skills = Calculation \| footnotes = }}
**Noddy** (O.F. *naudin*) also **noddie**, **nodde** or **knave noddy**, is a 16th-century English card game, ancestor of cribbage. It is the oldest identifiable card game with this gaming structure and thus probably also ancestral to the more-complicated 17th-century game of costly colours.
## History
The earliest reference to the game of Noddy in the Oxford English Dictionary dates from 1589. The basic term noddy, means a fool or simpleton, but in the gaming sense, it is just the name given to the knave of the suit turned up at the start of play.
A description of the game can be found in Randle Holme\'s *The Academy of Armory*, written in 1688, which displays previously unrecorded scoring features and terminology.
## Cribbage without the crib {#cribbage_without_the_crib}
Noddy can be thought of as the \"small cribbage without the crib\".`{{huh?|date=May 2025}}`{=mediawiki} But it would seem that the game of noddy was played for counters, and that it was fifteen or twenty-one up, as quoted by Shirley. In a play of Middleton\'s, Christmas, speaking of the sports of that time as children, says that the game was played for thirty one. And in Salton\'s Tales the game was depicted as being played for twenty one. It is probable, however, that it was played all the three ways, as 15, 21 and 31 points at the choice of the players.
Edmund Gayton (Festivous Notes upon Don Quixot, 1654) speaks of noddy boards, but Robert Nares in *A Glossary: or Collection of words, phrases, names and allusions to customs, proverbs, &c* (1822) says that Noddy was not played with a board.
## Gameplay
Noddy is a game for two or four players -- the latter presumably partners -- receiving each 3 cards from a 52-card pack ranking from ace (low) to king (high). The object of the game is to peg points for making combinations both in the hand and in the play up to 31 over as many deals as it takes. A23 is a valid sequence, but AKQ isn\'t. Whoever cuts the lower card deals first.
## Combinations
- Knave noddy -- jack of the trump suit: 1 (or 2 to non-dealer if it\'s turned up)
- Point-counts
- Fifteen (two or more cards totalling 15): 1 per card
- Twenty-five (three or more cards totalling 25): 1 per card
- Thirty-one, or \'Hitter\' (four or more cards totalling 31): 1 per card
- Pairs
- Pair (two cards of the same rank): 2
- Pair royal, or prial (three of the same rank): 6
- Double pair royal (all four of a rank): 12
- Runs (sequences)
- Run of three: 2
- Run of four: 4
- Run of 5 or more: 1 per card
- Flushes
- Three or more cards of the same suit: 1 per card
## Terminology
In the game, certain cards have peculiar names and scores, like \"flatback\" (K♠) 6, \"countenance\" (Q♥) 4, \"Roger\" (J♥) 5, and \"knave noddy\" -- name applied to the knave of the suit turned up at the start of the play -- scores 2 to the dealer.
The earliest reference to the game in the Oxford English Dictionary, dates from 1589. It is now presumed extinct, although Parlett published its rules in 2008.
## Literature
- Festivous notes on the History and adventures of the renowned Don Quixote by -- 1768
- Parlett, David (2008). *The Penguin Book of Card Games*, Penguin, London
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# Ragnar Vik
**Ragnar Magne Vik** (3 July 1893 -- 9 January 1941 in Liverpool) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Sildra*, which won the gold medal in the 8 metre class (1919 rating)
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# Reidar Martiniuson
**Johan Reidar Martiniuson** (4 July 1893 -- 4 June 1968) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Sildra*, which won the gold medal in the 8 metre class (1919 rating)
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# Real Property Administrator
\_\_NOTOC\_\_
The **Real Property Administrator** (RPA) designation is a professional designation for commercial property managers awarded to people with several years of experience and completing the Building Owners and Managers Association advanced study program. The designation is administered by Building Owners and Managers Institute (BOMI) International, an independent nonprofit institute for property and facility management education. The program covers all aspects of operating a commercial property and maximizing a net income while minimizing risk
| 78 |
Real Property Administrator
| 0 |
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# Oriel House
**Oriel House**, now known as **Talbot Hotel Cork**, is a 19th-century house at the west end of the town of Ballincollig, County Cork, Ireland. Now operating as a hotel, it was originally built to house administrating officers of the Ballincollig Gunpowder Mills site.
Hosting a number of other businesses after the mills closed, in 1983 it was converted to operate as a hotel by its then owner William (Bill) Shanahan. The hotel was sold in 2003, further developed in 2006, and underwent another change of ownership in 2014.
## History
### Construction
Charles Henry Leslie, a Cork banker, built Ballincollig Gunpowder Mills in 1794, though Oriel House itself wasn\'t built until sometime after this.
Oriel House was built early in the 19th century by the Board of Ordnance following their takeover of the mills site. Originally built as three houses for the administrating officers of the Gunpowder Mills, it was not known as Oriel House until some time later. Mr. Charles Wilkes, who was a superintendent in the Gunpowder Mills, lived in the house in the first decades of the 19th century.
In 1834 the Gunpowder Mills were bought by Thomas Tobin of Liverpool. He married Catherine Ellis in 1835, and they moved into the house. Catherine was a painter, and so the Tobin\'s built an oriel window to provide additional light for painting. The oriel is about 20 ft and 10 ft, and has a glass roof to give maximum natural light. It wasn\'t until after this feature was added that the house became known as Oriel Court.
