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# Radio-controlled aerobatics
## Intermediate RC maneuvers {#intermediate_rc_maneuvers}
The intermediate maneuvers, not suitable for beginners, require skills acquired by considerable practice, and often include the use of stalls. Trainer aircraft are not suitable for these.
### Stall turn {#stall_turn}
In a stall turn the plane goes upward, decelerates, yaws 180° under stall, and comes down nearly the same path it goes up, as if it gets hammered on the head.
To perform a stall turn;
1. From level flight input up elevator and reduce power until the aircraft stalls. The angle, speed, and abruptness at which stall occurs depends on the aircraft.
2. As the aircraft stalls input full rudder to one side. This will swiftly swing the aircraft through 180 degrees, gyrating in yaw about the inside wing tip with gravity-induced angular momentum.
3. Release the rudder input before the yaw completes 180 degrees to prevent yaw overshoot
4. On the downward heading gently input up elevator until the aircraft recovers into level flight.
### Slow roll {#slow_roll}
The slow roll is just what the name implies. It is accomplished by inputting either right or left aileron. However, unlike most axial rolls, the slow roll is performed using less than full deflection in the ailerons. The result is a graceful maneuver, but because the aircraft is knife-edge or inverted for a long duration of time, rudder and elevator have to be used to maintain a straight flight path.
When the left wing is down, right rudder is needed to hold level flight. Rolling slowly left will require moving the rudder slowly to the right, then back to center as the wings become level in inverted flight (where of course some elevator is needed), and then to the left as the roll continues and puts the right wing down, and finally back to center and the aircraft returns to straight and level flight.
A slow roll performed on a straight line like an imaginary taut string is a deceptively difficult maneuver that will take considerable practice. Its accomplishment may only be recognized by the best pilots but will lead the student to advanced maneuvers.
### Four-point roll {#four_point_roll}
The four-point roll is a quick series of quarter rolls. The pilot gives four separate, but very brief aileron inputs. The first rolls the aircraft to knife-edge, the second rolls the aircraft inverted, the third rolls the aircraft to opposite knife-edge, and the final input rolls the aircraft back to upright.
### Snap rolls {#snap_rolls}
The snap roll is an aggressive roll. The aircraft rotates about all axes at the same time, the predominant rotation being about the longitudinal axis. This sometimes violent maneuver is accomplished one of two ways. A positive, or inside, snap is executed by going hard over on all controls: full aileron, full rudder, and full up elevator. A negative, or outside, snap, is executed differently: full aileron, full opposite rudder, full down elevator.
### Cuban-8 {#cuban_8}
The **Cuban 8** is a combination move involving both regular and inverted flight. The figure 8 maneuver is started from straight and level flight, and then pulling up and over into inverted flight. Rolling 180 degrees puts the airframe back to normal orientation to cross over in the middle of the eight and then pull back up into inverted flight again. Rolling out the second time and descending back to cross the 8 again completes the maneuver.
You could say the Cuban-8 maneuver is like a figure 8 on a vertical plane that consists of two Immelmann turns.
Aresti Symbol
--------------------------
Cuban Eight
Half Cuban Eight
Reverse Half Cuban Eight
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# Radio-controlled aerobatics
## Advanced RC maneuvers {#advanced_rc_maneuvers}
### Rolling circle {#rolling_circle}
Rolling circle is a maneuver in which an aircraft rolls continuously while turning in a circle. This is arguably one of the most difficult maneuvers to perfect, since varying pitch and yaw corrections are necessary to keep the heading level while maintaining constant roll rate and turning radius.
The standard rolling circle involves 1 roll at each quadrant of the turn, resulting in a total of 4 rolls throughout the 360° horizontal turn. The most logical method to approach the rolling circle is to think of it as 4 slow rolls with turn. The procedure below describes a left-turning right-rolling quadrant:
1. Flying straight and level at normal speed, feed right aileron that results in a constant roll rate that would complete a roll in the time required for a 90° horizontal turn. Simultaneously, feed left rudder and down elevator that would result in a desired turning radius while maintaining level.
2. As the aircraft rolls from 0° to 360°, input both rudder and elevator sequentially as in slow roll, except with some phase lead for rudder and elevator. The shifted timing for elevator and rudder inputs causes the aircraft to turn while maintaining attitude throughout the roll.
3. Once the aircraft completes 360° of roll at ¼ turn, repeat step 2. three more times to complete the entire rolling circle. Neutralize aileron, elevator, and rudder gradually as the rolling circle completes.
Below is a graph that illustrates the elevator and rudder input as a function of rolling position during one turn quadrant. For this case, 60° rudder phase lead and 90° elevator phase lead are used. Actual amplitude and phase leads may vary depending on aircraft behavior.
### Lomcevak
The Lomcevak maneuver is when the aircraft\'s tail spins pitching down about its wing while the entire aircraft is continuously stalled.
There are several methods to execute this maneuver. The most common method is as follows:
1. Flying full throttle from right to left, pull up to a 45-degree upline.
2. Roll the wing to the left 90 degrees so the left wing tip points to the ground.
3. Feed full right rudder, full right aileron, and full down elevator.
4. The aircraft should exhibit the Lomcevak while spiraling downwards.
5. Before reaching terra-firma, exit the maneuver by neutralizing rudder, aileron, and pitch input, then roll toward exit heading, and pull out into level flight.
Alternatively, one can enter Lomcevak as follows:
1. Pull up vertically and minimize throttle.
2. Feed left rudder as if to execute a stall turn.
3. As the plane begins to stall, feed full right rudder, full right aileron, full down elevator, and full throttle.
4. The aircraft should exhibit the Lomcevak while spiraling downwards.
5. Exit the maneuver as the above method.
This maneuver calls for a specific type of aircraft. Since the motion involves rapid downward pitch, a low-wing aircraft with high thrustline is desirable, as it naturally creates the downward pitch moment. Also, the aircraft should readily snap on command. Cap 232 is by far the easiest design by which to execute Lomcevak.
Lomecevak video [1](http://www.pedrofrigola.com/Lomcevak
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# J operator
In computer science, Peter Landin\'s **J operator** is a programming construct that post-composes a lambda expression with the continuation to the current lambda-context. The resulting "function" is first-class and can be passed on to subsequent functions, where if applied it will return its result to the continuation of the function in which it was created.
## History
The J operator was created to make labels and jumps a first class value. It was designed to work with the SECD machine with the following extra transitions:
Transition From To
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
**J** **J**:*f*:*S*, *E*, *ap*:*C*, *D* *closure*(*f*,*D*):*S*, *E*, *C*, *D*
**Closure** *closure*(*f*, (*S\'*, *E\'*, *C\'*, *D*\')):*x*:*S*, *E*, *ap*:*C*, *D* *f*:*x*:*S\'*, *E\'*, *ap*:*C\'*, *D*\'
The J operator originally created what was called a \"program closure\", consisting of a function called the body and a SECD state called the dump. A program closure is equivalent to composing its body with the dump in continuation form (*closure*(*f*,*D*)(*x)* = *D*(*f*(*x*)) ).
## Simplified description {#simplified_description}
The J operator composes a function with the continuation of the calling function. That is, the J operator returns a function, which when applied applies the argument of the J operator with the argument of the function, and then forces the function that called the J operator to return that value.
## Examples
J(*λx.x*) is equivalent to a first class return statement. This is because *λx.x* is the identity function, so when it gets applied it will do nothing to the value given and returns it straight away.
*λv.*J(*λx.x*) initially returns the J of *λx.x*, but that could be used in a surrounding expression to make it re-return a different value
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# Gaon (Hebrew)
**Gaon** (*גאון*, *gā\'ōn*, `{{lit|pride}}`{=mediawiki}, plural **geonim**, `{{Script/Hebrew|גְּאוֹנִים}}`{=mediawiki}, *gĕ\'ōnīm*) was originally a formal title for the Geonim, heads of Talmudic academies in the 6th--11th century. Since the rishonic period, many great rabbis, whether or not they head academies, are often lauded with this honorific as a mark of respect; for example, one may refer to Ovadia Yosef as \"HaGaon Ovadia Yosef\". Modern Hebrew reuses the word as an equivalent for \"genius\" based on phonetic similarity.
## Etymology
It may have originated as a shortened version of \"Rosh Yeshivat Ge\'on Ya\'akov\", although there are alternative explanations. In Ancient Hebrew, it referred to arrogance and haughty pride (`{{bibleverse|Amos|6:8}}`{=mediawiki} -- \"I abhor the pride of Jacob and detest his fortresses; I will deliver up the city and everything in it.\") and, according to another explanation, it later became known as a general term for pride, and the title was used as \"Pride \[of\]\".
## Examples
One of the Geonim during the period 589--1040
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# Mark Beban
**Mark Albert Beban** (3 February 1940, Greymouth -- 4 April 2005, Wellington) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played four first-class matches for Wellington in the 1969--70, and is one of the few ordained Roman Catholic priests to play first-class cricket. He also played for West Coast in the Hawke Cup
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# Lavalla Catholic College
**Lavalla Catholic College** is a dual-campus independent Roman Catholic co-educational secondary day school, located in the towns of Traralgon and Newborough in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. Currently, the school has approximately 1,200 students enrolled across all campuses.
The College is a member of Association of Marist Schools of Australia and is located in the Diocese of Sale. It is affiliated with Catholic Education Victoria and is a member of the Catholic All Schools Sports Association (CAS).
In honour of St Marcellin Champagnat, the founder of the Marist brothers, each year the college awards Champagnat Medals to staff and students who demonstrate leadership and espouse the college motto \"Strong Minds, Compassionate Hearts\".
## History
The college began in 1951 when the Presentation Sisters established their convent in Moe and began to teach students.
Later, St. Paul\'s College was founded in 1956 on Grey St by the Marist Fathers as an all-boys school. The Marist Brothers assumed responsibility for the administration of St. Paul\'s in 1962. Also in that year, the Brigidine Sisters established the all-girls school, Kildare College, on the Kosciuszko Street site.
Under the leadership of John McMahon, in 1979 a mini system of three schools was created: Kildare and St Paul\'s for Year 7--10 and a new senior campus, Lourdes College for Years 11 and 12. In 1989 after the Brigidine Sisters withdrew, the three colleges became one co-educational school called Catholic Regional College with Fons Van Rooij as principal.
In 2001, Catholic Regional College amalgamated with Presentation College Newborough creating Lavalla Catholic College with the founding principal being Julian Casey. In 2005 the first lay principal was appointed, Erica Pregorer. In October 2010 the college bid farewell to the Marist Brothers after 48 years service.
The name Lavalla is a reference to La Valla-en-Gier, a French village that was the location of the first Marist school, opened in 1817. It is not known why the village\'s name was anglicized to Lavalla by the Australian school\'s leadership team.
### Recent history {#recent_history}
The St. Paul\'s campus recently`{{when|date=March 2019}}`{=mediawiki} completed renovations of the Year 7 Centre, Year 8 open classroom areas as well as the opening of the Le Rozey Centre as an Art facility. The Kildare campus has recently`{{when|date=March 2019}}`{=mediawiki} seen the development of the quadrangle and installation of a new external staircase. This campus has also seen a new trades skills centre, purpose built Systems Engineering classrooms, upgrades to the science labs, and a modern canteen.
In 2016, Lavalla Catholic College celebrated 60 Years of Marist education in partnership with Brigidine & Presentation Sisters.
In 2019, Lavalla Catholic College opened new the new Hermitage Administration Centre and Marian Learning Centre.
## Campuses
Lavalla has three campuses. The Kildare Campus located on Kosciusko Street, Traralgon is the senior campus with students in Years 10--12. There are two junior campuses home to Years 7--9. The St Paul\'s campus is located on Grey St, Traralgon and Presentation Campus located at John Field Drive in Newborough. Presentation Campus is currently used for school functions including retreats.
The College offers students are variety of pathways through to Year 12, senior students can select a combination of: VCE, VET, and VCAL to complete their secondary schooling.
## Extracurricular activities {#extracurricular_activities}
Many co-curricular activities are offered at Lavalla. These include:
- Representative Sport
School Sport Victoria (SSV)
Marist Sport including Marist Basketball, Marist Cricket, and Marist Netball
- College Musicals
- Music Program -- including three concert bands, two choirs, and two jazz ensembles.
- Débutante Ball -- Run by P&F for Year 11 students
- Debating as part of the Debating Association of Victoria (DAV)
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# James Testro
**James Charles Testro** (6 August 1851 -- 30 April 1934) was a New Zealand cricketer who played nine first-class matches for the Auckland in the 1880s.
Testro moved to Australia and with H. Dondey formed a coppersmithing and metal-working company, Dondey & Testro, in South Melbourne in 1891. They invented several water purification devices and a method of fumigating wine casks.
Testro died at his home in the Melbourne suburb of Princes Hill in April 1934, aged 82. He left a wife and two adult children
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# Agave parryi var. huachucensis
***Agave parryi*var.*huachucensis***, synonym ***Agave huachucensis***, is a variety of *Agave parryi* subsp. *parryi*. It is commonly known as the **Huachuca agave**.
\"*Agave huachucensis* Sarg.\" (the epithet is also spelt *huachuaensis*) is an error; Charles Sargent referred to *Agave huachucensis* Baker
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# Artemotil
**Artemotil** (INN; also known as **β-arteether**), is a fast acting blood schizonticide specifically indicated for the treatment of chloroquine-resistant *Plasmodium falciparum* malaria and cerebral malaria cases. It is a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin, a natural product of the Chinese plant *Artemisia annua*. It is currently only used as a second line drug in severe cases of malaria
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# Magi-Cu
was a Japanese manga magazine published by Enterbrain and was sold monthly on the twenty-fifth. The name comes from the phrase *Magical Cute*. The magazine was first published on April 27, 2001, under the title *Magi-Cu Premium*. It kept that title for three years until 2004, when it was changed to simply *Magi-Cu*. On June 25, 2007, Magi-Cu published its last issue at volume forty
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# Give It Up or Turnit a Loose
\"**Give It Up or Turnit a Loose**\" is a funk song recorded by James Brown. Released as a single in 1969, the song was a #1 R&B hit and also made the top 20 pop singles chart. \"Give It Up or Turnit a Loose\" appeared as an instrumental on the *Ain\'t It Funky* (1970) album, removing Brown\'s vocals and adding guitar overdubs, while the vocal version was released on *It\'s a New Day -- Let a Man Come In* (1970).
## Recorded history {#recorded_history}
Brown recorded \"Give It Up or Turnit a Loose\" again with The J.B.\'s for his 1970 live double album *Sex Machine*. Over five minutes long, this later recording used a substantially different instrumental arrangement, with an added organ riff and a florid bassline, as well as different lyrics. This version features Clyde Stubblefield on drum kit performing in tandem with congas. A remix of this recording by Tim Rogers appears on the 1986 compilation album *In the Jungle Groove*. The remixed version has been extensively sampled. A genuine live version of the song appears on the album *Live at Chastain Park* (rec. 1985, rel. 1988).
In 1974 Lyn Collins recorded the song, with Brown producing.
Dick Hyman recorded a synthesizer version of \"Give It Up or Turnit a Loose\" on his 1969 album *The Age of Electronicus*. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
## Charts
+------------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (1969) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+====================================+==========+
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 | 15 |
+------------------------------------+----------+
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot Black Singles | 1 |
+------------------------------------+----------+
| | |
+------------------------------------+----------+
## Personnel
### 1969 version
- James Brown - lead vocals
*with the James Brown Orchestra:*
- Waymon Reed -- trumpet
- Richard \"Kush\" Griffith -- trumpet
- Fred Wesley -- trombone
- Alfred \"Pee Wee\" Ellis -- alto saxophone
- Maceo Parker -- tenor saxophone
- St
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# La Femme Nikita: Music from the Television Series
***La Femme Nikita Original Soundtrack*** is the soundtrack album series for the television series.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Mark Snow -- \"Main Title\"
2. Enigma -- \"Beyond the Invisible\"
3. Mono -- \"Silicone\"
4. Depeche Mode -- \"The Love Thieves\"
5. Morcheeba -- \"Fear and Love\"
6. Hednoize -- \"Loaded Gun\"
7. DJ Krush featuring Deborah Anderson -- \"Skin Against Skin\"
8. Beverly Klass -- \"Temple\"
9. Afro Celt Sound System -- \"Inion/Daughter\"
10. Curve -- \"Chinese Burn\"
11. Vibrolux -- \"Drown\"
12. Morphine -- \"Hanging on a Curtain\"
13. Fluke -- \"Absurd\"
14. Gus Gus -- \"Gun\"
15
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# Adoral
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# Holy Family Catholic Church (Omaha, Nebraska)
**Holy Family Church** was built in 1883 at 1715 Izard Street, at the intersections of 18th and Izard Streets in North Omaha, Nebraska within the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha. It is the oldest existing Catholic Church in Omaha, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
## History
Holy Family Church was built in 1883 for Irish railroad workers and their families. It was designed by Omaha architects Charles and August Cleves in Gothic Revival and Romanesque Revival Style. The complex includes a parish church, school and rectory. Later, the church served Omaha\'s growing Italian immigrant community. Priests at Holy Family Church were ultimately responsible for establishing Creighton University in the late 1800s. There was also a priest assigned to serve the Omaha\'s Czech immigrant community in 1915.
Holy Family Church was regarded as a center of progressive activism in the 1960s and 1970s under the pastorate of Father John McCaslin. David Rice, of the Rice/Poindexter Case, was a guitar player at the church in the early 1970s.
The building was designated an Omaha landmark in 1985, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. According to the City of Omaha, Holy Family is the oldest remaining brick church structure in the city
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# Grimace (composer)
**Grimace** (`{{floruit|mid-to-late 14th century}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{IPA|fr|ɡʁi.mas|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; also **Grymace**, **Grimache** or **Magister Grimache**) was a French composer-poet in the *\[\[ars nova\]\]* style of late medieval music. Virtually nothing is known about Grimace\'s life other than speculative information based on the circumstances and content of his five surviving compositions of *formes fixes*; three ballades, a virelai and rondeau. His best known and most often performed work in modern-times is the virelai and proto-battaglia: *A l'arme A l'arme*.
He is thought to have been a younger contemporary of Guillaume de Machaut and based in southern France. Three of his works were included in the Chantilly Codex, which is an important source of *\[\[ars subtilior\]\]* music. However, along with P. des Molins, Jehan Vaillant and F. Andrieu, Grimace was one of the post-Machaut generation whose music shows few distinctly *ars subtilior* features, leading scholars to recognize Grimace\'s work as closer to the *ars nova* style of Machaut. `{{TOC limit|2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Identity and career {#identity_and_career}
Almost nothing is known about Grimace\'s life other than the authorship of five works: three ballades, a virelai and rondeau, all of which are *formes fixes*. Grimace\'s identity remains unknown and his mononymous name is likely a sobriquet, similar to other composers of his time such as Zacar, Trebor, and possibly also Solage. His name is recorded in medieval manuscript sources with multiple variants, including Grimace, Grymace, Grimache and Magister Grimache. Grimace is thought to be French or to have been active in the courts of southern France, since two of his ballades, *Des que buisson* and *Se Zephirus/Se Jupiter* (a double ballade), and the virelai *A l'arme A l'arme* are included in the Chantilly Codex, a 14th-century manuscript containing almost exclusively secular music by French composers. Similarities to the music of Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300 -- 1377), the most significant European composer of the 14th century, suggests they are contemporaries. The strongest resemblance is found in Machaut\'s works from the 1360s and 70s, furthering that Grimace was a younger contemporary of Machaut, who flourished in the mid-to-late 14th century. Musicologist Gilbert Reaney speculated that *Se Zephirus/Se Jupiter* might have been written for Gaston III, Count of Foix and John I of Aragon.
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# Grimace (composer)
## Music
### Overview
The Chantilly Codex is a primary source of *ars subtilior* music; however, Grimace\'s works have been noted as lacking the complicated rhythms that characterize the style, without variations in the value of the shortest note and rarely using syncopated rhythms. His poetry and music, especially his ballades, bear a closer resemblance to that of Machaut, an *ars nova* composer. Despite their parallels, Reaney notes that Grimace\'s contributions to the Chantilly Codex are more advanced than those of Machaut.`{{refn|This would be in comparison to Machaut's three ballades that appear in the Chantilly Codex: ''De petit peu, de nient volenté'' (B18), ''De Fortune me doy pleindre et loer'' (B23), and the double ballade, ''Quant Theseus, Hercules et Jason/Ne quier veoir la beauté d’Absalon'' (B34).<ref>{{cite web |title=F-CH MS 564 (Chantilly Codex) |publisher=[[Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music]] |url=https://www.diamm.ac.uk/sources/201/#/ |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227113529/https://www.diamm.ac.uk/sources/201/#/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|group=n}}`{=mediawiki} Nevertheless, with P. des Molins, Jehan Vaillant, and F. Andrieu, Grimace was one of the \"post-Machaut\" generation whose pieces retain enough *ars nova* qualities to be separable from those of the rhythmically-complex *ars subtilior* composers such as Johannes Cuvelier and Johannes Susay. Musicologist Wulf Arlt cites Grimace specifically as a transitional figure from the \"Machaut-style\" to the \"Post-Machaut\" style; both before *ars subtilior*. This especially included the continuation of the ballade in the same general structure and style of Machaut.
In both of Grimace\'s four part works, *A l'arme A l'arme* and *Des que buisson*, each upper part builds a contrapuntal relationship off the lowest part (tenor), while the tenor itself exchanges this role with the second lowest part (contratenor), usually when the latter goes below the tenor. This happens often since the contratenor is usually lower, except at important section endings, similar to late works by Machaut such as *Phyton* (B39), although as B39 is in three parts, the lower contratenor does not, there, take on any contrapuntal foundation.
### Ballades
The two part ballade *Dedens mon cuer* survives, but is incomplete, and shares an identical refrain text with Trebor\'s ballade *Passerose de beaute*. Musicologist Yolanda Plumley notes that *Dedens mon cuer* also has textual similarities to other \"Machaut-style\" ballades: Egidius\'s *Roses et lis ay veu en une fleur* and the anonymous *En mon cuer est un blanc cine pourtrait*.
+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **En mon cuer** est un blanc cine **pourtrait**\ | Ded**ens mon cuer** est **pourtrait**\' un\' ymage\ |
| **Qu\'Amour** y a navre si doucement\ | Qu\'il n\'est nulz hom qui peust ymaginer\ |
| D\'un dart d\'amours que ma dame y a trait,\ | La grant beaute de son tresdoulz vysage\ |
| En la playe est un rubins d\'orient;\ | **Qu\'Amours** y a voulu configurer\ |
| *En mon cuer*, Anonymous | *Dedens mon cuer*, Grimace |
+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
One of two surviving four part works, the ballade *Des que buisson* is notable for its use of hocket in the triplum (third part) which Günther describes as something that \"is striking and contributes to the complementary rhythm of the piece\". Since *Des que buisson* means to represent the coming of spring, musicologist Elizabeth Eva Leach explains the hocket rhythms, as well as falling thirds and repeated notes, as part of a birdsong motif.
