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# Psychological resilience
**Psychological resilience**, or mental resilience, is the ability to cope mentally and emotionally with a crisis, or to return to pre-crisis status quickly.
The term was popularized in the 1970s and 1980s by psychologist Emmy Werner as she conducted a forty-year-long study of a cohort of Hawaiian children who came from low socioeconomic status backgrounds.
Numerous factors influence a person\'s level of resilience. Internal factors include personal characteristics such as self-esteem, self-regulation, and a positive outlook on life. External factors include social support systems, including relationships with family, friends, and community, as well as access to resources and opportunities.
People can leverage psychological interventions and other strategies to enhance their resilience and better cope with adversity. These include cognitive-behavioral techniques, mindfulness practices, building psychosocial factors, fostering positive emotions, and promoting self-compassion.
## Overview
A resilient person uses \"mental processes and behaviors in promoting personal assets and protecting self from the potential negative effects of stressors\". Psychological resilience is an adaptation in a person\'s psychological traits and experiences that allows them to regain or remain in a healthy mental state during crises/chaos without long-term negative consequences.
It is difficult to measure and test this psychological construct because resilience can be interpreted in a variety of ways. Most psychological paradigms (biomedical, cognitive-behavioral, sociocultural, etc.) have their own perspective of what resilience looks like, where it comes from, and how it can be developed. There are numerous definitions of psychological resilience, most of which center around two concepts: adversity and positive adaptation. Positive emotions, social support, and hardiness can influence a person to become more resilient.
A psychologically resilient person can resist adverse mental conditions that are often associated with unfavorable life circumstances. This differs from psychological recovery which is associated with returning to those mental conditions that preceded a traumatic experience or personal loss.
Research on psychological resilience has shown that it plays a crucial role in promoting mental health and well-being. Resilient people are better equipped to navigate life\'s challenges, maintain positive emotions, and recover from setbacks. They demonstrate higher levels of self-efficacy, optimism, and problem-solving skills, which contribute to their ability to adapt and thrive in adverse situations.
Resilience is a \"positive adaptation\" after a stressful or adverse situation. When a person is \"bombarded by daily stress, it disrupts their internal and external sense of balance, presenting challenges as well as opportunities.\" The routine stressors of daily life can have positive impacts which promote resilience. Some psychologists believe that it is not stress itself that promotes resilience but rather the person\'s perception of their stress and of their level of control.`{{page needed|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} Stress allows people to practice resilience over time, different levels of stress vary among different individuals and the reason for that being is unknown. However, it is known that some people can handle stress better than others.
Stress can be experienced in a person\'s life course at times of difficult life transitions, involving developmental and social change; traumatic life events, including grief and loss; and environmental pressures, encompassing poverty and community violence.
Resilience is the integrated adaptation of physical, mental, and spiritual aspects to circumstances, and a coherent sense of self that is able to maintain normative developmental tasks that occur at various stages of life. The Children\'s Institute of the University of Rochester explains that \"resilience research is focused on studying those who engage in life with hope and humor despite devastating losses\".
Resilience is not only about overcoming a deeply stressful situation, but also coming out of such a situation with \"competent functioning\". Resiliency allows a person to rebound from adversity as a strengthened and more resourceful person.
Some characteristics associated with psychological resilience include: an easy temperament, good self-esteem, planning skills, and a supportive environment inside and outside of the family.
When an event is appraised as comprehensible (predictable), manageable (controllable), and somehow meaningful (explainable) a resilient response is more likely.
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# Psychological resilience
## Process
Psychological resilience is commonly understood as a process. It can also be characterized as a tool a person develops over time, or as a personal trait of the person (\"resiliency\"). Most research shows resilience as the result of people being able to interact with their environments and participate in processes that either promote well-being or protect them against the overwhelming influence of relative risk. This research supports the model in which psychological resilience is seen as a process rather than a trait---something to develop or pursue, rather than a static endowment or endpoint.
When people are faced with an adverse condition, there are three ways in which they may approach the situation.
1. respond with anger or aggression
2. become overwhelmed and shut down
3. feel the emotion about the situation and appropriately handle the emotion
Resilience is promoted through the third approach, which is employed by individuals who adapt and change their current patterns to cope with disruptive states, thereby enhancing their well-being.In contrast, the first and second approaches lead individuals to adopt a victim mentality, blaming others and rejecting coping methods even after a crisis has passed. These individuals tend to react instinctively rather than respond thoughtfully, clinging to negative emotions such as fear, anger, anxiety, distress, helplessness, and hopelessness. Such emotions decrease problem-solving abilities and weaken resilience, making it harder to recover. Resilient people, on the other hand, actively cope, bounce back, and find solutions. Their resilience is further supported by protective environments, including good families, schools, communities, and social policies, which provide cumulative protective factors that bolster their ability to withstand and recover from exposure to risk factors.
Resilience can be viewed as a developmental process (the process of developing resilience), or as indicated by a response process. In the latter approach, the effects of an event or stressor on a situationally relevant indicator variable are studied, distinguishing immediate responses, dynamic responses, and recovery patterns. In response to a stressor, more-resilient people show some (but less than less-resilient people) increase in stress. The speed with which this stress response returns to pre-stressor levels is also indicative of a person\'s resilience.
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# Psychological resilience
## Biological models {#biological_models}
From a scientific standpoint, resilience's contested definition is multifaceted in relation to genetics, revealing a complex link between biological mechanisms and resilience:
\"Resilience, conceptualized as a positive bio-psychological adaptation, has proven to be a useful theoretical context for understanding variables for predicting long-term health and well-being\".
Three notable bases for resilience---self-confidence, self-esteem and self-concept---each have roots in a different nervous system---respectively, the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the central nervous system.
Research indicates that, like trauma, resilience is influenced by epigenetic modifications. Increased DNA methylation of the growth factor GDNF in certain brain regions promotes stress resilience, as do molecular adaptations of the blood--brain barrier.
The two neurotransmitters primarily responsible for stress buffering within the brain are dopamine and endogenous opioids, as evidenced by research showing that dopamine and opioid antagonists increased stress response in both humans and animals. Primary and secondary rewards reduce negative reactivity. Primary rewards are stimuli that are attributed to basic needs, such as water, food, and physical well-being. On the other hand, secondary rewards are accomplished by experiences or social interactions `{{Definition needed|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} of stress in the brain in both humans and animals. The relationship between social support and stress resilience is thought to be mediated by the oxytocin system\'s impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Alongside such neurotransmitters, stress-induced alterations in brain structures, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus have been linked to mental health issues like depression and anxiety. The increased activation of the medial prefrontal cortex and glutamatergic circuits has emerged as a potential factor in enhancing resilience as "environmental enrichment... increases the complexity of... pyramidal neurons in hippocampus and PFC, suggesting... a shared feature of resilience under these two distinct condition\[s\].\"
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# Psychological resilience
## History
The first research on resilience was published in 1973. The study used epidemiology---the study of disease prevalence---to uncover the risks and the protective factors that now help define resilience. A year later, the same group of researchers created tools to look at systems that support development of resilience.
Emmy Werner was one of the early scientists to use the term *resilience*. She studied a cohort of children from Kauai, Hawaii. Kauai was quite poor and many of the children in the study grew up with alcoholic or mentally ill parents. Many of the parents were also out of work. Werner noted that of the children who grew up in these detrimental situations, two-thirds exhibited destructive behaviors in their later-teen years, such as chronic unemployment, substance abuse, and out-of-wedlock births (in girls). However, one-third of these youths did not exhibit destructive behaviors. Werner called the latter group *resilient*. Thus, resilient children and their families were those who, by definition, demonstrated traits that allowed them to be more successful than non-resilient children and families.
Resilience also emerged as a major theoretical and research topic in the 1980s in studies of children with mothers diagnosed with schizophrenia. A 1989 study showed that children with a schizophrenic parent may not obtain an appropriate level of comforting caregiving---compared to children with healthy parents---and that such situations often had a detrimental impact on children\'s development. On the other hand, some children of ill parents thrived and were competent in academic achievement, which led researchers to make efforts to understand such responses to adversity.
Since the onset of the research on resilience, researchers have been devoted to discovering protective factors that explain people\'s adaptation to adverse conditions, such as maltreatment, catastrophic life events, or urban poverty. Researchers endeavor to uncover how some factors (e.g. connection to family) may contribute to positive outcomes.
## Trait resilience {#trait_resilience}
Temperamental and constitutional disposition is a major factor in resilience. It is one of the necessary precursors of resilience along with warmth in family cohesion and accessibility of prosocial support systems. There are three kinds of temperamental systems that play part in resilience: the appetitive system, defensive system, and attentional system.
Trait resilience is negatively correlated with the personality traits of neuroticism and negative emotionality, which represent tendencies to see and react to the world as threatening, problematic, and distressing, and to view oneself as vulnerable. Trait resilience is positively correlated with personality traits of openness and positive emotionality, which are associated with tendencies to approach and confront problems with confidence, while also maintaining autonomy and fostering adaptability to those life changes.
Resilience traits are personal characteristics that express how people approach and react to events that they experience as negative. Trait resilience is generally considered via two methods: *direct* assessment of traits through resilience measures and *proxy* assessments of resilience in which existing cognate psychological constructs are used to explain resilient outcomes. Typically, trait resilience measures explore how individuals tend to react to and cope with adverse events. Proxy assessments of resilience, sometimes referred to as the buffering approach, view resilience as the antithesis of risk, focusing on how psychological processes interrelate with negative events to mitigate their effects. Possibly an individual perseverance trait, conceptually related to persistence and resilience, could also be measured behaviorally by means of arduous, difficult, or otherwise unpleasant tasks.
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# Psychological resilience
## Developing and sustaining resilience {#developing_and_sustaining_resilience}
There are several theories or models that attempt to describe subcomponents, prerequisites, predictors, or correlates of resilience.
Fletcher and Sarkar found five factors that develop and sustain a person\'s resilience:
1. the ability to make realistic plans and being capable of taking the steps necessary to follow through with them
2. confidence in one\'s strengths and abilities
3. communication and problem-solving skills
4. the ability to manage strong impulses and feelings
5. having good self-esteem
Among older adults, Kamalpour *et al.* found that the important factors are external connections, grit, independence, self-care, self-acceptance, altruism, hardship experience, health status, and positive perspective on life.
Another study examined thirteen high-achieving professionals who seek challenging situations that require resilience, all of whom had experienced challenges in the workplace and negative life events over the course of their careers but who had also been recognized for their great achievements in their respective fields. Participants were interviewed about everyday life in the workplace as well as their experiences with resilience and thriving. The study found six main predictors of resilience: positive and proactive personality, experience and learning, sense of control, flexibility and adaptability, balance and perspective, and perceived social support. High achievers were also found to engage in many activities unrelated to their work such as engaging in hobbies, exercising, and organizing meetups with friends and loved ones.
The American Psychological Association, in its popular psychology-oriented *Psychology topics* publication, suggests the following tactics people can use to build resilience:
- Prioritize relationships.
- Join a social group.
- Take care of your body.
- Practice mindfulness.
- Avoid negative coping outlets (like alcohol use).
- Help others.
- Be proactive; search for solutions.
- Make progress toward your goals.
- Look for opportunities for self-discovery.
- Keep things in perspective.
- Accept change.
- Maintain a hopeful outlook.
- Learn from your past.
The idea that one can build one\'s resilience implies that resilience is a developable characteristic, and so is perhaps at odds with the theory that resilience is a process.
### Positive emotions {#positive_emotions}
The relationship between positive emotions and resilience has been extensively studied. People who maintain positive emotions while they face adversity are more flexibile in their thinking and problem solving. Positive emotions also help people recover from stressful experiences. People who maintain positive emotions are better-defended from the physiological effects of negative emotions, and are better-equipped to cope adaptively, to build enduring social resources, and to enhance their well-being.
The ability to consciously monitor the factors that influence one\'s mood is correlated with a positive emotional state. This is not to say that positive emotions are merely a by-product of resilience, but rather that feeling positive emotions during stressful experiences may have adaptive benefits in the coping process. Resilient people who have a propensity for coping strategies that concretely elicit positive emotions---such as benefit-finding and cognitive reappraisal, humor, optimism, and goal-directed problem-focused coping---may strengthen their resistance to stress by allocating more access to these positive emotional resources. Social support from caring adults encouraged resilience among participants by providing them with access to conventional activities.`{{Relevance inline|reason=unclear how this sentence supports the topic of the paragraph|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
Positive emotions have physiological consequences. For example, humor leads to improvements in immune system functioning and increases in levels of salivary immunoglobulin A, a vital system antibody, which serves as the body\'s first line of defense in respiratory illnesses. Other health outcomes`{{clarify|reason=from humor specifically or from positive emotions in general?|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} include faster injury recovery rate and lower readmission rates to hospitals for the elderly, and reductions in the length of hospital stay. One study has found early indications that older adults who have increased levels of psychological resilience have decreased odds of death or inability to walk after recovering from hip fracture surgery. In another study, trait-resilient individuals experiencing positive emotions more quickly rebounded from cardiovascular activation that was initially generated by negative emotional arousal.
### Social support {#social_support}
Social support is an important factor in the development of resilience. While many competing definitions of social support exist, they tend to concern one\'s degree of access to, and use of, strong ties to other people who are similar to oneself. Social support requires solidarity and trust, intimate communication, and mutual obligation both within and outside the family.
Military studies have found that resilience is also dependent on group support: unit cohesion and morale is the best predictor of combat resiliency within a unit or organization. Resilience is highly correlated with peer support and group cohesion. Units with high cohesion tend to experience a lower rate of psychological breakdowns than units with low cohesion and morale. High cohesion and morale enhance adaptive stress reactions. War veterans who had more social support were less likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder.
### Cognitive behavioral therapy {#cognitive_behavioral_therapy}
A number of self-help approaches to resilience-building have been developed, drawing mainly on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). For example, a group cognitive-behavioral intervention, called the Penn Resiliency Program (PRP), fosters aspects of resilience. A meta-analysis of 17 PRP studies showed that the intervention significantly reduces depressive symptoms over time.
In CBT, building resilience is a matter of mindfully changing behaviors and thought patterns. The first step is to change the nature of self-talk---the internal monologue people have that reinforces beliefs about their self-efficacy and self-value. To build resilience, a person needs to replace negative self-talk, such as \"I can\'t do this\" and \"I can\'t handle this\", with positive self-talk. This helps to reduce psychological stress when a person faces a difficult challenge. The second step is to prepare for challenges, crises, and emergencies. Businesses prepare by creating emergency response plans, business continuity plans, and contingency plans. Similarly, an individual can create a financial cushion to help with economic stressors, maintain supportive social networks, and develop emergency response plans.
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# Psychological resilience
## Developing and sustaining resilience {#developing_and_sustaining_resilience}
### Language learning and communication {#language_learning_and_communication}
Language learning and communication help develop resilience in people who travel, study abroad, work internationally, or in those who find themselves as refugees in countries where their home language is not spoken.
Research conducted by the British Council found a strong relationship between language and resilience in refugees. Providing adequate English-learning programs and support for Syrian refugees builds resilience not only in the individual, but also in the host community. Language builds resilience in five ways:
home language and literacy development : Development of home language and literacy helps create the foundation for a shared identity. By maintaining the home language, even when displaced, a person not only learns better in school, but enhances their ability to learn other languages. This improves resilience by providing a shared culture and sense of identity that allows refugees to maintain close relationships to others who share their identity and sets them up to possibly return one day.
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access to education, training, and employment : This allows refugees to establish themselves in their host country and provides more ease when attempting to access information, apply to work or school, or obtain professional documentation. Securing access to education or employment is largely dependent on language competency, and both education and employment provide security and success that enhance resilience and confidence.
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learning together and social cohesion : Learning together encourages resilience through social cohesion and networks. When refugees engage in language-learning activities with host communities, engagement and communication increases. Both refugee and host community are more likely to celebrate diversity, share their stories, build relationships, engage in the community, and provide each other with support. This creates a sense of belonging with the host communities alongside the sense of belonging established with other members of the refugee community through home language.
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addressing the effects of trauma on learning : Additionally, language programs and language learning can help address the effects of trauma by providing a means to discuss and understand. Refugees are more capable of expressing their trauma, including the effects of loss, when they can effectively communicate with their host community. Especially in schools, language learning establishes safe spaces through storytelling, which further reinforces comfort with a new language, and can in turn lead to increased resilience.
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building inclusivity : This is more focused on providing resources. By providing institutions or schools with more language-based learning and cultural material, the host community can learn how to better address the needs of the refugee community. This feeds back into the increased resilience of refugees by creating a sense of belonging and community.
Another study shows the impacts of storytelling in building resilience. It aligns with many of the five factors identified by the study completed by the British Council, as it emphasizes the importance of sharing traumatic experiences through language. It showed that those who were exposed to more stories, from family or friends, had a more holistic view of life\'s struggles, and were thus more resilient, especially when surrounded by foreign languages or attempting to learn a new language.
### Development programs {#development_programs}
The Head Start program promotes resilience, as does the Big Brothers Big Sisters Programme, Centered Coaching & Consulting,, the Abecedarian Early Intervention Project, and social programs for youth with emotional or behavioral difficulties.
The Positive Behavior Supports and Intervention program is a trauma-informed, resilience-based program for elementary age students.`{{Promotion inline|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} It has four components: positive reinforcements such as encouraging feedback; understanding that behavior is a response to unmet needs or a survival response; promoting belonging, mastery, and independence; and creating an environment to support the student through sensory tools, mental health breaks, and play.
Tuesday\'s Children, a family service organization, works to build psychological resilience through programs such as Mentoring and Project Common Bond, an eight-day peace-building and leadership initiative for people aged 15--20, from around the world, who have been directly impacted by terrorism.`{{Promotion inline|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
Military organizations test personnel for the ability to function under stressful circumstances by deliberately subjecting them to stress during training. Those students who do not exhibit the necessary resilience can be screened out of the training. Those who remain can be given stress inoculation training. The process is repeated as personnel apply for increasingly demanding positions, such as special forces.
An example of psychological resilience can be seen in survivors of natural disasters who manage to rebuild their lives despite profound personal loss. Such individuals often demonstrate adaptability, emotional strength, and a capacity to regain stability after trauma.
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# Psychological resilience
## Developing and sustaining resilience {#developing_and_sustaining_resilience}
### Other factors {#other_factors}
Another protective factor involves external social support, which helps moderate the negative effects of environmental hazards or stressful situations and guides vulnerable individuals toward optimistic paths. One study distinguished three contexts for protective factors:
1. **Personal Attributes**: Traits such as an outgoing personality, perceptiveness, and a positive self-concept.
2. **Family Environment**: Close and supportive relationships with at least one family member or an emotionally stable parent.
3. **Community Support**: Support and guidance from peers and community members.
A study of the elderly in Zurich, Switzerland, illuminated the role humor plays to help people remain happy in the face of age-related adversity.
Research has also been conducted into individual differences in resilience. Self-esteem, ego-control, and ego-resiliency are related to behavioral adaptation`{{Definition needed|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}. Maltreated children who feel good about themselves may process risk situations differently by `{{clarify|reason=what does it mean to attribute a reason to an environment? "different" as in "various" or different as in different-from something-or-other?|text=attributing different reasons to the environments they experience|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} and, thereby, avoiding negative internalized self-perceptions. Ego-control is \"the threshold or operating characteristics of an individual with regard to the expression or containment\" of their impulses, feelings, and desires. Ego-resilience refers to the \"dynamic capacity`{{Definition needed|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}, to modify his or her model level`{{Definition needed|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} of ego-control, in either direction, as a function of the demand characteristics`{{Definition needed|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} of the environmental context\"`{{r|Block_1980|page=43}}`{=mediawiki}
Demographic information (e.g., gender) and resources (e.g., social support) also predict resilience. After disaster women tend to show less resilience than men, and people who were less involved in affinity groups and organisations also showed less resilience.
Certain aspects of religions, spirituality, or mindfulness could promote or hinder certain psychological virtues that increase resilience. However, `{{as of|2009|alt=as of 2009}}`{=mediawiki} the \"there has not yet been much direct empirical research looking specifically at the association of religion and ordinary strengths and virtues\". In a review of the literature on the relationship between religiosity/spirituality and PTSD, about half of the studies showed a positive relationship and half showed a negative relationship between measures of religiosity/spirituality and resilience. The United States Army was criticized for promoting spirituality in its Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program as a way to prevent PTSD, due to the lack of conclusive supporting data.
Forgiveness plays a role in resilience among patients with chronic pain (but not in the severity of the pain).`{{clarify|reason=What role does forgiveness play? What is the direction and strength of the correlation between forgiveness and resilience?|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
Resilience is also enhanced in people who develop effective coping skills for stress. Coping skills help people reduce stress levels, so they remain functional. Coping skills include using meditation, exercise, socialization, and self-care practices to maintain a healthy level of stress.
Bibliotherapy, positive tracking of events, and enhancing psychosocial protective factors with positive psychological resources are other methods for resilience building. Increasing a person\'s arsenal of coping skills builds resilience.
A study of 230 adults, diagnosed with depression and anxiety, showed that emotional regulation contributed to resilience in patients. The emotional regulation strategies focused on planning, positively reappraising events, and reducing rumination. Patients with improved resilience experienced better treatment outcomes than patients with non-resilience focused treatment plans. This suggests psychotherapeutic interventions may better handle mental disorders by focusing on psychological resilience.
Other factors associated with resilience include the capacity to make realistic plans, self-confidence and a positive self image, communications skills, and the capacity to manage strong feelings and impulses.
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# Psychological resilience
## Children
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are events that occur in a child\'s life that could lead to maladaptive symptoms such as tension, low mood, repetitive and recurring thoughts, and `{{Vague|reason=by whom of what?|text=avoidance of things associated with the adverse event|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}.
Maltreated children who experience some risk factors (e.g., single parenting, limited maternal education, or family unemployment), show lower ego-resilience and intelligence than children who were not maltreated. Maltreated children are also more likely to withdraw and demonstrate `{{clarify|reason=the verb "withdraw" is treated like an adjective in this sentence structure; also, this categorization of behavior problems is not common-knowledge or obvious and so needs some explanation|text=disruptive-aggressive and internalized|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} behavior problems. Ego-resiliency and positive self-esteem predict competent adaptation`{{Definition needed|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} in maltreated children.
Psychological resilience which helps overcome adverse events does not solely explain why some children experience post-traumatic growth and some do not.
Resilience is the product of a number of developmental processes over time that allow children to experience small exposures to adversity or age appropriate challenges and develop skills to handle those challenges. This gives children a sense of pride and self-worth.
Two \"protective factors\"---characteristics of children or situations that help children in the context of risk---are good cognitive functioning (like cognitive self-regulation`{{Definition needed|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} and IQ) and positive relationships (especially with competent adults, like parents). Children who have protective factors in their lives tend to do better in some risky contexts. However, children do better when not exposed to high levels of risk or adversity.
There are a few protective factors of young children that are consistent over differences in culture and stressors (poverty, war, divorce of parents, natural disasters, etc.):
- capable parenting
- other close relationships
- intelligence
- self-control
- motivation to succeed
- self-confidence and self-efficacy
- faith, hope, belief life has meaning
- effective`{{Specify|reason=at effecting what?|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} schools
- effective`{{Specify|reason=at effecting what?|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} communities
- effective`{{Specify|reason=at effecting what?|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} cultural practices
Ann Masten calls these protective factors \"ordinary magic\"---the ordinary human adaptive systems that are shaped by biological and cultural evolution. In her book, *Ordinary Magic: Resilience in Development*, she discusses the \"immigrant paradox\", the phenomenon that first-generation immigrant youth are more resilient than their children. Researchers hypothesize that \"there may be culturally based resiliency that is lost with succeeding generations as they become distanced from their culture of origin.\" Another hypothesis is that those who choose to immigrate are more likely to be more resilient.
### Neurocognitive resilience {#neurocognitive_resilience}
Trauma is defined as an emotional response to distressing event, and PTSD is a mental disorder the develops after a person has experienced a dangerous event, for instance car accident or environmental disaster. The findings of a study conducted on a sample of 226 individuals who had experienced trauma indicate a positive association between resilience and enhanced nonverbal memory, as well as a measure of emotional learning. The findings of the study indicate that individuals who exhibited resilience demonstrated a lower incidence of depressed and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Conversely, those who lacked resilience exhibited a higher likelihood of experiencing unemployment and having a history of suicide attempts. The research additionally revealed that the experience of severe childhood abuse or exposure to trauma was correlated with a lack of resilience. The results indicate that resilience could potentially serve as a substitute measure for emotional learning, a process that is frequently impaired in stress-related mental disorders. This finding has the potential to enhance our comprehension of resilience.
### Young adults {#young_adults}
Sports provide benefits such as social support or a boost in self confidence. The findings of a study investigating the correlation between resilience and symptom resolution in adolescents and young adults who have experienced sport-related concussions (SRC) indicate that individuals with lower initial resilience ratings tend to exhibit a higher number and severity of post-concussion symptoms (PCSS), elevated levels of anxiety and depression, and a delayed recovery process from SRC. Additionally, the research revealed that those who initially scored lower on resilience assessments were less inclined to describe a sense of returning to their pre-injury state and experienced more pronounced exacerbation of symptoms resulting from both physical and cognitive exertion, even after resuming sports or physical activity. This finding illustrates the significant impact that resilience can have on the process of physical and mental recovery.
### Role of the family {#role_of_the_family}
Family environments that are caring and stable, hold high expectations for children\'s behavior, and encourage participation by children in the life of the family are environments that more successfully foster resilience in children. Most resilient children have a strong relationship with at least one adult (not always a parent), and this relationship helps to diminish risk associated with family discord.
Parental resilience---the ability of parents to deliver competent high-quality parenting, despite the presence of risk factors---plays an important role in children\'s resilience. Understanding the characteristics of quality parenting is critical to the idea of parental resilience. However, resilience research has focused on the well-being of children, with limited academic attention paid to factors that may contribute to the resilience of parents.
Even if divorce produces stress, the availability of social support from family and community can reduce this stress and yield positive outcomes.
A family that emphasizes the value of assigned chores, caring for brothers or sisters, and the contribution of part-time work in supporting the family helps to foster resilience.
Some practices that poor parents utilize help to promote resilience in families. These include frequent displays of warmth, affection, and emotional support; reasonable expectations for children combined with straightforward, not overly harsh discipline; family routines and celebrations; and the maintenance of common values regarding money and leisure. According to sociologist Christopher B. Doob, \"Poor children growing up in resilient families have received significant support for doing well as they enter the social world---starting in daycare programs and then in schooling.\"
The Besht model of natural resilience-building through parenting, in an ideal family with positive access and support from family and friends, has four key markers:
1. realistic upbringing
2. effective risk communications
3. positivity and restructuring of demanding situations
4. building self efficacy and hardiness
In this model, self-efficacy is the belief in one\'s ability to organize and execute the courses of action required to achieve goals and hardiness is a composite of interrelated attitudes of commitment, control, and challenge.
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# Psychological resilience
## Children
### Role of school {#role_of_school}
Resilient children in classroom environments work and play well`{{definition|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}, hold high expectations, and demonstrate locus of control, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and autonomy. These things work together to prevent the debilitating behaviors that are associated with learned helplessness.
Research on Mexican--American high school students found that a sense of belonging to school was the only significant predictor of academic resilience, though a sense of belonging to family, a peer group, and a culture `{{clarify|reason=what does it mean for these things to "indicate" resilience, and how does this differ from "predicting" resilience?|text=can also indicate|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} higher academic resilience. \"Although cultural loyalty overall was not a significant predictor of resilience, certain cultural influences nonetheless contribute to resilient outcomes, like familism and cultural pride and awareness.\" The results \"indicate a negative relationship between cultural pride and the ethnic homogeneity of a school.\" The researchers hypothesize that \"ethnicity becomes a salient and important characteristic in more ethnically diverse settings\".
A strong connection with one\'s cultural identity is an important protective factor against stress and is indicative of increased resilience. While classroom resources have been created to promote resilience in students, the most effective ways to ensure resilience in children is by protecting their natural adaptive systems from breaking down or being hijacked. At home, resilience can be promoted through a positive`{{definition|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} home environment and emphasizing cultural practices and values. In school, this can be done by ensuring that each student develops and maintains a sense of belonging to the school through positive relationships with classroom peers and a caring teacher. A sense of belonging---whether it be in a culture, family, or another group---predicts resiliency against any given stressor.