### 19th and early 20th centuries {#th_and_early_20th_centuries}
In the years after Thomas Tobin\'s death (1881), the house passed through a series of owners. In Guys Directory of 1886, Colonel W. Balfe of the 11th Hussars was listed as being in Oriel House. The 11th Hussars were in Ballincollig from 1884 to 1886. In 1893, J.McKenzie MacMorran was in the residence and by 1911 Lt. Col. Onslow R.F.A. lived there. In 1916 W. J. O Hara was living there. In 1922 the house was set on fire by republicans, but some local people cut the roof joists and saved the eastern part of the house. Members of the Mac Mullen family are recorded as living in the house in 1925 and 1938. In 1947, Mrs. Marie Louise Perrins (of Lea & Perrins fame) came to live there. She later married Noel Mahony of Blarney Woollen Mills. A keen horsewoman, she later moved out of the house, as she felt the road was getting busy and dangerous for her and her horses (1957).
### Hotel
The house was left to various people until the Shanahan family bought it in 1970. The house was in a state of semi-dereliction at this stage. Oriel House (the name having been changed from Oriel Court) was opened as a hotel in 1983 and was a family-run hotel. The Shanahan family used a number of salvaged items as part of the redecoration and renovation. This included the door to the cellar bar (which came from Cork City Gaol), the doors to the hotel (from the Savoy Cinema in the city) and the counter in the lounge (from a bank in the city).
In 2003, Oriel House was sold (by the Shanahan family) to William and Angela Savage of Cork Luxury Hotels. The new owners undertook additional renovations and reopened the hotel in late 2006.`{{fact|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
In 2012, the hotel went into receivership, under the management of BDL Ireland. In 2014 it was purchased by the Talbot Collection, a Hotel Group, who have other properties in Wexford, Carlow, Tipperary, Dublin and at the Talbot Hotel Midleton (previously the Midleton Park Hotel)
| 615 |
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# Shire of Tambellup
The **Shire of Tambellup** was a local government area in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, about 40 km south of Katanning and about 330 km south-southeast of the state capital, Perth. The Shire covered an area of 1436 km2, and its seat of government was the town of Tambellup.
The Tambellup Road District was gazetted on 13 October 1905. On 1 July 1961, it became a shire council following the enactment of the *Local Government Act 1960*, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires. On 1 July 2008, after 10 months of planning and preparation, it merged with the neighbouring Shire of Broomehill to form the Shire of Broomehill-Tambellup
| 116 |
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| 0 |
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# TrueSkill
**TrueSkill** is a skill-based ranking system developed by Microsoft for use with video game matchmaking on the Xbox network. Unlike the popular Elo rating system, which was initially designed for chess, TrueSkill is designed to support games with more than two players. In 2018, Microsoft published details about an extended version of TrueSkill, named TrueSkill2.
It is based on a Thurstonian model with a Gaussian score distribution. It does not satisfy Luce\'s Choice Axiom.
## Calculation
A player\'s skill is represented as a normal distribution $\mathcal{N}$ characterized by a mean value of $\mu$ (**mu**, representing perceived skill) and a variance of $\sigma$ (**sigma**, representing how \"unconfident\" the system is in the player\'s $\mu$ value). As such $\mathcal{N}(x)$ can be interpreted as the probability that the player\'s \"true\" skill is $x$.
On Xbox Live, players start with $\mu = 25$ and $\sigma = 25/3$; $\mu$ always increases after a win and always decreases after a loss. The extent of actual updates depends on each player\'s $\sigma$ and on how \"surprising\" the outcome is to the system. Unbalanced games, for example, result in either negligible updates when the favorite wins, or huge updates when the favorite loses surprisingly.
Factor graphs and expectation propagation via moment matching are used to compute the message passing equations which in turn compute the skills for the players.
Player ranks are displayed as the conservative estimate of their skill, $R = \mu - 3 \times \sigma$. This is conservative, because the system is 99% sure that the player\'s skill is actually higher than what is displayed as their rank.
The system can be used with arbitrary scales, but Microsoft uses a scale from 0 to 50 for Xbox Live. Hence, players start with a rank of $R = 25 - 3 \cdot \frac{25}{3} = 0$. This means that a new player\'s defeat results in a large sigma loss, which partially or completely compensates their mu loss. This explains why people may gain ranks from losses.
## Use in other projects {#use_in_other_projects}
TrueSkill is patented, and the name is trademarked, so it is limited to Microsoft projects and commercial projects that obtain a license to use the algorithm
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# WYFA
**WYFA** (107.1 MHz) is a non-commercial FM radio station licensed to Waynesboro, Georgia, and serving the Augusta metropolitan area. It is owned by the Bible Broadcasting Network and broadcasts a Christian radio format.
Hosts on WYFA include Adrian Rogers, Joni Eareckson Tada, Chuck Swindoll and J. Vernon McGee. The station and its hosts hold periodic fundraisers on the air to support the station and their ministries.
WYFA has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 25,000 watts. The transmitter is on Old Waynesboro Road in Waynesboro.
## History
WYFA signed on March 4, 1994, with its current format. 100.9 WTHB-FM (also licensed to Waynesboro) originally signed on as WYFA in 1988 with the same format
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WYFA
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# Jens Salvesen
**Jens Johan Salvesen** (8 September 1883 -- 21 September 1976) was a Norwegian sailor who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Norwegian boat *Lyn*, which won the silver medal in the 8 metre class (1919 rating)
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Jens Salvesen
| 0 |
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# Shire of Three Springs
The **Shire of Three Springs** is a local government area in the Mid West region of Western Australia, about 310 km north of the state capital Perth. The Shire covers an area of 2657 km2, and its seat of government is the town of Three Springs.