In Grimace\'s double ballade *Se Zephirus/Se Jupiter*, similarities to Machaut are especially apparent since Grimace adopts musical rhymes at the main cadences. The work has the same rhymes as Machaut\'s double ballade *Quant Theseus/Ne quier* (B34), with which it also shares a refrain text. Despite this, Leach notes that *Quant Theseus/Ne quier* is in four parts with two texted upper voices and an untexted contratenor, as opposed to the three-part *Se Zephirus/Se Jupiter* where only the tenor is untexted. Because of this, closer technical similarities can be drawn to the polytextual double ballade *Je me merveil/J'ay pluseurs fois* by Jacob Senleches, and Jehan Vaillant\'s double rondeau *Dame, doucement/Doulz amis*. Both texts of *Se Zephirus/Se Jupiter* have an *Ubi sunt* theme, which is when, as Leach describes it, \"hyperbolical comparisons are made between the lady and/or patron and a list of figures from the classical, biblical and/or Christian past\". Other works in the Chantilly Codex are representative of this, often signified by also beginning the text with \"Se\". *Se Zephirus/Se Jupiter* is Grimace\'s second most frequently performed work.`{{refn|[https://www.prestomusic.com/classical/composers/8166--grimace Presto Classical] lists five recordings of ''A l’arme A l’arme'' and two of ''Se Zephirus/Se Jupiter'';<br/> [https://www.classicalarchives.com/composer/6535.html Classical Archives] only lists three recordings, all of ''A l’arme A l’arme'';<br/>[http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Name/Grimace/Composer/4760-1 ArkivMusic] lists three recordings of ''A l’arme A l’arme'' and one of ''Se Zephirus/Se Jupiter'';<br/> The [http://www.medieval.org/emfaq/cds/del1003.htm FAQ CD Index & Directory from Medieval.org] lists twelve recordings of ''A l’arme A l’arme'', five of ''Se Zephirus/Se Jupiter'' and one of Grimace's other three surviving works.|name=Performances|group=n}}`{=mediawiki}
### Virelai
Grimace\'s most frequently performed and best known composition is his other four part work, the virelai *A l'arme A l'arme*,`{{refn||name=Performances|group=n}}`{=mediawiki} which musicologist Ursula Günther describes as \"unique and extremely interesting\", and musicologist Willi Apel characterizes as anticipating the later battaglia form. Musicologist Jeremy Yudkin expands on this, noting the many battle-cry and fanfare-like phrases representing warfare; something that was commonplace in 14th century France. The work is for four parts -- two cantus parts, a contratenor, and a tenor -- and the cantus voices share text, while the contratenor and tenor parts imitate the upper voices despite being un-texted. At the same time, the contratenor and tenor have their own syncopation and rhythmic interplay with each other. Yudkin notes that the work\'s second section has a more \"chordal texture\", leading to a half cadence in the first ending. A copy of the piece in the Codex Reina is missing the second cantus part, although musicologist Virginia Ervin Newes noted that this version is notable \"since it has the added text in the tenor and contratenor at each point of imitation\".
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# Grimace (composer)
## Music
### Rondeau
Grimace\'s rondeau for three parts, *Je voy ennui*, survived in manuscript 222 C. 22 in the Bibliothèque municipale of Strasbourg until 1870/1, when it was destroyed during the Franco-Prussian war. The music is now known only in a c. 1866 transcription of this source by musicologist Edmond de Coussemaker; it is preserved in Brussels, Bibliothèque du Conservatoire Royal de Musique, MS 56286. *Je voy ennui* has less directional counterpoint than his other works, potentially due to errors in the transcription that are now uncheckable.
### Doubtful works {#doubtful_works}
Apel proposed that two virelais -- *C'estoit ma douce* and *Rescoés: Horrible feu d'ardent desir/Rescoés: Le feu de mon loyal servant* -- are by Grimace based on stylistic similarities, the latter of which shows considerable textual and musical similarities to *A l'arme A l'arme*. Their attribution remains doubtful.
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| 2 |
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# Grimace (composer)
## Works
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Title | of voices | Genre | Manuscript source: Folios`{{refn|"v" and "r" stand for [[verso]] and [[recto]] respectively; in left-right language books, verso is the front page while recto is the back page.|name=verso|group=n}}`{=mediawiki} | Apel | Greene |
+============================================================================================================================+===========+==================+====================================================================================================================================================================================================================+==================================================================+==================================================================+
| *Dedens mon cuer* | 2 | Ballade | Bern, Burgerbibliothek. Sammlung Bongarsiana, A. 471, f 23v\ | 34 | `{{harvnb|Vol 20}}`{=mediawiki}: 14 |
| | | | University of Pennsylvania, MS 11 (text only) | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Des que buisson* | 4 | Ballade | Chantilly Codex: 53r\ | 35 | `{{harvnb|Vol 19}}`{=mediawiki}: 86 |
| | | | San Lorenzo: 146v \[99v\] | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Se Zephirus/Se Jupiter* | 3 | (Double) Ballade | Chantilly Codex: 53r | 36 | `{{harvnb|Vol 18}}`{=mediawiki}: 15 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *A l'arme/A l'arme/Tru tru*{{refn | group=n}} | 4 | Virelai | Chantilly Codex: 55v | 37 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 3 | : 69v | | style=\"background-color: #EAECF0\" data-sort-value=\"ZZZZ\"\|-- | style=\"background-color: #EAECF0\" data-sort-value=\"ZZZZ\"\|-- |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Je voy ennui* | 3 | Rondeau | : 25r | style=\"background-color: #EAECF0\" data-sort-value=\"ZZZZ\"\|-- | style=\"background-color: #EAECF0\" data-sort-value=\"ZZZZ\"\|-- |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | : 25r | 38 | `{{harvnb|Vol 22}}`{=mediawiki}: 5 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| colspan=6 style=\"background-color: #EAECF0\" align=\"center\" data-sort-value=\"ZZZZ\"\|No other works by Grimace survive | | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
: List of compositions by Grimace
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+---------+------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-------------------------------------+--------+
| Title | of voices | Genre | Manuscript source: Folios{{refn | group=n}} | Apel | Greene |
+====================================================================+===========+=========+======================================================+===========+=====================================+========+
| *C'estoit ma douce nouriture* | 3 | Virelai | : 64r\ | 186 | `{{harvnb|Vol 21}}`{=mediawiki}: 22 | |
| | | | San Lorenzo: 133v-134r \[101v-102r\]\ | | | |
| | | | Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Clm 29775 vol
| 294 |
Grimace (composer)
| 3 |
11,050,158 |
# TV Dinners (song)
\"**TV Dinners**\" is a song by American band ZZ Top from their 1983 album *Eliminator*. It was produced by band manager Bill Ham, and recorded and mixed by Terry Manning. The song is a simple, beat-driven and tongue-in-cheek tune with lyrics about pre-packaged, oven-ready meals, implying that these servings of industrially processed foods are standard cuisine for lonely and culinarily challenged unpartnered gentlemen. Promoted for radio play in the US, and released commercially as a single in the UK, it reached number 38 on the *Billboard* Top Rock Tracks chart. Robert Palmer recorded \"TV Dinners\" for his 2003 album *Drive*.
## Recording
Guitarist Billy Gibbons once said he played a 1955 Gretsch Roundup while recording \"TV Dinners\". He also told Dean Zelinsky that he played a burgundy Dean ML throughout the recording of *Eliminator*. Longtime ZZ Top recording engineer Terry Manning told an online forum of professional sound engineers that Gibbons alternated between two Dean Guitars for the great majority of the album, including \"98% of all guitar on this album, whether lead or rhythm\".
## Music video {#music_video}
The \"TV Dinners\" video shows a young man alone in his high-tech live-work space during an electrical storm, heating a TV dinner within which forms a goblin. The retro sci-fi look is a departure from the previous *Eliminator* videos. In keeping with the retro sci-fi theme, several old sci-fi movie posters are visible, including U.F.O. and Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster.
Director Marius Penczner and his crew used stop-motion clay animation to show the goblin\'s claw emerging to change channels on a TV remote, repeatedly returning the multiple TV screens to display scenes of ZZ Top performing the song. Later, the goblin (it strongly resembles the monster from 1958\'s It! The Terror from Beyond Space) rises from the foil-wrapped package to steal potato chips while the nerdy bachelor is distracted playing a ZZ Top--themed driving game. \"TV Dinners\" was released in December 1983, with critics observing that the video was better than the song.
## Credits and personnel {#credits_and_personnel}
- Billy Gibbons -- guitar, vocals
- Dusty Hill -- keyboards
- Frank Beard -- drums
- Linden Hudson -- Preproduction Engineer
- Terry Manning -- Engineer
## Charts
+-----------------------------+----------+
| Chart (1983-1984) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+=============================+==========+
| UK Singles Chart | 67 |
+-----------------------------+----------+
| U.S
| 393 |
TV Dinners (song)
| 0 |
11,050,163 |
# Dušan Pešić
**Dušan Pešić** (`{{Lang-sr-Cyrl|Душан Пешић}}`{=mediawiki}; born 26 April 1955) is a former Yugoslav and Serbian footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.
## Club career {#club_career}
Pešić started out at his hometown club Napredak Kruševac, making his senior debut in 1973. He helped the side win promotion to the Yugoslav First League on two occasions (1976 and 1978). In 1980, Pešić was transferred to Hajduk Split. He was a member of the team that won the Yugoslav Cup in the 1983--84 season.
In 1984, Pešić moved abroad to Turkey and signed with Fenerbahçe. He spent four years at the club and won the national championship in his debut season. In 1988, Pešić switched to Sakaryaspor and stayed there for one year.
## International career {#international_career}
Between 1980 and 1983, Pešić earned four caps for Yugoslavia at full level. He also represented his country at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Club Season League
------------------- ---------- --------
Apps Goals
Napredak Kruševac 1972--73 1
1973--74 16
1974--75 33
1975--76 24
1976--77 22
1977--78 16
1978--79 32
1979--80 31
Total 175
## Honours
Napredak Kruševac
- Yugoslav Second League: 1975--76, 1977--78
Hajduk Split
- Yugoslav Cup: 1983--84
Fenerbahçe
- 1
| 201 |
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| 0 |
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# Nosawa Rongai
, better known by his ring names **Nosawa** and `{{nihongo|'''Nosawa Rongai'''|NOSAWA論外}}`{=mediawiki}, is a Japanese retired professional wrestler, best known for his appearances in All Japan Pro Wrestling and various independent promotions.
## Career
### Early career (1995`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}2004) {#early_career_19952004}
Nosawa spent most of his early career training and wrestling in Mexico, most notably with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). He also spent much of his early career competing on the U.S. independent scene, Nosawa has competed for American promotions such as Ring of Honor (ROH), Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), and Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW). Along with Mitsunobu Kikuzawa, Kazuhiko Masada, Minoru Fujita and Katsushi Takemura, Nosawa created the group \"Tokyo Gurentai\".
In 2004, he would adapt the \"**Nosawa Rongai**\" or \"**Nosawa Out of the Question**\" ring name as a play off to a comment made by Kaz Hayashi, who had replied \"Nosawa is out of the question\" when he was asked about whether he was going to allow Kazushige to challenge for the World Junior Heavyweight Championship. By doing this, Nosawa forced a title match against Hayashi, and although he lost, he would decide to keep the name for the rest of his career.
### Juggalo Championship Wrestling {#juggalo_championship_wrestling}
#### JCW Heavyweight Champion (2003`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}2007) {#jcw_heavyweight_champion_20032007}
On March 16, 2003, at a Juggalo Championship Wrestling (JCW) event, Nosawa defeated \"Richie Boy\" Breyer Wellington to win the JCW Heavyweight Championship. Later that year, he was featured on *JCW Vol. 3* in a match where he again defeated Wellington. In July 2004, Nosawa lost the championship to Kid Kash at the Gathering of the Juggalos. In 2007, he took part in the Pro Wrestling Unplugged/Juggalo Championship Wrestling cross promotional event \"Cuffed & Caged: Last Man Standing\". Nosawa was featured in the main event War Games match as a member of Team JCW.
#### SlamTV! (2007) {#slamtv_2007}
In 2007, Nosawa went on tour with JCW to film the Internet wrestling show SlamTV!, where he was one of the main heroes of the program. However, he started off his SlamTV! tour with a string of losses, going 0--5 in his first five matches. After receiving a letter from his storyline mentor The Great Muta, saying that Muta was coming to JCW to check up on his pupil, Nosawa stepped up his game and began a winning streak. At \"East Side Wars\", The Great Muta teamed with Nosawa to help him defeat the team of Mad Man Pondo and Necro Butcher. By the following week however, The Great Muta had left. Despite this, Nosawa continued his winning streak into episode 14, where he faced and defeated Ron Zombie. During the match, Justin Credible came to the ring and assaulted Nosawa. On the next episode, Nosawa interfered in Credible\'s match by spitting Asian mist into his eyes. At Bloodymania, Nosawa and The Great Muta teamed up again to defeat Justin Credible and 2 Cold Scorpio.
#### Juggalo World Order (2007`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}2008) {#juggalo_world_order_20072008}
On October 6, 2007, Corporal Robinson, Scott Hall, and Violent J formed the Juggalo World Order (JWO) at *Evansville Invasion*. At that year\'s *Hallowicked After Party*, on October 31, Shaggy 2 Dope was introduced as a member of the group. After the main event of the night, special guest referee Nosawa ripped off his referee shirt to reveal that he, too, was a member of the JWO. Nosawa appeared in a few matches with the JWO, before returning to Japan.
### Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}2004) {#total_nonstop_action_wrestling_20032004}
Nosawa would first gain national U.S. exposure by making appearances for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He debuted at the 2003 Super X Cup, losing in the first round to Juventud Guerrera; he then reappeared as captain of Team Japan in the 2004 World X Cup, where he ended up placing last by the end of the tournament. Nosawa would go on to make sporadic appearances on the early episodes of TNA Impact, usually teaming up with fellow Japanese rookie Kazushi Miyamoto. The duo even challenged for the NWA World Tag Team Championship at TNA\'s second Anniversary show in June 2004, but ultimately came up short against America\'s Most Wanted. The duo\'s last in-ring appearance for the company would be at Victory Road \'04, where both Nosawa and Miyamoto competed in the X-Division Gauntlet match, which was won by Hector Garza.
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| 0 |
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# Nosawa Rongai
## Career
### All Japan Pro Wrestling (2005`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}2008) {#all_japan_pro_wrestling_20052008}
Nosawa would originally find little success after arriving in All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) in the mid-2000s, losing as many matches as he won. On March 20, 2005, he received an opportunity at the World Junior Heavyweight Championship, but would lose to defending champion Taka Michinoku. On July 26, he lost a \"Banishment\" match to his old friend Mazada, and was forced to leave All Japan. Soon after that, he would reappear as a masked wrestler named Space Lone Wolf (Keiji Mutoh\'s old alter-ego), finding more success than his previous character. However, by December, Space Lone Wolf would be unmasked and revealed as being Nosawa.
In 2006, Nosawa would begin again wrestling with his old friend Mazada again, and for parts of the year would also team with Brute Issei and Akira. Towards the end of 2006, Nosawa and Mazada began to team up with Minoru Suzuki to form \"Minoru Gundan\", which landed Nosawa a more prominent role in the promotion. He and Suzuki would go on to wrestle in the World\'s Strongest Tag Determination League, but unfortunately the team would come in last place.
In 2007, Nosawa promoted several comedy wrestling shows, making fun of Antonio Inoki\'s Inoki Genome Federation and using both talent from All Japan, as well as freelancers. During the Champion Carnival, Nosawa switched his name to El Nosawa Mendoza and formed a new stable called \"Los Mexico Amigos\", with Pepe Michinoku (Taka Michinoku) and Miguel Hayashi, Jr (Kaz Hayashi). Nobutaka Araya then joined the team as El Hijo del Araya Segundo after the Carnival\'s final show. Along with changing their names, the group wore the official colors of the Mexican Flag (Red/Green/White). After multiple bouts against Minoru Suzuki, Nosawa offered Suzuki an invitation into Mexico Amigos, to which he declined. This resulted in the group changing multiple assets. Their name was changed to Mexico Amigos Black, the previous worn Mexican Flag attire became black and gold attire, and Araya was kicked out of the group. Later in the year, Mexico Amigos teamed with \"Ray Suzuki\" to defeat the team of Ryuji Hijikata, Kikutaro, T28 and Ryuji Yamaguchi. After the match, Ray Suzuki revealed himself as Minoru Suzuki. Suzuki stated that starting the next year Mendoza would throw his Amigos tights away and return to the Nosawa Rongai ring name, Suzuki then kidnapped Nosawa to start his \"early training\". This was followed by Pepe and Miguel announcing they would return to Mexico, while Kaz Hayashi and Taka Michinoku were announced as returning to All Japan come the new year. After one last \"Viva Mexico\", Los Mexico Amigos disbanded.
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# Nosawa Rongai
## Career
### Tokyo Gurentai and other promotions (2007`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}present) {#tokyo_gurentai_and_other_promotions_2007present}
Since disbanding from Mexico Amigos, Nosawa has rejoined teaming with Mazada and Takemura as the \"Tokyo Gurentai\". Nosawa, Mazada, and Takemura later align themselves with Minoru Suzuki and Taiyō Kea, and dubbed their new group GURENTAI. Nosawa won a game of Jenga for the group\'s leadership role, but Suzuki immediately shot down the idea of Nosawa as the leader. Nosawa would later return to All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) and was defeated by Rene Dupree in his return match.
Outside of AJPW, Nosawa performed for companies under the Global Professional Wrestling Alliance (GPWA) banner up until the alliance\'s demise, sometimes alongside his mentor Keiji Mutoh.
On February 20, 2011, Nosawa was arrested on charges of stealing a taxi and driving it without having a driving license. Two days later Nosawa announced that he was taking an indefinite break from professional wrestling. Nosawa returned from his break on June 25 at a Minoru Suzuki promoted charity event, losing to Suzuki in the main event.
Since September 2013, Tokyo Gurentai, Nosawa included, has worked regularly for Wrestle-1.
Since April 2015, Nosawa joined the newly resurrected Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling, as the leader of Monster-gun, which evolved into W\*ING Monster-gun, when Kintaro Kanemura joined the group.
On August 27, 2017, Nosawa, as Black Tiger VII, teamed with Taka Michinoku to defeat Atsushi Aoki and Hikaru Sato for the AJPW All Asia Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Naoya Nomura and Yuma Aoyagi on September 30.
Nosawa is currently working as the head booker for Pro Wrestling Noah.
#### Los Perros del Mal de Japón and retirement {#los_perros_del_mal_de_japón_and_retirement}
In December 2020, Kotaro Suzuki aligned himself with Rongai and his mystery partner, who later revealed to be Ikuto Hidaka. Over the following months, the trio continued their rivalry with Stinger, while also being joined by Yo-Hey in May 2021 following the disbandment of Full Trottle. The following month, Dragon Gate wrestler Eita, who had previously worked in Mexican wrestling promotions and met Rongai in 2017, was revealed to be the newest member of the group.
On June 27, at Muta The World, the stable\'s name was revealed to be dubbed Los Perros del Mal de Japón, as a tribute to the Mexican stable Los Perros del Mal after Eita, Rongai and Yo-Hey won against Stinger (Yoshinari Ogawa, Seiki Yoshioka and Yuya Susumu). A brawl began between the two stables with Suzuki and Ikuto Hidaka coming to help them, outnumbering and overwhelming Stinger. Rongai later revealed that relatives of Perro Aguayo Jr., the founders of the Los Perros del Mal, had granted him permission to use the stable\'s name.
At Grand Square 2021 In Osaka, Eita and Rongai defeated Atsushi Kotoge and Hajime Ohara to win the GHC Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Championship.
At Noah The New Year 2023 on January 1, Rongai teamed up with Hiroshi Hase and Sugiura-gun members Kazuyuki Fujita and Kendo Kashin to defeat Kongo (Katsuhiko Nakajima, Masakatsu Funaki, Manabu Soya and Hajime Ohara). At The Great Muta Final \"Bye-Bye\" on January 22, Nosawa Rongai and Eita teamed up with Yoshinari Ogawa in a losing effort against Junta Miyawaki, Alejandro and Yasutaka Yano. On February 21, 2023, Rongai would have his retirement match where he teamed with Mazada in a losing effort against Bullet Club (Taiji Ishimori and Gedo).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
### Marijuana arrest {#marijuana_arrest}
On May 23, 2012, Nosawa and former girlfriend Io Shirai were arrested at the Narita International Airport in Narita, Chiba upon their return from Mexico to Japan under suspicion of trying to smuggle 75 grams of marijuana, hidden inside paintings of the two, into the country. On July 9, Mexico-based Japanese wrestler Takuya Sugi held a press conference and confessed to planting the drugs on Shirai and Nosawa.
| 637 |
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| 2 |
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# Nosawa Rongai
## Championships and accomplishments {#championships_and_accomplishments}
- **All Japan Pro Wrestling**
- All Asia Tag Team Championship (3 times) -- with Minoru Suzuki (1), Taka Michinoku (1) and Kendo Kashin (1)
- AJPW Junior Tag League (2006) -- with Mazada
- **Apache Army**
- WEW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) -- with Mazada
- **Chō Sentō Puroresu FMW**
- FMW World Street Fight 8-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) -- with Black Tiger V, Great Tiger and Tiger Mask III Tigre en Mascarado
- **Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre**
- CMLL Japan Tag Team Championship (1 time) -- with Sasuke the Great
- CMLL World Welterweight Championship (2 times)
- **Dragon Gate**
- Open the Triangle Gate Championship (2 times) -- with Kotaro Suzuki and Eita
- **Dramatic Dream Team/DDT Pro-Wrestling**
- DDT Extreme Championship (1 time)
- KO-D Openweight Championship (1 time)
- KO-D Tag Team Championship (1 time) -- with Takashi Sasaki
- UWA World Trios Championship (2 times) -- with Fujita and Mazada
- **El Dorado Wrestling**
- UWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) -- with Mazada
- **International Wrestling Revolution Group**
- IWRG Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (1 time) -- with Masada
- IWRG Intercontinental Trios Championship (1 time) -- with Masada and Takemura
- Copa Higher Power (2004) -- with Masada, Garuda and Black Tiger III
- **Juggalo Championship Wrestling**
- JCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **Mobius**
- Apex of Triangle Six--Man Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Mazada and Takemura (1) and Daisuke Sekimoto and Tetsuhiro Kuroda (1)
- **New Japan Pro-Wrestling**
- Road to the Super Jr
| 270 |
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| 3 |
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# J. Robert Bradley
Robert Bradley\|John Bradley (disambiguation){{!}}John Bradley}} `{{one source|date=August 2015}}`{=mediawiki} **John Robert Lee Bradley** (October 5, 1919 -- May 3, 2007) was an American gospel music singer. He was the favorite singer of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and was nicknamed \"Mr. Baptist\". Mahalia Jackson once said he had the greatest voice she had ever heard, stating \"Nobody need mess with \'Amazing Grace\' after Bradley gets through with it.\"
Born in Memphis, Tennessee, his singing at age 12 caught the attention of Lucie Campbell, who arranged for him to join her Good Will Singers quartet. After touring with them, he studied classical music in New York and London, where he lived for six years. For a number of years he gave classical concerts singing German Lieder, although he recorded none of his classical repertoire. He recorded his first record with Apollo Records in 1950. Apollo 211\'s sides were \"Didn\'t My Lord Deliver Daniel\", and \"If Jesus Had to Pray\". At the same session for Apollo, Bradley recorded the unreleased \"Must Jesus Bear the Cross Alone\", \"Poor Pilgrim of Sorrow, Lord Hear my Plea\", and a magisterial reading of \"He\'s Got the Whole World in His Hands\". Twelve years later Bradley recorded lp\'s for Battle Records (1962), Decca Records (1965) and Nashboro Records (\"I\'ll Fly Away\", 1974).
