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# Fred G. Johnson
**Fred G. Johnson** (January 1892, Chicago, Illinois -- 11 May 1990, Sun City, Arizona) was a prolific sideshow banner artist whose career spanned 65 years. His banner paintings were displayed at the Chicago World\'s Fair of 1933, called *A Century of Progress*, and by circuses such as Ringling Brothers, Barnum & Bailey, and Clyde Beatty. He has been called the \"Picasso\" of circus art.
Fred Johnson, one of nine boys in a Chicago family, was employed at age 14 as an errand boy by the United States Tent & Awning Co. of Chicago, but was soon dismissed for neglecting his work to play baseball. He was hired by banner painter Harry Carlton Cummins to clean equipment and tack up banners. Cummins also taught him to paint banners, though he never received any formal art training. Johnson resumed working for the United States Tent & Awning Co. after World War I, producing banners for owners Walter and Charles Driver between 1921 and 1930.
Sideshow and circus banners first appeared in Europe during the early 1800s. Hung outside shows or booths, they served the same function as that of decorative shop signs, advertising the contents within. At the height of their popularity from the 1870s to the late 1960s, sideshow banners were strung up at carnivals and traveling shows throughout the world. Early circuses routinely used brightly painted ones to lure paying customers to their quirky sideshows of freaks and curiosities -- snake charmers, sword swallowers, two-headed babies and five-legged cows were some of the exaggerated attractions offered for \'your shock and amazement for just five cents!\'. Circus banners were usually about 8 ft high, but commissions could be any size. The largest Johnson ever produced was 50 ft by 15 ft \"for a bughouse\" which took him about 40 hours. On average, however, he turned out four a day. He also painted the side-panels on circus trailers and merry-go-rounds.
Charles Driver later started his own business, taking Johnson with him. When it went bankrupt, Johnson continued to paint banners in a garage on Chicago\'s northwest side. Undaunted, Driver joined the O. Henry Tent & Awning Co., persuading Johnson to follow him. Johnson worked for that company for some 40 years from 1934 to 1974.
He later retired at the age of 89 and moved to Sun City, Arizona. He died May 11, 1990, at the age of 98. He was survived by son Ellsworth, three grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.
Most of his banners were lost, but survivors are preserved in [circus museums](http://www.sideshowworld.com/10-SP1/CWM/SSP-CWM-1.html) in Baraboo, Wisconsin -- home to Ringling Brothers -- and Sarasota, Florida. as well as in the Carl Hammer gallery. Some were auctioned by Sotheby\'s in 1981, with titles such as \"Minnie Ha-Ha the Monkey Girl\" and \"Dickie the Penguin Boy\". In July 1989, the State of Illinois Art Center Gallery had an exhibit of his work. His works were subsequently shown by the Rockford Art Museum in 1991, which showcased "Fat Man", an early work that had not been displayed prior.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
- On the Season 3, Episode 1 episode of *American Pickers* on the History Channel, initially broadcast on December 6, 2010, pickers Mike Wolfe and Frank Fritz visit Bushkill Park in Easton, Pennsylvania, where they purchase two sideshow banners. Appraiser William Leroy later identifies one of them as being by Johnson, which Leroy values at over \$5,000 despite not being in the best of shape
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# Roswell High School (Georgia)
**Roswell High School** (**RHS**) is a public high school in Roswell, Georgia, United States which opened in 1949. It serves the entire city of Roswell west of Georgia State Route 400 and the city of Mountain Park, as well as small portions of Alpharetta and Milton. Roswell High School neighbors both Fellowship Christian School and Blessed Trinity Catholic High School. It is also the second oldest of Fulton County\'s schools in the northern portion of the county, opening between Milton High School (1921), and Chattahoochee High School (1991). Roswell is currently on its third campus, which opened in 1990. The current building is the oldest in-use high school building in north Fulton.
Roswell is a member of the Georgia High School Association (GHSA) and Region 4-AAAAAAA for athletic competition, as of the 2016--2017 academic year. The school\'s mascot is the Hornet, and the school colors are green, white and black. Roswell offers 16 different sports, comprising 23 varsity level teams. Eight of the Roswell Hornet teams have won state championships, totaling 20 overall. The most championships won by a single team is seven, accomplished by the girls\' gymnastics program.
## History
Roswell High School first opened in 1949, and is the second oldest high school in Fulton County north of the Chattahoochee River. Like the city of Roswell, the school bears the name of Roswell King. King founded the cotton mill that would eventually be the city\'s economic backbone for much of its early history. The immediate predecessor to Roswell High School was the Roswell Public School on Mimosa Boulevard, which housed grades 1--10 and opened in the 1892 after the Georgia General Assembly passed Act No. 51 on December 20, 1892, allowing the city to elect a school board and levy taxes for support of the school. Students from outside the city limits were required to pay tuition. In 1896, the city council and mayor were authorized by the state to issue \$5,000 in bonds to build a new school building.
In 1914, the existing school was torn down and two new structures were built. Since schools were segregated at that time, a two-story brick building was constructed on Mimosa Boulevard to house the white students in grades 1 through 10, and a one-room wooden building was built on Pleasant Hill Avenue for black students in grades 1 through 7. The Pleasant Hill facility also served as a meeting place for a local lodge and the Pleasant Hill Baptist Church until the church built its own facility across the street in 1922. Grade 11 was added in the 1920s to the Mimosa Boulevard school. Black students who progressed past grade 7 could then attend Washington High School in Atlanta.
During the Great Depression, the city of Roswell was annexed into Fulton County from Cobb County as part of its 1932 combination with Milton County and Campbell County. Roswell students in grades ten and eleven were then sent to Milton High School in Alpharetta or North Fulton High School in Atlanta to finish their secondary education (which ended upon completion of grade 11). In 1949, the Mimosa Boulevard building was demolished, and a new school was built on the existing site to allow the 10th and 11th grades to return to Roswell as the inaugural Roswell High School. G.W. Adams was the first principal and oversaw the addition of more rooms to the school over the next few years. During this growth, the Baptist, Presbyterian and Methodist churches also located on Mimosa Boulevard were used to house auxiliary classrooms. Also in 1949, the high school began participating in athletics with a varsity basketball team and other senior high school extracurricular activities. In 1950, Roswell High School added grade 12 as part of the statewide standard for high schools, and played its first varsity football season. The first graduating class graduated in the spring of 1951.
Construction began nearby on Alpharetta Highway near the present-day Roswell City Hall on a new campus. That facility opened in the fall of 1954 and allowed the high school (grades 8--12) to physically separate from the elementary school (grades 1--7). Roswell High\'s second campus was designed by the architecture firm Stevens & Wilkinson, which innovated school designs and used a \"finger plan\" to improve functionality of the school. It had a capacity of 400 students and had facilities for industrial arts, a shop, music halls, science labs, an art room, an indoor gymnasium, athletic fields, a football stadium, and a track. The School started getting crowded in the early 70s. This forced Fulton county to establish Crestwood High School to relieve it. The School also relieved similar overcrowding at North Springs Charter School of Arts and Sciences. The primary school remained in the Mimosa Boulevard building as Roswell Elementary. As of 2007, the brick elementary building is part of an expanded structure still owned by the Fulton County School System, and it housed the Crossroads Second Chance North Alternative School until 2013 and still serves as the Teaching Museum North. Roswell High remained at the Alpharetta Highway campus until the fall of 1990 when the current campus on King Road was opened.
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# Roswell High School (Georgia)
## Current campus {#current_campus}
The current campus is the third that Roswell High School has occupied. It opened in the fall of 1990 on King Road, just off of Highway 92, with an enrollment of nearly 2,000 students. It is the oldest high school building in North Fulton. The new campus was expanded with a football stadium and softball field added in 1994 and an auditorium in 1995, paid for by the RHS Foundation. The campus includes science, computer, video, and cosmetology labs; baseball and softball fields, a stadium for football and soccer, a lacrosse field, an additional practice field, a dome style gymnasium, a cross country trail, and lighted tennis courts for athletics.
In 2008 the Roswell gymnasium was named one of the top high school gyms in the nation. Cited were the domed rotunda, the hanging four sided scoreboard, and locker room facilities.
On February 2, 2007, Roswell High had a groundbreaking ceremony for an expansion project. The 23851 sqft expansion added ten new classrooms, including science labs and a new band room. This increased the school to a 1,900 student official capacity with the state. The addition also reduced some of the need for portable classrooms, but portable units were still used after the expansion to handle Roswell\'s enrollment (2400 students as of 2007). Construction officially began on February 5, 2007. The addition was paid for by a one-cent special-purpose local-option sales tax (SPLOST). Additional improvements to RHS for additional safety and security features, technology and curriculum equipment enhancements, and athletic facilities upgrades were to be implemented as part of the third SPLOST, approved by Fulton County voters on March 20, 2007.
In 2014, Roswell High School began renovating its main entrance. The main office and front desk were relocated as a safety measure for the administration. The security office was also relocated to be near the main entrance. Due to the renovation, one trailer was removed from the property. The renovation took down the metal covering leading from the carpool dropoff to the main entrance.
Roswell High School also added a new exterior with a stone face and large front-facing windows. Small interior changes included new bathroom fixtures and tile.
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# Roswell High School (Georgia)
## Academics
RHS is a part of the Fulton County School System and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Georgia Department of Education.
Roswell was named a National Blue Ribbon School in 1997--1998 by the United States Department of Education. It was also designated a Georgia School of Excellence in 1996.
26 Advanced Placement (AP) classes are offered, and SAT as well as ACT scores regularly exceed the national and state average. For the 2005--2006 school year, Roswell\'s average SAT score was 1663 with the new SAT scoring system, which ranked Roswell third in the Fulton County School System and sixth in Metro Atlanta. The Georgia state average was 1477, while the national average was 1518. 477 students took AP exams in 2005, with 84% receiving the necessary score (3 or higher) to earn college credit. Nationally, only 60% score high enough to earn college credits. Three RHS students were named National Merit Scholars in 2005.
Roswell\'s academic success has brought national recognition. In 2006, the school was ranked the No. 472 school in *Newsweek* magazine\'s top 1,200 schools, ranking in the top 3% nationally. Roswell was third on the list among Fulton County\'s 12 high schools.
Roswell offers a unique curriculum with many electives not offered anywhere else in the county. The school\'s unique course offerings include the Career Tech diploma track, robotics, psychology, archaeology, and foreign languages. The Foreign Language department offers French, Spanish, Latin, German, and Japanese, and was honored in the January 2007 issue of *Atlanta Magazine* for offering the most foreign language courses in the Atlanta area. RHS students participated in the 2007 Annual Japanese Challenge Academic Bowl and won the most awards of any school at the competition.
In 2007, RHS Senior Maia Bageant was named as one of 141 Presidential Scholars by the United States Department of Education. In 2008, Roswell High was one of 23 Georgia schools recognized by state school superintendent Kathy Cox as an AP Merit School (20% of students taking AP exams, 50% or more of those receiving a score of three or higher). Also in 2008, Roswell High School student Ishna Sharma was named as one of only 139 Presidential Scholars. RHS student Anand Srinivasan received the Kroger Pinnacle Award in 2014, the top award given at the statewide annual Georgia Science and Engineering Fair. Likewise, student Saif Ali tied for first place in the state science fair in 2016.
*U.S. News & World Report* ranked Roswell High 162nd in its 2014 list of best high schools for the academic disciplines of Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and 339th on the 2014 list of best high schools in the United States.
### Career Tech {#career_tech}
The Career Tech department at Roswell High is made up of Broadcast and Video Production, Cosmetology, Family and Consumer Sciences, Diversified Technology, Pre-Engineering, Business Education, and JROTC. Through this department, students may take three consecutive years of one of the branches to obtain a Career Technology High School Diploma in place of a College Prep Diploma. Courses cover diverse topics such as culinary arts, business, computers, interior design, and introduction to education and early childhood care.
#### Broadcast and Video Production {#broadcast_and_video_production}
The Broadcast and Video Production department is designed to teach students about the television industry. Using a hands-on method, students learn about all aspects of television from pre-production to production to post-production. The facility is made up of a working television studio, a large control room, six edit rooms (each equipped with both linear and non-linear editing systems), a radio station, and a normal classroom. Students in the program learn to produce everything from commercials and PSAs to dramas, news shows, and sporting events. The advanced classes produce a weekly news show, the *Morning Buzz*, which airs at the beginning of the day. The Broadcast and Video department supports the student-run radio station WRHS the Hive, the film club, and the yearly School House Rock concert.
### Rifle team {#rifle_team}
The Rifle Team is jointly run by the Roswell High School JROTC program and the Athletics Department, and represents the school in the Olympic sport of riflery. The team won the Region 6 championship six straight years between 1996 and 2001. The team finished second in the state in 2000 finishing with a score of 1142. State champion East Coweta High School finished with a score of 1150.
### Fine arts {#fine_arts}
Roswell High School offers fine arts opportunities in art, band, chorus, drama, and orchestra. The groups meet throughout the year as elective classes and extracurricular activities, and hold many events. These include performances at football games, murals painted in the school\'s halls, concerts, plays, and a spring musical jointly put on by the drama and choral departments.
The drama department annually hosts Short Attention Span Theatre, featuring plays, shorts, and monologues which are written, cast, directed, and produced by RHS students.
#### Chorus
Roswell Choruses have performed on numerous occasions for the Georgia Music Educator\'s Association and sang at the 2003 Southern Division of the Music Educator\'s National Conference in Savannah, Georgia. The Singing Hornets have performed concerts at Notre Dame, St. Peter\'s Basilica, Carnegie Hall, and Disney World. They have performed with professional orchestras, including the Atlanta Symphony Youth Orchestra and Orchestra Atlanta. Each year, the Roswell Choral Music Program receives invitations for students to participate in the Georgia All-State Chorus and the Governor\'s Honors Program. Ensembles include the Chamber Singers, Vocal Jazz, Advanced Women\'s, and Advanced Men\'s Choirs.
#### Band
The Roswell High School band department contains the marching band, wind ensemble, symphonic band, pep band, jazz band, and percussion ensemble. The marching band performs for all varsity football games and has competitions throughout the fall, as well as parade appearances. The marching band competes in Class AAA and in 2008 placed third overall in the Georgia Invitational Band Championship. In 2009 the wind ensemble, which was one of only three selected, took part in the Honor Bands of Georgia program hosted at Columbus State University in Columbus, Georgia. The program is an educational opportunity for the bands participating and is meant to further music education in the state.
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# Roswell High School (Georgia)
## Extracurricular activities {#extracurricular_activities}
Roswell High School offers students a variety of options to get involved in the school. Roswell sponsors sports teams in fifteen different sports as well as several club sports. Students can also participate in service clubs, academic clubs, and general interests clubs for a variety of tastes and preferences.
### Athletics
The Roswell High mascot is the Hornet, and the school colors are green, black, and white. The Hornets compete in 16 sports at the varsity level, with additional teams competing at the junior varsity and 9th grade level. 11 sports are available to boys, 10 are for girls, and 2 are co-ed. Overall, 23 teams compete at varsity level, with 43 total.
The Hornets have won multiple state titles in athletics, including three each in football and baseball, and two in boys\' basketball. Roswell\'s most successful girls\' team is gymnastics, which has won seven state championships (1997, 2000--2003, 2005, 2007). In 1970--71 Roswell completed a three-peat in the GHSA, winning a state title (including a back-to-back campaign in baseball) in baseball, basketball, and football within 12 months of each other. In total the Roswell Hornets have won 19 team state championship titles in the school\'s 23 sports.
Since its inception, Roswell\'s traditional rival has been Milton, the oldest high school in northern Fulton County. The Roswell/Milton series is the most-played high school football rivalry in metro Atlanta, with the 2014 game marking the sixtieth meeting between the schools. The two have competed since 1950 in every sport the two schools offer. In 1963 a fight broke out between the fans of the schools at a football game and the series was banned for several years. The football series then went uninterrupted from 1970 to 1997 but was temporarily ended when the GHSA moved Milton to a different Region, which made scheduling difficult. The series was reinstated in 2000 when Milton and Roswell were again in Region 6-AAAAA. Since 1950, Roswell has held a 34--21--1 advantage over their archrival in football, including winning seven straight from 2001 to 2007. The 2008 meeting was won by Milton, 20--19. Roswell won a series record 14 straight games from 1983 to 1995. Roswell\'s very first football game was against Milton, a 14--0 win on September 22, 1950. The largest margin of victory in the series also belongs to Roswell, a 45--0 victory on October 26, 2007.
In lacrosse, the series records are the opposite; Roswell has a losing record to its archrival in lacrosse. The closest sport in the rivalry is gymnastics, in which the two teams have combined for eleven state titles (seven Roswell, four Milton) and for seven years from 1997 to 2003 one of the two teams won every state championship. In other sports with records available, Roswell\'s boys\' soccer team has gone 5--0--1 against Milton since 2004 while the girls\' soccer team has gone 2--4 against the Eagles. 2008 saw the Hornet soccer teams record a sweep over the Milton Eagles for the second straight year. On October 22, 2008, *The Atlanta Journal-Constitution* named the Roswell-Milton rivalry as the seventh best football rivalry in the state. Reasons cited included the age of the rivalry and the fight in 1963. In 2013 the rivals played for the state baseball championship. Milton ultimately ended up winning the state championship in extra innings by one run in front of an overflow crowd. It marked the second straight year a team from the rival schools faced off for a state title, as the girls\' lacrosse teams did so in 2012.
Roswell has also developed a strong rivalry with Centennial High School, the city\'s other public high school, in which the two teams play for the Roswell Cup in football, the series starting in 2000. In soccer, Centennial is the bigger rival than Milton. Roswell Football holds a 9--2 record over Centennial. On the soccer pitch, Roswell girls have a 3--3 record with the Knights since 2004, while the boys hold a 1--5 record during that time period.
Other significant rivals include Chattahoochee, Lassiter, and Alpharetta. Blessed Trinity is Roswell\'s closest rival as the two are less than a mile apart; it is also the newest rival. The two schools started an annual series in soccer in 2007. They have met three times in soccer, with the boys\' record being tied 1--1--1 and the girls\' record being 0--1--2 for Roswell. For the 2005--2006 school year, Roswell\'s overall athletic program finished 25th in the state\'s Director\'s Cup standings, which measures the top athletic programs in the state. When ranking just the boys\' teams, Roswell finished 13th in the state.
As of the 2014--2015 season, Roswell varsity teams compete in the eight team Region 5-AAAAAA. The AAAAAA classification was created for the 2012--2013 season by the GHSA for the largest schools in the state. Roswell was previously a member of Region 6-AAAAA since its inception in 2000 with the addition of class AAAAA, although Roswell\'s region opponents have varied. Prior to joining AAAAA, Roswell was in Region 6-AAAA for 12 years from 1988 until 1999. The current members of Region 6 include county rivals Alpharetta, Centennial, and Milton. Teams from neighboring Cobb are Campbell, Kell, Lassiter, Pope, Walton, and Wheeler. Region realignment for the 2010--2011 school year kept Roswell in Region 6, along with Alpharetta, Centennial, and Milton. North Fulton school Northview joined the other four Fulton schools, along with the North Forsyth Raiders and West Forsyth Wolverines of Forsyth County, to create a seven-team region.
Roswell offers all GHSA sponsored sports. Various programs offer teams at the varsity, JV, and freshman levels. Such sports for boys include football, baseball, basketball and lacrosse. Girls\' teams with all three levels are basketball and volleyball. Sports offering varsity and JV teams include cross country, golf, soccer, tennis, and track and field for both genders. Softball and lacrosse are such programs for girls while wrestling is such a program for boys. Swimming & diving is only varsity for both genders, while gymnastics is offered at the varsity level for girls. Roswell offers two co-ed sports, competition cheerleading and riflery; both are solely varsity teams.
#### Traditions
Every fall students are encouraged to wear their class colors on football game day Fridays to show their school spirit. The days of Homecoming Week are themed, and students dress up to win spirit points for their class, culminating in the Friday class color day and pep rally. On Wednesday or Thursday night of Homecoming Week, students decorate the halls of the school by class to reflect the theme of the dance. Each hall is judged, with the winning class receiving spirit points. On game days, the Roswell Marching Band plays the school\'s fight song as they march through the halls. Roswell\'s fight song is a version of the \"Washington and Lee Swing.\" Seniors dress up in camouflage every Friday for school and for the football games.
The senior class of 2010 brought the \"Flour Toss\" tradition to Roswell. At every kickoff of the Friday football games, students anticipate the kick, each holding fistfuls of white flour. As soon as the player kicks the ball, hands go up in the air, releasing the flour, creating a cloud of white to welcome the opposing team.
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# Roswell High School (Georgia)
## Extracurricular activities {#extracurricular_activities}
### Athletics
#### Football
Roswell\'s football team has won three State Championships (1968, 1970, and 2006), three State Runners-up (1956, 2015, and 2016), and ten Region Championships, the latest in 2016. Since 1950 Roswell has a combined record of 405--244--7. Roswell football history started in 1950 when a spring practice and game was held. During the fall of that year, Roswell posted a 4--2 record, including two wins over archrival Milton.
Coach Bill Yoast began building Roswell\'s football success when he came to coach the Hornets in 1954. In two years, he got Roswell to the 1956 State Championship game, which Roswell lost to Monticello. He stayed at the school until 1960, when he left for Virginia.
Roswell\'s first and so far only undefeated season was in 1968, when sophomore quarterback Jeff Bower led the Hornets to a 13--0 season and the football team\'s first State Championship. It was the most wins for a season in school history until 2006, when that state championship team went 13--1--1, tying the 1968 team in wins. Two years later, in 1970, Roswell won a state title with a 12--2 record with Jeff Bower again leading the team. He also won state championships in baseball in 1970 and 1971 and basketball in 1971. Bower would go on to a long career as a football coach, most notably as the head coach of Southern Miss from 1990 to 2007.
Roswell\'s coach with the best record is Ray Manus, who was head coach for 23 seasons (1975--97). and had a record of 141--102--1. After retiring as head coach, Coach Manus returned to the team as an assistant in 2004, and the stadium was officially named after him that year as well. Though he never won a state title as head coach, Manus was on the coaching staff for all three titles. In 2006, after a 35-year absence from being at the top of the state, the Hornets recaptured a state title for the first time in 36 years. The team finished the regular season 9--1 and the No. 2 seed in the playoffs from Region 6-AAAAA. Roswell continued to win in the state playoffs, including a 10--9 win over defending State Runner-up Brookwood High School, and won the right to play for a State Championship by defeating Tift County in the Georgia Dome state semi-finals. Roswell was eventually crowned state co-champion after a controversial 14--14 tie against the Peachtree Ridge Lions. The Hornets finished the season 13--1--1. Roswell players won many post-season accolades, including quarterback Dustin Taliaferro, who made *The Atlanta Journal-Constitution* and Associated Press All-State First team, and running back Alex Daniel (All-State Honorable Mention).
The Roswell Hornets began the 2007 season ranked No. 1 in Class AAAAA and nationally ranked by three publications, including a No. 8 ranking by Rivals.com. The Hornets finished 2007 with a 10--3 record. Of the three losses Walton made the state semi-finals and Lowndes became state champions. The Hornets finished the season ranked No. 6 in the state by the AJC and No. 5 by the AP. Eight members of the 2007 football team received collegiate scholarships, and six of those signees will attend Division I Football Bowl Subdivision schools.
Coach Tim McFarlin resigned as the head coach in the spring of 2008. Over his ten-year tenure as head coach, Roswell compiled a record of 82--34--1, won a share of the 5A state championship in 2006, reached the state high school playoffs seven times and won two region championships. In 2006, he was named State AAAAA Coach of the Year. McFarlin was an assistant football coach with the Hornets for 17 years before becoming head coach in 1998. Roswell hired Leo Barker, defensive coordinator under McFarlin for the 2006 and 2007 seasons, as the head coach for the 2008 season. Barker was the tenth head coach of the Roswell Hornets and served in that position for the 2009 and 2010 seasons before resigning.
Leo Barker\'s first season at Roswell, 2008, ended with a 5--5 record and the Hornets just missing the playoffs. In his second season the Hornets rebounded and had a 9--1 regular season record, finishing second in Region 6-AAAAA behind Lassiter who defeated the Hornets 45--24. The Hornets made it to the second round of the playoffs, falling to the No. 1 state ranked Grayson High School 24--14, giving Roswell a 10--2 record for 2009.
Justin Sanderson, the assistant head coach under Barker, was promoted to head coach for the 2011 season. After compiling a 3--17 record in 2 seasons, Sanderson was replaced after the 2012 season with John Ford. As of the 2014 season, Ford is the current head football coach at RHS.
#### Gymnastics
Roswell\'s gymnastics program has won a total of seven state championships since 1997, including four straight from 2000 to 2003. Roswell\'s seven state titles is second in the sports history behind only Lakeside, Dekalb\'s nine. The 2006 team finished third in the state, and in 2007 Roswell won their seventh state championship in the sport on April 27 at Westminster, defeating archrival Milton by only 1.55 points despite having no gymnasts winning an individual championship. The 2007 team, however, placed at least one gymnast in the top six of each apparatus, including Annie Turner, who placed second in the All-Around, third on vault and bars, and fifth on floor. Two Roswell gymnasts finished second and sixth on the balance beam. In 2008 the Hornets finished fourth in the state.
#### Lacrosse
Along with rival Centennial, Roswell became one of the first two public schools in the state to offer lacrosse in 1999. Roswell was the host of the first GHSA sponsored tournament in May 2002. The school was one of only six to field a women\'s team in 1999, along with Centennial and several private schools. The 2006 Boys Lacrosse team made the state playoffs for the first time by finishing second in their region, and made it to the second round. In 2008, the Roswell Lacrosse program added a freshman boys\' team, the first such team in the state. Another milestone for the Roswell Lacrosse team came in 2008 when Michael Bender was named an All-American, the first Roswell lacrosse player to be given that honor.
In 2013, the boys\' team took a big step forward, making it to the state semi-finals before falling to Lambert 17--6. The following year, Roswell went into the state playoffs as a 2 seed from Region 2. They beat East Coweta in the first round, and then beat their cross-town rival and the defending state champion, Centennial. They would then beat Walton at home, which led to a rematch of the previous years semi-final match up against Lambert in the State Championship. In Ray Manus Stadium, with over 5,000 fans in attendance, Roswell captured its first Boys\' Lacrosse State Championship, defeating the Lambert Longhorns 6--5. They finished the season 17--3 and were ranked by *The Atlanta Journal-Constitution* as the No. 1 team in the state of Georgia. They were ranked the No. 8 team in the South by Nike.
The Roswell girls\' lacrosse team made the state playoffs for the first time in 2009. They made the second round of the state playoffs, falling to eventual champion Chattahoochee. The team finished with a 13--5--1 record and ranked No. 5 in the state.
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# Roswell High School (Georgia)
## Extracurricular activities {#extracurricular_activities}
### Athletics
#### Other athletic programs {#other_athletic_programs}
The Hornet baseball program has won three state titles. The team has been a state playoff participant and has been ranked nationally by such sources as *USA Today* Top 100 and *Baseball America*. For the 2007 season, Roswell\'s team was ranked in the pre-season nationally. The Hornets\' state championships in baseball were won in 1970, 1971, and 1986. They finished second in the state in 1969, 1976, and 2013. The 1986 state championship team holds the record for the most wins in program history at 29.
Roswell\'s boys\' golf team has one state title, taking first place in 1990. In 2006, Roswell finished second when rain canceled the second of the two-round tournament. Coach Tim McFarlin led the 2006 State Runner-up team just seven months before taking the football team to the 2006 State Championship.
Roswell\'s track & field program has won two boys\' state championships in 1959 and in 1961. The 1959 State Championship in track was the school\'s first state championship in any sport. The program hosts the annual Roswell Relays track meet and the Region 6-AAAAA Track Championships. The cross country program saw the girls\' team finish eighth in the state in 2007. Roswell also won a Track and Field State Championship in 1961. The track team partners annually with the Rotary Club of Roswell to hold the Roswell Rotary Relays.
Roswell won two state championships in boys basketball in 1971 and 1997 and in slow-pitch softball in 1992. The softball state title was the first for a girls\' team at Roswell. The Girls Tennis Team also captured a state title in 2012.
### Clubs
As of the 2012--2013 academic year, RHS offers students many extracurricular activities catering to the school\'s diverse interests, including 72 clubs, 11 academic teams, and service clubs.
Clubs include academic honor societies, political interests, service clubs, social/general interest clubs, and non-varsity sport clubs. Service clubs include Key Club, Anchor Club, Animal Rescue Club, and the Habitat For Humanity Club, which raises funds and builds houses in conjunction with the local Habitat chapter. Academic clubs include Art Club, Art National Honor Society, Beta Club, and National Honor Society. Political interest clubs are the Peace Activists Club, Young Democrats, Young Republicans, and Shanti, which attempts to eliminate teenage apathy. Competitive clubs include the two-time state champion Fencing Team, Roswell Ice Hockey Club, Ultimate Frisbee Club, Policy Debate Team, Breakdance Team, Unique Dance team, and the Robotics Team. The robotics team hosts the oldest active FRC team in Georgia (Team 832).
General interest clubs include the Medical Club for students interested in medical careers, Chess Club, Cycling Club, Future Business Leaders of America, Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Fly Fishing Club, International Club Latino Club, Russian Club, Video Game Club, Writing Club, and Friends Club, which brings students with disabilities and regular education students together.
The school is served by the elected Student Council.
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# Roswell High School (Georgia)
## Extracurricular activities {#extracurricular_activities}
### Publications and media outlets {#publications_and_media_outlets}
Established in 1983, *The Sting* is the school\'s official student newspaper and is a member of the Georgia Scholastic Press Association. The monthly publication has been recognized on multiple occasions by the GSPA and the Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Georgia. The newspaper features news, editorials, opinions, features, entertainment, and sports. The staff also maintains the paper\'s related website.
The student literary magazine the *Helicon* is produced by the school\'s literary magazine staff. The magazine is published once each semester and features student-created poetry, short stories, essays, photos, and artwork. The *Helicon* has also received multiple awards from the GSPA.
The student-published yearbook is the *Mimosan*, and the student-run radio station is WRHS The Hive.
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# Roswell High School (Georgia)
## Notable people {#notable_people}
Coach Bill Yoast, featured in the movie *Remember the Titans*, was a Roswell High football coach from 1954 to 1960 before leaving for Virginia. Game footage from Roswell is used in several scenes in the movie
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# ComicView
***Comic View*** is an American stand-up comedy show that aired on BET on Tuesdays and Fridays from September 1992 to December 2008. In May 2014, BET announced the return of *Comic View*. The show has been the launching pad for such comedians as D. L. Hughley, Cedric the Entertainer, Sommore, and Rodney Perry.
## Overview
In the show\'s later years, the show moved to different cities, such as Atlanta, Los Angeles, Miami and New Orleans.
The episodes aired during the 2005--2006 season were filmed in New Orleans less than a month before Hurricane Katrina. Before the show aired, a message dedicated the show to the citizens of New Orleans. Another incarnation entitled *Comic View: One Mic Stand* began in September 2008 with actor Kevin Hart as the host. Its recent incarnation was renamed back to *Comic View* which began in May 2014 with comedian Sommore returning as the new host.
## Hosts
- D. L. Hughley (1992--1994)
- Cedric the Entertainer (1994--1995)
- Sommore (1995--1996; 2014)
- Don \"D.C.\" Curry (1996--1997; 2013)
- Montana Taylor (1997--1998)
- Gary Owen (1998--1999)
- Lester Barrie (1999--2000)
- Rickey Smiley (2000--2001)
- Bruce Bruce (*New Orleans 10th Anniversary Party Gras*, 2000--2002)
- Arnez J (*Caliente*, 2002--2003)
- J
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# Wizard (novel)
***Wizard*** is a 1980 science fiction novel by American writer John Varley. It is the second book in his Gaea Trilogy. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1981.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
*Wizard* takes place in 2100, seventy-five years after the events in *Titan*. Cirocco has become an alcoholic, apparently due to the strain of being the *Wizard*. Gaby Plauget has taken up the slack, carrying out special projects for Gaea such as building the Circum-Gaea Highway, in return for which she gets some of the benefits Cirocco enjoys, including apparently perpetual youth. Gaea herself is bored, spending her time in the hub with her sycophants and watches old movies.
Gaea provides miracle cures to those who come to her from Earth and prove themselves worthy by doing something \"heroic\" -- for example, travel once round the circumference of the great wheel. This provides Gaea with entertainment, as she arranges hazards for them to overcome or die trying; and by providing cures for diseases, Gaea proves her value to humanity so that they do not turn on her and destroy her.
Chris Major and Robin the Nine-Fingered are two pilgrims looking for a cure. Chris suffers from psychotic episodes which are often accompanied by paranormal \"luck\". Robin is a member of a group of latter day witches living in an O\'Neill orbital habitat who has a strange epilepsy that only manifests in gravity higher than the Moon\'s. She claims that she bit off one of her fingers to drive away the fits, though it is later revealed she cut it off.
The two meet with Gaea in the hub. She explains the requirement to do something heroic and drops both through a trap door in the hub. They take about an hour to fall to the rim, reaching a high but survivable terminal velocity in the dense atmosphere. Robin is rescued by one of the Angels who live in the spokes. Chris blacks out during the fall it is implied that his \"luck\" causes him to fall onto one of the blimps that travel around the rim. His next memory is of the Titanide festival.