## History
The Three Springs Road District was constituted on 2 November 1928 from parts of the neighbouring road districts of Mingenew, Perenjori and Carnamah. It held its first meeting on 2 February 1929, with E. Hunt as its first chairman. On 1 July 1961, it became a shire under the *Local Government Act 1960*, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires.
On 18 September 2009, the Shires of Mingenew, Three Springs, Morawa and Perenjori announced their intention to amalgamate. A formal agreement was signed five days later, and the name Billeranga was later chosen.
However, by February 2011, community pressure had led to the negotiations stalling, and on 16 April 2011, voters from the Shire of Perenjori defeated the proposal at a referendum.
## Wards
The Shire is no longer divided into wards. The seven councillors represent all electors.
## Towns and localities {#towns_and_localities}
The towns and localities of the Shire of Three Springs with population and size figures based on the most recent Australian census:
Locality data-sort-type=number\|Population data-sort-type=number\|Area Map
----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- -----
Arrino {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q21897170}}
Arrowsmith East {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q31440662}}
Dudawa {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55451821}}
Kadathinni {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55448925}}
Three Springs {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q3990873}}
Womarden {{#invoke:PopulationFromWikidata \| ListForInfobox \| type=suburb \| wikidata=Q55448926}}
## Population
## Heritage-listed places {#heritage_listed_places}
As of 2023, 47 places are heritage-listed in the Shire of Three Springs, of which one is on the State Register of Heritage Places, the former Duffy\'s Store & Billiard Saloon. The store, dating back to 1929, was added to the register on 24 March 2005
| 329 |
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| 0 |
11,053,621 |
# 86th Illinois Infantry Regiment
The **86th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry** was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
## Service
The 86th Illinois Infantry was organized at Peoria, Illinois and mustered into Federal service on August 27, 1862.
The regiment was mustered out on June 6, 1865, and discharged at Chicago, Illinois, on June 21, 1865.
## Total strength and casualties {#total_strength_and_casualties}
The regiment suffered 3 officers and 73 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officers and 93 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 175 fatalities.
## Commanders
- Colonel David D. Irons - Died Nashville, Tennessee August 11, 1863.
- Lieutenant Colonel Allen L. Fahnestock - Mustered out with the regiment
| 133 |
86th Illinois Infantry Regiment
| 0 |
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# Sport Club Corinthians Paulista (youth)
**Sport Club Corinthians Paulista\'s Base Categories** (*Categorias de Base do Sport Club Corinthians Paulista*) is the youth system of Corinthians. The youth system is composed of several age categories ranging from Under-11s to Under-20s. The academy teams play in the state-wide Federação Paulista de Futebol-organized competitions (U-11 to U-20), the Brazilian Football Confederation-organized national championships (U-17 to U-20), and in the prestigious Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior (U-20).
Corinthians\' academy is one of Brazil\'s most successful, winning 11 Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior, 1 Campeonato Brasileiro Sub-20 and 1 Copa do Brasil Sub-17 titles altogether. Numerous international players have graduated from the academy team.
## Competitions
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Under-20s (*Junior*) | Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior\ |
| | Campeonato Brasileiro Sub-20\ |
| | Copa do Brasil Sub-20\ |
| | Campeonato Paulista Sub-20 |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Under-17s (*Juvenil*) | Campeonato Brasileiro Sub-17\ |
| | Copa do Brasil Sub-17\ |
| | Campeonato Paulista Sub-17 |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Under-15s (*Infantil*) | Campeonato Paulista Sub-15 |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Under-13s | Campeonato Paulista Sub-13 |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Under-11s | Campeonato Paulista Sub-11 |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+
## Players
Note: Shirt numbers refer to first-team matches. Academy matches numbers are issued on a match-by-match basis.
### Under-23s {#under_23s}
Note: Corinthians deactivated the under-23s squad in 2022. Occasionally some under-23s players might remain under contract and are available for some competitions.\
### Under-20s {#under_20s}
Note: Players currently eligible to play in the under-20 squad\
`{{Fs start}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=26|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Guilherme Sucigan Mafra Cunha|Guilherme Biro]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=27|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Breno de Souza Bidon|Breno Bidon]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=28|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Vitor Alves Meer|Vitor Meer]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=31|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Kayke Ferrari Guimarães|Kayke]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=35|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Leonardo Mana Hernandes|Léo Mana]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=36|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Wesley Gassova|Wesley]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=40|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Felipe Longo Fernandes da Silva|Felipe Longo]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=48|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Rafael Correia Venâncio|Rafael Venâncio]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=49|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Yago Kauã Rodrigues Gonçalves|Yago Gonçalves]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=50|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Matheus Roger Costa Silva|Matheus Roger]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Carlos Gabriel Bizzon da Silva|Bizzon]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Carlos Eduardo Coutinho de Goes|Cadu]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Kauê Vinicius de Souza Camargo|Kauê]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=GK|name=[[Matheus