In 1997, he recorded several cuts for Tony Heilbut\'s collection All God\'s Sons & Daughters: Chicago Gospel Legends, which Heilbut\'s Spirit Feel label released in 1999. After Campbell\'s death, he succeeded her as National Baptist Convention director of music.
## Death
Bradley died on May 3, 2007, from complications of diabetes in Nashville, Tennessee
| 274 |
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| 0 |
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# 1996 Fed Cup
{{ Infobox tennis circuit season \| name = 1996 Fed Cup \| image = \| image_caption = \| duration = 27 April -- 29 September \| edition = 34th \| previous = 1995 \| next = 1997 }}
The **1996 Fed Cup** was the 34th edition of a competition between national teams in women\'s tennis. The final took place at Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey in the United States on 28--29 September, with the United States defeating Spain to give the USA their 15th title.
## World Group {#world_group}
**Participating Teams**
-------------------------
### Draw
## World Group play-offs {#world_group_play_offs}
The four losing teams in the World Group first round ties (Argentina, Austria, Germany and South Africa), and four winners of the World Group II ties (Belgium, Czech Republic, Netherlands and Slovakia) entered the draw for the World Group play-offs.
Date: 13--14 July
Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team
------------------------ -------------- ----------- ------- -------------------------------
Pörtschach, Austria Outdoor clay 1--4 **`{{fed|GER}}`{=mediawiki}**
Pilsen, Czech Republic 3--1
Outdoor hard 1--4 **`{{fed|BEL}}`{=mediawiki}**
Bratislava, Slovakia Outdoor clay 2--3
## World Group II {#world_group_ii}
The World Group II was the second highest level of Fed Cup competition in 1996. Winners advanced to the World Group play-offs, and loser played in the World Group II play-offs.
Date: 27--28 April
Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team
------------------------------------- -------------- ----------- ------- -------------------------------
Plovdiv, Bulgaria 0--5 **`{{fed|SVK}}`{=mediawiki}**
Outdoor clay 4--1
Jakarta, Indonesia 2--3 **`{{fed|BEL}}`{=mediawiki}**
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Outdoor hard 0--3
## World Group II play-offs {#world_group_ii_play_offs}
The four losing teams from World Group II (Australia, Bulgaria, Canada and Indonesia) played off against qualifiers from Zonal Group I. Two teams qualified from Europe/Africa Zone (Croatia and Switzerland), one team from the Asia/Oceania Zone (South Korea), and one team from the Americas Zone (Chile).
Date: 13--14 July
Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team
------------------- -------------- ----------- ------- -------------------------------
Aurora, Canada 2--3 **`{{fed|AUS}}`{=mediawiki}**
2--3 **`{{fed|SUI}}`{=mediawiki}**
Outdoor clay 0--5 **`{{fed|CRO}}`{=mediawiki}**
Plovdiv, Bulgaria Outdoor clay 1--4
## Americas Zone {#americas_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition.
### Group I {#group_i}
Venue: Club Palestino, Santiago, Chile (outdoor clay)
Dates: 22--28 April
Participating Teams
-
- **`{{fed|CHI}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
- *`{{fed|PAR}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
- *`{{fed|URU}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
### Group II {#group_ii}
Venue: Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (outdoor clay)
Dates: 6--12 May
Participating Teams
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|ECU}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|PER}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
## Asia/Oceania Zone {#asiaoceania_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition.
### Group I {#group_i_1}
Venue: 700 Years Anniversary Complex, Chiang Mai, Thailand (outdoor hard)
Dates: 21--24 February
Participating Teams
-
-
-
-
- *`{{fed|MAS}}`{=mediawiki}*
- *`{{fed|PHI|1986}}`{=mediawiki}*
- **`{{fed|KOR}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
### Group II {#group_ii_1}
Venue: 700 Years Anniversary Complex, Chiang Mai, Thailand (outdoor hard)
Dates: 19--24 January
Participating Teams
-
- **`{{fed|TPE}}`{=mediawiki}**
- **`{{fed|NZL}}`{=mediawiki}**
- Pacific Oceania
-
-
-
## Europe/Africa Zone {#europeafrica_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition
| 532 |
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| 0 |
11,050,319 |
# WVRL
**WVRL** (88.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Contemporary Christian format. Licensed to Elizabeth City, North Carolina, United States, the station serves the Roanoke Rapids area. The station signed on in February 2003. The station is currently owned by Liberty University, Inc., and is part of Liberty\'s network of CCM stations branded as \"The Journey\" that rebroadcast WRVL in Lynchburg, VA.
## History
The station began broadcasting in 2003, and held the call sign WGPS. It was owned by CSN International and aired a Christian format. In 2008, CSN International sold WGPS, along with a number of other stations, to Calvary Radio Network, Inc. These stations were sold to Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa later that year. In 2010, Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa sold WGPS and several other stations to Liberty University for \$1.25 million, and the station\'s call sign was changed to WVRL.
## Translators
In addition to the main station, WVRL is relayed by an additional translator to widen its broadcast area. `{{RadioTranslators
| callsign = WVRL
| call1 = W252CB
| freq1 = 98
| 179 |
WVRL
| 0 |
11,050,345 |
# Kiwijet
**Kiwijet** was a proposed and ultimately failed low-cost airline planned for New Zealand. It intended to be \"New Zealand's first all-jet regional airline,\" serving seven cities with Avro RJ-100s.
## History
The proposed airline, announced in May 2007, had plans to launch in November 2008.
Kiwijet\'s stated plans changed considerably after its initial announcement. It initially planned to operate two or more Boeing 737 aircraft on routes from Auckland to Christchurch, Dunedin and Invercargill at fares as low as \$150. The airline has been accused of using information leaked by Air New Zealand employees to gain a business advantage. The company\'s launch was delayed by its bid to buy Jetconnect, the local subsidiary of Qantas.
In June 2007, Kiwijet issued a press release stating the deal had fallen through. Kiwijet stated that it would proceed with \"plan B\", which would see Embraer ERJ 145 aircraft operating between nine cities, providing a feeder service to foreign airlines without a New Zealand partner. More details of this plan were released in July, when Kiwijet announced the choice of Christchurch as a hub city, confirmed its plan to use of Embraer ERJ 145 aircraft, and changed one planned destination. In August, Kiwijet said that it was about to begin hiring chief operational staff, and that it was aiming to have seven aircraft at time of launch. In September however, a further press release announced that due to difficulties sourcing, certifying, and maintaining its desired ERJ 145 variant in New Zealand, the airline would instead aim to launch with four Avro RJ-100 aircraft, serving seven cities.
In December 2007, Kiwijet said it would open an office in February 2008 and was looking to commence flights by the end of 2008. In February 2008 the company announced it would not begin operations until February 2009. It said it was negotiating with another airline to provide \"feeder traffic.\" Soaring aviation fuel prices during 2008 saw a decision to delay launching services until March 2009, and then indefinitely when the original backers pulled out after the severe credit crisis hit in late 2008. In October 2008 directors had resurrected the airline---following stronger backing---as a small two-aircraft (BAe 146QT type) freight airline to begin running early in 2009 as a prelude to opening passenger services later that year, citing the sudden plunge in jet fuel prices and a stronger US dollar to NZ dollar rising well above projections forecast in early 2008. Freight flights would serve as route surveys. However the global economic meltdown at the start of 2009 buried any start date and nothing has been heard from this airline since, its directors returning to the US.
In 2009, officials of Nelson Airport and Christchurch International Airport reported that there was no specific information shared between Kiwijet and airport, only that Kiwijet proposed to fly to those airports
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# Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
**Charles-Frédéric**, *comte* **Reinhard** (born **Karl Friedrich Reinhard**; 2 October 1761 -- 25 December 1837) was a Württembergian-born French diplomat, essayist, and politician who briefly served as the Consulate\'s Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1799. A Girondist during the early stages of the French Revolution, he was dispatched to several countries before and after his ministerial mandate. In 1806`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1807, he was appointed Consul and Resident to Moldavia, and subsequently arrested by the Russian Empire for one year. Reinhard was promoted under the Bourbon Restoration governments, which he represented to the German Confederation, and continued his political career under the July Monarchy.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Schorndorf (now in Baden-Württemberg, Germany), he was the son of a Protestant minister. He studied Theology at the University of Tübingen and met with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (the two corresponded for a period).
Reinhard moved to Bordeaux in 1787, having been employed as tutor by a Huguenot family, and soon became an acquaintance of future Girondist leaders.
## Career
After the Revolution broke out, he asked to be naturalized, joined the Girondist club and, under the Legislative Assembly, moved to Paris, where he entered the diplomatic service. He was first detached as Legation Secretary to the Kingdom of Great Britain, under Ambassador Talleyrand, who became his mentor and political ally. With support from the Girondists, the National Convention appointed him First Secretary to the French Embassy in the Kingdom of Sicily.
### Directory and Consulate {#directory_and_consulate}
Despite the Girondists\' fall, the Committee of Public Safety promoted him head of division at the Foreign Relations Department (1794). The French Directory made him Minister Plenipotentiary to the Hanseatic League in Hamburg (1795--1798), and later to the same position in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. On 12 October 1796, he married Christine Reimarus, the daughter of philosopher Hermann Samuel Reimarus and a native of Hamburg.
During the March 1799 Campaign, the took charge of Tuscany on orders from his superiors. During the period, he was admitted to the Institut de France, in the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques.
Reinhard replaced Talleyrand as Minister, under Director Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, and served in this capacity until after Napoleon Bonaparte\'s Coup of 18 Brumaire 1799 (when Talleyrand again came to the office). In 1800, he was Minister Plenipotentiary to the Helvetic Republic, and, in 1801, to the Cisalpine Republic; in 1802, he was assigned to the same position in the Lower Saxon Circle, where, after 1804, he represented the French Empire. In 1803, when the Institut underwent reorganizing, he was moved to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
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# Charles-Frédéric Reinhard
## Career
### Moldavian assignment and Russian imprisonment {#moldavian_assignment_and_russian_imprisonment}
Reinhard\'s assignment to Moldavia in late 1805-early 1806 was, according to Romanian historian Neagu Djuvara, unprecedented in that Reihard had occupied the high positions before being dispatched to Iaşi. Djuvara indicated that the measure was indicative of the Danubian Principalities\' growth in importance at the time when Napoleon maneuvered against the Russian Empire. Reportedly, Reinhard unsuccessfully protested the measure, believing it to be equivalent to a demotion, and, as a result of this, his office was added the function of Resident. The latter move allegedly caused controversy in the Ottoman Empire, Moldavia\'s suzerain, since it seemed to imply that France gave additional recognition to Moldavia\'s ruler, Prince Alexander Mourousis.
After settling in Iaşi, the consul and his wife traveled extensively throughout Moldavia and into Wallachia and Austrian-ruled Transylvania. Letters addressed by Madame Reihard to her mother, later gathered in a volume, provide detail on the two countries\' societies: after they visited Prince Constantine Ypsilantis in his Bucharest residence, the newly renovated Curtea Nouă, she recorded that the palace was unappealing and poorly maintained; amazed that houses in Bucharest lacked writing desks, they were advised to hold writing material on their lap; also according to Christine Reihard, roads in northern Wallachia presented serious challenges to travelers. She left additional detail on the state of Roma slaves, claiming that, before 1806, an unnamed boyar from the Sturdza family had employed a group of Roma at a factory on his estate, but that the project was abandoned when the employees expressed suffering over not being allowed their traditional freedom of movement and trade.
Reportedly unbeknown to Consul Reihard, the French Ambassador to the Porte Horace Sébastiani, persuaded Sultan Selim III that Princes Mourousis and Ypsilantis were secretly plotting an alliance with Russia. Consequently, Selim sent orders for the rulers to be deposed, provoking the Russo-Turkish War of 1806--1812. This exposed Reihard and his family to risk, and, after the Imperial Russian Army, commanded by Ivan Ivanovich Michelson and Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich, stormed into Moldavia, they were arrested. The latter action, going against international law, saw the Reinhards transportation to regions of southern Russia, where they spent the following winter before being released with official apologies.
### Return
Upon the family\'s return to Paris, Charles Reinhard, made a baron of the Empire, was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Kingdom of Westphalia, and, in May 1814, was Head of Chancellery at the French Department of Foreign Affairs (serving until Napoleon\'s fall and the 1814 Bourbon Restoration). He kept a low profile during the Hundred Days, and, after King Louis XVIII regained his throne, was made a comte, awarded a position in the Conseil d\'État, and received the office of Minister Plenipotentiary to the German Confederation in Frankfurt (December 1815 -- 1829).
Following a brief hiatus before the July Revolution, Reinhard represented Louis-Philippe in the Kingdom of Saxony. The July Monarchy admitted him a Peer in October 1832. Also in that year, Charles Reinhard regained the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques. He died in Paris five years later
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# Baton Rouge station
**Baton Rouge station** is a historic train station located at 100 South River Road in downtown Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It was built for the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad which got absorbed by the Illinois Central Railroad. The station was a stop on the Y&MV main line between Memphis, Tennessee and New Orleans, Louisiana. The building now houses the **Louisiana Art and Science Museum**.
The two-story main block and the two one-story wings in Classical Revival style stand directly across the Old State Capitol building.
The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 19, 1994, as the **Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad Co. Depot**.
IC-333, a 0-6-0 steam engine formerly owned by the Charles Black Sand & Gravel Company of Fluker, LA, is on display just outside the building. Several passenger cars previously on display have been removed. As of 2011, IC-333 and its tender have been removed from the site as well.
## Passenger service {#passenger_service}
In 1949 passenger service consisted of the Illinois Central\'s *Planter,* an all-coach train from Memphis, Tennessee to New Orleans via Vicksburg, Mississippi (along the Yazoo (main line, rather than the IC main line). The station hosted an additional two trains to and two trains from New Orleans.
In the station\'s final years of use, it was not used by the Illinois Central but instead by the Missouri Pacific, the unnamed successor to the *Houstonian* night train on the Houston - New Orleans route. This was not the final train in the city; the Kansas City Southern Railway continued the *Southern Belle* until 1969 at that company\'s own station in Baton Rouge.
## Louisiana Art and Science Museum {#louisiana_art_and_science_museum}
The museum contains many exhibits and galleries, as well as a planetarium.
- An ancient Egyptian mummy from the Ptolemaic dynasty.
- A gallery for the Solar System, including displays on astronomy and meteors. In 2018, the museum was also loaned a *Triceratops* skull from a private collection, nicknamed Jason.
- Louisiana\'s Apollo 11 lunar sample display in its stores
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# Islas San Benito
The **Islas San Benito** lie in the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of the Mexican state of Baja California, 25 km west of Cedros Island. They are part of the Cedros Island *delegación*, a subdivision of Ensenada (municipality), Baja California.
The group consists of three barren islands, with a total area of 3.899 km^2^, and is surrounded by rocks and patches of kelp. The census of 2001 recorded a population of two on *Benito del Oeste* (West Benito); the other islands are uninhabited.
## Geography and ecology {#geography_and_ecology}
***Benito del Oeste*** (West Benito, 2.6 km^2^) is the westernmost and largest island of the group. It appears as a plateau with a mound rising 600 ft (202 m) high near the center. A lighthouse tower, 4 m high, stands in the southern part of the island. The main lighthouse, a prominent, 17 m high tower with a dwelling, stands near the northwest extremity of the island. Rocas Pinaculo, two steep-to rocks, lie 1.6 km west of Benito del Oeste.
***Benito del Centro*** (Central Benito, 0.4 km^2^) 28 18 30 N 115 33 54 W scale:100000 and ***Benito del Este*** (East Benito, 0.9 km^2^) 28 18 03 N 115 32 25 W scale:100000, the other two islands, lie close east of Benito del Oeste and are separated by *Canal de Peck*, a deep passage just 200 ft (c. 65 m) wide. Benito del Este is characterized by four well-defined hills up to 421 ft (c.140 m) high. Benito del Centro is low and flat with a hill 82 ft (25 m) high rising near its eastern end.
The vegetation consists mainly of low shrubs and herbs as well as some large cacti (*Cylindropuntia prolifera*, *C. ramosissima*). There are few land animals and no native mammals. Birds are moderately abundant due to the islands\' barrenness, but Cassin\'s auklet is rather plentiful at breeding time.
### Endemism
Due to the islands\' remoteness, several endemic taxa have evolved here:
**Animals:**
- San Benito side-blotched lizard, *Uta stansburiana stellata*
- San Benito house finch, *Carpodacus mexicanus mcgregori* -- extinct
: Disappeared c. the 1940s, mainly due to overhunting by biological specimen collectors
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# Youth philanthropy
**Youth philanthropy** is the donation of time, energy or resources, including money, by children and youth towards philanthropic causes. According to one study, \"youth philanthropy is, at the broadest level, youth giving of their time, talents and treasure.\" It is seen as an effective means in which youth develop knowledge of and participate in philanthropic projects such as volunteering, grant writing, and community service.
## About
Youth philanthropy educates young people about social change in order to identify community problems and design the most appropriate solutions in a systemic way. Philanthropy in this case is defined as anything young people do to make the world around them a better place.
Focused on youth-adult partnerships and youth voice, youth philanthropy is seen as a successful application of service learning. Youth philanthropy helps young people develop skills, knowledge, confidence and leadership abilities. Youth philanthropy is also identified as a particularly effective means for educating children and youth about volunteerism and civic engagement.
Within the Jewish community institutions such as synagogues, day schools, Jewish federations and other organizations have created Jewish youth philanthropy programs to provide Jewish youth with opportunities to engage in grantmaking activities through a Jewish lens. The Jewish Teen Funders Network serves as a central address for Jewish youth philanthropy, and aims to help grow and strengthen the burgeoning field
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# Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad
The **Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad** (Y&MV) was incorporated in 1882 and was part of the Illinois Central Railroad system (IC). Construction began in Jackson, Mississippi, and continued to Yazoo City, Mississippi. The line was later expanded through the Mississippi Delta and on to Memphis, Tennessee. In 1886, the IC purchased the Mississippi and Tennessee Railroad. In 1892, the IC bought the Memphis to New Orleans line, forming the Louisville, New Orleans and Texas Railway. These lines were merged into the Y&MV. Main lines included Memphis to New Orleans via Vicksburg and Baton Rouge, Memphis to Tutwiler, Clarksdale, MS to Yazoo City, Clarksdale to Jackson, MS, and Jackson to Natchez.
Between 1945 and 1946, the IC began to absorb its subsidiaries. The Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad ceased to operate as an independent railroad. Later railroad restructuring ended passenger service on this line.
## Blues music {#blues_music}
The railroad --- or its predecessor, the Yazoo Delta Railway (Moorhead--Ruleville) --- is featured in a number of blues songs by African-American artists as the **Yellow Dog Railroad.** According to W. C. Handy, locals assigned the words \"Yellow Dog\" to the letters Y.D. on the freight trains which they saw passing.
The Mississippi Blues Commission placed a historic marker at the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad depot site in Rosedale, Mississippi, designating it as a site on the Mississippi Blues Trail. The marker commemorates the original lyrics of legendary blues artist Robert Johnson\'s \"Traveling Riverside Blues,\" which traced the route of the Y&MV. It ran south from Friars Point to Vicksburg, with stops including Rosedale; and north to Memphis. The marker emphasizes a common theme of blues songs of riding on the railroad, which is seen as a metaphor for escape
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# Kodungaiyur
**Kodungaiyur** is a residential neighbourhood in the northern part of the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It comes under Perambur Taluk of the Chennai District.
## Chennai Corporation Limits {#chennai_corporation_limits}
Earlier, the ward numbers were 01 (Kodungaiyur West) and 02 (Kodungaiyur East).
In the Expanded Chennai Corporation (200 wards), after delimitation of zones and wards, Kodungaiyur will fall under ward numbers 34, 35, 36 and 37 (all four wards will come under Zone No: IV as per the newly expanded corporation limits).
## Educational institutions {#educational_institutions}
Kodungaiyur has a number of educational institutions. Some of them are:
### Colleges
- Thiruthangal Nadar College, Selavayal
- Muthu Kumaraswamy Arts and Science College, Muthamil Nagar
- Ambedkar Govt Arts College, MKB Nagar
- Chennai Amirtha, Perambur
- Chevalier T Thomas Elizabeth College for Women, Sembium
- St. Anne\'s Arts and Science College, Moolakadai
- St Sebastian\'s Industrial Training Institute
## Hospital
- Pavithra Hospital
- KVT Multi Speciality Hospital, M.R Nagar
- Subha Hospital, Muthamil Nagar
- Noor Hospital, Chinna Kodungaiyur
- Fathima Hospital, Kodungaiyur, Near Moolakadai
- NRV Hospital, Kodungaiyur
- Arjun Hospital, Kaviarasu Kannadasan Nagar
- ESI dispensary, M.R Nagar.
- Nallam Hospital, M.K.B Nagar
- Senthil Priya Hospital, Opposite KKD Nagar E.B
## Location and surroundings {#location_and_surroundings}
Kodungaiyur covers a vast area bordering Manali to the north, Korukkupet to the east, Madhavaram Milk Colony and Madhavaram to the west, Perambur to the southwest and MKB Nagar (Vysarpadi) to the south.
National Highway 16 (NH 16) touches this area in the southwest at Moolakadai.
## Main thoroughfares {#main_thoroughfares}
- Kamarajar salai \> Thiruvalluvar street \> Manali road (from Moolakadai towards Chinna Kodungaiyur)
- Tondiarpet High (TH) road (from Moolakadai towards KKD Nagar and further till Ezhil Nagar)
- Ethirajsamy Salai (from Erukancherry towards MR Nagar)
- Meenambal Salai (from MKB Nagar towards KKD Nagar)
```{=html}
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- The southwestern part (older part) of the locality around Kamarajar Salai is called \"Periya Kodungaiyur\", whereas the northwestern part (relatively recently developed part) around Manali Salai is called \"Chinna Kodungaiyur.\" Thiruvalluvar street making the unofficial divider between these two areas.