### Role of the community {#role_of_the_community}
Communities play a role in fostering resilience. The clearest sign of a cohesive and supportive community is the presence of social organizations that provide healthy human development. Services are unlikely to be used unless there is good communication about them. Children who are repeatedly relocated do not benefit from these resources, as their opportunities for resilience-building community participation are disrupted with every relocation.
### Outcomes in adulthood {#outcomes_in_adulthood}
Patients who show resilience to adverse events in childhood may have worse outcomes later in life. A study in the American Journal of Psychiatry interviewed 1420 participants with a Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment up to 8 times as children. Of those 1,266 were interviewed as adults, and this group had higher risks for anxiety, depression and problems with work or education. This was accompanied by worse physical health outcomes. The study authors posit that the goal of public health should be to reduce childhood trauma, and not promote resilience.
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# Psychological resilience
## Specific situations {#specific_situations}
### Divorce
Cultivating resilience may be beneficial to all parties involved in divorce. The level of resilience a child will experience after their parents have split is dependent on both internal and external variables. Some of these variables include their psychological and physical state and the level of support they receive from their schools, friends, and family friends. Children differ`{{Specify|reason=how do these different variables affect this capacity? that is, which ages/genders/temperaments show more resilience, which less?|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} by age, gender, and temperament in their capacity to cope with divorce. About 20--25% of children \"demonstrate severe emotional and behavioral problems\" when going through a divorce, compared to 10% of children exhibiting similar problems in married families. Despite this, approximately 75--80% of these`{{Specify|reason=by "these" do you mean children going through divorce, or children who demonstrate severe emotional and behavioral problems while going through divorce, or children who demonstrate severe emotional and behavioral problems full stop?|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} children will \"develop into well-adjusted adults with no lasting psychological or behavioral problems\". This goes to show that most children have the resilience needed to endure their parents\' divorce.
The effects of the divorce extend past the separation of the parents. Residual conflict between parents, financial problems, and the re-partnering or remarriage of parents can cause stress. Studies have shown conflicting results about the effect of post-divorce conflict on a child\'s healthy adjustment. Divorce may reduce children\'s financial means and associated lifestyle. For example, economizing may mean a child cannot continue to participate in extracurricular activities such as sports and music lessons, which can be detrimental to their social lives.
A parent\'s repartnering or remarrying can add conflict and anger to a child\'s home environment. One reason re-partnering causes additional stress is because of the lack of clarity in roles and relationships; the child may not know how to react and behave with this new quasi-parent figure in their life. Bringing in a new partner/spouse may be most stressful when done shortly after the divorce. Divorce is not a single event, but encompasses multiple changes and challenges. Internal factors promote resiliency in the child, as do external factors in the environment. Certain programs such as the 14-week Children\'s Support Group and the Children of Divorce Intervention Program may help a child cope with the changes that occur from a divorce.
### Bullying
Beyond preventing bullying, it is also important to consider interventions based on emotional intelligence when bullying occurs. Emotional intelligence may foster resilience in victims. When a person faces stress and adversity, especially of a repetitive nature, their ability to adapt is an important factor in whether they have a more positive or negative outcome.
One study examining adolescents who illustrated resilience to bullying found higher behavioral resilience in girls and higher emotional resilience in boys. The study\'s authors suggested the targeting of psychosocial skills as a form of intervention. Emotional intelligence promotes resilience to stress and the ability to manage stress and other negative emotions can restrain a victim from going on to perpetuate aggression. Emotion regulation is an important factor in resilience. Emotional perception significantly facilitates lower negative emotionality during stress, while emotional understanding facilitates resilience and correlates with positive affect.
### Natural disasters {#natural_disasters}
Resilience after a natural disaster can be gauged on an individual level (each person in the community), a community level (everyone collectively in the affected locality), and on a physical level (the locality\'s environment and infrastructure).
UNESCAP-funded research on how communities show resiliency in the wake of natural disasters found that communities were more physically resilient if community members banded together and made resiliency a collective effort. Social support, especially the ability to pool resources, is key to resilience. Communities that pooled social, natural, and economic resources were more resilient and could overcome disasters more quickly than communities that took a more individualistic approach.
The World Economic Forum met in 2014 to discuss resiliency after natural disasters. They concluded that countries that are more economically sound`{{definition|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}, and whose members can diversify their livelihoods, show higher levels of resiliency. `{{As of|2014}}`{=mediawiki} this had not been studied in depth, but the ideas discussed in this forum appeared fairly consistent with existing research.
Individual resilience in the wake of natural disasters can be predicted by the level of emotion the person experienced and was able to process during and following the disaster. Those who employ emotional styles of coping were able to grow from their experiences and to help others. In these instances, experiencing emotions was adaptive. Those who did not engage with their emotions and who employed avoidant and suppressive coping styles had poorer mental health outcomes following disaster.
### Death of a family member {#death_of_a_family_member}
little research had been done on the topic of family resilience in the wake of the death of a family member. Clinical attention to bereavement has focused on the individual mourning process rather than on the family unit as a whole. Resiliency in this context is the \"ability to maintain a stable equilibrium\" that is conducive to balance, harmony, and recovery. Families manage familial distortions caused by the death of the family member by reorganizing relationships and changing patterns of functioning to adapt to their new situation. People who exhibiting resilience in the wake of trauma can successfully traverse the bereavement process without long-term negative consequences.
One of the healthiest behaviors displayed by resilient families in the wake of a death is honest and open communication. This facilitates an understanding of the crisis. Sharing the experience of the death can promote immediate and long-term adaptation. Empathy is a crucial component in familial resilience because it allows mourners to understand other positions, tolerate conflict, and grapple with differences that may arise. Another crucial component to resilience is the maintenance of a routine that binds the family together through regular contact and order. The continuation of education and a connection with peers and teachers at school is an important support for children struggling with the death of a family member.
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# Psychological resilience
## Specific situations {#specific_situations}
### Professional settings {#professional_settings}
Resilience`{{Specify|reason=personal? corporate?|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} has been examined in the context of failure and setbacks in workplace settings. Psychological resilience is one of the core constructs of positive organizational behavior and has captured scholars\' and practitioners\' attention. Research has highlighted certain personality traits, personal resources (e.g., self-efficacy, work-life balance, social competencies), personal attitudes (e.g., sense of purpose, job commitment), positive emotions, and work resources (e.g., social support, positive organizational context) as potential facilitators of workplace resilience.
Attention has also been directed to the role of resilience in innovative contexts. Due to high degrees of uncertainty and complexity in the innovation process, failure and setbacks happen frequently in this context. These can harm affected individuals\' motivation and willingness to take risks, so their resilience is essential for them to productively engage in future innovative activities. A resilience construct specifically aligned to the peculiarities of the innovation context was needed to diagnose and develop innovators\' resilience: Innovator Resilience Potential (IRP). Based on Bandura\'s social cognitive theory, IRP has six components: self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, optimism, hope, self-esteem, and risk propensity. It reflects a process perspective on resilience: IRP can be interpreted either as an antecedent of how a setback affects an innovator, or as an outcome of the process that is influenced by the setback situation. A measurement scale of IRP was developed and validated in 2018.
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# Psychological resilience
## Cultural differences {#cultural_differences}
There is controversy about the indicators of good psychological and social development when resilience is studied across different cultures and contexts. The American Psychological Association\'s Task Force on Resilience and Strength in Black Children and Adolescents, for example, notes that there may be special skills that these young people and families have that help them cope, including the ability to resist racial prejudice. Researchers of indigenous health have shown the impact of culture, history, community values, and geographical settings on resilience in indigenous communities. People who cope may also show \"hidden resilience\" when they do not conform with society\'s expectations for how someone is supposed to behave (for example, in some contexts aggression may aid resilience, or less emotional engagement may be protective in situations of abuse).
### Resilience in individualist and collectivist communities {#resilience_in_individualist_and_collectivist_communities}
Individualist cultures, such as those of the U.S., Austria, Spain, and Canada, emphasize personal goals, initiatives, and achievements. Independence, self-reliance, and individual rights are highly valued by members of individualistic cultures. The ideal person in individualist societies is assertive, strong, and innovative. People in this culture tend to describe themselves in terms of their unique traits---\"I am analytical and curious\".`{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} Economic, political, and social policies reflect the culture\'s interest in individualism.
Collectivist cultures, such as those of Japan, Sweden, Turkey, and Guatemala, emphasize family and group work goals. The rules of these societies promote unity, brotherhood, and selflessness. Families and communities practice cohesion and cooperation. The ideal person in collectivist societies is trustworthy, honest, sensitive, and generous---emphasizing intrapersonal skills. Collectivists tend to describe themselves in terms of their roles---\"I am a good husband and a loyal friend\".`{{r|Ma2004}}`{=mediawiki}`{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
In a study on the consequences of disaster on a culture\'s individualism, researchers operationalized these cultures by identifying indicative phrases in a society\'s literature. Words that showed the theme of individualism include, \"able, achieve, differ, own, personal, prefer, and special.\" Words that indicated collectivism include, \"belong, duty, give, harmony, obey, share, together.\"
#### Differences in response to natural disasters {#differences_in_response_to_natural_disasters}
Natural disasters threaten to destroy communities, displace families, degrade cultural integrity, and diminish an individual\'s level of functioning. Comparing individualist community reactions to collectivist community responses after natural disasters illustrates their differences and respective strengths as tools of resilience.
Some suggest that because disasters strengthen the need to rely on other people and social structures, they reduce individual agency and the sense of autonomy, and so regions with heightened exposure to disaster should cultivate collectivism. However, interviews with and experiments on disaster survivors indicate that disaster-induced anxiety and stress decrease one\'s focus on social-contextual information---a key component of collectivism. So disasters may increase individualism.
In a study into the association between socio-ecological indicators and cultural-level change in individualism, for each socio-ecological indicator, frequency of disasters was associated with greater (rather than less) individualism. Supplementary analyses indicated that the frequency of disasters was more strongly correlated with individualism-related shifts than was the magnitude of disasters or the frequency of disasters qualified by the number of deaths.`{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
Baby-naming is one indicator of change. Urbanization was linked to preference for uniqueness in baby-naming practices at a one-year lag, secularism was linked to individualist shifts in interpersonal structure at both`{{Specify|reason=|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} lags, and disaster prevalence was linked to more unique naming practices at both`{{Specify|reason=|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} lags.`{{r|MauchPfister2004}}`{=mediawiki}`{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} Secularism and disaster prevalence contributed `{{Vague|reason=this was their main contribution, or among variables studied these were the ones that showed the most contribution, or something else?|text=mainly|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} to shifts in naming practices.
Disaster recovery research focuses on psychology and social systems but does not adequately address interpersonal networking or relationship formation and maintenance. One disaster response theory holds that people who use existing communication networks fare better during and after disasters. Moreover, they can play important roles in disaster recovery by organizing and helping others use communication networks and by coordinating with institutions.
Building strong, self-reliant communities whose members know each other, know each other\'s needs, and are aware of existing communication networks, is a possible source of resilience in disasters.
Individualist societies promote individual responsibility for self-sufficiency; collectivist culture defines self-sufficiency within an interdependent communal context. Even where individualism is salient, a group thrives when its members choose social over personal goals and seek to maintain harmony, and where they value collectivist over individualist behavior.
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# Psychological resilience
## Cultural differences {#cultural_differences}
### The concept of resilience in language {#the_concept_of_resilience_in_language}
While not all languages have a direct translation for the English word \"resilience\", nearly every culture has a word that relates to a similar concept, suggesting a common understanding of what resilience is. Even if a word does not directly translate to \"resilience\" in English, it relays a meaning similar enough to the concept and is used as such within the language.
If a specific word for resilience does not exist in a language, speakers of that language typically assign a similar word that insinuates resilience based on context. Many languages use words that translate to \"elasticity\" or \"bounce\", which are used in context to capture the meaning of resilience. For example, one of the main words for \"resilience\" in Chinese literally translates to \"rebound\", one of the main words for \"resilience\" in Greek translates to \"bounce\" (another translates to \"cheerfulness\"), and one of the main words for \"resilience\" in Russian translates to \"elasticity,\" just as it does in German. However, this is not the case for all languages. For example, if a Spanish speaker wanted to say \"resilience\", their main two options translate to \"resistance\" and \"defense against adversity\". Many languages have words that translate better to \"tenacity\" or \"grit\" better than they do to \"resilience\". While these languages may not have a word that exactly translates to \"resilience\", English speakers often use the words tenacity or grit when referring to resilience. Arabic has a word solely for resilience, but also two other common expressions to relay the concept, which directly translate to \"capacity on deflation\" or \"reactivity of the body\", but are better translated as \"impact strength\" and \"resilience of the body\" respectively. A few languages, such as Finnish, have words that express resilience in a way that cannot be translated back to English. In Finnish, the word and concept \"*\[\[sisu\]\]*\" has been recently studied by a designated Sisu Scale, which is composed of both beneficial and harmful sides of *sisu*. *Sisu*, measured by the Sisu Scale, has correlations with English langugage equivalents, but the harmful side of *sisu* does not seem to have any corresponding concept in English-language-based scales. Sometimes *sisu* has been translated to \"grit\" in English; *sisu* blends the concepts of resilience, tenacity, determination, perseverance, and courage into one word that has become a facet of Finnish culture.
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# Psychological resilience
## Measurement
### Direct measurement {#direct_measurement}
Resilience is measured by evaluating personal qualities that reflect people\'s approach and response to negative experiences. Trait resilience is typically assessed using two methods: direct evaluation of traits through resilience measures, and proxy assessment of resilience, in which related psychological constructs are used to explain resilient outcomes.
There are more than 30 resilience measures that assess over 50 different variables related to resilience, but there is no universally accepted \"gold standard\" for measuring resilience.
Five of the established self-report measures of psychological resilience are:
Ego Resiliency Scale : measures a person\'s ability to exercise control over their impulses or inhibition in response to environmental demands, with the aim of maintaining or enhancing their ego equilibrium.\
Hardiness Scale : encompasses three main dimensions: (1) commitment (a conviction that life has purpose), (2) control (confidence in one\'s ability to navigate life), and (3) challenge (aptitude for and pleasure in adapting to change)\
Psychological Resilience Scale : assesses a \"resilience core\" characterized by five traits (purposeful life, perseverance, self-reliance, equanimity, and existential aloneness) that reflect an individual\'s physical and mental resilience throughout their lifespan\
Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale : developed in a clinical treatment setting that conceptualized resilience as arising from four factors: `{{clarify|reason=that's either one factor or three factors|text=(1) control, commitment, and change hardiness constructs|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}\
Brief Resilience Scale : assesses resilience as the capacity to bounce back from unfavorable circumstances
The Resilience Systems Scales was produced to investigate and measure the underlying structure of the 115 items from these five most-commonly cited trait resilience scales in the literature. Three strong latent factors account for most of the variance accounted for by the five most popular resilience scales, and replicated ecological systems theory:
Engineering resilience : The capability of a system to quickly and effortlessly restore itself to a stable equilibrium state after a disruption, as measured by its speed and ease of recovery.\
Ecological resilience : The capacity of a system to endure or resist disruptions while preserving a steady state and adapting to necessary changes in its functioning.\
Adaptive capacity : The ability to continuously adjust functions and processes in order to be ready to adapt to any disruption.
### \'Proxy\' measurement {#proxy_measurement}
Resilience literature identifies five main trait domains that serve as stress-buffers and can be used as proxies to describe resilience outcomes:
personality : A resilient personality includes positive expressions of the five-factor personality traits such as high emotional stability, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, and agreeableness.{{multiref2
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cognitive abilities and executive functions : Resilience is identified through effective use of executive functions and processing of experiential demands, or through an overarching cognitive mapping system that integrates information from current situations, prior experience, and goal-driven processes.
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affective systems, which include emotional regulation systems : Emotion regulation systems are based on the broaden-and-build theory, in which there is `{{clarify|reason=too many clauses, unclear how they are supposed to relate; how would you diagram this sentence?|text=a reciprocal relationship between trait resilience and positive emotional functioning through emotional management, coping, and regulation achieved by means of attention control, cognitive reappraisal, and coping strategies|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}.{{multiref2
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eudaimonic well-being : resilience emerges from natural well-being processes (e.g. autonomy, purpose in life, environmental mastery) and underlying genetic and neural substrates and acts as a protective resilient factor across life-span transitions.
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health systems : This also reflects the broaden-and-build theory, where there is a reciprocal relationship between trait resilience and positive health functioning through the promotion of feeling capable to deal with adverse health situations.
### Mixed model {#mixed_model}
A mixed model of resilience can be derived from direct and proxy measures of resilience. A search for latent factors among 61 direct and proxy resilience assessments, suggested four main factors:
recovery : Resilience scales that focus on recovery, such as engineering resilience, align with reports of stability in emotional and health systems. The most fitting theoretical framework for this is the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. This theory highlights how positive emotions can foster resilient health systems and enable individuals to recover from setbacks.\
sustainability : Resilience scales that reflect \"sustainability,\" such as engineering resilience, align with conscientiousness, lower levels of dysexecutive functioning, and five dimensions of eudaimonic well-being. Theoretically, resilience is the effective use of executive functions and processing of experiential demands (also known as resilient functioning), where an overarching cognitive mapping system integrates information from current situations, prior experience, and goal-driven processes (known as the cognitive model of resilience).\
adaptability resilience : Resilience scales that assess adaptability, such as adaptive capacity, are associated with higher levels of extraversion (such as being enthusiastic, talkative, assertive, and gregarious) and openness-to-experience (such as being intellectually curious, creative, and imaginative). These personality factors are often reported to form a higher-order factor known as \"beta\" or \"plasticity\", which reflects a drive for growth, agency, and reduced inhibition by preferring new and diverse experiences while reducing fixed patterns of behavior. These findings suggest that adaptability can be seen as a complement to growth, agency, and reduced inhibition.\
social cohesion : Several resilience measures converge to suggest an underlying social cohesion factor, in which social support, care, and cohesion among family and friends (as featured in various scales within the literature) form a single latent factor.
These findings point to the possibility of adopting a \"mixed model\" of resilience in which direct assessments of resilience could be employed alongside cognate psychological measures to improve the evaluation of resilience.
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# Psychological resilience
## Criticism
As with other psychological phenomena, there is controversy about how resilience should be defined. Its definition affects research focuses; differing or imprecise definitions lead to inconsistent research. Research on resilience has become more heterogeneous in its outcomes and measures, convincing some researchers to abandon the term altogether due to it being attributed to all outcomes of research where results were more positive than expected.
There is also disagreement among researchers as to whether psychological resilience is a character trait or state of being. Psychological resilience has also been referred to `{{clarify|reason=unclear jargon|text=as ecological concept, ranging from micro to macro levels of interpretation|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}.
However, it is generally agreed upon that resilience is a buildable resource. There is also evidence that resilience can indicate a capacity `{{clarify|reason=unclear|text=to resist a sharp decline in other harm even though a person temporarily appears to get worse|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}. Adolescents who have a high level of adaptation (i.e. resilience) tend to struggle with dealing with other psychological problems later on in life. This is due to an overload of their stress response systems. There is evidence that the higher one\'s resilience is, the lower one\'s vulnerability.`{{clarify|reason=the last sentence seems to contradict the preceding two|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
Brad Evans and Julian Reid criticize resilience discourse and its rising popularity in their book, *Resilient Life*. The authors assert that `{{clarify|reason=what are those?|text=policies of resilience|date=September 2023}}`{=mediawiki} can put the onus of disaster response on individuals rather than publicly coordinated efforts. Tied to the emergence of neoliberalism, climate change, third-world development, and other discourses, Evans and Reid argue that promoting resilience draws attention away from governmental responsibility and towards self-responsibility and healthy psychological effects such as post-traumatic growth
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# UFTP
The **UDP-based File Transfer Protocol** (**UFTP**) is a communication protocol designed to transfer files to multiple recipients. To accomplish this, UFTP multicasts the files to recipients via the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The reference implementation of UFTP is open-source software distributed under the GNU General Public License Version 3. The author of UFTP and its reference protocol is Dennis Bush.
UFTP can perform effectively in a wide area network with high network delay, as well as in communication satellite transmissions.
Bush published a pre-release version of UFTP on July 6, 2001. After two more intermediate releases, version 1.0 was published on December 17, 2002. He based UFTP on the Multicast File Transfer Protocol (MFTP), which was designed and developed at Starburst Communications. In 1997 and 1998, Starburst had submitted drafts of the MFTP specification to the Internet Engineering Task Force, with a view to promoting adoption of the protocol. Starburst later sold MFTP, along with their Omnicast file distribution software, to the Fantastic Corporation. Stratacache, a digital signage company in the United States, announced in February 2004 that they had purchased the property from Fantastic
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# Ordes
**Ordes** is a municipality in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Ordes. The population in 2008 was 12,534 inhabitants, according to the INE.
## Etymology
According to E. Bascuas, \"Ordes\", registered as *Ordines* in the 11th century, would derive from a form *\*ord-* belonging to the old European hydronymy, and derived from the Indoeuropean root *\*er-* \'flow, move\'
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# Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière
**Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière** (18 April 1685 -- 17 March 1752) was a French admiral who was appointed as Governor General of New France, where he served from 1 March 1749 until his death in 1752.
De la Jonquière was born near Albi, in southern France. He joined the navy when he was twelve. He advanced in it, fighting under Vice admiral René Duguay-Trouin and in the Battle of Toulon.
In 1746, he sailed on the famous and ill-fated Duc d\'Anville Expedition, intended to retake Louisbourg (now in Nova Scotia) from the English in King George\'s War, the North American portion of the War of the Austrian Succession. In 1747, after commanding a brave defence of a 30-ship convoy, he was defeated in the Battle of Cape Finisterre off the coast of Spain by British commander George Anson.
As Governor General, de la Jonquière was considered to be a good administrator, if not the bravest of men in the political and economic upheavals of the time. But the opposite was true of his naval career, where his twenty-nine campaigns and nine combats demonstrated that he was a man of great courage.
Historians believe that de la Jonquière personally profited from the French Canadian monopoly of the fur trade with American Indians and First Nations at the time. Given his administrative position, he should have abstained from that type of commercial activity and conflict of interest. He did use his considerable military skills to build up the military strength of New France, as he was faced with increasing tensions and a British build-up in its colonies to the Seven Years\' War
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# Hubert Ausbie
**Hubert Eugene \"Geese\" Ausbie** (born April 25, 1938) is a retired professional basketball player.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Ausbie was born in Crescent, Oklahoma. He attended Douglas High School where he played on the basketball and baseball teams. He was such an exceptional basketball star; during a tournament his senior season, he averaged 40 points per game and scored 70, 54 and 62 points in three consecutive games.
Following a brother of his, Ausbie attended Philander Smith College in Little Rock, Arkansas. He attended from 1956 to 1960 and was a star basketball player there, earning All-Conference and All-American honors. He was one of the leading college scorers in the NCAA\'s College Division (later called Division II), averaging 30 points per game.
## Career
Ausbie was offered contracts by Major League Baseball\'s Chicago Cubs and National Basketball Association teams. However, he joined the Harlem Globetrotters after his wife sent numerous letters describing his play to the team\'s founder Abe Saperstein, which led to Ausbie attending an open tryout in 1961 in Chicago. Ausbie gained fame as a Globetrotter from 1961 to 1985. After the retirement of Meadowlark Lemon, Ausbie took his place as the \"Clown Prince of Basketball\" for his dazzling play and irrepressible pranks on the court.
Ausbie retired from the team in 1985 and pursued other interests such as involvement in \"Drug-Free Youth Program & Traveling Museum Showcase (a collection of Globetrotter-related memorabilia) which he has presented to hundreds of students at all grade levels in Arkansas and other states\". He has served on the advisory committee for the National Youth Sports Program.
In 1994, he received a Globetrotters Legends ring, a recognition given to only a few elite former players. The next year, he became head coach and manager of operations for the Globetrotters.
His jersey number 35 was retired by the Globetrotters on January 31, 2017, during the Globetrotters\' game at Verizon Arena in North Little Rock, Arkansas.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Ausbie was \"married for 25 years to his college sweetheart, Awilda\". He has four children.
A Mason, Ausbie resides in Little Rock, Arkansas, where he has been a deacon at Greater Archview Baptist Church
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# Cheick Oumar Dabo
**Cheick Oumar Dabo** (born 12 January 1981 in Bamako) is a Malian football player.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Bucheon SK {#bucheon_sk}
Dabo joined Bucheon SK in 2002. One of very few Africans playing in South Korea, Dabo earned a spot in the K-League All-Stars Soccer in 2002 and 2003, scoring in both games. He was selected for the team in 2004 as well, though was an unused substitute in that game. In the All-Stars Soccer, he played against Lee Dong-Gook and Lee Young-Pyo (in 2002) who both went on to play in the Premier League in England.
### JS Kabylie {#js_kabylie}
Dabo would go on to score a penalty against Asante Kotoko in his debut for JS Kabylie. In the CAF Champions League 2006 Dabo scored 3 goals, 2 of which were against Al Ahly of Egypt. It was in the CAF Champions League 2006. In the CAF Champions League 2007 he scored 2 goals against OS Balantas of Guinea-Bissau. He scored twice against Mangasport of Gabon and once in the away leg (3--1 loss) and once in the home leg (3--0 win). He scored once against Cotonsport of Cameroon and had an assist on the other to send Kabylie to the Quarterfinals. He now has 5 goals in the CAF Champions League 2007. He was voted player of the month in February, March, April and May in the Algerian Championnat National and eventually was voted MVP of the league. Dabo ended as the top scorer in the League with 17 league goals in 27 appearances (2 as a sub). He was the first foreign player ever to be top scorer in Algeria. On 1 July it was announced that Dabo will join Le Havre in France\'s Ligue 2, he will join them after his last match with JSK, against ES Sahel in the Champions League. Shortly after this announcement, Dabo was given the captain\'s armband for JSK\'s match against FAR Rabat, which was his last match in which he scored twice. Dabo was the first ever non-Algerian to be captain for JSK.
### Le Havre {#le_havre}
Dabo made his debut for Le Havre on 20 August 2007, coming on as a sub for Nikola Nikezić against Nantes. He scored his first goal and got his first assist in the same game, after coming on as a sub against Ajaccio on 28 September. Le Havre were champions of Ligue 2 in 2007/08, Dabo\'s first year, but Dabo only made six appearances that season, scoring one goal. Despite having scored one goal and getting one assist in 180 minutes for Le Havre in 2007, Dabo was never again given a chance to prove himself and was released in the summer of 2010 after three loans, two of which could be considered successful.
### Tours
Dabo was loaned to Championnat National side Tours on 29 January 2008 after a lack of first team opportunities at Le Havre. He scored on his debut in a 4--2 win against Cherbourg. Dabo\'s five game scoring streak near the end of the season helped Tours to a 2nd-place finish in 2007/08 to ensure their promotion back to Ligue 2. Despite interest from Tours and Dabo, Dabo did not make the move to Tours in the summer of 2008, due to Dabo\'s high price tag set by president of Le Havre, Jean-Pierre Louvel.
### Niort
Dabo was again loaned to a Championnat National side on 29 August 2008. This time it was Niort. He made his debut against Cherbourg in a 3--3 draw on 12 September, coming on in the 46th minute for Romain Jacuzzi. He had a rough time for the next few months with a combination of playing more on the wing while dealing with a foot injury and then eventually injuring his ankle and needing arthroscopic surgery to repair it. He finished the season with two goals and Niort were relegated.
### El Jadida {#el_jadida}
Despite scoring three goals (and one assist) in three matches for Le Havre\'s reserves at the start of the 2009--10 season, Dabo was not considered for Le Havre\'s senior team. On 14 December 2009, Difaa El Jadida signed the Malian forward on loan until the end of the season. He made his debut for DHJ on 13 February in an African Champions League match against OS Balantas, and scored twice in the return leg two weeks later. Dabo scored on his league debut for DHJ against FAR Rabat on 18 February 2010. At the end of the season, Dabo scored four league goals and four goals in the Champions League to total eight goals in seventeen matches for DHJ, who finished third. When combined with his goals for Le Havre\'s reserves, he scored eleven goals in twenty matches in 2009--10.