Corrêa Leite de Moraes Gonçalves|Matheus Corrêa]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Abimael Pereira Maia|Abimael]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Guilherme Pellegrin Almeida|Guilherme Pellegrin]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Kaio Henrique Diogo Domingues|Kaio Henrique]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Renato Santos da Cruz|Renato Santos]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Thierry Bernardo Gomes dos Santos|Thierry]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs mid}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Vinicius Cressi]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Victor de Oliveira Souza Silva|Vitinho]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[William da Silva Magiezi|William Magiezi]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Adryan Bezerra Silva|Adryan]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[André Luiz Santos Dias|André]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Luiz Gustavo Lemos Carvalho|Bahia]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Gabriel Yuske Tokuyoshi de Almeida|Gabriel Yuske]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Jhonatan Garcia da Silva|Jhonatan]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[João Victor da Silva Pinto|João Victor]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=ARG|pos=MF|name=[[Thomas Agustin Fretes|Thomas Agustin]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Thomas Rafael Gonçalves Lisboa|Thomas Lisboa]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Vitor Robson Oliveira Santos|Vitor Robson]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Roberto Batista Prado Neto|Beto]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Dimas Candido de Oliveira Filho|Dimas]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Gabriel Henrique Soares da Silva|Caipira]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Guilherme Henrique de Oliveira Morais|Guilherme Henrique]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=[[Mateus Henrique Cardoso da Silva|Mateus Patolino]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Rafael Batista da Silva Junior|Juninho]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Laércio Georges Gomes da Silva Filho|Laércio]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Leonardo Agostinho Angueira de Camargo|Léo Agostinho]]}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs end}}`{=mediawiki}
### Under-17s {#under_17s}
Note: Only players with a professional contract\
## Staff
---------------------------- ---------------------------------
General Director Osvaldo Gomes Corrêa Neto
General Manager André Figueiredo
Register Manager Ricardo Montalvão
General Supervisor Pedro Henrique Moreira
Technical Coordinator Márcio Bittencourt
Methodology Coordinator Próspero Paoli
Administrative Coordinator Gustavo Lott
Under-20s Staff Head Coach: Danilo
Under-17s Staff Head Coach: Guilherme Dalla Déa
---------------------------- ---------------------------------
| 536 |
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista (youth)
| 0 |
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# Sport Club Corinthians Paulista (youth)
## Academy Graduates {#academy_graduates}
: --- Academy graduates who still play for Corinthians, including those that are currently out on loan to other clubs, are in bold.
### Notable Graduates {#notable_graduates}
Player Debut Year Information
------------------- ------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jaú 1932 Played for Brazil in the 1938 FIFA World Cup
Britto 1933 Played for Brazil in the 1938 FIFA World Cup
Cabeção 1949 Played for Brazil in the 1954 FIFA World Cup
Rivellino 1965 Played for Brazil in 3 FIFA World Cups (1970, 1974 and 1978)
Walter Casagrande 1982 Played for Brazil in the 1986 FIFA World Cup
Paulo Sérgio 1988 Played for Brazil in the 1994 FIFA World Cup
Viola 1988 Played for Brazil in the 1994 FIFA World Cup
Cris 1995 Played for Brazil in the 2006 FIFA World Cup
Deco 1996 Played for Portugal in 2 FIFA World Cups (2006 and 2010)
Jô 2003 Played for Brazil in the 2014 FIFA World Cup
Willian 2006 Played for Brazil in 2 FIFA World Cups (2014 and 2018)
Weverton 2007 Played for Brazil in the 2022 FIFA World Cup, gold medalist in the 2016 Summer Olympics
Éverton Ribeiro 2007 Played for Brazil in the 2022 FIFA World Cup
Marquinhos 2011 Played for Brazil in 2 FIFA World Cups (2018, 2022), gold medalist in the 2016 Summer Olympics
**Fagner** 2006 Played for Brazil in the 2018 FIFA World Cup
Malcom 2014 Gold medalist for Brazil in the 2020 Summer Olympics
Guilherme Arana 2014 Gold medalist for Brazil in the 2020 Summer Olympics
Claudinho 2016 Gold medalist for Brazil in the 2020 Summer Olympics
### Graduates (2011-present) {#graduates_2011_present}
Player Debut Current club / most recent club
--------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Elias Oliveira Age 19 v Cruzeiro, 24 July 2011 Pattaya Dolphins United
Danilo Fernandes Age 23 v Athletico-PR, 7 August 2011 Bahia
André Vinícius Age 20 v Grêmio Osasco, 15 September 2011 Oeste (2018) \[retired\]
Antonio Carlos Age 18 v Grêmio Osasco, 15 September 2011 Orlando City
Denner Age 17 v Grêmio Osasco, 15 September 2011 Operário Várzea-Grandense
Douglas Santos Age 19 v Grêmio Osasco, 15 September 2011 CSE
Igor Fernandes Age 19 v Grêmio Osasco, 15 September 2011 Santo André
Marquinhos Age 17 v Grêmio Osasco, 15 September 2011 Paris Saint-Germain
Matheus Souza Age 18 v Grêmio Osasco, 15 September 2011 Balzan
Moisés Ribeiro Age 20 v Grêmio Osasco, 15 September 2011 Santo André
Gomes Age 18 v São Caetano, 18 February 2012 Boa Esporte (2022)
Willian Arão Age 19 v Flamengo, 15 January 2012 Fenerbahçe
Giovanni Age 18 v Ponte Preta, 15 April 2012 Cruzeiro (2022)
Matheuzinho Age 19 v Ponte Preta, 15 April 2012 Al-Merrikh
Léo Arthur Age 17 v Paulista-SP, 20 January 2013 Figueirense
Yago Age 20 v Ituano, 9 March 2013 Náutico (2021) \[retired\]
Paulinho Age 19 v Linense, 14 April 2013 Chungbuk Cheongju
Zé Paulo Age 19 v Bragantino, 5 February 2014 Hồng Lĩnh Hà Tĩnh
Malcom Age 17 v Bahia de Feira, 19 March 2014 Zenit Saint Petersburg
Guilherme Arana Age 16 v Athletico-PR, 14 May 2014 Atlético Mineiro
Gustavo Tocantins Age 19 v Botafogo, 11 October 2014 Barito Putera
Pedro Henrique Age 19 v 1
| 526 |
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista (youth)
| 1 |
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# Municipal annexation in the United States
Municipal annexation is a process by which a municipality acquires new territory, most commonly by expanding its boundaries into an adjacent unincorporated area. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas.