- Places like Kamarajar Salai, Tondiarpet High (TH) road, SIDCO Main Road, MR Nagar, Meenambal Salai houses many business entities (supermarkets, restaurants, banks/ATMs, fuel stations, telephone exchange etc.) whereas Kodungaiyur West (Parvathi Nagar, Seetharam Nagar, Narayanaswamy garden, Soundarya Nagar etc.) is a residential neighbourhood.
- P6 Kodungaiyur Police Station is on SIDCO main Road.
- TNEB substation is on SIDCO main Road, KKD Nagar. It is 33/11 KV substation, which delivers power to MR Nagar, KKD Nagar and other eastern parts of Kodungaiyur. Western parts of Kodungaiyur like Narayanasamy garden, RV Nagar, Kamarajar Salai are catered by Sembium substation.
- The Housing Board residences are at KKD Nagar (Phase I) and Muthamil Nagar (Phase II) which are major developments is last 2 decades. Apart from this, private builders contribute to the development of this area, one such is the RC West minister in Kamarajar Salai.
Kaviarasu Kannadasan Nagar (KKD Nagar) is a part of \'Kodungaiyur\' in the city of Chennai and both (KKD Nagar & Kodungaiyur) are not separate geographical locations (since it is assumed wrongly that they are different localities as name boards of most commercial establishments display \'KKD Nagar, Chennai-118\' and very few shops display \'KKD Nagar, Kodungaiyur, Chennai-118\').
Chinna Kodungaiyur and Periya Kodungaiyur alone do not account to the Kodungaiyur\'s total geographical area as they are merely parts of Kodungaiyur.
## Neighbourhoods
Most notable neighbourhoods in Kodungaiyur are Chinnandimadam, Amudham Nagar, Selavayal, Narayanasamy Garden, Soundarya Nagar, Parvathi nagar, Venkateswara Nagar (Part I & II), Seetharam Nagar, R.V.Nagar, Union Carbide Colony, Brindavan Nagar, Sastri nagar, Jambuli newcolony, Ponnusamy Nagar, Krishna Moorthy Nagar, Vivekananda Nagar, Soundarya Nagar, Ambika Nagar, C hinnandi madam etc.
Apart from these, Muthamil Nagar, MR Nagar, KKD Nagar, Gandhi Nagar and Parvathi Nagar are most important places.
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# Kodungaiyur
## Theatre
- Pandian A/C formerly Known as Odiyan Mani
- Aiyappa Theatre
- Shanmuga A/c DTS Theatre
## Transportation
Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) runs passenger buses to Kodungaiyur from other major parts of Chennai city. There are 3 bus terminuses in Kodungaiyur. They are Kaviarasu Kannadasan Nagar (KKD Nagar), and Parvathi Nagar.
### KKD Nagar {#kkd_nagar}
KKD Nagar Terminus is the heart of Kodungaiyur\'s transportation system.
### Parvathi Nagar {#parvathi_nagar}
Few buses like 38D, 33L, 64K Extn originate and end here
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# Advanced Avionics Module
The **Advanced Avionics Module** or **AAM** was a module launched on board PSLV-C8 along with the Italian satellite AGILE on 23 April 2007. It was designed by ISRO to test advanced launch vehicle avionics systems like mission computers, navigation and telemetry systems. At lift-off, it weighed 185 kg.
It was mounted inside the Dual Launch Adapter, on top of which the AGILE was mounted.
The AAM reentered the Earth\'s atmosphere on 19 July 2022
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# Thediyur
**Thediyur** (also spelled Tediyur or Thethiyur) is a village in Kudavasal taluk, Tiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India.
It is one of the eighteen villages where vAthimALs settled. Located 23 km from Kumbakonam, it has a population of about 3000 people. The village is well connected by road to Kumbakonam and Mayiladuthurai. Bus services are available every 30 minutes from Kumbakonam and Mayiladuthurai
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# Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law
The ***Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law*** is published twice a year at the Florida State University College of Law. Founded in 1983, it is Florida\'s first and only student publication in the field. The law review ranks among the top environmental and land use law journals based on citations.
The Journal is edited and published entirely by law students at Florida State University College of Law. It is managed by an executive board popularly elected annually by the members
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# Mitsuko
**Mitsuko** is a feminine Japanese given name.
## Written forms {#written_forms}
The name Mitsuko is generally written with the kanji characters 光 and 子 which, when translated into English can mean \"light, child\" or \"shining, child\". Mitsuko can have different meanings depending on which kanji characters are used to write the name. Some possible variations of the name Mitsuko are:
- 光子, \"light, child\"
- 充子, \"provide, child\"
- 満子, \"satisfy/full, child\"
- 睦子, \"harmonious/intimate/friendly, child\"
- 三子, \"third child\"
- 密子, \"carefulness/secrecy, child\"
- 蜜子, \"honey/nectar/molasses, child\"
## People with the name {#people_with_the_name}
- Mitsuko Baisho (倍賞 美津子 *Baishō Mitsuko*), a Japanese actress
- Mitsuko Coudenhove (クーデンホーフ 光子 *Kūdenhōfu Mitsuko*), the mother of Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi
- , Japanese concubine
- Mitsuko Horie (堀江 美都子 *Horie Mitsuko*, born 1957), a Japanese singer and voice actress
- , Japanese ice hockey player
- Mitsuko Mito (水戸光子 *Mito Mitsuko*, 1919--1981), a Japanese actress
- Mitsuko Mori (森 光子 *Mori Mitsuko*, 1920--2012), a Japanese actress
- , Japanese sailor
- Mitsuko Shiga (四賀 光子 *Shiga Mitsuko*, 1885--1976), a Japanese tanka poet
- , Japanese high jumper
- Mitsuko Uchida (内田 光子 *Uchida Mitsuko*, born 1948), Japanese naturalized-British classical pianist
- Mitsuko Yoshikawa (吉川 満子 *Yoshikawa Mitsuko*, 1901--1991), a Japanese actress
## Fictional characters {#fictional_characters}
- Mitsuko Komyoji, a central character in the *Android Kikaider* manga and anime series
- Mitsuko Souma, a central character in the *Battle Royale* novel, film, and manga
- Mitsuko the Boar, a character from the *Bloody Roar* video game series
- Mitsouko Yorisaka, a character in Claude Farrère\'s novel *La Bataille*, and the namesake of Guerlain\'s perfume \"Mitsouko\"
- Mitsuko Krieger, a character in *Archer (2009 TV series)*, the holographic anime-style \"wife\" of Algernop Krieger
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# Florida State University Business Review
The ***Florida State University Business Review*** (or the ***Business Review***) is a student-run law review published at the Florida State University College of Law. The *Business Review*{{\'s}} mission is: \"Providing a scholarly forum for contemporary legal discourse and to address the issues and concerns transforming the business law community.\" The *Business Review* publishes in its annual volume articles by academics and practitioners, as well as notes written by second- and third-year law students.
## History
Founded in 2000, the *Business Review* published its first issue in the summer of 2001. The Business Review was founded by then-third year law students Kenneth Hamner, Amy Avalos, and Brian Barnett. The inaugural issues were funded by a grant through the FSU College of Graduate Students. Although the journal\'s current and original title is officially the *Florida State University Business Review*, between 2005 and 2007 the journal was titled the *Business Law Review*.
## Admissions
The *Business Review* typically selects its staff editors through bi-annual writing competition, held among the Florida State University College of Law students. In addition, admission is offered to students who receive the highest grades in certain legal writing or business law courses. Law students may also be offered admission if they write a note that is accepted for publication in the *Business Review*. All *Business Review* members are required to have and maintain minimum grade point average requirements throughout their tenure on the journal
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# 1969 Amstel Gold Race
left\|thumbtime=3\|thumb\|240px\|alt=Newsreel of the 1969 Amstel Gold Race\|Amstel Gold Race 1969 with Eddy Merckx (in Dutch)
The **1969 Amstel Gold Race** was the fourth edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 18, 1969, in the Dutch provinces of North Brabant and Limburg. The race stretched 259 kilometres, with the start in Helmond and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 132 competitors, and 36 cyclists finished the race.
## Result
Rank Rider Time
------ ------- ---------
1 6:21:03
2 \+ 0
3 \+ 0.16
4 \+ 0
5 \+ 0
6 \+ 0
7 \+ 0
8 \+ 0.25
9 \+ 0
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# Pharmaconomist
In Denmark (including Greenland and Faroe Islands), **pharmaconomists** (*farmakonom*) are experts in pharmaceuticals (*lægemiddelkyndig*) who have trained with a 3-year tertiary degree. **Pharmaconomy** (*farmakonomi*) describes either their professional practice or their training courses.
## Work
The majority of the Danish pharmaconomists work at community pharmacies (chemists\' shops or drug stores) and at hospital pharmacies and hospitals.
Some pharmaconomists work within the chemical industry, the pharmaceutical industry and in medical or clinical laboratories.
Other pharmaconomists teach pharmacy students and pharmaconomy students at colleges or universities, such as at the University of Copenhagen\'s Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences or at the Pharmakon---Danish College of Pharmacy Practice.
Pharmaconomists are also employed by the Danish Ministry of Interior and Health, Danish Medicines Agency and Danish Association of Pharmacies.
Some pharmaconomists do work as pharmaceutical consultants.
## Education
The 3 year higher education corresponds to 180 ECTS points (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System).
### Pharmakon---Danish College of Pharmacy Practice {#pharmakondanish_college_of_pharmacy_practice}
During his or her education programme at Pharmakon---Danish College of Pharmacy Practice, the pharmaconomist student studies human and animal anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, pharmaconomy, pharmacy practice, pharmaceutics, toxicology, pharmacognosy, clinical pharmacy, pharmacotherapy, pharmaceutical sciences, chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, biochemistry, biology, microbiology, molecular biology, genetics, cytology, medicine, veterinary medicine, zoology, diagnosis, medical prescription, pharmacy law, medical sociology, patient safety, health care, psychology, psychiatry, pedagogy, communication, information technology (IT), bioethics, medical ethics, safety, leadership, organization, logistics, economy, quality assurance (QA), sales and marketing.
## Difference between a *pharmaconomist* and a *pharmacist* {#difference_between_a_pharmaconomist_and_a_pharmacist}
There are two different professional groups with pharmaceutical education in Denmark:
- Pharmaconomists (with a 3-year higher tertiary education)
- Pharmacists (with a 5-year higher tertiary education)
Due to his or her higher education as a health professional, the pharmaconomist has by law the same independent competence in all Danish pharmacies as a pharmacist --- i.e. for example to dispense and check medical prescriptions, to counsel and advise patients/customers about the use of medicine/pharmaceuticals and to dispense, sell and provide information about medical prescriptions and about prescription medicine and over-the-counter medicine (OTC).
The pharmaconomist also undertakes specialist and managerial operation of pharmacies and undertakes managerial duty service.
The only difference by law is that only a pharmacist may *own* a Danish pharmacy --- i.e. become a pharmacy owner.
Like pharmacists, pharmaconomists can work as pharmacy managers and HR managers (or as chief pharmaconomists).
## Trade union {#trade_union}
The Danish Association of Pharmaconomists is a trade union who represents about 5,700 pharmaconomists in Denmark (i.e. 98% of all Danish pharmaconomists).
## Translation into other languages {#translation_into_other_languages}
The Danish title *farmakonom* (pharmaconomist) comes from the Greek \"pharmakon\" (meaning \"pharmaceuticals\") and \"nom\" (meaning \"expert in\").
In Denmark a pharmaconomist is also referred to as *lægemiddelkyndig* (expert in pharmaceuticals). *Lægemiddelkyndig* comes from the Danish \"lægemiddel\" (meaning \"pharmaceuticals\") and \"kyndig\" (meaning \"expert in\")
| 466 |
Pharmaconomist
| 0 |
11,050,663 |
# 1970 Amstel Gold Race
The **1970 Amstel Gold Race** was the fifth edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 25, 1970, in the Dutch provinces of North Brabant and Limburg. The race stretched 240 kilometres, with the start in Helmond and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 125 competitors, and 41 cyclists finished the race.
## Result
Rank Rider Time
------ ------- ---------
1 6:21:30
2 \+ 0
3 \+ 0
| 82 |
1970 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,050,672 |
# 1997 Fed Cup
{{ Infobox tennis circuit season \| name = 1997 Fed Cup \| image = \| image_caption = \| duration = 1 March -- 5 October \| edition = 35th \| previous = 1996 \| next = 1998 }}
The **1997 Fed Cup** was the 35th edition of the most important competition between national teams in women\'s tennis. The final took place at Brabant Hall in \'s-Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands on 4--5 October, with France defeating the Netherlands to win their first title.
## World Group {#world_group}
**Participating Teams**
-------------------------
### Draw
## World Group play-offs {#world_group_play_offs}
The four losing teams in the World Group first round ties (Germany, Japan, Spain and United States), and four winners of the World Group II ties (Argentina, Australia, Croatia and Switzerland) entered the draw for the World Group play-offs.
Date: 12--13 July
Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team
------------------------ --------------- ------------------------------- ------- -------------------------------
Hope Island, Australia Outdoor hard 2--3 **`{{fed|ESP}}`{=mediawiki}**
Zürich, Switzerland Indoor carpet **`{{fed|SUI}}`{=mediawiki}** 5--0
Frankfurt, Germany **`{{fed|GER}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--2
Outdoor hard 5--0
## World Group II {#world_group_ii}
The World Group II was the second highest level of Fed Cup competition in 1997. Winners advanced to the World Group play-offs, and loser played in the World Group II play-offs.
Date: 1--2 March
Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team
-------------------- -------------- ------------------------------- ------- -------------------------------
Zagreb, Croatia Indoor hard **`{{fed|CRO}}`{=mediawiki}** 4--1
Košice, Slovakia 2--3
Seoul, South Korea Outdoor hard 1--4 **`{{fed|ARG}}`{=mediawiki}**
Outdoor hard 2--3 **`{{fed|AUS}}`{=mediawiki}**
## World Group II play-offs {#world_group_ii_play_offs}
The four losing teams from World Group II (Austria, Slovakia, South Africa and South Korea) played off against qualifiers from Zonal Group I. Two teams qualified from Europe/Africa Zone (Italy and Russia), one team from the Asia/Oceania Zone (Indonesia), and one team from the Americas Zone (Canada).
Date: 12--13 July
Venue Surface Home team Score Visiting team
---------------------- --------- ------------------------------- ------- -------------------------------
**`{{fed|AUT}}`{=mediawiki}** 3--2
Seoul, South Korea 1--4 **`{{fed|RUS}}`{=mediawiki}**
Jakarta, Indonesia 0--5 **`{{fed|ITA}}`{=mediawiki}**
Bratislava, Slovakia **`{{fed|SVK}}`{=mediawiki}** 5--0
## Americas Zone {#americas_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition.
### Group I {#group_i}
Venue: Colombian Tennis Academy, Bogotá, Colombia (outdoor clay)
Dates: 29 April -- 4 May
Participating Teams
-
- **`{{fed|CAN}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
- *`{{fed|MEX}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
- *`{{fed|PUR}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
### Group II {#group_ii}
Venue: Casa de Campo, San Domingo, Dominican Republic (outdoor clay)
Dates: 12--18 May
Participating Teams
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|PAR}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
- **`{{fed|URU}}`{=mediawiki}**
## Asia/Oceania Zone {#asiaoceania_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition.
### Group I {#group_i_1}
Venue: Renouf Centre, Wellington, New Zealand (outdoor hard)
Dates: 11--15 March
Participating Teams
-
-
-
- *`{{fed|IND}}`{=mediawiki}*
- **`{{fed|INA}}`{=mediawiki}**
- *`{{fed|KAZ}}`{=mediawiki}*
-
-
### Group II {#group_ii_1}
Venue: Renouf Centre, Wellington, New Zealand (outdoor hard)
Dates: 11--15 March
Participating Teams
-
- Pacific Oceania
-
- **`{{fed|PHI|1986}}`{=mediawiki}**
-
-
-
- **`{{fed|UZB}}`{=mediawiki}**
## Europe/Africa Zone {#europeafrica_zone}
- Nations in **bold** advanced to the higher level of competition.
- Nations in *italics* were relegated down to a lower level of competition.
### Group I {#group_i_2}
Venue: Bari T.C
| 544 |
1997 Fed Cup
| 0 |
11,050,673 |
# Strategic move
A **strategic move** in game theory is an action taken by a player outside the defined actions of the game in order to gain a strategic advantage and increase one\'s payoff. Strategic moves can either be *unconditional moves* or *response rules*. The key characteristics of a strategic move are that it involves a *commitment* from the player, meaning the player can only restrict their own choices and that the commitment has to be *credible*, meaning that once employed it must be in the interest of the player to follow through with the move. Credible moves should also be observable to the other players.
Strategic moves are **not** *warnings* or *assurances.* Warnings and assurances are merely statements of a player\'s interest, rather than an actual *commitment* from the player.
The term was coined by Thomas Schelling in his 1960 book, *The Strategy of Conflict*, and has gained wide currency in political science and industrial organization
| 157 |
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| 0 |
11,050,702 |
# Walter Long (c. 1594 – 1637)
**Sir Walter Long** (c. 1594 -- July 1637) was an English landowner and Member of Parliament.
## Biography
He was born in Wiltshire, the son of Sir Walter Long (1565--1610) and his wife Catherine Thynne of Longleat. He succeeded to his father\'s estates, including Draycot, in 1610 and was knighted in 1625.
He served as a Justice of the Peace for Wiltshire from 1623 until his death. He replaced Sir James Ley as MP for Westbury in 1621 when Ley was appointed to a post in the House of Lords. He was re-elected for the same seat in 1625 and 1626.
He married firstly in 1614, Anne Ley, daughter of James Ley, 1st Earl of Marlborough and his first wife Mary Pettie. There was one son from this marriage, his heir, Sir James Long, 2nd Baronet. According to historian John Aubrey, Long\'s father-in-law spent so much time at Draycot House with his daughter and her husband, that he had a gateway erected there with his own Coat of arms on it, but afterwards there was a quarrel, which probably arose from some family disapproval of the Earl\'s marriage with a third young wife, Jane Boteler. The rift seems to have continued till the end of the Earl\'s life - in his will he \'begged pardon of the Lady Anne\'. Long married secondly, Elizabeth Master c. 1636, and they had one son, Walter (d. 1673).
Sir Walter Long died in July 1637, and his widow died in 1658. According to one of William Waller\'s men writing about the capture of Long\'s son Sir James at Devizes in 1645, Sir Walter Long had died after falling from his horse near Chichester and breaking his neck. He was supposedly \'in drink\', and his son James \'almost spurred the horse to death that broke his father\'s neck\'
| 310 |
Walter Long (c. 1594 – 1637)
| 0 |
11,050,705 |
# 1971 Amstel Gold Race
The **1971 Amstel Gold Race** was the sixth edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday March 28, 1971.
The race stretched 233 kilometres, starting in Heerlen and finishing in Meerssen. There were a total of 123 competitors, and 47 cyclists finished the race.
## Result
Rank Rider Time
------ ------- ---------
1 6:11:53
2 \+ 0
3 \+ 0.22
4 \+ 0
5 \+ 0
6 \+ 0
7 \+ 0
8 \+ 0
9 \+ 1
| 88 |
1971 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,050,719 |
# Klaus-Peter Thaler
**Klaus-Peter Thaler** (born 14 May 1949 in Eckmannshausen, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a former professional cyclist whose career spanned from 1976 to 1988, he was successful in road-racing and cyclo-cross. He was world cyclo-cross champion twice as an amateur and twice as a professional and German champion eight times.
## Biography
Thaler studied at the University of Siegen and received a post-graduate degree as a middle school teacher for physical education and geography. From 1974-76 he attended the German Coaching Academy in Cologne, writing his diploma thesis under the guidance of Arnd Krüger. In 1976, Thaler entered the Olympic Games, in the road race. He finished in ninth place. He turned professional one year later.
In the 1978 Tour de France, Thaler led the race for two days, after his team won the team time trial.
Thaler organises the Tour of Hope bicycle charity ride, and was given the Pierre de Coubertin medal for that in 2005
| 159 |
Klaus-Peter Thaler
| 0 |
11,050,741 |
# Macquarie Rivulet
**Macquarie Rivulet** is a perennial river located in the Southern Highlands and Illawarra regions of New South Wales, Australia.
## Location and features {#location_and_features}
Macquarie Rivulet rises within the Macquarie Pass National Park on the eastern slopes of the Illawarra escarpment and drains the eastern edge of the Southern Highlands plateau. The headwaters of the rivulet gather approximately 4 km northeast of the town of Robertson and north of the Macquarie Pass. The rivulet flows generally east by north before reaching its mouth within Lake Illawarra, east of the Shellharbour suburb of Yallah.
The Princes Highway crosses the Macquarie Rivulet at Yallah
| 105 |
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| 0 |
11,050,744 |
# 1972 Amstel Gold Race
The **1972 Amstel Gold Race** was the seventh edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday March 26, 1972, in the Dutch province of Limburg. The race stretched 237 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total number of 97 competitors, and 29 cyclists finished the race.
## Result
Rank Rider Time
------ ------- ---------
1 6:17:39
2 \+ 0
3 \+ 0
4 \+ 0.14
5 \+ 0
6 \+ 0
7 \+ 0
8 \+ 0
9 \+ 1
| 98 |
1972 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,050,761 |
# Guide Falls
The **Guide Falls** and **Upper Guide Falls**, a tiered`{{endash}}`{=mediawiki}cascade waterfall on the Guide River, is located in the North West region of Tasmania, Australia.`{{r|THINK}}`{=mediawiki}
## Location and features {#location_and_features}
The waterfalls are situated about 19 km south of `{{TAScity|Burnie}}`{=mediawiki} at an elevation of 187 m above sea level and descend in the range of 22 -
| 59 |
Guide Falls
| 0 |
11,050,785 |
# Courtney Bryan
**Courtney Jamaal Bryan** (born October 2, 1984) is a former American football safety. He was born in San Jose, California, and played college football at New Mexico State. He was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2007.
He is the younger brother of NFL defensive end Copeland Bryan.
## Early years {#early_years}
Bryan attended Lincoln High School in San Jose, California and was a student and a letterman in football, basketball, and track. Now he works as a Sheriff at Santa Clara County
| 91 |
Courtney Bryan
| 0 |
11,050,797 |
# Serene Velocity (album)
**Serene Velocity** is a compilation album by Stereolab, released in late 2006. It focuses on material released during the band\'s Elektra years.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Jenny Ondioline, Pt. 1\" (from the 1993 *Jenny Ondioline* EP.) -- 3:42
2. \"Crest\" (from *Transient Random-Noise Bursts with Announcements* (1993)) -- 6:07
3. \"French Disko\" (from the 1993 *French Disko* single.) -- 3:33
4. \"Ping Pong\" (from *Mars Audiac Quintet* (1994)) -- 3:02
5. \"Wow and Flutter\" (7\" Version) (from the 1994 *Wow and Flutter* EP) -- 3:02
6. \"Cybele\'s Reverie\" (from *Emperor Tomato Ketchup* (1996)) -- 4:42
7. \"Metronomic Underground\" -- 7:52
8. \"Percolator\" -- 4:15
9. \"Brakhage\" (from *Dots and Loops* (1997)) -- 5:29
10. \"Miss Modular\" -- 4:13
11. \"Infinity Girl\" (from *Cobra and Phases Group Play Voltage in the Milky Night* (1999)) -- 3:55
12. \"Come and Play in the Milky Night\" -- 4:38
13. \"Space Moth\" (from *Sound-Dust* (2001)) -- 7:34
14. \"Double Rocker\" -- 5:32
15. \"Vonal Declosion\" (from *Margerine Eclipse* 2004)) -- 3:27
16. \"\..
| 174 |
Serene Velocity (album)
| 0 |
11,050,798 |
# 1973 Amstel Gold Race
The **1973 Amstel Gold Race** was the eighth edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 7, 1973, in the Dutch provinces of Limburg. The race stretched 238 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 165 competitors, and 28 cyclists finished the race.