### Alahly Benghazi {#alahly_benghazi}
Dabo joined Al Ahly Benghazi of the Libyan Premier League in the summer of 2010 after leaving Le Havre. He scored on his debut against Al Hilal on 18 August.
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# Cheick Oumar Dabo
## Club career {#club_career}
### Clubs
He played for Konate then for Djoliba in Bamako, Mali\'s capital, Gençlerbirliği in the Süper Lig and then Bucheon SK in the K-League. He left Dubai Club, in the UAE League in the summer of 2006, and he joined Kabylie of Algerian Championnat National.
## International career {#international_career}
Dabo was in Mali\'s African Nations Cup Squad in 2002 (the year Mali hosted the tournament). He came on for Mali in the 79th minute for Mamadou Bagayoko in their 0--1 loss to Nigeria. Dabo\'s great play for Kabylie earned him a call up to the national team for their African Nations Cup Qualifier against Benin on 3 June 2007 and against Sierra Leone on 16 June 2007. Dabo started both matches.
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# Cheick Oumar Dabo
## International goals {#international_goals}
\# Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
---- ------------------ ---------------------------------- ---------- ------- -------- -----------------------------------
1 7 April 2001 Stade Modibo Keita, Bamako, Mali 3--0 Win WAFU Qualifier
2 3 November 2001 Stade du 26 Mars, Bamako, Mali 3--2 Win Amilcar Cabral Cup
3 5 November 2001 Stade Amari Daou, Ségou, Mali 2--0 Win Amilcar Cabral Cup
4 11 November 2001 Stade du 26 Mars, Bamako, Mali 2--1 Win Amilcar Cabral Cup 3rd place Game
: *Results list Mali\'s goal tally first.*\
**Cheick Oumar Dabo: International Goals**\
Dabo has scored 7 goals for Mali, these are the only ones I could find.
## Honors
- K-League All-Star: 2002, 2003
- Algerian Championnat National Top Scorer: 2006/07
- Algerian Championnat National Most Valuable Player: 2006/07
- Ligue 2 Champion: 2007/08 (only made 6 appearances)
## Additional Links {#additional_links}
- [~~Official Fan Site~~](https://web.archive.org/web/20070611101850/http://www.dabofanclub.com/) -- ~~Site dedicated to Dabo in English and French
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# Ap Lei Chau Bridge
**Ap Lei Chau Bridge** is a highway bridge in Hong Kong connecting the island of Ap Lei Chau (Aberdeen Island) to the community of Aberdeen on Hong Kong Island.
## First bridge {#first_bridge}
Started in April 1977 and completed in 1980, the first bridge had one lane of traffic in each direction. It is a double-cantilever, prestressed-concrete bridge, with a 115 m main span, two 60 m side spans, and associated ramps. Maunsell & Partners were the bridge consultants.
Peter Hines was the resident engineer of the bridge. During the construction, he realised that the pre-stressed cantilevers of the bridge would not meet in the centre, necessitating an \"emergency raise\".
## Second bridge {#second_bridge}
Construction of the twin Second Ap Lei Chau Bridge on the north side of the first bridge was started in May 1991 and completed in July 1994 to provide two traffic lanes in each direction. Both sides of the bridge have pavements for pedestrian use.
Legislators approved funding for the Second Ap Lei Chau Bridge on 1 May 1991. It opened on 28 July 1994. The first person to drive across it was Kwong Hon-sang, Director of Highways, officiating at the opening ceremony.
The two bridges are Ap Lei Chau\'s only *road* links with Hong Kong Island. There is a railway bridge, the Aberdeen Channel Bridge, opened on 28 December 2016 as part of the MTR\'s South Island line
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# Jacques-Louis Lions
**Jacques-Louis Lions** (`{{IPA|fr|ʒak lwi ljɔ̃ːs|lang}}`{=mediawiki}; 2 May 1928 -- 17 May 2001) was a French mathematician who made contributions to the theory of partial differential equations and to stochastic control, among other areas. He received the SIAM\'s John von Neumann Lecture prize in 1986 and numerous other distinctions. Lions is listed as an ISI highly cited researcher.
## Biography
Lions was born in Grasse in southern France. He attended École normale supérieure in Paris in 1947 after being part of the French Résistance in 1943 and 1944. Lions received his PhD under Laurent Schwartz. He became a professor of mathematics at the University of Nancy, the Faculty of Sciences of Paris, and the École Polytechnique.
In 1966 he sent an invitation to Gury Marchuk, the soviet mathematician to visit Paris. This was hand delivered by Général De Gaulle during his visit to Akademgorodok in June of that year.
He joined the prestigious Collège de France as well as the French Academy of Sciences in 1973. In 1979, he was appointed director of the Institut National de la Recherche en Informatique et Automatique (INRIA), where he taught and promoted the use of numerical simulations using finite elements integration. Throughout his career, Lions insisted on the use of mathematics in industry, with a particular involvement in the French space program, as well as in domains such as energy and the environment. This eventually led him to be appointed director of the Centre National d\'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) from 1984 to 1992.
Lions was elected President of the International Mathematical Union in 1991 and also received the Japan Prize and the Harvey Prize that same year. In 1992, the University of Houston awarded him an honorary doctoral degree. He was elected president of the French Academy of Sciences in 1996 and was also a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) and numerous other foreign academies.
He has left a considerable body of work, among this more than 400 scientific articles, 20 volumes of mathematics that were translated into English and Russian, and major contributions to several collective works, including the 4000 pages of the monumental *Mathematical analysis and numerical methods for science and technology* (in collaboration with Robert Dautray), as well as the *Handbook of numerical analysis* in 7 volumes (with Philippe G. Ciarlet).
His son Pierre-Louis Lions is also a well-known mathematician who was awarded a Fields Medal in 1994. Both father and son have received honorary doctorates from Heriot-Watt University in 1986 and 1995 respectively.
## Books
- with Enrico Magenes: *Problèmes aux limites non homogènes et applications.* 3 vols., 1968, 1970
- *Contrôle optimal de systèmes gouvernés par des équations aux dérivées partielles.* 1968
- with L. Cesari: *Quelques méthodes de résolution des problèmes aux limites non linéaires.* 1969
- with Robert Dautray: *Mathematical analysis and numerical methods for science and technology.* 9 vols., 1984/5; translated from *Analyse mathématique et calcul numérique pour le sciences et le techniques* by Ian Sneddon
- as editor with Philippe Ciarlet: *Handbook of numerical analysis.* 7 vols.
- with Alain Bensoussan, Papanicolaou: *Asymptotic analysis of periodic structures.* North Holland 1978
- with Roland Glowinski and Raymond Trémolières: *Numerical analysis of variational inequalities*, North Holland 1981 [2011 pbk edition](https://books.google.com/books?id=Pf4ed2mtbx4C)
-
-
- with John E. Lagnese: *Modelling Analysis and Control of Thin Plates
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# Yu Liang
**Yu Liang** (庾亮; 289 -- 14 February 340), courtesy name **Yuangui** (元規), formally **Marquess Wenkang of Duting** (都亭文康侯), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Jin dynasty who impressed many with his knowledge but whose inability to tolerate dissent and overly high evaluation of his own abilities led to the disastrous revolt of Su Jun, weakening Jin\'s military capability for years.
## Early career {#early_career}
When Yu Liang was young, he was known for his skills in rhetoric and knowledge in the Taoist philosophies of Laozi and Zhuang Zhou. When he was just 15, he was invited by Emperor Huai\'s regent Sima Yue the Prince of Donghai to be on his staff, but he declined, instead staying in Kuaiji Commandery (the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay) with his father Yu Chen (庾琛), the governor of Kuaiji.
After Sima Rui the Prince of Langye was posted to Jianye as the military commander of the area south of the Yangtze in August 307, he invited Yu Liang to serve on his staff, and during that time, he became impressed by Yu\'s abilities and solemn attitude, and he took Yu Liang\'s younger sister Yu Wenjun to be his son Sima Shao\'s wife. It was while in Sima Rui\'s service that Yu was created the Marquess of Duting. Later, after Sima Rui claimed the imperial title after Emperor Min\'s death in 318 (as Emperor Yuan), Yu, along with Wen Jiao, were friends and key advisors of Sima Shao, who became crown prince. After Emperor Yuan\'s death and succession by Crown Prince Shao (as Emperor Ming), Yu continued to be a key advisor, and was heavily involved in his planning against and subsequent defeat of the warlord Wang Dun\'s forces in 324. However, Yu declined all monetary awards and the title of the Duke of Yongchang.
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# Yu Liang
## The Su Jun Disturbance {#the_su_jun_disturbance}
As Emperor Ming neared death in 325, he entrusted his four-year-old son Crown Prince Yan, by Yu Liang\'s sister Empress Yu, to a number of high-level officials, including Yu, Sima Yang (司馬羕) the Prince of Xiyang, Wang Dao, Bian Kun (卞壼), Xi Jian, Lu Ye (陸瞱), and Wen Jiao. Initially, after he died in October that year and was succeeded by Crown Prince Yan (as Emperor Cheng), the officials were in charge together, but as Empress Dowager Yu became regent, Yu Liang became effectively the most powerful official in the administration. He changed from the lenient policies of Wang (who was prime minister during Emperor Ming\'s reign) to stricter applications of laws and regulations, which offended the officials accustomed to Wang\'s lenience. Further, he became apprehensive of the generals Tao Kan and Zu Yue -- neither of whom was mentioned in the list of honors and promotions announced by Emperor Ming\'s will and believed that Yu had erased their names from the will -- and Su Jun, who had allowed many criminals to join his army. In 326, he alienated public opinion by falsely accusing Sima Yang\'s brother Sima Zong (司馬宗) the Prince of Nandun of treason and killing him and demoting Sima Yang to Prince of Yiyang County (弋阳县王).
In 327, apprehensive of Su\'s ambitions, Yu became intent on stripping him of his military command, and he promoted Su to the post of minister of agriculture in order to do so. Su refused and rebelled, in alliance with Zu. Yu, initially believing that he could defeat Su easily, declined assistance from provincial officials, including Wen\'s Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi) forces, but instead Su quickly descended on the capital Jiankang (name changed from Jianye due to naming taboo of Emperor Min\'s name) and captured it in early 328, taking Emperor Cheng and Empress Dowager Yu and forcing Yu Liang to flee to Wen.
Yu and Wen quickly prepared their forces for a counterattack against Su. They invited Tao to join them, and Tao, initially refusing because of his residual anger against Yu, eventually accepted, but as Tao\'s forces were about to arrive, a rumor spread that Tao was going to kill Yu. Yu, hearing the rumor, decided to greet Tao and prostrate himself, apologizing for his errors. Tao\'s anger dissipated, and they joined forces, killing Su in battle in late 328 and defeating the remnants of his forces in early 329.
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# Yu Liang
## After Su Jun\'s defeat {#after_su_juns_defeat}
Initially, Yu tendered many resignations to his nephew, the emperor. Wang Dao, as regent, turned those resignations down in the emperor\'s name. Instead, Yu was commissioned as the governor of Yu Province (豫州, by that point referring to modern central Anhui). After Tao\'s death in July 334, Yu succeeded him as the governor of Jing (荊州, modern Hubei and Hunan); he was posted to Wuchang (武昌, modern Ezhou, Hubei), Yu, and Jiang Provinces and the military commander of the western provinces. Even though he was not in control of the government, he continued to have great influence from his post as the emperor\'s uncle.
In 338, angry at what he saw as Wang\'s overly lenient attitude and not sufficiently grooming Emperor Cheng to rule, Yu tried to convince Xi to join him in an effort to depose Wang, but Xi refused, and Yu never carried out his plans. Instead, in 339, he planned a major attack north against Later Zhao. However, after opposition from Xi and Cai Mo, Emperor Cheng ordered Yu to stop his plans. After Wang died later in September that year, the government came under the control of Wang\'s assistant He Chong and Yu Liang\'s brother Yu Bing, and Yu Liang resumed his battle preparations. This drew a response from Later Zhao\'s emperor Shi Hu, who attacked several major cities and bases on the Jin-Zhao border, inflicting heavy losses and capturing Zhucheng (邾城, in modern Huanggang, Hubei) before withdrawing. Yu, humiliated, offered to have himself demoted, and while Emperor Cheng refused, he became distressed and died on the first day of the lunar new year in 340. His brother Yu Yi inherited his military offices after his death
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# Darina (singer)
**Darina Márquez Uribe** (Pachuca, Hidalgo; born 28 July 1980) known as **Darina**, is a Mexican singer-songwriter, record producer, politician, activist, voice actress and former professional soccer player; after her professional debut in 1996 as a radio host and frontwoman in a rock band in 1996, she was named as the first-place winner on the interactive reality show *Operación Triunfo México* on November 10, 2002; becoming the first winner ever of a singing competition television series in LatinAmerica.
She has been working with multiple mass media companies including The Walt Disney Company, Televisa, NBC, Endemol and Fox Sports among others; Darina also provided the main soundtracks for different television series including *Velo de Novia* and *Big Brother 2* in Mexico. She was finalist at the *Worldbest International Contest* in Cannes, France in 2004, representing her country and performing alongside others singers like Phil Collins and Lionel Richie.
On the other hand, before she became an artist, Darina was a founding member of the Women\'s Pachuca Football Club in 1994; besides, she was a candidate for the Mexican Senate of the Republic in 2018, and a candidate for the city council of Pachuca in 2020.
## Career
### 1994--2001: Early life and professional debut {#early_life_and_professional_debut}
Darina was born in Hidalgo, Pachuca, Mexico. She has an older brother, Jorge; they were raised by their mother. From 1994 to 2002, Darina was a professional soccer player and founding member of the women\'s soccer club \"Tuzas del Pachuca\"; she also co-captained the Mexico women\'s national soccer team during the mid-90s. In 1996, Darina began working in the music industry as a soloist. She later worked at a radio station in Mexico; on the other hand, she was the founding member of the rock band Sol & Luna, in 1996; at the time, Darina attended National Institute of Fine Arts and Literature in Mexico city. In 2001, she began studying on the University of Pachuca; at the time she auditioned for *Operación Triunfo México*.
### 2002--present: Operación Triunfo, breakthrough, Cannes and resurgence {#present_operación_triunfo_breakthrough_cannes_and_resurgence}
In 2002, after several auditions, Darina was selected to join the reality musical contest *Operación Triunfo*, for which, she won the first place of that reality show, becoming the first winner of a singing competition television series in LatinAmerica; immediately, she signed to Universal Music Group and released her second album *Darina* in 2003, which was certified Double Platinum; her eponymous album was recorded in Madrid and México city with the collaboration of David Bisbal, Mario Domm, Sabo Romo and Áureo Baqueiro.
Her first single *De corazón a corazón* was the principal theme of the soap opera *Velo de Novia* by Juan Osorio. In 2004 she went to France, to being part of *World Best*, another reality show, representing Mexico, but she won 4th place with 66 points. Recently, she has been working on her second album, which is planned to be released in 2008. Last year she had a few presentations in Canada, singing in local bars and clubs. Nowadays she performs in Mexico. In 2008, she released her album, *Hoy Como Ayer*. The album was produced by Vladimir Arredondo, and it was recorded in Mexico City. The first single \"Cansada\" was originally released in 2008, and later re-released worldwide in 2010.
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# Darina (singer)
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| Year | **Album title** | **Tracklist** | Album details |
+======+===================================+========================================+=========================================+
| 2002 | *Mis Exitos En Operación Triunfo* | \"Suerte\"\ | \* Label: Sony BMG, Ariola, Vale Music\ |
| | | \"Lucha de Gigantes\"\ | \* Formats: Compact Disc, cassette |
| | | \"El Duelo\"\ | |
| | | \"Inevitable\"\ | |
| | | \"Hacer el Amor con Otro\"\"\ | |
| | | \"Sexy Dance\"\ | |
| | | \"Mujer contra Mujer\"\ | |
| | | \"Aserejé\"\ | |
| | | \"A Puro Dolor\"\ | |
| | | \"Te Ámo\"\ | |
| | | \"Adoro/Con La Misma Piedra\"\ | |
| | | \"Todo ó Nada\"\ | |
| | | \"De Mi Enamorate\"\ | |
| | | \"Amor en Silencio\"\ | |
| | | \"Un Mundo Raro\"\ | |
| | | \"I´m So Excited\" | |
+------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| 2003 | *DARINA* | \"Déjame Conmigo\"\ | \* Label: Universal Music Group\ |
| | | \"De Corazón A Corazón (Inevitable)\"\ | \* Formats: Compact Disc, cassette |
| | | \"Crecer\"\ | |
| | | \"Como Tú Conmigo\"\ | |
| | | \"Libertad Condicional\"\ | |
| | | \"Tú y Yo\"\ | |
| | | \"Nunca Me Olvides\"\ | |
| | | \"No Bastó\"\ | |
| | | \"No es Solución\"\ | |
| | | \"Sola\" | |
+------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| 2008 | *Hoy como Ayer* | \"Cansada\"\ | \* Label: (Dara Prod.), Tr3s Music\ |
| | | \"Al Demonio Tú\"\ | \* Formats: CD, cassette |
| | | \"Contigo\"\ | |
| | | \"Para Quien\"\ | |
| | | \"Nada Fácil\"\ | |
| | | \"Hoy como Ayer\"\ | |
| | | \"Natural\"\ | |
| | | \"Acortando La Distancia\"\ | |
| | | \"Si Te Vás\"\ | |
| | | \"Ahora No\"\ | |
| | | \"Mi Angel, mi Diable\" | |
+------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| 2019 | *Libertad* | \"Librtad\"\ | \* Label: Dara Productions\ |
| | | \"Sin Coincidir\"\ | \* Formats: Digital Download, CD |
| | | \"Ángel\"\ | |
| | | \"Como Olvidar\"\ | |
| | | \"No Sé\"\ | |
| | | \"Ámarte Así\"\ | |
| | | \"Si Una Véz\"\ | |
| | | \"No Sé (Latin Reprise)\"\ | |
| | | \"Stay (Tove Lo cover)\" | |
+------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| 2020 | *Acústico \'04 En Vivo* | | \* Label: (Dara Prod.)\ |
| | | | \* Formats: CD, digital download |
+------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+
### Singles discography {#singles_discography}
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+-------+-----+-----+
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | | |
+=====================================================================================+======+======================+=======+=====+=====+
| US | US\ | US\ | US\ | ARG | MEX |
| | AC | R&B\ | Latin | | |
| | | /HH | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------+-------+-----+-----+
| \"---\" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory
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# Ambos Camarines
Camarines Norte\
{{·}} Camarines Sur\
{{·}} Albay\
De facto{{·}} }}
**Ambos Camarines** (*ambos*, meaning \"both\"; commonly known as **Camarines**), officially the **Province of Ambos Camarines**, was a historical province in the Philippines found on the northern end of the Bicol Peninsula. It now exists as two separate provinces---Camarines Norte (North) and Camarines Sur (South).
The province was founded in 1579 and was split into two, Camarines Norte and Sur in 1829. They were reunited under the province Ambos Camarines in 1854, but was separated again after three years. In 1893, they were reunited until March 10, 1917, when Act No. 2711 formed most of the present-day provinces, including Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.
## History
### Creation
In 1569, Luis Enríquez de Guzmán, with Augustinian friar Alonzo Jiménez, reached the present town of Camalig, which was a former *ranchería*. They found the townsfolk living in thatched houses called *kamaligs* (rice granaries). Andrez de Ibarra, while in search of provisions, followed the route taken by de Guzmán and reached Kalilingo and Búa (the present towns of Bato and Nabua) in 1570.
In 1573, Miguel López de Legazpi dispatched his grandson Juan de Salcedo to explore the region as far as Paracale in search of gold and other precious stones. A year later, Salcedo cruised the Bicol River and reached Bato Lake. Hence, the first recorded account of the discovery of the place.
In 1574, at the height of the Spanish colonization of the islands, Governor-General Guido de Lavezaris mentioned in his letter to the King of Spain, the land of *Los Camarines* -- apparently referring to the area of what is now Camalig, Albay. It is a place where rice storehouses and granaries or *camarin* abound. Thus, the name \"Camarines\" was coined and somehow stuck. Spanish colonizers later denominated the area into two distinct regions.
Later, a Spanish garrison under Captain Pedro de Chávez was set up in present-day Naga, a prosperous *ranchería*. In 1575, de Guzmán founded the City of Nueva Cáceres (present-day city of Naga) named after the birthplace of Governor-General Francisco de Sande in Cáceres, Spain.
On May 27, 1579, Governor-General de Sande issued a decree which led to the establishment of a settlement in Camarines where Spanish colonists were urged to reside.
In 1636, Ibalon was split into two: Partido de Ibalon (comprising what is now Albay, Catanduanes, Sorsogon, Masbate, and the islands of Ticao and Burias) and Partido de Camarines (all towns north of present-day Camalig, Albay). By the end of the 1700s, Camarines had 19,686 native families and 154 Spanish Filipino families.
### Ambos Camarines {#ambos_camarines}
Partido de Camarines was further divided into Camarines Sur and Norte in 1829. From 1864 until 1893, Camarines Norte and Sur (collectively called Ambos Camarines) underwent a series of confusing geo-political division, fusion, re-division, and re-fusion, until in 1919 when the first Philippine Legislature finally separated Norte and Sur into two provinces. Camarines Norte\'s capital is Daet while Camarines Sur\'s capital town was Naga, the city once called \"Nueva Cáceres\" -- namesake of a province in Spain and among the original five royal cities of the colony.
The Philippine Revolution started in Ambos Camarines on September 17, 1898, when Elías Ángeles and Félix Plazo, Filipino corporals in the Spanish Army, sided with revolutionists and fought the local Spanish forces. With the arrival of General Vicente Lucbán, the revolutionary government in Bicol was established.
American forces occupied the Bicol Peninsula in January 1900. In March of the same year, General John M. Bell was made military governor of Southern Luzon. Civil government was finally established in Ambos Camarines in April 1901.
In March 1919, the Philippine Legislature issued an Act authorizing the Governor General to partition the province into Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur.
On April 15, 1920, Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte was created from Ambos Camarines.
### Present
Naga City was the capital of Camarines Sur until June 6, 1955, when Pili, the adjoining town, was declared the Provincial Capital by virtue of R. A. 1336. The province celebrated its foundation anniversary, the 419th, for the very first time on May 27, 1998
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# Süleyman Seba
**Süleyman Seba** (*Шәлиман Цыба*; 5 April 1926 -- 13 August 2014) was a Turkish football player of Abkhazian origin and was the longest presiding chairman of the Istanbul-based multisports club Beşiktaş. He was also an intelligence officer for National Intelligence Organization (Turkey) in the mission of countering communism.
Süleyman Seba is one of the two honorary presidents of Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü, along with Hakkı Yeten.
## Biography
### Early life {#early_life}
Süleyman Seba (Abkhaz name Tsiba) was born on 5 April 1926 in Soğuksulu, a village in the Sakarya Province of Turkey. Seba family moved to Akaretler district in Beşiktaş, Istanbul, when Süleyman Seba was five or six years old. Although most sources say that Seba attended the prestigious Galatasaray High School in the Beyoğlu district for a while, some other sources say that this was just a plan. After finishing elementary school in Beşiktaş in 1938, Seba went to Kabataş High School on the Bosphorus, another prestigious historic Turkish high school, in the Beşiktaş district. He selected this school due to its proximity to the training fields of the local football club Beşiktaş
Seba later enrolled in Mimar Sinan University\'s Faculty of Literature to study French philology, but because of his football career he never graduated. He also tried to obtain a degree in geography but he couldn\'t attend the exams when Beşiktaş was invited to play some friendlies in the United States.
### Football player {#football_player}
Seba started to play football in the Kabataş High School team. The promising player was soon discovered by the local football club Beşiktaş and admitted to its junior team. With his contribution, the junior team became the champions of that season, and Seba was promoted to the rank of team captain a short time later. In 1946, he was called to become a member of the A-team.
Seba scored 19 Istanbul Football League goals in 70 matches between 1946 and 1953. He also played in 17 Milli Küme Şampiyonası matches and scored three goals. He won one Turkish title at the end of his first professional season for Beşiktaş in 1947. He also won three Istanbul titles. In 1950, Süleyman Seba joined the Beşiktaş squad that went to the US to play some friendly matches. They played against American Soccer League all-stars, some regional all-star teams and Manchester United. It is rumoured that Manchester United wanted to sign Seba after the match.
Seba went down in Turkish football history when he scored the first ever goal at the BJK İnönü Stadium against the Swedish side AIK during the inaugural match of the venue in 1947. The match was played as the first match of AIK\'s tour in Turkey. Seba scored the first goal in the stadium on the 40th minute. In one of his last interviews, he described the goal, saying: \"Faruk \[Sağnak\] kicked the ball from the left side to me. Then, I stopped the ball. Presumably, I faked two footballers and I scored the goal like that\". AIK won that match 3--2.
In 1954, he was forced to retire from his career as a footballer due to a meniscus injury. During his entire professional career, he played only for Beşiktaş.
### International career {#international_career}
Seba was never called up to the Turkey national team; however, he was given the opportunity to play for Turkey national under-21 football team. Initially, Turkish Football Federation gave Beşiktaş (then-champions of Istanbul Football League) the permission to represent the Turkish side in the Turkey\'s last match in the East Mediterranean Cup 1950--1953 against Greece national football team. Although the squad was strengthened by some additions from Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş obtained the right to use the Turkish flag in their emblem, and it is still being used by the club today.
Süleyman Seba was among the players who were selected to play against Greece. On 16 May 1952, he played his first and only game where Turkey lost 0--1.
### Career after retiring from football {#career_after_retiring_from_football}
There is not much information on Seba\'s years after retiring from active sports. However, it is known that he served for some time in the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (MIT) and rose to the rank of colonel.
| 701 |
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| 0 |
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# Süleyman Seba
## Biography
### Club president {#club_president}
In 1957, Seba became an active member of Beşiktaş.
Six years later, in 1963, he became a member of the club\'s Presidential Council.
In 1984, Seba took the helm of the club, gaining more votes in the presidential election than Mehmet Üstünkaya, who was the club president between 1981 and 1984. The election was held on April 1, 1984. Seba got the support of 403 members whereas Üstünkaya obtained the support of 338 members. During this election Seba received the support of the all-time Beşiktaş legend \"Baba\" (Father) Hakkı Yeten.
In his first full season, he hired Branko Stanković as the new manager of the team, tried to solve the debt issues of the clubs, and started to invest in club\'s facilities. Beşiktaş lost the league championship on goal difference but Seba decided to continue with Stanković. In January 1986, Beşiktaş won the Fleet Cup, which was the first official trophy that was won during the Seba presidency. On 23 February 1986, Seba was elected again and his second term started. At the end of 1985--86 season, Stanković\'s Beşiktaş won the Turkish Super League championship on goal difference. The championship was won for the first time in four years. Beşiktaş closed the season by winning the Presidential Cup as well.
During Seba\'s era, Beşiktaş became the dominant team in Turkey, and in the 1986--1987 season reached the quarter-finals of the European Champion Clubs\' Cup (known as the UEFA Champions League today), but lost to Dynamo Kyiv. When Seba brought in British coach Gordon Milne, no one knew that Beşiktaş was set for years of dominance in the Turkish Super League. With a strong team of young players like \"Atom Karınca\" (Atom Ant) Rıza Çalımbay (team captain), Feyyaz Uçar, \"Sarı Fırtına\" (Blonde Storm) Metin Tekin, Ali Gültiken, Gökhan Keskin, Mehmet Özdilek and Sergen Yalçın, Beşiktaş won three League titles in a row between 1989 and 1992. Beşiktaş later became the League Champions in 1994--1995, but then went on for years to finish behind Fatih Terim\'s Galatasaray.
Seba went on for a 16-year presidency as club chairman of Beşiktaş. He worked with several world famous trainers like Christoph Daum, John Benjamin Toshack, and Karl Heinz Feldkamp. In 1998, he was elected as the chairman one more time and he announced that this was going to his final term. He was elected as the honorary chairman in the next financial congress in February 2000. Although he declared his support for Hasan Arat in the next chairman elections, Serdar Bilgili was elected on 27 March 2000 and became his successor.