In the United States, all local governments are considered \"creatures of the state\" according to Dillon\'s Rule, which resulted from the work of John Forrest Dillon on the law of municipal corporations. Dillon\'s Rule implies, among other things, that the boundaries of any jurisdiction falling under state government can be modified by state government action. For this reason, examples of municipal annexation are distinct from annexations involving sovereign states.
## Shoestring annexation {#shoestring_annexation}
A \"shoestring annexation\" is a term used for an annexation by a city, town or other municipality in which it acquires new territory that is contiguous to the existing territory but is only connected to it by a thin strip of land. It is sometimes called a \"flagpole annexation\" because the territory resembles a flagpole, in which the connection is the \"pole\" and the annexed territory the \"flag\".
### Reasons
In some states, municipalities are prohibited from annexing land not directly connected to their existing territory. A shoestring or flagpole annexation allows the municipality to do so.
Such annexations are sometimes used when a municipality seeks to acquire unincorporated developed land, such as a newly built subdivision separated from it by undeveloped open space. They may also be used when a municipality desires to annex a commercial or industrial area without taking over intervening residential areas, so as to collect tax revenues from the businesses or industry without having to provide services (such as electricity and garbage collection) to residents. Such uses of the technique are often criticized and derided as a form of gerrymandering, and have in fact been used for the purpose of manipulating vote distribution among election precincts and districts.
A related strategy is called strip annexation, which involves annexing a narrow strip that encloses a large block of unincorporated land. Strip annexation was widely used by the municipalities of the Phoenix metropolitan area during the 1970s to preemptively gain control of large areas of land before other municipalities, without having to annex more than a thin strip surrounding a large so-called county island. The strip protected the county island from being annexed by other municipalities, thus giving the strip-annexing municipality the ability to slowly annex portions of the county island over time. One such annexation by Chandler in 1974 spurred nearby Gilbert to create the largest county island to date by annexing a strip no more than 200 feet wide that enclosed 51 square miles of unincorporated Maricopa County. The annexation was challenged in court and, although found legal, eventually led to legislation in 1980 outlawing strip annexation. Some municipalities rushed to annex before the law took effect, such as Scottsdale, which annexed a 10 foot wide strip enclosing an 86 square mile county island.
| 520 |
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| 0 |
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# Municipal annexation in the United States
## Shoestring annexation {#shoestring_annexation}
### Examples
`{{norefs|section|date = March 2018}}`{=mediawiki}
#### Port of Los Angeles {#port_of_los_angeles}
The Port of Los Angeles together with the San Pedro, Wilmington and Harbor City neighborhoods of Los Angeles, are connected to the main part of the city by what is called locally the \"Shoestring Strip\" between Figueroa Street and Vermont Avenue and between Western and Normandie avenues to the south.
#### O\'Hare Airport {#ohare_airport}
O\'Hare Airport is municipally connected to the city of Chicago via a narrow strip of land, approximately 200 feet wide, along Foster Avenue from the Des Plaines River to the airport. This land was annexed in the 1950s to assure the airport was contiguous with the city to keep it under city control. The strip is bounded on the north by Rosemont and the south by Schiller Park.
#### Allston-Brighton {#allston_brighton}
The Boston neighborhoods of Allston and Brighton were part of an independent town of Brighton before being annexed by Boston. They are presently connected to the remainder of the city by the Boston University campus. At the time of the annexation, Brookline extended to the Charles River and separated Boston and Brighton. As a result, a shoestring annexation was obtained by Boston from Brookline when Brighton joined Boston. This was made necessary by Brookline\'s refusal to join Boston a year before Brighton\'s annexation.
#### Santa Barbara Municipal Airport {#santa_barbara_municipal_airport}
Santa Barbara Municipal Airport is connected to the city of Santa Barbara, despite being located in the center of the city of Goleta, through 300 feet wide strip of land mostly located under the Pacific Ocean.
#### South San Diego {#south_san_diego}
South San Diego, located next to the Mexico--United States border, is physically separated from the rest of San Diego by the cities of National City and Chula Vista. A narrow strip of land at the bottom of San Diego Bay connects these southern neighborhoods with the rest of the city.
#### West Grove {#west_grove}
West Grove, the western portion of the city of Garden Grove in Orange County, California, is separated from the rest of the city by the city of Stanton. The two portions of the city are connected to the rest of the city by a narrow strip of land along Garden Grove Boulevard from Beach Boulevard to Hoover Street
| 390 |
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| 1 |
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# Destruction of Warsaw
The **destruction of Warsaw** was Nazi Germany\'s razing of the city in late 1944, after the 1944 Warsaw Uprising of the Polish resistance. The uprising infuriated German leaders, who decided to destroy the city in retaliation.
The razing of the city had long been planned. Warsaw had been selected for destruction and major reconstruction as part of the Nazis\' planned Germanization of Central Europe, under the Nazi Generalplan Ost. However, by late 1944, with the war clearly lost, the Germans had abandoned their plans of colonizing the East. Thus, the destruction of Warsaw did not serve any military or colonial purpose; it was carried out solely as an act of reprisal.
German forces dedicated an unprecedented effort to razing the city, destroying 80--90% of Warsaw\'s buildings, including the vast majority of museums, art galleries, theaters, churches, parks, and historical buildings such as castles and palaces. They deliberately demolished, burned, or stole an immense part of Warsaw\'s cultural heritage. After the war, extensive work was put into rebuilding the city according to pre-war plans and historical documents.