Robin, Chris, Gaby, Cirocco and four Titanides set out on a heroic trek. Gaby and Cirocco have a hidden agenda: they want to canvass the regional brains in order to overthrow Gaea, whom they see as being irretrievably insane.
During the trip, the cause of Cirocco\'s alcoholism is revealed. As the price for the discontinuation of the Angel/Titanide War, Gaea has made the Titanides dependent on Cirocco to have children. Only her saliva can activate the eggs they produce, so that they can be implanted in a host mother to grow. The responsibility for an entire race\'s survival is more than Cirocco can bear; with resignation from her position as Wizard impossible and suicide ruled out by her love for the Titanides, her only release is alcohol-fueled oblivion.
The hazards of the trip include *buzz-bombs*, living creatures with pulsejet engines that live high up on the support cables. They attack living beings, including humans and Titanides, attempting to capture them as food, and present a particular threat to pilgrims with their barbed noses and razor-sharp wings. Slowly the journey reduces the crew, killing first one of the Titanides and then, in an attack plotted by the crazed crewmember Gene, Gaby, too, is killed. All are separated. Cirocco and her Titanide companion Hornpipe are left on the Rim surface, while Robin and Chris are trapped underground, with the Titanide Valiha, who is not only pregnant but has been badly injured. Eventually Robin has to climb back to the surface for help and leave Chris to tend Valiha. She finds herself in one of the Arctic cold zones of the habitat, and almost dies before being rescued.
Cirocco undergoes a complete transformation. She musters her considerable powers to rescue all the remaining expedition members. Robin and Chris, thinking they have earned their cure but been forsaken, go to confront Gaea, only to be told she has already cured them, and they can get lost. Robin discovers that Gaea has also restored her missing finger. Cirocco also confronts Gaea, who offers to restore Gaby to life. Cirocco considers this, but realizes that the result would be a puppet of Gaea. She shoots and kills the body Gaea has been using to talk to people, then burns it. As Gaea is in reality an intelligence living in the hub itself, the death of this body does not kill her; but it is Cirocco\'s way of resigning. Hereinafter, she is no longer the Wizard; she is the *Demon*. She escapes by falling through a spoke, to be rescued by her friends the Angels. Gaea\'s response is to bombard the rim with the cathedrals that she had been replicating with human help
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# Kinpei Azusa
, better known by the stage name `{{Nihongo|'''Kinpei Azusa'''|あずさ 欣平|Azusa Kinpei}}`{=mediawiki}, was a Japanese voice actor born in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. He was employed by the talent management firm Aoni Production.
Between the ages of three and six, Azusa was trained in the theatre. At the age of five, he was given the name Kinzō Azusa. On May 1, 1962, Azusa undertook the establishment of a coaching foundation, Gekidan Geikyō (currently represented by Takeshi Aono). Azusa died in 1997 at the age of 66.
## Anime
### TV
- *Dragon Ball Z* (Mūri)
- *Dragon Ball Z: Bardock -- The Father of Goku* (Grandpa Son Gohan)
- *Dragon Quest* (Chōrō)
- *Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai* (King Romosu)
- *Fortune Quest* (Mishuran)
- *Kiteretsu Daihyakka* (Heikichi)
- *Meiken Joly* (Philippe)
- *Paul no Miracle Taisakusen* (Detective Tokkamēru)
- *Pro Golfer Saru* (Kyūsei)
- *Time Bokan* (Nariikin)
### OVA
- *Aladdin and the King of Thieves* (Sultan)
- *Legend of the Galactic Heroes* (Wilhelm von Klopstock)
- *The Return of Jafar* (Sultan)
### Movies
- *The Castle of Cagliostro* (Archbishop)
- *Ge Ge Ge no Kitarō: Gekitotsu!! Ijigen Yōkai no Daihanran* (Mizugi-sensei)
- *Dragon Ball Z: The Return of Cooler* (Mūri)
- *Sangokushi 3: Haruka naru Daichi* (Wang Lei)
## Voice-over work {#voice_over_work}
- *Keiji Eden: Tsuisekisha* (Rebi)
## Production
Azusa produced or took part in the following plays, listed in alphabetical order
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# Mabuchi
**Mabuchi** (written: 馬渕 or 馬淵) is a Japanese surname
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# Mania (The Lucy Show album)
***Mania*** was released in 1986 in the UK and the U.S. on Big Time Records. It was The Lucy Show\'s second, and final, album. The band changed direction from the richly atmospheric and melancholy *\...undone* and aimed for a more upbeat, commercial sound. The album received better critical reviews than the debut album, and sold more copies, topping the CMJ charts in the US and earning some MTV airplay for the music video of the song, \"A Million Things\". However, Big Time Records went bankrupt, leaving The Lucy Show once again without a label. They continued to tour and record for some time, then called it quits in 1988. In 2005, the Words on Music label issued the album on CD for the first time, adding several bonus tracks.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Land and the Life -- 2:21
2. View From The Outside -- 3:37
3. Sojourn\'s End -- 3:50
4. Sad September -- 3:45
5. A Million Things -- 3:09
6. Sun and Moon -- 3:49
7. Shame -- 2:47
8. Melody -- 3:24
9. Part of Me Now -- 4:04
10. New Message -- 4:53
Bonus Tracks on the 2005 CD Reissue
1. Jam in E -- 2.38
2. Invitation -- 2.41
3. Civil Servant -- 3.04
4. Sun and Moon (Live) -- 3.27
5. View from the Outside (Live) -- 3.33
6. New Message (Basement Demo) -- 3.05
7. A Million Things (Original Mix) -- 3
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# Chester Pike/Sharon Hill station
**Chester Pike/Sharon Hill station** is a station on the D in Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania. The terminus of the D2, the single track ends where it meets Chester Pike (US 13). Trolleys arriving at this station originate from 69th Street Transit Center in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania. The station has a shed with a roof where people can go inside when it is raining. It is also about a half-mile walking distance of the Sharon Hill Regional Rail station which serves the Wilmington/Newark Line (formerly R2). However, due to the narrow nature of the neighborhoods and the overall distance, no direct connection exists between the two stations.
Though Sharon Hill is the terminus of the line, CSX\'s Philadelphia Subdivision freight line bridge crosses over the tracks between here and MacDade Boulevard station, resulting in the large dip upon entering the station from the north. Flooding often occurs in the underpass and as a result, shuttle buses between the two stations are used as substitutes for trolley cars
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# Ambiorix Burgos
**Ambiorix Burgos** (born April 19, 1984) is a former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who last played for Vaqueros Laguna of the Mexican League.
## Career
In `{{mlby|2005}}`{=mediawiki}, Burgos made his major league debut with the Kansas City Royals and appeared in 59 games as a relief pitcher. Despite pitching only 60 innings, he managed to be 10th in the league in wild pitches. In 2006, Burgos had the highest average fastball velocity of American League relievers, at 96.5 mph, and posted an ERA of 3.95.
In `{{mlby|2006}}`{=mediawiki}, Burgos started the season as the Royals\' closer. However, the season was a disappointment as he finished with a 4--5 record and 5.52 ERA in 73`{{fraction|1|3}}`{=mediawiki} innings pitched. He had 18 saves, but also blew 12 saves and lost the closer\'s job midway through the season.
On December 5, 2006, Burgos was traded by the Royals to the New York Mets for starting pitcher Brian Bannister.
In `{{mlby|2007}}`{=mediawiki}, Burgos began the season on the Mets 25-man roster, but was sent to Triple-A soon thereafter. According to an Associated Press report on August 28, 2007, general manager Omar Minaya indicated that Burgos underwent Tommy John surgery and would be out for a prolonged period. On August 6, 2008, Burgos pitched to nine batters in his first minor league rehab game.
On December 12, 2008, the New York Mets did not offer Burgos a new contract and he became a free agent.
## Personal
On September 9, 2008, Burgos was arrested for assaulting his girlfriend. Prosecutors say he repeatedly punched her on the back, bit her and slapped her. On March 12, 2009, a jury convicted Burgos for the assault. Sentencing was scheduled for April 3.
On October 1, 2008, Burgos was indicted on charges of hit and run in his native Dominican Republic. Sources say that Burgos struck two women in his SUV and drove off. The women later died of their injuries. Burgos turned himself in to authorities on October 7.
On August 27, 2010, Burgos was accused of kidnapping and poisoning his ex-wife. Police in the Dominican Republic charged Burgos with kidnapping and attempted murder
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# Oregon Route 138
**Oregon Route 138** is an Oregon state highway that runs between the city of Elkton and a junction with U.S. Route 97 at Diamond Lake Junction. The highway has several distinct stretches, and is the main east--west highway through Roseburg, and provides access to Crater Lake National Park from the north. The highway is signed east--west.
## Route description {#route_description}
### Elkton-Sutherlin Highway {#elkton_sutherlin_highway}
Oregon Route 138 begins (at its western terminus) at a junction with Oregon Route 38 in Elkton. It heads due south from there, running alongside the Umpqua River. Approximately 15 mi south of Elkton, the highway departs from the river, and heads east-southeast until it reaches the city of Sutherlin. This section is the **Elkton-Sutherlin Highway No. 231** (see Oregon highways and routes). In Sutherlin, OR 138 intersects with Interstate 5, and joins it, heading south. OR 138 and I-5 remain joined until the city of Roseburg. This section is part of the Pacific Highway No. 1. OR 138 exits from I-5 at Harvard Avenue, and heads east into downtown Roseburg. The downtown Roseburg section comprises part of Harvard, Oak, and Washington Avenues, and then part of the **Oakland-Shady Highway**, which is no longer a state highway.
### North Umpqua Highway {#north_umpqua_highway}
OR 138 leaves Roseburg on the **North Umpqua Highway No. 138** as it follows the Umpqua River\'s north fork. It heads due east out of Roseburg, ascending into the Cascade mountains, and turning northeast. Eventually, the highway turns south and reaches Diamond Lake, passing by the lake to the east. Just south of there is an intersection with Oregon Route 230, which bypass Crater Lake National Park to the west. South of there lies the north entrance to the park. OR 138 continues east from the entrance, descending into Central Oregon, and terminates at an intersection with U.S. Route 97 at Diamond Lake Junction, south of the town of Chemult.
The portion of the highway between Roseburg and Diamond Lake is part of the Rogue-Umpqua Scenic Byway. The portion between former Route 209 and US 97 is part of the Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway
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# Central Station (Santiago)
**Central Station** (*Estación Central*), also known as **Alameda station**, is a major railway station in Santiago, Chile. It serves the south of the country and is the city\'s primary railway hub. After the closure of Mapocho, it became the only major railway station in Santiago. It is on the Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O\'Higgins, facing Matucana avenue.
## Overview
The station opened in 1885, with the building designed by Gustave Eiffel in 1897 and its metallic structure built by the French firm Schneider of Le Creusot. In 1983, it was declared a National Monument by the Chilean government, protecting it by law from demolition or remodeling. It has long been a reference point for travellers and locals; becoming so well known that it gave the name to the municipality and commune where it is located, Estación Central.
In recent years, the station has undergone a revival as the government-owned railway Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado has been modernized to restore the bygone appeal for train travel. These efforts have been met with moderate success.
On 24 May 2021, EFE officially renamed the station from \"Alameda\" to \"Central Station\".
The station is a key transportation hub, with the underground Santiago Metro *Line 1* Estación Central metro station located at its central gates. Three intercity bus terminals are also within walking distance, and numerous local bus lines serve the station. A medium-sized shopping center is adjacent to the station, and the nearby San Borja Bus Terminal is also within walking distance, connected by an additional complex of shopping centers.
## Lines and trains {#lines_and_trains}
The following lines and trains terminate here:
- EFE Central
- TerraSur inter-city service (Alameda - Chillán)
- Tren Alameda - Nos commuter service (Alameda - Nos)
- Tren Estación Central - Rancagua commuter/regional service (Alameda - Rancagua)
- Tren Estación Central - San Fernando (Pilot of extension of Tren Estación Central - Rancagua)
- Touristic Trains
- Tren del Recuerdo (Estación Central-San Antonio, Chile)
- Tren Del Recuerdo (Estación Central - Limache)
- Tren Sabores Del Valle
- Occasional Services
- Tren nocturno Santiago-Concepción inter-city service (Alameda - Concepción)
- TerraSur Temuco inter-city service (Alameda - Temuco)
## Nearby Landmarks {#nearby_landmarks}
- University of Santiago
- San Borja Bus Terminal
- Estación Central metro station
- Mall Plaza Alameda (shopping center)
- Falabella, Ripley, La Polar & Johnsons retail stores.
- Paseo Arauco Estación (shopping center)
- Almacenes París and Fashion\'s Park retail stores, Sodimac (warehouse store).
- Cinemundo, a 6 screens Movie theater.
- Planetarium \"Universidad de Santiago\".
## Adjacent stations {#adjacent_stations}
## Gallery
<File:Estacion> central 1897.JPG\|The station in 1897 <File:Entrando> a la Estación Central de Santiago de Chile.jpg\|Main hall <File:Estación> Central 1.JPG\|Night view <File:Estación> Central andenes exteriores.JPG\|Platforms <File:Estación> Central por la mañana
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# Kyle Switzer
**Kyle Switzer** (born October 10, 1985) is a Canadian actor. He played Rick Geddes in the TV show *15/Love*. He also had a supporting role in the first two episodes of the television comedy/drama *Reaper* and a recurring role in the new hit show \"Being Human\" for SYFY.
Switzer appeared in the 2010 film *The High Cost of Living*, opposite Zach Braff
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# Donald F. Jones
**Donald Forsha Jones** (April 16, 1890 -- June 19, 1963) was a United States maize geneticist and practical corn breeder at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven. Beginning at the station in 1914, he made high-yielding hybrid corn practical by his invention of the double-cross hybrid.
In Jones\' method, four inbred corn lines are used. The seed from two initial crosses are used to grow up parental hybrids for the production fields. The production fields yield seed in sufficient quantity to make the scheme practical. Until Jones invented the double-cross method, the yield from the parent lines (the inbreds) was insufficient to allow practical production of hybrid corn seed.
Jones\' work received significant public attention and was used to make the first commercial hybrid corn in the 1920s. He was the sole geneticist at the Connecticut Station from 1915 until 1921, when Paul Mangelsdorf became his assistant there. Jones was the president of the Genetics Society of America in 1935. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1934, and to the National Academy of Sciences in 1939
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# Working language
A **working language** (also **procedural language**) is a language that is given a unique legal status in a supranational company, society, state or other body or organization as its primary means of communication. It is primarily the language of the daily correspondence and conversation, since the organization usually has members with various differing language backgrounds.
Most international organizations have working languages for their bodies. For a given organization, a working language may or may not also be an official language.
## United Nations working languages {#united_nations_working_languages}
Originally, English and French were the working languages at the UN. Later, Arabic, Chinese, Russian, and Spanish were added as working languages in the General Assembly and in the Economic and Social Council. Currently, Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish are the working languages of the Security Council.
## Examples of common international organizations {#examples_of_common_international_organizations}
### English and French {#english_and_french}
The International Criminal Court has two working languages: English and French. The Council of Europe, the OECD, and NATO also have English and French as their two working languages.
The World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) has English and French as official languages, with Arabic, Russian, and Spanish as additional working languages.
### Portuguese and Spanish {#portuguese_and_spanish}
The Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB), Mercosur, and the Latin American Integration Association have two working languages: Portuguese and Spanish.
### Other groups with one or two working languages {#other_groups_with_one_or_two_working_languages}
- The Pacific Alliance and the Central American Integration System have Spanish as their sole working language.
- The Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples Secretariat has English as its sole working language, though communications are also published in Russian. Although many circumpolar indigenous people speak either an Inuit dialect, a variety of Saami or a Uralic language, English is likely to be the second or third language that many of them will have in common.
- The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation has two working languages: Russian and Chinese.
- The government of East Timor has Indonesian and English as working languages alongside its official languages (Tetum and Portuguese) and 15 other recognized local languages
- The state of Goa in India has Marathi as its working language, but only Konkani has official status in the state.
- English is the working language in ASEAN and the Commonwealth of Nations.
- Greenland has demoted Danish from a co-official language to a working language for pragmatic reasons, since spoken and written Danish remains dominant across several sectors of society, such as health care and higher education.
### English, French, and Spanish {#english_french_and_spanish}
The World Trade Organization, the International Federation of Journalists, the International Telecommunication Union, the International Maritime Organization, the International Labour Organization, NAFTA, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and the Free Trade Area of the Americas all have three working languages: English, French, and Spanish.
### Other groups with three or more working languages {#other_groups_with_three_or_more_working_languages}
- The European Commission has three working languages: English, French, and German.
- FIFA has four working languages: English, French, German, and Spanish. Formerly, French was the organization\'s sole official language. Currently, English is the official language for minutes, correspondence, and announcements.
- The African Union currently uses Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swahili.
- The Southern African Development Community has four working languages: Afrikaans, English, French, and Portuguese.
- The Nordic Council has three working languages: Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian. The Council refers to the languages as dialects of a \"united Scandinavian language\".
- The Organization of American States has four working languages: English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish.
- The International Organization of Turkic Culture has three working languages: English, Turkish, and Russian
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# Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station
**Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station** is a decommissioned coal-fired power station owned and operated by Uniper at Ratcliffe-on-Soar in Nottinghamshire, England. Commissioned in 1968 by the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB), the station had a capacity of 2,000 MW. It was the last remaining operational coal-fired power station in the UK, and closed on 30 September 2024, marking the end of coal-powered electricity generation in the United Kingdom.
The power station occupies a prominent position next to the A453 road, close to junction 24 of the M1 motorway, the River Trent and the Midland Main Line (adjacent to East Midlands Parkway railway station) and dominates the skyline for many miles around with its eight cooling towers and 199 m tall chimney.
## History
The public inquiry for the station took place at County Hall, Nottinghamshire from 8 January 1963. It was approved by the government on 29 August 1963.
### Construction
The construction of the power station began in 1963 and it was completed in 1967. The station began generating power on 31 January 1968.
The architects were Godfrey Rossant and J. W. Gebarowicz of Building Design Partnership. White cladding was used on the boiler and turbine houses and the end elevations had vertical bands of glazing to emphasise their verticality, the four concrete coal bunkers projected above the roof-line. The structural engineer was C. S. Allott.
### Design and specification {#design_and_specification}
The station has four units, each consisting of a coal-fired boiler made by Babcock & Wilcox driving a 500 megawatt (MW) Parsons generator set. The four boilers are rated at 435 kg/s, steam conditions were 158.58 bar at 566 °C, with reheat to 566 °C. This gave the station a total generating capacity of 2.116 GW, equivalent to the electricity demand of approximately 2 million people. There are 4 × 17.5 MW auxiliary gas turbines on the site; these were commissioned in December 1966.
Ratcliffe power station was supplied with coal and other bulk commodities by rail via a branch off the adjacent Midland Main Line (MML). Rail facilities include a north facing junction off the MML slow lines, two tracks of weighbridges, coal discharge hoppers, and a flue gas desulfurisation discharge and loading hopper. There was formerly a fly ash bunker and loading point with a south-facing connection to the MML; this was extant in 1990 but had been demolished and disconnected by 2005.
### Electricity production {#electricity_production}
In 1981, the station was burning 5.5 million tonnes of coal a year, consuming 65% of the output of south Nottinghamshire\'s coal-mines. The last of Nottinghamshire\'s collieries, Thoresby Colliery, has since closed in 2015. Emissions of sulphur dioxide, which cause acid rain, were greatly reduced in 1993 when a flue gas desulphurisation system using a wet limestone-gypsum process became operational on all of the station\'s boilers. Emissions of oxides of nitrogen, greenhouse gases which also cause damage to the ozone layer, were reduced in 2004 when new equipment was fitted to Unit 1 by Alstom.
In 1975/76 and again in 1986/87 Ratcliffe was presented with the Hinton Cup, the CEGB\'s \"good house keeping trophy\". The award was commissioned by Sir Christopher Hinton, the first chairman of the CEGB. On 11 February 2009, Unit 1 became the first UK 500 MW coal-fired unit to run for 250,000 hours.
On 2 April 2009, E.ON UK announced it had installed a 68-panel solar photovoltaic array at the power station \"to help heat and light the admin block, saving an estimated 6.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year\".
Uniper has its Technology Centre at the site, where it carries out research and development on power generation.
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# Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station
## Environmental performance {#environmental_performance}
In 2009, the plant emitted 8--10 million tonnes of `{{CO2}}`{=mediawiki} annually, making it the 18th-highest `{{CO2}}`{=mediawiki}-emitting power station in Europe.
Ratcliffe power station is compliant with the Large Combustion Plant Directive (LCPD), an EU directive that aims to reduce acidification, ground level ozone and particulate matter by controlling the emissions of sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and particles from large combustion plants. To reduce emissions of sulphur the plant is fitted with flue gas desulphurisation, and also with a Boosted Over Fire Air system to reduce the concentration of oxides of nitrogen in the flue gas.
Ratcliffe power station was the first in the United Kingdom to be fitted with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology, which reduces the emissions of nitrogen oxides through the injection of ammonia directly into the flue gas and passing it over a catalyst.
### Environmental protests {#environmental_protests}
On 10 April 2007, eleven environmental activists from a group called Eastside Climate Action were arrested after they entered the power station and climbed onto equipment in order to draw attention to greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power stations, when E.ON UK was proposing to build more.
In 2009, the station was the intended target of protesters when, in the early hours of 14 April, police arrested 114 people at Iona School who were planning to disrupt the running of the power plant. Those arrested were not charged and soon released on bail. Later, 26 of those arrested were charged with conspiracy to commit aggravated trespass, a charge that carries a maximum six months sentence. Twenty of these activists, having admitted that they planned to break into the power station, were found guilty of conspiracy to commit aggravated trespass. When sentencing 18 of these protesters, in December 2010, the judge called them \"\...decent men and women\...\" and handed out community orders with only two having to pay reduced expenses. The charge against the six pleading not guilty was dropped when it was revealed that Mark Kennedy of the Metropolitan Police had been working as an undercover infiltrator for the National Public Order Intelligence Unit and had played a significant role in organising the action. Additionally, recordings made by Kennedy should have been made available to the Crown Prosecution Service and the defence team. Following these revelations the 20 convicted activists appealed, and their convictions have since been quashed.
Between 17 and 18 October 2009, protesters from Climate Camp, Climate Rush and Plane Stupid, took part in The Great Climate Swoop at the site. The police arrested 10 people before the protest began on suspicion of conspiracy to cause criminal damage. Some 1,000 people took part, and during the first day groups of up to several hundred people pulled down security fencing at a number of points around the plant. Fifty-six arrests were made during the protest and a number of people were injured, including a policeman, who was airlifted to hospital but later discharged.
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# Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station
## Closure and future {#closure_and_future}
In June 2021, the site was listed as a possible location for the world\'s first nuclear fusion power plant. However, it was withdrawn from the shortlist in January 2022.
In response to the 2021 United Kingdom natural gas supplier crisis, the decommissioning of one of the station\'s 500-megawatt units, originally planned for September 2022, was delayed. Upon the closure of Kilroot Power Station in Northern Ireland in September 2023, it became the last coal-fired power station in the UK. In January 2024, all four of its generating units had to be run together for the final time in response to high demand from cold weather. In April 2024, one unit was placed into \"preservation\" mode, in advance of plant shutdown, and in June 2024, the last train of coal was delivered for burning at the power station. The station closed for power generation on 30 September 2024 at midnight,`{{failed verification|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki} with the turbo generator de-syncing from the National Grid just after 15:00 on 30 September, ending 142 years of British coal power and precipitating a two-year decommissioning process.
The site is planned to be redeveloped, and a Local Development Order (LDO) has been established to achieve this. The site has also been approved for a waste incineration plant
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# Nanling Mountains
The **Nanling** (`{{zh|s=南岭|p=Nánlǐng|l=Southern Mountains|j=naam4 ling5|t=南嶺}}`{=mediawiki}), also known as the **Wuling** (`{{zh|s=五岭|p=Wǔlǐng|l=Five Mountains|t=五嶺|j=ng5 ling5}}`{=mediawiki}), is a major mountain range in Southern China that separates the Pearl River Basin from the Yangtze Valley and serves as the dividing line between south and central subtropical zones. The main range of Nanling Mountains stretch west to east about 600 km from Guilin and Hezhou of the eastern Guangxi to Ganzhou of the southern Jiangxi, north to south about 200 km from Yongzhou and Chenzhou of the southern Hunan to Qingyuan and Shaoguan of the northern Guangdong; With their branches, the mountains run west to east 1,400 km.
There are trough basins in the Nanling; most of the western basins in Nanling Mountains are composed of limestone, where karst regions are located. Most of the eastern basins are made up of red sandstone, where danxia landform areas are found.
The Nanling are boundaries between the four provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangxi, and also the cultural boundaries. To the south of the mountains are Lingnan culture areas.
The Nanling is a corridor where Chinese ethnic groups migrate and also the land of national amalgamation. In the Nanling, there form trough corridors, tectonic fault basins or watersheds, where are relatively low and not difficult to climb, between the natural gorge channels and the river systems in the north and south of the Nanling are natural channels, people-to-people exchanges are easy. Since the Qin dynasty, from the Central Plains into Lingnan (the south of the Nanling) there have been five ancient roads, which are *YuechengLing Road*(*越城嶺道*), *Mengzhuling Road* (*萌渚嶺道*), *Qitianling Road* (*騎田嶺道*), *Lingling-Guiyang Path* (*零陵桂陽嶠道*) and *Dayuling Road* (*大庾嶺道*). At the same time, many tributaries of the Yangtze system and Pearl River system have also formed west to east passages.
The mountains forming the ranges are generally of moderate altitude, the highest point being the summit of Kitten Mountain at 2142 m.
The Nanling mountains are a regional biodiversity hot spot for endemic species of plants, birds and amphibians.
## Ranges
The five mountain ranges that make up the Nanling are the:
- Yuecheng Mountains (*越城嶺*)
- Dupang Mountains (*都龐嶺*)
- Mengzhu Mountains (*萌渚嶺*)
- Qitian Mountains (*騎田嶺*)
- Dayu Mountains (*大庾嶺*)
The Nanling Mountains separate Central China from South China. Areas south of the ranges are tropical in climate, permitting two crops of white rice to be grown each year.
Ion adsorption clays are mined by open-pit methods in the Nanling region, and form a major source of rare earth elements in the world
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# Caledonian Sleeper
***Caledonian Sleeper*** is the collective name for overnight sleeper train services between London and Scotland, in the United Kingdom. It is one of only two currently operating sleeper services on the railway in the United Kingdom -- the other being the *Night Riviera*, which runs between London and Penzance.
A sleeper service has been run along the West Coast Main Line since 24 February 1873. Sleepers were historically run on the rival East Coast Main Line as well; however, all remaining sleeper services that ran on the east coast routes were withdrawn in May 1988. While InterCity continued to operate what would later become known as the *Caledonian Sleeper*, it decided to remove all seating accommodation on its remaining sleeper services during the mid-1990s. The Anglo-Scottish sleeper services were transferred to ScotRail on 5 March 1995; as a consequence of the privatisation of British Rail, on 31 March 1997, the service was privatised as a part of the wider ScotRail franchise, initially being operated by National Express. Seated Mark 2 carriages were re-added to the service alongside the Mark 3 sleeping cars, the latter were also refurbished, from January 2000.
On 17 October 2004, the ScotRail franchise and thus the Caledonian Sleeper, was transferred to FirstGroup. Since April 2015, the Caledonian Sleeper has been structured as a standalone franchise. It was operated by Serco under the supervision of the Scottish Government. As a part of its successful bid, Serco had pledged to invest £100 million into the service, which was to be spent on, amongst other things, procuring new rolling stock. During 2019, a new fleet of Mark 5 carriages were introduced, replacing the British Rail-era carriages. These are hauled by a combination of `{{BRC|92}}`{=mediawiki} electric locomotives (on electrified sections only) and rebuilt `{{BRC|73|cs|9}}`{=mediawiki} electro-diesel locomotives; prior traction withdrawn in 2019 included `{{BRC|67}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{BRC|87}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{BRC|90}}`{=mediawiki} locomotives.
Two services depart London Euston each night from Sunday to Friday and travel via the West Coast Main Line to Scotland. The earlier departure divides at Edinburgh into portions for Aberdeen, Fort William and Inverness. The later departure serves Edinburgh and Glasgow, splitting at Carstairs. Five London-bound portions depart from these destinations each night, combining into two trains at Edinburgh and Carstairs.
Serco\'s contract concluded early in June 2023, and the service was taken into public ownership by Transport Scotland. It is operated on its behalf by Scottish Rail Holdings.
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# Caledonian Sleeper
## Anglo-Scottish sleepers up to 1996 {#anglo_scottish_sleepers_up_to_1996}
In February 1873, the North British Railway revealed the first sleeping car in Britain. It had been built by the Ashbury Carriage Company and was displayed at Glasgow, Edinburgh and `{{stnlnk|London King's Cross}}`{=mediawiki}. It became the first sleeping carriage used on British railways when it made a revenue earning trip on 24 February 1873 attached to a train at Glasgow for King\'s Cross via the East Coast Main Line.
On 1 October 1873, the rival Caledonian Railway introduced a London and North Western Railway sleeping car on mail trains three days per week between Glasgow Buchanan Street and London Euston via the West Coast Main Line. The service ran from Glasgow on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, and from London on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. An extra charge of ten shillings was made for a sleeping berth.
Sleeping car services were operated on both the west and east coast routes to multiple destinations for over a century, even under the nationalised railway operator British Rail. During 1976, services from King\'s Cross ran to Edinburgh and `{{Stnlnk|Aberdeen}}`{=mediawiki}, and from Euston to `{{Stnlnk|Glasgow Central}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{Stnlnk|Perth|Scotland}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{Stnlnk|Inverness}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{Stnlnk|Stranraer Harbour}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{Stnlnk|Fort William}}`{=mediawiki}. There was also a service from `{{Stnlnk|Bristol Temple Meads}}`{=mediawiki} to Glasgow and Edinburgh via the West Coast route. However, sleeper services declined in number during the latter half of the 20th century. During November 1987, it was announced that the last of the sleeper services running on the East Coast routes was to be withdrawn in May 1988.
At one point, InterCity was planning to remove all seating accommodation on its remaining sleeper services from May 1992. However, it instead concluded a deal with the British transport conglomerate Stagecoach that saw the Mark 2 seating carriages retailed beyond this point. This was only a temporary reprieve however, as the Stagecoach carriages were withdrawn after 12 months.
On 5 March 1995, responsibility for operation of the Anglo-Scottish services was transferred within British Rail from InterCity West Coast to ScotRail. During the mid-1990s, British Rail had proposed to cease operating the `{{stnlnk|Fort William}}`{=mediawiki} portion of the service, however, the Highland Regional Council successfully sought a stay pending a formal consultation, after the Scottish Court of Session ruled that the correct service closure process had not been followed. Eventually, British Rail agreed to retain the Fort William portion, albeit with a reduction four sleeping carriages to only one. During 1995, the associated motorail service was withdrawn without reprieve.
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# Caledonian Sleeper
## The *Caledonian Sleeper* {#the_caledonian_sleeper}
### ScotRail
On 4 June 1996, the overnight service was relaunched under the *Caledonian Sleeper* brand. Each portion of the service was assigned its own identity, with the *Night Caledonian* to Glasgow, *Night Scotsman* to Edinburgh, *Night Aberdonian* to Aberdeen, *Royal Highlander* to Inverness and *West Highlander* to Fort William. On 31 March 1997, it became part of the ScotRail franchise which was initially operated by National Express. The service continued to be operated using the same Mark 3 sleeping cars that had been operated by British Rail, but there were no suitable locomotives immediately available. Accordingly, the short-term hiring of locomotives from the West Coast operator Virgin Trains was implemented. The arrangement continued until March 1998, at which point the freight operator English, Welsh and Scottish Railway (EWS) took on the contract.
Starting in January 2000, seated carriages were added to the sleeping cars; these were 11 former Virgin Trains Mark 2 carriages that had been refurbished at Wolverton Works, which included the installation of first class-style reclining seats throughout. In parallel with this work, the sleeping cars were also refurbished, during which time they were repainted with ScotRail\'s purple and blue livery.
On 17 October 2004, the ScotRail franchise, including the *Caledonian Sleeper* service, was transferred to FirstGroup. In spite of this transfer, both the rolling stock and locomotive contracts remained fundamentally unchanged, except for the carriages and three of EWS\'s `{{BRC|90}}`{=mediawiki} locomotives being repainted in FirstGroup\'s corporate blue, pink and white livery.
### Serco
During 2012, the Scottish Government announced that as part of the reletting of the ScotRail franchise from April 2015, the *Caledonian Sleeper* would be operated by a separate franchise. In June 2013, Transport Scotland announced Arriva, FirstGroup and Serco had been shortlisted to bid for the new franchise. During May 2014, the franchise was awarded to Serco; at the time, the company pledged to invest £100 million in new trains that would include \'en suite\' rooms and a new style of club car. Accordingly, the existing Mark 2 and Mark 3 coaching stock was to be replaced, originally set to occur by 2018. On 31 March 2015, Serco Caledonian Sleepers took over the operation of the service.
In late December 2015, staff called for a two-day strike because of health and safety concerns with the trains then in use and Serco\'s alleged failure to address them appropriately. In September 2019, another three-day strike was held after negotiations between the RMT and Serco broke down over claims of poor staffing levels and insufficient training.