During his retirement, the honorary chairman Seba was one of the most respected figures of Beşiktaş, which became a financially strong club thanks to his efforts -- far stronger than the practically bankrupt club which he took over in 1984.
## Death
Seba died on August 13, 2014. He was laid to rest at the Feriköy Cemetery, Istanbul.
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| 1 |
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# Süleyman Seba
## Honours
The famous historic avenue in the Akaretler quarter of Beşiktaş, where the club\'s HQ is located, has been renamed as Süleyman Seba Avenue in his honour.
The 2014--15 season of the Süper Lig, which began less than a month after Seba\'s death, was officially dedicated to him by the Turkish Football Federation
| 57 |
Süleyman Seba
| 2 |
3,735,529 |
# Postal orders of the South African Republic
The **South African Republic\'s postal orders** were introduced on 1 January 1898, which was also the date that the *South African Postal Union Convention* came into effect.
The postal orders are inscribed in Dutch.
Issued postal orders do not have counterfoils attached, as the counterfoils were kept by the post office for recording purposes. Any postal orders with counterfoils still attached are from books souvenired after the post office was captured during the Second Boer War.
## Denomination Chart {#denomination_chart}
Catalogue number Denomination *Commissie* Colour
------------------ --------------------------- ------------- ----------------
PS701 1 Shilling 1 Penny Black
\-\-- 1 Shilling and Sixpence 1 Penny Bright Blue
PS702 2 Shillings and Sixpence 1 Penny Bistre-brown
PS703 5 Shillings 1 Penny Olive-green
PS704 7 Shillings and Sixpence 2 Pence Yellow-orange
PS705 10 Shillings 2 Pence Turquoise-blue
PS706 12 Shillings and Sixpence 3 Pence Brown-red
PS707 15 Shillings 3 Pence Deep blue
PS708 17 Shillings and Sixpence 3 Pence Red-orange
PS709 20 Shillings 3 Pence Reddish-purple
## Currency issues (1900) {#currency_issues_1900}
The South African Republic was the first country, along with the Orange Free State, to declare postal orders to be legal tender as an emergency currency. All denominations, except the 1/6, were allowed to circulate. This was done to save on both paper and labour
| 219 |
Postal orders of the South African Republic
| 0 |
3,735,537 |
# Aconitum anthora
***Aconitum anthora***, variously known as **anthora**, **yellow monkshood**, or **healing wolfsbane**, is a yellow flowering plant species of the genus *Aconitum* in the family Ranunculaceae.
Its native range is widespread, but mainly in European mountains, such as the Alps and the Carpathians, and the northern parts of Asia. Like all *Aconitum* species, it has great variability, due to isolation and hybridisation. Because of this polymorphism, *A. anthora* is included in the *Aconitum vulparia* group. It flowers from July to September.
The name *anthora* or \"against thora\" stems from the historic reputation that the plant\'s tuberous root was a good antidote to poisons from \'thora\' or *Doronicum pardalianches*, a plant that is extremely toxic to livestock and humans, with even small doses being potentially deadly.
The root contains a large amount of volatile salt and essential oil, while the foliage and stems contain diterpenoid alkaloids. It has been used externally against rheumatism and deep pain, but it can irritate the skin. Internally, it has been used for weak pulse, vegetable poisons (shoot), feverish colds, pneumonia, croup, heart conditions, and cardiac arrest.
## Synonyms
- *Aconitum pseudanthora* Blocki ex Pacz.
- *Aconitum eulophum* Rchb.
- *Aconitum jacquinii* Rchb.
- *Aconitum nemorosum* M.Bieb
| 203 |
Aconitum anthora
| 0 |
3,735,544 |
# Oregon Route 62
**Oregon Route 62** is an Oregon state highway that runs between the city of Medford, and U.S. Route 97 between Chiloquin and Klamath Falls. The highway approaches Crater Lake National Park from the south, and is known as the **Crater Lake Highway**. While the highway is signed east-to-west, it is in reality shaped somewhat like a horseshoe; heading north-northeast from Medford, turning east as it approaches the park, and then turning south-southeast as it approaches Klamath Falls. Oregon Route 140 intersects with OR 62 in White City and Oregon Route 66 (which runs directly between Ashland and Klamath Falls). These are more direct routes between Medford and Klamath Falls. Route 62 comprises a portion of the Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway.
## Route description {#route_description}
Oregon Route 62 begins (at its \"western\" terminus) at an intersection with Oregon Route 99 and Oregon Route 238 just north of downtown Medford. The highway heads north, crosses and intersects with Interstate 5, and continues north as an expressway. About 6 mi north of Medford, the highway passes through White City, where it intersects with OR 140. It then heads into the Cascade foothills, intersecting with Oregon Routes 234 and 227. As it approaches the park, the highway starts heading in a more easterly direction. Just short of the park, in the community of Union Creek, the highway intersects with Oregon Route 230, which provides a north--south bypass of Crater Lake.
After the intersection with OR 230, the highway turns east. Eight miles east of Union Creek, the highway enters Crater Lake National Park, and runs through the park for 18 mi. OR 62 does not get close to the lake itself; an access road midway through the park provides a route to the rim of the lake. After the access road, the highway turns south.
West of the city of Chiloquin, the highway intersects Oregon Route 422, which provides access to Chiloquin (and US 97 northbound), and the Modoc Point Highway, which provides access to Agency Lake. South of Chiloquin, Oregon Route 62 ends at an intersection with U.S. Route 97. U.S. 97 continues south to Klamath Falls.
Oregon Route 62 is 83 mi in length.
## History
A section of Route 62 between Medford and White City was moved to a new, four-lane freeway in May 2019. The 4.5 mi Rogue Valley Expressway cost \$120 million and began construction in May 2016. A future expansion would connect it with Interstate 5 and Eagle Point.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
: *Note: mileposts do not reflect actual mileage due to realignments
| 430 |
Oregon Route 62
| 0 |
3,735,548 |
# Oroso
**Oroso** is a municipality of northwestern Spain in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia. It belongs to the comarca of Ordes
| 28 |
Oroso
| 0 |
3,735,576 |
# Vladislav, Duke of Croatia
**Ladasclavus**, transliterated as **Vladislav** or **Ladislas** (`{{floruit}}`{=mediawiki} 821) was a duke of the medieval duchy of Croatia. In sources he is mentioned as the Duke of Dalmatia and Liburnia (*dux Dalmatiae atque Liburnae*), having succeeded his uncle Borna, a Frankish vassal. He is mentioned only in the 9th-century *Royal Frankish Annals*, regarding year 821. Borna had died between January and October 821, during a war against Frankish rebel Ljudevit, Duke of Pannonian Croatia. Borna\'s nephew (by his sister) Vladislav succeeded him, by the people\'s will and emperor\'s approval. Vladislav ruled from Nin as a loyal vassal of the Frankish Emperor Lothair I. In historiography, his realm has been referred to as Dalmatian Croatia or Littoral Croatia, where he was succeeded by Duke Mislav
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Vladislav, Duke of Croatia
| 0 |
3,735,578 |
# Pavel Palazhchenko
**Pavel Palazhchenko** *or* **Palazchenko** (*Па́вел Русла́нович Пала́жченко*, born 17 March 1949) is a former high-level Soviet conference interpreter who was the chief English interpreter for Mikhail Gorbachev and Soviet foreign minister Eduard Shevardnadze from 1985 and 1991.
## Biography
### Personal
Palazhchenko was born on 17 March 1949 in Monino, Moscow Oblast, Russia. He graduated from the Maurice Thorez Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages (Moscow State Linguistic University) in 1972.
### Interpreter
As one of the leading interpreters of his time, Palazhchenko participated in all US-Soviet summit talks leading to the end of the Cold War. He is the author of a personal and political memoir, *My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter*.
In 1997, he helped Larry Ray arranged a New York City Hall meeting between Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and Gorbachev, after he had become friends with Ray. Years later, Ray was convicted of sex trafficking, extortion, forced labor, conspiracy, money laundering, and other offenses, and sentenced to 60 years in prison.
### Writer
Palazhchenko also wrote the *Moi Nesistematichesky Slovar* or *My Unsystematic Dictionary* which was published in Russia by R. Valent publications in May 2002. The 300-page Russian-English dictionary provides information, insight and cultural observation on the linguistic twists and turns that lie between the English and Russian languages; and was a sequel to Palazhchenko's other work: the English-Russian dictionary published in 1999. The 1999 English-Russian dictionary dealt with trends in the political, diplomatic and journalistic usage in the English language.
In 2005, the third book of this series, *Unsystematic Dictionary-2005* was published.
### Associate
After becoming a long-time associate and aide to Mikhail Gorbachev for several years, Palazhchenko eventually became the head of the International Department of the International Non-governmental Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies (or The Gorbachev Foundation), where he also functioned as an analyst, spokesperson, interpreter and translator
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Pavel Palazhchenko
| 0 |
3,735,591 |
# The Divine Canary
***The Divine Canary*** (Dutch: *De Goddelijke Kanarie*) is a Dutch language book written by August Willemsen, which describes the history of football in Brazil. It was published in 1994, just before the 1994 FIFA World Cup, a tournament won by Brazil.
## Summary
The book opens with the quotation from Brazilian novelist Roberto Drummond "Our Father, who art in Heaven, let all Women of this world abandon this Sinner, but do not allow, my Lord, that Cruzeiro scores the equalizing goal.". August Willemsen, a professional translator of Portuguese, writes about the history of soccer in Brazil, not only in terms of games and statistics, but as the quotation shows, also about how it is experienced by Brazilian fans: simultaneously a feeling of joy, and of torture, and about the sometimes supernatural role of soccer in Brazilian society.
## Content
Willemsen describes in the various chapters the clubs (started by European immigrants, initially as a trendy English game for the wealthy), the players (called \"the Canaries\") and the fans, who are called "the tortured" (Portuguese: "torcedor"). Meanwhile, it presents an overview of the Brazilian soccer, which has so impressed the world in the years 1958-1970, i.e. the years with Pelé, but not only him. After the book was published, Brazil won the World Cup, which began the second period of Brazilian soccer supremacy (1994--present).
The book has a picture of the graffity after Garrincha\'s death: *Obrigado, Garrincha, por você ter vivido* (\"Thanks, Garrincha, for having lived\").
## Thoughts regarding the title {#thoughts_regarding_the_title}
During the 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil played at home, and lost the final in its Maracanã-stadium to Uruguay. This "fateful final" was a traumatic experience for a whole generation of Brazilians. The 1950 team played in white jerseys. After this traumatic final, the color of the jerseys of the national team were changed to yellow (in exceptional cases they play in blue, as for example in the final against Sweden in 1958). Since playing in yellow the team is affectionately called "the Canaries".
The title of the book, *The Divine Canary*, consists of the nickname for the players, combined with "divine", indicating the status of soccer players in Brazilian society. Also the title shows a subtle association with *The Divine Comedy* of Dante: a combination of hell, fire and heaven.
## Importance of the book {#importance_of_the_book}
The book was published just prior to the 1994 FIFA World Cup, which Brazil would eventually win. The championship triggered a worldwide revival of interest in Brazilian soccer. In the Netherlands soccer fans consulted the book to learn as much as possible about Brazilian soccer. Many people, born after 1970, suddenly became Brazil experts. Sport reporters could quote the offensive line-up of 1958 by heart: (Garrincha, Didi, Vavá, Pelé, Zagallo).
When a new right-wing player joined soccer club Ajax Amsterdam, a club-manager made the dubious comment: "he reminds me of Garrincha" (possibly due to his need for alcohol?). In Dutch everyday language, soccer fans have generally adopted the name "Divine Canaries" for the Brazilian soccer team
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# Thursday at the Square
***Thursday at the Square*** was a free weekly concert series held annually from May through August at Lafayette Square in Buffalo, New York.
## History
The first year of the series was held in downtown Buffalo at the corner of Main and Chippewa. Beginning in 1986 the series was held in Buffalo\'s Lafayette Square. It was originally called *Thursday in the Park* until a name change in 1994. It grew from a casual showcase of local talent to a professional display of both local and national music acts. Buffalo Place sponsored the concert series that ran every summer from May until September. Every Thursday Lafayette Square was transformed, bringing citizens from nearby suburbs into the city. Several nearby business and bars capitalized on Thursday at the Square, taking advantage of the increased foot traffic.
Since its inception all concerts were free to the public. Coolers and drinks were not allowed to be brought onto the premises, as the concessions are what kept the concerts free.
Buffalo Place also annually promoted two other free weekend concerts. \"Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor\" featured Saturday and Sunday concerts during one weekend each year starting in 1998 and was held in Buffalo\'s Erie Basin Marina. \"Buffalo Bike Blast\" featured Saturday and Sunday concerts during one weekend each year from 2003 to 2005, and was held at Buffalo\'s Niagara Square. That concert series was put on temporary hiatus in 2006.
In 2020, there were no concerts due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but they resumed the next year.
## Performers
### 1991
- 6/13 - The Mamas & the Papas featuring John Phillips, MacKenzie Phillips, Spanky McFarlane and Scott McKenzie
- 6/20 - Billy McEwen & the Soul Invaders
- 6/27 - Sattalites
- 7/04 - (no show)
- 7/11 - Rocket 88
- 7/18 - Lance Diamond
- 7/25 - The Hurricanes
- 8/01 - Jamie Moses Band
- 8/08 - The Pine Dogs
- 8/15 - The Ravens featuring Barbara St. Clair
- 8/22 - Emory Nash
- 8/29 - Gamalon
- 9/05 - The Road
### 1992 {#section_1}
- 6/04 - The Guess Who
- 6/11 -
- 6/18 - Billy McEwen & the Soul Invaders
- 6/25 - John & Mary
- 7/02 - Hopping Penguins
- 7/09 - Them Jazzbeards
- 7/16 -
- 7/23 - J.C. Thompson Band
- 7/30 - The Fibs
- 8/06 -
- 8/13 - The French Ticklers
- 8/20 - Joyryde
- 8/27 - Sattalites
### 1993 {#section_2}
- 6/03 - Sattalites
- 6/10 - Pulse with Butch Rolle, Unity Band with Cynthia Moore and Lisa Rushton
- 6/17 -
- 6/24 - Goo Goo Dolls, Lance Diamond
- 7/01 - Bel-Vistas, Skaface, (or The Lowest of the Low?)
- 7/08 -
- 7/15 - One Drop Reggae
- 7/22 -
- 7/29 - Heat Handlers
- 8/05 - Where\'s Broadway, Outer Circle Orchestra
- 8/12 - Moxy Früvous, John & Mary
- 8/19 - Blue Rodeo, Crash Roosters
- 8/26 - Pat Shea & the Stone Country Band, Rick Smith
### 1994 {#section_3}
- 6/02 - Jamie Moses Band, Nik and the Nice Guys
- 6/09 - Big Happy Family, Johny Vegas
- 6/16 - Mr. Conrad & the Excellos, Billy McEwen & the Soul Invaders
- 6/23 - Pine Dogs, Skydiggers
- 6/30 - Tropical Explosion
- 7/07 - Crash Rooster, Tinsley Ellis
- 7/14 - McCarthyizm, The Waltons
- 7/21 - Dance or Die, Hypnotic Clambake
- 7/28 - The Need, Hall of Fame Band
- 8/04 -
- 8/11 - Wild Nik West, Stevie Ray Shannon
- 8/18 - Crumbs of Insanity, Pigfarm
- 8/25 -
### 1995 {#section_4}
- 6/01 - Billy McEwen & the Soul Invaders
- 6/08 - 10,000 Maniacs with John Lombardo and Mary Ramsey, [The Skeptics](https://www.skepticsongs.com)
- 6/15 - Otis Rama & the Shama Lama Nik Dongs, Outer Circle Orchestra
- 6/22 -
- 6/29 - Boss Street Band, Planet 9 with Kathy Moriarty
- 7/06 -
- 7/13 - Morganfields, Plaster Sandals
- 7/20 - Downchild Blues Band, Willie & the Reinhardts with Dave Constantino
- 7/27 - Coupe de Villes, Win, Lose or Draw Band
- 8/03 - Nullstadt, The Tails
- 8/10 -
- 8/17 - Marshall Badger Band, Willie May Blues Band
- 8/24 - Jim Yeomans Band, Dee Dee Tompkins
- 8/31 - Straight Forward, Bobby Militello Quartet
### 1996 {#section_5}
- 5/30 - Chuck Negron of Three Dog Night
- 6/06 - Spirit of the West, Philosopher Kings
- 6/13 - Veltri & Morgano Rhythm & Soul Revue, De\'Riff
- 6/20 - Jump Kings, Hit N\'Run
- 6/27 - LeeRon Zydeco & the Hot Tamales, J.C. Thompson Band
- 7/03 - (Wednesday) Willie and The Reinhardts play when John Cafferty and the Beaver Brown Band cancel, C.P.R. Band with the Perpetrators
- 7/11 - Buckwheat Zydeco, Gamalon
- 7/18 - Lance Diamond, Surfivors
- 7/25 - Universal Honey, Roadside Attractions
- 8/01 - Taylor Made Jazz, The Shaft
- 8/08 - Bobby Militello Quartet, Phil Sims & the Buffalo Brass Band
- 8/15 - All Stars of Southern Rock featuring the Tolar Brothers, Scott Carpenter & the Real McCoys
- 8/22 - Ominous Sea Pods, McCarthyizm
- 8/29 - The Sattalites, Billy McEwen & the Soul Invaders
| 882 |
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| 0 |
3,735,599 |
# Thursday at the Square
## Performers
### 1997 {#section_6}
- 5/29 - Boys of Summer, Big Wheelie & the Hubcaps
- 6/05 - Echo & the Bunnymen, Velour
- 6/12 - Electric Chick Magnets, C.O. Jones
- 6/19 - Plaster Sandals, McCarthyizm
- 6/26 - Chanka Chank Cajun Zydecko Band
- 7/03 - Barbara St. Clair & the Shadows
- 7/10 - Moxy Früvous
- 7/17 - Spirit of the West, Johnny Hart & the Jumpstarts
- 7/24 - The Be Bops, Gary Lewis & the Playboys
- 7/31 - Lance Diamond, Scott Carpenter & the Real McCoys
- 8/07 - Buffalo Swing, Michael Civisca
- 8/14 - Buckwheat Zydeco, Pine Dogs
- 8/21 - Only Humen, Billy McEwen & the Soul Invaders
- 8/28 - Coupe De Villes, Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown
### 1998 {#section_7}
- 5/28 - Switch, Flipside & the Legends of Rock-n-Roll
- 6/04 - Moxy Früvous, Skydiggers
- 6/11 - Mary Black, McCarthyizm
- 6/18 - Squeeze, Saw Doctors
- 6/25 - Molly Hatchet, N.Y. Rockn\' Rodeo Band
- 7/02 - Reggae Cowboys, Electric Bushmen
- 7/09 - The Grass Roots, Fat Brat
- 7/16 - Buckwheat Zydeco, Skin Tight Band
- 7/23 - Great Big Sea, Michael Oliver & Go Dog Go
- 7/30 - Billy McEwen & the Soul Invaders, Stone Bridge Band
- 8/06 - Lance Diamond, The Shadows with Barbara St. Clair
- 8/13 - Blue Rodeo, Scary Chicken
- 8/20 - Sass Jordan, Dolly Watchers
- 8/27 - Popa Chubby, Danny Lynn Wilson
### 1999 {#section_8}
- 5/27 - 54-40, Riley, By Divine Right
- 6/03 - The Flutie Brothers Band, R&B Revue
- 6/10 - Ron Hawkins and the Rusty Nails, The 7th Sons, Leon & The Forklifts
- 6/17 - Shawn Mullins, John Whelan
- 6/24 - Great Big Sea, Go Dog Go, Guster
- 7/01 - Lance Diamond, Wendell Rivera & The Latin Jazz All-Stars
- 7/08 - Paul Revere and the Raiders, Tom Stahl
- 7/15 - Kelly Willis, Steam Donkeys
- 7/22 - Billy McEwen & The Soul Invaders, Junction West
- 7/29 - Reverend Horton Heat, 53 Days, Irving Klaws
- 8/05 - The Marshall Tucker Band, Tommy Z
- 8/12 - Fighting Gravity, Bread Gone Wry, bag.
- 8/19 - Spirit of the West, Alison Pipitone, Universal Honey
- 8/26 - Spyro Gyra, Straight Forward
### 2000 {#section_9}
- 5/25 - Black 47, Jackdaw, Mudtown Rudy
- 6/01 - Tugboat Annie
- 6/08 - Moist, The Sheila Divine, OUI-73
- 6/15 - Robert Cray
- 6/22 - The Animals
- 6/29 - 54-40
- 7/06 - Blue Rodeo, Tara McLean, Alison Pipitone
- 7/13 - Kim Mitchell
- 7/20 - Burning Spear
- 7/27 - Sister Hazel The Pat McGee Band
- 8/03 - Leahy
- 8/10 - Billy McEwen, Stone Ridge, The Swillberries
- 8/13 - George Thorogood & The Destroyers - *Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor*
- 8/17 - Medeski Martin & Wood
- 8/24 - Bruce Cockburn, Willie Nile
- 8/31 - Lance Diamond, C.O. Jones
### 2001 {#section_10}
- 5/24 - The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, The Imports, Mexican Cession
- 5/31 - Andy Griggs, The Steam Donkeys
- 6/07 - Kim Mitchell, Urban Renewal Band, Willie and the Reinhardts
- 6/14 - Jeff Healey Band, The Tommy Z Blues Power Trio
- 6/17 - Slash\'s Snakepit - *Buffalo Niagara Guitar Festival*
- 6/21 - moe., DJ Logic
- 6/28 - English Beat, Femi Kuti
- 7/05 - Billy McEwen, Cruizin\' Deuces, The Stone Bridge Band
- 7/12 - David Wilcox, Alison Pipitone, Tom Stahl
- 7/19 - Bo Diddley, Animal Planet
- 7/26 - The Sheila Divine, The Push Stars, Crash Test Dummies
- 8/02 - Eddie Money, Rufus Maneuvers, The Swillberries
- 8/09 - Pat Benatar, Seven Day Faith, Blue Bullet Skater
- 8/16 - Great Big Sea, Jennifer Marie, Jackdaw
- 8/23 - Lance Diamond, C.O. Jones
- 8/30 - Donna the Buffalo, The Waz, Soulive
### 2002 {#section_11}
- 5/23 - Cowboy Junkies, Suzanne Vega
- 5/30 - Blood Sweat and Tears, with David Clayton-Thomas
- 6/06 - The Divine Comedy, Ben Kweller, Ben Folds
- 6/13 - The Tommy Z Band, Rik Emmett
- 6/20 - Mark Stanley Band, The Filter Kings, Marcia Ball
- 6/27 - Jackdaw, Spirit of the West
- 7/11 - Jazz Mandolin Project, Derek Trucks Band
- 7/18 - Original Skin, Bob Fera Band, The Smithereens
- 7/25 - Junction West, Average White Band
- 8/01 - One World Tribe, Maxi Priest
- 8/08 - Klear, Lake Trout, Cracker
- 8/15 - Don McLean, Tom Stahl & the Dangerfields, Leah Zicari
- 8/22 - Katie Miller, Redheaded Stepchild, They Might Be Giants When the final group (They Might Be Giants) was set to perform, the show was cancelled due to heavy rains.
- 8/24 - The Lowest of the Low, Universal Honey, McCarthyizm, Last Conservative - *Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor*
- 8/25 - Peter Frampton, The Billy McEwen Band, Animal Planet, The Stone Bridge Band - *Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor*
- 8/29 - CO Jones, [Lance Diamond](http://www.esiartists.com/lancediamond/)
### 2003 {#section_12}
- 5/29 - Living Colour, Antigone Rising, LP
- 6/05 - The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Voodoo Glow Skulls, Pietasters, Catch 22
- 6/12 - Kim Mitchell
- 6/19 - 54-40, Luther Wright and the Wrongs
- 6/26 - Default, Finger Eleven
- 7/03 - Gord Downie & the Country of Miracles, Hawksley Workman
- 7/10 - Government Mule play because Robert Randolph & the Family Band couldn\'t make it, Jeffrey Gaines
- 7/17 - They Might Be Giants
- 7/24 - Reel Big Fish, Gob, Zebrahead, The Matches
- 7/26 - The Tea Party - *Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor*
- 7/27 - Foreigner, David Wilcox, Tom Stahl & the Dangerfields, Willy and the Reinhardts - *Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor*
NOTE: Cancelled due to severe weather
- 7/31 - North Mississippi All Stars, David Wilcox
NOTE: David Wilcox performance was moved to 7/31 from originally scheduled date of 7/27. Flogging Molly was to have been the headliner, but their performance was moved to a nearby indoor venue (and a \$5 fee charged) to accommodate the switch of the \[David Wilcox\]concert.
- 8/07 - G. Love & Special Sauce
- 8/14 - Aimee Mann, Martin Sexton
- 8/21 - Max Creek
- 8/28 - April Wine, Honeymoon Suite
- 9/04 - Sarah Slean, Universal Honey
| 1,067 |
Thursday at the Square
| 1 |
3,735,599 |
# Thursday at the Square
## Performers
### 2004 {#section_13}
- 5/27 - Sam Roberts, The Clarks, Scott Celani
- 6/03 - Black 47, Blackie and the Rodeo Kings, Tom Stahl and the Dangerfields
- 6/10 - Fuel, Seven Day Faith, Magna-Fi
- 6/17 - Kim Mitchell, Anjulie, Agent Me
- 6/24 - Robert Randolph and the Family Band, The Tommy Z Band
- 7/01 - Blue Rodeo, Universal Honey, Old Sweethearts
- 7/08 - The Fabulous Thunderbirds, Willie & the Reinhardts
- 7/15 - Spirit of the West, Enter the Haggis, Andy Mac
- 7/22 - Leon Russell, Billy McEwen Band
- 7/29 - Arrested Development, Lazlo Hollyfeld
- 8/05 - Broken Social Scene, John Brown\'s Body (Sound Tribe Sector 9 was originally slated but cancelled and replaced with BSS)
- 8/12 - Vince Neil, Sanity, Last Days of Radio
- 8/19 - Gavin DeGraw, Toby Lightman, Marc Broussard
- 8/26 - Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes, Universal Grille
- 9/02 - Klear (featuring Robby Takac), Last Conservative, Juliet Dagger
### 2005 {#section_14}
- 5/26 - Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes, Gamalon
- 6/02 - Theory of a Deadman, Submersed
- 6/09 - Karl Denson\'s Tiny Universe, The Dears, Marjorie Fair, Jon Nicholson
- 6/16 - Howie Day, Stephen Kellogg and the Sixers
- 6/23 - Eric Burdon & The Animals, Cock Robin, Dollywatchers
- 6/30 - Little Feat, Stone Bridge Band
- 7/07 - Sarah Harmer, Hothouse Flowers, Maria Sebastian
- 7/14 - Dr. John, Leeron Zydeco & The Hot Tamales
- 7/21 - G. Love and Special Sauce, State Radio
- 7/22 - moe. - *Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor*
- 7/23 - Hootie & The Blowfish - *Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor*
- 7/28 - The Lowest of the Low, The Marble Index
- 8/04 - Lou Gramm, Willie Nile
- 8/11 - Great Big Sea, Stand
- 8/18 - John Waite, McCarthyizm
- 8/25 - The Sam Roberts Band, Matt Mays & El Torpedo
- 9/01 - Spin Doctors
### 2006 {#section_15}
- 5/25 - Big Bad Voodoo Daddy, BeArthur
- 6/01 - Smash Mouth, Army of Me, Agent Me
- 6/08 - Mike Doughty\'s Band, Stephen Kellogg and the Sixers
- 6/15 - Soulive, Bedouin Soundclash
- 6/22 - Blues Traveler, Carbon Leaf
- 6/29 - 54-40, The Trews
- 7/06 - India.Arie, Eric Crittenden, Lazlo Hollyfeld
- 7/13 - Jeff Martin, Burning Paris
- 7/20 - Shooter Jennings, The Brakes
- 7/27 - Robert Randolph and The Family Band, Drive-By Truckers (Aqualung and Lazlo Hollyfeld were replaced for unknown reasons)
- 7/29 - Buddy Guy, Kelley Hunt, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals - *Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor*
- 7/30 - Gov\'t Mule, David Gogo - *Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor*
- 8/03 - Violent Femmes, Stand, Mark Norris and the Backpeddlers
- 8/10 - Yonder Mountain String Band, Down To The Roots
- 8/17 - Donna the Buffalo, Tea Leaf Green
- 8/24 - Sloan, The Alison Pipitone Band, Johnny Nobody
- 8/31 - Eric Burdon and the Animals, Tom Stahl & the Dangerfields, The Ifs
### 2007 {#section_16}
- 5/31 - Umphrey\'s McGee, Tea Leaf Green
- 6/07 - Son Volt, Just Jinjer, Dali\'s Ghost
- 6/14 - Augustana, Army of Me, As Tall As Lions
- 6/21 - Violent Femmes, Mobile, theRev
- 6/28 - Joan Osborne, Will Hoge
- 7/05 - Sam Roberts Band, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals
- 7/12 - An evening with moe.