## Result
Rank Rider Time
------ ------- ---------
1 6:38:16
2 \+ 3.13
3 \+ 3.15
4 \+ 3.49
5 \+ 4.15
6 \+ 5.35
7 \+ 5.40
8 \+ 5.59
9 \+ 8.05
10 \+ 8
| 100 |
1973 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,050,848 |
# 1974 Amstel Gold Race
The **1974 Amstel Gold Race** was the ninth edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday April 13, 1974, in the Dutch provinces of Limburg. The race stretched 238 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 137 competitors, and 31 cyclists finished the race.
## Result
Rank Rider Time
------ ------- ---------
1 6:06:30
2 \+ 3
| 76 |
1974 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,050,853 |
# Gérard Buscher
**Gérard Buscher** (born 5 November 1960) is a French association football manager and former professional player.
Buscher has a son, Mickaël Buscher who last played for Tunisian CA Bizertin
| 32 |
Gérard Buscher
| 0 |
11,050,856 |
# Henri Alphonse Barnoin
**Henri Alphonse Barnoin** (7 July 1882 -- 17 March 1940) was a French painter born in Paris in 1882.
## Biography
Barnoin\'s father was an artist as were two of his uncles, and he studied art at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. Although Barnoin initially studied with Luc-Olivier Merson, it was his second teacher, Émile Dameron, who became a more significant influence on his artistic style, attracting Barnoin to Impressionism. His work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
He first exhibited his paintings at the Salon des Artistes de Paris in 1909. He continued to exhibit regularly at this annual Salon, winning a silver medal in 1921 and a gold medal in 1935. He chose to live in Concarneau in 1919, having been a frequent visitor to the port before the 1914--1918 war. There he opened a studio on the \"Quai Pénéroff\" which became a favourite meeting place for fellow artists all inspired by the light and animated scenes of fishing boats, village markets, and the sea. In 1926, Barnoin became official Artist to the French Navy. In addition to his oil paintings, he was a renowned pastellist, enjoying playing with the effect of light on a variety of scenes in a Post-Impressionist style. He died in Paris in 1940. Among Barnoin\'s favored subjects were marine, harbour, and coastal scenes, mostly painted in the rich settings of Brittany. This is exemplified in his painting *Fishing Harbour, Concarneau, Brittany*.
Some of Barnoin\'s most famous works are *A Brittany harbour*, *La promenade en barque*, *Pardon de St. Fiacre, Bretagne*, and *Debarqument de la pêche au Passage-Lanriec*. See also gallery below. His work can be seen in the Musée du Faouet and the Musée des beaux-arts in Quimper, and at the Musée des beaux-arts in Brest.
The Musée de Faouët, a museum dedicated to showing the paintings of artists who had worked in Brittany, had a major retrospective of Henri Barnoin's paintings in 2006.
## Gallery
<File:Henri> Barnoin Marché aux étoffes.jpg\|*A market scene in Brittany* <File:Henri> Alphonse Barnoin - Marché à Quimperlé.jpg\|*The market in Quimperlé*. This circa 1928 painting is held in the Musée des beaux-arts at Quimper <File:Henri> Barnoin Jour de marché à Quimper Place Saint-Corentin.jpg\|*Market day scene in Quimper\'s Place Saint-Corentin*. <File:Barnoin> - Pardon de St. Fiacre, Bretagne.jpg\|*The pardon at St Fiacre*, La chapelle Saint-Fiacre is at Le Faouët in Morbihan. <File:Fontaine> Sainte-Barbe du Faouët par Henri Barnoin.JPG\|*Breton women at the Sainte-Barbe fountain in Le Faouët*. <File:102> Henri Barnoin Le marché aux étoffes du Faouët.JPG\|*The fabric market in Faouët*. This painting is in the Musée du Faouët
| 441 |
Henri Alphonse Barnoin
| 0 |
11,050,894 |
# 1975 Amstel Gold Race
The **1975 Amstel Gold Race** was the tenth edition of the annual Amstel Gold Race road bicycle race, held on Sunday March 29, 1975, in the Dutch provinces of Limburg. The race stretched 238 kilometres, with the start in Heerlen and the finish in Meerssen. There were a total of 138 competitors, and 35 cyclists finished the race.
## Result
Rank Rider Time
------ ------- ---------
1 6:23:33
2 \+ 0.15
3 \+ 2
| 79 |
1975 Amstel Gold Race
| 0 |
11,050,957 |
# Project 571
**Project 571** (`{{zh|c=[[Chinese numerals|五七一]]{{linktext|工程}}|p=Wǔqīyī gōngchéng}}`{=mediawiki}) was the code name given to an alleged plot to execute a *coup d\'état* against Chairman Mao Zedong in 1971 by the supporters of Lin Biao, then Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. In Chinese, the numbers \"5-7-1\" (`{{zhi|c=五七一|p=wǔqīyī}}`{=mediawiki}) sound very similar to the term \'armed uprising\' (`{{zhi|c=武起义|p=wǔqǐyì}}`{=mediawiki}). The Chinese Communist Party initially claimed that Lin Biao himself had devised Project 571, but evidence inside and outside of China has made it more likely that Lin\'s son, Lin Liguo, a high-ranking officer in the People\'s Liberation Army Air Force, instead developed the plot. Any plots that may have been planned or attempted by Lin Biao or his family ultimately failed. Lin\'s family attempted to flee China for the Soviet Union, but died when their plane crashed in Mongolia on September 13, 1971. A draft copy of the Project 571 outline was discovered following Lin\'s death, and was publicly circulated by the Chinese government as a means of explaining the event.
## Details of the plot {#details_of_the_plot}
现在他滥用中国人民给其信任和地位，历史地走向反面。\
实际上他已成了当代的秦始皇，为了向中国人民负责，向中国历史负责，我们的等待和忍耐是有限度的！\
他不是一个真正的马列主义者，而是一个行孔孟之道借马列主义之皮、执秦始皇之法的中国历史上最大的封建暴君。 \| author = Lin Liguo \| source = Project 571 \| width = 350px }} The outline was not written in the form of a practicable military plan, but more as a political declaration. Of the nine sections of the outline, only two deal directly with military strategy; the remaining sections either criticize the policies of the Cultural Revolution or attack the personality of Chinese leader Mao Zedong. Because the writers of the outline apparently lacked both the military knowledge and the ability to mobilize large groups of forces, Western scholars generally reject the possibility that Lin Biao could have personally planned Project 571.
Of the sections which deal with military strategy, the outline\'s authors mention the support of a number of disparate forces, none of which were overwhelmingly powerful. The plotters believed they were supported by the equivalent of approximately six to eight Air Force divisions: the Fourth and Fifth Air Force Corps; the Ninth, Eighteenth, and Thirty-Fourth Air Force Divisions; the Thirty-Fourth Tank Regiment; and (perhaps unusually) the Bureau of Civilian Aviation. The authors also noted that they expected the support of an \"auxiliary force\" composed of the Twentieth and Thirty-Eighth Armies (Lin\'s own elite units) and several provinces, which were only vaguely mentioned. The power of this combination of forces was not great, compared to the rest of the People\'s Liberation Army, and the authors of the Outline noted that \"at present the preparation of our strength is still not adequate\".
The military plans contained in the outline were below the standards that could have been expected from Lin, one of modern China\'s most successful generals. Because he was a master of maneuvering ground forces, it is unusual that he would have relied almost exclusively on the Air Force, even though his own elite forces were readily available to him. In the Chinese Civil War, Lin had become a master of delaying decisive confrontations until he knew that the chances of victory had become overwhelming, and scholars note that it would have been out of character for Lin to have staked his political career on such a poorly planned military coup, whose chances of success were slim. There is no direct evidence that suggests that either Lin or his generals were involved in the coup plot. Many scholars believe that his son, Lin Liguo, a high-ranking officer in the People\'s Liberation Air Force, was instead the author. Within China, the theory that Lin Liguo drafted the outline for Project 571 was corroborated by the testimony of Lin\'s generals in the special trials of the \"Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Counter-Revolutionary Cliques\", which were held in 1980.
| 617 |
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| 0 |
11,050,957 |
# Project 571
## History of the plot {#history_of_the_plot}
Following Lin\'s death in 1971, the Chinese government initially charged him with personally planning Project 571. After the testimony of Li Weixin (the only one of the alleged plotters to have survived up to 1971), and the 1980 testimony of General Huang Yongsheng (a former military chief-of-staff whose role in the plot was implied by Li\'s testimony), sources within China have generally come to recognize that Lin Liguo devised the plot independently of Lin Biao. Western scholars have been critical of the Chinese government\'s perspective since 1971, and generally state that Lin Liguo was the author of the plot. Some Western historians question whether Lin Biao was even aware of Lin Liguo\'s plans at all.
According to a modern standard Chinese narrative of Lin Biao\'s plot, he became aware that Mao no longer trusted him after the Second Plenum of the 9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1970, and he harbored a strong desire to seize supreme power. In February 1971, Lin and his wife Ye Qun (who was then a Politburo member) began to plot Mao\'s assassination. In March 1971, Lin Liguo held a secret meeting with his closest followers at an Air Force base in Shanghai. At this meeting, Lin Liguo and his subordinates supposedly drafted Project 571. Later that March, the group met again to formalize the structure of command following the proposed coup. The other major plotters were high-ranking military officers, including Zhou Yuchi, Yu Xinye, and Li Weixin.
From March 23 to 24, Yu Xinye drafted the outline for Project 571, the original manuscript of which was said to have been recovered after the death of the coup plotters. In the outline, Lin Liguo\'s party listed a total of eight ways to eliminate Mao Zedong: among them were blowing up his train, collapsing a railway bridge as his train was crossing it, using napalm, and simply using a handgun to assassinate him.
Mao was unaware of the coup plot, but in August 1971 he scheduled a conference for September to determine the political fate of Lin Biao. On August 15, Mao left Beijing to discuss the issue with other senior political and military leaders in southern China. On September 5, Lin received reports that Mao was preparing to purge him. On September 8, Lin decided to speed up the coup and gave the order to his subordinates to proceed with Mao\'s assassination, under the direction of Lin Liguo and Zhang Yuchi (who was then the deputy director of the Office of the Air Force Headquarters).
Lin\'s subordinates planned to assassinate Mao by sabotaging his train before he returned to Beijing, but Mao unexpectedly changed his route on September 11. Mao\'s bodyguards foiled several subsequent attempts on his life, and Mao safely returned to Beijing in the evening of September 12. By failing to assassinate Mao, the coup attempt associated with Project 571 failed.
After realizing that their coup attempt had failed, Lin\'s party first considered fleeing south to their power base in Guangzhou, where they would establish an alternative power base and cooperate with the Soviet Union to attack armed forces loyal to Mao. After hearing that Prime Minister Zhou Enlai was investigating the incident, they abandoned this plan as impractical, and decided to flee to the Soviet Union instead. In the early morning of September 13, Lin Biao, Ye Qun, Lin Liguo, and most of the other major plotters attempted to flee to the Soviet Union and boarded a prearranged Trident 1-E, (a CAAC B-256) piloted by Pan Jingyin, the deputy commander of the PLAAF 34th division. But the plane crashed near Öndörkhaan in Mongolia on September 13, 1971. Everyone on board, eight men and one woman, were killed.
After September 12, a massive purge of the armed forces took place. All military officials identified as being close to Lin or his family (most of China\'s high military command) were purged within weeks of Lin\'s disappearance. Within a month of Lin\'s disappearance, over 1,000 senior Chinese military officials were purged. After he was confident that all of the alleged plotters were either dead or arrested, Mao Zedong had copies of the Project 571 outline widely circulated among cadres in the Chinese Communist Party (relatively senior members only: level 19 and above). The official Chinese version of events was drafted by Zhang Chunqiao and his subordinates under Mao\'s personal supervision.
| 737 |
Project 571
| 1 |
11,050,957 |
# Project 571
## Codes used in the outline {#codes_used_in_the_outline}
- \"B-52\" referred to Mao Zedong, also alluded his intention to contact the U.S. government.
- \"Enemy Capital Ship\" (敌主力舰 *dí zhǔlì jiàn*) referred to Mao\'s supporters.
- \"Trotskyist Writers\" (笔杆子托派 *bǐgǎnzi Tuō Pài*) referred to Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan
- \"Wang, Chen and Jiang\" (王、陈、江) were Wang Weiguo, Chen Liyun and Jiang Tengjiao, some of Lin Biao\'s supporters.
- \"Project 01\" (01工程 *líng yī gōngchéng*) references a dispatch telegraph whose design was masterminded by Lin Liguo.
- Etajima (*江田岛*), site of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy where naval cadets were indoctrinated in the spiritual training of Bushido.
- \"Death before dishonor\" (不成功便成仁 *bù chénggōng biàn chéngrén*), a slogan that Chiang Kai-shek used to train his cadres.
- China itself was referred to as a \"feudal dynasty disguised as a socialist country\".
## Aftermath
It is generally believed that the criticism of Mao Zedong in the \"Project 571\" is extremely damaging to Mao Zedong\'s personal image. Therefore, there are different opinions within the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on whether to issue this Project to the public. However, Mao Zedong ignored the dissuasion of Zhou Enlai and others and insisted on publishing the full text of the Project. Regardless of Mao Zedong\'s motives, this objectively played an enlightening role in revealing the inside story of the Cultural Revolution, and its potential impact is very far-reaching.
A few years later, language similar to the relevant words in the minutes appeared in the \"April 5th\" poem in Tiananmen Square in early April 1976. For example, a famous poem in Tiananmen Square at that time wrote: \"China is no longer the China of the past, and the people are not stupid. The feudal society of Qin Shi Huang is gone forever. We believe in Marxism-Leninism, and what we want is the true Marxism-Leninism.\" This poem is obviously influenced by the Project 571 from its thinking to its text. Eventually the Cultural Revolution ended with the death of Mao Zedong and the arrest of the Gang of Four
| 348 |
Project 571
| 2 |
11,051,001 |
# Bernard Toohey
**Bernard Toohey** (born 18 February 1963) is a former Australian rules footballer who played during the 1980s and early 1990s as a defender.
Toohey started his career in 1981 with Geelong, where he played for five years. He then moved up to Sydney and earned All-Australian selection in 1987. Two years later, he spent half of the season at full-forward and was the Swans\' leading goal-kicker
| 69 |
Bernard Toohey
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# David Lerner
**David Lerner** (November 23, 1951 -- July 1, 1997) was an American outlaw poet who helped lead the influential poetry group the Babarians at Cafe Babar in San Francisco.
## Life
Lerner was born in New York City and came from a family of Russian-Jewish renegades, growing up as a so-called \"red-diaper baby\". Lerner later moved to San Francisco and worked as a journalist, but left that career to live a bohemian life because journalism interfered with his poetry.
In the mid-Eighties he became involved with poetry readings at Cafe Babar in San Francisco\'s Mission District, with the group of poets there being called the Babarians. Described by Bruce Isaacson as a \"poetry phenomenon\" for his powerful performances, under Lerner\'s guidance Cafe Babar soon became known as the West Coast counterpart of the poetry slam movement that was also developing in New York and Chicago locations such as the Nuyorican Poets Café and Green Mill Cocktail Lounge. While the Babarians won poetry slams across the West Coast, they lacked the money to compete elsewhere in the country. However, their work was still called among the best in the United States and being representative of \"the American avant-garde tradition.\"
In 1996, Lerner and other members of the Babarians did a series of readings in Germany. Lerner was also known for throwing peanuts at people during readings when their writing was bad.
Lerner and Bruce Isaacson co-founded Zeitgeist Press and have been referred to as \"the Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot of the underground.\" According to Julia Vinograd, the Cafe Babar readings died off in the mid-1990s when Isaacson moved to New York City to study with Allen Ginsberg. Lerner took Isaacson leaving as a personal desertion and stopped attending the readings.
Lerner\'s common-law wife Maura O\'Connor also published poetry. Lerner was also associated in the early 1960s with cult leader Mel Lyman\'s Fort Hill Community.
Lerner died of a drug overdose in 1997.
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# David Lerner
## Poetry
Robinson Jeffers, Bob Dylan and Charles Bukowski have been cited as influences on Lerner\'s poetry, which Alan Kaufman described as a \"tightly controlled eruption of paradoxes, visions, emotions and wit. His poetry has also been described as stripping the streets to nightmares, bringing \"a visceral joy to readers,\" and being \"powered by wild, associative leaps.\" The *Red Rock Review* said that Lerner\'s poetry showcases his \"angst and alienation\" and that he \"clearly embraces the madness and despair of \... his own dark world\" while *The Singapore Review of Books* called him an \"eloquent screamer.\"
One of Lerner\'s most celebrated poems, \"Mein Kampf,\" is considered a seminal statement of underground poetics in response to the weight of the mainstream. The poem\'s opening \"all I want to do is make poetry famous\" has also been quoted by other writers.
In the poem he says:
> "all I want to do is make poetry famous all I want to do is burn my initials into the sun all I want to do is read poetry from the middle of a burning building\..."
Lerner\'s work has not yet been fully collected in an available edition. A considerable amount of Lerner\'s work is still unpublished, including poems, prose, and a large volume of letters.
After Lerner died in 1997, Zeitgeist published his final collection *The Last Five Miles to Grace* posthumously. Bucky Sinister of the San Francisco Bay Guardian wrote: \"Lerner was a broken-down saint if there ever was one. He was an eloquent screamer, a soft-spoken rageoholic, a madman with a great manuscript. His poetry will always be a reminder of a time when poetry in the Mission was spontaneous, magical, and more than a little bit dangerous.\"
Lerner\'s poetry has been read by people attempting to recover from addiction.
## Legacy
After his death, Lerner was named in Alan Kaufman\'s poem \"The Last Emphysema Gasp of the Marlboro Man\" while Julia Vinograd wrote the poem \"For David Lerner: Death of a Poet\" in his honor. Richard Cohn also wrote a poem in his honor.
In 2006 Trafford Publishing released the anthology *New American Underground Poetry, Vol 1: The Babarians of San Francisco*, edited by Lerner, Vinograd and Alan Allen. The anthology includes a selection of his poetry including \"Mein Kampf.\" His poetry has also been reprinted in The Outlaw Bible of American Poetry
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# The Colossus of Detroit
***The Colossus Of Detroit*** is an album by jazz saxophonist Billy Mitchell, released in 1978 by Xanadu Records.
## Reception
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow stated \"Veteran tenor saxophonist Billy Mitchell could not ask for a better rhythm section than he has here \... The results are quite boppish and one of Mitchell\'s better recordings of the past 20 years\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Recorda-Me\" (Joe Henderson) - 8:25
2. \"I Had the Craziest Dream\" (Harry Warren, Mack Gordon) - 6:07
3. \"I Should Care\" (Axel Stordahl, Paul Weston, Sammy Cahn) - 7:06
4. \"Unforgettable\" (Irving Gordon) - 9:25
5. \"How Am I to Know?\" (Jack King, Dorothy Parker) - 5:05
6
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# Oskar Seyffert
**Oskar Seyffert** (19 February 1862, Dresden -- 22 February 1940, Dresden) was a German art professor at the *Königliche Kunstgewerbeschule* (\"Royal Art and Vocational School\") in the Kingdom of Saxony.
As a folklorist, Seyffert was the founder and chairman of the *Verein für Sächsische Volkskunde*, from which Dresden\'s *Museum für Sächsische Volkskunst and Puppentheatersammlung* developed. Between 1927 and 1949 this museum was known as the *Oskar-Seyffert-Museum*. A street in Dresden-Gittersee is also named after Seyffert
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# Romantic Princess
***Romantic Princess*** (`{{zh|t=公主小妹|p=Gong Zhu Xiao Mei|first=t}}`{=mediawiki}), previously known as, *Wo Jia Gong Zhu* (我家公主), is a 2007 Taiwanese drama starring Wu Chun and Calvin Chen of Fahrenheit, Angela Chang and George Hu. It was based on the manga `{{Nihongo|''Four Steps to Romance''|ろまんす五段活用|Romance Godan Katsuyou}}`{=mediawiki} by Kazuko Fujita. The drama was produced by Comic Productions (可米製作股份有限公司) and directed by Lin He Long (林合隆). It started filming on 4 May 2007.
The series was first broadcast in Taiwan on free-to-air China Television (CTV) (中視) from 16 September 2007 to 9 December 2007, every Sunday at 22:00 to 23:30 and cable TV Gala Television (GTV) Variety Show/CH 28 (八大綜合台) on 22 September 2007 to 15 December 2007, every Saturday at 21:30 to 23:00.
## Plot
Adopted by middle classed parents, Xiao Mai (Angela Chang) has always had a dream to be an heiress. Finally, her dream becomes reality. Xiao Mai discovers that her biological grandfather, Huangfu Xiong (Emp) (Gu Bao Ming), is the head of a prestigious aristocratic family. After being kidnapped by their family\'s enemies and after many years of searching, he finally finds his long lost granddaughter.
As she starts her life as an heiress, every day is filled with excitement; however, everything seems a bit different from what she had imagined it to be. In the family, there are 4 candidates, one of whom will become the successor of Emp. One of those candidates is Nan Feng Jin (Wu Chun). At first, Nan Feng Jin dislikes Xiao Mai because he knows that he will be engaged to Xiao Mai and as a result, can never leave the Huangfu family and will be forced to be the successor of Emp.
Because Jin wants to be a normal salesperson, he tried his best to ignore his growing fondness for Xiao Mai, but love prevails. Initially, the two want to hide their relationship from Emp, because they fear that exposing their relationship will result in their engagement and Jin\'s establishment as Emp\'s successor.
Then one day, a new \'Huangfu Shan\' appears that has the same birthmark and evidence that she is the real Huangfu Shan, such as a ring with her birthdate encrypted in it. Xiao Mai and Gong Mo Li, the \'real\' Huangfu Shan, have the same interests and birthdates. As a result, Xiao Mai gets kicked out of the household and instead becomes a maid in the Huangfu house. She later discovers a plot invented by Gong Mo Li and Emp, where Gong Mo Li is pretending to be the \'Huangfu Shan\' and in love with Jin. In reality, Gong Mo Li is in love with Cai and is merely an actress hired by Emp to make Xiao Mai and Jin confess their relationship such that they can become engaged.