By mid-2020, the Caledonian Sleeper had considerably curtailed its services in response to the significant decline of passenger travel amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
In late 2021, the Caledonian Sleeper was subject to further strikes over allegations of bullying and harassment of staff. It was also one of many train operators impacted by the 2022--2024 United Kingdom railway strikes, which were the first national rail strikes in the UK for three decades. Its workers were among those participating in industrial action due to a dispute over pay and working conditions. Caledonian Sleeper trains were cancelled on the days of the strikes.
In October 2022, the Scottish Government announced the franchise run by Serco would be terminated. The service was taken over by Scottish Rail Holdings on 25 June 2023.
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# Caledonian Sleeper
## Current operations {#current_operations}
Two trains are operated on six days each week (not Saturday night/Sunday morning). The *Highland Sleeper* has three portions that serve routes to `{{rws|Aberdeen}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{rws|Inverness}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rws|Fort William}}`{=mediawiki}. The *Lowland Sleeper* has two portions serving routes to `{{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rws|Glasgow Central}}`{=mediawiki}. The trains normally operate at a maximum speed of 80 mph, but are authorised to travel at 100 mph where line speeds permit if the train has been delayed by more than 20 minutes.
Trains use the West Coast Main Line between Scotland and London, using `{{rws|London Euston}}`{=mediawiki} as their terminus. Sunday services are sometimes diverted via the East Coast Main Line when the West Coast route is closed for engineering work. In these cases, they still use London Euston except when the station itself is closed, or there is no possible routing into the station during engineering works, in which case they use nearby `{{rws|London King's Cross}}`{=mediawiki} instead.
Lounges for *Caledonian Sleeper* customers are available at `{{rws|Dundee}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{rws|Fort William}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{rws|Inverness}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{rws|Leuchars}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{rws|Perth|Scotland}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rws|Stirling|Scotland}}`{=mediawiki} stations, and passengers may also use lounges shared with other operators at `{{rws|Aberdeen}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{rws|Glasgow Central}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rws|London Euston}}`{=mediawiki}.
### *Highland Sleeper* {#highland_sleeper}
The northbound *Highland Sleeper* leaves `{{rws|London Euston}}`{=mediawiki} at 21:15 (20:59 on Sundays), calling at `{{rws|Watford Junction}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{rws|Crewe}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rws|Preston}}`{=mediawiki} to pick up passengers, and arrives at `{{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}}`{=mediawiki} approximately six-and-a-half hours after leaving London. This leg of the journey is formed of 16 carriages and is hauled by an electric `{{brc|92}}`{=mediawiki} locomotive.
At Edinburgh Waverley, the train is divided into three portions; these continue north of Edinburgh to `{{rws|Fort William}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{rws|Aberdeen}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{rws|Inverness}}`{=mediawiki} as separate services. The `{{brc|92}}`{=mediawiki} is uncoupled and replaced by a `{{brc|73||9}}`{=mediawiki} diesel locomotive for each of the three northbound sets. The front portion of the train continues to Fort William, the middle portion is for Aberdeen, and the rear portion runs to Inverness. These services arrive at their respective destinations in the morning of the next day.
Similarly, going southbound, three separate services depart each of Aberdeen, Inverness and Fort William in the evening, hauled by a `{{brc|73||9}}`{=mediawiki} locomotive up to Edinburgh. These services are then combined to form one train at Edinburgh Waverley; the diesel locomotives are detached from each portion and the `{{brc|92}}`{=mediawiki} is attached to then take the full-length, 16-car train to London. The train continues to London Euston with intermediate stops at Preston and Crewe for alighting passengers only (southbound trains do not call at Watford Junction), arriving in London the following morning.
The Inverness portion of the train consists of six sleeper coaches, one seated carriage and one \"club car\" (lounge car), all running through to/from London. The Aberdeen set consists of between two and four sleeper coaches (depending on demand) plus one seated carriage and one lounge car, all running throughout. The Fort William set consists only of two to four sleeper coaches between London and Edinburgh; the seated and lounge carriages are attached/detached at Edinburgh Waverley for the Edinburgh`{{en dash}}`{=mediawiki}Fort William leg of the journey. This means that any seated passengers travelling between England and stations on the Fort William route are required to use the seated carriages intended for Inverness or Aberdeen, and change carriages at Edinburgh Waverley.
Highland Caledonian Sleeper
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Route
`{{en dash}}`{=mediawiki} `{{rws|Fort William}}`{=mediawiki}
London Euston `{{en dash}}`{=mediawiki} `{{rws|Aberdeen}}`{=mediawiki}
London Euston `{{en dash}}`{=mediawiki} `{{stnlnk|Inverness}}`{=mediawiki}
### *Lowland Sleeper* {#lowland_sleeper}
Going northbound, the *Lowland Sleeper* departs London Euston at 23:50 (23:30 on Sundays), calling at `{{rws|Watford Junction}}`{=mediawiki} to pick up passengers. The train then continues with no intermediate calls until `{{rws|Carlisle}}`{=mediawiki} before reaching `{{rws|Carstairs}}`{=mediawiki}. Here the train divides into two portions: the front eight carriages continue to `{{rws|Glasgow Central}}`{=mediawiki} with one intermediate stop at `{{rws|Motherwell}}`{=mediawiki}, while the rear eight carriages reverse at Carstairs and continue non-stop to `{{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}}`{=mediawiki}, both portions arriving at their respective destinations the following morning. Carlisle, Carstairs and Motherwell are all served for alighting passengers only.
Similarly, in the southbound direction, two separate services depart both Glasgow Central (calling at Motherwell) and Edinburgh Waverley, and combine into one at Carstairs. The train then calls at Carlisle, before running non-stop through to Watford Junction (served for alighting passengers only) and terminating at London Euston the next morning. Motherwell, Carstairs and Carlisle are all served to pick up passengers only.
Lowland Caledonian Sleeper
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Route
`{{en dash}}`{=mediawiki} `{{rws|Glasgow Central}}`{=mediawiki}
London Euston `{{en dash}}`{=mediawiki} `{{rws|Edinburgh Waverley}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Caledonian Sleeper
## Rolling stock {#rolling_stock}
The ScotRail franchise inherited the coaches used by British Rail; Mark 3 sleeping coaches and Mark 2 seated carriages, some of which were fitted out as lounge cars where refreshments could be obtained. During 2019, these were replaced by Mark 5 carriages; the new rolling stock was first operated on the Lowland services from April, and subsequently on the Highland services from October. Heavy maintenance on the carriage stock was performed at Inverness TMD until April 2015, when the work was contracted out to Alstom and transferred to Polmadie Traction and Rolling Stock Maintenance Depot.
Two types of motive power are used for the *Caledonian Sleeper*. On the electrified routes between Glasgow/Edinburgh and London electric locomotives haul the trains. There were none of these included in the ScotRail franchises, instead they contracted Virgin Trains to provide `{{BRC|87|cs}}`{=mediawiki}. In March 1998, these were replaced by English, Welsh and Scottish Railway (EWS) `{{BRC|90|cs}}`{=mediawiki}.
, Serco has a contract with GB Railfreight who use `{{BRC|92|cs}}`{=mediawiki}. However, due to mechanical problems, a Class 90 locomotive was used, initially hired from DB Cargo UK, but later changed to Freightliner. From 2015 until 2019, AC Locomotive Group heritage `{{BRC|86|cs}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{BRC|87|ns}}`{=mediawiki} were used to move empty carriages in London and Glasgow and occasionally operated the overnight passenger services.
On the unelectrified routes in Scotland, the trains were hauled by EWS `{{BRC|37|cs}}`{=mediawiki} to Fort William and `{{BRC|47|ns}}`{=mediawiki} to Aberdeen and Inverness until June 2001 when `{{BRC|67|cs}}`{=mediawiki} began to replace the Class 47. The Class 67 units were also used on the Fort William route from June 2006. Four locomotives were fitted with cast iron brakes and restricted to 80 mph for this additional service. When GB Railfreight started to provide the trains and crews for the Serco franchise in 2015, it was planned to use rebuilt `{{BRC|73|cs|9}}`{=mediawiki}. The first of these came into service in February 2016.
### Current fleet {#current_fleet}
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Class | Image | Type | Top speed | | Fleet size | Usage | Built |
+========+=======+============================+===========+=====+============+==============================================+=================================+
| mph | km/h | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| 67 | | Diesel-electric locomotive | 125 | 200 | 2 | Edinburgh - Aberdeen/Fort William/Inverness | 1999-2000 |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| 73/9 | | Electro-diesel locomotive | 90 | 145 | 6 | | 1962, 1965--1967\ |
| | | | | | | | (Rebuilt 2014--2017) |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| 92 | | Electric locomotive | 87 | 140 | 7 | London - Glasgow/Edinburgh | 1993`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1996 |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Mark 5 | | Passenger carriage | 100 | 161 | 75 | Full network | 2016`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}2018 |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
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# Caledonian Sleeper
## Rolling stock {#rolling_stock}
### Past fleet {#past_fleet}
Former train types operated by Caledonian Sleeper include:
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Class | Image | Type | Top speed | | Fleet Size | Usage | Built |
+========+=======+============================+===========+=====+============+===============================================+=================================+
| mph | km/h | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| 37/4 | | Diesel-electric locomotive | 90 | 140 | | Edinburgh - Fort William | 1960`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1965 |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| 67 | | | 125 | 200 | | Edinburgh - Inverness | 1999`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}2000 |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| 86 | | Electric locomotive | 110 | 177 | 2 | London - Edinburgh/Glasgow Sleeper Portions.\ | October 1965 |
| | | | | | | Empty Coaching Stock (London - Wembley) | |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| | | | 100 | 161 | | | January 1966 |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| 87 | | | 110 | 177 | 1 | | June 1973 |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| 90 | | | | | \- | London - Glasgow/Edinburgh | 1987`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1990 |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Mark 2 | | Lounge car\ | 100 | 160 | 22 | Full Network | 1969`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1974 |
| | | Seated coach | | | | | |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Mark 3 | | Sleeping car | 125 | 200 | 53 | | 1975`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1988 |
+--------+-------+----------------------------+-----------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
<File:Caledonian> Sleeper Single berth.jpg\|Sleeping cabin in a Mark 3 sleeper <File:Caledonian> Sleeper Seated Compartment.jpg\|Saloon of a Mark 2 seated coach <File:Caledonian> Sleeper Lounge car.jpg\|Lounge car in 2007
## Incidents
During April 2019, new Mark 5 carriages were introduced to service, however, the inaugural journey was more than three hours late arriving at London Euston. Various other services through 2019 were reported as delayed on account of \"technical faults\".
Services run joined between London and Scotland where they are split into shorter trains to serve multiple destinations. After being split at `{{stnlnk|Carstairs}}`{=mediawiki} on 1 August 2019, a brake isolating valve was closed preventing control of the train brakes from the locomotive, resulting in the Edinburgh portion running past the platform at `{{stnlnk|Edinburgh Waverley}}`{=mediawiki}. The incident was investigated by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch with two recommendations. One was addressed to the Rail Safety and Standards Board to change the wording of the railway rule book to make it clear that the brake continuity test should be undertaken after all coupling-related activities have been completed. The second was addressed to Caledonian Sleeper to review the vulnerability of the isolating cocks on its rolling stock, to prevent inadvertent operation by persons or objects
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# Bitruncated cubic honeycomb
+-----------------------------+
| Bitruncated cubic honeycomb |
+=============================+
| |
+-----------------------------+
| Type |
+-----------------------------+
| Schläfli symbol |
+-----------------------------+
| Coxeter-Dynkin diagram |
+-----------------------------+
| Cell type |
+-----------------------------+
| Face types |
+-----------------------------+
| Edge figure |
+-----------------------------+
| Vertex figure |
+-----------------------------+
| Space group\ |
| Fibrifold notation\ |
| Coxeter notation |
+-----------------------------+
| Coxeter group |
+-----------------------------+
| Dual |
+-----------------------------+
| Properties |
+-----------------------------+
The **bitruncated cubic honeycomb** is a space-filling tessellation (or honeycomb) in Euclidean 3-space made up of truncated octahedra (or, equivalently, bitruncated cubes). It has 4 truncated octahedra around each vertex. Being composed entirely of truncated octahedra, it is cell-transitive. It is also edge-transitive, with 2 hexagons and one square on each edge, and vertex-transitive. It is one of 28 uniform honeycombs.
John Horton Conway calls this honeycomb a **truncated octahedrille** in his Architectonic and catoptric tessellation list, with its dual called an *oblate tetrahedrille*, also called a disphenoid tetrahedral honeycomb. Although a regular tetrahedron can not tessellate space alone, this dual has identical disphenoid tetrahedron cells with isosceles triangle faces.
## Geometry
It can be realized as the Voronoi tessellation of the body-centred cubic lattice. Lord Kelvin conjectured that a variant of the *bitruncated cubic honeycomb* (with curved faces and edges, but the same combinatorial structure) was the optimal soap bubble foam. However, a number of less symmetrical structures have later been found to be more efficient foams of soap bubbles, among which the Weaire--Phelan structure appears to be the best.
The honeycomb represents the permutohedron tessellation for 3-space. The coordinates of the vertices for one octahedron represent a hyperplane of integers in 4-space, specifically permutations of (1,2,3,4). The tessellation is formed by translated copies within the hyperplane.
:
The tessellation is the highest tessellation of parallelohedrons in 3-space.
### Projections
The *bitruncated cubic honeycomb* can be orthogonally projected into the euclidean plane with various symmetry arrangements. The highest (hexagonal) symmetry form projects into a nonuniform rhombitrihexagonal tiling. A square symmetry projection forms two overlapping truncated square tiling, which combine together as a chamfered square tiling.
Symmetry p6m (\*632) p4m (\*442) pmm (\*2222)
---------- ------------- ------------- --------------
Solid
Frame
: Orthogonal projections
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| 0 |
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# Bitruncated cubic honeycomb
## Symmetry
The vertex figure for this honeycomb is a disphenoid tetrahedron, and it is also the Goursat tetrahedron (fundamental domain) for the ${\tilde{A}}_3$ Coxeter group. This honeycomb has four uniform constructions, with the truncated octahedral cells having different Coxeter groups and Wythoff constructions. These uniform symmetries can be represented by coloring differently the cells in each construction.
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Space group | Im`{{overline|3}}`{=mediawiki}m (229) | Pm`{{overline|3}}`{=mediawiki}m (221) | Fm`{{overline|3}}`{=mediawiki}m (225) | F`{{overline|4}}`{=mediawiki}3m (216) | Fd`{{overline|3}}`{=mediawiki}m (227) |
+=====================+=======================================================================================================+===========================================================================================================+===========================================================================================================================+=================================================================+===============================================+
| Fibrifold | 8^o^:2 | 4^−^:2 | 2^−^:2 | 1^o^:2 | 2^+^:2 |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Coxeter group | ${\tilde{C}}_3$×2\ | ${\tilde{C}}_3$\ | ${\tilde{B}}_3$\ | ${\tilde{A}}_3$\ | ${\tilde{A}}_3$×2\ |
| | \[\[4,3,4\]\]\ | \[4,3,4\]\ | \[4,3^1,1^\]\ | \[3^\[4\]^\]\ | \[\[3^\[4\]^\]\]\ |
| | =\[4\[3^\[4\]^\]\]\ | =\[2\[3^\[4\]^\]\]\ | =\<\[3^\[4\]^\]\>\ | \ | =\[\[3^\[4\]^\]\]\ |
| | `{{CDD|node|4|node_c1|3|node_c1|4|node}}`{=mediawiki} = `{{CDD|branch_c1|3ab|branch_c1}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{CDD|node|4|node_c1|3|node_c2|4|node}}`{=mediawiki} = `{{CDD|branch_c1-2|3ab|branch_c2-1}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{CDD|nodeab_c1-2|split2|node_c3|4|node}}`{=mediawiki} = `{{CDD|node_c3|split1|nodeab_c1-2|split2|node_c3}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{CDD|node_c3|split1|nodeab_c1-2|split2|node_c4}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{CDD|branch_c1|3ab|branch_c2}}`{=mediawiki} |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Coxeter diagram | {{CDD | branch_11\|4a4b\|nodes}} | {{CDD | node\|4\|node_1\|3\|node_1\|4\|node}} | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| truncated octahedra | 1\ | 1:1\ | 2:1:1\ | 1:1:1:1\ | 1:1\ |
| | | : | :: | ::: | : |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Vertex figure | | | | | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Vertex\ | \[2^+^,4\]\ | \[2\]\ | \[ \]\ | \[ \]^+^\ | \[2\]^+^\ |
| figure\ | (order 8) | (order 4) | (order 2) | (order 1) | (order 2) |
| symmetry | | | | | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Image\ | | | | | |
| Colored by\ | | | | | |
| cell | | | | | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
: Five uniform colorings by cell
| 278 |
Bitruncated cubic honeycomb
| 1 |
3,736,299 |
# Bitruncated cubic honeycomb
## Related polyhedra and honeycombs {#related_polyhedra_and_honeycombs}
The \[4,3,4\], `{{CDD|node|4|node|3|node|4|node}}`{=mediawiki}, Coxeter group generates 15 permutations of uniform tessellations, 9 with distinct geometry including the alternated cubic honeycomb. The expanded cubic honeycomb (also known as the runcinated tesseractic honeycomb) is geometrically identical to the cubic honeycomb. `{{C3 honeycombs}}`{=mediawiki}
The \[4,3^1,1^\], `{{CDD|node|4|node|split1|nodes}}`{=mediawiki}, Coxeter group generates 9 permutations of uniform tessellations, 4 with distinct geometry including the alternated cubic honeycomb. `{{B3 honeycombs}}`{=mediawiki}
This honeycomb is one of five distinct uniform honeycombs constructed by the ${\tilde{A}}_3$ Coxeter group. The symmetry can be multiplied by the symmetry of rings in the Coxeter--Dynkin diagrams: `{{A3 honeycombs}}`{=mediawiki}
{{-}}
### Alternated form {#alternated_form}
Alternated bitruncated cubic honeycomb
----------------------------------------
Type
Schläfli symbol
Coxeter diagrams
Cells
Vertex figure
Coxeter group
Dual
Properties
This honeycomb can be alternated, creating pyritohedral icosahedra from the truncated octahedra with disphenoid tetrahedral cells created in the gaps. There are three constructions from three related Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams: `{{CDD|node|4|node_h|3|node_h|4|node}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{CDD|node|4|node_h|split1|nodes_hh}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{CDD|node_h|split1|nodes_hh|split2|node_h}}`{=mediawiki}. These have symmetry \[4,3^+^,4\], \[4,(3^1,1^)^+^\] and \[3^\[4\]^\]^+^ respectively. The first and last symmetry can be doubled as \[\[4,3^+^,4\]\] and \[\[3^\[4\]^\]\]^+^.
The dual honeycomb is made of cells called ten-of-diamonds decahedra.
+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Space group | I`{{overline|3}}`{=mediawiki} (204) | Pm`{{overline|3}}`{=mediawiki} (200) | Fm`{{overline|3}}`{=mediawiki} (202) | Fd`{{overline|3}}`{=mediawiki} (203) | F23 (196) |
+==================+=====================================+======================================+======================================+======================================+=================+
| Fibrifold | 8^−o^ | 4^−^ | 2^−^ | 2^o+^ | 1^o^ |
+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Coxeter group | \[\[4,3^+^,4\]\] | \[4,3^+^,4\] | \[4,(3^1,1^)^+^\] | \[\[3^\[4\]^\]\]^+^ | \[3^\[4\]^\]^+^ |
+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Coxeter diagram | | | | | |
+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Order | double | full | half | quarter\ | quarter |
| | | | | double | |
+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------+
| Image\ | | | | | |
| colored by cells | | | | | |
+------------------+-------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------+
: Five uniform colorings
This honeycomb is represented in the boron atoms of the α-rhombohedral crystal. The centers of the icosahedra are located at the fcc positions of the lattice.
:
### Related polytopes {#related_polytopes}
Nonuniform variants with \[4,3,4\] symmetry and two types of truncated octahedra can be doubled by placing the two types of truncated octahedra to produce a nonuniform honeycomb with truncated octahedra and hexagonal prisms (as ditrigonal trapezoprisms). Its vertex figure is a *C~2v~*-symmetric triangular bipyramid.
This honeycomb can then be alternated to produce another nonuniform honeycomb with pyritohedral icosahedra, octahedra (as triangular antiprisms), and tetrahedra (as sphenoids). Its vertex figure has *C~2v~* symmetry and consists of 2 pentagons, 4 rectangles, 4 isosceles triangles (divided into two sets of 2), and 4 scalene triangles
| 416 |
Bitruncated cubic honeycomb
| 2 |
3,736,308 |
# Annales Ecclesiastici
***Annales Ecclesiastici*** (full title *Annales ecclesiastici a Christo nato ad annum 1198*; \"Ecclesiastical annals from Christ\'s nativity to 1198\"), consisting of twelve folio volumes, is a history of the first 12 centuries of the Christian Church, written by Caesar Baronius and Odorico Raynaldi and published between 1588 and 1607.
## Significance
The *Annales* were first published between 1588 and 1607. This work functioned as an official response to the Lutheran *Historia Ecclesiae Christi* (History of the Church of Christ). In that work the Magdeburg theologians surveyed the history of the Christian church in order to demonstrate how the Catholic Church represented the Antichrist and had deviated from the beliefs and practices of the early church. In turn, the *Annales* fully supported the claims of the papacy to lead the unique true church.
Before Baronius was appointed Librarian of the Vatican in 1597, he had access to material and sources in its archives that were previously unpublished or unused. He used these in the development of his work. Accordingly, the documentation in *Annales Ecclesiastici* is considered by most as extremely useful and complete. Lord Acton called it \"the greatest history of the Church ever written.\"
## First edition {#first_edition}
The details of the first edition are as follows:
Volume Published Dates
-------- ----------- --------------
I 1588 To 100 AD
II 1590 100 to 306
III 1592 To 361
IV 1593 361 to 395
V 1594 395 to 440
VI 1595 440 to 518
VII 1596 518 to 590
VIII 1599 590 to 714
IX 1600 714 to 842
X 1602 843 to 1000
XI 1605 1000 to 1099
XII 1607 1100 to 1193
The difficulties which beset Baronius in the publication of the *Annales Ecclesiastici* were many and annoying. He prepared his manuscript unaided, writing every page with his own hand. His brother Oratorians at Rome could lend him no assistance. Those at Naples, who helped him in revising his copy, were scarcely competent and almost exasperating in their dilatoriness and uncritical judgment. The proofs he read himself. His printers, in the infancy of their art, were neither prompt nor painstaking. In the Spring of 1588 the first volume appeared and was universally acclaimed for its surprising wealth of information, its splendid erudition, and its timely vindication of papal claims. The *Magdeburg Centuries* were eclipsed. Those highest in ecclesiastical and civil authority complimented the author, but more gratifying still was the truly phenomenal sale the book secured and the immediate demand for its translation into the principal European languages. It was Baronius\' intention to produce a volume every year; but the second was not ready until early in 1590. The next four appeared yearly, the seventh late in 1596, the other five at still-longer intervals, up to 1607, when, just before his death, he completed the twelfth volume, which he had foreseen in a vision would be the term of his work. It brought the history down to 1198, the year of the accession of Innocent III.
The first volume dealt with Gentile prophets, among whom were Hermes Trismegistus, the supposed author of the *Corpus Hermeticum*, and the Sibylline Oracles of Rome. Some, it was claimed, had foreseen Christ\'s birth. This was disputed by post-Protestant Reformation scholars, including Isaac Casaubon in his *De rebus sacris et ecclesiasticis exercitationes*, XVI.
The compilation of a monumental account of Church history, the *Annales Ecclesiastici*, could not fail to have its controversial aspects, even within the bounds of the Roman obedience; for example, discussions of the papal relations with the Normans in the eleventh century led to the Spanish resenting consideration of their rights in the Kingdom of Naples. Baronius incurred Philip\'s further displeasure by supporting the cause of his enemy, the excommunicate Henry IV of France, whose absolution Baronius warmly advocated. For these reasons the *Annales Ecclesiastici* were condemned by the Spanish Inquisition.
Baronius surpassed the Centuriators in the extent of his quotation from and of original documents, to which he had privileged access as librarian; the early volumes of the work contain many pieces of epigraphic evidence - coins and medals are discussed and illustrated. Baronius was gifted with a critical spirit which was, to say the least, much keener than that of his contemporaries. Like most serious scholars by this date, he rejected the Donation of Constantine and many other traditional bits of papal apparatus. References to authorities are even more plentiful than in the *Centuries* and, useful device (though not his own invention), the exact location of the text quoted was removed to a marginal note instead of encumbering the text. Like the *Centuries*, the work was well indexed.
Baronius\' *Annales Ecclesiastici* included many documents from the Vatican Archives which are still unavailable elsewhere.
## Influence
*Annales Ecclesiastici* were immediately and immensely successful among both Protestants and Catholics. There were many reprints and compendia, the latter being widely translated. The first two volumes (1588, 1590) were printed on the presses of the Vatican; later editions had the honour of being issued by Plantin (1589-1609) and Moretus (1596-1610). Above all it was continued. Bzovius carried the story down from 1198, where Baronio had ended (vol. XII, 1607), to the year 1572. Later others took up the task, notably Raynaldi (1646-77) and in the nineteenth century Theiner; meanwhile many other scholars had revised and enriched the work, notably Giovanni Domenico Mansi (1692-1769).
| 892 |
Annales Ecclesiastici
| 0 |
3,736,308 |
# Annales Ecclesiastici
## Continuations
Antoine Pagi and his nephew François Pagi made corrections to the *Annales* in the late 17th century. Continuators of Baronius of the Early Modern period were Odorico Raynaldi, Giacomo Laderchi, Henri Spondanus, and Abraham Bzovius. In the 19th century the *Annales* were continued by August Theiner
| 51 |
Annales Ecclesiastici
| 1 |
3,736,312 |
# Keith Burns (linebacker)
**Keith Bernard Burns** (born May 16, 1972) is an American football coach and former professional linebacker and special teams player. He was formerly the special teams coordinator for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL).
## Early life {#early_life}
Burns was born in Greeleyville, South Carolina. He was raised by his mother, Tracy, in Alexandria, Virginia, as the youngest of four children. He was a 1990 graduate of T. C. Williams High School in Alexandria, where he won three varsity letters in football, two in basketball, and one in baseball.
## College career {#college_career}
Burns lettered in football at Navarro Junior College in Corsicana, Texas, where he garnered first-team JuCo All-America honors, and finished his sophomore season with six sacks, three interceptions, and 192 tackles.
Burns then transferred to Oklahoma State for the 1992--1993 season and immediately made an impact with 126 tackles (102 solo), 5 sacks, and 3 forced fumbles. He was voted captain of the team after just four games and was named the Big Eight Conference\'s Defensive Newcomer of the Year. Entering his final year at Oklahoma State, he made several pre-season All-America teams and was ranked the No. 1 inside linebacker by The Sporting News. He was named to the conference\'s All-Big Eight team both of his years there.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
The Denver Broncos drafted Burns in the seventh round (#210 overall) of the 1994 NFL draft. A Bronco for most of his thirteen-year career, Burns saw playing time as a reserve linebacker and a prominent special teams player. He spent the 1999 season with Chicago Bears, and the 2004 season with Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He won two Super Bowls with the Broncos. For his entire NFL career, Burns played 197 games (3 starts) and totaled 231 special-teams tackles. He also posted 77 career defensive stops (50 solo), 1.5 sacks (9 yds.), one interception (15 yds.), three pass breakups and one forced fumble.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
Legend
----------
**Bold**
Year Team Games Tackles
------ ------ ------- ------ --------- --------
GP GS Comb Solo Ast Sck
1994 DEN 11 1 18 15
1995 DEN 16 0 13 10
1996 DEN 16 0 1 1
1997 DEN 16 0 1 1
1998 DEN 16 0 9 7
1999 CHI 15 0 18 17
2000 DEN 13 0 24 **21**
2001 DEN 16 0 22 19
2002 DEN 16 1 12 9
2003 DEN 16 0 **27** 18
2004 TAM 16 0 12 8
2005 DEN 15 1 19 16
2006 DEN 15 0 11 10
197 3 187 152
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
On March 27, 2007, the Broncos announced Burns would retire as Special Teams Captain and assume the role of instructing the special teams. He was given the title of Assistant Special Teams Coach in 2011.
Burns was hired by the Washington Redskins to be their Special Teams Coordinator on February 11, 2013. In moving to Washington, he rejoined Mike Shanahan who was his coach in Denver and who also gave Burns his first coaching job. In his first coaching position Keith Burns\'s Special Teams unit struggled during 2013 season. According to Football Outsiders, under Burns\'s leadership, the Washington Redskins\' Special Teams unit finished the 2013 regular season ranked last in points compared to league average. After less than a year in the position, Keith Burns was dismissed by the Washington Redskins on December 30, 2013, along with Mike Shanahan.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Burns met his wife, Michelle, at college. They have three children together. His oldest daughter, Danielle is a star for the women\'s basketball team at Fordham University, wearing number 22. Danielle earned her master\'s degree in just four years, having graduated in three years. His other daughter Rachel is currently a member of Charleston Southern. His son Keith is still in High School. In Keith Burns\'s off time, he has performed stand-up comedy routines around the country
| 655 |
Keith Burns (linebacker)
| 0 |
3,736,321 |
# Nick Ferguson
**Nicholas A. Ferguson** (born November 27, 1974) is a former American football safety in the National Football League. He spent the majority of his career with the Denver Broncos.
He was originally signed by the Cincinnati Bengals as an undrafted free agent in 1996. He played college football at Georgia Tech. Ferguson has also been a member of the Saskatchewan Roughriders, Rhein Fire, Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Chicago Bears, Buffalo Bills, and New York Jets in his career.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Denver Broncos {#denver_broncos}
Playing with the Denver Broncos, Ferguson started 44 games at safety, grabbing six interceptions along the way. His most notable play came in the 2006 AFC Divisional Playoffs when he came on a safety blitz and pressured Tom Brady into throwing a 100-yard interception by Champ Bailey.
### Houston Texans {#houston_texans}
On March 27, 2008, he signed a one-year contract with the Houston Texans. On March 12, 2009, he re-signed a new one-year contract with the Texans.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
Legend
----------
**Bold**
### Regular season {#regular_season}
Year Team Games Tackles
------ ------ ------- ------ --------- --------
GP GS Comb Solo Ast Sck
2000 NYJ 7 0 12 8
2001 NYJ 16 1 30 25
2002 NYJ 16 0 28 21
2003 DEN 15 10 76 **63**
2004 DEN 16 1 34 23
2005 DEN 16 16 **80** 62
2006 DEN 10 10 36 28
2007 DEN 12 7 55 43
2008 HOU 14 9 59 48
2009 HOU 10 1 10 8
132 55 420 329
### Playoffs
Year Team Games Tackles
------ ------ ------- ------ --------- -------
GP GS Comb Solo Ast Sck
2001 NYJ 1 0 0 0
2002 NYJ 2 0 1 1
2004 DEN 1 0 3 0
2005 DEN 2 2 **14** **9**
6 2 18 10
## Post Retirement {#post_retirement}
Ferguson served as an assistant coach with the San Francisco 49ers in 2018, following coaching internships with the 49ers, Broncos, Seattle Seahawks and Texans.
In addition to coaching, Ferguson has spent time as a sports-talk radio host with the NFL on TuneIn, NBC Sports Radio, WQXI, KFWB and Voice of America. He has also written for The Players\' Tribune.
Ferguson hosted a sports-talk radio show on Sports Radio 104.3 The Fan in Denver, Ferguson is a member of the Church of Scientology
| 389 |
Nick Ferguson
| 0 |
3,736,324 |
# Wesley Duke
**Wesley Duke** (born June 21, 1981) is a football player. Duke was a tight end for the Denver Broncos in the National Football League.
## Biography
Duke was born in Grand Prairie, Texas. He played both basketball and football for the Meadowcreek High School Mustangs in Norcross, Georgia.
Duke played NCAA basketball for the Mercer University Bears in Macon, Georgia.
Despite not playing college football, Duke was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Denver Broncos. Duke tore his knee ligament and was released on June 9, 2006
| 92 |
Wesley Duke
| 0 |
3,736,331 |
# Airese Currie
**Airese K. Currie** (born November 16, 1982) is an American former professional football wide receiver. He was selected by the Chicago Bears in the fifth round of the 2005 NFL draft. He played college football for the Clemson Tigers.
Currie was also a member of the BC Lions and Hamilton Tiger-Cats.
## Early life {#early_life}
Currie attended Richland Northeast High School in Columbia, South Carolina, and was a letterman in football and track. In track, he was the South Carolina state champion on the 200 and the 400 meter dashes, and ran a personal best of 10.22 seconds on the 100 meter dash.
## College career {#college_career}
Currie attended Clemson University and was a letterman in football and track. In track, he was a three-time All-Atlantic Coast Conference selection, and as a senior, he won the NCAA Regional East title on the 100 meter dash.
### Track and field {#track_and_field}
Currie was also a track star. He was a three-time All-Atlantic Coast Conference selection, and as a senior, he won the NCAA Regional East title on the 100 meter dash, posting a time of 10.22 seconds.