- 7/19 - Nickel Creek, Glen Phillips
- 7/26 - Old 97\'s, Yonder Mountain String Band
- 8/02 - John Butler Trio, Melissa Ferrick
- 8/09 - Keller Williams, Jonah Smith
- 8/16 - Soul Asylum, The Alternate Routes
- 8/23 - North Mississippi Allstars, The Wood Brothers
- 8/30 - The Dirty Dozen Brass Band, Benevento-Russo Duo
- 9/06 - The Romantics, Stephen Kellogg and the Sixers
- 9/13 - Anders Osborne, Charlie Hunter Trio
- 9/20 - Dropkick Murphys, Jackdaw
### 2008 {#section_17}
- 5/30 - Galactic, The New Deal
- 6/05 - The Disco Biscuits
- 6/12 - Yonder Mountain String Band
- 6/19 - David Sanborn Group, Gamalon
- 6/26 - Kevin S. McCarthy, Mike Doughty Duo
- 7/03 - Jakob Dylan and the Gold Mountain Rebels
- 7/10 - Jimmie Vaughan, JJ Grey & MOFRO
- 7/17 - Mickey Hart Band, Tea Leaf Green
- 7/24 - The Gin Blossoms, Common Kings, Dan Erickson
- 7/31 - Spirit of the West, Babik, Penny Whiskey
- 8/07 - Zappa plays Zappa, The Whigs
- 8/14 - Mike Gordon, Samantha Sollenwerth
- 8/15 - Great Big Sea - *Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor*
- 8/16 - Robert Cray Band, Keb\' Mo\' - *Buffalo Place Rocks the Harbor*
- 8/21 - Saliva, Klear
- 8/28 - Candlebox, Agent Me
- 9/04 - Big Head Todd and the Monsters, Indigenous
### 2009 {#section_18}
- 5/28 - Gomez, Steel Train, Alberta Cross
- 6/04 - The Disco Biscuits
- 6/11 - Robert Randolph & The Family Band, The Dana Fuchs Band
- 6/18 - Better Than Ezra, Tyrone Wells
- 6/25 - Los Lobos
- 7/02 - Zappa Plays Zappa
- 7/09 - Los Lonely Boys
- 7/16 - George Clinton & Parliament/Funkadelic
- 7/23 - Neko Case \*cancelled
- 7/30 - The Avett Brothers, Cornmeal
| 885 |
Thursday at the Square
| 2 |
3,735,599 |
# Thursday at the Square
## Performers
### 2010 {#section_19}
- 6/10 - Alejandro Escovedo, Tift Merritt
- 6/17 - Ingrid Michaelson, A.A. Bondy, Rob Falgiano
- 6/24 - Martin Sexton, Ryan Montbleau Band
- 7/01 - Ed Kowalczyk of Live
- 7/08 - Ozomatli, Rebelution
- 7/15 - Umphrey\'s McGee, Tea Leaf Green
- 7/22 - G
| 58 |
Thursday at the Square
| 3 |
3,735,606 |
# Monfero
**Monfero** is a municipality in the comarca of Eume in the province of A Coruña in the autonomous community of Galicia in northwestern Spain. It has a population of 2,178 inhabitants (INE, 2011).
## Main sights {#main_sights}
- The \"Fragas\" of the River Eume Natural Park with its typical Atlantic Forest, and unique ecosystem and biodiversity, offers the visitor one of the most beautiful Galician landscapes. (Declared Natural park in 1997).
- Monfero is home to a historical castle and to the St. Mary of Monfero\'s Monastery, together with other ruins of the Middle Ages.
## Industry
Monfero\'s economy is based almost exclusively on farming, agriculture and timber production, though services also do exist
| 116 |
Monfero
| 0 |
3,735,617 |
# Fragrant Harbour
***Fragrant Harbour*** (2002) is the third novel by author John Lanchester, who grew up in Hong Kong. It was shortlisted for the James Tait Black Memorial Prize (2002).
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Set in Hong Kong, the story is told through the eyes of several people. Dawn Stone is an ambitious young woman who wants to make as much money as quickly as she can. Tom Stewart is an Englishman who had been in Hong Kong since 1935 and made his fortune in business. Sister Maria, whom Tom wants to love, is a devout nun and tends to the territory\'s poor and needy. Their stories all converge in the end when Hong Kong is passed from British to Chinese rule.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
A review in *New Statesman* praised Lanchester\'s \"clear-as-springwater style, and the characterisation\"
| 139 |
Fragrant Harbour
| 0 |
3,735,619 |
# Fred Langhammer
**Fred H. Langhammer** (born January 13, 1944) is Chairman, Global Affairs, of The Estée Lauder Companies Inc., a manufacturer and marketer of cosmetics products.
Prior to being named Chairman, Global Affairs, Mr. Langhammer was chief executive officer of The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. from 2000 to 2004, President from 1995 to 2004 and chief operating officer from 1985 through 1999. Mr. Langhammer joined The Estée Lauder Companies in 1975 as President of its operations in Japan. In 1982, he was appointed Managing Director of its operations in Germany.
He is also a director of The Shinsei Bank Limited. Mr. Langhammer has been a Director of The Walt Disney Company since 2005. He also currently serves as the co-chair of the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies\' Board of Trustees.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
Recipient of The International Center in New York\'s Award of Excellence
| 148 |
Fred Langhammer
| 0 |
3,735,623 |
# Rudolf Mosse
**Rudolf Mosse** (8 May 1843 -- 8 September 1920) was a German publisher and philanthropist.
## Biography
Mosse was born in Grätz, Grand Duchy of Posen, as the son of Dr. Markus Mosse, a noted Jewish physician. He began his career as an apprentice in the book-printing establishment of Merzbach at Posen, publisher of the *Ostdeutsche Zeitung*, and mastered the technique of printing in Leipzig, Berlin, and other cities. Advertising was not at all developed in Germany at that time, and it was in this direction that Mosse at the age of twenty-four saw his opportunity. He organized an advertising agency at Berlin, which finally extended itself to most of the larger cities of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. His success was phenomenal. It was through his initiative that advertising supplements were added to *Kladderadatsch*, *Fliegende Blätter*, *Die Gartenlaube*, *Über Land und Meer*, and other journals. Mosse is associated with the publication of the *Berliner Tageblatt* (since 1870), the *Deutsches Montagsblatt* (1877--1888), the *Deutsches Reichsblatt* (1881--1894), the *Berliner Morgenzeitung* (since 1889), the *Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums* (from 1890--1922), and the *C.V.-Zeitung. Organ des Central-Vereins deutscher Staatsbürger jüdischen Glaubens* (since 1922). Among other publications of his were the *Bäder Almanach* (since 1882) and the *Deutsches Reichsadressbuch* (established in 1897). His printing establishment, founded in 1872, was one of the largest of its kind.
Mosse was also known for his philanthropic work. In 1892 he established a fund (*Unterstützungskasse*) for his employees (numbering more than 500) with a capital of 100,000 marks, and in 1895 another fund of 1,000,000 marks for the same purpose. He built a hospital in his native town, Grätz, founded an educational institution for 100 children in Wilmersdorf, a borough of Berlin, with an endowment of about 3,000,000 marks, aided in the foundation of the Emperor and Empress Frederick Hospital in Berlin, and contributed liberally toward various literary and artistic endeavors. He represented the Jewish community of Berlin for ten years, and represented the Reform congregation there from 1904. One of his six brothers, Emil Mosse, became his business partner in 1884, while another Albert Mosse, achieved prominence as a jurist.
Mosse is buried in the Weissensee Cemetery, Berlin.
After his death, his son-in-law, Hans Lachmann-Mosse, took over the management of the Mosse Group. Already during the hyperinflation of 1922/23, parts of the company assets were lost. In 1926 the publishing house got into serious financial difficulties. The previously assumed bankruptcy filing on 13 September 1932 could be revised by the latest research. In addition to the effects of the global Great Depression, a series of economic mistakes made by the management weakened the Mosse empire. The company was Aryanised shortly after the National Socialist takeover. The art collection from the estate of Rudolf Mosse was auctioned in May 1934 in Rudolph Lepke\'s Kunst-Auctions-Haus and in June 1934 in the auction house Union. Since 1 March 2017, the Mosse Art Research Initiative (MARI) at Freie Universität Berlin has been researching the exact circumstances of the expropriation and the whereabouts of the individual works of art
| 509 |
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| 0 |
3,735,637 |
# Melvin Breeden
**Melvin Breeden**, also known by his stage name **Mel-Man**, is an American record executive from Norfolk, Virginia. With Marlon \"Big Cat\" Rowe, he co-founded the independent record label Big Cat Records in 1999. Having signed hip hop artists such as Gucci Mane, Rasheeda and Khia, entertainment magazine *Billboard* named the label one of the Top Rap Labels of 2005.
Breeden served as executive producer for Atlanta-based rapper Gucci Mane\'s first three studio albums, before his contract was bought out by Atlantic Records. Mane was upset with Big Cat Records following the release of his final album with the label, *Murder Was The Case* (2009), although Breeden and Mane made amends the following year
| 116 |
Melvin Breeden
| 0 |
3,735,648 |
# Aylwin Lewis
**Aylwin B. Lewis** (born May 28, 1954) is an American businessman. He served as the Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Potbelly Sandwich Works, June 2008 - August 2017.
## Career
In 1995, Aylwin Lewis became Senior VP of Marketing and Operations Development, a job he left in 1996 for a position as Senior VP of Operations at Pizza Hut. In 1997, he was promoted to COO at Pizza Hut; in 2000, he became COO at Yum! Brands. In 2004, he became CEO of Kmart, which shortly thereafter merged with Sears. At this time, he became CEO of Sears Holdings. At Potbelly, where he was hired as CEO in 2008, Lewis led the drive to take Potbelly public. Lewis stepped down and left Potbelly in August 2017
| 131 |
Aylwin Lewis
| 0 |
3,735,685 |
# Miami Marlins award winners and league leaders
The Miami Marlins are a professional baseball team that has played in the National League since the team\'s founding in 1993. Major League Baseball offers several awards at the end of each season to commemorate the achievement of individual players. The Most Valuable Player award is generally given to the player who had the greatest impact on the success of his team, whether that be in the regular season, the postseason, or the All-Star game. The Cy Young Award is a prize awarded to the pitcher who is perceived to have had the best regular season. The Gold Glove Awards are presented to players who are recognized as being the best at fielding their respective positions during the regular season, while their counterparts the Silver Slugger is awarded to the best hitter at each respective position. The Rookie of the year is presented to the player recognized as the best newcomer to the league, while the Manager of the Year is given to the coach perceived to have had the greatest impact on his team\'s success.
## Awards
### Most Valuable Player (NL) {#most_valuable_player_nl}
- Giancarlo Stanton (2017)
### Cy Young Award (NL) {#cy_young_award_nl}
- Sandy Alcántara (2022)
### Rookie of the Year {#rookie_of_the_year}
- Dontrelle Willis (2003)
- Hanley Ramírez (2006)
- Chris Coghlan (2009)
- José Fernández (2013)
### Manager of the Year {#manager_of_the_year}
: *See footnote*
- Jack McKeon (2003)
- Joe Girardi (2006)
- Don Mattingly (2020)
- Skip Schumaker (2023)
### Gold Glove {#gold_glove}
- Charles Johnson, C (1995, 1996, 1997)
- Luis Castillo, 2B (2003, 2004, 2005)
- Derrek Lee, 1B (2003)
- Mike Lowell, 3B (2005)
- Mark Buehrle, P (2012)
- Christian Yelich, LF (2014)
- Dee Gordon, 2B (2015)
- Marcell Ozuna, LF (2017)
### Silver Slugger {#silver_slugger}
- Gary Sheffield, OF (1996)
- Mike Lowell, 3B (2003)
- Miguel Cabrera, OF/3B (2005, 2006)
- Hanley Ramírez, SS (2008, 2009)
- Dan Uggla, 2B (2010)
- Giancarlo Stanton, OF (2014, 2017)
- Dee Gordon, 2B (2015)
- Christian Yelich, OF (2016)
- Marcell Ozuna, OF (2017)
- J. T. Realmuto, C (2018)
- Luis Arráez, 2B (2023)
### *Wilson* Defensive Player of the Year Award {#wilson_defensive_player_of_the_year_award}
: *See explanatory note at Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders*
Team (at all positions)
- Giancarlo Stanton, (2012)
- Donovan Solano, (2013)
Second base (in MLB)
- Dee Gordon, (2015)
### Hank Aaron Award {#hank_aaron_award}
- Giancarlo Stanton, RF (2014, 2017)
### MLB Comeback Player of the Year (NL) {#mlb_comeback_player_of_the_year_nl}
- Casey McGehee, 3B (2014)
- Jose Fernandez, P (2016)
### Relief Man of the Year {#relief_man_of_the_year}
: *See footnote*
- Antonio Alfonseca (2000)
### NL All-Stars {#nl_all_stars}
### World Series MVP {#world_series_mvp}
- Liván Hernández (1997)
- Josh Beckett (2003)
### NLCS MVP {#nlcs_mvp}
: *See: National League Championship Series*
- Liván Hernández (1997)
- Iván Rodríguez (2003)
### All-Star Game MVP {#all_star_game_mvp}
- Jeff Conine (1995)
### *DHL* Hometown Heroes (2006) {#dhl_hometown_heroes_2006}
- Dontrelle Willis --- voted by MLB fans as the most outstanding player in the history of the franchise, based on on-field performance, leadership quality and character value
### *Baseball America* Manager of the Year {#baseball_america_manager_of_the_year}
: *See: Baseball America#Baseball America Manager of the Year*
- Jack McKeon (2003)
- Joe Girardi (2006)
## Team award {#team_award}
- 1997 -- Warren C. Giles Trophy (National League champion)
- -- Commissioner\'s Trophy (World Series)
- 2003 -- Warren C
| 577 |
Miami Marlins award winners and league leaders
| 0 |
3,735,687 |
# Oregon Route 66
**Oregon Route 66** is an Oregon state highway that runs between the cities of Ashland and Klamath Falls. The highway is known as the **Green Springs Highway No. 21** (see Oregon highways and routes), and is signed east-to-west.
## Route description {#route_description}
Oregon Route 66 begins (at its western terminus) at an intersection with Oregon Route 99 just east of downtown Ashland. The highway heads northeast, crosses and intersects with Interstate 5, and continues east along the northern edge of the Siskiyou Mountains. Before ascending into the mountains, it passes alongside Emigrant Reservoir. Six miles east of Ashland, the highway intersects with Oregon Route 273, near the Klamath Falls Junction.
The highway then passes over the mountains. The highway ends at an interchange with U.S. Route 97 in Klamath Falls; just west of this interchange the highway intersects and briefly overlaps Oregon Route 140. OR 140 continues east of the US 97 interchange, past the Klamath Falls airport, and eventually towards Lakeview.
Prior to 1934, the stretch of OR 66 between Klamath Falls Junction and Klamath Falls was signed as US 97; when the highway between Klamath Falls and Weed, California was completed, that route became US 97, and the Green Springs Highway became OR 66. At that time, OR 66 west of Klamath Falls Junction (and OR 273 south of there) was U.S. Route 99; in 1938 a new route over Siskiyou Pass was completed, and the highway assumed its current configuration.
OR 66 is 59 mi in length
| 254 |
Oregon Route 66
| 0 |
3,735,704 |
# Markus Mosse
**Markus Mosse** (born 3 August 1808 at Grodzisk Wielkopolski -- 10 November 1865 in Grodzisk Wielkopolski) was a German physician.
On account of his eminent ability and popularity he was elected, while still young, a councilor in his native town, and made president of the Jewish community.
The Revolution of 1848 in Poland, which had a purely national character, brought about a change in his life. Unlike his coreligionists, who either held themselves aloof or else fought on the German side, Mosse took sides with the Polish rebels, the so-called \"Sensenmänner.\" He was wounded, taken captive, and condemned to imprisonment. His participation in the contest neither gained for him the recognition of his partizans nor brought him contentment; and more than once he regretted his action.
During the rest of his life Mosse lived quietly in Grätz, engaged in the practice of his profession.
Various benevolent institutions in Grätz are connected with his name, as the Dr. M. Mosse Hospital, which is open to all irrespective of religious distinction.
His sons were Rudolf and Albert Mosse
| 179 |
Markus Mosse
| 0 |
3,735,712 |
# Oregon Route 70
**Oregon Route 70** is an Oregon state highway that runs between the towns of Dairy, and Bonanza in south-central Oregon The highway is known as the **Dairy-Bonanza Highway No. 23** (see Oregon highways and routes) and is signed east-to-west.
## Route description {#route_description}
Oregon Route 70 begins (at its western terminus) at an intersection with Oregon Route 140 in the town of Dairy. It heads east-southeast for 7 mi, ending in the city of Bonanza.
## History
The **Dairy-Bonanza Highway** was established in 1917. When the Oregon route numbering system was introduced in 1932, the highway was assigned the number OR 70. There have been no major changes to the highway since its establishment
| 118 |
Oregon Route 70
| 0 |
3,735,720 |
# Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church
Trinity Lutheran Church}} `{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church
| nrhp_type =
| image = Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church.jpg
| caption = Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church
| location = 1046 N. 9th St.<br>[[Milwaukee, Wisconsin]]
| coordinates = {{coord|43|2|39|N|87|55|21|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Wisconsin#USA
| area =
| built = 1878
| architect = Frederick Velguth
| architecture = [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]
| added = May 8, 1979
| refnum = 79000099<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2008a}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church** is a Victorian Gothic-style Lutheran church built in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1878 - then claimed to be \"the finest church edifice within the Missouri Synod.\" Today it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a designated State Historic Site. The building was also declared a Milwaukee Landmark in 1967, and today is the oldest church associated with the Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod in the city.
## Description
Trinity\'s congregation was founded by German immigrants from Pomerania who began to arrive in Milwaukee in the late 1830s, looking for freedom to practice their traditional Lutheranism without the interference of the Prussian state. They initially followed a pastor from the Buffalo Synod (chiefly fellow Prussian immigrants), but a controversy in 1847 triggered the formation of Trinity congregation, which requested a pastor from the Missouri Synod, also with German roots and language. The Missouri Synod sent E.G.W. Keyl. He set up Trinity\'s parish structure and established admission policies that were a key factor in the dispute that produced the Wisconsin Synod. Members of the Trinity Church established St. Stephen Lutheran Church in 1853, in order to serve parishioners south of the Menomonee River. These two churches, along with members of St. John\'s Evangelical Lutheran Church, helped to seed a number of other Lutheran churches in the area.
Trinity\'s first building was on 4th Street between Wells and Kilbourn starting in 1847. In 1851 they built a larger frame church at 4th and Wells. In 1869 they moved that church to the site of the current church and built a school. Concordia College began in the school in 1881.
By 1878 the congregation needed a larger building. Architect Frederick Velguth designed the building in a combination of High Victorian Gothic with German Gothic styles, with its hallmark the emphasis on vertical, with towers, spires, and lancet windows all pointing toward heaven. Exterior walls are clad in Cream City brick, a distinct light colored brick manufactured locally, along with sandstone details on the façade. The cruciform structure is 145 ft long, 89 ft wide, and 54 ft tall, with an apse on the east end. It features three towers, the tallest of which is a landmark 200 ft spire. Notable of the church\'s interior is the historic Schuelke organ in the rear gallery, containing some 1,600 pipes. The total cost was \$43,500, of which \$3,500 was for the organ. The goblet-shaped pulpit is the highlight of the craftsmanship exhibited in the carved woodwork, which was produced by the Wollaeger Brothers woodworking company
German architecture of this type is typical of the historic structures found in and around downtown Milwaukee, including parts of the neighboring Pabst Brewery complex.
Construction of a new church office building and conference center began in September 2005, after the old office (the former parsonage) was razed the previous year. This addition to the grounds was completed in 2006.
## 2018 fire
On May 15, 2018, the church caught on fire while construction work was going on, spurring a four-alarm response from the Milwaukee Fire Department and causing \$17 million worth of damage to the structure, including the collapse of the entire roof and the shorter southern steeple. No one was injured, but the damage was so catastrophic that it was initially unclear whether the structure was structurally sound to rebuild; an investigation concluded that there was \"no structural damage to the brick at all\" and rebuilding commenced. The church\'s 1879 Schuelke pipe organ, which is listed as a \"historic organ\" by the Organ Historical Society, sustained \"extensive\" damage. Worship was held at the Krause Funeral Home chapel during repairs
| 684 |
Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church
| 0 |
3,735,731 |
# Marui Big Bear Datsun
The **Marui Big Bear Datsun** (MT-59-RC-4) was an early 1/12-scale electric \"monster truck\" radio controlled car manufactured and distributed by Japanese hobby and airsoft gun manufacturer Tokyo Marui.
## Background
Originally sold only through mail order in 1984 as a kit without batteries, radio and charger, the Big Bear featured a plastic, tub-styled chassis, Mabuchi M480-RS motor, mechanical speed control and live axle rear suspension as opposed to an independent setup. Tires were wide, chevron-treaded implement-styled units and actually comprised the majority of the Big Bear\'s suspension. The shock absorbers were simple coilover units which allowed for limited suspension travel. Coil springs also served to hold the front bumper in place and absorb impact. The body was a highly detailed styrene plastic Datsun pickup with driver figure and \"Big Bear\" decal set.
Because of its low cost, ease of assembly and good factory and aftermarket support, the Big Bear played an important role in the early growth of the radio control hobby. Due to intense competition from Tamiya and somewhat brittle plastic, Tokyo Marui pulled completely out of the hobby market by the end of the decade.
The \'Big Bear\' was sold in Australia as a complete kit, including radio transmitter, batteries, and charger.
## Kit Revisions {#kit_revisions}
Owners of the original version (v.1) of the Big Bear experienced problems with its differential gears. This kit used the same gearboxes and gears as the Marui Jeep CJ (MT-59-RC-7) and the Marui Toyota Landcruiser (MT-59-RC-8) kits and consisted of 2 large bevel gears, and a gear set of 48 pitch metric. This proved to be a major problem for the first version of the Big Bear, as the special black M480RS motor and the large tires designed for the Big Bear created increased load, causing the differential gears to break or heat up and melt.
Marui made a special replacement part \"#048 - Strengthened Differential Gear Set\" that consisted of a tri-bevel differential, larger 32 pitch gears, and a change to the gear ratios. This new differential gear set found its way into the re-release of the Big Bear (v.2) coupled with a new heat sink plate between the gearbox halves. There were some draw backs to the new gears; The added torque of the new gear ratios made the truck do wheelies more easily, and made the truck a little slower. In addition to replacement gears and heat sink, Marui replaced the original M480-RS motor with an RS540-SH motor, and a redesigned mechanical speed controller with covered contacts to eliminate contamination.
## Specifications
- **Scale**: 1/12
- **Chassis construction**: ABS resin tub-style
- **Transmission**: Rear wheel drive with differential
- **Suspension**: Independent front trailing arm and live axle rear suspension
- **Shock absorbers**: Simple coilover
- **Motor**: Mabuchi RS-540 (v.1) / RS-540SH (v.2)
- **Tires**: Semi-pneumatic rubber chevron
- **Original Marui catalog number**: MT-59-RC-4
## Spare Parts List {#spare_parts_list}
The following Marui RC Parts were used for the Big Bear, as well as other Marui kits:
Part \# Description
--------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
*\#*007 GEAR & MOTOR CASE
*\#*010 OILLESS BEARING SET
*\#*014 CONTROLLER SET (the original speed controller for v.1)
*\#*016 CONNECTOR SET
*\#*021 SERVO SAVER SET
*\#*028 DIFFERENTIAL GEAR SET (the original gear set for v.1)
*\#*029 PINION SEAR SET
*\#*030 FRONT ARM SET
*\#*031 REAR ARM SET
*\#*032 REAR AXLE SET
*\#*033 BUSHING SET
*\#*035 FRONT TIRE & WHEEL SET
*\#*036 REAR TIRE & WHEEL SET
*\#*037 BUMPER SET
*\#*038 ADJUSTER
*\#*047 CONTROLLER SET (the new and improved speed controller for v.1)
*\#*048 STRENGTHENED DIFFERENTIAL GEAR SET (the new and improved gear set for v.2)
M060 CHASSIS
M096 WINDSHIELD-BB
M097 ROLL BAR
M098 SEAT-BB
M099 BODY-BB
M132 IDLER GEAR
M133 BODY MOUNT
## Aftermarket Parts {#aftermarket_parts}
Many supporting manufacturers developed products for the Big Bear
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| 0 |
3,735,736 |
# The Thing!
***The Thing!*** is an American horror comic book published by Charlton Comics that ran 17 issues from 1952 to 1954. Its tagline was \"Weird tales of suspense and horror!\" After the 17th issue, it was cancelled and the series\' numbering continued as *Blue Beetle* vol. 2.
Artist Steve Ditko provided the covers for #12-15 and #17. He also illustrated stories in issues #12-15. Issue #12 features Ditko\'s first comic-book cover art.
In 2006, Pure Imagination released the trade paperback *Steve Ditko\'s The Thing!* that reprinted all of Ditko\'s stories from this title, and used the cover of #15 for its cover. The back cover shows the covers from *The Thing!* #12, #13 and #14 and *Strange Suspense Stories* #22. It also included Ditko stories from Charlton\'s *Mysteries of Unexplored Worlds* #5 and #11, *Do You Believe In Nightmares* #1, *Strange Suspense Stories* #36, and *Unusual Tales* #25.
In 2014, the UK publisher PS Artbooks reprinted the entire series in a two-volume hardcover edition
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# Decimus Haterius Agrippa
**Decimus Haterius Agrippa** (c. 13 BC`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}AD 32) was a Roman plebeian tribune, praetor and consul. He was the son of the orator and senator Quintus Haterius and his wife Vipsania.
## Career
He became plebeian tribune in AD 15 and vetoed proposals. Agrippa advanced to praetor in 17. Agrippa was ordinary consul in 22 with Gaius Sulpicius Galba as his colleague. Agrippa at one time strongly urged the emperor Tiberius to nominate a limited number of political candidates from each family. He died in 32, a victim of Tiberius\' reign of terror. Tacitus describes him as a \"somnolent creature\".
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He married Domitia, daughter of Antonia Major and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus. Their only child was Quintus Haterius Antoninus (consul in AD 53)
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| 0 |
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# Oleiros, Galicia
**Oleiros** (Spanish and Galician: `{{IPA|es|oˈlejɾos||Pronunciation of Oleiros in Spanish.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality of northwestern Spain in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia. The whole municipality is basically a residential area and the vast majority of its residents commute on a daily basis to the neighbor city of A Coruña. Oleiros is the wealthiest municipality in Galicia, it enjoys very high living standards and is notably famous for its public gardens and for a very careful urban planning. The population is more dense in the four major urban areas of Oleiros: Santa Cristina-Perillo, Santa Cruz, Oleiros and Mera. The wealthiest inhabitants of Oleiros usually live in suburbs outside these urban areas. Many of these suburbs are composed of terraced or semidetached houses. Some rural areas still exist all across the municipality.