Although the four try to confront Emp, he keeps hiding, with the help of Butler Yi. Soon the group eventually faces Emp and tells him that Xiao Mai doesn\'t want to be the heiress anymore and that neither Jin nor Cai doesn\'t want to be the successor. Emp becomes furious and lets them do what they want: \"starting from scratch\", and kicks them out of the house.
Jin, out in the real world, is unable to find work because of Emp\'s influence, however, he manages to find a job as a construction worker. Cai And Gong Mo Li, who were also kicked out of the Huangfu House, start selling their things to the pawnshop but end up spending their money on useless things. Eventually, Cai and Gong Mo Li give up and returned to the Huangfu House.
Over time Emp becomes ill and has to go under operation. He has kept his illness a secret, something that only Butler Yi knows about. Even though his condition is becoming worse, he still doesn\'t want to go under the knife. When Xiao Mai learned about his illness, she realizes that her grandfather\'s stubbornness could lead to his death. She confronts Butler Yi and tells him to get Emp to agree to surgery and that if he is angry, that he can blame her.
The operation is successful, but Emp remains unconscious following the procedure. If Emp does not wake up in the days following the operation, the co-owners of the Huangfu business will take over his company. Even though Xiao Mai is the heiress, the co-owners do not believe that women, and Xiao Mai in particular, are capable of running the company. But Xiao Mai tries her best and takes the same exams that were previously taken by Jin and the other 3 successors (Cai, Ying, and Lin) to prove her worth. Unfortunately, she fails her exams, but just as the co-owners are about to take control of the company, Emp awakens. He insists that Xiao Mai is to become his successor and as a result, Xiao Mai ends up being both heiress and successor. Jin, on the other hand, remains an office worker.
Following the announcement, Xiao Mai has to go to America for a 3-year long course to learn how to become the successor for Huang Fu Corp. Jin is waiting for his clients to sign his first big contract which he stayed up the night before working on. Emp and the Nan Feng boys (other than Jin) are at the airport sending Xiao Mai off. As the time to leave nears, it appears that Jin will not make it to the terminal before Xiao Mai is to leave. However, just as Xiao Mai is walking towards her gate, Jin finally appears and calls out her name. She smiles and turns to him. Jin runs towards her and they share a kiss.
## Cast
The names used in the Philippines are in the parentheses
- Angela Chang as Mai Qiusui/Huangfu Shan/Xiao Mai 麥秋穗 (Janna Mai/Cheryl Huangfu)
- Wu Chun as Nanfeng Jin 南風瑾 (Jin Nanfeng)
- Ku Pao-ming as Huangfu Xiong 皇甫雄 (John Huangfu)
- Calvin Chen as Nanfeng Cai 南風彩 (Ralph Nanfeng)
- George Hu as Nanfeng Lin 南風璘 (Lin Nanfeng)
- Eric Lee Ang Lin as Nanfeng Ying 南風影 (Ying Nanfeng)
- Genie Chuo as Gong Moli 宮茱莉 (Mickie Gong)
- Bu Xue Liang as Mai Congguang 麥聰光
- Huang Jia Qian as Maige Haowa 麥戈浩娃
- Hsia Ching Ting as Yi Senchuan 伊森川 (Butler Yi)
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# Romantic Princess
## Music
- Opening theme song: \"新窩\" (Xin Wo) \[New Home\] by Fahrenheit and S.H.E
- Ending theme song: \"不想懂得\" (Bu Xiang Dong De) \[Don\'t Want to Understand\] by Angela Chang
Insert songs
- \"我戀愛了\" \[I\'m In Love\] (formerly \"我的\" \[Mine\]) by Angela Chang
- \"能不能勇敢說愛\" \[Can Bravely Say Love?\] by Angela Chang
- \"樂園\" \[Garden\] by Angela Chang
- \"Over the Rainbow\" by Angela Chang
## International broadcasting {#international_broadcasting}
- The show was broadcast in Indonesia, starting on November 11, 2007, on RCTI Astro Mandarin
- The series premiered on June 2, 2008 in the Philippines on ABS-CBN as the replacement for Hana Kimi. It has had a successful run since then. Angela Chang\'s character was replaced by a new name, Janna.
- In Thailand first aired on July 11, 2009 on Channel 3.
## Episode ratings {#episode_ratings}
Date Episode Ratings
------------ --------- ---------
2007-09-17 ep. 1 3.33
2007-09-23 ep. 2 3.72
2007-09-30 ep. 3 3.13
2007-10-07 ep. 4 3.28
2007-10-14 ep. 5 3.21
2007-10-21 ep. 6 3.24
2007-10-28 ep. 7 3.32
2007-11-04 ep. 8 3.56
2007-11-11 ep. 9 3.81
2007-11-18 ep. 10 3.51
2007-11-25 ep. 11 3.45
2007-12-02 ep. 12 3.15
2007-12-09 ep. 13 3.55
Average 3.40
*Source: [Showbiz Chinatimes](https://web.archive.org/web/20090410033434/http://showbiz.chinatimes.com/Chinatimes/ExteriorContent/Showbiz/Showbiz-Page/0%2C4434%2Clist%20chartTv%2C00
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# Soulbreaking
\"**Soulbreaking**\" is a song by Canadian rock band The Tea Party. It was released as a charity single in Canada to assist the White Ribbon Campaign. The charity single was issued in standard and limited quantities, with 100% of the proceeds from the sale of the limited edition of 400 individually numbered and autographed pieces donated to charity. The single features \"Leaning on Love,\" the earliest released Jeff Martin solo song, inspired by the events of September 11, with some royalties donated to \"The Morty Frank Memorial Fund\" - Mr. Frank, a friend of the band, was killed while working at the World Trade Center.
\"Soulbreaking\" is a three-piece rock song, inspired by a letter written by a fan attempting to deal with incest:
> \"It was just an anonymous e-mail from a young girl,\" Martin says, \"who had heard about my involvement in the White Ribbon campaign, which is men against violence against women. She wasn\'t really looking for any answers; she wasn\'t asking that of me. She was just saying that the music of The Tea Party helped her get through.\"
Martin hoped that by writing a response through song and using lines from the letter as lyrics, \"Soulbreaking\" would offer a thread of strength to the girl, and to girls like her, so that they could get themselves out of those situations.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Soulbreaking (Radio edit)\" - 4:13
2
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# Sultan Abdul Halim Highway
**Sultan Abdul Halim Highway**, **Federal Route 1**, is a broad and busy road link to Alor Star, Kedah, Malaysia via the North South Expressway (NSE) from Kuala Lumpur and Penang. It was named after Sultan Abdul Halim of Kedah
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# Prostitution in Denmark
**Prostitution in Denmark** was partly decriminalised in 1999, based partly on the premise that it was easier to police a legal trade than an illegal one. Third-party activities, such as profiting from brothel administration and other forms of procuring, remain illegal activities in Denmark, as do pimping and prostitution of minors.
## History
### Early period {#early_period}
The Civil Code of 1683, or *Christian 5.s Danske Lov* (also enacted in the Danish province of Norway as the Civil Code of 1687 or *Christian Vs Norske Lov*) explicitly banned extramarital sex (including prostitution) as fornication. Danish law prescribed jail for men and whipping for women caught in fornication.
Prostitution (\"professional fornication\") was regulated in Denmark during the nineteenth century, with police playing an active part. Nineteenth-century policies to prostitution were driven by the idea that it was a primary source for sexually transmitted diseases, with women being registered and subject to increasingly regular examinations. In 1815, registration of prostitutes was introduced in Copenhagen, with women being registered as prostitutes in the police records, forced to register at a (police surveilled) \'tolerated\' brothel and subjected to regular examinations, with forced hospitalisation during illness. Technically prostitution was still illegal, so regulation was carried out discreetly by order of King Frederick VI (1808--1839). On 11 February 1863, this policy was officially recognised and given some legal ground, and in 1874, the system of regulated prostitution was officially introduced in Danish law, with legal grounds for forced examination and hospitalisation of suspected prostitutes.
These policies became the target of women\'s groups and religious groups, such as the Foreningen imod Lovbeskyttelse for Usædelighed, forcing some relaxation in 1885. Brothels were eventually banned in 1901, and in 1906 forceful examination was abandoned.
### Modern era {#modern_era}
Decriminalisation occurred in 1999. In 2006, the government announced a campaign to combat prostitution and racketeers involved in organising the trade and human trafficking, following a commissioned police report entitled *Strategi for en styrket politimæssig indsats mod prostitutionens bagmænd (Strategy for an enhanced police effort against the masterminds of prostitution)*. Justice Minister Lene Espersen (DFK) announced an intensified police effort against traffickers while promising a more sympathetic approach to victims and witnesses, with new police reforms effective 1 January 2007. This would replace an earlier strategy due to expire at the end of 2006. In February 2013, Justice Minister Morten Bødskov announced further measures and introduced a bill, arising from the 2012 report of the Criminal law Council, extending provisions against exploitation from brothels to escort services and street prostitution, increasing penalties and giving police more powers.
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# Prostitution in Denmark
## History
### Review 2012 {#review_2012}
In 2009, the Ministry of Justice ordered the Criminal Code Council (*Straffelovrådet*) to undertake a comprehensive review of Chapter 24, and they delivered their report in November 2012. In the terms of reference, they were asked specifically to comment on whether the buying of sex should be banned. Amongst their recommendations were;
- To introduce a new comprehensive provision for the involvement of a person under 18 years in prostitution
- Eliminating special provisions for the participation of 18- to 20-year-olds in prostitution
- That prostitution business in other forms than keeping a brothel be covered by including the provision of escort services
- To decriminalise the involvement of third parties in prostitution, where the agent does not operate by exploiting the prostitution of others
- The removal of the Penal Code provisions involving the request or invitation to fornication that arouses public indignation
- To eliminate the possibility that a person is prevented from entering a particular restaurant for the sole reason that he or she works as a prostitute
In addition, the Council proposed adjusting the maximum penalties for the participation of a child under 18, for payment or promise of payment, having sexual relations with a client, or for being a spectator to a show with pornographic performances involving a child under 18, in order to meet the demands of the EU directive on combating the sexual abuse of children. They also proposed adjusting the maximum penalties for aiding the prostitution of others.
With regards to a ban on buying sex, the Council concluded that such a ban would only be justified as a moral rejection of the purchase of sex. With the knowledge on prostitution in Denmark and the information on the experience of the ban on buying sex in other countries, the council\'s opinion was that a ban on buying sex will not have a significant positive impact in any other respects than the punishing those who purchase sex. On the contrary, a ban on buying sex could have negative consequences for a number of prostitutes in terms of worsening economic conditions and in the form of increased stigma.
On receiving their report, the Minister of Justice (*Justitsministeren*) Morten Bødskov made these remarks: \"The government has also decided to follow the Criminal Code Council recommendation not to impose a ban on buying sex (*købesex*). The Criminal Council study shows that a ban on buying sex is not likely to lead to a decrease in prostitution or the exploitation of prostitutes, but rather is likely to have negative consequences for the prostitutes.\" (21 November 2012).
### Legal texts {#legal_texts}
**§ 228**\
(1) Any person who-
1\) induces another to seek a profit by sexual immorality with others; or
2\) for the purpose of gain, induces another to indulge in sexual immorality with others or prevents another who engages in sexual immorality as a profession from giving it up; or
3\) keeps a brothel; -shall be guilty of procuring and liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding four years.
\(2\) The same penalty shall apply to any person who incites or helps a person under the age of twenty-one (21) to engage in sexual immorality as a profession, or to any person who abets some other person to leave the Kingdom in order that the latter shall engage in sexual immorality as a profession abroad or shall be used for such immorality, where that person is under the age of twenty-one (21) or is at the time ignorant of the purpose.
**§ 229**\
(1) Any person who, for the purpose of gain or in frequently repeated cases, promotes sexual immorality by acting as an intermediary, or who derives profit from the activities of any person engaging in sexual immorality as a profession, shall be liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding three years or, in mitigating circumstances, to simple detention or a fine.
\(2\) Any person who lets a room in a hotel or an inn for the carrying on of prostitution as a profession shall be liable to simple detention or imprisonment for any term not exceeding one year or, in mitigating circumstances, to a fine.
**§ 233**\
Any person who incites or invites other persons to prostitution or exhibits immoral habits in a manner which is likely to annoy others or arouse public offence shall be liable to simple detention or to imprisonment for any term not exceeding one year or, in mitigating circumstances, to a fine.
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# Prostitution in Denmark
## Demographics
The US State Department said that a 2008 report from the National Board of Social Services states that police estimate the number of persons involved in prostitution is approximately 5,500.
The traditional center for prostitution in Copenhagen is the district behind the Copenhagen Central Rail Station (mainly Istedgade, Halmtorvet and Skelbækgade). At the commencement of 2009, the number of street-based sex workers and sex-oriented businesses in the area was declining, but there appeared to be a growth in numbers by the middle of that same year. Most of the people entering the industry originated from Eastern Europe and Africa.
Like many other European cities, many sex workers now use internet-based advertisements for incall and outcall services.
### Migration and sex trafficking {#migration_and_sex_trafficking}
A 2009 study by TAMPEP estimated that migrant workers make up 65% of all prostitutes in Denmark. However, the most recent report from the Servicestyrelsen agency states that about half of the sex workers in Denmark are migrants. The largest group, about 900, come from Thailand and, typically, these workers hold a residence permit or Danish citizenship. The migrant workers are entitled to a wide range of social and health benefits, but are not always aware that such services exist for them. The next largest group, totaling about 1,000, are from European Union (EU) countries in Central and Eastern Europe, but tend to commute between Denmark and their homeland; such individuals are therefore not entitled to receive assistance from Danish social services. The third largest sex worker migrant group, from Africa (especially Nigeria), numbers around 300 and a number of the African migrants commute between other Schengen Area countries and Denmark. (A similar situation exists in Norway.)
A number of women from all three migrant groups may be victims of human trafficking, the actual proportion is unknown, with no reliable figures detailing the number of trafficked persons currently available for analysis. In 2008 the police met with 431 women suspected of association with trafficking and 72 were confirmed to be victims. According to Copenhagen police, women are recruited in their native countries, transported to Denmark, and then forced into prostitution.
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# Prostitution in Denmark
## Clients
A 2005 study of male clientele by Claus Lautrups found that 14% of Danish men have paid for sex at least once.
## Political debates {#political_debates}
The then-Social Democrat (S) government of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen reformed the penal code on 17 March 1999, coming into force on 1 July 1999 to decriminalise prostitution. The Social Democrats lost power in 2001.
As elsewhere in Scandinavia, there has been a continuing debate about the status of prostitution laws. The then-opposition Social Democrats and feminist groups favoured outlawing the buying of sexual acts in 2009. This would have put Denmark in line with Sweden, Norway, and Iceland, Norway having adopted such legislation in 2009. This position was supported by a number of opposition parties, including the Red-Green Alliance (*Enhedslisten*, EL) and the Socialist People\'s Party (SF), but not the Social Liberals (R). This position had little popular support, only about 26% supporting the measure. (see **Public opinion**). At that time, Denmark was governed by a centre-right minority government consisting of the Liberal Party (*Venstre*, V) and the Conservative People\'s Party (*Det Konservative Folkeparti*, DKF).
In June 2011, responding to both an opinion poll and recent research (which see) the opposition Social Democrats (S), supported by the Socialist People\'s Party (SF), were in favour of the Swedish model of banning the purchase of sex, and did not consider the issue of rights identified in the 2011 poll. This put them at odds with the minority governing parties, the Liberals (Venstre) (V), although the position of the junior governing party, the Conservatives\'s (K), position was less clear. On the other hand, the opposition People\'s Party (DF) was more supportive of rights, looking to New Zealand. In Denmark\'s complex political mosaic, the Radicals (Social Liberals) (R), who were divided on the issue, were in a position of holding the balance of power on the issue. It was anticipated that if the Social Democrats were returned to power, they would follow Sweden\'s example.
In the September 2011 elections, the centre-right coalition lost power to a centre-left coalition led by the Social Democrats, together with the Social Liberals and the Socialist People\'s Party (*Socialistisk Folkeparti*, SF), and were in a position to change the laws. However, the Socialist People\'s Party withdrew from the coalition on 30 January 2014, leaving the Social Democrats heavily dependent on the support of the opposition Venstre, and consequently having to modify their election promises, although the Socialist People\'s party continue to support the government.
## Public opinion {#public_opinion}
A public opinion poll in 2011 showed that 61% of Danes think Danish sex workers should have more rights, and their profession recognised. Support was found by the majority of voters for all parties, but most noticeably for the relatively small Liberal Alliance (LA). The question was: *\"In Denmark, prostitution is legal, and prostitutes are in principle taxable. Prostitution is not recognised as a profession, and the prostitutes are not able to join a union, receive benefits, or be eligible for employment insurance. Are you in favour or opposed to prostitutes being allowed to join a union in order to receive benefits and employment insurance?\"*
## Research
In 2010, the Danish government, responding to criticisms that the debate on prostitution was largely based on myths and stereotypes, allocated DKK 4 million for a national survey by *Det Nationale Forskningscenter for Velfærd*, which was published in 2011 as *Prostitution i Danmark*. The report stressed that prostitution cannot be treated as a monolithic or homogeneous entity, in particular drawing a distinction between outdoor (street) and indoor work. It suggested a more targeted approach, pointing out that most sex workers had chosen their profession, rather than being coerced.
## Autonomous constituent countries {#autonomous_constituent_countries}
### Faroe Islands {#faroe_islands}
Under Danish Jurisdiction, the legal status of prostitution remains lawful. However, there is no evidence of organised prostitution within the self-governing territory.
### Greenland
Prostitution in Greenland is illegal. Although the country is subject to the law of Denmark in most areas of legislation, Denmark\'s decriminalisation of prostitution in 1999 has not been applied in Greenland. In addition, Greenland is exempt from the obligations of the Palermo Protocol on human trafficking to which Denmark is a signatory, but there is little evidence of human trafficking in Greenland. A report published in 2008 indicated that Greenland had no signs of visible or organised prostitution, no services directed specifically at prostitutes and no instances of prostitution-related court cases. It did, however, refer to claims that transactional sex had sometimes been used, for example, in return for temporary housing. In a tradition associated with Greenlandic Inuit, hosts have been reported to have offered their wives to guests in a form of \"hospitable prostitution\". The colonists who founded the country\'s capital Nuuk in 1728 included prostitutes among their number
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# Sensu
***Sensu*** is a Latin word meaning \"in the sense of\". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular concept, but it also appears in expressions that indicate the convention or context of the usage.
## Common qualifiers {#common_qualifiers}
*Sensu* is the ablative case of the noun *sensus*, here meaning \"sense\". It is often accompanied by an adjective (in the same case). Three such phrases are:
- *sensu stricto* -- \"in the strict sense\", abbreviation *s.s.* or *s.str.*;
- *sensu lato* -- \"in the broad sense\", abbreviation *s.l.*;
- *sensu amplo* -- \"in a relaxed, generous (or \'ample\') sense\", a similar meaning to *sensu lato*.
Søren Kierkegaard uses the phrase *sensu eminenti* to mean \"in the pre-eminent \[or most important or significant\] sense\".
When appropriate, comparative and superlative adjectives may also be used to convey the meaning of \"more\" or \"most\". Thus *sensu stricto* becomes *sensu strictiore* (\"in the stricter sense\" or \"more strictly speaking\") and *sensu strictissimo* (\"in the strictest possible sense\" or \"most strictly speaking\").
Base phrase Comparative Superlative Meanings
----------------- -------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------------------------------
*sensu stricto* *sensu strictiore* *sensu strictissimo* in the strict/stricter/strictest sense
*sensu lato* *sensu latiore* *sensu latissimo* in the broad/broader/broadest sense
*sensu amplo* *sensu ampliore* *sensu amplissimo* in a relaxed/more relaxed/most relaxed sense
: Variants of phrases using the word *sensu*
Current definitions of the plant kingdom (*Plantae*) offer a biological example of when such phrases might be used. One definition of *Plantae* is that it consists of all green plants (comprising green algae and land plants), all red algae and all glaucophyte algae; the group defined in this way could be called *Plantae in sensu lato* (or simply *Plantae sensu lato*). A stricter definition excludes the red and glaucophyte algae; the group defined in this way could be called *Plantae in sensu stricto*. An even stricter definition excludes green algae, leaving only land plants; the group defined in this way could be called *Plantae in sensu strictiore*, or *Plantae in sensu strictissimo*.
Conversely, where convenient, some authors derive expressions such as \"*sensu non strictissimo*\", meaning \"not in the narrowest possible sense\".
A similar form is in use to indicate the sense of a particular context, such as \"Nonmonophyletic groups are \... nonnatural (sensu cladistics) in that \...\" or \"\... computation of a cladogram (sensu phenetics) \...\"
Also the expression *sensu auctorum* (abbreviation: *sensu auct.*) is used to mean \"in the sense of certain authors\", who can be designated or described. It normally refers to a sense which is considered invalid and may be used in place of the author designation of a taxon in such a case (for instance, *\"Tricholoma amethystinum* sensu auct.\" is an erroneous name for a mushroom which should really be \"*Lepista personata* (Fr.) Cooke\").
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# Sensu
## Qualifiers and contexts {#qualifiers_and_contexts}
A related usage is in a concept-author citation (\"*sec.* Smith\", or \"*sensu* Smith\"), indicating that the intended meaning is the one defined by that author. (Here \"*sec*.\" is an abbreviation of \"*secundum*\", meaning \"following\" or \"in accordance with\".) Such an author citation is different from the citation of the nomenclatural \"author citation\" or \"authority citation\". In biological taxonomy the author citation following the name of a taxon simply identifies the author who originally published the name and applied it to the type, the specimen or specimens that one refers to in case of doubt about the definition of a species. Given that an author (such as Linnaeus, for example) was the first to supply a definite type specimen and to describe it, it is to be hoped that his description would stand the tests of time and criticism, but even if it does not, then as far as practical the name that he had assigned will apply. It still will apply in preference to any subsequent names or descriptions that anyone proposes, whether his description was correct or not, and whether he had correctly identified its biological affinities or not. This does not always happen of course; all sorts of errors occur in practice. For example, a collector might scoop a netful of small fish and describe them as a new species; it then might turn out that he had failed to notice that there were several (possibly unrelated) species in the net. It then is not clear what he had named, so his name can hardly be taken seriously, either *s.s. or s.l*.
After a species has been established in this manner, specialist taxonomists may work on the subject and make certain types of changes in the light of new information. In modern practice it is greatly preferred that the collector of the specimens immediately passes them to specialists for naming; it is rarely possible for non-specialists to tell whether their specimens are of new species or not, and in modern times not many publications or their referees would accept an amateur description.