In 2004, he ran anchor for the Tigers\' 4 × 100 meter relay team, which was ranked as the 14th-fastest time of that season. He also ran the 60 meters and 200 meters, posting personal bests of 6.79 seconds and 20.65 seconds, respectively.
Personal bests
Event Time (seconds) Venue Date
------------ ---------------- -------------- -------------------
55 meters 6.59 Columbia, January 12, 2013
60 meters 6.79 Chapel Hill, February 22, 2003
100 meters 10.22 Clemson, May 8, 2004
200 meters 20.65 Fairfax, May 31, 2003
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Chicago Bears {#chicago_bears}
He was selected with the fourth pick of the fifth round of the 2005 NFL draft out of Clemson University. He spent his entire rookie season in 2005 with the Chicago Bears on injured reserve. In the 2006 season he was again placed on injured reserve on September 29, 2006, soon after playing his first NFL game. He was released on May 7, 2007.
### Hamilton Tiger-Cats {#hamilton_tiger_cats}
Currie was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on April 9, 2009
| 359 |
Airese Currie
| 0 |
3,736,332 |
# Cecil Sapp
**Cecil Sapp** (born December 23, 1978) is an American former professional football player who was a fullback in the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent in 2003. He played college football at Colorado State. Sapp also played for the Houston Texans and New York Sentinels.
## Early life {#early_life}
Sapp played high school football at Miami Palmetto Senior High School, earning first-team all-conference and honorable mention all-state honors his senior year.
## College career {#college_career}
Sapp played college football for the Colorado State Rams from 1999 to 2002. He rushed three times for 40 yards and one touchdown his freshman season in 1999. He totaled 151 rushing attempts for 841 yards and 10 touchdowns in 2000, earning first-team all-Mountain West Conference honors. Sapp also caught three passes for 47 yards and one touchdown.
He missed the 2001 season after having surgery to remove a tumor from his heel. He rushed 347 times for 1,601 yards and 17 touchdowns his senior year in 2002, garnering unanimous first-team all-Mountain West recognition.
Sapp was invited to the Senior Bowl and Hula Bowl after his senior season. He was inducted into the Colorado State University Athletics Hall of Fame in 2017.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Denver Broncos {#denver_broncos}
Sapp was signed by the Denver Broncos as an undrafted free agent on May 8, 2003. He was waived on August 31, and signed to the Broncos\' practice squad on September 2. Sapp was promoted to the active roster on December 26, 2003, and played in one game for the Broncos during the 2003 season, rushing 12 times for 31 yards.
He was waived on September 5, 2004, and signed to the practice squad on September 7. He was promoted to the active roster on October 27, 2004. Sapp appeared in five games for the Broncos in 2004, totaling four carries for 32 yards, one kick return for 34 yards, one solo tackle and one assisted tackle.
Sapp played in all 16 games for the Broncos in 2005, recording five rushing attempts for 21 yards, two receptions for 17 yards, two kick returns for 28 yards, two fumble recoveries, six solo tackles and one assisted tackle. He appeared in 11 games, including his first career start, during the 2006 season, rushing 10 times for 80 yards, catching five passes for 34 yards, returning four kicks for 95 yards and recovering one fumble while also making four solo tackles and two assisted tackles. He was placed on injured reserve on December 4, 2006.
Sapp played in 16 games, including a career-high 8 starts, for the Broncos in 2007, accumulating 18 rushing attempts for 59 yards and two touchdowns, 14 receptions for 51 yards and one touchdown, two kick returns for 30 yards and six solo tackles. He re-signed with the Broncos on March 24, 2008. He was placed on injured reserve on August 30 and released on September 4, 2008.
### Houston Texans {#houston_texans}
Sapp signed with the Houston Texans on September 30, 2008. He appeared in 12 games for the Texans during the 2008 season, totaling two rushes for -3 yards, one kick return for seven yards and five solo tackles.
### New York Sentinels {#new_york_sentinels}
Sapp played in four games, starting two, for the New York Sentinels of the United Football League in 2009, rushing 15 times for 89 yards, returning one kick for 21 yards, losing one fumble and making one tackle
| 582 |
Cecil Sapp
| 0 |
3,736,340 |
# Michael Myers (American football)
**Michael Myers** (born January 20, 1976) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys, Cleveland Browns, Denver Broncos and Cincinnati Bengals. He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide.
## Early life {#early_life}
Myers attended Vicksburg High School where he played both football and basketball and was an All-state selection in both sports.
He received a scholarship from the University of Mississippi, but after a low score in the ACT, he had to play two seasons at Hinds Community College in Raymond, Mississippi. As a freshman, he posted 46 tackles (14 for loss), 25 quarterback pressures, 3 passes defensed, 3 forced fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries and set a record with 20 sacks. The next year, he collected 63 tackles (16 for loss), 8 sacks, 27 quarterback pressures, 5 passes defensed, 5 forced fumbles and 3 fumble recoveries. He was twice named a junior college All-American.
Myers transferred to the University of Alabama, where as a junior he finished with 66 tackles (8 for loss), 24 quarterback pressures, 3 passes defensed, 2 fumble recoveries and 13 sacks (third on the school\'s all-time list).
He was mentioned as a preseason All-American and All-SEC selection entering his senior season, but after the season opener against Vanderbilt University, where he made 5 tackles and half a sack, he was abruptly suspended for having contacted a sports agent before his eligibility was over.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Dallas Cowboys {#dallas_cowboys}
#### 1998
Myers was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fourth round (100th overall) of the 1998 NFL draft, after he dropped for being out of football for a year and having a poor Senior Bowl. Although he was played at defensive tackle in training camp, when the season started he was the backup defensive end behind Kavika Pittman.
He appeared in every game and made his first start against the Washington Redskins on December 27, where he recorded a sack and became along with Greg Ellis the first pair of rookie defensive linemen to start in the same game in franchise history. He finished with 23 tackles (9 solo), 3 sacks, 5 quarterback pressures and 2 passes defensed.
#### 1999 {#section_1}
Myers only played in six regular season games and was declared inactive in 10 contests, tallying 11 tackles (one for loss) and 2 quarterback pressures. Because of injuries on the defensive line, he took part in the Wild Card playoff game at the Minnesota Vikings, where he had 6 tackles and 2 sacks.
#### 2000 {#section_2}
He was declared inactive in the first 3 games. He was given the opportunity to start the last seven games after defensive tackle Leon Lett was lost with a season ending knee injury.
His first start at defensive tackle came against the Cincinnati Bengals on November 12. He also made a number of plays as a tight end in goal-line formations during the season. He played in 13 games (7 starts), registering 46 tackles (30 solo), 4 tackles for loss (fourth on the team), 6 quarterback pressures, 2 passes defensed, one forced fumble and one fumble recovery.
#### 2001 {#section_3}
Although he was seen as an undersized player at defensive tackle, he started in every game and was part of a defense that was ranked fourth in the NFL with only 287.4 yards allowed per game. He finished sixth on the team in tackles (72), tied for second in sacks (3.5) and third in quarterback pressures (18).
#### 2002 {#section_4}
The signing of free agent defensive tackle La\'Roi Glover by the team, relegated him into a reserve role. He appeared in every game, registering 44 tackles (25 solo), 7 tackles for loss (tied for second on the team), one sack, 8 quarterback pressures, one forced fumble, one fumble recovery and 3 passes defensed.
#### 2003 {#section_5}
He started the season opener against the Atlanta Falcons and registered 2 tackles. He was inactive for the next 3 games, before being waived on October 7.
### Cleveland Browns {#cleveland_browns}
#### 2003 {#section_6}
Myers signed with the Cleveland Browns as a free agent on November 12. He had a career day versus the Baltimore Ravens on December 21 with ten tackles and two sacks. He played in 7 games (1 start), recording 26 tackles (9 solo), 3 sacks and one pass defensed.
#### 2004 {#section_7}
He played in every game and made seven starts, finishing with 51 tackles (30 solo), one sack, one forced fumble and one fumble recovery.
### Denver Broncos {#denver_broncos}
#### 2005 {#section_8}
On March 30, Myers was traded by Cleveland to the Denver Broncos who also received Ebenezer Ekuban in exchange for running back Reuben Droughns. With the Broncos also signing free agent Courtney Brown, as well as obtaining Ekuban and Gerard Warren in separate trades with the Browns, the local media referred to the Broncos new defensive line as the \"Browncos\", since all four starters were also the Browns starters the year before, under new defensive line coach Andre Patterson. He started 15 regular season games and two playoff games including the AFC Championship game versus the Pittsburgh Steelers where he made tackles. He made 50 tackles, while helping the Broncos finish with a 13--3 record which clinched the AFC West title.
#### 2006 {#section_9}
Myers started all 16 games for the Broncos and had a career high 57 combined tackles (37, 20). He had 2 sacks, 2 passes defensed and forced a fumble.
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# Michael Myers (American football)
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Cincinnati Bengals {#cincinnati_bengals}
#### 2007 {#section_10}
On April 19, he signed as a free agent with the Cincinnati Bengals. He finished with 34 tackles, one sack, 2 passes defensed and his first career interception against Steve McNair of the Ravens to end Baltimore\'s final drive and win the game. The interception deflected off the hands of Ravens tight end Todd Heap in the end zone and thwarted the Ravens\' comeback attempt in the closing seconds. His contract was terminated on August 31, 2008.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
Legend
----------
**Bold**
### Regular season {#regular_season}
Year Team Games Tackles
------ ------ ------- ------ --------- --------
GP GS Comb Solo Ast Sck
1998 DAL 16 1 15 10
1999 DAL 6 0 8 4
2000 DAL 13 7 35 28
2001 DAL 16 16 55 **37**
2002 DAL 16 0 35 22
2003 DAL 1 1 1 0
CLE 7 1 14 8
2004 CLE 16 7 34 22
2005 DEN 16 15 31 25
2006 DEN 16 16 **57** **37**
2007 CIN 15 2 36 22
138 66 321 215
### Playoffs
Year Team Games Tackles
------ ------ ------- ------ --------- -------
GP GS Comb Solo Ast Sck
1998 DAL 1 1 0 0
1999 DAL 1 0 **7** 4
2005 DEN 2 2 **7** **6**
4 3 14 10
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# Michael Myers (American football)
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In the summer of 2012, he was a graduate assistant at Hinds Community College, coaching the defensive line while he pursued his master\'s degree. In February 2012, he joined other former players in a concussion lawsuit against the NFL
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# Sam Brandon
**Samuel Terrill Brandon** (born July 5, 1979) is an American former professional football safety. He was selected by the Denver Broncos in the fourth round of the 2002 NFL draft after playing college football for UNLV. He played five seasons in the National Football League (NFL), all of which were for the Broncos
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# Todd Devoe
**Todd Vaughn Devoe** (born April 5, 1980) is an American former professional football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL) and Arena Football League (AFL). He was signed by the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 2003. He played college football at Itawamba Community College and Central Missouri.
Devoe was also a member of the Cologne Centurions, Miami Dolphins, Tennessee Titans, Denver Broncos, Toronto Argonauts, Arizona Rattlers, Chicago Rush, Kansas City Command and Kansas City Renegades.
## Early life {#early_life}
Devor attended Boyd H. Anderson High School in Lauderdale Lakes, Florida.
## College career {#college_career}
Devoe first played college football at Itawamba Community College from 1999 to 2000.
Devoe then transferred to play for the Central Missouri Mules from 2001 to 2002, earning first-team All-MIAA honors both years. He became the first player in school history to total 1,000 receiving yards in two different seasons. He caught 23 touchdowns during his time at Central Missouri. Devoe also set a school and MIAA record for longest touchdown catch with a 99-yarder. He participated in track and field at Central Missouri as well, garnering All-American recognition in 2002. He was inducted into Central Missouri\'s Athletic Hall of Fame in 2014.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Devoe signed with the Baltimore Ravens on May 9, 2003, after going undrafted in the 2003 NFL draft. He was waived on August 30 and signed to the team\'s practice squad on September 2, 2003. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Ravens on January 15, 2004. Devoe was allocated to NFL Europe in 2004 and played for the Cologne Centurions during the 2004 NFL Europe season. He played in 10 games, starting eight, for the Centurions, catching 16 passes for 277 yards and five touchdowns. He also made five tackles. Devoe was waived by the Ravens on September 5, signed to the practice squad on September 7, and released on September 10, 2004.
Devoe was signed to the practice squad of the Miami Dolphins on September 14, 2004. He was released on September 28, 2004.
He was signed to the practice squad of the Tennessee Titans on October 7, 2004. He was released on November 30, 2004.
Devoe was signed to the practice squad of the Ravens on December 15, 2004.
He signed a reserve/future contract with the Denver Broncos on January 8, 2005. He played in 14 games for the Broncos in 2005, catching nine passes for 87 yards and one touchdown. He also recovered two fumbles and made eight solo tackles. Devoe appeared in one game during the 2006 season and was targeted once. He was waived on November 11, 2006.
Devoe was signed by the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League in February 2007. He was released on June 23, 2007.
Devoe later signed with the Arizona Rattlers of the Arena Football League (AFL) for the 2008 season. He was placed on injured reserve on February 11, 2008, and was activated on April 4, 2008. He caught 52 passes for 586 yards and 10 touchdowns for the Rattlers in 2008. Devoe also accumulated five solo tackes, three assisted tackles and one fumble recovery. The 2009 season was cancelled. Devoe was placed on injured reserve again on April 9, 2010, and was activated on May 17, 2010. He recorded 17 receptions for 162 yards and three touchdowns while also scoring one rushing touchdown in 2010. He totaled six solo tackles and eight assisted tackles as well. Devoe was placed on injured reserve for the third time on August 3, 2010.
Devoe was assigned to the Chicago Rush of the AFL on October 14, 2010. He was placed on physically unable to perform on February 28, 2011, and injured reserve on March 9. He was activated on April 14, 2011. He caught eight passes for 77 yards and one touchdown while also accumulating one solo tackle and one assisted tackle during the 2011 season.
Devoe was traded to the Kansas City Command on May 9, 2011, for future considerations. He was placed on refuse to report on May 10 and activated on May 11. He was placed on injured reserve on July 8, 2011. Overall, he totalled 25 receptions for 309 yards and four touchdowns for the Command in 2011. He also recorded five solo tackles and three assisted tackles
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# Curome Cox
**Curome Cox** (born February 28, 1981) is a former American football safety. He is the defensive backs coach and defensive passing game coordinator for the Virginia Cavaliers, a position he has held since 2022. He was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 2004. He played college football at Maryland.
Cox has also been a member of the Denver Broncos, Houston Texans and New Orleans Saints.
## Early life {#early_life}
Curome attended Gonzaga College High School in Washington, D.C., before moving onto the Maryland Terrapins.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Denver Broncos {#denver_broncos}
Cox made an interception against the San Diego Chargers in the final regular season game. Due to injuries, Curome Cox has been thrust into the spotlight as a starting safety on the vaunted Broncos defense, next to John Lynch. On November 6, 2007, the Broncos released him.
### Houston Texans {#houston_texans}
He signed with the Houston Texans on November 13. The Texans released him on June 13, 2008.
### New Orleans Saints {#new_orleans_saints}
On July 30, 2008, Cox was signed by the New Orleans Saints
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# Carla Lamarca
**Carla Angyalossy Lamarca** (born June 6, 1982, in São Paulo) is a former Brazilian MTV VJ. She is of Italian and German descent. She is a graduate of FAAP promotional publicity program. Prior to MTV, Lamarca worked in product development at Miss Sixty. She was elected an MTV VJ by a public vote in a hosting contest named VJs em Teste (*VJs in evaluation*). On MTV\'s Brazilian affiliate she hosted Disk MTV, Top 20 Brasil, Sobe Som, and regularly appeared on VJs em Ação.
In January 2006, she appeared on the cover of Brazilian magazine *Revista MTV* in a photograph inspired by Gisele Bündchen\'s cover on a special edition of British magazine *The Face*
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# The Urban Peasant
***The Urban Peasant*** was a Canadian cooking show starring James Barber. The show was broadcast on CBC Television and was filmed at the CBC Regional Broadcast Centre at CBUT in Vancouver, British Columbia. The show also aired in the United States on The Learning Channel (TLC).
## Broadcasters
### Past
- Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Television network - original broadcast
- Food Network Canada - syndicated reruns
- One: the Body, Mind & Spirit channel - syndicated reruns
- Ion Life Channel - syndicated reruns
## Books
*For a complete listing of books by James Barber see his list of books*
Barber has written a number of books, including several companion books to this series:
- *The Urban Peasant: Recipes from the Popular Television Cooking Series* (1995, `{{ISBN|0-8038-9370-1}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Peasant\'s Choice: More of the Best from the Urban Peasant*
- *Peasant\'s Choice* (1994, `{{ISBN|0-9698398-2-0}}`{=mediawiki})
- *The Urban Peasant: More than a Cookbook* (1993, `{{ISBN|0-9694144-0-4}}`{=mediawiki})
- *The Urban Peasant Quick & Simple* (1991)[1](https://www.amazon
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# Demon (novel)
***Demon*** is a science fiction novel by American writer John Varley, published in 1984. The third and final book in his Gaea Trilogy, it was nominated to the Locus Award.
## Plot
*Demon* takes place in the years 2113 through 2121, thirteen to twenty-one years after the events of *Wizard*.
Earth is in the grip of a protracted nuclear war, possibly started by Gaea herself. Some survivors are rescued by mysterious pods called *mercy flights* that bring them to Gaea. They are cured of all their physical ills, but still mentally damaged from the war, they are dumped in the twilight city of Bellinzona in Dione, an anarchic place where the local brain is dead, Gaea has limited control, and criminals run the show. Due to the war, humankind\'s future is now in the wheel, and at the mercy of its senile ruler.
Cirocco Jones has become a fugitive and resistance leader, supported by the Titanides, who call her the *Captain,* and the Angels, who call her the *Wing Commander*.
The increasingly demented and film-obsessed Gaea has replaced the Avatar that Jones destroyed at the end of *Wizard* with a 50 ft replica of Marilyn Monroe. She spends her time in a traveling film festival of her own making, called *Pandemonium*, where she is attended by various humans and many bizarre creatures of her own creation, such as living film cameras.
Gaea has developed *deathsnakes*, which infest and reanimate the corpses of humans and other creatures who die in the wheel. Leading these zombies are horrifying beings called *Priests:* undead field commanders made by Gaea from parts of her human victims.
Cirocco and her companions find some degree of safety in Bellinzona. It is revealed that all the captured *Ringmaster* crew were fitted with parasitic, worm-like spies living inside their brains. Cirocco\'s alcoholism was actually a means of obscuring at least some of her thoughts from the spy, and hence Gaea. Cirocco\'s brain parasite is extracted by a Titanide surgeon and imprisoned in a jar. Nicknamed *Snitch*, it is both a part of Gaea\'s fragmented and disintegrating mind, and a creature in its own right, able to talk, feel pain, and apparently recover from any injury. Cirocco ruthlessly exploits it as a source of information on Gaea\'s schemes, using a mixture of torture and bribery: *Snitch* has emerged from her alcohol-addled brain with an addiction to liquor.
As a result of the parasite broadcasting every thought and perception to Gaea, Gaby\'s personality has survived her physical death; she now exists as a rogue intelligence in the hub and nerve-center of the habitat. She is able to communicate with Cirocco, and together they hatch plans for the future of the wheel.
Chris Major has stayed in Gaea, where he is mutating into a Titanide. Robin of the Coven had returned to her people, but now returns to Gaea, along with her two children: a 19-year-old daughter named Nova, and an infant son, Adam. Having a son is anathema in her female-only community. The children were not planned, but are offspring of herself and Chris, owing to genetic material planted in her when she last was on Gaea and triggered to implant at later times.
Robin, along with her children, is reunited with Chris and Cirocco, and Nova immediately develops a crush on Cirocco. They also meet Conal Ray, a friend and lieutenant of Cirocco\'s, originally a none-too-bright bodybuilder from Canada and a descendant of Ringmaster crew member Gene who came to Gaea with an ill-formed plan to kill Cirocco. Chris asks Robin for custody of Adam, as his last link to humanity when he becomes a Titanide.
Cirocco learns that Adam shares her ability to activate Titanide eggs, and therefore represents the race\'s future, as well as a means of controlling them, just as Gaea\'s agents kidnap the infant. Gaea has arranged his birth so he can be Cirocco\'s successor, and his kidnapping is intended to force her into a confrontation. After a failed rescue attempt by the group, Chris decides to surrender to Pandemonium, now permanently located in the region of Hyperion, so that he can be near Adam.
Pandemonium is a now a fortified area dedicated to classic Hollywood themes, including a Yellow Brick Road and a replica of the house \"Tara\" from Gone with the Wind. Returning to base, Cirocco finds that all the zombies used in the kidnapping have died. The cause appears to be a \"love potion\" that Nova concocted from kitchen spices along with her own blood and pubic hair. This appears to be another of Gaea\'s pranks, but it is used to exterminate the deathsnakes, and thus the zombies. This leaves Gaea with a labor shortage in the new Pandemonium. Her senility has advanced to the point that she can no longer create new hazards for the human and Titanide populations.
Some months pass while Cirocco\'s forces regroup. Adam is beginning to see Gaea as a mother figure, and desperate to recover him, Cirocco uses her influence among the Titanides to conquer Bellinzona, imposing law and order with the intent of eventually raising an army to attack Pandemonium. In time, through her unusual mixture of charisma and ruthlessness, she manages to transform the inhabitants\' disorganized chaos into a genuine community. She kills off the gangster leaders who ruled much of the city, and co-opts groups such as the \"Free Females\" and \"Vigilantes\", who used force to protect their enclaves.
Cirocco guides nearly 40,000 human soldiers and several thousand Titanides some 1500+ kilometers around the wheel, dealing with the various horrors living in the regions of the wheel, and fending off attacks from the Gaean Air Force, the successors to the old buzz-bombs. These new creatures are armed with rocket bullets, smart missiles, and bombs. On Cirocco\'s side are a set of highly advanced airplanes that she imported from Earth to destroy the first set of buzz-bombs. The pilots are a hastily assembled collection of people trained by Conal. With Gaby Plauget, Cirocco enlists the help of some of the Angels in a preemptive strike to destroy the Air Force\'s refueling bases. This prevents most of the attackers from reaching her army. Conal\'s own air force destroy the rest at the cost of several planes, including Conal\'s own. He parachutes down to join Cirocco\'s army.
When the army finally reaches Pandemonium, Cirocco\'s attack is a mixture of display and deadly force. Robin\'s former familiar *Nasu*, an anaconda lost in the previous novel, has become gigantic while living in the Wheel. She attacks Gaea\'s avatar and damages it severely, but is killed. Whistlestop the blimp, with the aged and dying Calvin inside, immolates Gaea in a *Hindenburg*-like blaze. But Gaea proves able to restore her body from almost any injury. Still, Gaea is lured out of the city to face Cirocco, enabling part of the army to rescue Adam. At that moment Gene, old and addled and living next to the dead remnant of one of the former regional brains, sets off the final blow (instigated by Gaby) by destroying with dynamite one of Gaea\'s major nerve-centers in full view of his own mind-parasite, which Gaby has removed from his head. Gaea is disoriented enough for Gaby to force her out of the hub, leading to the destruction of the giant Marilyn Monroe avatar in a scene reminiscent of the climactic battle in *King Kong*. The last fragment of Gaea\'s mind, in the shape of Snitch, dies in Cirocco\'s hand. Gaea\'s final act is to paraphrase last words from a classic movie, *Little Caesar*. Cirocco is then lifted bodily into the air to join Gaby in the hub of the Wheel.
Gaby, now the new divinity of the wheel, reveals to Cirocco that Gaea was in fact originally an entity distinct from the wheel, and took over just as Gaby has done. Changes of \'management\' are a regular occurrence in the enormously long life-cycle of those entities, and all the plotting perpetrated by Gaea throughout the trilogy was aimed at securing her demise and replacement in a manner entertaining and flamboyant enough to suit her. Gaby invites Cirocco to share the position with her, but the former Wizard declines, choosing instead to simply live free for the first time in nearly a century. As she ponders her new and free future, she wonders what she will do next. She leans over, falling from the top of the spoke toward the ground 600 kilometers below, leaving her fate to chance --- she is now finally free to live only for herself.
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# Demon (novel)
## Characters
- Cirocco Jones, former Captain of the ship Ringmaster, former Wizard serving Gaea, now the Demon and enemy of Gaea. Thanks to treatments she received as Wizard, and with continued visits to a location known as the Fountain of Youth, she has unusual abilities, endurance, strength and wisdom.
- Gaea, a being who represents herself as the embodiment and god of the rotating space habitat known as the wheel. In this novel she manifests as a 50-foot tall replica of Marilyn Monroe, living on the rim of the habitat instead of, as before, in the hub.
- Chris Major, a former pilgrim to Gaea who remained in the wheel after his cure. He formed an emotional relationship with the Titanide known as Valiha and is slowly mutating into a Titanide himself.
- Robin the Nine-Fingered, another pilgrim who was cured by Gaea and returned to her home, known as the Coven, in an O\'Neill habitat in orbit. The Coven see themselves as witches and practice lesbianism, regarding males as evil. After her return Robin rose to the top of their ruling hierarchy, until her son Adam was born, ruining her life and forcing her to migrate back to Gaea with Adam and her teenage daughter Nova. Both children were fathered by Chris thanks to Gaea\'s interference in their lives. Robin finds herself attracted to men, to Chris in the previous novel, and to Conal in this one.
- Nova, Robin\'s tall athletic daughter. She is attracted to Cirocco, accidentally finds a way to kill off the zombies that Gaea has created, and becomes part of the ruling council in Bellinzona, with her mother.
- Gaby Plauget, formerly assistant to the Wizard before her death, now a rogue intelligence inhabiting the same AI matrix as Gaea. Over the course of the novel she becomes more and more powerful and able to manifest herself to her allies.
- Conal Ray, great-great-grandson of Ringmaster\'s Gene Springfield, who became an avid bodybuilder in his native Canada (reduced to the Northwest Territories and parts of Alberta) before going to Gaea to kill Cirocco, blaming her for his grandfather\'s death. After being captured and tortured by Cirocco to determine if he was a creature of Gaea, he swore allegiance to her. He also discovered that Gene was still alive.
- Rocky, a Titanide and Conal\'s close friend. Originally named \"Phase-shifter Rock\'n\'Roll\" according to Titanide custom, he was renamed by Cirocco so that nobody would use that name for her. Rocky is both a healer and a fighter. During the course of the story he decides to become a \"hindmother\", birthing a new Titanide from an egg conceived by himself and Valiha, with Valiha\'s son Serpent as the \"hindfather\", who implants and quickens the egg. The new Titanide, already able to communicate with Rocky from within the womb, is called Tambura.
- Trini, introduced in the previous novel as a freelance sex worker, now the leader of the Free Females organization in anarchic Bellinzona.
- Stuart, leader of the Vigilante organization in Bellinzona. Cirocco suspects him of having wielded political power in the past, and having the will to do it again.
- \"Luther\", one of Gaea\'s \"Priests\". Originally the mild-mannered Pastor Lundquist, he was killed and reassembled as Luther. His body is slowly decaying, making it difficult for him to walk and talk, though he has a charisma that can beguile the unwary. He travels with a collection of zombies whom he names for the Apostles. He remembers enough of who he was for Gaby to use him as part of her plan. He dies while opening a gate into Pandemonium so that Cirocco\'s army can enter to rescue Adam and Chris.
- Calvin, one of Ringmaster\'s crew who went to live in the giant blimp known as Whistlestop, and who is slowly dying of old age. Whistlestop has become enormous over time, being almost two kilometers long and the largest being in Gaea, after Gaea herself.
- Gene Springfield, one of Ringmaster\'s crew who became an agent of Gaea, raping both Gaby and Cirocco and eventually killing Gaby. Like the others he has become unnaturally long-lived, but he retains scars from all his injuries, mostly inflicted by Cirocco in their encounters. He takes refuge in the cavern once occupied by the brain controlling the region known as Oceanus, which Gaea pretends is her enemy. The brain died long ago, driving Gaea partly mad in the process, and has been replaced by a giant nerve nexus linking the adjoining regions. When Gaby manifests herself to Cirocco and Conal, taking them to Gene, he behaves like a stereotypical corn-pone comedy character from a western, rather than the intelligent pilot he used to be
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# Estación Mapocho
**Estación Mapocho** is a former railway station that has been refitted as a cultural center since 1994, hosting a variety of events in Santiago, Chile.
## History
The design and construction of the station began in 1905 at the hands of Emilio Jecquier, a Chilean architect based in France. The 280-metre-long, 17-metre-high structure was composed of a base of masonry and a steel vault covered in glass (now copper). The steel structure was constructed by the Belgian company Haine Saint Pierre. The official inauguration of the station took place on May 12, 1912, and the station opened to the public in 1913.
In many ways, Estación Mapocho is a relic of a significant period in Chilean history when the country was going through major economic and social changes, as well as celebrating its first centenary. The station was one of several civil works commissioned to celebrate the first centenary of Chilean independence, along with the park of Santa Lucía Hill, the Chilean High Court of Justice, and the Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts. The building is located at the intersection of two streets, Presidente Balmaceda and Bandera, on the south bank of the Mapocho River close to the Mercado Central de Santiago. Puente Cal y Canto metro station is beneath the \"Plaza de la Cultura\", or Culture Square, in front of the station.
For many years, Estación Mapocho was Santiago\'s main rail hub serving Valparaíso, Argentina and northern Chile, which at the time was the centre of Chile\'s niter or saltpeter boom.
In recognition of its imposing architecture and its sentimental and historic value, the building was declared a National Monument by law in 1976.
Image:Construcción Estacion Mapocho.jpg \| In its construction stage Image:EstacionMapocho-vistaaerea-2010.jpg \| Aerial view of the Estación Mapocho. Image taken from the summit of the **San Cristobal Hill**. Image:Centro cultural Estación Mapocho 03.JPG \| Details of the Interior Image:Estación Mapocho desde la micro..JPG \| Facade Image:Vista desde plaza baja hall.jpg \| View of the lower hall
In 1986, the station was temporarily closed for remodeling and rail traffic was diverted to Alameda Station, causing great inconvenience to commuters coming from Valparaíso and reducing passenger numbers on the line. The same year, the Queronque rail accident left 58 dead and caused the Santiago--Valparaíso railway line to close. In 1987, the Empresa de Ferrocarriles del Estado (Chile\'s State Railroad Company or EFE) stopped the remodeling works and Estación Mapocho was decommissioned. The serious structural decay and lack of use caused the station to be abandoned. Since demolition of a national monument is expressly forbidden by law, Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado sold the building to CORFO, Chile\'s economic growth agency, in 1988.
## Estación Mapocho Cultural Centre {#estación_mapocho_cultural_centre}
In 1991 a non-profit private organization, Corporación Cultural de la Estación Mapocho (Estación Mapocho Cultural Corporation), was commissioned to oversee the redevelopment and management of the building. Sponsored by the \"Colegio de Arquitectos\" (Architects' Association), the City of Santiago invited tenders from private organisations to refurbish the building. It was one of the first instances of a private organization managing a public building in Chile, and one of the first cultural projects carried out after Chile\'s transition to democracy.
Architects Montserrat Palmer, Teodoro Fernández, Ramón López and Rodrigo Pérez de Arce were appointed to carry out the remodeling work. Their proposal involved remodeling the 10,000 square metre space with minimal alteration or disruption, preserving the original work of architect wherever possible. The project cost an estimated 10 million US dollars.
The restoration work was completed by the beginning of 1994, and the new Estación Mapocho Cultural Centre was inaugurated on March 3, 1994. Today, the centre is a heritage site dedicated to the promotion of culture in Chile. The building serves as venue for cultural events such as art exhibitions, musical performances and conventions. The Santiago International Book Fair is held at the cultural centre every year in late spring.
The centre\'s success in promoting and preserving the heritage of Chile was recognised when it won the City Heritage Award in 2005, its 100th anniversary as a building and 15th anniversary as a cultural centre. It also received the Reina Sofía International Award for Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage in 2008
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# Joe Odom
**Joseph Edward Odom** (born December 14, 1979) is an American former professional football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Chicago Bears in the sixth round of the 2003 NFL draft. He played college football at Purdue.
## Early life and college {#early_life_and_college}
Odom attended Civic Memorial High School in Bethalto, Illinois. He played college football at Purdue from 1999 to 2002.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Chicago Bears {#chicago_bears}
Odom was selected by the Chicago Bears in the sixth round, with the 191st overall pick, of the 2003 NFL draft. He officially signed with the team on June 9, 2003. He played in 10 games, starting three, for the Bears in 2003, recording 21 solo tackles, seven assisted tackles, one pass breakup and one fumble recovery. Odom was placed on injured reserve on November 21, 2003.
He played in 16 games, starting five, in 2004, totaling 23 solo tackles and six assisted tackles. He appeared in two games in 2005, recording one solo tackle and one fumble recovery, before being placed on injured reserve on October 8, 2005. He was waived on August 21, 2006.
### Buffalo Bills {#buffalo_bills}
On August 22, 2006, Odom was claimed off of waivers by the Buffalo Bills. He was waived/injured on September 2 and reverted to injured reserve the next day.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Odom was later an account executive for Stephen Gould Corporation
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# No. 16 Air Observation Post Flight RAAF
**No. 16 Air Observation Post Flight** (No. 16 AOP Flight) was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) unit that saw action in World War II supporting Australian Army operations. It was formed in October 1944 and disbanded in June 1947. The flight was reestablished in September 1958, and was disbanded again in December 1960, when its responsibilities were transferred to a joint Army-RAAF unit.