## Geography
Limits at north with the Ria of Betanzos, at east with Sada and Bergondo municipalities, at south with Cambre and Culleredo municipalities and at west with A Coruña municipality and O Burgo Estuary.
## Demography
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From:[INE Archiv](http://www.ine.es/intercensal/intercensal
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# Robert Matschullat
**Robert W. Matschullat** is a private equity investor, and served from October 1995 until June 2000 as Vice Chairman of the board of directors and Chief Financial Officer of The Seagram Company Ltd. He also served as Chief Financial Officer of Seagram until December 1999. Prior to joining Seagram, Matschullat was head of worldwide investment banking for Morgan Stanley and was on the Morgan Stanley Group board of directors. He was the Presiding Director of the Board of Directors of the Clorox Company from January 2005 to March 7, 2006, and was director of McKesson Corporation from October 2002 to July 25, 2007. Matschullat has been a Director of The Walt Disney Company since 2002. He also joined Visa Inc\'s Board of Directors in October 2007 and was elected as the non-executive independent Chair on January 29, 2013
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| 0 |
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# The Lucy Show (band)
**The Lucy Show** was a rock/new wave band that was formed in London, England, in early 1983.
## History
The band was formed by Mark Bandola (vocals, guitar, keyboards) and Rob Vandeven (vocals, bass), with Paul Rigby on drums, under the name \"Midnite Movie\". Rigby quickly quit, and Pete Barraclough (guitars, keyboards) and Bryan Hudspeth (drums) were added to the line-up, and the band changed name to \"The Lucy Show\". Bandola and Vandeven, two Canadian-born friends who had moved to England in the late 1970s, shared song writing and lead vocals equally, although the bulk of the early (pre-album) material had been written by Vandeven.
In 1983, they released their first single, \"Leonardo da Vinci,\" on independent record label Shout Records, which managed to receive some airplay by John Peel. Guitarist Barraclough provided lead vocals on the B-side of the single for his song \"Kill The Beast\". In 1984, A&M Records signed the band, releasing two singles and an EP during that year (on an offshoot label imprint called Piggy Bank Records). After providing a cassette recording of their material to R.E.M., The Lucy Show was invited by the Athens band to support them on their 1984 UK tour.
In 1985, the band\'s debut album, *\...undone*, was released. With a guitar-heavy, brooding sound similar to The Cure and Comsat Angels, it received generally favourable critical notices and, even more importantly, eventually went to the No. 1 spot on the CMJ album charts in the United States. The band\'s momentum had been steady up to that point and they naturally assumed continuing chart success would be in their future. However, they were shocked when they learned that A&M UK decided to drop the band at the end of the year.
In 1986, the band signed to indie label Big Time Records, who released their second album, *Mania*. Produced by the now-legendary John Leckie, the band\'s songs were much more upbeat and bouncy this time around, with added acoustic guitar and piano, harmonica, synthesizer - and most noticeably, brass, making the group sound very different from their previous incarnation as a \"jangly\" guitar and new wave group. The change in direction initially promised to be effective, as the album once again topped the all important CMJ charts, and MTV began playing their music video for the first single off the album, \"A Million Things\". Both this song, and subsequent single \"New Message\", were substantial college radio hits.
Bad luck would strike the band again, this time when Big Time Records went bankrupt, leaving The Lucy Show adrift. Barraclough and Hudspeth were asked to leave and Bandola and Vandeven stuck together, releasing one final single, \"Wherever Your Heart Will Go\", in 1988 on Redhead Records. When that single went nowhere, both Bandola and Vandeven realized it was time to quit, and they permanently disbanded The Lucy Show.
In 2005, *Mania* was reissued on CD by the Words on Music label, with numerous bonus tracks. In 2009, *\...undone* was released on CD for the first time by Words on Music. In 2011, Words on Music released *Remembrances*, a compilation album of rare and previously unreleased songs recorded by the band during the mid-1980s.
## Discography
### Albums
- *\..
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# Super Bowling
is a 1992 sports video game for the Super NES and the Nintendo 64. It was developed by KID and published by Athena, originally only for the SNES. It was later picked up by American Technōs and UFO Interactive and released for the N64 in 1999.
The Nintendo 64 version was a 3D remake of the SNES version. It became a rare collectors item, with complete copies now selling for upwards of \$1,000USD. The game released late in the N64\'s lifespan, and did not sell well, which has been attributed to its rarity.
## Gameplay
Four computer opponents are available, two female and two male. There are three modes: *Golf*, *Normal*, and *Practice* where the player constructs their own scenarios and practices knocking down the bowling pins with either one or two balls.
## Reception
\|GamePro=3.625/5 \|IGN=6.7/10 \|JP=81% \|N64=72% \|NP=N64: 7.1/10\
SNES: 13.6/20 \|VGS=58% \|VGCE=7/10 \|rev1=*N-Force* \|rev1Score=77% }} *Entertainment Weekly* gave the game a B and wrote that \"while it still doesn\'t rack up to the real thing, at least *Super Bowl* (for Super NES) has a sense of humor --- an animated green chicken comments on the action, the on-screen players make funny faces when they throw gutter balls, and there\'s a \'golf ball\' option that lets you alleviate bowling\'s inherent lack of excitement by assigning pars for different pin setups. Unlike The Blue Marlin or Side Pocket, Super Bowling offers at least one improvement over the real-life game: Scoring is completely automatic, meaning you don\'t need a degree in particle physics to tabulate two spares after a strike
| 263 |
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| 0 |
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# List of smaller islands in New York City
In addition to the three principal islands of New York City---Manhattan Island, Staten Island and part of Long Island---each borough contains several smaller islands. New York City contains about 36 to 42 islands in total
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# Karyn Dwyer
**Karyn Elizabeth Dwyer** (22 March 1975 -- 25 September 2018) was a Canadian actress, whose best known role was as Maggie in the 1999 film *Better Than Chocolate*.
## Early life {#early_life}
Dwyer was the oldest of five children, three sons and two daughters, born into an Irish Catholic family in Corner Brook, Newfoundland, Canada, on 22 March 1975. Her father died at the age of 38. Her brother died at the age of 24. All her brothers were named after the Boston Bruins: Brad (Park), Barry (Beck) and Paul (Hurley).
Dwyer studied acting with the Youth Theatre. She made her stage debut at the Arts and Culture Center at the age of 10, playing the title role in Theatre Newfoundland and Labrador\'s production of *Alice in Wonderland* and went on to become an accomplished child stage actress performing in various theatres throughout Newfoundland and Labrador. She also performed in her school productions, won awards for acting, public speaking, singing and instrumental performance and wrote for the school newspaper. She moved to Toronto, Ontario, to attend the George Brown Theatre School. Dwyer attended theatre school for one year and then began studying with David Rotenberg\'s on-camera acting class also in Toronto and later John Riven\'s Meisner.
## Career
After moving to Toronto, Dwyer landed her first film role acting opposite David Cronenberg in the independent Canadian film *Boozecan*. She wrote and starred in her one-woman show *Bad Girls* at the Rivoli in Toronto. In 1994 she played Phoebe in *As You Like It* opposite Seana McKenna and Albert Schultz in the Du Maurier World Stage Theatre Festival.
In 1999 Dwyer starred as the 19-year-old Maggie in the lesbian-themed film *Better Than Chocolate*, winning the role over hundreds of others who auditioned in a cross Canada search. The film won numerous audience choice awards at film festivals all around the world, was ranked 31st on *The Hollywood Reporter*\'s Top 200 independent films list of 1999. It had one of Canada\'s highest international box office grosses and earned Dwyer a loyal cult following. *Better Than Chocolate* opened to rave reviews at both the Berlin Film Festival and the Vancouver International Film Festival. It was hailed by \"Variety\" as *a terrifically entertaining romantic comedy*. \"*The Hollywood Reporter*\" called Dwyer *the film\'s heart and soul*. *Better Than Chocolate* ranked 31 on \"The Hollywood Reporter\"\'s list of best independent films. The \"Chicago Tribune\" review declared that the *highlight of the movie is unquestionably Dwyer\'s performance as Maggie*.
Also that year, Dwyer played Summer Falls in the bigger budget studio film *Superstar*, with Molly Shannon and Will Ferrell and produced by Lorne Michaels. Dwyer returned to the stage playing the title role in Native Earth\'s *Romeo and Juliet*, performance artist Sooze in Eric Bogosian\'s *Suburbia* and originated the role of Carrie, a junkie prostitute in the experimental play *Exercises in Depravity*, which featured R. H. Thomson.
She also starred in award-winning short films adapted from plays: *Pony*, adapted from *White Biting Dog* by playwright Judith Thompson; *Dying Like Ophelia*, adapted from *Lion in the Streets* also by playwright Judith Thompson; *Polished*, adapted from *Polished* by playwright James Harkness. In 2005, Dwyer reunited with her *Better Than Chocolate* director Anne Wheeler, guest starring in the awarding winning Canadian series *This Is Wonderland*. True to her roots, Dwyer returned to Newfoundland and Labrador, where she studied filmmaking at NIFCO, guest starred on *Republic of Doyle*, and shared her talent at *For the Love of Learning, Inc*, a not-for-profit empowerment and creativity-based learning program, teaching theatre to Newfoundland and Labrador\'s youth to use their creativity to overcome social and / or economic obstacles. In 2006, Dwyer was voted one of the Top Ten Hottest Actresses and profiled as The Hottest Canadian on \"The Hottest Canadian\". She was also named a Newfoundland Entertainment Icon by \"The Newfoundland Herald\".
## Death
Dwyer died on 25 September 2018 at the age of 43 from suicide.
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# Karyn Dwyer
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -------------------- -------
1994 *Boozecan* Rosy
1994 *`{{sortname|The|Paperboy|The Paperboy (1994 film)}}`{=mediawiki}* Brenda
1996 *Lethal Tender* Sparky
1998 *Tian shang ren jian* Jenny
1999 *Better Than Chocolate* Maggie
1999 *Superstar* Summer Falls
2000 *`{{sortname|The|List|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}* Kathy Miller
2001 *`{{sortname|An|Intrigue of Manners|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}* Lady Emelia
2001 *Dead by Monday* Christine
2002 *Polished* Jo Short
2002 *Dying Like Ophelia* Joanne \'Ophelia\' Short
2004 *`{{sortname|The|Right Way|The Right Way (2004 film)}}`{=mediawiki}* Amy
2007 *Last Call Before Sunset* Morgan Video
2012 *Monster Mountain* Carrie Video
2013 *`{{sortname|The|Art of the Steal|The Art of the Steal (2013 film)}}`{=mediawiki}* Ginger
2014 *`{{sortname|A|Trip to the Island|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}* Woman
2015 *Burning, Burning* The Woman
2017 *Goodbye, Hello* Woman Short
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------ --------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
1993 *J.F.K.: Reckless Youth* Sadie TV miniseries
1993 *Family Pictures* Stephanie TV film
1993 *Class of \'96* Julia \"David Is Authorized\", \"See You in September\"
1993 *`{{sortname|The|Hidden Room|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}* Rhoda \"Transfigured Night\"
1994 *Kung Fu: The Legend Continues* Ginger Dawson \"May I Ride with You\"
1995 *`{{sortname|A|Taste of Shakespeare|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}* Ophelia / Horatio \"Hamlet\"
1995 *End of Summer* Jenny Malone TV film
1995 *Due South* Mary Ann \"Heaven and Earth\"
1996 *Due South* Tiffany \"Some Like It Red\"
1996 *Road to Avonlea* Laura \"Woman of Importance\"
1996 *Double Jeopardy* Melanie Marks TV film
1996 *`{{sortname|A|Husband, a Wife and a Lover|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}* Samantha TV film
1998 *Psi Factor* Karen Russell \"The Labyrinth\"
1998 *`{{sortname|The|Fixer|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}* Irene TV film
1998 *Thanks of a Grateful Nation* Deeni TV miniseries
2000 *Cheaters* Angela Lam TV film
2000 *`{{sortname|The|Stalking of Laurie Show}}`{=mediawiki}* Jennifer TV film
2000 *Sailor Moon* Besubesu (voice) 18 episodes
2002 *Bliss* Mitzi \"The Footpath of Pink Roses\"
2005 *This Is Wonderland* Tammy \"2
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# Carballo
**Carballo** is a municipality in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia, in northwestern Spain. The town is the thirteenth most populated municipality in the region and it belongs to the comarca of Bergantiños, serving as its capital.
The seafood company Calvo is headquartered here.
## Etymology
**Carballo** is a Galician word that refers to Oak trees, which are the main symbol of the municipality. However, the word *Carballo* has many historical variations in spelling, including but not limited to *Carvallo*, *Carbello*, *Caballero* or *Carvalho*, likely due to the level of illiteracy during early times. Surnames like Carballo transform in their pronunciation and spelling as they travel across villages, family branches, and countries over the years. In times when literacy was uncommon, names such as Carballo were written down based on their pronunciation, potentially leading to misspellings. Researching these misspellings and alternate spellings of the Carballo name are important in understanding its origins.
## History
**Carballo** dates back to 759 AD; the name is actually a Galician word meaning Oak, referring to the settlement\'s surroundings of forest on mountainous terrain. The Atlantic Ocean is a short distance to the west side of the town, to the north is the Bay of Biscay or Viscaya and to the east is the Mediterranean Sea, with a 1,130 km drive to La Marina de Port, Barcelona, Spain and 618 km drive east by south east to Madrid and 846 km drive south to Seville. It has a good geographical position that allows you to establish easy communication with the main cities of Galicia, Spain and enjoy the landscape diversity that make up its rivers. This is evident from the Anllóns River and through the natural area of Razo-Baldaio.
The Municipality of Carballo was created in 1836. In 1920, the Architect **Julio Galan** father of *Julio Galán Gómez*, built the Town Hall used until 1974. In the 1920s and 1930s Carballo was widely modernized, schools were built and spaces opened up. During the 1940s, the Exploitation of natural resources of Tungsten began a period of growth that reached its peak from 1960 to 1980, and during the last third of the twentieth century saw extensive urban expansion.
Carballo was also known since Antiquity for the medicinal properties of its sulfurous waters known as Vellos or Baths, which are still sold commercially today, as evidenced by the remains found in a spa town in the eighteenth century. Their medicinal properties are indicated for nonspecific respiratory diseases as well as the hormonal disorders Hypothyroidism and Hypogonadism.
Later, the Romans, during the Roman Empire (27BC to 476/1453AC), attracted by the fertility of the land, for the abundance of minerals and for its sulfurous waters, also left their mark. In this sense, the remains of the Villa Termal are the best preserved monument of this period throughout the town, along with the *Lubiáns Bridge*, high above the river Rosende, between the towns of Carballo and Coristanco.
| 494 |
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| 0 |
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# Carballo
## Culture
### Historical and Artistic Heritage {#historical_and_artistic_heritage}
Carballo has been inhabited since ancient times, which is evident from its historical and artistic heritage. Thus, the Megalithic era left its mark on the famous dolmen the \"Pedra Moura\", while the *Castreña culture* still substantial forts are preserved and the example of these are, the Castro of Cances (also known as Bico de Castro), Castro Torre Pardiñas (castro of reduced dimensions with a predominantly defensive role), the forts of Guntian and Cotomil (which still retain some of its defense walls), and Castro de Vilela and Nion (noted for its complex structure).
In Brañas do Carregal (parish Aldemunde) are the remains of the dolmen of Pedra Moura, belonging to the megalithic culture. There are also numerous **Cultura Castreña** or Castro Culture remains of those who, despite their irregular conservation, we can deduce the high occupation of the territory of this area during the Celtic culture and part of the Middle Ages. Studies indicate that the name of the region, *Bergantiños*, could have originated from the Celtic tribe of the *Brigantinos*.
From Roman times there are very few Archaeological remains. Highlights include the fort of *Torre Pardiñas* in Razo, where the Roman influence is felt in their defensive scheme, and especially the Roman Bridge of *Lubiáns*, which was part of the Roman road per Loca Maritima. The remains are still supposed to date from the Middle Ages or the 18th century.
### Religious Architecture {#religious_architecture}
With regard to Sacred architecture, the most important building is the Church of Rus, which was built between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, belongs to the Baroque style, but has in its facade with characteristic features of Neoclassicism. Inside, projecting the image of the Asunción, attributed to Rodeiro, and the imposing parish silver cross a meter high.
Interesting are also the churches of Entrecruces, eighteenth century Baroque, and Sofán, eighteenth and nineteenth facade, where a Christ by Ferreiro is preserved. The church of Oza, meanwhile, presents a St. Breixo facade carved in stone, while inside the temple this same crown Baroque altarpiece figure the best preserved in the whole environment.
Since the twentieth century churches dating with Baroque altarpieces or Razo, which preserves images of St. John the Baptist and St. Martin of Braga made by the school in Santiago de Compostela. From the same period is the church of Bertoia, which can be seen a Gothic Christ and a processional cross from the eighteenth century.
On the other hand, the municipality of Carballo today presents numerous remains of popular architecture like the \"stone crosses\" of Sofán, Ardana, Carballo or the Rus; or \"breastplates of souls\" (brush) that can be visited in A Brea, Cances on-site or in the parish of Oza. Interesting too are also the Granaries (Brea, Serantes do Medio or Rodo) and Mills (protrude A Cheda, Fifth and Ponte Rosende).
A parish with strong personality is to Rebordelos, belonging to the jurisdiction of Caión throughout the Middle Ages and of modern and independent constitutive council until 1836. There is a mámoa on the road leading to the beach of Pedra do Sal, a Celtic castro Costenla in place, several mansions in Vilar de Peres and the chapel of San Juan with its cruise in Leira. In iglesario of Rebordelos it is known about the presence of the *Count of Grajal* and the Convent of San Agustin and the family of *Rodriguez-Arijón*. The church of San Salvador is located in the town center, with a street that surrounds it. The cruise about 150 meters. Rebordelos parish is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean: Baldaio marshes, Pedra do Sal, beaches A Lapeira, Arnela and Leira, Puerto Loureiro and Pedra Furada, witnessed countless shipwrecks.
Several palaces that are still preserved in the village of Carballo are example of these are the *Palace of Pallas*, the *Gontade Palace*, and the Palace of *Vilardefrancos*, Pazo do Souto. While the civil architecture, highlights the nineteenth century building that housed the jail and is now converted into the Museum of Bergantinos
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# Carballo
## Population
The municipality has 31,466 registered inhabitants. It has a density of 167.39 inhabitants per square kilometer.
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` bar: 2010 at: 31292 fontsize:S text: 31.292 shift:(0,5)`
From:[INE Archiv](http://www.ine.es/intercensal/intercensal.do?search=3&codigoProvincia=15&codigoMunicipio=019&btnBuscarCod=Submit+selection)
| 362 |
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# Carballo
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Alfredo Brañas Menéndez (born in 1859) - Galician writer and Galician regionalist.
- Fernando Cabeza Quiles (born in Ponferrada in 1953) - Polygrapher noted for his work on the toponymy of Galicia, and in Radio and Press.
- Xurxo Borrazás (born in 1963) - Galician writer and translator.
- Rober Bodegas (born in 1982) - Comedian known for participating in La 1.
- Arturo Castañeda Cid (born in Ourense in 1973) - Bodybuilder and PE teacher; won multiple Galician and Spanish bodybuilding awards.
## International relations {#international_relations}
### Twin towns -- sister cities {#twin_towns_sister_cities}
Carballo is twinned with: `{{div col|colwidth=20em}}`{=mediawiki}
- L\'Isle-Jourdain, France
## Gallery
<File:Puente> Lubians.jpg\|Roman bridge of Lubians <File:Armados-Razo> 1.jpg\|Razo beach <File:Rio> Anllons.Carballo.Galiza.1.jpg\|Anllóns River <File:Carballo> Galicia 006
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# Samuel S. Stratton
**Samuel Studdiford Stratton** (September 27, 1916 -- September 13, 1990) was an American politician who was a member of the Democratic Party. He is notable for his service as Mayor of Schenectady, and his 30-year career as a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York.
Born in Yonkers, New York as the son of a Presbyterian clergyman, Stratton was a graduate of the University of Rochester, Haverford College, and Harvard University. He worked for two years on the staff of a Massachusetts Congressman, and then served in the United States Navy during World War II. After the war, he worked as an on-air personality for television and radio stations in Schenectady, and served on the city council. He was recalled to active military duty for the Korean War, and served in Washington, DC. he remained in the Navy Reserve until retiring at age 60 with the rank of captain.
After returning to Schenectady, he was re-elected to the city council in 1953. In 1955 he was elected mayor. In 1958, Stratton ran successfully for Congress; he was reelected fourteen times, and served from 1959 to 1989. After unsuccessful attempts to run for higher office and surviving efforts by the New York State Legislature to remove him through unfavorable redistricting, Stratton settled into a long career as a senior member of the Armed Services Committee. In addition to paying attention to local defense concerns, including manufacturing contracts for General Electric and the Watervliet Arsenal, Stratton took a lead role on other military-related issues, including admitting women to the service academies.
Stratton abandoned his last reelection campaign in 1988 because of health issues, and retired to his home in Maryland. He died in Maryland in 1990, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
## Early life {#early_life}
Stratton was born in Yonkers, New York, the son of the Reverend Paul Stratton (1876--1942) and Ethel Irene Russell (1883--1970). His family moved to Schenectady, New York while he was an infant. He attended school in Schenectady, Rochester, and at Blair Academy in New Jersey. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Rochester in 1937, was a captain of the swim team, and joined Phi Beta Kappa and Psi Upsilon. He received a Master of Arts degree in Philosophy from Haverford College in 1938, and a Master of Arts in Philosophy from Harvard University in 1940. Stratton was executive secretary to Massachusetts Congressman Thomas H. Eliot from 1940 to 1942.
## Military
In mid-1942, Stratton joined the United States Naval Reserve. Commissioned an ensign, he served in the South West Pacific Area during World War II as a combat intelligence officer on the staff of General Douglas MacArthur. Twice awarded the Bronze Star with Valor device, Stratton\'s service was notable for his interrogation of Tomoyuki Yamashita, who was later executed for his part in the Manila massacre.
During the Korean War, Stratton was recalled to active duty, serving as an instructor at the Naval Intelligence School in Washington, D.C. from 1951 to 1953. He attained the rank of commander in 1955, and retired as a captain in 1976.
## Schenectady politics {#schenectady_politics}
After World War II, Stratton returned to Schenectady and was elected to the city council in 1949. He began serving as a member of Schenectady\'s Municipal Housing Authority in 1950, and remained with the Authority until 1955, including holding the position of chairman in 1951.
Following his Korean War service, Stratton returned to Schenectady and was re-elected to the city council, where he served from 1953 to 1956. In 1955, he was elected mayor of Schenectady as a conservative Democrat. For a period of time while he was mayor, he supplemented his salary by working as an on-air announcer, newscaster, and commentator on politics and current events for WRGB, the NBC television affiliate in Schenectady, as well as other local television and radio stations. His television career included appearances as the children\'s character *Sagebrush Sam,* which required dressing as a cowboy and playing a harmonica. From 1957 to 1958, Stratton was also a financial services representative with the First Albany Corporation.
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# Samuel S. Stratton
## Congressional career {#congressional_career}
In 1958, Stratton was elected to the U.S. Congress. He rose through seniority to become the third-ranking Democrat on the Armed Services Committee; though he lost a race for chairman of the committee to Les Aspin in 1985, he chaired subcommittees including the one on Procurement and Military Nuclear Systems, and was recognized as an expert on defense issues. Stratton consistently succeeded at winning reelection by appealing to conservative voters and supporting defense spending in his district, which included General Electric manufacturing plants and the Watervliet Arsenal.
For his first two terms, Stratton represented a relatively compact district centered around Schenectady. In the early 1960s, the Republican-controlled legislature tried to defeat him through unfavorable redistricting. Stratton\'s home in Amsterdam was drawn into a district that snaked from the Capital District suburbs all the way west across Upstate as far as Auburn, including along the way some of the most rural and conservative territory in central New York. On paper, this district seemed unwinnable for a Democrat, even a conservative Democrat like Stratton. However, Stratton was reelected in 1962 with 54 percent of the vote. He quickly became popular with the voters in this mostly rural district, and went on to win another four terms by well over 60 percent of the vote. The state legislature gave up in the 1970s round of redistricting, and placed Stratton\'s home into a heavily Democratic seat including the heart of the Capital District. He easily defeated Republican incumbent Daniel Button, and was reelected seven more times without serious difficulty until retiring in 1989 at the age of 72.
In 1962, Stratton was a candidate for Governor of New York; Robert M. Morgenthau won the Democratic nomination, but lost the general election to incumbent Nelson A. Rockefeller. Stratton was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate in 1964, hoping to challenge incumbent Kenneth Keating, but he was defeated by Robert F. Kennedy, who went on to win the election.
He was a proponent of the Equal Rights Amendment, and also introduced successful legislation, as a rider to the 1975 defense appropriations bill, which mandated the admission of women to the service academies.
In 1976, Stratton led an unsuccessful effort to cite journalist Daniel Schorr for Contempt of Congress after Schorr refused to identify his source for a copy of the Pike Committee report on the clandestine activities of the Central Intelligence Agency. Schorr had provided the report to *The Village Voice*, which made its contents public.
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# Samuel S. Stratton
## Retirement and death {#retirement_and_death}
In 1988, Stratton announced his bid for reelection, and circulated nominating petitions to appear as a candidate for renomination in the Democratic primary. On the last day that he was eligible to withdraw, Stratton announced his retirement. This move gave his committee on vacancies---three party leaders named on his nominating petition---the ability to name a replacement. The committee selected Michael R. McNulty, then serving in the New York State Assembly. Stratton said he was retiring because of health concerns (he had long suffered from asthma and gout), but the obvious implication raised by his political opponents was that he had intended to retire all along, and wanted to make it easier for McNulty to succeed him. Despite this minor controversy, McNulty obtained the Democratic nomination unopposed and went on to easily win the general election; Stratton retired at the end of his final term in January 1989.
After retiring, Stratton lived in Bethesda, Maryland. He had a stroke in October 1989, after which he resided in a Potomac, Maryland nursing home. Stratton died in Gaithersburg, Maryland on September 13, 1990, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Section 7A, Grave 58.
## Legacy
After Stratton\'s death, both the Air National Guard base in Scotia, New York and the Veterans Affairs hospital in Albany, New York were named in his honor.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
The 1998 film *The Pentagon Wars* includes a scene in which Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger fields a phone call from an unseen and unheard Stratton about the procurement of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle. After deflecting Stratton\'s concerns, Weinberger directs his subordinates to complete their investigation of the Bradley\'s field testing quickly and brief him on the results so he will not be surprised by more calls from members of Congress.
## Family
In 1947, Stratton was married to Joan Harris (1921--2009). They were the parents of five children: daughters Lisa, Debra, and Kim; and sons Kevin and Brian.
His son, Brian U. Stratton, was elected mayor of Schenectady in 2003. With the expected retirement of the elder Stratton\'s successor in Congress, Michael McNulty, there was speculation the younger Stratton would run for his father\'s old House seat in the 2008 election, but he chose to remain mayor, and later accepted an appointment as director of the New York State Canal Corporation
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# Α-Galactosidase
**α-Galactosidase** ( EC 3.2.1.22, **α-GAL, α-GAL A**; systematic name **α-D-galactoside galactohydrolase**) is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that catalyses the following reaction:
: Hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing α-D-galactose residues in α-D-galactosides, including galactose oligosaccharides, galactomannans and galactolipids
It catalyzes many catabolic processes, including cleavage of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides.
The enzyme is encoded by the *GLA* gene.
## Function
This enzyme is a homodimeric glycoprotein that hydrolyses the terminal α-galactosyl moieties from glycolipids and glycoproteins. It predominantly hydrolyzes ceramide trihexoside, and it can catalyze the hydrolysis of melibiose into galactose and glucose.
## Reaction mechanism {#reaction_mechanism}
## Applications
α-Galactosidase from *Aspergillus niger* is the active ingredient in Beano, a dietary supplement for bloating and flatulence.