In any event, the person who finally classifies and describes a species has the task of taxonomic circumscription. *Circumscription* means in essence that anyone competent in the matter can tell *which creatures are included in the species described, and which are excluded*. It is in this process of species description that the question of the *sense* arises, because that is where the worker produces and argues their view of the proper circumscription. Equally, or perhaps even more strongly, the arguments for deciding questions concerning higher taxa such as families or orders, require very difficult circumscription, where changing the *sense* applied could totally upset an entire scheme of classification, either constructively or disastrously.
Note that the principles of circumscription apply in various ways in non-biological senses. In biological taxonomy the usual assumption is that circumscription reflects the shared ancestry perceived as most likely in the light of the currently available information; in geology or legal contexts far wider and more arbitrary ranges of logical circumscription commonly apply, not necessarily formally uniformly. However, the usage of expressions incorporating *sensu* remains functionally similarly intelligible among the fields. In geology for example, in which the concept of ancestry is looser and less pervasive than in biology, one finds usages such as:
- \"This ambiguity \... has led to a \... dual interpretation of the Kimmeridgian Stage; the longer *sensu anglico* meaning, or the shorter *sensu gallico* meaning.\" Here the \"*anglico*\" or English meaning referred to interpretations by English geologists, derived from English materials and conditions, whereas \"*gallico*\" referred to interpretations by French and German geologists, derived from continental materials and conditions.
- \"\...genetic stratigraphic sequences *sensu* Galloway (1989)\" meaning those sequences so referred to by Galloway, much as in the biological usage in referring to the terminology of particular authorities.
- \"The second progradational unit plus PAN-4 are correlatable to the Pontian *sensu stricto* (*sensu* Sacchi 2001).\" Here we have a meta-reference: the Pontian in the sense that Sacchi had applied it as *sensu stricto*.
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# Sensu
## Examples in practical taxonomy {#examples_in_practical_taxonomy}
*Sensu* is used in the taxonomy of living creatures to specify which circumscription of a given taxon is meant, where more than one circumscription can be defined.
> \"The family Malvaceae *s.s.* is cladistically monophyletic.\"
This means that the members of the entire family of plants under the name Malvaceae (*strictly speaking*), over 1000 species, including the closest relatives of cotton and hibiscus, all descend from a shared ancestor, specifically, that they, and no other extant plant taxa, share a notional most recent common ancestor (MRCA). If this is correct, that ancestor might have been a single species of plant. Conversely the assertion also means that the family includes all surviving species descended from that ancestor. Other species of plants that some people might (*broadly speaking* or *s.l.*) have included in the family would not have shared that MRCA (or *ipso facto* they too would have been members of the family Malvaceae s.s. In short, this circumscription *s.s.* includes all and only plants that have descended from that particular ancestral stock.
> \"In the broader APG circumscription the family Malvaceae *s.l.* includes Malvaceae *s.s.* and also the families Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae.\"
Here the circumscription is broader, stripped of some of its constraints by saying *sensu lato*; that is what speaking more *broadly* amounts to. Discarding such constraints might be for historical reasons, for example when people usually speak of the polyphyletic taxon because the members were long believed to form a \"true\" taxon and the standard literature still refers to them together. Alternatively a taxon might include members simply because they form a group that is convenient to work with in practice.
In this example, we can know from additional sources that we are dealing with the latter case: by adding other groups of plants to the family Malvaceae *s.l.*, including those related to cacao, cola, durian, and jute, the APG circumscription omits some of the criteria by which the new members previously had been excluded. The *s.l.* group remains monophyletic.
> \"The \'clearly non-monophyletic\' series *Cyrtostylis* *sensu* A.S. George has been virtually dismantled\...\"
This remark specifies Alex George\'s particular description of that series. It is a different kind of circumscription, alluding to the fact that A.S. George called them a series. \"Sensu A.S. George\" means that A.S. George discussed the *Cyrtostylis* in that series, and that members of that series are the ones under discussion in the same sense---*how A. S. George saw them*; the current author might or might not *approve* George\'s circumscription, but George\'s is the circumscription currently under consideration
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# Andrew Bews
**Andrew Bews** (born 19 July 1964) is a former Australian rules footballer who played 282 VFL/AFL games during the 1980s and 1990s.
Debuting in 1981 after being recruited from North Geelong, Bews played over 200 games for Geelong. Representing Victoria, he won the Simpson Medal in 1987 for best on ground against Western Australia in Perth. He went on to earn All-Australian selection the same year.
Bews moved to Brisbane in 1994 to play for the Brisbane Bears where he was used in defence. Bews\' height was 175 cm and his weight 83 kg.
In addition to his football career Bews was a talented junior athlete, along with his brothers Stephen and Grant, all competing for the Geelong Guild Athletic Club. Bews\' earliest victories came at the 1978 \"Weekly Times\" Victorian Country Track and Field Championships held at Landy Field, South Geelong where he gained three gold medals in the men\'s under 14 90 metre hurdles, long and triple jump events.
Bews continues his links with the Geelong Guild Athletic Club, after retiring from football, he returned to track and field athletics as a veteran.
Bews most recently was the MC for the Geelong Guild Athletic Club\'s Centenary Dinner, held in Capri Receptions at North Geelong on 12 July 2008.
His son Jed is a current player at the Geelong Football Club, drafted with the 86th pick in the 2011 AFL Draft under the father--son rule
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# Drug classification: making a hash of it?
***Drug classification: making a hash of it?*** is a 2006 report written by the UK Science and Technology Select Committee and submitted to the British House of Commons. The report suggested that the current system of recreational drug classification in the UK was arbitrary and unscientific, suggesting a more scientific measure of harm be used for classifying drugs. The report also strongly criticised the decision to place fresh psychedelic mushrooms in Class A, the same category as cocaine and heroin.
## Report
### Authors
- UK Science and Technology Select Committee
### Background
Drug classification: making a hash of it? formed part of a major inquiry, launched in November 2005, into the Government\'s handling of scientific advice, risk and evidence in policy-making. The report was the second of three reports into different areas of policy: the first report (\"*Watching the Directives: Scientific Advice on the EU Physical Agents (Electromagnetic Fields) Directive*\") examined the EU Physical Agents (Electromagnetic Fields) Directive; the third (\"*Identity Card Technologies: Scientific Advice, Risk and Evidence*\") examined the government\'s ID cards proposal.
### Context
A legal loophole meant that fresh magic mushrooms were not treated as controlled drugs, providing that they had not been \'prepared\' (dried, packaged, cooked, etc.). The government made them a controlled substance by means of a clarification to the law, rather than as a reclassification decision, and there was thus no obligation to consult the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). The government consulted the ACMD, but there was not the full consultation process there ordinarily would be.
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# Drug classification: making a hash of it?
## Findings and recommendations {#findings_and_recommendations}
### Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs {#advisory_council_on_the_misuse_of_drugs}
The working practices (primarily excessive secrecy and a resulting lack of transparency) of the Council were criticised:
It was recommended that future meetings be made open to the public to strengthen public confidence in the Council. The Chairman was specifically criticised for showing little interest in improving the Council\'s approach with regards to transparency. The Council was also criticised for undertaking decisions in relation to methylamphetamine (see also: #Ecstasy and amphetamines) for apparently political reasons.
The report made several recommendations relating to the operations and composition of the ACMD, on the basis that it holds a critical role as the only body which the Home Office is legally obligated to consult before undertaking decisions relating to drugs policy. The report remarked that it was \"perturbing\" that the Chairman of the ACMD and the Home Secretary hold contradictory views on drugs classification, and also suggested that the term of the Chairman of the ACMD be limited to five years.
With regards to what the more general approach in relation to the ACMD should be, the report recommended that provision be made for departments other than the Home Office to benefit from the advice of the ACMD, as \"the current levels of co-ordination appear to be entirely inadequate\"; that the ACMD should more proactively give scientific advice in relation to drugs policy to the Department for Education and Skills and to the Department for Health; that the composition and workings of the ACMD be independently reviewed every five years; and that the Chairman of the Council always be accompanied by another Council member in meetings with ministers (although it was emphasised that it did not recommend this because it believed that the current Chairman had acted improperly).
### Cannabis
The report stated that changes to drugs policy and especially to the classification of individual drugs must be accompanied by an adequate information campaign. It noted that the government of the time was beginning to understand the implications of muddying the water regarding drugs classification, and quoted Charles Clarke (then-home secretary) in his implicit criticism of his predecessors\' actions: `{{Quotation|The thing that worries me most [about the decision to move cannabis to Class C] is confusion among the punters about what the legal status of cannabis is<ref>''We misled public over downgrading cannabis'', The Times, 5 January 2006 — in Drugs classification: making a hash of it? pg46</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
It agreed with Clarke and cited the widespread confusion today over the legal status of cannabis as evidence of a failure by previous governments to adequately educate the public on drugs policy changes.
### Gateway theory {#gateway_theory}
The report found that there was no evidence to support the gateway theory, which holds that the use of legal drugs such as tobacco and alcohol can lead to the subsequent misuse of illegal drugs and that the use of \"soft drugs\" such as cannabis can lead to the abuse of harder drugs such as heroin: `{{Quotation|Even if the gateway theory is correct, it cannot be a very wide gate as the majority of cannabis users never move on to Class A drugs… The gateway theory has little evidence to support it despite copious research.<ref group="note">Report pg. 53</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
Blakemore remarked that whilst the attitude to cannabis use in the Netherlands is more relaxed than it is in Britain, there is a little less than it is in Britain, hard drug use is about one third of the rate in this country (thus debunking the gateway theory).
### Magic mushrooms {#magic_mushrooms}
The government\'s decision to outlaw magic mushrooms and classify them as a Class A controlled drug by means other than a reclassification meant that the ACMD was not properly consulted as would otherwise have been required by law. The report criticised this and criticised the Chairman of the Council for allowing this and the Council generally for not speaking out at the time.
### Ecstasy and amphetamines {#ecstasy_and_amphetamines}
The report criticised the Council for having not reviewed the Class A status of MDMA (ecstasy) in light of its \"widespread usage amongst certain groups\". The decision of the Council to not review the classification of methamphetamine because of the signal that reclassification might send to potential users was heavily criticised, with the report remarking that \"to invoke this nonscientific judgement call as the primary justification for its position \[regarding amphetamine\] has muddied the water with respect to its role.\"
### Revision to drug classification {#revision_to_drug_classification}
In a report published in 2007 in the medical journal *The Lancet*, researchers introduced an alternative method for drug classification in the UK. This new system uses a \"nine category matrix of harm, with an expert Delphic procedure, to assess the harms of a range of illicit drugs in an evidence-based fashion.\"
The categories of harm included three main categories and three subcategories for each:
1. Physical harm
: \(a\) Acute
: \(b\) Chronic
: \(c\) Intravenous harm
2. Dependence
: \(a\) Intensity of pleasure
: \(b\) Psychological dependence
: \(c\) Physical dependence
3. Social harm
: \(a\) Intoxication
: \(b\) Other social harms
: \(c\) Health-care costs
The researchers used the proposed classification system to test illegal and some legal substances including alcohol and tobacco among others. The new classification system suggested that heroin, cocaine, alcohol, benzodiazepines, amphetamine, and tobacco have a high or a very high risk of harm, whilst cannabis, LSD, and MDMA were all below the two legal drugs
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# Willie Coffey
**William Lynch Coffey** (born 24 May 1958) is a Scottish National Party (SNP) politician. He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Kilmarnock and Irvine Valley since 2011, and previously Kilmarnock and Loudoun from 2007 to 2011, before boundary changes.
Coffey studied at the University of Strathclyde where he obtained a degree in Computer Science. He subsequently worked as Software Development Manager and latterly as a Quality and Risk Manager with Learning and Teaching Scotland before his election to the Scottish Parliament. He has been a councillor on East Ayrshire Council.
On 17 March 2025, he announced he would stand down at the 2026 Scottish Parliament election.
## East Ayrshire Council (1992--2007) {#east_ayrshire_council_19922007}
He was first elected to Kilmarnock and Loudoun District Council in 1992 and subsequently to East Ayrshire Council (covering the Onthank ward in northern Kilmarnock) in 1999, 2003 and 2007 before retiring from local government at the 2012 Local Elections.
He is the brother of former Provost and Cllr. Danny Coffey who came within 1,210 votes of winning the Kilmarnock and Loudoun Holyrood constituency in 2003 and died on 26 February 2006. Their sister Helen held Danny\'s Altonhill, Hillhead & Longpark council ward in a by-election with an increased majority and a 5.6% swing from Labour, before both she and Willie were elected to the new multi-member Kilmarnock North ward in 2007.
## Scottish Parliament (2007--) {#scottish_parliament_2007}
Coffey won the Kilmarnock and Loudoun seat for the SNP in May 2007 with a vote of 14,297 and a majority of 1,342. He serves on the Scottish Parliament\'s Audit Committee and has campaigned on numerous occasions to protect the Scotch whisky industry, particularly in his own area.
In 2017 Coffey was reported to Holyrood authorities for \"inappropriate language\" and \"unsolicited attention\" by a female civil servant. Coffey denied the allegation and stated that he did not recognise the claims about his behaviour.
In April 2022, Coffey was an object of ridicule after he was asked to open a debate which he expected to close, and failed to amend his speech accordingly: as a result, he stated that he would be \"reflecting on the contributions to this debate\", when in fact no one had spoken. He was told to sit down by the Presiding Officer.
On 17 March 2025, he announced he would stand down at the 2026 Scottish Parliament election
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# Rusty Foster
**Rusty Foster** (born July 1976) is an American media critic and programmer. He has been described as \"something of a Zelig-like figure in internet history, popping up in key roles at various stages in the web's development.\" He is the author of *Today in Tabs*, the founder of Kuro5hin, and the creator of Scoop, a collaborative media application used by several websites. He also helped develop Scripto, the screenwriting software company founded by Stephen Colbert.
In 2013, his Facebook account was subject to a \"prank\" reporting him dead, drawing the attention of several major news outlets. Since 2013, Foster has written occasionally for *The New Yorker* magazine.
## Early life {#early_life}
Foster was born in July 1976. His father, Lawrence Foster, was a franchise developer for Dunkin\' Donuts. He grew up in Plymouth, Massachusetts, and spent summers at his grandparents\' cottage on Peaks Island, Maine. Foster graduated from Falmouth Academy in 1994. He enrolled at the College of William & Mary, where he studied physics and film studies before dropping out his senior year. He learned HTML and moved to Washington D.C., where he worked for government agencies.
## Kuro5hin
Kuro5hin (K5; read \"corrosion\") was a collaborative discussion website Foster founded in 1999, inspired by Slashdot. Around 2005, it had tens of thousands of members. On May 1, 2016, the site closed down, with all content taken offline.
## *Today in Tabs* {#today_in_tabs}
Foster writes a news media and Internet culture newsletter called *Today in Tabs*. Its first iteration, which ran from 2013 to 2016, was syndicated on Fastcolabs and *Newsweek* and had about 12,000 subscribers.
He restarted the newsletter in 2021 on Substack, with a Discord server for subscribers. In 2024, Foster moved the newsletter to Beehiiv, citing Substack\'s willingness to host extremist speech, including Nazis.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
While a student at William & Mary, Foster met Christina Fischer, a history major. They married and moved to San Francisco in 2000. In 2001, they moved to Peaks Island, where they live with their three children
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# Grampian Transport Museum
**Grampian Transport Museum** is a transport museum and charitable-based trust located in Alford, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Its exhibits chart the history of transport in the north east of Scotland through dramatic displays, working and climb-aboard vehicle exhibits and video presentations.
## History
The museum was formed after a group of local transport enthusiasts and collectors in the early 1970s sought to develop a local transport museum.
In 1978, the group held a public meeting at which, after an offer was made to lease the former goods yard to the north of the former Alford railway station, the Grampian Transport Museum Association was formed.
A pilot museum was established in a local factory in 1981, and after the first annual Alford Cavalcade vintage vehicle rally held during July, a combination of local councils offered grants and subsidies to establish a permanent exhibition base. Construction work on the current building was completed in September 1982, and the museum opened in April 1983.
An extension was completed in 1998, landscaping and a track added in the early 2000s, and a second building, the Collections Centre, to house larger exhibits in the 2010s.
In 2016, the museum completed a new reception extension to improve the frontage of the museum and provide a warm welcome to its visitors.
## Exhibition
Major exhibits include the world\'s oldest Sentinel Steam Waggon from 1914, a giant Mack Snowplow and a working model of Robert Davidson\'s motor for electric traction. Exhibits include historic and classic automobiles, motorcycles, a double-decker bus, bicycles, steam vehicles, an electric tram, toy model vehicles, and transport memorabilia.
One of Aberdeen\'s hydrogen buses was gifted to the museum in 2020.
In March 2025 the museum launched the \'And On That Bombshell\' exhibition which displays many of the vehicles created and featured on the Top Gear television show.
## Events
In addition to its exhibitions Grampian Transport Museum provides a raft of events and shows throughout each season. This allows the public to display privately owned vehicles at shows and provides educational and interactive experiences such as rides in historic vehicles
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# 2007 Coventry City Council election
**2007 Elections for Coventry City Council** were held on Thursday 3 May 2007. As the council is elected by thirds, one seat in each of the wards was up for election.
The Labour Party gained two seats (Foleshill and Wyken) from the Conservative Party one seat (St Michaels) from Socialist Alternative, and one seat (Upper Stoke) from the Liberal Democrats.
The Conservative Party held overall control of the council.
## Election results {#election_results}
`{{Election summary begin|title = Coventry Local Election Result 2007}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election summary party|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|seats = 8
|gain = 0
|loss = 2
|net = -2
|seats % = 44.44
|votes % = 34.07
|votes = 23,974
|plus/minus = -3.34
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election summary party|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|seats = 10
|gain = 4
|loss = 0
|net = +4
|seats % = 55.56
|votes % = 38.33
|votes = 26,978
|plus/minus = +2.95
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election summary party|
|party = Liberal Democrats (UK)
|seats = 0
|gain = 0
|loss = 1
|net = -1
|seats % = 0.00
|votes % = 10.19
|votes = 7,168
|plus/minus = -4.45
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election summary party|
|party = British National Party
|seats = 0
|gain = 0
|loss = 0
|net = 0
|seats % = 0.00
|votes % = 8.53
|votes = 6,002
|plus/minus = ''N/A''
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election summary party|
|party = Green Party of England and Wales
|seats = 0
|gain = 0
|loss = 0
|net = 0
|seats % = 0.00
|votes % = 3.07
|votes = 2,159
|plus/minus = ''N/A''
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election summary party|
|party = Independent (politician)
|seats = 0
|gain = 0
|loss = 0
|net = 0
|seats % = 0.00
|votes % = 3.00
|votes = 2,111
|plus/minus = -2.07
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election summary party|
|party = Socialist Party (England and Wales)
|seats = 0
|gain = 0
|loss = 1
|net = -1
|seats % = 0.00
|votes % = 2.48
|votes = 1,744
|plus/minus = -1.41
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election summary party|
|party = RESPECT The Unity Coalition
|seats = 0
|gain = 0
|loss = 0
|net = 0
|seats % = 0.00
|votes % = 0.22
|votes = 156
|plus/minus = ''N/A''
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki}
## Council Composition {#council_composition}
The composition of the council before and after the election can be found in the following table:
Party Previous council Staying councillors Seats up for election Election result
----------- ---- ------------------ --------------------- ----------------------- -----------------
29 19 10 8 28
19 13 6 10 23
3 2 1 0 2
2 1 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
**Total** **54** **36** **18** **18**
## Ward results {#ward_results}
{{ Election box begin \| title=Bablake ward}} `{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Conservative Party (UK)
|candidate = Brian Kelsey
|votes = 2,126
|percentage = 47.96
|change =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Labour Party (UK)
|candidate = Mal Mutton
|votes = 1,147
|percentage = 25.87
|change =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Liberal Democrats (UK)
|candidate = Peter Simpson
|votes = 510
|percentage = 11.50
|change =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = British National Party
|candidate = Michele Jean Stone
|votes = 401
|percentage = 9.05
|change =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Green Party of England and Wales
|candidate = Gianluca Grimalda
|votes = 249
|percentage = 5.62
|change =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority|
|votes = 979
|percentage = 22.08
|change =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,433
|percentage = 37.70
|change =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Conservative Party (UK)
|swing =
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box end}}`{=mediawiki}
Heather Rutter was the former Conservative councillor for Sherbourne ward who stood as an independent after being deselected. The result of Conservative hold is a comparison to when this seat was last contested.
Mick Noonan was the former Conservative councillor for Wyken ward who stood as an independent after being deselected. The result of Conservative hold is a comparison to when this seat was last contested
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# Darul Aman Highway
**Darul Aman Highway** or **Lebuhraya Darul Aman**, **Federal Route 1** is a major highway in Kedah, Malaysia
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# Dutch Cavalry Museum
The **Dutch Cavalry Museum** (Cavalriemuseum) is located in the centre of the Netherlands in the city of Amersfoort. The museum is hosted in two large buildings at the *Bernhardkazerne* army barracks.
## Collection
The collection contains small objects, like uniforms, firearms, silver, paintings, scale models, etc., and larger objects, like vehicles, armoured cars, tanks and related equipment, that were or still are in use with the cavalry of the Royal Dutch Army. The museum covers over 425 years of history, and shows the visitor the evolution of cavalry from horseback to the modern tank.
The museum\'s collection includes a Goliath Sd.Kfz. 303 tank
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# Nikaah (film)
***Nikaah*** (`{{lit}}`{=mediawiki} *marriage*) is a 1982 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film produced and directed by B. R. Chopra.
The film stars Raj Babbar, Deepak Parashar and Salma Agha in her Bollywood movie debut role. The film also had Asrani and Iftekhar in supporting roles. The film\'s music was composed by Ravi and was a huge hit. The original name of the movie was Talaq Talaq Talaq, but was renamed Nikaah on the insistence of Islamic clerics.
The film won Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue and Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for 1982. It was the sixth highest grossing Bollywood film of 1982.
## Plot
In *Nikaah*, B.R Chopra makes a social comment on the sharia laws of divorce (Talaq) and its misuse in Indian Muslim society.
Haider and Nilofar are students in the Osmania University. Haider, an aspiring poet, falls in love with Nilofar without knowing she is already engaged to Wasim, who is a Nawab. Nilofar and Wasim eventually marry while Haider becomes a successful poet and editor of a magazine.
After marriage, Nilofar learns that Wasim is a workaholic and also has the tendency of picking up fights on petty issues. During their honeymoon, Wasim gets a new business contract and spends most of his time at work. Nilofar, who was expecting a blissful married life is disappointed and feels neglected and lonely. Wasim repeatedly fails to keep his promises to Nilofar and keeps her in waiting on numerous occasions, often leaving her in tears. On the occasion of their first wedding anniversary, Wasim and Nilofar arrange a party for which Wasim fails to turn up. Nilofar can\'t face the guests and retires to her bedroom. The guests feel insulted by the absence of the hosts and leave the party. This leads to a heated argument between the couple and in a moment of rage Wasim divorces Nilofar by saying Talaq three times.