## History
No. 16 Air Observation Post Flight was formed at Lae in New Guinea on 20 October 1944. At the time it was established it had a strength of four pilots and was equipped with Taylorcraft Auster light aircraft. These aircraft were among the 56 Austers that the RAAF eventually ordered. The first batch was ordered in 1944 to equip Nos. 16 and 17 AOP Flights. No. 16 AOP Flight was initially assigned to the headquarters of the First Army, and conducted a mix of training and operational flights from Lae during late 1944 and early 1945. The operational missions included flying supplies and personnel to Army units fighting the Japanese, evacuating wounded soldiers and conducting reconnaissance tasks. The flight established at detachment at Tadji on 30 January 1945 to support the Army\'s 17th Brigade during the Aitape--Wewak campaign.
On 28 March 1945, No. 16 Flight departed for Morotai in the Netherlands East Indies with its parent unit, No. 83 (Army Cooperation) Wing, in preparation for the Borneo campaign; it arrived at Morotai on 4 April. A detachment of the flight took part in the landing at Tarakan on 1 May. The next day an Auster crashed while taking off from a newly constructed small airstrip within the Allied beachhead, resulting in the death of the aircraft\'s observer, an Army Air Liaison Officer, Lieutenant Stanley Ket. Another No. 16 AOP Flight detachment landed on Labuan island on 10 June, and subsequently supported the 9th Division throughout the Battle of North Borneo. During late June aircraft from this detachment rescued eleven downed American airmen from a valley central Borneo. On 1 July the detachment at Tarakan ceased operations, and embarked to take part in the landing at Balikpapan. From 3 July until the end of the war this detachment supported the 7th Division.
Following the Japanese surrender ceremony in Tokyo Bay, No. 16 AOP Flight flew air cover over `{{HMAS|Burdekin|K376|6}}`{=mediawiki} while the official surrender of Dutch Borneo was signed on board the ship on 10 September. Other Austers from the flight escorted a Japanese aircraft to Labuan. No. 16 AOP Flight was ordered to cease flying operations on 6 November 1945, and it returned to Australia by sea later that month. A nucleus from the flight arrived at RAAF Station Canberra on 3 December, and flying operations resumed there on 3 January 1946. No. 16 AOP Flight was disbanded on 23 June 1947.
The flight was re-formed at Canberra on 25 September 1958 with the role of providing training to Army officers. It was equipped with World War II-vintage Austers until new Cessna 180 light aircraft were delivered in July 1959. In addition to its training role, No. 16 AOP Flight was occasionally used to support the Australian Capital Territory Police Force and conduct aerial photography for the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. In August 1960 it was announced that the flight would be expanded to squadron strength and also begin to operate Bell 47G Sioux helicopters. On 1 December 1960 No. 16 Army Light Aircraft Squadron was formed as a joint Army and RAAF unit at RAAF Base Amberley in Queensland, and No. 16 AOP Flight was disbanded at Canberra on the 20th of the month. This squadron was expanded to become the Army\'s 1st Aviation Regiment in April 1966
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3,736,421 |
# Bass sarrusophone
The **bass sarrusophone** is the bass member of the sarrusophone family of metal double reed conical bore wind instruments. Pitched in the key of B♭, it has a range almost identical to the bass saxophone, and can cover the bassoon range up to F`{{sub|4}}`{=mediawiki}.
Historically it was built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries principally by its inventor Pierre-Louis Gautrot and his successor, PGM Couesnon, as well as Evette & Schaeffer and Orsi of Milan. It is currently only available by custom order from Orsi.
There is very little repertoire specifically for bass sarrusophone; Roupen Shakarian has written a piece for it called *Sarruso Rex*
| 110 |
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| 0 |
3,736,436 |
# Rod Wilson
**Rodriques Wilson** (born November 12, 1981) is an American former professional football linebacker and coach who is the outside linebackers coach for the Kansas City Chiefs. He was selected by the Chicago Bears in the seventh round of the 2005 NFL draft. He played college football for the South Carolina Gamecocks. He was also a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Jacksonville Jaguars and Chicago Bears. He has also coached at Charleston Southern University.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Chicago Bears {#chicago_bears}
Wilson broke his arm in a 2008 preseason game against the San Francisco 49ers and was placed on injured reserve, ending his season. He was later released with an injury settlement.
### Tampa Bay Buccaneers {#tampa_bay_buccaneers}
Wilson signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 17, 2008.
### Jacksonville Jaguars {#jacksonville_jaguars}
Wilson signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars on August 17, 2010. Following the NFL Preseason, he was released on September 3, 2010.
### Chicago Bears {#chicago_bears_1}
Wilson signed with the Chicago Bears on September 15, 2010, after an injury to linebacker Hunter Hillenmeyer.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Charleston Southern {#charleston_southern}
Wilson was the inside linebackers coach at Charleston Southern University from 2013 to 2016.
### Furman
On January 18, 2017, Wilson was hired as the linebackers coach at Furman University.
### Kansas City Chiefs (first stint) {#kansas_city_chiefs_first_stint}
On February 7, 2017, Wilson was hired as an assistant special teams coach by the Kansas City Chiefs after being a coach at Furman for only 20 days. In 2019, Wilson won his first Super Bowl when the Chiefs defeated the San Francisco 49ers 31--20 in Super Bowl LIV.
### South Carolina {#south_carolina}
On February 21, 2020, Wilson was hired as the linebackers coach for the South Carolina Gamecocks.
Following the conclusion of the 2020 season, it was announced that Wilson would not be retained as a member of new head coach Shane Beamer\'s staff.
### Coastal Carolina {#coastal_carolina}
On June 2, 2021, Wilson was hired as the inside linebackers coach for the Coastal Carolina Chanticleers.
### Kansas City Chiefs (second stint) {#kansas_city_chiefs_second_stint}
In March 2022, Wilson was re-hired by the Chiefs as a defensive assistant. In 2022, Wilson won his second Super Bowl when the Chiefs defeated the Philadelphia Eagles 38--35 in Super Bowl LVII. In 2023, Wilson won his third Super Bowl when the Chiefs defeated the 49ers 25--22 in Super Bowl LVIII
| 398 |
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# Ray Teal
**Ray Elgin Teal** (January 12, 1902 -- April 2, 1976) was an American actor. His most famous role was as Sheriff Roy Coffee on the television series *Bonanza* (1959--1972), which was only one of dozens of sheriffs on television and in movies that he played during his long and prolific career stretching from 1937 to 1970. He appeared in pictures such as *Western Jamboree* (1938) with Gene Autry, *The Best Years of Our Lives* (1946) with Fredric March and Myrna Loy, *The Black Arrow* (1948), Billy Wilder\'s *Ace in the Hole* (1951) and *Judgment at Nuremberg* (1961) with Spencer Tracy and Burt Lancaster.
## Early life {#early_life}
Teal was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. A saxophone player, he worked his way through the University of California, Los Angeles as a bandleader before becoming an actor.
## Musical career {#musical_career}
In the early 1930s Teal and his orchestra, the Floridians, played in southern cities in the United States, with full-house audiences in Atlanta, Chattanooga, Nashville, and other cities. The group had a 17-week stay at the Olympia Theater in Miami. Teal also was master of ceremonies at the Paramount Theatre in New York. By the mid-1930s he had expanded his show to include a \"Music Hall Varieties\" segment that featured comedian Ben Blue.
## Acting career {#acting_career}
His longest-running role was as Sheriff Roy Coffee, a law-enforcing sheriff on *Bonanza*. Teal was one of the most senior members of the crew having a permanent role. He had also played a sheriff in the Billy Wilder film *Ace in the Hole* (1951). Teal co-starred in numerous TV westerns throughout his career: he appeared five times on *Cheyenne*, four times on *The Lone Ranger*, on *The Alaskans*, three times in different roles on another long-running western series, *Wagon Train*, on NBC\'s *Tales of Wells Fargo,* on the ABC western series *Broken Arrow*, five times on the ABC western comedy *Maverick*, on the CBS western series *The Texan*, the NBC western series *The Californians*, twice on *Colt .45,* once on *Wanted: Dead or Alive*, and as \"Sheriff Clay\" for a single 1960 episode of the NBC western series *Riverboat*, and four times on a western series about the rodeo titled *Wide Country*.
After more than 15 years performing in films and in early television, Teal secured a recurring role as a police officer in the 1953--1955 ABC sitcom with a variety-show theme, *Where\'s Raymond?*, later renamed *The Ray Bolger Show*.
In 1955, Teal appeared as McCanles, a ruthless cattle baron in the episode \"Julesburg\" of the ABC/Warner Bros. Western series, *Cheyenne*. Altogether, Teal appeared five times on *Cheyenne*. He later appeared in a guest-starring role in another ABC/WB Western series, *The Alaskans*. From 1957 to 1962, Teal was cast three times in different roles on the Western series, *Wagon Train*. He also appeared in a number of episodes of *Bat Masterson*, an episode of *The Rifleman* and later in *Green Acres*.
In 1957, Teal played a lawman, Captain McNelly, in the episode \"Sam Bass\" of NBC\'s *Tales of Wells Fargo*. Teal was cast as Fenster in \"The Bounty Hunters\" (1957) on the ABC Western series, *Broken Arrow*. In 1958, Teal guest-starred \"No Tears for the Dead\" on the CBS Western series, *The Texan*. He also later appeared in the CBS sitcom, *Dennis the Menace*.
On the Warner Bros. series *Maverick* starring James Garner and Jack Kelly, Teal played a crooked sheriff in the episode \"The Day They Hanged Bret Maverick\" (1958) and also starred as villains in the episodes \"Stage West\" (1957) based on a story by Louis L\'amour and \"Two Beggars on Horseback\" (1958).
In 1960, Teal was cast as Sheriff Roy Coffee in *Bonanza*, a role he played until 1972, appearing in 98 episodes, occasionally as the lead character. He also portrayed judge/dentist/shoe repairman H.G. Cogswell in *Bat Masterson* starring Gene Barry.
Teal appeared twice in another ABC/WB Western, *Colt .45*, playing Mike O\'Tara in the series finale, \"The Trespassers\" (1960). In 1960, he was cast as Sheriff Clay in the episode \"Zigzag\" of the NBC Western series *Riverboat*. In 1962, Teal portrayed Mr. Todd in the episode entitled \"The Tall Shadow\" of the NBC modern Western drama, *Empire*. That same year, he was cast as Sam Thorpe in the episode \"Step Forward\" of the NBC police drama *87th Precinct*. He portrayed, in 1962, the character Alvin Greaves in \"Unwanted: Dead or Alive\" of the syndicated adventure series *The Everglades.* In 1962 and 1963, he was cast four times, three as the character Frank Higgins, on the Western series about the rodeo, *Wide Country*. In 1963, Teal appeared as murder victim Joe Downing in the CBS courtroom drama series *Perry Mason* episode, \"The Case of the Shifty Shoebox\".
Teal was a bit-part player in Western films for several years before landing a minor role in *Northwest Passage* (1940). Another of his roles was as Little John in *The Bandit of Sherwood Forest* (1946). Notable film roles include playing one of the judges in *Judgment at Nuremberg* (1961) with Spencer Tracy and an indulgent bar owner to Marlon Brando\'s motorcycle gang in *The Wild One* (1953). This was the second of three times that Teal appeared with Brando, having done so already as a drunk in Brando\'s debut in *The Men* (1950) and later in Brando\'s only directorial effort, *One-Eyed Jacks* (1961), as a bartender.
Teal appeared in three episodes of the 1955--1957 anthology series, *Crossroads*, a study of clergymen from different denominations.
## Death
He died of undisclosed causes on April 2, 1976, at age 74 in Santa Monica, California.
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# Ray Teal
## Selected filmography {#selected_filmography}
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Year | Film | Role | Director | Notes |
+======+===================================+===================================================+==============================================+============================================+
| 1937 | *Sweetheart of the Navy* | Orchestra Leader | | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1937 | *Radio Patrol* | Perkins | *Clifford Smith* | Serial; uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1937 | *Zorro Rides Again* | Henchman \[Chs. 2--3\] | *John English* | Serial; uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1938 | *Give Me a Sailor* | Sailor Playing Clarinet | *Elliott Nugent* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1938 | *Western Jamboree* | McCall | *Ralph Staub* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1939 | *Star Reporter* | Crook | *Howard Bretherton* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *Northwest Passage* | Bradley McNeil | | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *Strange Cargo* | Guard | *Frank Borzage* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *Viva Cisco Kid* | Stage Holdup Man | *Norman Foster* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *Florian* | Soldier | *John E. Burch (assistant)* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *New Moon* | Bondsman | *W. S. Van Dyke* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *Adventures of Red Ryder* | Henchman Shark \[Chs. 1as2\] | *John English* | Serial |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *I Love You Again* | Watchman | *W.S. Van Dyke* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *Prairie Schooners* | Wolf Tanner | *Sam Nelson* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *Cherokee Strip* | Smokey Lovell | *Lesley Selander* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *Third Finger, Left Hand* | Cameraman in Ohio | *Robert Z. Leonard* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *The Trail Blazers* | Recognizes Emergency Code | *George Sherman* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *Melody Ranch* | Henchman | *Joseph Santley* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *Pony Post* | Claud Richards | | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *Trail of the Vigilantes* | Deputy Sheriff | | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *The Green Hornet Strikes Again!* | Chief Guard at Steel Mill | *John Rawlins* | Serial; uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1940 | *Kitty Foyle* | Clarinet Player | *Sam Wood* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1941 | *Outlaws of the Panhandle* | Walt Burnett | | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1941 | *Ziegfeld Girl* | Pawnbroker | *Robert Z. Leonard* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1941 | *Billy the Kid* | Sammy Axel | *David Miller* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1941 | *They Met in Bombay* | Private | *Clarence Brown* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1941 | *Sergeant York* | Marching Soldier | *Howard Hawks* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1941 | *Honky Tonk* | Poker Player on Train | *Jack Conway* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1941 | *They Died with Their Boots On* | Barfly | *Raoul Walsh* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1941 | *Shadow of the Thin Man* | Cab Driver | *W. S. Van Dyke* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1941 | *Unholy Partners* | Waiter | *Mervyn LeRoy* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Don Winslow of the Navy* | Saboteur Radio Operator \[Chs. 4--12\] | *Ray Taylor* | Serial; uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *The Bugle Sounds* | Sergeant | *S. Sylvan Simon* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Nazi Agent* | Officer Graves | *Jules Dassin* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Wild Bill Hickok Rides* | Beadle | *Ray Enright* | Credits |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Woman of the Year* | Married Sports Reporter | *George Stevens* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Captain Midnight* | Borgman- Henchman #8 | *James W. Horne* | Serial |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Fingers at the Window* | Police Car #12 Driver | *Charles Lederer* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *The Big Shot* | Motorcycle Cop | *Lewis Seiler* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Calling Dr. Gillespie* | Detroit Policeman | *Harold S. Bucquet* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Escape from Crime* | Dude\'s Gang Member | *D. Ross Lederman* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Secret Enemies* | Casey, the Motorcycle Cop | *Benjamin Stoloff* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Overland Mail* | Phony Indian \[Ch. 5\] | *John Rawlins* | Serial; uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Apache Trail* | Ed Cotton | *Richard Rosson* | with Lloyd Nolan and Donna Reed |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Northwest Rangers* | Poker Player | | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1942 | *Tennessee Johnson* | Sergeant at Arms | *William Dieterle* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *The Youngest Profession* | Second Taxi Driver | *Edward Buzzell* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *Prairie Chickens* | Henchman Sam | *Hal Roach, Jr.* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *Slightly Dangerous* | Pedestrian Lifting Peggy Up | *Buster Keaton* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *She Has What It Takes* | Cop | *Charles Barton* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *A Gentle Gangster* | Joe Barton | *Phil Rosen* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *Crime Doctor* | Detective with Pipe | *Michael Gordon* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *Thousands Cheer* | Ringmaster at Circus | *George Sidney* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *Dangerous Blondes* | Detective Charlie Temple | *Leigh Jason* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *The Chance of a Lifetime* | Policeman Joe | *William Castle* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *The North Star* | German Soldier with Binoculars and Grenade | *Lewis Milestone* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *The Heat\'s On* | Stagehand | *Gregory Ratoff* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *Madame Curie* | Driver | *Mervyn LeRoy* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *Lost Angel* | Guard | *Roy Rowland* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1943 | *Whistling in Brooklyn* | Traded Beaver Baseball Player | *S. Sylvan Simon* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *None Shall Escape* | Oremski | *Andre de Toth* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *Song of Russia* | Motorcycle Rider | | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *See Here, Private Hargrove* | Public Relations Officer | *Wesley Ruggles* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *Once Upon a Time* | Shipyard Worker | *Alexander Hall* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *Bathing Beauty* | Adams Club Maitre d\' at | *George Sidney* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *Raiders of Ghost City* | Joe Burke | *Ray Taylor* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *U-Boat Prisoner* | C.P.O. Shaw | | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *Wing and a Prayer* | Executive Officer | *Henry Hathaway* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *Secret Command* | Shipyard Worker | *A. Edward Sutherland (as Eddie Sutherland)* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *Maisie Goes to Reno* | Policeman | *Harry Beaumont* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *Cry of the Werewolf* | Policeman Ed | *Henry Levin* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *The Soul of a Monster* | Truck Driver | | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *Strange Affair* | Henchman | *Alfred E. Green* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *An American Romance* | Mine Personnel Clerk | *King Vidor* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *The Missing Juror* | Chief of Detectives at Line-Up | *Budd Boetticher(as Oscar Boetticher Jr.)* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *The Princess and the Pirate* | Guard | *David Butler* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *The Thin Man Goes Home* | Second Man Outside Barber Shop | *Richard Thorpe* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *Nothing But Trouble* | Police Officer | *Sam Taylor* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *Hollywood Canteen* | Army Captain | *Delmer Daves* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1944 | *Gentle Annie* | Expressman on Train | *Andrew Marton* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Main Street After Dark* | Cop at Finale | *Edward L. Cahn* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Keep Your Powder Dry* | Camouflage Leader | *Edward Buzzell* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *The Clock* | Police Officer Standing Next to Mounted Policeman | *Vincente Minnelli* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Sudan* | Slave Trader | *John Rawlins* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Circumstantial Evidence* | Policeman | *John Larkin* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Diamond Horseshoe* | Tough Customer at Footlight Club | *George Seaton* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Back to Bataan* | Lieutenant Colonel Roberts | *Edward Dmytryk* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Wonder Man* | Opera Ticket Taker | *H. Bruce Humberstone* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Along Came Jones* | Kriendler | *Stuart Heisler* | with Gary Cooper and Loretta Young |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Anchors Aweigh* | Assistant Movie Director | *George Sidney* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Ziegfeld Follies* | 2nd Subway Policeman (\'Limehouse Blues\') | *George Sidney* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Shady Lady* | Andy | *George Waggner* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Don\'t Fence Me In* | State Investigator | *John English* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Snafu* | American Legionnaire | | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Captain Kidd* | Michael O\'Shawn | *Rowland V. Lee* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1945 | *Adventure* | Maritime Commissioner | *Victor Fleming* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *The Fighting Guardsman* | Albert | *Henry Levin* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *The Harvey Girls* | Conductor | *Robert Alton* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *A Letter for Evie* | Cab Driver | *Jules Dassin* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *The Bandit of Sherwood Forest* | Little John | *George Sherman* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *Blonde Alibi* | Detective Jones | *Will Jason* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *The Runaround* | Jeremiah P. Cagan | *Charles Lamont* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *Dangerous Business* | Plainclothesman | *D. Ross Lederman* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *Deadline for Murder* | Frank | *James Tinling* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *Strange Voyage* | Captain Andrews | *Irving Allen* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *The Missing Lady* | Neal Howison | *Phil Karlson* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *Decoy* | Policeman at Roadblock | *Jack Bernhard* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *Three Wise Fools* | Foreman | *Edward Buzzell* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *The Strange Woman* | Duncan | *Edgar G. Ulmer* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *Lady Luck* | Sign Painter | Edwin L. Marin\ | uncredited |
| | | | James Anderson (assistant) | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *The Best Years of Our Lives* | Mr. Mollett | *William Wyler* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1946 | *Till the Clouds Roll By* | Movie Studio Orchestra Conductor | *Richard Whorf* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Dead Reckoning* | Motorcycle Cop | | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *The Michigan Kid* | Sergeant | *Ray Taylor* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Ramrod* | Ed Burma | *Andre de Toth* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *The Sea of Grass* | Cattleman | *Elia Kazan* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Undercover Maisie* | Wolf at Union Station | *Harry Beaumont* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Pursued* | Army Captain | *Raoul Walsh* | scenes deleted |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *My Favorite Brunette* | State Trooper Sergeant | *Elliott Nugent* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *The Long Night* | Mr. Hudson | *Anatole Litvak* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Cheyenne* | Gambler | *Raoul Walsh* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Northwest Outpost* | Wounded Trapper | *Allan Dwan* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Brute Force* | Guard | *Jules Dassin* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Desert Fury* | Bus Driver | *Lewis Allen* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Deep Valley* | Prison Official | *Jean Negulesco* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Driftwood* | Clem Perkins | *Allan Dwan* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Unconquered* | Soldier in the Gilded Beaver | *Cecil B. DeMille* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Louisiana* | | | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *The Fabulous Texan* | State Police Captain | *Edward Ludwig* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Roses Are Red* | Weston | *James Tinling* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *High Wall* | Police Lieutenant | *Curtis Bernhardt* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Road to Rio* | Buck | *Norman McLeod* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1947 | *Killer McCoy* | Welsh\'s Bodyguard | *Roy Rowland* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *The Swordsman* | Driver | *Joseph H. Lewis* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *Black Bart* | Pete | *George Sherman* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *Tenth Avenue Angel* | Mounted Train Yard Guard | *Roy Rowland* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *The Mating of Millie* | Mike | *Henry Levin* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *The Miracle of the Bells* | Koslick, a Miner | *Irving Pichel* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *The Black Arrow* | Nick Appleyard | | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *Fury at Furnace Creek* | Sergeant | *H. Bruce Humberstone* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *Raw Deal* | Police Commanding Officer | *Anthony Mann* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *I Wouldn\'t Be in Your Shoes* | Guard #1 | *William Nigh* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *Hazard* | Plainclothesman | *George Marshall* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *Daredevils of the Clouds* | Jim Mitchell | *George Blair* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *The Man from Colorado* | Bartender | *Henry Levin* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *Walk a Crooked Mile* | Police Sergeant | *Gordon Douglas* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *Black Eagle* | George | *Robert Gordon* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *The Snake Pit* | Doctor | *Anatole Litvak* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *Road House* | Bus Depot (uncredited) | *Jean Negulesco* | with Ida Lupino and Richard Widmark) |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *Joan of Arc* | Bertrand de Poulengy | *Victor Fleming* | a squire |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *The Countess of Monte Cristo* | Charlie | Fred de Cordova\ | |
| | | | Andrew L. Stone (uncredited) | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *An Act of Murder* | Dr. McDermott | *Michael Gordon* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *Whispering Smith* | Seagrue | *Leslie Fenton* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1948 | *One Sunday Afternoon* | Cop on Bike | *Raoul Walsh* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1949 | *Bad Boy* | Police Officer | *Kurt Neumann* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1949 | *Streets of Laredo* | Henchman Cantrel | *Leslie Fenton* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1949 | *It Happens Every Spring* | Policeman | *Lloyd Bacon* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1949 | *Kazan* | McCready | *Will Jason* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1949 | *The Great Gatsby* | Cop at Accident Scene | *Elliott Nugent* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1949 | *Mr. Soft Touch* | Squad Car Police Officer | *Henry Levin* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1949 | *Scene of the Crime* | Patrolman | *Roy Rowland* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1949 | *Blondie Hits the Jackpot* | Gus | *Edward Bernds* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1949 | *Once More, My Darling* | Truck Driver | *Robert Montgomery* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1949 | *Rusty\'s Birthday* | Virgil Neeley | *Seymour Friedman* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1949 | *Oh, You Beautiful Doll* | Policeman | *John M. Stahl* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1949 | *Samson and Delilah* | Tax Collector | *Cecil B. DeMille* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Davy Crockett, Indian Scout* | Captain McHale | *Lew Landers* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Ambush* | Captain J.R. Wolverson | *Sam Wood* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Gun Crazy* | California Border Inspector | *Joseph H. Lewis* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *The Kid from Texas* | Sheriff Rand | *Kurt Neumann* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Quicksand* | Motorcycle Officer | *Irving Pichel* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Harbor of Missing Men* | Frank Leggett | *R. G. Springsteen* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Winchester \'73* | Marshall Noonan | *Anthony Mann* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *The Asphalt Jungle* | Cop in Car Barn Slugged by Dix | *John Huston* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Where Danger Lives* | Sheriff Joe Borden | *John Farrow* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *The Men* | Man at Bar | *Fred Zinnemann* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Our Very Own* | Mr. Jim Lynch | *David Miller* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Edge of Doom* | Ned Moore | *Mark Robson* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *No Way Out* | Day Deputy in Hospital Prison Ward | *Joseph L. Mankiewicz* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *The Petty Girl* | Policeman #1 | *Henry Levin* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *When You\'re Smiling* | Steve | *Joseph Santley* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Convicted* | Cell Block / Yard Guard | *Henry Levin* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1950 | *Southside 1-1000* | Bunco Agent | *Boris Ingster* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *The Great Missouri Raid* | Union Sergeant | *Gordon Douglas* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *Oh! Susanna* | Corporal at Gate | *Joseph Kane* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *The Redhead and the Cowboy* | Brock | *Leslie Fenton* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *Along the Great Divide* | Deputy Lou Gray | *Raoul Walsh* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *Home Town Story* | Complaining Electrical Worker | *Arthur Pierson* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *Lorna Doone* | Farmer Ridd | *Phil Karlson* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *Ace in the Hole* | Sheriff Gus Kretzer | *Billy Wilder* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *Fort Worth* | Gabe Clevenger | *Edwin L. Marin* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *The Secret of Convict Lake* | Sheriff Cromwell | *Michael Gordon* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *Tomorrow Is Another Day* | Henry Dawson | *Felix E. Feist* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1951 | *Distant Drums* | Private Mohair | *Raoul Walsh* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1952 | *The Wild North* | Ruger | *Andrew Marton* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1952 | *Flaming Feather* | Coconino County Sheriff | *Ray Enright* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1952 | *The Captive City* | Chief Gillette | *Robert Wise* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1952 | *The Lion and the Horse* | Dave Tracy | *Louis King* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1952 | *Jumping Jacks* | Brigadier General W.W. Timmons | *Norman Taurog* | with Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1952 | *Carrie* | Bondsman | *William Wyler* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1952 | *Cattle Town* | Judd Hastings | *Noel M. Smith* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1952 | *Montana Belle* | Emmett Dalton | *Allan Dwan* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1952 | *The Turning Point* | Clint, Police Captain | *William Dieterle* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1952 | *Hangman\'s Knot* | Quincey | *Roy Huggins* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1953 | *Ambush at Tomahawk Gap* | Doc | *Fred F. Sears* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1953 | *The Wild One* | Frank Bleeker | *László Benedek* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1954 | *The Command* | Dr. Trent | *David Butler* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1954 | *Lucky Me* | Thayer Crony | *Jack Donohue* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1954 | *About Mrs. Leslie* | Barney | *Daniel Mann* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1954 | *Rogue Cop* | Patrolman Mullins | *Roy Rowland* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1955 | *Rage at Dawn* | Sheriff of Seymour | *Tim Whelan* | with Randolph Scott and Mala Powers |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1955 | *The Man from Bitter Ridge* | Shep Bascom | *Jack Arnold* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1955 | *Run for Cover* | Sheriff | *Nicholas Ray* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1955 | *Apache Ambush* | Sergeant Tim O\'Roarke | *Fred F. Sears* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1955 | *The Desperate Hours* | State Police Lieutenant Fredericks | *William Wyler* | with Humphrey Bogart and Fredric March |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1956 | *The Indian Fighter* | Morgan | *Andre de Toth* | with Kirk Douglas and Walter Matthau |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1956 | *Canyon River* | Mr. Reed | *Harmon Jones* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1956 | *The Burning Hills* | Joe Sutton | *Stuart Heisler* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1956 | *The Young Guns* | Josh | *Albert Band* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1957 | *Utah Blaine* | Russ Nevers | *Fred F. Sears* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1957 | *The Big Caper* | Real Estate Broker | *Robert Stevens* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1957 | *The Phantom Stagecoach* | Sheriff Ned Riorden | *Ray Nazarro* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1957 | *The Guns of Fort Petticoat* | Salt Pork | *George Marshall* | with Audie Murphy and Kathryn Grant Crosby |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1957 | *The Oklahoman* | Jason Stableman | *Francis D. Lyon* | with Joel McCrea |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1957 | *Band of Angels* | Mr. Calloway | *Raoul Walsh* | with Clark Gable and Sidney Poitier |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1957 | *The Wayward Girl* | Sheriff | *Lesley Selander* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1957 | *Decision at Sundown* | Morley Chase | *Budd Boetticher* | with Randolph Scott |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1957 | *The Tall Stranger* | Cap | *Thomas Carr* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1958 | *Saddle the Wind* | Brick Larson | *Robert Parrish* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1958 | *Gunman\'s Walk* | Jensen Sieverts | *Phil Karlson* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1958 | *Girl on the Run* | Lieutenant Harper | | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1960 | *Home from the Hill* | Dr. Reuben Carson | *Vincente Minnelli* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1960 | *Inherit the Wind* | Jessie H. Dunlap | *Stanley Kramer* | with Spencer Tracy and Fredric March |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1961 | *Posse from Hell* | Banker | Herbert Coleman | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1961 | *The Absent-Minded Professor* | Man in Street Interviewee | *Robert Stevenson* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1961 | *One-Eyed Jacks* | Barney | *Marlon Brando* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1961 | *Ada* | Sheriff Kearney Smith | *Daniel Mann* | uncredited |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1961 | *Judgment at Nuremberg* | Judge Curtiss Ives | *Stanley Kramer* | with Spencer Tracy |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1962 | *A Girl Named Tamiko* | Kyle Munce | *John Sturges* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1963 | *Cattle King* | Ed Winters | *Tay Garnett* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1964 | *Bullet for a Badman* | Sweeper | *R.G. Springsteen* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1964 | *Taggart* | Ralph Taggart | *R. G. Springsteen* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1970 | *The Liberation of L.B. Jones* | Chief of Police | *William Wyler* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 1970 | *Chisum* | Justice J.B. Wilson | *Andrew V. McLaglen* | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| | | | | |
+------+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
## Television
| 3,984 |
Ray Teal
| 1 |
3,736,440 |
# Ray Teal
## Television
Year Title Role Notes
------ ----------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
1955 *Alfred Hitchcock Presents* Police Lieutenant Season 1 Episode 1: \"Revenge\"
1956 *Alfred Hitchcock Presents* Warden Jacobs Season 1 Episode 16: \"You Got to Have Luck\"
1956 *Alfred Hitchcock Presents* Police Detective Sergeant Season 1 Episode 32: \"The Baby Sitter\"
1957 *Alfred Hitchcock Presents* Sheriff Briggs Season 2 Episode 17: \"My Brother, Richard\"
1957 *Alfred Hitchcock Presents* Chief of Detectives Season 2 Episode 21: \"Number Twenty-Two\"
1958 *The Restless Gun* Sheriff Season 1 Episode 19: \"Hang and be Damned\"
1958 *The Restless Gun* Sheriff Landers Season 1 Episode 26: \"The Hand is Quicker\"
1959 *Alfred Hitchcock Presents* Fire Chief Season 4 Episode 17: \"Total Loss\"
1959 *Alfred Hitchcock Presents* Ben Tulip Season 5 Episode 11: \"Road Hog\"
1961 *Alfred Hitchcock Presents* Jim Hale Season 7 Episode 12: \"A Jury of Her Peers\"
1961 *Rawhide* Hennegan Season 4 Episode 4: \"Judgment at Hondo Seco\"
1963 *Rawhide* Sheriff Season 6 Episode 9: \"Incident of the Prophecy\"
1963 *The Twilight Zone* Mr
| 172 |
Ray Teal
| 2 |
3,736,442 |
# Roger Jones (mathematician)
**Roger L. Jones** is an American mathematician specializing in harmonic analysis and ergodic theory.
## Biography
He obtained a B.S. in mathematics in 1971 from University at Albany, SUNY, and a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1974 from Rutgers University, with thesis *Inequalities for the Ergodic Maximal Function* written under the direction of Richard Floyd Gundy. He has recently retired from a professorship in mathematics at DePaul University in Chicago. There he taught everything from remedial math to graduate-level courses. During his tenure at DePaul, Roger published numerous research papers in math, was awarded an excellence in teaching award, chaired the DePaul University Mathematics Department, and was awarded National Science Foundation grants related to teaching mathematics. He has also worked with the Chicago Public Schools on improving math instruction.
Roger was honored for his research work at the *International Conference on Harmonic Analysis and Ergodic theory* that was held in the name of Roger and his colleague Marshall Ash.