The destruction of Warsaw was practically unparalleled in the Second World War, with it being noted that \"Perhaps no city suffered more than Warsaw during World War II\", with historian Alexandra Richie stating that \"The destruction of Warsaw was unique even in the terrible history of the Second World War\".
`{{quotebox|The city must completely disappear from the surface of the earth and serve only as a transport station for the Wehrmacht. No stone can remain standing. Every building must be razed to its foundation.|[[SS]] chief [[Heinrich Himmler]], SS officers' conference, 17 October 1944<ref name="WiTo">Krystyna Wituska, Irene Tomaszewski, ''Inside a Gestapo Prison: The Letters of Krystyna Wituska, 1942–1944'', Wayne State University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-8143-3294-3}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SAvtbhtQKZ4C&pg=PR22 Google Print, p.xxii]</ref>|width=300px}}`{=mediawiki}
## Prewar plan of destruction {#prewar_plan_of_destruction}
On June 20, 1939, while Adolf Hitler was visiting an architectural bureau in Würzburg am Main, he noticed a project of a future German town -- *Neue deutsche Stadt Warschau* (\"New German city of Warsaw\"). According to the Pabst Plan, Warsaw was to be turned into a provincial German city of 130,000. Third Reich planners drafted precise drawings outlining a historic \"Germanic\" core where a select few landmarks would be saved, such as the Royal Castle which would serve as Hitler\'s state residence. The Plan, which was composed of 15 drawings and a miniature architectural model, was named after German army architect Friedrich Pabst who refined the concept of destroying a nation\'s morale and culture by destroying its physical and architectural manifestations. The design of the actual new German city over the site of Warsaw was devised by Hubert Gross. The aftermath of the failure of the Warsaw Uprising presented an opportunity for Hitler to begin to realize his pre-war conception.`{{page needed|date=August 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Destruction of Warsaw
## Warsaw Uprising\'s aftermath {#warsaw_uprisings_aftermath}
### Expulsion of civilians {#expulsion_of_civilians}
The Warsaw Uprising was launched by the Polish Home Army on August 1, 1944, as part of Operation Tempest. In response, under orders from Heinrich Himmler, Warsaw was kept under ceaseless barrage by Nazi artillery and air power for sixty-three days and nights by Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski.`{{fact|date=August 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
In 1944, a large transit camp (*Durchgangslager*, or Dulag) was constructed in Pruszków\'s Train Repair Shops (Zakłady Naprawcze Taboru Kolejowego) to house the evacuees expelled from Warsaw. In the course of the Warsaw Uprising and its suppression, the Germans deported approximately 550,000 of the city\'s residents and approximately 100,000 civilians from its outskirts, sending them to Dulag 121 Pruszków.`{{fact|date=August 2023}}`{=mediawiki} The security police and the SS segregated the deportees and decided their fate. Approximately 650,000 people passed through the Pruszków camp in August, September, and October. Approximately 55,000 were sent to concentration camps, including 13,000 to Auschwitz.`{{fact|date=August 2023}}`{=mediawiki} They included people from a variety of social classes, occupations, physical conditions, and ages. Evacuees ranged from infants only a few weeks old to the extremely elderly. In a few cases, these were also people of different ethnic backgrounds, including Jews living on \"Aryan papers\".`{{additional citation needed|date=August 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
### Looting and destruction of buildings {#looting_and_destruction_of_buildings}
After the remaining population had been expelled, the Germans began the destruction of the remnants of the city. Special groups of German combat engineers were dispatched throughout the city in order to burn (*Brandkommandos*) and demolish (*Sprengkommandos*) the remaining buildings. According to German plans, after the war Warsaw was to be turned into nothing more than a military transit station.
By January 1945, between 85% and 90% of the buildings had been completely destroyed; this includes up to 10% as a result of the September 1939 campaign and following combat, up to 15% during the earlier Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 25% during the Uprising, and 40% due to systematic German demolition of city after the uprising.`{{Failed verification|date=October 2015}}`{=mediawiki}
Material losses were estimated at 10,455 buildings, 923 historical buildings (94%), 25 churches, 14 libraries including the National Library, 81 primary schools, 64 high schools, the University of Warsaw, the Warsaw University of Technology, and most of the city\'s historical monuments. Almost a million inhabitants lost all of their possessions. The exact losses of private and public property, including pieces of art, other cultural artifacts and scientific artifacts, is unknown but must be considered substantial since Warsaw and its inhabitants were the richest and wealthiest Poles in pre-war Poland. In 2004, the President of Warsaw, Lech Kaczyński (later President of Poland), established a historical commission to estimate losses to public property alone that were inflicted on the city by German authorities. The commission estimated the losses to be at least \$31.5 billion. Those estimates were later raised to \$45 billion and in 2005, to \$54.6 billion (all equated to 2004 dollars). The official estimates do not include immense losses of private property, which are of unknown value since almost all of the pre-war documents (such as insurance values of private collections) have also been destroyed, but are considered between double and triple the official estimates (which are based on documented losses only while for example, the National Library\'s list of pre-war property lost estimated to be 1% of its collection since Germans destroyed all archives too).
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# Destruction of Warsaw
## Warsaw Uprising\'s aftermath {#warsaw_uprisings_aftermath}
### Burning of libraries {#burning_of_libraries}
During the German suppression of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, around 70 to 80% of libraries were carefully burned by the *Brandkommandos* (burning detachments), whose mission was to burn Warsaw. In October 1944 the Załuski Library, the oldest public library in Poland and one of the oldest and most important libraries in Europe (established in 1747), was burned down. Out of about 400,000 printed items, maps and manuscripts, only some 1,800 manuscripts and 30,000 printed materials survived.