Nilofar, now a divorcee is offered a job by Haider in his magazine. During this period, she realizes Haider is still in love with her. Wasim who has divorced her in a moment of anger, wants to reconcile and marry her again. He approaches the Imam and asks his advice on the matter. The Imam tells him the complexity of the Sharia law of Nikah halala for remarrying a woman after divorcing her. This requires her to marry someone else, consummate the union and get a divorce later. Only then will Wasim be able to remarry Nilofar.
During this time Haider expresses his love towards Nilofar and his desire to marry her. They marry with the consent of their parents. Wasim sends a letter to Nilofar asking her to divorce Haider and marry him. Haider reads this letter and thinks that Nilofar and Wasim are still in love. He decides to offer her a divorce, so that she can marry Wasim. He brings Wasim to her and offers his consent to divorce her through Talaq. But Nilofar turns it down and questions both of them on their treating of her like a property rather than as a woman. She says she wants to continue her life with Haider. Wasim gives them his blessing and leaves.
## Cast
- Raj Babbar as Afaque Haider
- Salma Agha as Nilofar Haider
- Deepak Parashar as Wasim Ahmed
- Asrani as Saif
- Iftekhar as Jumman chacha
- Ghulam Ali as the singer
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# Nikaah (film)
## Production
### Filming
Major part of Nikaah was filmed in multiple locations in Hyderabad - Osmania University, Eat Street or Necklace Road (Hussain Sagar), Government Nizamia Tibbi College located near Charminar, Shahi Masjid in Public Gardens and Ravindra Bharathi auditorium.
## Music
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
\|- \| rowspan=\"11\"\|1982 \| Salma Agha (for \"Dil Ke Armaan\") \| Best Female Playback Singer \| rowspan=\"2\"`{{won}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| Achla Nagar \| Best Dialogue \|- \| rowspan=\"2\"\|B. R. Chopra \| Best Film \| rowspan=\"9\"`{{nom}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| Best Director \|- \| Salma Agha \| Best Actress \|- \| Dr
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# Wilhelm Anderson
**Wilhelm Robert Karl Anderson** (`{{OldStyleDate|28 October|1880|16 October}}`{=mediawiki} -- 26 March 1940) was a Russian-Estonian astrophysicist of Baltic German descent who studied the physical structure of the stars.
## Life
Wilhelm Anderson was born in Minsk (now in Belarus) into a Baltic German family. His younger brothers were the well known mathematician Oskar Anderson (1887--1960) and the folklorist Walter Anderson (1885--1962). Anderson spent some of his youth in Kazan, where his father Nikolai Anderson (1845--1905) was a university professor for Finno-Ugric languages.
He studied at the University of Kazan, where he graduated from the department of mathematics and science in 1909. Between 1910 and 1920, he worked as a physics teacher first in Samara and then from 1918 in Minsk. Together with his brother Walter Anderson, he moved to Tartu (Estonia) in 1920. At the University of Tartu, he first gained a Masters degree in Astronomy in 1923 and then a Doctorate in 1927. In 1934 he became a habilitation candidate at the university, and in 1936 he received an assistant professorship there, but early in 1939 he suffered a mental breakdown which left him unable to work. Like the majority of Baltic Germans, in January 1940 he was resettled to Germany, where he died in the Sanatorium of Meseritz-Obrawalde, shortly thereafter. It has been suggested that Anderson may have been a victim of the National Socialist \"euthanasia\" program.
Anderson is probably best known for his work on the mass limit for a white dwarf (one of the final evolutionary states of a star), extending Edmund Stoner\'s earlier work by relativistic amplification (1929, Tartu), which was in turn further improved by Stoner. The Stoner-Anderson equation of state, a result of Anderson\'s correspondence with Stoner, is named after him. The white dwarf mass limit was further refined by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and is now known as the Chandrasekhar limit.
## Work (selection) {#work_selection}
- *Über die Existenzmöglichkeit von kosmischem Staube in der Sonnenkorona.* Zeitschrift für Physik 28, Berlin, 1924.
- *Die physikalische Natur der Sonnenkorona.* PhD Thesis published in six parts in Zeitschrift für Physik (in German): *I.* Z. Phys. 33, 1925, *II.* Z. Phys. 34, 1925, *III.* Z. Phys. 35, 1926, *IV.* Z. Phys. 37, 1926, *V.* Z. Phys. 38, 1926, *VI.* Z. Phys. 41, 1927,
- *Gewöhnliche Materie und strahlende Energie als verschiedene \"Phasen\" eines und desselben Grundstoffes.* Zeitschrift für Physik 54, Berlin, 1929.
- *Über die Grenzdichte der Materie und der Energie.* Zeitschrift für Physik 56, Berlin, 1929
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# Benjamin Peter Gloxin
**Benjamin Peter Gloxin** (1765--1794) was a German physician and botanical writer who lived in Colmar. He is commemorated by the Brazilian genus *Gloxinia* and *Sinningia speciosa*, which is commonly called Gloxinia in the horticulture trade. In 1791, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.
## Works
*Observationes Botanicae* 1785, Argentorati, Strasbourg.
He was honoured in 2005, when botanists (H.E.Moore) Roalson & Boggan named a monotypic genus of a flowering plant from Columba after Gloxin. *Gloxinella* and its one species, *Gloxinella lindeniana*
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# Aaj Ki Awaaz
***Aaj Ki Awaaz*** (`{{Translation|Voice of the day}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1984 Indian Hindi-language vigilante action film directed by Ravi Chopra and produced by B. R. Chopra. The film stars Raj Babbar, Smita Patil, Nana Patekar, and Shafi Inamdar in the lead. The film is based on 1982 Hollywood movie *Death Wish II*. It tells the story of a professor who becomes a vigilante after his sister is raped and his mother is killed. This film was remade in Telugu as *Nyayam Meere Cheppali* (1985), in Tamil as *Naan Sigappu Manithan* (1985) and in Kannada as *Mahatma* (2000).
The film opened to positive response from critics and emerged a blockbuster at the box office. At the 32nd Filmfare Awards, *Aaj Ki Awaaz* received six nominations, including Best Film (B. R. Chopra), Best Director (Ravi Chopra) Best Actor (Babbar), Best Actress (Patil), Best Supporting Actor (Inamdar) and Best Story (Kumar) and won for Best Lyricist (Kamal) for the title song. It is available for digital streaming on Amazon Prime Video.
## Plot
Professor Prabhat Kumar Varma (Raj Babbar) lives in Andheri, Mumbai with his widowed mother and sister, Madhu (Raksha Chauhan). Concerned about the rising crime rates in the city, he meets with Police Commissioner Sathe (Chandrashekhar) to voice his concerns. Meanwhile, his friend Professor Lalwani\'s sister-in-law, Sudha (Sonika Gill), is kidnapped, raped, and killed by Suresh Thakur (Dalip Tahil). However, Suresh\'s lawyers prove in court that he was not in Mumbai at the time of the incident, and he is acquitted. Frustrated by Prabhat\'s persistence in seeking justice for Sudha, Suresh and his gang break into Prabhat\'s apartment. They tie him up and sexually assault his sister in front of him before murdering his mother when she attempts to call the police. His sister subsequently commits suicide. Devastated by these events, Prabhat loses faith in the criminal justice system and becomes a vigilante, taking it upon himself to roam the city at night and kill rapists and murderers.
Inspector Shafi (Shafi Inamdar) begins to investigate these crimes, and Prabhat soon comes under the police\'s radar. The inspector eventually captures Prabhat, and his girlfriend Rajni (Smita Patil), who is a lawyer, takes it upon herself to free him and seek justice for his family once and for all.
## Cast
- Raj Babbar as Prof. Prabhat Kumar Verma / Robinhood
- Smita Patil as Public Prosecutor Rajni V. Deshmukh
- Nana Patekar as Jagmohandas
- Om Shivpuri as Judge
- Dheeraj Kumar as Prof. Lalwani
- Shafi Inamdar as Inspector Shafi
- Vijay Arora as Srivastava
- Arun Bakshi as Inspector Veerkar
- Ashalata as Mrs. V.V. Deshmukh
- Chandrashekhar as Police Commissioner Sathe
- Iftekhar as Judge V.V. Deshmukh
- Alok Nath as Hotel (bar owner)
- Gufi Paintal as Orderly in Mental Hospital
- Dalip Tahil as Suresh Thakur
- Dinesh Thakur as Advocate Dayal
- Chandni as Sudha\'s friend
- Deepak Qazir as Kishan Khanna
- Sonika Gill as Sudha Advani
- Urmila Bhatt as Mrs. Verma
- Raksha Chauhan as Madhu, Prof. Prabhat\'s sister who gets raped and killed.
- Om Katare as Villain
- Girija Shankar as Minister Sri Kanhaiya Laal Tomar
## Music
Song Singer (s)
------------------------------ -----------------
\"Aaj Ki Awaz\" Mahendra Kapoor
\"Dil Hi Dil Main\" Mahendra Kapoor
\"Mera Chhota Sa Ghar\" Mahendra Kapoor
\"Bharat To Hai Azad\" Mahendra Kapoor
\"Mera Chhotasa Ghar\" (sad) Mahendra Kapoor
\"Shloka\" Hemant Kumar
\"Saare Jahan Se Achcha\" Vijaya Majumdar
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# Aaj Ki Awaaz
## Controversy
The censor certificate of the film shows \"Re-revised\", implying that censor board objected to certain scenes of the movie, and cleared the movie when it was re-edited. The producers of the movie have been subsequently criticized by many for filming sexual assault scenes in a gratuitous way
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# Intermediate state (Christianity)
In some forms of Christianity, the **intermediate state** or **interim state** is a person\'s existence between death and the universal resurrection. In addition, there are beliefs in a particular judgment right after death and a general judgment or last judgment after the resurrection. It bears resemblance to the Barzakh in Islam.
Early Christians looked for an imminent end of the world and many of them had little interest in an interim state between death and resurrection. The Eastern Church admits of such an intermediate state, but refrained from defining it, so as not to blur the distinction between the alternative definitive fates of Heaven and Hell. The Western Church goes differently by defining the intermediate state, with evidence from as far back as the *Passion of Saint Perpetua, Saint Felicitas, and their Companions* (203) of the belief that sins can be purged by suffering in an afterlife, and that purgation can be expedited by the intercession of the living.
Those in the intermediate state have traditionally been the beneficiaries of prayers, such as requiem masses. In the East, the saved are said to rest in light while the wicked are confined in darkness; the dead can be assisted by prayer. Prayers are said to benefit those in *Hades*, even those who were pagans.
In the West, Augustine described prayer as useful for those in communion with the church, and implied that every soul\'s ultimate fate is determined at death. Such prayer came to be restricted to souls in *Purgatory*, which idea has \"ancient roots\" and is demonstrated in early Church writings.
The Roman Catholic Church offers indulgences for those in purgatory, which evolved out of the earlier practice of canonical remissions. Others, such as Lutherans and Anglicans, affirmed prayer for the dead. Nonconformist Protestants, such as Baptists, largely ceased praying for the dead. Protestants universally reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of purgatory, while affirming the existence of an intermediate state, usually termed *Hades*. John Calvin depicted the righteous dead as resting in bliss.
## Jewish background {#jewish_background}
The early Hebrews had no notion of resurrection of the dead and thus no intermediate state. As with neighboring groups, they understood death to be the end. Their afterlife, *sheol* (the pit), was a dark place from which none return. By Jesus\' time, however, the Book of Daniel (`{{bibleverse||Daniel|12:1-4|ESV}}`{=mediawiki}) and a prophecy in Isaiah (26:19) had made popular the idea that the dead in *sheol* would be raised for a last judgment. The intertestamental literature describes in more detail what the dead experience in *sheol*. According to the Book of Enoch, the righteous and wicked await the resurrection in separate divisions of sheol, a teaching which may have influenced Jesus\' parable of Lazarus and Dives.
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# Intermediate state (Christianity)
## History
In the Septuagint and New Testament the authors used the Greek term Hades for the Hebrew Sheol, but often with Jewish rather than Greek concepts in mind, so that, for example, there is no activity in Hades in Ecclesiastes. An exception to traditional Jewish views of Sheol, Hades is found in the Gospel of Luke parable of the Rich man and Lazarus which describes Hades along the lines of intertestamental Jewish understanding of a Sheol divided between the happy righteous and the miserable wicked. Later Hippolytus of Rome expanded on this parable and described activity in the Bosom of Abraham in *Against Plato*.
Since Augustine, Christians have believed that the souls of those who die either rest peacefully, in the case of Christians, or are afflicted, in the case of the damned, after death until the resurrection. Augustine distinguishes between the purifying fire that saves and eternal consuming fire for the unrepentant, and speaks of the pain that purgatorial fire causes as more severe than anything a man can suffer in this life. The Venerable Bede and Saint Boniface both report visions of an afterlife with a four-way division, including pleasant and punishing abodes near heaven and hell to hold souls until judgment day.
The idea of Purgatory as a physical place was \"born\" in the late 11th century. Medieval Catholic theologians concluded that the purgatorial punishments consisted of material fire. The Catholic Church believes that the living can help those whose purification from their sins is not yet completed not only by praying for them but also by gaining indulgences for them as an act of intercession. All Souls\' Day commemorates the souls in purgatory. The Late Middle Ages saw the growth of considerable abuses, such as the unrestricted sale of indulgences by professional \"pardoners\" to release the donors\' departed loved ones from suffering in purgatory, or the donors themselves.
In the 16th century, Protestant Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin challenged the doctrine of purgatory because they believed it was not supported in the Bible. Both Calvin and Luther continued to believe in an intermediate state, but Calvin held to a more conscious existence for the souls of the dead than Luther did. For Calvin, believers in the intermediate state enjoyed a blessedness that was incomplete, in anticipation of the resurrection. Reformed theology largely followed Calvin\'s teaching on the intermediate state.
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# Intermediate state (Christianity)
## Christian teaching {#christian_teaching}
### Foretaste of final state {#foretaste_of_final_state}
Some theological traditions, including most Protestants, Anabaptists and Eastern Orthodox, teach that the intermediate state is a disembodied foretaste of the final state. Therefore, those who die in Christ go into the presence of God (or the bosom of Abraham) where they experience joy and rest while they await their resurrection (cf. `{{bibleverse||Luke|23:43|NRSV}}`{=mediawiki}). Those who die unrepentant will experience torment (perhaps in hell) while they await final condemnation on the day of judgment (`{{bibleverse|2|Peter|2:9|NRSV}}`{=mediawiki}).
### Christian mortalism {#christian_mortalism}
The neutral historical term for this belief today is usually *Mortalism* or *Christian Mortalism*. The terms *Soul sleep* *Psychopannychism* are somewhat loaded by their derivation from a tract (1534) by John Calvin, though use of the terms are not necessarily polemic or pejorative. Both terms may be used together.
A minority of Christians, including some Anglicans such as William Tyndale and E. W. Bullinger, as well as churches/groups such as Seventh-day Adventists, Christadelphians and others, deny the conscious existence of the soul after death, believing the intermediate state of the dead to be unconscious \"sleep\". Jehovah\'s Witnesses also believe this with the exception of the 144,000. In this case, the person is not conscious of any time or activity and would not be aware even if centuries elapsed between their death and their resurrection. They would, upon their death, cease consciousness, and gain it again at the time of the resurrection having experienced no time lapse. For them, time would thus be suspended, as if they moved immediately from death to resurrection and the General Judgment of the Judgment Day.
- John Milton *De doctrina christiana* 1:13
- Thomas Hobbes *Leviathan* ch.38,44,46
- Richard Overton *Mans Mortalitie* (1644)
### Hades
The intermediate state is sometimes referred to by the Greek term *hades*, even in other languages. The term is equivalent to Hebrew *sheol* and Latin *infernum* (meaning \"underworld\"). This term for the intermediate state is used in Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, and Methodist theology.
### Purgatory
The Roman Catholic Church teaches that all who die in God\'s grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, undergo *purification* so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven, a final purification to which it gives the name \"purgatory\".
### Limbo
Roman Catholic theologians had given the name \"limbo\" to a theory on the possible fate of infants who die without baptism. The just who died before Jesus Christ are also spoken of as having been in limbo until he had won salvation for them.
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# Intermediate state (Christianity)
## Similar concepts in non-Christian religions {#similar_concepts_in_non_christian_religions}
### Islam
In Islamic eschatology, Barzakh (*برزخ*) is the intermediate state in which the soul of the deceased is transferred across the boundaries of the mortal realm into a kind of \"cold sleep\" where the soul will rest until the *Qiyamah* or End Time (Judgement Day). The term appears in the Qur\'an Surah 23, Ayat 100.
Barzakh is a sequence that happens after death, in which the soul will separate from the body. Three events make up *barzakh*:
- The separation of the soul and the body, in which the soul separates and hovers over the body.
- Self-review of one\'s actions and deeds in one\'s life.
- The soul rests in an interspace in which one will experience a manifestation of one\'s soul resulting in a cold sleep state, awaiting the Day of Judgement.
In Islam all human beings go through five steps of age:
- *The age in the world of souls* is where a human soul has been created and the soul waits until being imbued into a chosen fetus by an Angel.
- *The age in the womb* is where the body acquires its soul. The fetus is imbued with a soul from God. The soul however, is completely innocent and totally lacking of any worldly knowledge, which is reflected by a baby\'s helplessness.
- *The age in the mortal world* is the stage of life from the moment of birth from the womb to the moment of death.
- *The age of the grave* is the stage after death in the mortal world, where the soul is stored in Barzakh (midst) which results in a cold sleep state, awaiting the Day of Judgement.
- *The age of the hereafter or rest of eternity* is the final stage commencing after the Day of Judgement and all of humanity has received their judgement from God. If they were righteous and did good deeds based on their own circumstances, regardless of professed religion, they go to Jannah (heaven) and if they have attained little in life, and were unrighteous in their actions---or were despite all evidence shown to them, bent on denying the truth of life once it was presented to them based on their own circumstances they shall go to Jahannam (a spiritual state of suffering). This stage of life commences officially after the embodiment of Death is brought up and is slain, thus Death dies literally, and no one will ever experience or behold the concept of Death everafter. Based on the verdict received which is brought upon by each person\'s individual deeds, actions, and circumstances in life, the Day of Judgement on which everyone is judged with the utmost sense of justice, each human will spend this stage of life in heaven or hell (which will be a place for purification of the soul so that one realizes the wrongs committed in life). However, those in hell are eligible to go to the state of heaven after being purified by that state described as hell if they \"had an atom\'s worth of faith in them\" and the soul is repentant.
### Indigenous Indonesian beliefs {#indigenous_indonesian_beliefs}
According to the native Indonesian beliefs, the soul of a dead person will stay on the earth for 40 days after the death. When the ties aren\'t released after 40 days, the body is said to jump out from the grave to warn people that the soul need the bonds to be released. Because of the tie under the feet, the ghost can\'t walk. This causes the *pocong* to hop. After the ties are released, the soul will leave the earth and never show up anymore.
### Buddhism
In some schools of Buddhism, *bardo* is an intermediate, transitional, or liminal state between death and rebirth. It is a concept which arose soon after the Buddha\'s passing, with a number of earlier Buddhist groups accepting the existence of such an intermediate state, while other schools rejected it. In Tibetan Buddhism, *bardo* is the central theme of the *Bardo Thodol* (literally *Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State*), the *Tibetan Book of the Dead*. Used loosely, \"bardo\" is the state of existence intermediate between two lives on earth.
### Taoism
In Taoism a newly deceased person may return (回魂) to his home at some nights, sometimes one week (頭七) after his death and the seven *po* souls would disappear one by one every 7 days after death. They may return home as a ghost, an insect, bat or bird and people avoid hurting such things
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# Stratton Leopold
**Stratton Leopold** (born 1943) is an American producer, director and actor who has been in the film business for more than forty years, producing major, large-budget films.
## Career
Leopold has nearly 60 film and television credits to his name ranging from executive producer and producer to casting director and actor. He also served as an Executive Vice President at Paramount Pictures.
Leopold launched his film career in 1974 as a location casting director and location manager for low-budget movies. He is best known for his work as a producer or executive producer of several high budget, commercially successful films, such as *Bound by Honor*, *The General's Daughter*, *The Sum of All Fears*, *Paycheck*, and *Mission: Impossible III.* Leopold also served as an actor and producer on John Carpenter's cult classic film, *They Live*.
Leopold is a member of the Directors Guild of America and Producers Guild of America.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Stratton is the third child of Peter and Marika, after Elias (Louie) and Basiliki (Beki).
Leopold owns Leopold\'s Ice Cream in Savannah, Georgia. It was founded by his Greek immigrant father, Peter, and his older brother, George, in 1919. Leopold has incorporated several original fixtures from his father's store into the current located on Broughton Street. Featuring a 1930s-era soda fountain, original back bar, and props from many of the films Leopold worked on, the parlor is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Savannah.
Stratton is married to Mary.
He is a graduate of Benedictine Military School
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# Alexander Hall Roe
**Alexander Hall Roe** (1842 -- July 12, 1884) was an Ontario merchant and political figure. He represented Lennox in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Conservative member from 1883 to 1884.
He was born in Westport, Frontenac County in 1842 and studied at Victoria College in Cobourg. He studied law in Napanee but then moved to Forest Mills where he operated a general store, a sawmill and a gristmill. He returned to the study of law at Napanee and, although he never qualified as an attorney, was employed in the practice of general law. He was defeated by George Douglas Hawley in the 1879 general election but then won the Lennox seat in 1883. He died in office in 1884
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# WKHC
**WKHC** (97.1 FM) is a contemporary Christian radio station licensed to Hatteras, North Carolina serving the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The station is owned by Educational Media Foundation.
## History
WKHC started in 1989 as soft adult contemporary \"The Wind 97.1\", **WYND-FM**. In 2000, the station became Country **WNHW**. In 2003, Soft AC **WYND-FM** returned to 97.1. In 2006, Convergent Broadcasting LLC sold WYND-FM, WFMZ, WVOD and WZPR to CapSan Media LLC. On October 31, 2006 at Noon, WYND-FM and WZPR both dropped Soft AC for Country later branded as \"Wilbur 92.3 & Orville 97.1\".
In late 2002, Convergent had purchased these two stations from OBX Broadcasting. In April 2006, CapSan Media announced it had signed an Asset Purchase Agreement to purchase WZPR/WYND-FM along with sister stations WVOD and WFMZ from Convergent Broadcasting, LLC. On July 6, 2006, CapSan Media completed the purchase of all four stations.
On March 13, 2008, Capsan Media ended its Country simulcast and flipped the 92.3 frequency to sports as \"ESPN 92.3.\" and WYND-FM became Your Country 97.1.
On May 11, 2009, WYND-FM changed their format to sports as sister station WZPR was simulcasting WFMZ 104.9 FM.
Hengooch, LLC bought WYND-FM, WVOD, and WZPR/WFMZ in 2010 for \$200,000. Hengooch sold WYND-FM to EMF Broadcasting for \$1 effective September 1, 2013. On September 1, 2013, WYND-FM changed their format to EMF\'s K-Love contemporary Christian format.
On February 5, 2019, the station changed its call sign to WKHC
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