Roger has since retired from teaching at DePaul and moved to Northern Wisconsin, where he teaches mathematics at Conserve School
| 182 |
Roger Jones (mathematician)
| 0 |
3,736,459 |
# Delmarva Chicken Festival
The **Delmarva Chicken Festival** (**Del-Mar-Va Chicken Festival, Delmarva Chicken Festival and National Chicken Cooking Contest**) is an annual event sponsored by Delmarva Poultry Industry, Inc started in 1948 or 1949 with the purpose of publicizing the Delmarva Peninsula with an emphasis on its arguably most important agricultural enterprise, raising chickens.
The two-day event hosted in various locales on Delmarva features poultry equipment trade shows, the Miss Del-Mar-Va contest, the National Chicken Cooking Contest, a parade, arts and crafts, a carnival, entertainment, and food concessions. Chicken is the featured food, but french fries, corn-on-the-cob, funnel cake, ice cream, kettle corn, and fresh-squeezed lemonade are other local favorites. Nearly three tons of chicken are cooked each year in the world\'s largest frying pan. The pan made its debut at the second annual festival in 1950. The first and original pan was used and made by the Mumford Sheet Metal Company in Selbyville, Delaware, and was \"given to the Delmarva Poultry Industry for use in promoting chicken produced on the Delmarva Peninsula\". It was ten feet in diameter and had an eight-foot handle, was 18 inches deep, required 180 gallons of cooking oil and 150 gallons of LP gas, weighed 650 pounds, and could hold 800 chicken quarters. The 65th Annual Delmarva Chicken Festival was estimated to use four tons of chicken.
The 65th Delmarva Chicken Festival in 2014 was expected to be the final year for the festival and its Giant Fry Pan.
The Del-Mar-Va Chicken Festival took place June 13-15, 1950 in Dover, Delaware; the 18th Annual Delmarva Chicken Festival took place June 17-19, 1965 in Salisbury, Maryland; the 19th Annual Delmarva Chicken Festival took place in 1966; the 20th Annual Delmarva Chicken Festival took place June 22-24, 1967 in Dover, Delaware; the 22nd Annual Delmarva Chicken Festival took place June 19-21, 1969 in Seaford, Delaware; the 60th Delmarva Chicken Festival took place June 19-20, 1990 in Centreville, Maryland; the Delmarva Chicken Festival took place June 12-13, 1998 in Millsboro, Delaware; the 65th Delmarva Chicken Festival took place June 20-21 in Centreville, Maryland; the 71st Annual Delmarva Chicken Festival took place in mid-June 2020 in Centreville, Maryland on a scaled-down basis caused by COVID-19 pandemic; the Delmarva Chicken Festival took place May 21, 2022 in Ocean View, Maryland
| 381 |
Delmarva Chicken Festival
| 0 |
3,736,465 |
# MacDade Boulevard station
**MacDade Boulevard station** (formerly **Collingdale**) is a stop on the D in Collingdale, Pennsylvania. The station is located on MacDade Boulevard. It is the last stop before Sharon Hill, and the last stop to run along Woodlawn Avenue. Trolleys arriving at this station travel between 69th Street Transit Center in Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania and Chester Pike down in Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania. The station has a shed with a roof where people can go inside when it is raining.
Between the MacDade Boulevard and Sharon Hill stops, CSX\'s Philadelphia Subdivision freight line bridge crosses over the tracks. The line dips very low under the freight line as a result, flooding occurs in the underpass with shuttle buses between the two stations being used as substitutes for trolley cars
| 132 |
MacDade Boulevard station
| 0 |
3,736,466 |
# Guthrie Corridor Expressway
**Guthrie Corridor Expressway**, **GCE**, `{{MES-E|35}}`{=mediawiki} (Malay: ***Lebuhraya Koridor Guthrie***) is an expressway in Klang Valley, Selangor, Malaysia. It connects Shah Alam to Rawang. GCE is approximately 25 km (23 km long on the Prolintas sections and 2 km on the PLUS Expressway sections).
Named after the corridor of estates where 80 percent of the land acquired was from the plantation company Guthrie Berhad (later merged in 2007 with two other two other companies to form Sime Darby), all project costs, including land acquisition of the expressway, were completely borne by the concessionaire. Today this expressway is owned by Prolintas and its subsidiary Prolintas Expressway Sdn Bhd.
The starting point of the highway or \'Kilometre Zero\' is located at the Jalan Monfort intersection near Shah Alam.
## History
Plans to build the 30 km-long expressway, named after Kumpulan Guthrie\'s corridor of estates in Selangor, began in late 1996. The expressway would be a way to speed up and link various developments around the corridor, including the Lagong satellite city and the Bukit Jelutong township. The construction of the expressway would cost between RM 300 million and RM 450 million and would be completed in three to four years. Kumpulan Guthrie had submitted an application to the federal government and was still negotiating with the Selangor state government.
The proposal was revived in 2002 when Guthrie Berhad became a major shareholder of this project, apart from owning other businesses such as large plantations and property development projects. Construction started in 2003 and was completed in April 2005. It commenced operations in July that year.
In August 2007, GCE became a subsidiary of Prolintas Expressway Sdn Bhd, which is ultimately owned by PNB.
On 17 August 2023, a private plane carrying Pahang State Legislative Assembly member Johari Harun and seven other passengers crashed onto the highway, just outside the Elmina interchange. There were ten fatalities, including the passengers and two motorists.
## Features
- Smooth access from Shah Alam to northern states without being trapped in common traffic jams in the New Klang Valley Expressway (NKVE).
- Many oil palm estates with property development potential along this expressway.
- Motorcycle lane, including a southbound flyover which passes above the Denai Alam exit, built as part of the DASH Highway construction project.
- SOS emergency.
- Competitive toll rate.
- Speed limits are 90 km/h--110 km/h
- Several rest areas (R&R) near toll plazas with free Wi-Fi
- Malaysian Road Transport Department (JPJ) Enforcement Stations
## Tolls
GCE adopts an open toll system.
### Electronic Toll Collections (ETC) {#electronic_toll_collections_etc}
As part of an initiative to facilitate faster transactions at the Bukit Jelutong, Elmina and Lagong Toll Plazas, all toll transactions at these three toll plazas on GCE are conducted electronically via Touch \'n Go cards or SmartTAGs beginning 2 March 2016.
### Toll rates {#toll_rates}
There are three toll plazas along GCE, each charging the same rate. In October 2022, it was one of the four expressways maintained by PROLINTAS to have its toll rates deducted between 8% and 15%.
(Starting 20 October 2022)
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Class | Type of vehicles | Rate\ |
| | | (in Malaysian Ringgit (RM)) |
+=======+=========================================================+=============================+
| **0** | Motorcycles | Free |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **1** | Vehicles with 2 axles and 3 or 4 wheels excluding taxis | RM 1.75 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **2** | Vehicles with 2 axles and 5 or 6 wheels excluding buses | RM 3.80 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **3** | Vehicles with 3 or more axles | RM 5.70 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **4** | Taxis | RM 0.83 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **5** | Buses | RM 1.29 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| 611 |
Guthrie Corridor Expressway
| 0 |
3,736,466 |
# Guthrie Corridor Expressway
## List of interchanges and rest and service areas {#list_of_interchanges_and_rest_and_service_areas}
Below is a list of interchanges (exits), laybys and rest and service areas along GCE. The exits are arranged in ascending numerical order from North to South.
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| km | Exit | Interchange | To | Remarks |
+=========================================================================================================================================================================+========================================================================================+=============================================================================================================================================+===================================================================================================+=======================================================+
| | 115 | **Rawang Selatan Interchange** | **`{{Jct|country=MYS|E2|1}}`{=mediawiki}** **`{{Jct|country=ASIA|AH|2}}`{=mediawiki}** **North**\ | Trumpet interchange |
| | | | Alor Setar\ | |
| | | | Ipoh\ | |
| | | | Rawang | |
| | | | | |
| | | | **South**\ | |
| | | | Sungai Buloh\ | |
| | | | Kuala Lumpur\ | |
| | | | Kuantan\ | |
| | | | Johor Bahru | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Rawang Selatan toll plaza\ | | | | |
| RWS\ | | | | |
| `{{TransitTicket}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TnG POS}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TnG}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TAG}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TAG}}`{=mediawiki} MyRFID `{{TnG}}`{=mediawiki} RM (Cash)\ | | | | |
| Closed toll system\ | | | | |
| Collect transit ticket and pay a distance toll** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \| | Rawang Selatan toll plaza\ | | South bound | |
| | **RWS**\ | | | |
| | `{{TnG TAG}}`{=mediawiki} | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **`{{Jct|country=MYS|E2|1}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jct|country=ASIA|AH|2}}`{=mediawiki} North-South Expressway Northern Route\ | | | | |
| PLUS Expressway border limit** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **`{{Jct|country=MYS|E2|35}}`{=mediawiki} Guthrie-Corridor Expressway\ | | | | |
| Prolintas border limit** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \|3501A\ | **Kuang Interchange** | **`{{MES-E|25}}`{=mediawiki}** **(LATAR Experssway)**\ | Cloverleaf interchange | |
| 3501B\ | | \ | | |
| 3501C\ | | **West**\ | | |
| 3501D | | `{{JKR|5}}`{=mediawiki} Lumut\ | | |
| | | `{{JKR|54}}`{=mediawiki} - Kuala Selangor, Ijok\ | | |
| | | `{{JKR(B)|1}}`{=mediawiki} Puncak Alam\ | | |
| | | \ | | |
| | | **East**\ | | |
| | | `{{JKR|1}}`{=mediawiki} Rawang, Selayang, Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur (Jalan Kuching) | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | \|**Pipeline crossing bridge** | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | \|`{{Parking Layby signs}}`{=mediawiki} Lagong toll plaza\ | | North bound | |
| | **LGG** | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Lagong toll plaza\ | | | | |
| LGG\ | | | | |
| RM (Cash) `{{TnG POS}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TnG}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TAG}}`{=mediawiki} MyRFID `{{TAG}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TnG}}`{=mediawiki} RM (Cash)\ | | | | |
| Opened toll system\ | | | | |
| Pay toll** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | | | |
| **\--** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \|3502 | **Lagong Interchange** | Lagong\ | **Future trumpet interchange** | |
| | | `{{JKR(B)|25}}`{=mediawiki} Kuang | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | | **Sungai Kundang bridge** | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | | | |
| **\--** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \|3503 | **Paya Jaras Interchange** | \- Paya Jaras, Kuala Selangor, Sungai Buloh | Trumpet interchange | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | | **Sungai Buloh bridge** | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | | | |
| **15** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | \|`{{Parking Layby signs}}`{=mediawiki} Elmina toll plaza\ | \ | North bound | |
| | **ELM** | Prolintas operation office | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Elmina toll plaza\ | | | | |
| ELM\ | | | | |
| RM (Cash) `{{TnG POS}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TnG}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TAG}}`{=mediawiki} MyRFID `{{TAG}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TnG}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TnG POS}}`{=mediawiki} RM (Cash)\ | | | | |
| Opened toll system\ | | | | |
| Pay toll** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | | | |
| **\--** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | \|`{{RSA-OBR signs}}`{=mediawiki} Elmina Rest and Service Area | `{{Toilet sign}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Food court sign}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Surau sign}}`{=mediawiki}\ | North bound | |
| | | Sate Kajang Haji Samuri | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | \|`{{JPJ}}`{=mediawiki} Malaysian Road Transport Department (JPJ) Enforcement Stations | | North bound | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | \|`{{JPJ}}`{=mediawiki} Malaysian Road Transport Department (JPJ) Enforcement Stations | | South bound | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \|3504 | **Elmina Interchange** | **East**\ | Parclo B4 interchange | |
| | | Elmina | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | \|`{{RSA-OBR signs}}`{=mediawiki} Elmina Rest and Service Area | `{{Toilet sign}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Food court sign}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Surau sign}}`{=mediawiki}\ | South bound | |
| | | Sate Kajang Haji Samuri | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | | | |
| **\--** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \|3505 | **Bukit Subang Interchange** | **West**\ | Diamond interchange | |
| | | **Persiaran Metafasa**\ | | |
| | | Bukit Subang (Section U16)\ | | |
| | | \ | | |
| | | **East**\ | | |
| | | `{{JKR|3214}}`{=mediawiki} **Jalan Subang-Batu Tiga**\ | | |
| | | `{{JKR|3214}}`{=mediawiki} Kampung Melayu Subang\ | | |
| | | **`{{MES-E|31}}`{=mediawiki}** - Kuala Lumpur, Kota Damansara\ | | |
| | | `{{JKR|15}}`{=mediawiki} Subang Airport | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \|3505A | **Denai Alam Interchange** | **WEST** **`{{MES-E|31}}`{=mediawiki}** - Puncak Perdana, Puncak Alam, Meru | Northbound entrance and southbound exit only | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | | | |
| **15** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \|3506A | **Jalan Batu Arang Interchange** | **West**\ | From Shah Alam only | |
| | | `{{JKR(B)|49}}`{=mediawiki} **Persiaran Mokhtar Dahari**\ | | |
| | | Puncak Alam\ | | |
| | | Batu Arang\ | | |
| | | Kuala Selangor | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | | | |
| **14** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Bukit Jelutong toll plaza\ | | | | |
| BKJ\ | | | | |
| RM (Cash) `{{TnG POS}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TnG}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TAG}}`{=mediawiki} MyRFID `{{TAG}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TnG}}`{=mediawiki} `{{TnG POS}}`{=mediawiki} RM (Cash)\ | | | | |
| Opened toll system\ | | | | |
| Pay toll** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | \|`{{Parking Layby signs}}`{=mediawiki} Bukit Jelutong toll plaza\ | | South bound | |
| | **BKJ** | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | 3506 | **Bukit Jelutong North Interchange** | **West**\ | Diamond interchange, no exit from north (Ipoh/Rawang) |
| **13** | | | **Persiaran Gerbang Utama**\ | |
| | | | Bukit Jelutong (Section U8)\ | |
| | | | \ | |
| | | | **East**\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR|3214}}`{=mediawiki} `{{JKR(B)|9}}`{=mediawiki} **Jalan Subang-Batu Tiga**\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR|3214}}`{=mediawiki} `{{JKR(B)|9}}`{=mediawiki} Subang\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR|15}}`{=mediawiki} `{{JKR(B)|9}}`{=mediawiki} Sungai Buloh\ | |
| | | | `{{JKR(B)|49}}`{=mediawiki} Batu Arang | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \|3507 | **Bukit Jelutong Sentral Interchange** | **West**\ | Parclo A4 interchange | |
| | | **Persiaran Tebar Layar**\ | | |
| | | Bukit Jelutong (Section U8)\ | | |
| | | \ | | |
| | | **East**\ | | |
| | | `{{JKR(B)|9}}`{=mediawiki} **Jalan Monfort**\ | | |
| | | Taman TTDI Jaya (Section U2)\ | | |
| | | Subang Air Force Base (TUDM Subang) (Section U5) | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | | | |
| **2** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \|3508 | **Bukit Jelutong-NKVE Interchange** | **East**\ | Stacked expressway interchange | |
| | | **Persiaran Astaka**\ | | |
| | | Taman TTDI Jaya\ | | |
| | | \ | | |
| | | \ | | |
| | | **From/to Expressway** `{{MES-E|1}}`{=mediawiki} `{{MES-E|6}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | |
| | | `{{MES-E|1}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jct|country=ASIA|AH|2}}`{=mediawiki} **New Klang Valley Expressway**\ | | |
| | | \ | | |
| | | **West**\ | | |
| | | `{{JKR|2}}`{=mediawiki} Klang\ | | |
| | | `{{MES-E|20}}`{=mediawiki} `{{JKR|20}}`{=mediawiki} Port Klang `{{Port sign}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | |
| | | \ | | |
| | | **East**\ | | |
| | | `{{MES-E|1}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jct|country=ASIA|AH|141}}`{=mediawiki} Kuala Lumpur\ | | |
| | | `{{MES-E|8}}`{=mediawiki} `{{JKR|2}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jct|country=ASIA|AH|141}}`{=mediawiki} Kuantan\ | | |
| | | `{{MES-E|1}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jct|country=ASIA|AH|2}}`{=mediawiki} Damansara\ | | |
| | | \ | | |
| | | \ | | |
| | | `{{MES-E|6}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jct|country=ASIA|AH|2}}`{=mediawiki} **North-South Expressway Central Link**\ | | |
| | | \ | | |
| | | **South**\ | | |
| | | `{{MES-E|6}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jct|country=ASIA|AH|2}}`{=mediawiki} Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) `{{Airport sign}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | |
| | | `{{MES-E|2}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jct|country=ASIA|AH|2}}`{=mediawiki} Johor Bahru\ | | |
| | | `{{MES-E|2}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Jct|country=ASIA|AH|2}}`{=mediawiki} Singapore | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | | | |
| **1** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | | **Bukit Jelutong Exit** | **Northwest**\ | North bound |
| | | | **Persiaran Gerban Utama**\ | |
| | | | Bukit Jelutong (Section U8) | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| | | **Sungai Damansara bridge** | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \ | | | | |
| **0** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **`{{Jct|country=MYS|E2|35}}`{=mediawiki} Guthrie Corridor Expressway\ | | | | |
| Prolintas border limit** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **`{{JKR|3214}}`{=mediawiki} Jalan Subang-Batu Tiga\]\]\ | | | | |
| JKR border limit** | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| \| | | **South**\ | Start/end of Expressway\ | |
| | | `{{JKR|3214}}`{=mediawiki} **Jalan Subang-Batu Tiga**\ | GCE border limit | |
| | | Batu Tiga\ | | |
| | | Shah Alam\ | | |
| | | `{{Jct|country=MYS|FT2|2}}`{=mediawiki} **Federal Highway**\ | | |
| | | Subang Jaya\ | | |
| | | Petaling Jaya\ | | |
| | | Kuala Lumpur\ | | |
| | | Klang | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| 1,647 |
Guthrie Corridor Expressway
| 1 |
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# Guthrie Corridor Expressway
## Gallery
Bukit Subang Interchange, GCE (221002) 2.jpg\|Bukit Subang Interchange sign near Elmina Rest Area Southbound. Kawasan Rehat Elmina Arah Selatan, GCE (221002) 1.jpg\|View of Elmina Rest Area Southbound. Kawasan Rehat Elmina Arah Selatan, GCE (221002) 3.jpg\|Parking area at the Elmina Rest Area (Southbound)
| 48 |
Guthrie Corridor Expressway
| 2 |
3,736,469 |
# Bank of Namibia
The **Bank of Namibia** (**BoN**) is the central bank of Namibia, whose establishment is enshrined in Article 128 of the Namibian Constitution. It is located in the capital city of Windhoek. The Bank of Namibia was established in 1990 by the *Bank of Namibia Act, 1990* (Act 8 of 1990). The Bank of Namibia is the only institution that is permitted to issue the Namibian dollar by authority that has been given to it under an Act of the Namibian Parliament. The head of the Bank of Namibia is the Governor of the Bank of Namibia.
## Governors
The Governors to date have been: `{{complete list|date= May 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
- Wouter Benard (16 June 1990 - 31 August 1991)
- Erik Lennart Karlsson (1 September 1991 - 31 December 1993)
- Jaafar bin Ahmad (1 January 1994 - 31 December 1996)
- Tom Alweendo (1 January 1997 - 25 March 2010)
- Ipumbu Shiimi (25 March 2010 - 1 June 2020)
- Johannes !Gawaxab (1 June 2020 - present)
The bank is engaged in policies to promote financial inclusion and is a member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion. On March 5, 2012, the Bank of Namibia announced it would be making specific commitments to financial inclusion under the Maya Declaration.
In May 2024, Bank of Namibia and NPCI International Payments Ltd. (NIPL), the international arm of India\'s National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) collaborated on Instant Payment System Implementation inspired by India\'s Unified Payment Interface (UPI)
| 250 |
Bank of Namibia
| 0 |
3,736,480 |
# Tsvetana Pironkova
**Tsvetana Kirilova Pironkova** (*Цветана Кирилова Пиронкова* `{{IPA|bg|tsvɛˈtanɐ piroŋˈkɔvɐ|}}`{=mediawiki}; born 13 September 1987) is a Bulgarian former tennis player. Considered to be one of the best grass court players of her generation, she has been noted for her \"cerebral\" skills on the surface, reaching the semifinals at the Wimbledon Championships. Pironkova also found success playing on the quick hardcourts throughout her career, winning a title in Sydney and reaching the quarterfinals of the US Open.
Pironkova started playing tennis at the age of four on being introduced to the sport by her father. She made her WTA Tour debut at the İstanbul Cup in 2005, and achieved moderate success early in her career. That changed in 2010, when she entered Wimbledon with a 1--4 career record at the event, and went on reach the semifinals of the tournament, becoming first Bulgarian tennis player in history to reach the semifinal stage of a Grand Slam in singles. She garnered wide recognition for her performance, and after her semifinal finish reached her highest singles ranking at No. 31 in September 2010. Pironkova followed it up with a quarterfinal run at the event the following year.
Pironkova won her first title on WTA Tour at the 2014 Sydney International, defeating three top-10 ranked players in a row. She defeated then world No. 2, Agnieszka Radwańska, in the fourth round of the 2016 French Open, reaching her first quarterfinal at a Grand Slam tournament other than Wimbledon. Following an injury in 2017, Pironkova announced a sabbatical from the sport - which was later extended to accommodate her maternity leave. Playing at her first professional tournament in over three years, she made a successful return at the 2020 US Open; she made it all the way to the quarterfinals, her first at a Grand Slam championship since 2016. Her performances in 2020 earned her the Bulgarian Sportsperson of the Year Award and a nomination for the WTA Comeback Player of the Year.
Pironkova has a total of twelve wins over top-10 ranked players and, at a point of time, held one of the longest streak of consecutive Grand Slam appearances at 47. Ahead of the 2017 Wimbledon Championships, she launched her own women\'s clothing and lifestyle brand, Pironetic.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Pironkova was born 1987 to athlete parents; her father Kiril Enchev Pironkov is a former canoeing champion, and her mother Radosveta Chinkova Nikolova is a former swimmer. She has one brother, Encho, and one sister, Elisaveta. Pironkova is the granddaughter of a prominent Bulgarian contemporary artist, Encho Pironkov. She started playing tennis at the age of four, when her father introduced her to the game. When she decided to play professionally, he became her coach.
Pironkova married her long-time boyfriend Mihail Mirchev, a former Bulgarian football player, in July 2016. In April 2018, she gave birth to a baby boy named Alexander. The couple had their second child, another boy, in July 2022.
| 492 |
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| 0 |
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# Tsvetana Pironkova
## Career
### First professional steps {#first_professional_steps}
Pironkova won the 2001 Atlantic Cup International Junior Tournament held in Bulgaria, and her career-high in juniors was world No. 227 in March 2002. After playing at a junior level and winning the Atlantic Cup, she made her senior international debut in 2002 at ITF tournaments. Early in her career, she won six singles titles on the ITF Circuit. Pironkova played her first professional match 2002 at a tournament in Bucharest at the age of 14. She won three matches in the qualifying draw, before reaching the final in the main draw, where she lost to Monica Niculescu. In September 2002, Pironkova played in Volos, Greece, where she lost only one set playing through the qualifying and main draw. She defeated Tina Schmassmann of Switzerland to win her first ITF event. In 2003, Pironkova won three singles titles, one in Orestiada and two in Istanbul.
At the age of 17, she played her first WTA Tour tournament, the Tier-III event in Istanbul. After winning two qualifying matches, she won three matches in the main draw, before losing in the semifinals to Venus Williams. Pironkova garnered widespread media attention by defeating Venus again in the first round of the 2006 Australian Open. She was ranked 94th in the world. However, in the next round, she lost to Laura Granville. In the first round of 2006 Wimbledon Championships, Pironkova came from a set down to defeat then-top-20 player Anna-Lena Grönefeld. However, in the second round, she lost to Agnieszka Radwańska in straight sets. On 16 November 2006, Pironkova reached a career-high singles ranking of 62.
### 2007--2009: Top-50 debut {#top_50_debut}
In 2007, Pironkova lost in the first rounds of the Australian Open, French Open, and Wimbledon. She played in qualifying rounds for the US Open and beat Zuzana Ondrášková, Marta Domachowska, and Stéphanie Dubois to reach the main draw, and drew Olga Puchkova in the first round, and won that match to set up a clash with world No. 1, Justine Henin, in the second round. Pironkova lost to Henin in straight sets. After the US Open in September, Pironkova played in one of the biggest Challenger events of the year in Bordeaux, winning the tournament with straight-set victories over Mathilde Johansson, Tatjana Malek and Alizé Cornet.
thumb\|upright=1.3\|`{{center|Pironkova at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships}}`{=mediawiki} Pironkova made a solid start to 2008, winning two qualifying matches at the Tier-II event in Sydney before bowing out in three sets to Dominika Cibulková. She reached the second round of the Australian Open, losing to second-seeded Svetlana Kuznetsova in straight sets. Pironkova caused another upset at the Italian Open, when as a qualifier, she beat top seed and world No. 3, Ana Ivanovic, in the second round for the biggest victory of her career at that time. Pironkova advanced to the quarterfinals, her first ever at a Tier-I event, when Victoria Azarenka retired during their third-round match with Pironkova leading, but, was defeated in three sets by Anna Chakvetadze. In September, Pironkova reached the final of an ITF event in Sofia, where she lost to Nuria Llagostera Vives. Pironkova ended the year ranked No. 46 in the world, marking her first ever top-50 season.
She kicked off her 2009 season playing at Brisbane where she lost in second round to Sara Errani, she made the quarterfinals at the Hobart International before she lost to Virginie Razzano. En route, she defeated then world No. 15, Patty Schnyder. It was the fifth top-20 win in her career.
At the Australian Open, Pironkova defeated Karolina Šprem in the first round before losing to 16th seeded Marion Bartoli. Playing at the Dubai Open, Pironkova reached the second round of the tournament losing to 12th seed Cibulková. Seeded No. 8 at the first Andalucia Tennis Experience, Pironkova lost in the first round to Roberta Vinci.
Pironkova won four matches at Stuttgart (three in qualifying) but lost to Agnieszka Radwańska in the round of 16. She also lost in the first rounds of the French Open and Wimbledon, both times to Jill Craybas in straight sets. Pironkova played her last tournament of the season at Kremlin Cup where she came up with better performance reaching the quarterfinals defeating top seeded Vera Zvonareva in round of 16 before losing out to Alona Bondarenko. She also reached two ITF quarterfinals at Sofia and Athens.
### 2010: First major semifinal {#first_major_semifinal}
Pironkova bowed out of the Australian Open with a straight sets second-round loss to the world No. 28, Shahar Pe\'er, after having beaten Galina Voskoboeva in the opening match.
thumb\|left\|upright=0.9\|`{{center|Pironkova at the 2010 US Open}}`{=mediawiki} She made her first ITF Circuit appearance of the year in the Fort Walton Beach tournament, where she reached the semifinals. In Warsaw she reached her first quarterfinal of the year after defeating Elena Dementieva. She then lost to the defending and eventual champion Alexandra Dulgheru. At the French Open, Pironkova lost to four-time tournament champion Justine Henin, in the first round.
Entering Wimbledon with a 1--4 career record at the event, Pironkova went beyond the second round of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time and become the first Bulgarian to reach a semifinal of a major tournament. Manuela Maleeva at the US Open in 1992 and 1993 represented Switzerland. Pironkova beat five-time champion Venus Williams before she lost her first Grand Slam semifinal to Vera Zvonareva, in three sets.
En route to her maiden semifinal appearance, Pironkova beat three Russian players Anna Lapushchenkova, Vera Dushevina, and Regina Kulikova, all in straight sets in the first three rounds and then upstaged Frenchwoman and 11th seed Marion Bartoli in the fourth round before taking out Williams.
Pironkova reached the second round in Palermo, beating Italian Anna Floris, before losing to Jill Craybas. In July, she scored a straight-set victory over Tatjana Malek in Istanbul. However, she then recorded three consecutive losses, two of which were to Anastasia Rodionova and one to Anna Lapushchenkova.
At the US Open, Pironkova lost in the second round to qualifier Mandy Minella. At the Pan Pacific Open, she beat Japanese qualifier Ayumi Morita, before losing to qualifier Roberta Vinci in the second round. In her last tournament of the year, the Kremlin Cup, Pironkova lost in the second round to Dominika Cibulková, and ended the year ranked No. 35 in the world.
| 1,058 |
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# Tsvetana Pironkova
## Career
### 2011: Wimbledon quarterfinal {#wimbledon_quarterfinal}
In the Australian Open, Pironkova fell in the second round to Monica Niculescu, having beaten Pauline Parmentier in the first round. She also fell in the second round at the Indian Wells Open to 16th seed Svetlana Kuznetsova in a tight three setter. She was seeded 32nd at the French Open and beat Casey Dellacqua in the first round, but yet again failed to cross the second-round hurdle as she lost to Gisela Dulko in straight sets.
right\|thumb\|upright=0.9\|`{{center|Pironkova at the 2011 Eastbourne International}}`{=mediawiki} At Wimbledon, Pironkova as the 32nd seed defeated in the third round world No. 3, Vera Zvonareva in straight sets, and went on to defeat former champion Venus Williams for the second year straight at Wimbledon, but then lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champion, Petra Kvitová.
In July, Pironkova competed in the Internazionali di Palermo, where she defeated Anna Tatishvili in the first round and Sorana Cîrstea in the second, before losing to Flavia Pennetta.
At the US Open, she defeated Virginie Razzano in the first round, but lost to world No. 13, Peng Shuai, in the second. She teamed with Chanelle Scheepers in the doubles tournament, but they were defeated by Arantxa Parra Santonja and Nuria Llagostera Vives.
At the Pan Pacific Open, Pironkova beat Gisela Dulko in the first round, but then lost to Vera Zvonareva in the second. At the Kremlin Cup, she beat Petra Martić, after her opponent retired due to injury. She then lost to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the second round and ended the year at No. 46.
### 2012--2013: US Open and Wimbledon fourth rounds {#us_open_and_wimbledon_fourth_rounds}
Pironkova began 2012 representing Bulgaria at the Hopman Cup losing to Petra Kvitová. Pironkova and her partner Grigor Dimitrov defeated Tomáš Berdych and Kvitová in doubles. Despite their win, the team of Bulgaria lost to the Czech Republic (1--2), after Pironkova and Dimitrov lost their singles matches. Afterward, their team was victorious against Denmark 2--1. They scored a victory over the United States, but finished second in Group A and didn\'t qualify for the final.
At the Australian Open, Pironkova defeated Sania Mirza in the first round, before losing to Galina Voskoboeva in the second. She again represented Bulgaria in the Fed Cup, alongside Elitsa Kostova, Dia Evtimova, and Isabella Shinikova. They scored their first victory, beating Estonia (3--0). Later, the team lost to Austria, then lost again to Portugal and finished in seventh place in the group.
Pironkova competed in the Qatar Open, recording a victory over Angelique Kerber in the second round, but losing to Marion Bartoli in the third. She reached the second round of the Sony Ericsson Open, losing to Roberta Vinci. At the Brussels Open, Pironkova reached the quarterfinals, falling to Kaia Kanepi. She then reached the second round of the French Open, losing to former champion Francesca Schiavone.
At the Eastbourne International, Pironkova reached her second quarterfinal of the season after defeating No. 1 seeded Agnieszka Radwańska and qualifier Stéphanie Dubois, losing to eventual champion Tamira Paszek. At Wimbledon, Pironkova lost a second-round match to Maria Sharapova, in three sets. She reached the quarterfinals of the Swedish Open, losing to Polona Hercog.
At the US Open, Pironkova reached the third round of a Grand Slam besides Wimbledon for the first time. She defeated Camila Giorgi in the first round, Ayumi Morita in the second, and Sílvia Soler Espinosa in the third. In the fourth round, with a first US Open quarterfinal in sight, she was upset by former world No. 1, Ana Ivanovic. Her last tournament of the year was the Tournament of Champions, where she entered with a wildcard. She lost to Caroline Wozniacki in the semifinals.
Pironkova reached the quarterfinals of the 2013 Hobart International, where she lost to the defending champion Mona Barthel. She had beaten Irina-Camelia Begu and third seed Klára Koukalová in the round of 16. She was eliminated in the first round of the Australian Open by Romina Oprandi.
left\|thumb\|upright=1.3\|`{{center|Pironkova at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships}}`{=mediawiki} In February, Pironkova took part in the Fed Cup tie vs. the Netherlands, defeating Arantxa Rus in straight sets, helping Bulgaria win the tie. She later helped Bulgaria win the tie against Luxembourg with a victory over veteran Anne Kremer. On 9 February, she played in the tie against Slovenia, and beat Tjasa Srimpf, who retired after losing the first game of the match, which advanced Bulgaria to the promotion playoffs. In the playoff tie against Great Britain on 10 February, Pironkova lost against Heather Watson in three sets, meaning that Bulgaria lost the tie and remained in the Fed Cup Europe/Africa Group I.
Following a string of first-round losses, Pironkova beat Karolína Plíšková in Marrakesh, but then lost in three sets to Lourdes Domínguez Lino, who went on to reach the final. She then lost a series of first-round matches throughout the remainder of the clay-court season, culminating with an early exit at the French Open.
On her preferred surface of grass, Pironkova snapped her losing streak at the Birmingham Classic, defeating Lauren Davis in the opening round. She dropped her second-round match to Sorana Cîrstea. She went on to play in \'s-Hertogenbosch, where she beat Kristina Mladenovic and Irina-Camelia Begu, marking the first time since January that she reached the quarterfinals of a WTA event. She then lost to Carla Suárez Navarro in three sets.