In the last phase of the Warsaw Uprising and after its collapse, in September and October 1944, the three major private libraries in Warsaw (Krasiński Library, Przeździecki Library and the Library of Zamoyski Family Entail), including collections of priceless value to Polish culture, ceased to exist. Those libraries had already suffered in September 1939, when they were bombed and burned.
An important collection of books belonging to the Krasiński Library, created in 1844, was largely destroyed in 1944. The collection originally consisted of 250,000 items. During the Uprising, on September 5, 1944, the library\'s warehouses were shelled by German artillery and burned almost completely. Some of the books were preserved, thrown through windows by the library\'s staff. The surviving collection was later deliberately burned by the Germans in October 1944 after collapse of the Uprising. About 26,000 manuscripts, 2,500 incunables, 80,000 early printed books, 100,000 drawings and prints, 50,000 note and theater manuscripts, and a large collection of maps and atlases were lost. The Przeździecki Estate Library in 6 Foksal Street included 60,000 volumes and 500 manuscripts, a rich archive containing 800 parchment and paper documents, and a cartographic collection consisting of 350 maps, atlases and plans. In addition to 10,000 prints and drawings, there was an extensive art gallery (*Portrait of Casimir Jagiellon* from the 15th century, *Portrait of John III Sobieski* from the Schleissheim Palace, the *House altar of Sophia Jagiellon*, 1456), valuable collection of miniatures and decorative art: textiles, porcelain, faience, glass, gold objects, military, etc. It burned down on September 25, 1939 as a result of severe aerial bombardment by the Germans (incendiary bombing). The surviving items sheltered in the neighbouring tenement house at Szczygla Street were burned in October 1944. The last of above mentioned libraries, the Library of the Zamoyski Family Entail, acquired collections of 70,000 works (97,000 volumes), more than 2,000 manuscripts, 624 parchment diplomas, several thousand manuscripts, a collection of engravings, coins and 315 maps and atlases. Library collections also gathered numerous collections of art: a rich collection of militaria, miniatures, porcelain, faience and glass, natural collections, research tools etc., gathered mostly during the existence of the Zamoyski Academy. In 1939, about 50,000 items (about 30%) were destroyed in bombing. On September 8, 1944, the Germans set fire to both the Zamoyski Palace (Blue Palace) and the library building.
The Central Military Library, containing 350,000 books on the history of Poland, was destroyed, including the Library of Polish Museum in Rapperswil deposited there for safekeeping. The collection of the Rapperswil Library had been transported to Poland in 1927. The library and the museum were founded in Rapperswil, Switzerland, in 1870 as \"a refuge for \[Poland\'s\] historic memorabilia dishonored and plundered in the \[occupied Polish\] homeland\" and for the promotion of Polish interests. The greater part of library\'s collections, originally 20,000 engravings, 92,000 books and 27,000 manuscripts, were deliberately destroyed by the Germans in 1944.
Unlike earlier Nazi book burnings where specific books were deliberately targeted, the burning of those libraries was part of the general burning of a large part of the city of Warsaw. This resulted in the disappearance of many valuable old books and scrolls among about sixteen million volumes from National Library, museums and palaces burnt indiscriminately by Germans in Poland during World War II.
### Scope of destruction {#scope_of_destruction}
Category Destroyed
------------------------------- -----------
Roadway and railway bridges 100%
Theatres and cinemas 95%
Industry 90%
Healthcare buildings 90%
Historical monument buildings 90%
Tram infrastructure 85%
Tram rolling stock 75%
Housing 72%
Education 70%
Trees in parks and gardens 60%
Electricity 50%
Gas pipes 46%
Water supply 30%
Roadways surface 30%
: Estimated Warsaw city destruction during German occupation 1939--1945
## Gallery
<File:Bundesarchiv> Bild 183-2008-0415-508, Warschau, Luftaufnahme, Zerstörungen.jpg\|Warsaw during World War II: destroyed townhouses between Zielna (top) and Marszałkowska streets (bottom). In bottom right corner building Marszałkowska 156 on the corner with Królewskia street, also visible Bloch Palace at Marszałkowska 154. September 1939 <File:Warsaw> during WWII - Rondo Dmowskiego.jpg\|Intersection of Marszałkowska Street and Aleje Jerozolimskie Street in Warsaw during German occupation. Visible tramway #3 with a billboard \"Kamea woda kwiatowa\". Behind it ruins of destroyed in 1939 townhouse at Marszałkowska 98/al. Jerozolimskie 33 streets. <File:Warsaw> Uprising - Prudential Hit - frame 2a.jpg\|Prudential Building, hit by a 2-ton mortar shell <File:Old> Town Warsaw waf-2012-1501-31(1945).jpg\|Warsaw Old Town marketplace, 1945 <File:The> Royal Castle in Warsaw, 1945.jpg\|Royal Castle reduced to rubble <File:Powstanie> warszawskie ulica Marszałkowska.jpg\|Marszałkowska Street in flames <File:Ursus> factory in Warsaw set on fire during Warsaw Uprising.jpg\|German soldiers in front of a burning Ursus factory <File:Warszawa> Nowe Miasto 1944.jpg\|St. Mary\'s Church, destroyed in 1944. <File:Warsaw> Uprising - Christ of Holy Cross Church.jpg\|Statue of Jesus Christ from the Holy Cross Church <File:Płonąca> Hala Mirowska Powstanie warszawskie.jpg\|Mirów Halls in flames <File:Sigismund's> Column demolished during the Warsaw Uprising 01.jpg\|Sigismund\'s Column demolished by German tank shell <File:Bundesarchiv> Bild 146-1996-057-10A, Warschauer Aufstand, Soldat mit Flammenwerfer.jpg\|A German soldier sets fire to a building <File:Aerial> photograph of the destroyed Warsaw Ghetto.jpg\|Aerial photograph of the destroyed Warsaw Ghetto <File:Polish> Soldier\'s Grave Warsaw 1945.jpg\|Polish soldier\'s grave before ruins on Wyjazd Street <File:Polish> Army Parade waf-2012-1502-29 (1945).jpg\|Parade of the First Polish Army on Marszałkowska Street <File:Castleinwarsaw1947.jpg>\|Royal Castle near the Vistula River (1948)
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# Destruction of Warsaw
## Warsaw\'s rebuilding {#warsaws_rebuilding}
Warsaw was rebuilt between the 1950s and 1970s. Some landmarks were reconstructed as late as the 1980s. While the Old Town has been thoroughly reconstructed, the New Town has been only partially restored to its former state
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# Live at Montreux 2006
***Live at Montreux 2006: They All Came Down to Montreux*** is the first live release by English hard rock band Deep Purple\'s mk VIII lineup. This concert was recorded in Montreux, during 2006 Rapture of the Deep tour. Besides a DVD release, the concert film has also been released on HD DVD and Blu-ray. The CD includes four tracks from their most recent album *Rapture of the Deep* and seven tracks originally from the Mk II line up including six from *Machine Head*. The twelfth track is a Don Airey keyboard solo.