Recombinant α-galactosidase made by baker\'s yeast is approved in Europe as a feed additive intended to make poultry food more digestible
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| 0 |
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# Weldon Park
**Weldon Park** is a 51.7 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Weldon in Northamptonshire.
This ancient woodland is mainly ash, maple and hazel. It has diverse flora, especially on grassland rides, and unusual plants on the wettest soils. Insects include the uncommon purple emperor butterfly
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# Zen Internet
**Zen Internet** is an Internet service provider (ISP) based in Rochdale, England.
## History
Zen Internet was founded in 1995 by Richard Tang (then Managing Director, now CEO) after a drink in the pub, and was one of the first ISPs in the United Kingdom. Zen began by providing Internet access to schools and small businesses in the Rochdale area.
In February 2008, the company announced they would not be speaking to or partnering with Phorm, a controversial advertising company hoping to purchase user data from UK Internet service providers.
In April 2008, Zen Internet moved all its employees from their purpose-built HQ on Moss Bridge Road in Rochdale into the much larger Sandbrook House offices located at Sandbrook Park (Rochdale), a move part funded by the North West Regional Development Agency.
In August 2008, after the BBC proposed changing their content delivery provider for their iPlayer streaming service, Zen Internet warned that costs would increase once the move to Level3 was complete.
Zen provides broadband to both businesses and home users. They were one of the early ISPs to offer \'self-install ADSL\' and designed their network not to rely on other providers for backbone. Zen Internet are currently a member of the CISAS (Communication and Internet Services Adjudication Scheme), an alternative dispute resolution scheme giving access to independent and speedy conflict resolution.
## Products
Using Juniper and Cisco hardware, the Zen core network is run over four POPs, one in their home town of Rochdale, and three others in Equinix in Manchester, Telehouse and Interxion in London.
Zen Internet is a member of the UK peering points LINX, LONAP, MaNAP and IX Manchester. In 2005, Zen unbundled the Rochdale exchange followed by the Bury, Oldham and Blackfriars exchanges in 2006 to provide an unbundled service to local residents and businesses. Zen have six main product areas:
- Broadband: fibre broadband using FTTP and FTTC, ADSL, DSL Hardware & SoGEA
- Security services: UTM firewalls, content filtering
- Domain and hosting services: Data centre, shared hosting (Windows & Linux), dedicated server hosting, managed hosting, domain names, colocation, cloud hosting
- Leased Lines: Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM), access (Up to 2 Mbit/s), Ethernet (2 Mbit/s -- 1 Gbit/s), private wide area networks
- Design and marketing services: website design, content management systems, e-commerce websites, intranet/extranet site design and build, search engine optimisation, email marketing, social media marketing
- Voice: Phone services, SIP trunking -- Business Talk SIP, VOIP -- broadband voice, ISDN30
## Awards
In 2006, the company won several awards at the Internet Service Providers\' Association (ISPA) annual awards ceremony. These awards were: \"best business ISP\", \"best heavy business broadband\", and \"best uncontended service\".
The company featured in the Sunday Times Tech Track 100 from 2003 to 2006 as well as featuring in the Sunday Times Fast Track 100 in 2004.
In 2010, Managing Director Richard Tang was named Customer Service Entrepreneur of the Year by Ernst & Young at an awards ceremony in Manchester. This award recognised the retraining scheme introduced by the company in the Rochdale area
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# Suzuka 8 Hours (video game)
is a 1992 motorcycle racing arcade game developed and published by Namco. It is based on the homonymous real-world racing event. Players control a racer using a handlebar controller and must race against computer-controlled opponents while remaining in first place. It ran on the Namco System 2 arcade hardware. A direct sequel, ***Suzuka 8 Hours 2***, was released a year later.
## Gameplay
The game was made available in two-player cabinets featuring two monitors and two replica motorcycles; players accelerate their bikes by holding down the throttle grip and brake by using the brake lever, while steering is accomplished by physically leaning the bike left or right. The arcade game can be played by up to eight players simultaneously by linking four two-player cabinets together, and the players must complete an entire lap of the track within a preset time limit; upon completion of a lap, the time is extended for all players in the race. The first player to complete a preset number of laps (between 3 and 6 and adjustable by the arcade operator) wins the race; as in *Final Lap* and *Dirt Fox* (the latter of which was only released in Japan), if they manage to finish the race in less than a preset time, they have the opportunity to enter their initials upon the game\'s \"best time\" (as opposed to high score) table.
## Release
*Suzuka 8 Hours* was later ported to the SNES, in 1993 by Arc System Works; the game simulates the actual eight-hour race as eight \"virtual hours\", or over ninety \"real-time\" minutes. The object is to complete as many laps as possible before the time runs out; if it does, the timer starts going up again (as penalty time) and the next trip to the finish line ends the race.
## Reception
In Japan, *Game Machine* listed *Suzuka 8 Hours* as being the most popular arcade game of June 1992.
In the United States, *RePlay* reported the game to be the top-grossing new arcade video game in October 1992, and then the second most-popular deluxe arcade game in November 1992. It was one of America\'s top five best-selling arcade games of 1992, receiving the Gold Award at the American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) trade show for sales excellence. It was later the top-grossing deluxe cabinet in January 1993, then the fourth top-grossing arcade game during the summer of 1993, and then the top upright cabinet from September to October 1993.
In their review of the SNES version, *GamePro* criticized the absence of sound from CPU competitors\' engines and the \"distracting\" music, but they praised the responsive controls and \"sharp\" graphics. In 1995, *Flux* magazine ranked the arcade version 54th on their Top 100 Video Games
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# D'Aguilar Highway
The **D\'Aguilar Highway** is a two-lane highway linking the Bruce Highway near Caboolture with the Bunya Highway in Kingaroy in the state of Queensland, Australia. Major towns along the route include Woodford, Kilcoy, Blackbutt, Yarraman, and Nanango. The highway is approximately 164 km in length. The D\'Aguilar Highway\'s highest elevation along its length is 527 m just north of Yarraman, and the lowest point is at 26.8 m just west of Caboolture.
## State-controlled road {#state_controlled_road}
D\'Aguilar Highway is a state-controlled regional road, much of which is also rated as \"state-strategic\". It is defined in three sections, as follows:
- Number 40A, Caboolture to Kilcoy, regional.
- Number 40B, Kilcoy to Yarraman, regional and state-strategic.
- Number 40C, Yarraman to Kingaroy, regional and state-strategic.
## State Route 85 {#state_route_85}
The section of this highway between Caboolture and Harlin is part of **State Route 85**, which extends for over 570 km from Bribie Island to Nindigully, duplexing with the Brisbane Valley Highway (State Route A17) from Harlin to Esk, the New England Highway (State Route A3) from Hampton to Toowoomba, the Gore Highway (National Route A39) from Toowoomba to the Leichhardt Highway, and the southern 19 km section of the Leichhardt Highway (National Route A39/State Route A5) to Goondiwindi.
### History
As of 13 December 2007, the D\'Aguliar Highway bypasses Caboolture to the north.
In January 2009, the Department of Transport and Main Roads published details of the preferred design for a bypass of the Kilcoy township. The proposed route follows an abandoned rail corridor, and would have minimal impact on existing infrastructure. In 2021, significant changes were made to the two main intersections in Kilcoy to improve traffic flow. This seems to have been done as an alternative to the proposed bypass.
A project to provide wide centre lines near Wamuran, at a cost of \$12 million, was completed in September 2022.
A project to provide safety improvements between Sandy Creek and Kilcoy, at a cost of \$19 million, was completed in mid 2023.
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# D'Aguilar Highway
## Major Intersections {#major_intersections}
Intersections are listed from west to east. `{{AUSinttop}}`{=mediawiki} `{{QLDint
|LGA=[[South Burnett Region|South Burnett]]
|LGAspan=2
|location=Kingaroy
|lspan=
|type=
|km=0
|Mile=
|road={{AUshield|S|49}} [[Bunya Highway]] (State Route 49) north – [[Wondai, Queensland|Wondai]] and [[Murgon]] /<br />south – [[Bell, Queensland|Bell]] and [[Dalby, Queensland|Dalby]]
|notes=Western end of D'Aguilar Highway. Continues to [[Nanango]] as State Route 96
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{QLDint
|LGA=
|LGAspan=
|location=Nanango
|lspan=
|type=trans
|km=24.8
|Mile=
|road={{AUshield|QLD|A3}} [[Burnett Highway]] (State Route A3) – [[Goomeri, Queensland|Goomeri]]
|notes=D'Aguilar Highway continues to [[Yarraman, Queensland|Yarraman]] as State Route A3
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{QLDint
|LGA=[[Toowoomba Region|Toowoomba]]
|LGAspan=
|location=Yarraman
|lspan=
|type=trans
|km=45.7
|Mile=
|road={{AUshield|QLD|A3}} [[New England Highway]] (State Route A3) – [[Cooyar, Queensland|Cooyar]]
|notes=D'Aguilar Highway continues to [[Harlin]] as State Route A17
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{QLDint
|LGA=[[South Burnett Region|South Burnett]]
|LGAspan=
|location=Blackbutt
|lspan=
|type=
|km=59.9
|Mile=
|road=Blackbutt–Crows Nest Road – [[Crows Nest, Queensland|Crows Nest]]
|notes=
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{QLDint
|LGA=[[Somerset Region|Somerset]]
|LGAspan=2
|location=Moore
|lspan=
|type=
|km=81.8
|Mile=
|road=Linville Road – [[Linville, Queensland|Linville]]
|notes=
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{QLDint
|LGA=
|LGAspan=
|location=Harlin
|lspan=
|type=trans
|km=90.9
|Mile=
|road={{AUshield|QLD|A17|S|85}} [[Brisbane Valley Highway]] (State Route A17 / State Route 85) – [[Toogoolawah, Queensland|Toogoolawah]]
|notes=D'Aguilar Highway continues to [[Caboolture, Queensland|Caboolture]] as State Route 85
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jctbridge
|river=[[Brisbane River]]
|km=91.3
|bridge=Bridge (no known official name)
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{QLDint
|LGA=[[Somerset Region|Somerset]]
|LGAspan=
|location=Kilcoy
|lspan=
|type=
|km=114.4
|Mile=
|road=[[Kilcoy–Murgon Road]] – [[Jimna, Queensland|Jimna]]
|notes=
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{QLDint
|LGA=[[City of Moreton Bay|Moreton Bay]]
|LGAspan=
|location=Woodford
|lspan=
|type=
|km=135.0
|Mile=
|road={{AUshield|S|6}} [[Kilcoy–Beerwah Road]] (State Route 6) – [[Beerwah, Queensland|Beerwah]]
|notes=
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jctbridge
|river=[[Stanley River (Queensland)|Stanley River]]
|km=135.8
|bridge=Bridge (no known official name)
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{QLDint
|LGA=[[City of Moreton Bay|Moreton Bay]]
|LGAspan=3
|location=D'Aguilar
|lspan=
|type=
|km=142.7
|Mile=
|road={{AUshield|S|58}} Mount Mee Road (State Route 58) – [[Mount Mee, Queensland|Mount Mee]]
|notes=
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{QLDint
|LGA=
|LGAspan=
|location=Caboolture
|lspan=2
|type=
|km=161.6
|Mile=
|road=Old Gympie Road north – [[Elimbah, Queensland|Elimbah]] / <br /> {{AUshield|S|60}} [[Beerburrum Road]] (State Route 60) south – Caboolture CBD
|notes=
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{QLDint
|LGA=
|LGAspan=
|location=
|lspan=
|type=
|km=164.4
|Mile=
|road={{AUshield|QLD|M1}} [[Bruce Highway]] (National Route M1) north – [[Sippy Downs, Queensland|Sippy Downs]] /<br />south – [[Burpengary, Queensland|Burpengary]]
|notes=Eastern end of D'Aguilar Highway. Northern entry to Bruce Highway is approximately 1 km long.<br />Southern entry to Bruce Highway is approximately 2 km long
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jctbtm|keys=trans
}}`{=mediawiki}
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| 1 |
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# D'Aguilar Highway
## Intersecting state-controlled roads {#intersecting_state_controlled_roads}
The following state-controlled roads, from east to west, intersect with the D\'Aguilar Highway:
- Beerburrum Road
- Caboolture Connection Road
- Brisbane--Woodford Road
- Kilcoy--Beerwah Road
- Kilcoy--Murgon Road
- Esk--Kilcoy Road
- Brisbane Valley Highway
- New England Highway
- Nanango--Tarong Road
- Burnett Highway
- Kingaroy--Cooyar Road
- Kingaroy--Barkers Creek Road
### Caboolture Connection Road {#caboolture_connection_road}
The **Caboolture Connection Road** (CCR) is a 8.2 km former section of the D\'Aguilar Highway that runs south-east from the highway at Moodlu to the Bruce Highway in Caboolture, Queensland, Australia. It is a state-controlled regional road (number 9905) rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS).
#### CCR Route description {#ccr_route_description}
The road commences at an intersection with the D\'Aguilar Highway (State Route 85) in the locality of Moodlu. It starts as Williams Road and crosses the highway on an overbridge. It then runs south-east as King Street, passing the exit to Bellmere Road to the south-west, and continuing through Caboolture to an intersection with Burpengary--Caboolture Road and Beerburrum Road. It continues east as Lower King Street, crossing the railway line and reaching a bridge over the Bruce Highway, where it ends.
The physical road continues east as Caboolture--Bribie Island Road (State Route 85).
#### CCR History {#ccr_history}
With the opening of a new section of road in 2007 to enable the D\'Aguilar Highway to bypass the Caboolture CBD, the bypassed section was renamed Caboolture Connection Road.
#### CCR Upgrade project {#ccr_upgrade_project}
A project to upgrade signals and improve intersections on this road, at a cost of \$7.5 million, was in construction in July 2022, with most sub-projects already completed.
#### CCR Major intersections {#ccr_major_intersections}
All distances are from Google Maps. The entire road is within the Moreton Bay local government area. `{{AUSinttop|noLGA=yes}}`{=mediawiki} `{{QLDint
|LGA=
|LGAspan=
|location=Moodlu
|lspan=2
|type=
|km=0
|Mile=
|road={{AUshield|S|85}} D'Aguilar Highway – north–west – {{QLDcity|Wamuran}} <br /> – south–east – [[Bruce Highway]], {{QLDcity|Caboolture}}
|notes=North–western end of Caboolture Connection Road. <br /> Eastbound traffic exits left from the highway and crosses it by an overbridge on Williams Road. <br /> Westbound traffic exits left from the highway onto King Street.
}}`{=mediawiki}
### Esk--Kilcoy Road {#eskkilcoy_road}
Esk--Kilcoy Road is a state-controlled district road (number 405) rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the Brisbane Valley Highway in `{{QLDcity|Esk}}`{=mediawiki} to the D\'Aguilar Highway in `{{QLDcity|Woolmar}}`{=mediawiki}, a distance of 46.8 km. It intersects with Wivenhoe--Somerset Road in `{{QLDcity|Somerset}}`{=mediawiki}.
### Kingaroy--Barkers Creek Road {#kingaroybarkers_creek_road}
Kingaroy--Barkers Creek Road is a state-controlled district road (number 4202)) rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It runs from the D\'Aguilar Highway in `{{QLDcity|Kingaroy}}`{=mediawiki} to the Burnett Highway in `{{QLDcity|Sandy Ridges}}`{=mediawiki}, a distance of 22.3 km. It has no intersections with other state-controlled roads.
## Gallery
<File:D'Aguilar> Highway at D\'Aguilar Queensland
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# Jeremy Hotz
**Jeremy Hotz** (born May 31, 1963) is a Canadian--American actor and stand-up comedian. Hotz won a Gemini Award for his role on the television series *The Newsroom* in 1997. He has appeared on *Comedy Central Presents*, the Just For Laughs comedy festival, the *Late Show with David Letterman*, and *The Tonight Show with Jay Leno*. He has also worked as a staff writer for Paramount\'s *The Jon Stewart Show* and has appeared in various American and Canadian motion pictures including: *My Favorite Martian*, *Speed 2: Cruise Control*, and *Married Life*
| 93 |
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| 0 |
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# Silas Reynolds Barton
**Silas Reynolds Barton** (May 21, 1872 -- November 7, 1916) was an American politician. A Republican, he represented Nebraska\'s 5th congressional district for one term in the United States House of Representatives.
## Biography
Barton was born in New London, Iowa on May 21, 1872, the son of Eli B. Barton and Teressa (Nugen) Barton. He moved with his parents to Hamilton County, Nebraska in 1873, and graduated from Aurora High School. He attended Peru State College. He married Adah Michell and had two children who died in infancy. After his first wife\'s death in 1909, he married Ellen Tazwell Metcalfe and had a son.
## Career
Barton was a farmer and teacher. From 1898 until 1901, he was the deputy treasurer of Hamilton County. In 1901, he became the grand recorder of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and served in that capacity until 1908. He was president for two terms of the Grand Recorders\' Association of the United States.
Barton became the Nebraska State Auditor in 1909 and served until his election to the United States Congress in 1913. During his two terms as auditor he was an insurance commissioner and a member of the National Executive Committee of Insurance Commissioners.
Elected in 1913 to the 63rd Congress, Barton was in office from March 4, 1913, until March 3, 1915. He ran for the 65th Congress, but died before the election.
## Death
Barton died in Grand Island, Nebraska, on November 7, 1916, at the age of 44. He is interred at Aurora Cemetery in Aurora, Nebraska
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# Günter Behnisch
**Günter Behnisch** (12 June 1922 -- 12 July 2010) was a German architect, born in Lockwitz, near Dresden. During the Second World War he became one of Germany\'s youngest submarine commanders. Subsequently, Behnisch became one of the most prominent architects representing deconstructivism. His prominent projects included the Olympic Park in Munich and the new West German parliament in Bonn.
## Early life {#early_life}
Behnisch was born the second of three children, in Lockwitz near Dresden. He attended a number of schools, due to the fact his Social Democrat father was arrested, sacked and redeployed to Chemnitz by the new Nazi government.
In 1939, Behnisch volunteered to join the navy (*Kriegsmarine*), aged 17, which was a less onerous alternative to compulsory labour service, or army conscription. He eventually became a U-boat officer and served aboard `{{GS|U-952||2}}`{=mediawiki}. In October 1944, he became one of the youngest U-boat commanders, when he commissioned `{{GS|U-2337||2}}`{=mediawiki}. At the end of the Second World War he surrendered his submarine to the British and became a prisoner of war in Featherstone Castle in Northumberland.
Behnisch initially trained as a bricklayer then, in 1947 enrolled to study architecture at the Technical University in Stuttgart. From 1967 to 1987 he was a professor for architectural/building design and industrial building technology at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt.
## Architectural career {#architectural_career}
He established his own architecture practice in Stuttgart in 1952, which in 1966 became Behnisch & Partner.
In 1967, the architecture firm of Günther Behnisch was selected to developed a comprehensive master plan for the sports and recreation area of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. The area in known as Olympiapark (Olympic Park) and it includes the Olympiastadion (Olympic Stadium). The stadium\'s tensile structure was developed in cooperation with architect and engineer Frei Otto. One of Behnisch\'s most notable buildings was the new parliament in the West German capital, Bonn. Although he won the architectural design competition in 1973, the construction only began in 1987, and was completed in 1992.
His son Stefan Behnisch established a separate firm, Behnisch Architekten in 1989
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# Geospatial content management system
A **geospatial content management system** (**GeoCMS**) is a content management system where objects (users, images, articles, blogs..) can have a latitude, longitude position to be displayed on an online interactive map. In addition the online maps link to informational pages (wiki pages essentially) on the data represented. Some GeoCMS do also allow users to edit spatial data (points, lines, polygons on maps) as part of content objects. Spatial data can be published by GeoCMS as part of their contents or using standardized interfaces such as WMS or WFS.
A GeoCMS can have a map of registered users allowing to build communities geographically, by looking at users location. The help of wiki for describing geographical layers present a way to solve the problem of geographical metadata.
Since the advent of Google Maps and the publication of its API, numerous users have used online maps to illustrate their web pages. Google Maps is in itself not a GeoCMS but a building block for GeoCMS applications. Similarly Mapserver can also be used for creating GeoCMS.
[Elebase](https://elebase.io) is probably the most advanced Geospatial CMS in the world at this time, with full handling of text, multi-media and geo objects that extend beyond just a point on a map to areas, paths and defined geo feature types.
## GeoCMS comparison {#geocms_comparison}
Django Drupal Midgard Plone Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware WordPress
--------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------- -------------
Ability to store locations Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ability to edit points, lines and polygons Yes Yes ? ? ? ?
Number of locations per content item ? Multiple In/about/at See specific plugin 1 1
Maps on content items OpenLayers, OpenStreetMap, Leaflet, Google Maps Google Maps, Yahoo Maps, MapBuilder, OpenLayers ? See specific plugin Mapserver or Google Maps ?
Syndication formats ? GeoRSS, KML, GeoJSON GeoRSS See specific plugin RSS for maps update GeoRSS, KML
Geocoding ? Yes Yes (Yahoo, GeoNames) See specific plugin not yet ?
User location sources ? Manual, SMS, Plazes, GeoRSS, ICBM, Fire Eagle See specific plugin customized maps
Can utilize spatial database (like PostGIS) Yes Yes in 2
| 352 |
Geospatial content management system
| 0 |
3,735,971 |
# WPNI
**WPNI** (1430 AM) was an American radio station licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to serve the community of Amherst, Massachusetts.
## History
The station was first licensed, as WTTT, on August 6, 1963. On November 1, 1999, the call letters were changed to WPNI.
In spring 2003, Pamal Broadcasting Ltd. (James Morrell, chairman/CEO) reached an agreement to acquire WPNI and WRNX from Western Massachusetts Radio Co., (Thomas G. Davis, president) for a reported sale price of \$8 million. The broker for this transaction was Doug Ferber of Star Media Group, Inc. WRNX was later sold to Clear Channel Communications in 2006.
For a period of time after the purchase, WPNI was leased to the University of Massachusetts Amherst, owner of NPR member station WFCR, to provide an AM feed of the NPR News and Ideas channel. The NPR programming was moved to Clear Channel\'s WNNZ on April 2, 2007, through a unique agreement where UMass programs the station, but Clear Channel retains ownership of the station and shares in the revenue stream generated by the station. (WNNZ was later sold to WFCR under the name \"WFCR Foundation, Inc.\")
Following the transition of the NPR programming to WNNZ, Pamal Broadcasting announced that WPNI was for sale and would temporarily carry the programming of WUMB-FM, a folk music non-profit radio station from the University of Massachusetts Boston.
In late September 2011, a tractor hit the guy wires of tower #1, causing it to collapse. WPNI filed for special temporary authority with the FCC to operate \"non directionally\" using the remaining tower for 180 days while the second tower was replaced.
Pamal reached a deal to sell WPNI to Brian Dodge\'s The Love Radio Church on January 23, 2013. The sale was never completed, and was dismissed on June 25, 2014.
WPNI was taken off the air on November 30, 2013, as the station had no revenues to cover operational costs. After determining that resuming operations would not be viable, Pamal surrendered the station\'s license to the Federal Communications Commission on May 27, 2014
| 345 |
WPNI
| 0 |
3,735,977 |
# Kioa v West
***Kioa v West***, was a notable case decided in the High Court of Australia regarding the extent and requirements of natural justice and procedural fairness in administrative decision making. The case was also a significant factor in Australia\'s subsequently limiting what had previously been completely unrestricted jus soli now only to children born to an Australian citizen or permanent resident.
## Background
Mr and Mrs Kioa, who were both from Tonga, entered Australia on temporary entry permits in late 1981. When their permits expired they changed their address without informing authorities. Mr Kioa worked in Victoria until he was arrested as a prohibited immigrant in 1983. In the intervening period the Kioas had a daughter, who by virtue of her birth in Australia, was an Australian citizen. Mr Kioa explained that he overstayed his permit in order to earn money to send home to relatives who were suffering as a result of a cyclone in Tonga.
In October 1983, a delegate of the Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs made a decision that the Kioas should be deported. In arriving at that decision the delegate took into account a departmental submission which, *inter alia*, submitted that Mr Kioa had been actively involved with people who were seeking to circumvent Australia\'s immigration laws.
The Kioas unsuccessfully appealed the decision to the Federal Court, and the Full Federal Court. They then appealed to the High Court.
## Kioas\' arguments {#kioas_arguments}
The Kioas\' principal argument was that the decision maker had failed to afford them procedural fairness in not disclosing and allowing an opportunity to respond to the adverse allegations made in the departmental submission.
They further argued that the delegate had wrongly failed to take into account:
- the detrimental effect the decision may have on their child; and
- the provisions of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.
## The full court {#the_full_court}
The full court of the Federal Court held that the principles of natural justice did not apply to the decision to deport a person under the *Migration Act* and there was no evidence that the delegate had failed to take into account the interests of the Kioas\' child. It was further held that the provisions of the Covenant and Declaration did not form part of Australian domestic law and were not required to be taken into account.
| 404 |
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| 0 |
3,735,977 |
# Kioa v West
## High Court\'s Decision {#high_courts_decision}
### *Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act* {#administrative_decisions_judicial_review_act}
Section 5(1)(a) of the *Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act* provided that administrative decisions may be appealed on the ground that there had been a breach of the requirements of natural justice. The court unanimously held that this provision did not oblige a decision maker who was exercising a statutory power to observe the rules of natural justice. In the court\'s opinion the applicability of natural justice was to be determined by looking at the nature and circumstances of the decision to be made. Brennan J differed slightly in his opinion, contending that the question of whether natural justice applied was to be found through the process of statutory interpretation.
### Applicability of natural justice {#applicability_of_natural_justice}
The court held by a majority of 4 to 1 (Gibbs CJ dissenting) that the rules of natural justice applied to a decision under the *Migration Act* to deport a prohibited immigrant. The court distinguished previous cases which had come to the opposite conclusion on the basis that these cases had been superseded by legislative development.
### Adverse material {#adverse_material}
The majority also held that the failure to disclose the adverse allegations against Mr Kioa and allow him the opportunity to respond to the allegations amounted to a failure to afford the Kioas procedural fairness.
### International agreements {#international_agreements}
The question of the applicability of international agreements was only considered by three of the justices (Gibbs CJ, Wilson & Brennan JJ). All three held that there was no legal obligation to consider the specific provisions of either the Covenant or the Declaration but that there was an obligation to take into account general humanitarian principles.
## Consequences
The decision in *Kioa* marked a watershed in Australian administrative law. It radically increased the number of decisions to which natural justice and procedural fairness applied such that, today, the question is often not whether procedural fairness should be afforded but to what extent it should be afforded.
The Australia Citizenship Act 1948 was amended in 1986, heavily limiting jus soli and replacing it with jus sanguinis. After this change, birthright citizenship was available only if at least one parent was an Australian citizen or permanent resident; or else after living the first ten years of their life in Australia, regardless of their parent\'s citizenship status. This amendment was in part influenced by *Kioa v West*, and the perception that jus soli was being abused. Although the court did not accept the argument made in *Kioa* that, as an Australian citizen, the child was entitled to natural justice, the government nevertheless amended the Act to ensure that this line of argument was not used in future cases
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3,735,978 |
# ...Undone
***\...undone*** was released in 1985 in the UK and the U.S. on A&M Records. It was The Lucy Show\'s debut album. The band\'s sound at that time was brooding and melancholic, heavily influenced by`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}and favorably compared to -- The Cure, Comsat Angels, and Joy Division. The album contains what are generally considered The Lucy Show\'s two best songs, \"Ephemeral (This is no Heaven)\" and \"Undone\". Although it sold reasonably well in the United States, topping the CMJ charts there, the band was dropped by A&M UK at the end of the year, sending them in search of a new label. In 2009, *\...undone* was released on CD for the first time by the Words on Music label
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...Undone
| 0 |
3,736,071 |
# Apple Open Directory
**Apple Open Directory** is the LDAP directory service model implementation from Apple Inc. A directory service is software which stores and organizes information about a computer network\'s users and network resources and which allows network administrators to manage users\' access to the resources.
In the context of macOS Server, *Open Directory* describes a shared LDAPv3 directory domain and a corresponding authentication model composed of Apple Password Server and Kerberos 5 tied together using a modular Directory Services system. Apple Open Directory is a fork of OpenLDAP.