At Wimbledon, she won against 21st seed Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in the opening match and then went on to beat Barbora Strýcová and Petra Martić in the next two rounds. She came close to causing another huge upset at the tournament when she was up a set against fourth seed Agnieszka Radwańska, but eventually lost in three sets to the former finalist.
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# Tsvetana Pironkova
## Career
### 2014: First WTA Tour title {#first_wta_tour_title}
Pironkova started the 2014 season ranked outside the top 100, at No. 107. She made it through the qualifying draw at the Sydney International. In the main draw, she defeated world No. 7, Sara Errani, in the quarterfinals and world No. 6, Petra Kvitová, in the semifinals, both in straight sets. She then defeated ninth ranked Angelique Kerber to win her first WTA Tour title. Pironkova was the first qualifier to win a Premier event in three and a half years, moved up 50 places in the world rankings, and was the first Bulgarian to win a WTA event in over ten years (after Magdalena Maleeva at the 2003 Birmingham Classic). Pironkova\'s run in Australia ended at the Australian Open with a second-round straight-set loss to Samantha Stosur, managing to win just two games. After the Australian Open, she reached a ranking of No. 52.
In February, Pironkova played in Doha, where she made it through the qualifying rounds. She beat veteran world No. 14, Roberta Vinci, in the first round, losing just six games. However, Pironkova\'s good run ended in the second round, where she lost to youngster No. 55, Annika Beck, after winning the first set on a tie-break. She then played in Dubai. In the first round of qualifying, she beat world No. 487, Vitalia Diatchenko, in a long and hard match (over 2 and a half hours), losing the first set on a tiebreak, saving a match point in the 10th game of the second set, then winning the second set again on a tiebreak, and was leading in the third set when her opponent retired. However, in what was her second loss against the Canadian out of two matches, she lost in the second qualifying round to youngster, No. 19, Eugenie Bouchard.
In March, Pironkova played at the Indian Wells hardcourt event, where she started in the main draw. She lost in straight sets to No. 38, Madison Keys, in the first round. She then played in Miami, where she beat Galina Voskoboeva and 25th seed Sorana Cîrstea without losing a set, but then lost in the third round to fifth seed Angelique Kerber, who went on to reach the quarterfinals. Pironkova moved five places up the rankings after Miami, to No. 42.
In April, she played at the indoor hardcourt event in Katowice, where she was seeded eighth. In the first round, Pironkova beat Andrea Hlaváčková, after losing the first set. In round two, in what was her fifth loss against the Israeli out of eight matches, she lost to world No. 90, Shahar Pe\'er, whom she also lost to in this same event in 2013. Pironkova then played in the qualifying for the indoor clay court event in Stuttgart, where she was the top-ranked player at No. 40. In the first round of qualifying, she beat local teenager Tayisiya Morderger, but then lost to No. 221, Gioia Barbieri, in the second qualifying round.
thumb\|right\|upright=1.3\|`{{center|Pironkova at the Kremlin Cup 2014}}`{=mediawiki} In Madrid, where she started in the main draw and lost to wildcard No. 145, Lara Arruabarrena, in round one. Pironkova then played in Rome, where she lost to qualifier Petra Cetkovská in round one, despite easily winning the first set.
She then played at Roland Garros. In round one, she beat No. 49 Annika Beck (after losing the first on a tie-break), whom she had never beaten before. Pironkova then faced a major test in round two, in what was her fifth loss out of five matches, despite being a break up in the first set, to seventh seed Maria Sharapova, who went on to win the tournament.
Pironkova\'s first tournament for the grass-court season was the Eastbourne International, where in round one she lost to local wildcard No. 70, Heather Watson, who went on to reach the semifinals. Pironkova then played Wimbledon, where she faced No. 57, Varvara Lepchenko, in the first round and lost in a match that was played over two days.
In July, she played at the Istanbul hardcourt event, where she was unseeded. In what was the second match between the two and second loss for Pironkova, she lost to No. 72 Stefanie Vögele in the first round. Pironkova played in Cincinnati, where she lost in the first round to Carla Suárez Navarro. In New Haven, she fell in the qualifying draw.
At the US Open, she reached the second round, where in what was her sixth loss to the Serb out of six matches, she lost to ninth seed Jelena Janković. In September, Pironkova played in Wuhan, where she lost in the qualifying draw. Her second tournament in September was the China Open, where she lost in the second round to world No. 1, Serena Williams. Next, she reached the quarterfinals in Linz, before losing to Karin Knapp. She reached her second quarterfinal of the month in Moscow, where she fell to eventual finalist Irina-Camelia Begu. Pironkova was awarded a wildcard for the final tournament of the year, the Tournament of Champions. She lost all her matches in the round-robin stage and finished fourth in her group.
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# Tsvetana Pironkova
## Career
### 2015--2016: Roland Garros quarterfinal {#roland_garros_quarterfinal}
Pironkova started the year ranked No. 50 and began the season at the Brisbane International where she lost her first-round match to seventh seed Suárez Navarro. Then she returned to Sydney as the defending champion and once again had to go through qualifying, as she was not given a wildcard entry. At the time, Pironkova was ranked No. 67 and lost the points from her title. She beat eighth seed Flavia Pennetta in the first round in straight sets, then overcoming unseeded Madison Keys and Záhlavová-Strýcová both in straight sets, but then lost in the semifinals to second seed and eventual champion Petra Kvitová in a repeat of the 2014 semifinals. With this defeat, she ended her 14-match winning streak at the tournament.
thumb\|left\|upright=0.85\|`{{center|Pironkova at the 2015 Eastbourne International}}`{=mediawiki} At the Australian Open, she beat Heather Watson in the first round, but then in what was her eighth loss against the Slovak out of nine matches, lost to 11th seed Dominika Cibulková in the second, again in straight sets. Pironkova reached the third round of the Dubai Championships, where she beat Klára Koukalová and Peng Shuai, before losing to top seed world No. 2, Simona Halep, in straight sets. At Indian Wells, she lost in the first round, reached the second round in Miami, losing to 15th seed Flavia Pennetta in three tight sets. She reached second rounds in both Prague and Madrid, losing to top seeds Karolína Plíšková and Lucie Šafářová, respectively. She suffered a first-round defeat in Rome.
At the French Open, Pironkova reached the third round, where she upset 25th seed Barbora Strýcová and then took out another Czech player Denisa Allertová, both in straight sets, before losing to Sloane Stephens. The third-round appearance at the Roland Garros was her best to date.
Pironkova started her grass-court season at the Birmingham Classic, where in the first round she beat Brit Katie Stan, but came short against German fourth seed Angelique Kerber, losing in three sets. She then reached her second Premier-level event quarterfinal in 2015 at the Eastbourne International, where she beat Marina Erakovic in the first round, 16th seed Samantha Stosur, and former Grand Slam finalist Dominika Cibulková, before being beaten by eventual finalist Agnieszka Radwańska. At Wimbledon, she lost to 30th seed and Eastbourne winner, Belinda Bencic, in three sets.
She then entered the İstanbul Cup as the eighth seed and reached her third quarterfinal of the year. She beat Margarita Gasparyan and Kurumi Nara, both in three sets, but lost to Urszula Radwańska in three sets in a tie-break in the final set.
Pironkova started the 2016 season with a loss to Samantha Crawford in Brisbane qualifying. She played the Sydney International, where she received a wildcard to the main draw and reached the second round, beating Lesia Tsurenko before losing to No. 8 seed, Belinda Bencic. At the Australian Open, she lost in the first round to Yaroslava Shvedova. Her next tournament was the Dubai Championships, where she entered the main draw after beating Kristýna Plíšková, Kateryna Bondarenko and Anna-Lena Friedsam in the qualifying. She lost to eventual finalist Barbora Strýcová in the first round.
thumb\|upright=1\|Pironkova reached the quarterfinals at the 2016 French Open, her best performance at the tournament At Roland Garros, the 102nd ranked Pironkova upset 16th seed Sara Errani in the first round and 19th seed Sloane Stephens in the third round, both in straight sets. In the fourth round against world No. 2, Agnieszka Radwańska, after Pironkova was a set and three games down, the match was cancelled due to rain and resumed after two days. The Bulgarian took advantage of the situation, dominating the rest of the match after the pause by winning 12 out of 15 games, thus eventually reaching the quarterfinals and becoming the first Bulgarian since Sesil Karatantcheva in 2005 to reach this stage of the tournament. Pironkova\'s run at Roland Garros ended with a loss to Samantha Stosur.
In June, her good performance continued on grass court. She passed the qualifying event of Birmingham, and then, in the second round, the Bulgarian beat No. 26, Irina-Camelia Begu to reach the quarterfinals, where she was eliminated by Barbora Strýcová. Pironkova then exited the Wimbledon Championships in the first round, losing to seventh seed Belinda Bencic in two tight sets.
In August, she participated in the Summer Olympics. She lost in the opening round to Laura Siegemund, and next played the Cincinnati Open making her way to the second qualifying round by beating Kateryna Kozlova. She then lost to Annika Beck, but was allowed into the main draw as a lucky loser. She faced Daria Kasatkina overcoming her in straight sets. In the next round she lost to world No. 8, Roberta Vinci. Towards the end of the month, she lost in the first round of qualifying in New Haven in straight sets.
Pironkova reached the second round of the US Open but was beaten by Johanna Konta in three sets. She then lost in the first round of both tournaments that she played in after the US Open, and finished the year ranked 64th.
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# Tsvetana Pironkova
## Career
### 2017--2019: Decline in ranking, shoulder injury, pregnancy hiatus {#decline_in_ranking_shoulder_injury_pregnancy_hiatus}
Her 2017 campaign began with a second-round appearance at the Shenzhen Open, where lost to the eighth seed and eventual finalist, Alison Riske, having beaten Galina Voskoboeva in her opening match. She next played in the qualifying rounds at the Sydney International. She defeated Patricia Maria Tig in the first round, only to retire in her next match against Maria Sakkari. Pironkova entered the Australian Open as the 64th ranked player, and lost in three sets against the third seeded Agnieszka Radwańska as her first round opponent. The tournament marked Pironkova\'s 45th consecutive Grand Slam appearance, the second longest active streak on the WTA Tour only behind Jelena Janković\'s 51. Pironkova\'s next tournament was the Qatar Ladies Open where she competed in the qualifying competition. She breezed through the first two rounds with straight set wins over Vania King and Evgeniya Rodina. However, in the final round of qualifying, she lost to former world No. 1, Jelena Janković, in three hard-fought sets.
After having lost six consecutive first-round matches, which included defeats in round of 128 at the Indian Wells Open and Miami Open and two losses in the qualifying rounds at the Italian Open and Madrid Open, Pironkova broke her losing streak with a straight-set victory over Mona Barthel in the first round of French Open. She was en route for another big upset having led with one set in the second round encounter against one of the tournament favourites Elina Svitolina, who was the No. 1 ranked player in the Race to Singapore standings, but eventually lost in three sets.
Pironkova began her grass-court season with a straight-set victory over tournament qualifier Tereza Martincová in the first round of the Nottingham Open. She next beat Kurumi Nara, also in straight sets, to reach the quarterfinals, where she lost to the fifth seed Lucie Šafářová, after having won the second set 6--0. She entered the qualifying round of the Eastbourne International, where she comfortably got better of the tenth seed Markéta Vondroušová in the opening round. Pironkova failed to reach the main draw as she suffered a tough three-set defeat in the final qualifying round, losing out to the third seed Lara Arruabarrena. However, she was awarded entry into the main draw as a lucky loser. Pironkova defeated Monica Niculescu in straight sets in her first match in the main draw, and then faced second seed Simona Halep in the next round. Pironkova won the first set in a tie-break and was leading 2--1 (40--30), when the match was suspended due to rain. When play resumed the next day, she went on to lose the match in three tight sets, in over 2 hours and 40 minutes.
Pironkova entered the Wimbledon Championships, drawing former world No. 5, Sara Errani, in the first round, a match that she eventually won comfortably in just over an hour, with the loss of just five games. Pironkova was dubbed as the darkhorse and one of the most dangerous unseeded players in draw by WTA insider David Kane prior to the tournament, and her potential second round encounter with former world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki, was variously dubbed one of the most anticipated matches in the early rounds. With heavy strapping on her left thigh, Pironkova lost a closely contested two-set match against Wozniacki. The former played erratically, with both winners and unforced errors flowing from her racket incongruously.
Pironkova was sidelined from the US Open Series with a persistent shoulder injury. She was unable to participate at the US Open, and it marked the end of her run of 47 Grand Slam appearances in a row.
Pironkova missed the rest of the 2017 season and finished No. 162 in the world. In December, it was revealed, she was expecting her first child with her husband, and gave birth to a son in April 2018. For this reason, Pironkova did not participate in the 2018 and 2019 seasons as well.
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# Tsvetana Pironkova
## Career
### 2020: Return to action, US Open quarterfinal {#return_to_action_us_open_quarterfinal}
Pironkova announced her return to tennis in March, just before the COVID-19 pandemic. She returned to action at the 2020 US Open, playing her first tournament since the 2017 Wimbledon Championships using a protected ranking of No. 123 that she applied for prior to the birth of her son. Pironkova began her campaign with a straight-sets win over world No. 120, Ludmilla Samsonova in the first round. She then followed it up with wins over tenth seed Garbiñe Muguruza and 18th seed Donna Vekić in the second and third rounds, respectively. Playing in just her second round of 16 match in New York, Pironkova defeated Alizé Cornet in three hours. In the quarterfinals, she was defeated by Serena Williams, 4--6, 6--3, 6--2, despite leading by a break in the second set. \'USOpen.org\' writer Steve Pratt highlighted Pironkova\'s run to the quarterfinals, noting how her successful return to tour after a three-year absence \"\[became\] the story of the women\'s singles draw\".
Pironkova received a wildcard for the 2020 French Open. In the first round, she defeated Andrea Petkovic in straight sets. Her opponent in the second round, Serena Williams, withdrew before the match. She was defeated by Barbora Krejčíková in the third round.
Due to her stellar performance at the US Open, reaching the quarterfinals at this major for the first time in her career, Pironkova was announced as the Bulgarian Sportsperson of the Year.
### 2021: Drop in the rankings {#drop_in_the_rankings}
After defeating Margarita Gasparyan in the third round of the Australian Open qualifying, she lost to eventual quarterfinalist Hsieh Su-wei.
At Wimbledon, she entered the main draw as lucky loser, losing to Yulia Putintseva in round one in straight sets.
At the US Open, she lost in the first round to 25th seed Daria Kasatkina and has not competed since then.
She finished the year ranked world No. 245.
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# Tsvetana Pironkova
## Playing style {#playing_style}
upright=0.75\|thumb\|Pironkova prefers her backhand side for groundstrokes Pironkova plays right-handed, and uses a double-handed backhand. She prefers fast surfaces, with grass being her favourite. Although she has a powerful first serve that consistently measures up to 180 kmph or 110 mph, she has a relatively weaker second serve. Pironkova is noted for her powerful backhand, with the down-the-line backhand being one of her best shots. Her forehand, however, has been variously described as \"bizarre\" and \"clever\", owing to the unusual amount of spin or slice on the shot. *The Daily Telegraph* commentator Emily Benammar noted in 2010 that if Pironkova\'s, \"forehand comes up to scratch, she\'s in with a chance of beating the best\".
Overall, Pironkova does not rely heavily upon her groundstrokes, but is instead noted for her stroke-play, variety of shots and intelligent use of the court and its geometry. She is also known for her squash-shot forehand and for incorporating flat and slice shots into rallies from her forehand and backhand sides. Pironkova varies the length of her shots and often draws her opponent forward with short balls to set up passing shots. She also makes her opponents move around the court by making use of deep cross-court groundstrokes to keep them off balance. Pironkova admittedly prefers shorter rallies, and looks for winners early in the point which at times leads to unforced errors. She told the freelance tennis writer Matt Trollope that she played mostly on clay courts early in her career and that the aggressive style developed \"pretty naturally\" during her formative years.
Pironkova\'s style of play has drawn comparisons with such players as Justine Henin. Sports columnist Simon Briggs elaborated on the similarity in the styles noting that Pironkova\'s court craft and tactical nous made her capable of \"reflecting the Williams sisters\' own power back against them\". Pironkova has also been praised for her fast movement on the tennis court by such commentators as Briggs, who was impressed by her \"nimble\" footwork at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships. Pironkova thought of her movement on the grass courts as her best among all the surfaces. She also ascribed the optimum ball bounce on the grass as it is \"probably just perfect for \[my\] timing\". Having been praised for her range of shots and strokeplay, Pironkova said that she developed a spontaneous approach towards her shot selection and overall game as she matured.
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# Tsvetana Pironkova
## Honors
- Best progressing player of the year in Bulgaria -- 2005
- Bulgarian Sportsperson of the Year -- 2020
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Grand Slam tournament performance timelines {#grand_slam_tournament_performance_timelines}
#### Singles
Tournament 2005 \|2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 \..
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# Gopinath Muthukad
**Gopinath Muthukad** (born 10 April 1964) is an Indian magician and motivational speaker from Kerala. He employs magic as a medium to convey his messages to public. Muthukad founded the world\'s first magic academy, The Academy of Magical Sciences, and first magic museum, Magic Planet at Thiruvananthapuram.
In 1995, he became the first magician in the world to perform an escape act in the style of Harry Houdini\'s act of 1904. In the same year, he was awarded the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi award. Muthukad is the winner of the International Merlin Award instituted by the International Magicians\' Society.
Muthukad is the first Keralite to be honoured as the celebrity supporter by the UN agency UNICEF, for promoting child right activities in Kerala. In 2021, Muthukad has announced his retirement from professional magic shows and now he has focused his area of work mainly on empowering the marginalized differently-abled community. In 2022, he was honoured with Kerala Sree Award, third highest civilian award given by the Government of Kerala.
## Early life {#early_life}
Muthukad was born on 10 April 1964 in Kavalamukkatta, a small village near Nilambur to Kunhunni Nair and Devaki Amma. Even at an early age, he showed a great interest in magic having heard stories about Vazhakkunnam who was one of the great magicians in Kerala. At the age of 10, he was caught performing magic in class by a teacher who then encouraged him to hold his first show at his school. Muthukad says this was the turning point in his life. Over the years his determination to pursue magic as a career grew stronger despite stiff opposition from his father.
After graduating in mathematics from N. S. S. College, Manjeri he joined Law College, Bangalore but later dropped out and left his Nilambur home for Thiruvananthapuram to pursue his passion in magic. Although his early years as a magician were full of struggles, he began to be noticed for his unique styles of presenting magic. He has appeared in more than 10,000 stages in India and abroad, and has given a new vision and mission to the art of magic.
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# Gopinath Muthukad
## Endeavors
### Magic Academy {#magic_academy}
The Academy of Magical Sciences, popularly known as Magic Academy, was established in the year 1996, in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The founder patron was Late Malayattoor Ramakrishnan and after it was late Jnanpith awardee O. N. V. Kurup. And now the torch of leadership is handled by acclaimed film director, Shri. Adoor Gopalakrishnan.
It was established under the Cultural and Charitable Institutions Act, to uplift and promote the art of magic and to spread the message against all kinds of irrational beliefs, superstitions, violence and other evil practices existing in our society.
### National Voyages {#national_voyages}
Under the leadership of Magic Academy, Gopinath Muthukad has undertaken four national voyages from Kanyakumari to Kashmir which includes Vismay Bharata Yatra (2002), Gandhi Mantra (2005), Vismay Swaraj Yatra (2007) and Mission India (2010) and many state level voyages. All these Yatras have been undertaken with the motives to foster a sense of national integration, to spread the vital messages of Mahatma Gandhi, communal harmony, counter the violence and terrorism existing in our nation, and spread awareness against drug abuse and alcoholism.
In 2024, with the support of Govt. of India, he successfully conducted 5th national awareness voyage 'Inclusive India' from Kanyakumari to Kashmir to convey the message of social inclusion of Persons with Disabilities (PwDs). The team travelled through all the states of India covering more than 22,000 kms from October to December 2024.
### Magic Planet {#magic_planet}
Magic Planet situated at KINFRA Film and Video Park, Kazhakkoottam, Thiruvananthapuram was established with an objective to provide a permanent rehabilitation hub for street magicians who are at the verge of complete wipe out from the main phase our society due lack of platforms to display their rare skills. Moreover it was designed to impart wonders and immense possibilities of magical art to the common public which includes the domestic tourists and foreigners visiting the state. The venture was opened to public in 2014. Currently the institution is supporting more than 200 more artistes for the daily functioning and their day today needs.
### Mpower
In 2017, Magic Academy with the support of Kerala State Social Security Mission conducted 'Anuyatra' campaign to empower the differently abled children and bring them to the mainstream of the society. 23 selected children undergone magic training and formed a magic team named 'MPower'. Inspired by the highly successful performance of the children, Magic Academy decided to establish a permanent performance platform for them -Mpower centre with the support of UNICEF and Kerala Social Security Mission. This centre trains and develops their talents, while ensuring life skills to make them more self-aware and confident. It is for the first time in the world, a permanent magical performance centre has been opened for the specially abled talents. Today, the centre gives training to specially abled children in a mode that they can become breadwinners for their family. Recently, the Mpower team stepped into INDIA BOOK OF RECORDS for their unique performance.
### Different Art Centre {#different_art_centre}
The success of Mpower paved the path in the formation of a Comprehensive Art Centre at Kazhakkuttom, Thiruvananthapuram for differently abled children to explore their artistic talents and promote the overall development of differently abled community. The centre aims to empower these children by recognizing and sharpening their raw talents through special and appropriate methods. The appreciation from the audience, reaching the centre, increases a sense of confidence and better self-awareness in all participants. The Centre was opened in 2019. Different Art Centre will act as a window of opportunity in identifying, training and refining the basic talents of differently abled children in various art forms.
### UNICEF
Gopinath Muthukad has been conferred \"Celebrity UNICEF Supporter\" status to join the efforts of the UN agency in improving condition and status of children in the state. Muthukad is the first Keralite and the first magician to receive the honour. He was selected for his credibility and ability to communicate critical messages on child rights to a large number of people, particularly mothers, caregivers and youth. He joins hands with UNICEF to provide all children with opportunities to survive, develop and reach their full potential to the benefit of the sustained growth and stability of countries and a global standard of human rights for all.
### Election Commission of India {#election_commission_of_india}
Muthukad has been designated as State Icon for Kerala by the Election Commission of India, for his activities on creating awareness and motivating the masses to participate in the electoral process. Through his magical shows, he was able to create awareness on the importance of democracy and the need to participate in the electoral processes. He was the first Keralite selected for this honour. He worked as volunteer in the North East State of India where people is reluctant to cooperate in the election process.
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# Gopinath Muthukad
## Endeavors
### Magik Homes {#magik_homes}
The MAGIK Homes Project (Making Accessible Gateways for Inclusive Kerala) is an initiative led by Gopinath Muthukad through the Different Art Centre in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Launched in June 2024, the project aims to provide accessible, custom-built homes for individuals with disabilities from marginalized communities, addressing their specific housing needs to promote independence and inclusion. The first disability-friendly house under the MAGIK Homes Project was handed over to the family of an 11-year-old disabled child from Maukode by poet and lyricist Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri.https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kasargod/2025/02/23/magic-home-project-inauguration.html 6
## Awards and achievements {#awards_and_achievements}
- Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award, 1995
- Prathibha Pranamam Honour by Kerala State Government, 2000
- Merlin Award from International Magician\'s Society, 2011
- Celebrity Advocate title from UNICEF for promoting child rights, 2016
- Kerala Icon by Election Commission of India, 2016
- Rashtriya Aavishkar Abhiyan Ambassador, 2016
- Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship, 2018
- Leader of the 21st Century finalist by San Francisco University, 2019
- Brand Ambassador for Kerala State Commission for Protection of Child Rights, 2020
- Kerala Sree instituted by Government of Kerala, 2022
- Kunjunni Award, 2022
- State SVEEP Icon of Kerala by the Election Commission of India from 2023 & 2025
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# Gopinath Muthukad
## Books
- Magic: History, Basics (a book depicting the basics of the art of magic)
```{=html}
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- Vazhakunnam Stories (a book depicting the stories of the great legendary magician Vazhakkunnam who was a master to Muthukad)
- Math-Magic (a book on mathematical magic)
- Easy-to-do magic tricks (a book illustrating easy magic tricks for children)
- Ee kadhayilumundoru Magic
- Ormakalude Manthrika Sparsam (Autobiography)
- Magical mist of memories (Autobiography)
- India -- Ente Pranaya Vismayam (Travel book)
- India -- My spellbound love (Travel book)
- Jeevitham Oru Padhapusthakam
- Magic Lamp
## Television shows {#television_shows}
Year Program Role Channel Notes
----------- ----------------------------------- --------------- ---------------- ------------
2009 Vismayam Host Kairali TV
2009-2010 Munch Star singer junior Judge Asianet
2010-2012 Munch Star singer junior season 2 Judge Asianet
2011 Evening live show Himself DD National Hindi show
2012 America today Himself Kairali TV USA
2012 Vismayakoodu Host Asianet News
2012-2013 Magic carpet Host/Magician Kairali TV
2014 Little scholar Quiz master Media One
2014 ullu thurannu Guest ACV
2015 Little scholar season 2 Quiz master Media One
2015 Little scholar season 3 Quiz master Media One
2015-2016 Little scholar season 4 Quiz master Media One
2016 Manassiloru Mazhavil Guest Kairali TV
2016 Little scholar season 5 Quiz master Media One
2016 Magic planet Magician DD Malayalam
2016-2017 IQ Master Host Kaumudy TV
2018 Charithram Enniloode Himself Safari TV
2018 American lifestyle Himself flowers TV USA
2018 You Himself Global TV
2019 Samoohyapadam Himself DD MALAYALAM
2019 Morning show Himself Mediaone
2019 Sakalakalavallabhan Judge Asianet
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Muthukad is married to Kavitha and the couple has a son, Vismay Muthukad. He is settled with his family in Thiruvananthapuram
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# Parsley Sidings
***Parsley Sidings*** is a BBC Radio sitcom of the early 1970s created by Jim Eldridge. It stars Arthur Lowe and Ian Lavender (who were starring in the sitcom *Dad\'s Army* at the time) and Kenneth Connor from the *Carry On* films.
The show is set in a sleepy out of the way railway station on the main line between London and Birmingham, in the Midlands. The main characters are the station master, Mr Horace Hepplewhite (played by Arthur Lowe); his son, Bertrand (Ian Lavender); station porter Percy Valentine (Kenneth Connor); Mr Bradshaw, the signalman (also played by Kenneth Connor, as was Clara the station hen); and station tannoy announcer Gloria Simpkins (Liz Fraser, who was also in the *Carry On* films, and appeared in the Dad\'s Army feature film). The guest cast in some episodes included Bill Pertwee (also from *Dad\'s Army*, appearing in episode 11), Roger Delgado (The Master in *Doctor Who* in the Jon Pertwee era) with the announcer for the programme being Keith Skues.
The scripts are by Jim Eldridge (who would later go on to write for many more series, the most successful being the BBC\'s *King Street Junior*). The series was produced by Edward Taylor, and was broadcast on BBC Radio 2. Due to the BBC\'s then practice of wiping tapes after the broadcast of a show, only a minority of the 21 episodes produced were still in the BBC archive; *Goodbye, Parsley Sidings* and *The Entente Cordial* are aired on BBC Radio 4 Extra occasionally and have always been in the BBC archives, while *A Night Out*, *A Bird in the Hand* and *The Secret Agent* were recovered between 2001 and 2003 as off-air recordings from members of the public. These episodes were aired in early 2007. All the other episodes are known to exist in private hands.
In 2008, more episodes were \'discovered\', including the pilot and \"The New Level Crossing\".
The BBC broadcast some programmes from the series in February 2011. Starting 1 November 2012, 4 Extra began a run of the whole series using audio compiled from both the BBC\'s own archive and private collections, with intros and outros re-recorded by original on-stage announcer Keith Skues.
The signature tune is \"Banjo Boy\" by Roger Roger, from the LP *Mood Music Vol. 18* in the Chappell music library. (This music was also used for the signature tune of the 1969--71 British TV series *The Mind of Mr. J.G. Reeder*
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# The Africa Channel
**The Africa Channel** is a cable and streaming channel focusing on travel, lifestyle, and culture documentaries. The channel covers the lands, people, culture, and history of Africa. Co-founded by Zimbabwean James Makawa, who had prior experience in the United States and founded the African Barter Company, the Africa Channel launched in the United States in September 2005.
The Africa Channel is broadcast in the United States through Comcast, Charter Communications, Cox Communications and also available in Jamaica, the Bahamas, Trinidad & Tobago, St. Lucia, Barbados, Bermuda, Grenada and other islands throughout the Caribbean.
The channel launched in high definition on August 1, 2010.
The Africa Channel is an associate member of the Caribbean Cable Cooperative and is distinct from the international version of The Africa Channel which launched in September 2007. The African Channel is a showcase for English language television series, specials, documentaries, feature films, music, soaps, biographies, current business analysis, cultural and historical programs.
In 2017, The Africa Channel launched the streaming service Demand Africa
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# Hale's Ales
**Hale\'s Ales** was a brewery in Seattle, Washington, USA, founded in 1983.
## History
It was founded by Mike Hale in 1983. The first batch was brewed in a Colville, Washington apartment before the brewery opened in a local warehouse. Its second brewery opened four years later in Kirkland, Washington. The Colville brewery moved to Spokane, Washington, in 1992, and the Kirkland brewery to Seattle\'s Ballard neighborhood in 1995. The Ballard location was a 30-barrel brewpub.
## Brews
The Hale\'s Ales brewing process followed a traditional English style, utilizing open fermentation tanks with top-fermenting ale yeast. Most recipes called for a proprietary English yeast strain, however Belgian strains have been used in some seasonal recipes. Hale\'s Ales had also begun experimenting with bourbon barrel-aging certain recipes including the Wee Heavy Winter Ale, Troll Porter, as well as Supergoose IPA.
### Brewed Year Round {#brewed_year_round}
- Pale American Ale
- Kölsch German Style Ale
- Mongoose IPA
- Red Menace Big Amber
- El Jefe Weizen
- Cream Ale
- Cream H.S.B (Hale\'s Special Bitter)
- Troll Porter
- Nightroll Porter
- Supergoose IPA
### Brewed Seasonally {#brewed_seasonally}
- Wee Heavy Winter Ale
- Irish Style Nut Brown Ale
- O\'Brian\'s Harvest Ale
- Rudyard\'s Rare Barley Wine
- Aftermath Imperial I.P.A.
- Pikop Andropov\'s Rushin\' Imperial Stout
- Belgian Dubbel 25th Anniversary Ale
## The Palladium {#the_palladium}
What was once a brewery warehouse is now a versatile space which is home to the theatrical Moisture Festival production, weddings, company parties, dance, cabaret, and other events. This large space is equipped with stage lighting, sound equipment, concession stand, a green room, and atmosphere galore
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# T. J. Hollowell
**Thomas Anthony Hollowell** (born April 8, 1981) is the current coach for defensive ends at Wake Forest. He was also the defensive ends and outside linebackers for the Coastal Carolina Chanticleers, the linebackers coach for the Youngstown State Penguins under head coach Bo Pelini and before that a graduate assistant coach for the Nebraska Cornhuskers.
Hollowell entered the National Football League in 2004, signing as an undrafted free agent with the New York Giants. He played on special teams for four games with the Giants his rookie season. In 2005, he saw time on the active roster of the New York Jets and the practice rosters of the Giants and the Chicago Bears. He attended Denver Broncos\' training camps in 2006 and 2007. He signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League on November 16, 2007
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# Rossport
**Rossport** (`{{Irish place name|'''Ros Dumhach'''}}`{=mediawiki}), also known as **Rosdoagh**, is a Gaeltacht village and townland in northwest County Mayo, Ireland. It is within the barony of Erris and parish of Kilcommon. It lies close to the mouth of Broadhaven Bay on the headland where the confluence of three rivers meet (the Muingnabo, the Glenamoy and the Gweedaney) flowing into Sruth Fada Conn Bay. Its area is 1446 acre.
## History
In 1636 the Barrett clan owned Rossport.
### Bournes
thumb\|left\|The pier at Rossport County Mayo. June 2008 About the year 1707, Thomas Bournes, a Cromwellian from County Sligo was granted Rossport and neighbouring Muingnabo from Arthur Shaen. In 1727 he transferred his interest in Rossport to his brother George, who settled in the townland in 1756. Two other branches of the Bournes family had settled in Stonefield and Portacloy, two townlands on the Dún Chaocháin peninsula. The old Protestant graveyard well-hidden on the hillside above the village bears testament to the Protestant past of the townland. Like other landlords, the Bournes had tenants. While some landlords treated their tenants despicably, it would appear from reports that the Bournes treated their tenants with some compassion. Another George Bournes, probably a great-grandson of the original man referred to previously, is reported to have written to the Protestant Bishop of Killala requesting relief for the starving tenants. The bishop got several tons of meal and potatoes and George received some of it for his tenants.
Samuel Bournes inherited Rossport from his father George and in 1832 he cleared tenant farmers off the southern end of the townland to build a substantial and commodious two-storey house with suitable offices and walled garden. He availed of the Land Loan Scheme to improve his estate -- in 1849 he received £600 and in 1859, a further £300.