## Track listings {#track_listings}
All songs written by Ritchie Blackmore, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice except where noted.
### CD track listing {#cd_track_listing}
1. \"Pictures of Home\" -- 3:57
2. \"Things I Never Said\" (Gillan, Steve Morse, Glover, Don Airey, Paice) -- 5:44
3. \"Strange Kind of Woman\" -- 5:05
4. \"Rapture of the Deep\" (Gillan, Morse, Glover, Airey, Paice) -- 5:16
5. \"Wrong Man\" (Gillan, Morse, Glover, Airey, Paice) -- 4:25
6. \"Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye\" (Gillan, Morse, Glover, Airey, Paice) -- 4:13
7. \"When a Blind Man Cries\" -- 3:33
- *Credited to Gillan, Morse, Glover, Lord and Paice on this release*
8. \"Lazy\" -- 7:34
9. \"Keyboard Solo\" (Instrumental) (Airey, Albert Ammons, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) -- 4:58
10. \"Space Truckin\'\" -- 4:54
11. \"Highway Star\" -- 8:42
12. \"Smoke on the Water\" -- 9:12
### DVD track listing {#dvd_track_listing}
DVD one: ***Live at Montreux 2006***
1. \"Pictures of Home\"
2. \"Things I Never Said\"
3. \"Strange Kind of Woman\"
4. \"Rapture of the Deep\"
5. \"Wrong Man\"
6. \"The Well-Dressed Guitar\"
7. \"Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye\"
8. \"When a Blind Man Cries\"
9. \"Lazy\"
10. \"Keyboard Solo\" (Instrumental)
11. \"Space Truckin\'\"
12. \"Highway Star\"
13. \"Smoke on the Water\"
14. \"Hush\" *(with Michael Bradford)*
15. \"Too Much Fun\" (jam) *(with \"Funky\" Claude Nobs)*
16. \"Black Night\"
DVD two:***London Hard Rock Cafe 2006***
1. \"Fireball\"
2. \"I Got Your Number\"
3. \"Strange Kind of Woman\"
4. \"Kiss Tomorrow Goodbye\"
5. \"Rapture of the Deep\"
6. \"Wrong Man\"
7. \"Lazy\"
8. \"Perfect Strangers\"
9. \"Highway Star\"
10
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# Mate Ujević
**Mate Ujević** (13 July 1901 -- 6 January 1967) was a Croatian poet and encyclopedist.
## Life
Ujević was born in Krivodol (part of Podbablje near Imotski) in the Kingdom of Dalmatia (present-day Croatia). He received his secondary education in Sinj and Split and studied literature in Zagreb. He bachelored in Ljubljana and finished his doctoral dissertation on poet Jovan Hranilović in Zagreb. In 1941 he was named the director of the institute in charge of the Croatian Encyclopedia, on which he worked until May 1945.
During World War II, Ujević rescued Manko Berman, a Jewish encyclopedist and close friend, as well as two Jewish sisters from being deported to the Jasenovac concentration camp. As a result of these actions, Yad Vashem later honored him as one of the Righteous among the Nations.
In 1950 he began work with the Yugoslav Lexicographical Institute (today\'s Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute) where he remained until his retirement in 1965. He died in Zagreb
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# Raw (Crack the Sky album)
***Raw*** is the seventh studio album by American band Crack the Sky. Other than Jamie LaRitz on lead guitar, however, John Palumbo played all of the musical parts. The next Crack the Sky album, 1989\'s *From the Greenhouse*, saw the return of a number of veteran CTS members, most importantly guitarist Rick Witkowski
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# EMBO Reports
***EMBO Reports*** is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research related to biology at a molecular level. It publishes primary research papers, reviews, and essays and opinion. It also features commentaries on the social impact of advances in the life sciences and the converse influence of society on science. A sister journal to *The EMBO Journal*, *EMBO Reports* was established in 2000 and was published on behalf of the European Molecular Biology Organization by Nature Publishing Group since 2003. It is now published by EMBO Press
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