The term *Open Directory* can also be used to describe the entire directory services framework used by macOS and macOS Server. In this context, it describes the role of a macOS or macOS Server system when it is connected to an existing directory domain, in which context it is sometimes referred to as *Directory Services*.
Apple, Inc. also publishes an API called the *OpenDirectory* framework, permitting macOS applications to interrogate and edit the Open Directory data.
With the release of Mac OS X Leopard (10.5), Apple chose to move away from using the NetInfo directory service (originally found in NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP), which had been used by default for all local accounts and groups in every release of Mac OS X from 10.0 to 10.4. Mac OS X 10.5 now uses Directory Services and its plugins for all directory information. Local accounts are now registered in the Local Plugin, which uses XML property list (plist) files stored in `/var/db/dslocal/nodes/Default/` as its backing storage.
## Implementation in macOS Server {#implementation_in_macos_server}
macOS Server can host an *Open Directory domain* when configured as an *Open Directory Master*. In addition to its local directory, this OpenLDAP-based LDAPv3 domain is designed to store centralized management data, user, group, and computer accounts, which other systems can access. The directory domain is paired with the *Open Directory Password Server* and, optionally, a Kerberos realm. Either provides an authentication model and stores password information outside of the directory domain itself.
For Kerberos authentication, the Kerberos realm can either be hosted by a Kerberos key distribution center (KDC) running on the server system, or the server can participate in an existing Kerberos realm.
For services that are not Kerberized, the Password Server provides the following Simple Authentication and Security Layer-based authentication methods:
- APOP
- CRAM-MD5
- Diffie--Hellman key exchange
- Digest-MD5
- MS-CHAPv2
- NTLM v1 and v2
- Lan Manager
- WebDAV-Digest
Any Mac OS X Server system prior to 10.7 (Lion) configured as an Active Directory Master can act as a Windows Primary Domain Controller (PDC), providing domain authentication services to Microsoft Windows clients.
## Directory services framework {#directory_services_framework}
In a more general sense, Open Directory can describe the plugins model used by Directory Utility and the directory services framework in macOS and macOS Server. This could be thought of as analogous to the Name Service Switch systems of some other Unix-like operating systems. When *connected to a directory system*, a macOS client or Server can authenticate users, lookup contacts, perform service discovery and name resolution with the following types of directories:
- Authentication and contacts
- Microsoft Active Directory
- LDAPv3, including an Open Directory domain or RFC 2307-compliant system
- Apple/NeXT NetInfo domains
- BSD flat files and NIS
- Service discovery and name resolution
- AppleTalk
- Windows (NetBIOS and WINS)
- Service Location Protocol (SLP)
- Multicast DNS (Bonjour/Zeroconf)
## History
Open Directory began with Mac OS X Server 10.2. In this initial form, Open Directory consisted of a network-visible NetInfo directory domain and a corresponding Authentication Manager service for storing passwords outside of the directory. Version 10.2 also included support for Kerberos. Mac OS X versions 10.1 and 10.0 stored user password information within the directory domain using crypt password authentication authorities, but version 10.2 paved the way for the current Shadow Hash and Password Server mechanisms.
Password Server is the successor to Authentication Manager, and was introduced in Open Directory 2 in Mac OS X Server 10.3. Open Directory 2 was also the first version to use LDAPv3 as the directory domain.
Mac OS X Server 10.4 includes Open Directory 3, which introduced Active Directory domain member support, trusted directory binding, and increased robustness.
Mac OS X Server 10.5 features Open Directory 4 with support for cross-domain authorization and a built-in RADIUS server for managing AirPort base stations. Open Directory 4 no longer includes elements of NetInfo
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Apple Open Directory
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3,736,078 |
# Jim Campbell (comics)
**Jim Campbell** (born 1977), also known by his pseudonym **\"Angry Jim\"**, is an American storyboard artist, comic artist, and musician living in Brooklyn, New York.
## Biography
### Early life and illustration work {#early_life_and_illustration_work}
While studying at the Kansas City Art Institute, he founded the band Ottomen with fellow Illustration students David (Misung) Stevenson and George Garcia. In 2000, he moved to New York, and in 2001, he joined Meathaus, a comics art collective and the publisher of the Meathaus Anthologies. In 2004, he released his comic book series *Krachmacher* and began singing and playing guitar in a new band, Paper Fleet, with Joshua Inman (drummer, songwriter). The two soon added Jim\'s high school friend John TerLouw on bass. Jim\'s other work includes freelance illustration and coloring work for Tony Millionaire
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3,736,089 |
# Chinatown station (SEPTA)
**Chinatown station** is an underground SEPTA Metro subway station in Philadelphia. It is located on the B\'s B3, and is located at the eastern edge of Philadelphia\'s Chinatown at 8th and Race Streets. Corresponding to the signage in the Chinatown neighborhood, the station name signs are written in Chinese in addition to English. The station has two side platforms. The station\'s fare gates are located at street level.
The station opened in 1932 as part of the Ridge--8th Street Subway as **Vine**
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Chinatown station (SEPTA)
| 0 |
3,736,099 |
# Sexual Meditation: Room with View
***Sexual Meditation: Room with View*** is a 1971 American experimental film directed by Stan Brakhage. Shot on 16 mm film, the film explores the often blurry nature of gender roles in the copulatory ritual.
## Plot synopsis {#plot_synopsis}
A naked woman is seen sitting on a chair in a room with view. The woman is seen from various angles both in proximity to the camera itself and lying near the open window with her rear exposed towards the audience. This leads the audience to wonder whether the title implies that said view is what lies through the window or is in fact the unclothed woman herself. At this point, a naked man is seen on the same chair as at the opening squatting up and down suggestive of a tantric sex position. His conspicuous distinctness from the female character is evocative of the sexual incompleteness characteristic of Brakhage and his contemporaries. Next, the woman is seen again engaging in a bout of quick pirouettes signifying the lightness with which her gender approaches the mating game. At the climax of the film, the man repeatedly leaps both from the chair and towards the mattress with the intention of conquering the female.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
A review in *The Village Voice* described the film as \"pyrotechnically stunning and suffused with sexual excitement.\" Critic Fred Camper noted similarities with Brakhage\'s later film *The Wold Shadow*, which is also structured around a static camera angle that begins as an apparently unaltered image before introducing transformations to it
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# Orin C. Smith
**Orin C. Smith** (June 26, 1942 -- March 1, 2018) was an American businessman who was president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Starbucks Corporation from 2000 to 2005. He joined Starbucks as vice president and chief financial officer in 1990, becoming president and chief operating officer in 1994, and a director of Starbucks in 1996. He was preceded by Howard Schultz and succeeded by Jim Donald who was himself succeeded by Schultz.
## Biography
Prior to joining Starbucks, Smith spent much of his career in management consulting with Deloitte & Touche. Later he became the Chief Budget Officer for two Governors: Dixy Lee Ray and Booth Gardner, followed by CFO of two international transportation companies.
With Smith onboard first as CFO then COO and finally CEO, Starbucks expanded to more than 10,000 locations worldwide and more than \$5 billion in sales. Smith led Starbucks to link coffee production to the protection of rain forests. Smith retired from Starbucks in 2005 and later became a director of Nike, Inc. and The Walt Disney Company. He was elected independent lead director of The Walt Disney Company on March 13, 2012. He was chair of the Starbucks Foundation, vice chair of the University of Washington Board of Regents and member of the Conservation International board of directors.
Smith graduated from the University of Washington in 1965 and the Harvard Business School in 1967. Smith was the recipient of many honors and awards, including the highest honor given to graduates of the Harvard Business School and one of Business Week\'s best managers in 2004.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Smith was a resident of Jackson, Wyoming. He was born in Ryderwood, Washington, a logging camp. Soon after he was born, the family moved to Chehalis, Washington. He graduated from W. F. West High School in Chehalis where he grew up. He was a member of the 1960 high school basketball team, the Bearcats, which won the state Class A basketball championship.
Smith died of pancreatic cancer at his home in Palm Desert, California, at the age of 75.
## Philanthropy
Smith had a long history of contributing funding to the city of Chehalis, particularly its schools as well as towards preservation of the city\'s buildings, parks, and history. He donated \$10 million to the Chehalis School District to help create a perpetual Student Achievement Initiative (SAI) fund to be used for high school graduates of his alma mater to enroll in higher education and obtain professional careers after graduation.
For his \"exceptional contribution\" to the mission and vision of Chehalis schools, Orin C. Smith Elementary School was named in Smith\'s honor and opened for third, fourth and fifth grade in 2019 on the same campus as the James W. Lintott Elementary School, which opened for kindergarten, first and second grade in 2018.
The local Vernetta Smith branch library in Chehalis, part of the Timberland Regional Library system, was built in part due to funding by Orin Smith and the building bears his mother\'s name
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# Laurence Leboeuf
**Laurence Charlotte Leboeuf** (born December 13, 1985) is a Canadian actress.
## Biography
Leboeuf was born on December 13, 1985, in Montreal, Quebec, the daughter of actors Marcel Leboeuf and Diane Lavallée. She went to École Notre-Dame-de-Grâce for elementary and later on, she went to Villa Maria for high school.
She made her acting debut as Évelyne Boivin in the French Canadian television series *Virginie*. Later, she played Louise Lavigueur in the Quebec television series *Les Lavigueur, la vraie histoire*, and more recently as Apple in *Turbo Kid*.
She won the Prix Jutra for Best Supporting Actress at the 10th Jutra Awards, and received a Genie Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress at the 28th Genie Awards, for her performance in the 2007 film *My Daughter, My Angel (Ma fille mon ange)*. She has also received Canadian Screen Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for *19-2* at the 3rd Canadian Screen Awards and the 4th Canadian Screen Awards, and Québec Cinéma nominations for Best Actress at the 17th Jutra Awards for *The Little Queen (La petite reine)* and at the 18th Quebec Cinema Awards for *Turbo Kid*.
At the 10th Canadian Screen Awards in 2022, she won the award for Best Actress in a Drama Series for her performance as Magalie Leblanc in *Transplant*.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
She was in a romantic relationship with actor and comedian Martin Matte.
## Filmography
### Film roles {#film_roles}
Year Title Role Notes
------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ -------------------------------------------------- --
2004 *L\'hôtel de l\'avenir* Teenage Girl
2006 *`{{sortname|A|Family Secret|A Family Secret (film)}}`{=mediawiki} (Le Secret de ma mère)* Jeanne 15--19 ans
2007 *My Daughter, My Angel (Ma fille, mon ange)* Angélique Ménard
2007 *`{{sortname|The|Secret|The Secret (2007 film)}}`{=mediawiki} (Si j\'étais toi)* Amelia
2008 *Story of Jen* Jen
2009 *Free Fall (Les Pieds dans le vide)* Manu
2011 *French Immersion* Chantale Tremblay
2011 *Foreverland* Hannah Crane
2012 *`{{sortname|The|Trouble with Cali}}`{=mediawiki}* Cali Bluejones
2012 data-sort-value=\"Torrent, The\" \| *The Torrent (Le Torrent)* Amica / Young Claudine
2013 *Dragons 3D* Skye Ingram
2013 *An Extraordinary Person (Quelqu\'un d\'extraordinaire)*
2014 data-sort-value=\"Little Queen, The\" \| *The Little Queen (La Petite Reine)* Julie Arseneau
2015 *Turbo Kid* Apple
2017 *Mother!* Maiden
2018 *Catch and Release* Keely
2019 *Apapacho* Karine
2019 *Mont Foster* Chloé US distribution by Mbur Indie Film Distribution.
2025 *Two Women (Deux femmes en or)* Violette
### Television roles {#television_roles}
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| Year | Title | Role | Notes | |
+==============+============================+=====================+==================================================================+===+
| 1996 | *Virginie* | Évelyne Boivin | | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 1998 | *L\'ombre de l\'épervier* | Catherine | | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2002 | *Tag - Épilogue* | Isabelle Jobin | | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2002 | *Tag II* | Isabelle Jobin | | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2004--2006 | *15/Love* | Cody Meyers | 54 episodes | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2005 | *Human Trafficking* | Nadia | TV miniseries | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2007--2010 | *Durham County* | Sadie Sweeney | 18 episodes | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2008 | *Windfall and Misfortunes* | Louise Lavigueur | 6 episodes | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2009 | *Flashpoint* | Jessie Wyeth | Episode: \"The Perfect Family\" | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2009--2010 | *Being Erica* | Claire LeDuc | 13 episodes | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2010 | *Musée Eden* | Florence Cuorval | 9 episodes | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2010--2014 | *Trauma* | Sophie Léveillée | 32 episodes | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2011 | *Being Human* | Young Celine | Episode: \"You\'re the One That I Haunt\"\ | |
| | | | Episode: \"A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Me Killing You\" | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2014--2017 | *19-2* | Audrey Pouliot | 34 episodes | |
+--------------+----------------------------+---------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+---+
| 2020-2024 | *Transplant* | Dr
| 622 |
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| 0 |
3,736,120 |
# No. 4 Squadron RAAF
**No. 4 Squadron** is a Royal Australian Air Force squadron composed of the air force special forces Combat Controllers, aircrew who operate the Pilatus PC-21 aircraft and instructors for the Australian Defence Force Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC) course.
The squadron was previously a fighter and army co-operation unit active in both World War I and World War II. Formed in late 1917, the squadron operated on the Western Front as part of the Australian Flying Corps until the armistice in November 1918. It was disbanded after the war in mid-1919, but re-raised in 1937 and 1940. In 1942 it deployed to New Guinea, where it supported military forces by spotting for artillery and providing reconnaissance and close air support. As the war progressed, the squadron took part in the Huon Peninsula, New Britain and Borneo campaigns. It was disbanded in early 1948, but was re-formed on 2 July 2009 to provide training to forward air controllers and to support Army Special Operations Command.
## Composition
No. 4 Squadron consists of three flights designated as A, B and C as well as maintenance / logistics sections and a small administrative team.
### A Flight {#a_flight}
A Flight is composed of aircrew responsible for operating four Pilatus PC-21(F) Forward Air Control (FAC) variant aircraft. The PC-21 in grey paintwork differs in appearance from the standard multi-coloured RAAF PC-21. The aircraft are based at RAAF Base Williamtown to train ADF Joint Terminal Attack Controllers (JTAC).
### B Flight: Combat Control Team (CCT) {#b_flight_combat_control_team_cct}
B Flight is the Combat Control Team (CCT), composed of Combat Controllers responsible for reconnaissance, joint terminal attack control and advanced force operations, doing so either as part of a larger advanced force (supporting the SASR or Commandos from the 1st or 2nd Commando Regiment), or independently. Combat Controllers provide a range of capabilities, including Forward Air Control of Offensive Air Support, Landing Zone Reconnaissance, Aviation Meteorology Observation and Airspace Management.
The Special Tactics Project was formed in 2007 to train air force personnel as Combat Controllers similar to US Air Force combat controllers, following a request by the Army Special Operations Command in 2006. Between 2008 and 2009, three intakes completed initial training and four members deployed during combat operations in Afghanistan with the Special Operations Task Group (SOTG). Combat Controllers served continuously with the SOTG from 2008 rotating controllers at each SOTG rotation until withdrawal. In July 2009, the Special Tactics Project became B Flight in the reformed No. 4 Squadron.
Selection to become a Combat Controller is open to any ADF member and involves completion of the 8-week CCT Intake Course providing preparatory ground skills training and to prepare volunteers for the Special Forces Entry Test. Volunteers need to pass the Special Forces Entry Test, complete the Commando Reinforcement Training Cycle, Joint Terminal Attack Controller, Aviation Meteorology, Assault Zone Reconnaissance and Air Weapons Delivery courses. After passing selection and completing nearly two years of training, the Combat Controller is issued with a grey beret featuring a Sykes-Fairbain (commando) dagger.
### C Flight {#c_flight}
C Flight delivers the ADF Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC) course as well as the ongoing accreditation of graduates. In 2005, the Air Force became the first foreign air force to receive Joint Terminal Attack Controller (JTAC) accreditation from the United States Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM). The six-week JTAC course teaches planning, briefing, controlling and reporting of close air support (CAS). The JTAC course is conducted twice a year, with the aim of graduating 32 students a year. More than 300 students have graduated since 1997.
| 598 |
No. 4 Squadron RAAF
| 0 |
3,736,120 |
# No. 4 Squadron RAAF
## History
### World War I {#world_war_i}
upright=1.2\|thumb\|left\|France, November 1918. A scoreboard of aerial victories claimed by No. 80 Wing RAF from July to November 1918. The units listed are: No. 4 Squadron AFC, No. 88 Squadron RAF, No. 2 Squadron AFC, and Nos. 92, 103, 46 and 54 Squadrons RAF.\|alt= A chalked scoreboard for No. 80 Wing RAF claims by squadron. The claims are categorised as under columns headed \"In Flames\", \"Crashed\", \"O.O.C.\" (Out of Control), \"Driven Down\" and \"Balloons Destroyed\". No. 4 Squadron was established as a unit of the Australian Flying Corps (AFC) at Point Cook, Victoria, on 16 October 1916. According to the unit war diary, Captain Andrew Lang took command of the squadron and its initial complement of one officer and 26 men on 25 October. Shortly after its formation the squadron departed for Britain, arriving at Castle Bromwich for further training in March 1917.
The unit arrived in France on 18 December 1917. During its time on the Western Front, it was assigned to No. 80 Wing. Operating Sopwith Camels and Snipes, it performed fighter sweeps, provided air support for the army, and raided German airstrips. No. 4 Squadron claimed more \"kills\" than any other AFC unit: 199 enemy aircraft destroyed. In addition, 33 enemy balloons were destroyed or driven down.
Members of the unit included Captain Harry Cobby, the AFC\'s leading ace of the war, credited with destroying 29 aircraft and observation balloons, and Captain George Jones, who shot down seven aircraft and later served as the RAAF\'s Chief of the Air Staff for ten years. Aces Roy King, Edgar McCloughry, Herbert Watson, Thomas Baker, Leonard Taplin, Thomas Barkell, Arthur Palliser, Norman Trescowthick, Garnet Malley and Albert Robertson also served in the squadron.
Following the armistice, No. 4 Squadron remained in Europe and was based in Cologne, Germany, as part of the British Army of Occupation. It returned to Australia in March 1919 and was disbanded in Melbourne in June.
### World War II {#world_war_ii}
No. 4 Squadron was re-formed as a general reconnaissance unit at RAAF Station Richmond, New South Wales, on 3 May 1937, flying Hawker Demons before taking delivery of its first Avro Anson the following month. Re-numbered No. 6 (General Reconnaissance) Squadron on 1 March 1939, No. 4 Squadron was re-formed again at Richmond on 17 June 1940, this time as an army co-operation unit. Originally equipped with Demons and De Havilland Moths, it converted to CAC Wirraways in September and relocated to Canberra later that month. On 20 May 1942, No. 4 Squadron deployed to Camden Airfield, where it flew anti-submarine patrols as well as army co-operation training sorties until redeploying to Queensland and then in November to New Guinea.
thumb\|right\|upright=1.28\|No. 4 Squadron Boomerang fighter and ground crew in New Guinea, October 1943\|alt=Six men in front of a single-engined military monoplane parked on a jungle airfield The squadron\'s initial task in New Guinea was to support the American and Australian forces in the Battle of Buna-Gona. Until the end of the war the squadron operated in the army co-operation role, providing ground forces with artillery observation, reconnaissance and close air support. On 26 December 1942, a No. 4 Squadron Wirraway piloted by Pilot Officer John Archer shot down an A6M Zero. This was the only kill achieved by a Wirraway during the war and earned Archer the US Silver Star. On 31 January 1943, the squadron sent one of its flights to Wau, where it participated in the Battle of Wau.
In May 1943, No. 4 Squadron was re-equipped with CAC Boomerang fighter aircraft, to be operated in a tactical reconnaissance role. Operating with these new aircraft and also some Wirraways it had retained, the squadron supported the Australian 7th and 9th Divisions during the Huon Peninsula campaign. It also operated six Piper Cubs as liaison aircraft during these campaigns. The squadron continued to support Australian, US Army and US Marine Corps units in New Guinea and New Britain until March 1945 when it deployed to Morotai and then to the island of Labuan to support Australian ground forces in the Borneo campaign. It supported the 9th Division\'s campaign in North Borneo and the 7th Division\'s landing at Balikpapan. Casualties during the war amounted to 37 personnel killed.
### Post-war years {#post_war_years}
After the war, No. 4 Squadron returned to Australia on 14 November 1945 and was again based at Canberra. It re-equipped with late-model P-40 Kittyhawks, having received a few of these aircraft while in Borneo, and this was followed by CAC Mustangs and Austers in early 1947. After completing training on its new aircraft, the squadron provided a firepower demonstration for cadets of the Royal Military College, Duntroon, during an exercise at Braidwood in September 1947. On 7 March 1948, No. 4 Squadron ceased to exist, having been re-numbered No. 3 Squadron.
No. 4 Squadron was re-formed on 3 July 2009 at RAAF Base Williamtown to train forward air controllers. The Forward Air Control Development Unit (FACDU) of No. 82 Wing, which operated Pilatus PC-9/As, was merged into the new unit, along with the Special Tactics Project. This continued the FAC presence at Williamtown that had been maintained by FACDU and No. 4 Flight, which operated Winjeels out of Williamtown from 1970 to 1989. No. 4 Squadron\'s Pilatus PC-9/As were replaced with Pilatus PC-21s in 2020.
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# No. 4 Squadron RAAF
## Aircraft operated {#aircraft_operated}
No
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# Matt Lepsis
**Matthew Stanley Lepsis** (born January 13, 1974) is an American former professional football offensive tackle of the National Football League (NFL). He was originally signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent in 1997 and remained with the team until his retirement following the 2007 season. He played college football at Colorado.
Lepsis won Super Bowl XXXIII as a member of the Broncos.
## Early life {#early_life}
Matt Lepsis attended Frisco High School in Frisco, Texas, and was a letterman in football and track and field. In football, he was an All-Southwest selection and was named the Class 3A Defensive Player of the Year as a senior. In track and field, he was a two-time State Discus Champion.
## College career {#college_career}
Lepsis went to the University of Colorado, where he earned All-Big Eight Conference honors as a tight end.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Lepsis was signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent in 1997. He did not miss an offensive snap on a 2004 line that set a franchise record by allowing only 15 sacks, shattering the previous best of 22 sacks set in 1971, to rank third in the NFL.
In Week 7 of the 2006 season, he suffered a season-ending knee injury in a 17--7 victory over the Cleveland Browns. He once again suffered a season-ending injury, in the 2007 season. On January 1, 2008, he announced to his team that he would be retiring after his performance slipped in 2007 and wanted to end his career on his own terms.[1](https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=3176167) He officially retired on February 12, 2008
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# Dennis Leonard
**Dennis Patrick Leonard** (born May 8, 1951) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball from 1974 to 1986. He retired in 1986 due to injuries.
Born in Brooklyn, New York, Leonard attended Oceanside High School on Long Island, then played college baseball for and graduated from Iona College. He was drafted by the Royals in the second round of the 1972 draft and made his major league debut on September 4, 1974. In 1975, his first full year with the Royals, he achieved a 15-7 record.
Leonard later recorded three 20-win seasons, to become the only pitcher in Royals history to do so. He started nine post-season games for the Royals between 1976 and 1981, ending with a record of 3-5, including a 1-1 record in the 1980 World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies.
From 1975 to 1981, Leonard won 130 games, the most by any right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball.
Leonard missed two months of the 1982 season, the majority of the 1983 season, and all of the 1984 and 1985 seasons due to hand and knee injuries. His final season was in 1986, where he ended up with an 8-13 record. Besides his rookie season of 1974, 1986 was his only season with a losing record.
Leonard finished his career as the Royals' all-time leader in complete games (103) and shutouts (23), and was second in wins (144). He also held the club\'s single-season bests in starts (40), complete games (21), innings pitched (294.2) and strikeouts (244).
In 1989, Leonard was inducted into the Kansas City Royals Hall of Fame. After his playing career ended, he settled in the Kansas City area
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# George Foster (American football)
**George Foster** (born June 9, 1980) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Denver Broncos 20th overall in the 2003 NFL draft. He played college football for the Georgia Bulldogs.
Foster was also a member of the Detroit Lions, Cleveland Browns and Omaha Nighthawks.
## College career {#college_career}
The 2000 season saw the then sophomore Foster earn the backup left tackle position. He was one of the first men off of the Georgia bench and earned extensive playing time during the season, including Georgia\'s 37--14 win over Virginia in the Oahu Bowl.
At the conclusion of the 2001 spring drills, George Foster was named as the number one split tackle for the Bulldogs. He started nine games during the 2001 season as Georgia culminated their season against Boston College in the Music City Bowl.
During his senior season in 2002 at the University of Georgia, Foster was part of an offensive line that helped the Bulldogs finish with a #3 national ranking in both major polls and also helped the team win a school record 13 games, including victories in the SEC Championship game and the 2003 Nokia Sugar Bowl. Foster and the offensive line paved the way for the Bulldog offense all season long, as it averaged an SEC-best 32 points per game and garnered an offensive passing efficiency of 138.9. For his efforts, Foster was selected to play in the 2003 Senior Bowl, the NCAA\'s post-season all-star game.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Denver Broncos {#denver_broncos}
Foster was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the first round with the 20th overall pick in the 2003 NFL draft.
In 2004, Foster started all 16 games at right tackle and did not miss an offensive snap. Foster was part of a line that set a franchise record by allowing only 15 sacks, breaking the previous best of 22 sacks set in 1971. Foster helped rookie Tatum Bell post the first 100-yard game of his career, marking only the second time in franchise history that three different Broncos have had at least one 100-yard game in a season.
Foster started all 16 games for the Broncos in 2005. He helped block for Mike Anderson who rushed for 1,014 yards and Tatum Bell who rushed for 921 yards. The team gained the second-most rushing yards (2,539) in Bronco history and the second-best rushing offense in the NFL.
During his time in Denver, Foster was the official spokesman for the Broncos\' offensive line, while the rest of the unit adhered to a longstanding media boycott that began in 1995.
### Detroit Lions {#detroit_lions}
On March 1, 2007, Foster was traded along with teammate Tatum Bell and a 5th round draft pick to the Detroit Lions in exchange for cornerback Dré Bly. He was released on June 1, 2009.
### Cleveland Browns {#cleveland_browns}
Foster signed with the Cleveland Browns on June 5, 2009. He was released on August 24.
### Omaha Nighthawks {#omaha_nighthawks}
Foster was signed by the Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League on August 21, 2010. He was re-signed by the team on July 15, 2011.
### New Orleans Saints {#new_orleans_saints}
On August 3, 2011, Foster signed with the New Orleans Saints.
### Indianapolis Colts {#indianapolis_colts}
Foster was signed by the Indianapolis Colts on May 29, 2012. He was placed on injured reserve on August 27 and released on August 31, 2012.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Foster is a native of Macon, Georgia. On May 7, 2019, Foster was inducted into the Macon Sports Hall of Fame
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# Pure Dixieland
***Pure Dixieland*** is a mostly instrumental album of traditional New Orleans classics, from an ensemble of New Orleans jazz masters, including a young Harry Connick Jr. at the age of eleven.
The album was originally released in 1979, titled *Pure Dixieland*. It was re-released in November 1992 as *Eleven*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Sweet Georgia Brown\" (Maceo Pinkard, Kenneth Casey, Ben Bernie) -- 4:39
2. \"Tin Roof Blues\" (Walter Melrose, Leon Rappolo, Paul Mares, Ben Pollack, George Brunies, Mel Stitzel) -- 2:55
3. \"Wolverine Blues\" (Jelly Roll Morton, Benjamin Spikes, John Spikes) -- 3:06
4. \"Jazz Me Blues\" (Tom Delaney) -- 3:04
5. \"Doctor Jazz\" (Joe \"King\" Oliver, Melrose) -- 3:27
6. \"Muskrat Ramble\" (Ray Gilbert, Kid Ory) -- 2:39
7. \"Lazy River\" (Hoagy Carmichael, Sidney Arodin) -- 2:48
8. \"Joe Avery\'s Piece\" (Traditional) -- 3:11
9. \"Way Down Yonder in New Orleans\" (Joe Turner Layton, Henry Creamer) -- 2:46
## Musicians
- Harry Connick Jr
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