The Bournes estate provided some of its tenants with other employment in the form of an industrial school which taught knitting and sewing. During the famine of 1845 -- 47 the Society of Friends (Quakers) sent food relief to tenants of the Bournes in Rossport.
There was a huge population of landless people who were close to destitution who were not Bournes tenants and the Bournes felt threatened \'For although the people are now perfectly quiet still, their destitution may force them to destroy the lives and properties of others (from Outrage papers 1846). Samuel Bournes requested that there be police brought to Rossport to quell any trouble. By 1866 there was a police barracks based in a small thatched cottage in the village.
By 1881 the Bournes family had moved back to London. During \'the Troubles\' the barracks was burned and the police moved into the old Bournes dwelling where they remained until they left the district in about 1959. In 1959 it was made into a Gael Linn college, the predecessor of the current (secondary school) Colaiste Chomain in the middle of the village to which it moved in 1968. The old police barracks is still there in a field overlooking Sruth Fada Conn Bay.
Mrs. Bournes distributed clothing among the poor which she received from the Ladies Irish Clothing Society. The Bournes distributed porridge and soup from their dwelling on a daily basis. A large bell was rung when the food was ready for distribution. The Bournes also set up a school, which like all schools was used for proselytising but unlike most, the teacher taught in the Irish language, the main role being to educate rather than to turn people into Protestants.
### Proposed bridge {#proposed_bridge}
Around the turn of the 20th century, the government contemplated the erection of a bridge across Sruth Fada Conn Bay from Rossport to Glengad. The current in this bay is extremely strong and it was difficult to negotiate by boat. In 1900 the secretary of the Congested Districts Board wrote:
\"The possible sites for a bridge are two:-
- for a wooden bridge just under Rossport House, cost £1,000
- for a suspension bridge a little below the present ferry, cost perhaps £700.
These are rough estimates and include the cost of approaches\"
Nothing much happened and in 1914 Fr. Timlin became parish priest of the area. He tried to urge the government to build the bridge but unfortunately it coincided with the beginning of World War I and the Government, having other things on its mind, shelved the project.
### Robert Buchanan {#robert_buchanan}
Robert Buchanan, a Scotsman, left his medical studies in Britain and came to Rossport Lodge in 1874. He was an amateur doctor, and he and his wife tended the sick of the townland. They showed great tenderness towards all the sick and afflicted. He and his wife fed half the starving villagers, and they were generous to the Buchanans in return. He was also a poet. When the Buchanans\' dog died the villagers of Rossport came to offer their condolences and sympathy. A song of mockery called \'Madadh Buchanan\' was composed by a Glengad man ridiculing the Rossport people for mourning Buchanan\'s dog.
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# Rossport
## History
### Allan Sutherland {#allan_sutherland}
In 1893 an Englishman arrived in Rossport. He appeared to be wealthy and told people he was Allan Sutherland, Captain of the Argyll Highlanders and the 5th Lancers. He had an entourage of servants and workers with him -- game keepers, dogs, guns, meat, fish, whiskey, wine and fishing tackle. When he went into Belmullet the shopkeepers all gave him credit so delighted with their distinguished guest as they were. Mr. Allan Sutherland borrowed everywhere he went and paid nobody. He always seemed to have forgotten his cheque book. He bought horses locally which he kept on a trial basis but in reality he sold them to Dublin for £10 each. He lived in Rossport House even though the Bournes family in London did not want him there. He had found the property in *the Field* magazine but he never paid the Bournes a penny of rental. Finally the law caught up with him and he was sentenced to seven-years\' penal servitude for horse stealing and other offences. He pleaded guilty to all the charges. It was disclosed in court that he had received a legacy of over £4,000 and had squandered the lot on horses and gambling.
## Rossport Five and the Corrib gas controversy {#rossport_five_and_the_corrib_gas_controversy}
Rossport came to national prominence in 2005 when five local men were jailed for refusing to allow Royal Dutch Shell access to their lands. Shell, with the assistance of the Irish government, propose to lay a high pressure, unodourised raw gas pipeline straight from the Corrib gas field through the village. The An Bord Pleanala Oral hearing held in the summer of 2009 in the Broadhaven Bay Hotel in Belmullet was attended daily by many Rossport residents has declared this route unacceptable on safety grounds. Shell drew up proposals to bring the pipeline up Sruth Fada Conn Bay which they presented to An Bord Pleanala in May 2010. On 31 May, An Bord Pleanala received a new Environmental impact statement 2010
In 2007, Rossport native Willie Corduff won the Goldman Environmental Prize for his opposition to the Corrib Gas Project.
In 2011, Risteard O\'Domhnaill\'s documentary film *The Pipe* was premiered in the Green Film festival in Leicester, UK
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# The Half Naked Truth
***The Half Naked Truth*** is a 1932 American pre-Code comedy film starring Lee Tracy and Lupe Vélez, with Frank Morgan and Eugene Pallette in support. Directed by Gregory La Cava, it was released on December 16, 1932 by RKO Radio Pictures. The plot features Tracy as a carnival pitchman who finagles his girlfriend, a fiery hoochie dancer played by Vélez, into a major Broadway revue under the auspices of an impresario portrayed by Morgan.
## Plot
Fast-talking Jimmy Bates takes responsibility for publicity for a struggling carnival owned by Colonel Munday. His latest scheme to attract customers involves promising to reveal the identity of the father (allegedly one of the local town\'s residents) of his hot-tempered girlfriend, \"hootch dancer\" Teresita. However, when the local sheriff learns that it is all a con, Bates and his friends Achilles and Teresita flee to New York City.
Bates has always bragged about his close friendship with powerful theater impresario Merle Farrell. Bates promises to make Teresita a star, but it soon becomes clear that Farrell does not know him. Undaunted, Bates promotes Teresita as Princess Exotica, an escapee from a Turkish harem, with Achilles as a eunuch servant and a lion. Bates informs reporters that she is to star in Farrell\'s show. At first, Farrell is outraged, but after a sharp increase in ticket sales, he signs Teresita to a contract.
Farrell insists that Teresita perform a slow Middle Eastern-style dance, which bores the audience. Bates instructs her to sing a modern song, which is a hit. Teresita becomes a star, while Bates becomes Farrell\'s publicity manager.
With Bates away on a business trip, Teresita begins a romance with the married Farrell. When Bates learns of the affair, he quits Farrell\'s employ and promises to make the first girl whom he sees into a sensation that will eclipse Teresita\'s stardom. The girl whom he selects is blond hotel maid Gladys, whom Achilles is trying to romance. Bates has Gladys pretend to be Eve, the leader of a group of nudists. Armed with a compromising photograph of Farrell and Teresita, Bates blackmails Farrell into signing Eve to his show. Meanwhile, the public has begun to tire of Teresita.
Achilles returns to the carnival life and purchases Colonel Munday\'s business. Bates later becomes dissatisfied with New York and visits Achilles, and he finds Teresita singing as one of the carnival\'s attractions
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# Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
The **quantitative insulin sensitivity check index** (***QUICKI***) is derived using the inverse of the sum of the logarithms of the fasting insulin and fasting glucose:
:
This index correlates well with glucose clamp studies (r = 0.78), and is useful for measuring insulin sensitivity (IS), which is the inverse of insulin resistance (IR). It has the advantage of that it can be obtained from a fasting blood sample, and is the preferred method for certain types of clinical research.
There are no documented reference value for QUICKI. In one study, 95% of healthy persons had a QUICKI index above 0.357. Another study concluded that QUICKI index 0.3469 or below should be used to determine insulin resistance
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# Nancy Newhall
**Nancy Wynne Newhall** (May 9, 1908 -- July 7, 1974) was an American photography critic. She is best known for writing the text to accompany photographs by Ansel Adams and Edward Weston, but was also a widely published writer on photography, conservation, and American culture.
## Biography
Newhall was born Nancy Wynne in Lynn, Massachusetts, and attended Smith College in that state. She married Beaumont Newhall, the curator of photography at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, and substituted for him in that role during his military service in World War II. During the 1940s she wrote essays on popular art and culture for small magazines and journals, in which she called for a society more attuned to art, and particularly to visual art. Newhall was always more interested in a popular audience than an academic one; in a 1940 essay, she explores the possibilities of the new medium of television for popularizing the visual arts, suggesting techniques for teaching art and photography on camera:
In another, she argues for the centrality of photography for understanding and teaching American history (\"Research\"). Newhall became close to photographer Edward Weston during this period, championing his early work and regarding his controversial 1940s work, which juxtaposed still lifes and nudes of considerable beauty and delicacy with wartime items such as gas masks, with some anxiety.
In 1945, Newhall wrote the text for a book of photographs, *Time in New England,* by Paul Strand. The work would begin a new phase for her career, in which she became a vocal proponent and a central pioneer of the genre of oversized photography collections. The best known and most influential of these is *This Is the American Earth*, a collaboration with Ansel Adams, published in 1960. Like Adams, Newhall was involved with the Sierra Club, and wrote often about issues of conservation. Newhall was sometimes accused of political heavy-handedness on that subject---one uncharitable review of *American Earth* calls her prose \"so full of Message that there is no room for poetry\" (Deevey)---but her explication of the political context and motivation of Adams\' work has been important for the Sierra Club and the conservation movement in general.
Nancy and Beaumont spent three summers at Black Mountain College beginning in 1946. In addition to lecturing and teaching, the Newhalls photographed the college campus and its people, taking portraits of Leo Amino, Ilya Bolotowsky, Gwendolyn Knight, Jacob Lawrence, and Buckminster Fuller\'s venetian-blind experiment. Some of Nancy and Beaumont Newhall\'s work is archived at the Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona, and at the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles, California. Nancy Newhall\'s photography has been the subject of an exhibition in its own right.
She died on July 7, 1974, at St. Johns Hospital in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, from injuries received in an accident which occurred on the Snake River of Grand Teton National Park.
## Major books {#major_books}
- *Photographs, 1915-1945: Paul Strand*. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1945.
- *The Photographs of Edward Weston*. Edward Weston and Nancy Newhall, Museum of Modern Art, NY 1946.
- *Time in New England: Photographs by Paul Strand.* New York: Aperture, 1950. Reprinted New York: Harper and Row, 1980.
- *A Contribution to the Heritage of Every American: The Conservation Activities of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.* New York: Knopf, 1957.
- (with Beaumont Newhall) *Masters of Photography.* New York: Braziller, 1958.
- (with Ansel Adams)*This Is the American Earth*. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1960.
- *Words of the Earth*, photographs by Cedric Wright. Sierra Club Books, 1960
- *Alvin Langdon Coburn: A Portfolio of Sixteen Photographs.* Rochester: George Eastman House, 1963.
- *Edward Weston, Photographer: The Flame of Recognition: His Photographs, Accompanied by Excerpts from the Daybooks & Letters,* Edward Weston and Nancy Newhall, Published by Aperture, Inc. NY, 1968.
- *The Daybooks of Edward Weston,* by Edward Weston, edited by Nancy Newhall, v. 1. Mexico.\--v. 2. California, Millerton, N.Y., Aperture, 1973.
- *Ansel Adams.* Sierra Club, 1964. Reprinted (with photographs) as *Ansel Adams: The Eloquent Light.* New York: Aperture, 1980.
- (with Beaumont Newhall) *T. H. O'Sullivan: Photographer.* Eastman, 1966.
- (with Ansel Adams)*Fiat Lux: The University of California.* New York: McGraw Hill, 1967.
- *P. H. Emerson: The Fight for Photography as a Fine Art.* Aperture, 1975
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# Pupillary distance
**Pupillary distance** (**PD**), more correctly known as **interpupillary distance** (**IPD**) is the distance in millimeters between the centers of each pupil.
## Interpupillary Distance Classifications {#interpupillary_distance_classifications}
Distance PD is the separation between the visual axes of the eyes in their primary position, as the subject fixates on an infinitely distant object. Near PD is the separation between the visual axes of the eyes, at the plane of the spectacle lenses, as the subject fixates on a near object at the intended working distance. Intermediate PD is at a specified plane in between distance and near. Monocular PD refers to the distance between either the right or left visual axis to the bridge of the nose, which may be slightly different for each eye due to anatomical variations but always sums up to the binocular PD. For people who need to wear prescription glasses, consideration of monocular PD measurement by an optician helps to ensure that the lenses will be located in the optimum position.
Whilst PD is an optometric term used to specify prescription eyewear, IPD is more critical for the design of binocular viewing systems, where both eye pupils need to be positioned within the exit pupils of the viewing system. These viewing systems include binocular microscopes, night vision devices or goggles (NVGs), and head-mounted displays (HMDs). IPD data are used in the design of such systems to specify the range of lateral adjustment of the exit optics or eyepieces. IPD is also used to describe the distance between the exit pupils or optical axes of a binocular optical system. The distinction with IPD is the importance of anthropometric databases and the design of binocular viewing devices with an IPD adjustment that will fit a targeted population of users. Because instruments such as binoculars and microscopes can be used by different people, the distance between the eye pieces is usually made adjustable to account for IPD. In some applications, when IPD is not correctly set, it can lead to an uncomfortable viewing experience and eye strain.
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# Pupillary distance
## Measuring pupillary distance {#measuring_pupillary_distance}
Binocular PD measurements are done from pupil to pupil while monocular PD measurements are from either right or left pupil to center of the nose bridge. Measurements are typically reported in millimeters. Different methods for measuring exist but accurate measurement can usually be determined by an eye care professional (ECP) during an eye examination. This is traditionally done with a small ruler referred to as a \"PD stick\", but nowadays it is more likely done using a corneal reflex based instrument placed on the nose bridge and work by sighting the corneal reflection produced by an internally-mounted coaxial light source (e.g. Essilor Corneal Reflection Pupillometer). This type of instrument, which is commonly referred to as a pupillometer, albeit incorrectly, may also be used to verify PD measurements taken with a PD stick.
As an alternative to having PD measured by an ECP, a variety of web and mobile (Android and iOS) apps are now widely available. Web apps are used by a variety of online sellers of eyeglasses where an object of known size, such as a credit card, is needed to assist (size reference) the measurement process. Some mobile apps have eliminated the need for a reference object to make accurate PD measurements by leveraging depth imaging and advanced algorithms now available on some mobile platforms. These tools have become more prevalent as online purchasing of eyewear became more popular. Purchasing glasses online can be a potential problem if the PD measurement isn\'t available. In both the UK and most of Canada (excluding British Columbia), the PD measurement is categorized under dispensing rather than eyewear prescription of the person whose eyes were tested, thus there is no obligation for PD to be provided on patient request.
## Viewing devices {#viewing_devices}
Devices such as stereo microscopes have small exit pupils, and adjustment for user IPD is necessary. These devices can be designed to fit a large range of IPDs as factors such as size and weight of the adjusting mechanism are not overly critical. In contrast to microscopes, the weight and bulk of night vision goggles (NVGs) and helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) are large factors for wearing comfort and usability. The ANVIS 9 aviation NVGs have an adjustment range of 52 to 72 mm. The Rockwell-Collins XL35 and XL50 binocular HMDs have a range of 55 to 75 mm. The US Department of Defense *1988 Army Survey* can be used to evaluate the percentage of the US Army population captured by these ranges.
Binocular HMDs can be designed with a fixed IPD to minimize weight, bulk and cost. The fixed-IPD design strategy assumes that the exit pupil will be large enough to capture the IPD range of a targeted population. An adjustable IPD design assumes that the lateral adjustment range in conjunction with the exit pupil size is required to capture the targeted population.
## Databases
Anthropometric databases are available that include IPD. These include the US Department of Defense\'s *Military Handbook 743A* and the *2012 Anthropometric Survey of US Army Personnel*. These databases express the IPD for each gender and sample size as the mean and standard deviation, minimum and maximum, and percentiles (e.g., 5th and 95th; 1st and 99th, 50th or median). Representative data from the US Army\'s 2012 anthropometric survey are shown in the following table.
+--------+---------+------+-----------+---------+---------+------------+
| Gender | Sample\ | Mean | Standard\ | Minimum | Maximum | Percentile |
| | size | | deviation | | | |
+========+=========+======+===========+=========+=========+============+
| 1st | 5th | 50th | 95th | 99th | | |
+--------+---------+------+-----------+---------+---------+------------+
| Female | 1986 | 61.7 | 3.6 | 51.0 | 74.5 | 53.5 |
+--------+---------+------+-----------+---------+---------+------------+
| Male | 4082 | 64.0 | 3.4 | 53.0 | 77.0 | 56.0 |
+--------+---------+------+-----------+---------+---------+------------+
: IPD values (mm) from the *2012 Anthropometric Survey of US Army Personnel*
Interpupillary distance (IPD) varies with respect to age, gender and race. The stereoscopic optics industry also has to take IPD variance and its extrema into account, because optical products need to be able to cope with many possible users, including those with the smallest and largest IPDs.
## Other applications {#other_applications}
IPD is also used in binocular vision science. For example, a bench-top haploscope may require setting the mirror separation for each experimental subject. Other experimental presentations may require the use of IPD to control for ocular convergence and binocular depth.
Several binocular HMDs that support night vision position the sensors on the sides of the helmet, effectively extending the IPD by approximately 4x and creating hyperstereopsis. Hyperstereopsis increases ocular convergence and causes near objects to appear closer and with exaggerated depth and slant.
IPD application is found in stereoscopy, virtual reality headsets gaming, education and training
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# Dilution (equation)
upright=1.35\|thumb\|Diluting a solution by adding more solvent
**Dilution** is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution, usually simply by mixing with more solvent like adding more water to the solution. To dilute a solution means to add more solvent without the addition of more solute. The resulting solution is thoroughly mixed so as to ensure that all parts of the solution are identical.
The same direct relationship applies to gases and vapors diluted in air for example. Although, thorough mixing of gases and vapors may not be as easily accomplished.
For example, if there are 10 grams of salt (the solute) dissolved in 1 litre of water (the solvent), this solution has a certain salt concentration (molarity). If one adds 1 litre of water to this solution, the salt concentration is reduced. The diluted solution still contains 10 grams of salt (0.171 moles of NaCl).
Mathematically this relationship can be shown by equation:
$c_1 V_1 = c_2 V_2$
where
- *c*~1~ = initial concentration or molarity
- *V*~1~ = initial volume
- *c*~2~ = final concentration or molarity
- *V*~2~ = final volume
\....
## Basic room purge equation {#basic_room_purge_equation}
The **basic room purge equation** is used in industrial hygiene. It determines the time required to reduce a known vapor concentration existing in a closed space to a lower vapor concentration. The equation can only be applied when the purged volume of vapor or gas is replaced with \"clean\" air or gas. For example, the equation can be used to calculate the time required at a certain ventilation rate to reduce a high carbon monoxide concentration in a room.
$D_t=\left [ \frac{V}{Q} \right ] \cdot \ln \left [ \frac{C_\text{initial}}{C_\text{ending}}\right ]$
Sometimes the equation is also written as:
$\ln \left [ \frac{C_\text{ending}}{C_\text{initial}}\right ] \quad = {-}\frac{Q}{V} \cdot (t_\text{ending} - t_\text{initial})$ where $t_\text{initial} = 0$
- *D~t~* = time required; the unit of time used is the same as is used for *Q*
- *V* = air or gas volume of the closed space or room in cubic feet, cubic metres or litres
- *Q* = ventilation rate into or out of the room in cubic feet per minute, cubic metres per hour or litres per second
- *C*~initial~ = initial concentration of a vapor inside the room measured in ppm
- *C*~final~ = final reduced concentration of the vapor inside the room in ppm
## Dilution ventilation equation {#dilution_ventilation_equation}
The basic room purge equation can be used only for purge scenarios. In a scenario where a liquid continuously evaporates from a container in a ventilated room, a differential equation has to be used:
$\frac{dC}{dt} = \frac{G - Q' C}{V}$
where the ventilation rate has been adjusted by a mixing factor *K*: $Q' = \frac{Q}{K}$
- *C* = concentration of a gas
- *G* = generation rate
- *V* = room volume
- *Q*′ = adjusted ventilation rate of the volume
## Dilution in welding {#dilution_in_welding}
The dilution in welding terms is defined as the weight of the base metal melted divided by the total weight of the weld metal. For example, if we have a dilution of 0.40, the fraction of the weld metal that came from the consumable electrode is 0.60
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# Roman Laughter
***Roman Laughter: The Comedy of Plautus*** is a book by Erich Segal, published by the Harvard University Press in 1968. It is a scholarly study of the work of the ancient Roman playwright Titus Maccius Plautus whose \"twenty complete comedies constitute the largest extant corpus of classical dramatic literature\" (p
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# Alto sarrusophone
The **alto sarrusophone** is the alto member of the sarrusophone family of metal double reed instruments. Pitched in E♭, its body is folded only once, and has a bocal that resembles the neck of a tenor saxophone.
Historically it was built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries principally by its inventor, Parisian instrument maker Pierre-Louis Gautrot and his successor, PGM Couesnon, as well as Evette & Schaeffer (now Buffet Crampon) and Romeo Orsi of Milan. It is currently only available by custom order, from Orsi or German instrument maker Benedikt Eppelsheim
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# Viva Max!
***Viva Max!*** is a 1969 comedy film directed by Jerry Paris and starring Peter Ustinov, Jonathan Winters and John Astin. The film was written by Elliott Baker based on the 1966 novel of the same name by James Lehrer.
## Plot
Riding a white horse, Brigadier General Maximilian Rodrigues de Santos of the army of Mexico arrives at a United States border crossing with a small company of soldiers on foot. He claims to be leading his men to Laredo, Texas to march in a parade on George Washington\'s birthday. The soldiers\' destination is actually San Antonio, where the general intends to carry out a quixotic mission to \"re-occupy\" the Alamo. None of his men are aware of his plans, but without argument they do whatever they are told by Max\'s devoted Sergeant Valdez.
Disguising himself in an ill-fitting suit as a tourist, Max goes on ahead and takes a guided tour of the Alamo. In the gift shop, he encounters an attractive young blonde, Paula, who, when she isn\'t selling postcards, is a radical student activist. He returns to his men and, after racing through the streets of San Antonio, they seize control of the fort, taking Paula and two other Americans as their prisoners. Max places a call to the local authorities, telling police chief Sylvester that the flag of Mexico now flies above this piece of hallowed Texas ground. Sylvester doesn\'t take him seriously at first, but quickly discovers that Max is an actual Army general and that everything else he has claimed is true. The chief goes to the Alamo to meet Max in person, using the passwords \"John Wayne\" and \"Richard Widmark\" to gain entry. Max instructs him to contact the Pentagon and report the fort to be back under Mexico\'s control.
As Max will only negotiate with another general, Sylvester calls on Billy Joe Hallson, a brigadier general of the state\'s National Guard, whose day job is running a mattress store. Max is unimpressed. A low-level bureaucrat from Washington condescendingly promises that if Max leaves quietly the United States will not take this \"invasion\" too seriously and mocks Mexico as \"not exactly the Soviet Union.\" To which Max announces he will hold the Alamo for thirteen days in response to the snub.
Paula sees Max as a heroic revolutionary but he tells her his only reason for the invasion was to impress his girlfriend back home who told him that his men wouldn\'t follow him into a brothel. A three-star U.S. Army general named Lacomber arrives to take charge. A company of his men scale the wall and enter the fort, but without ammunition, so as to avoid bloodshed and an international incident. It turns out Max\'s men are not carrying ammo, either, but the Americans fall for Max\'s bluff to open fire and promptly surrender. Max celebrates by doing a Mexican hat dance.
Paula brings the general back to earth by explaining that she has learned his soldiers follow him only because Valdez shoots any who do not obey orders. Disheartened, Max decides to wave the white flag of surrender and go peacefully. A private anti-communist militia, who think Max is a front for the Chinese, arrives just as Max is surrendering to Lacomber. Their leader, whose aunt is one of the hostages, shoots Max in the shoulder. Max bravely orders his unarmed men to attack the armed militia. His men, for the first time, willingly follow his orders and the militia flee as their leader is arrested.
Max then tells the U.S. authorities that he intends to \"advance\"---to Mexico. Satisfied at that, Sylvester, Lacomber and Hallson let the Mexican general get back on his horse. He rides out of town triumphantly with his men chanting proudly: \"Viva Max!\"
## Cast
- Peter Ustinov as General Maximillian Rodrigo De Santos aka Max
- Pamela Tiffin as Paula Whitland
- Jonathan Winters as General Billy Joe Hallson
- John Astin as Sergeant Valdez
- Keenan Wynn as General Lacomber
- Harry Morgan as Chief Sylvester
- Alice Ghostley as Hattie
- Larry Hankin as Pedro Romero
- Kenneth Mars as Sam Gillison
- Ann Morgan Guilbert as Edna Miller
- Bill McCutcheon as Desmond Miller
- Gino Conforti as Contreras
- Christopher Ross as Gomez
- Paul Sand as Moreno
- Don Diamond as Hernandez
- Jack Colvin as Garcia
- Jessica Myerson as Mrs. Dodd
- Ted Gehring as Customs Guard Collins
- Jim B. Smith as Customs Guard Michaels
- Eldon Quick as Quincy
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# Viva Max!
## Music
The film\'s musical styles drift back and forth between the sound of the \'invading\' army\'s military band and the late-1960\'s pop groove, the former during scenes focusing on the movement of Max\'s forces, and the latter during wider views of the invaders as seen within the surrounding activity of everyday American life going on all around them. The film credits the music to Hugo Montenegro along with the duo of Ralph Dino & John Sembello, with the ostentatious trumpet solos by virtuoso Al Hirt.
## Production
A controversy occurred when The Daughters of the Republic of Texas objected to the filming of the Alamo to the point of staging protests on location. This caused some scenes to be filmed at an Alamo replica in Brackettville, Texas and interior shots at studios in Italy instead of in San Antonio at the actual Alamo.
## Release
The film premiered in San Antonio, Texas on December 18, 1969
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3,736,616 |
# Palaeonemertea
**Palaeonemertea** is a class of primitive nemertean worm. It may be para- or polyphyletic, consisting of three to five clades and totalling about 100 species.
These worms have several apparently simple features and, as their name suggests, they are often considered to be the most primitive nemerteans. The primary body-wall musculature consists of an outer circular layer overlying a longitudinal layer.
The group includes genera such as *Cephalothrix* in which the nerve cords are inside the body-wall longitudinal muscle, and *Tubulanus*, in which the nerve cords are between the outer circular muscle and the epidermis. Tubulanids are commonly encountered in rocky areas of intertidal zones in the northern hemisphere. They are often bright orange or have very distinctive banding and or stripes and can be many metres long, although only a few millimetres thick
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3,736,617 |
# Kris Lemche
**Kris Lemche** (born February 23, 1978) is a Canadian actor.
## Career
At 17 years old, Kris Lemche answered a newspaper casting call and won a role on the Disney series *Flash Forward*.
Abandoning plans to study biochemistry in university, Lemche instead moved to Prince Edward Island to work on the CBC series *Emily of New Moon*. His work on the show earned him a Gemini Award.
In 2015, Lemche was cast as the lead in the drama pilot *Tales From The Darkside*, a remake of the 1980s horror/fantasy/thriller anthology series; ultimately, the *Tales From The Darkside* pilot was not picked up by a television network.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
1998 *Teen Knight* Peter as Kristopher Lemche; also known as *Medieval Park*
1999 *eXistenZ* Noel Dichter
*Johnny* Sean
2000 *Ginger Snaps* Sam Miller
*Saint Jude* Gabe
2001 *Knockaround Guys* Decker
2002 *My Little Eye* Rex
2005 *`{{sortname|A|Simple Curve}}`{=mediawiki}* Caleb
2006 *Roundhay Garden Scene 2* Canadian Spy Short film
*Final Destination 3* Ian McKinley
*Jack Rabbit* Darien DeCallo Short film
*State\'s Evidence* Patrick
2007 *`{{sortname|The|FP|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}* KCDC Short film
*`{{sortname|The|Day the Dead Weren't Dead|nolink=1}}`{=mediawiki}* Vincent Baker Short film
2008 *Conversation with the Supplicant* Supplicant Short film
2009 *Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead* Vince
2011 *In Time* Markus
*Green Guys* Travis Howard
2012 *Alter Egos* Fridge/Brendan
2013 data-sort-value=\"Frankenstein Theory, The\" \| *The Frankenstein Theory* Jonathan Venkenheim
2015 *Magic Hour* Dillon Fox
2016 *They\'re Watching* Alex Torini
*New Life* Michael
2018 *A Good Dinner Party* Leo-Paul Short film
2019 *The Wound* Otto Short film
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------ ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------ ----------------------------------------------
1996 *Flash Forward* Zed Goldhawk Episode: \"Double Bill\"
*Goosebumps* Sticks Episode: \"The Scarecrow Walks at Midnight\"
1997 *Newton: A Tale of Two Isaacs* Humphrey Newton TV movie
1998 *Eerie, Indiana: The Other Dimension* Rodney Covington Episode: \"The Goody Two-Shoes People\"
1998--2000 *Emily of New Moon* Perry Miller 32 episodes
*La Femme Nikita* Greg Hillinger 5 episodes
1999 *Joan of Arc* Emile TV miniseries
2000 *Twitch City* Clinton 2 episodes
*Children of Fortune* Shane Robertson TV movie
2001 *Bailey\'s Mistake* Malachy TV movie
2002 *My Guide to Becoming a Rock Star* Lucas Zank Main role, 6 episodes
2003 *`{{sortname|The|Division}}`{=mediawiki}* Darren Episode: \"Murder.com\"
*L.A. Dragnet* Randy Southbrook Episode: \"Sticks and Stones\"
2003--2004 *Joan of Arcadia* Cute Boy God 9 episodes
2004 *`{{sortname|The|Last Casino}}`{=mediawiki}* Scott TV movie
2005 *Criminal Minds* Eddy Mays Episode: \"Blood Hungry\"
2007 *Psych* Brandon Peterson Episode: \"Poker? I Barely Know Her\"
*Ghost Whisperer* Scott 3 episodes
2008 *24: Redemption* Chris Whitley TV movie
2009 *NCIS: Los Angeles* Tom Smith Episode: \"Random on Purpose\"
2010 *Edgar Floats* Timmy/Bunny TV movie
*CSI: Crime Scene Investigation* Joey Episode: \"Sgweegel\"
2012 *Flashpoint* Stewart Episode: \"Eyes In\"
2013 *CSI: NY* Anthony Lombardo Episode: \"Civilized Lies\"
2013--2015 *Haven* Seth Byrne 6 episodes
2015 *Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D
| 472 |
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3,736,626 |
# 1-Nonanol
**1-Nonanol**`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|oʊ|n|ə|n|ɒ|l}}`{=mediawiki} is a straight chain fatty alcohol with nine carbon atoms and the molecular formula CH~3~(CH~2~)~8~OH. It is a colorless oily liquid with a citrus odor similar to citronella oil.
Nonanol occurs naturally in orange oil. The primary use of nonanol is in the manufacture of artificial lemon oil. Various esters of nonanol, such as nonyl acetate, are used in perfumery and flavors.
## Nonanols
More common than 1-nonanol are its many isomers, including isononyl alcohol, which are typically produced by hydroformylation of octenes. Isomeric octenes are produced by dimerization of butenes. These alcohol mixtures are used as solvents in paints and as precursors to plasticizers.
## Toxicity
The LD50 (oral, rats) is about 2.98 g/kg
| 118 |
1-Nonanol
| 0 |
3,736,647 |
# Jenny (1969 film)
**\'\'Jenny***is a 1969 American drama film starring Marlo Thomas, in her film debut, and Alan Alda, produced by ABC Pictures and released by Cinerama Releasing Corp. Singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson provided*Jenny\'\'\'s theme song, \"Waiting\".
## Plot
Jenny, a young small-town woman, moves away to the city when she becomes pregnant through a one-night stand. She meets film director Delano, who has received a draft notice and does not want to be inducted into the Army. Jenny and Delano take a liking to each other. Learning that an acquaintance got out of having to serve by having a baby on the way, Delano offers to marry Jenny, claim paternity and support her baby, if she in turn will play along, and he can avoid being drafted.
In the months until Jenny\'s baby is born, the couple experiences the ups and downs of their in-name-only marriage, including a visit back to her family and hometown, and his ongoing relationship with another woman, as Delano and Jenny await the outcome of his draft case. At the end of the film, Jenny goes into labor. Delano brings Jenny a little music box; as it plays a nurse brings in Jenny\'s new baby. Jenny lovingly holds the newborn and begins to breastfeed as Delano looks on. The film ends with the two of them staring at the newborn, sleeping soundly in its mother\'s arms.
## Selected cast {#selected_cast}
- Marlo Thomas as Jenny Marsh
- Alan Alda as Delano
- Marian Hailey as Kay
- Phil Bruns as Fred Callahan
- Charlotte Rae as Bella Star
- Vincent Gardenia as Mr. Marsh
- Elizabeth Wilson as Mrs. Marsh
- Stephen Strimpell as Peter
## Release
The film opened at the Stage Door Theatre in San Francisco on December 22, 1969.
## Box office {#box_office}
In its opening week at the Stage Door Theatre it grossed \$16,000. After 26 weeks of release, it reached number one at the US box office. By 1973, the film had earned rentals of \$2,010,000 in the United States and Canada and \$815,000 in other countries. After all costs were deducted, it recorded an overall loss of \$1,170,000.
## Reception
Roger Greenspun wrote in the *New York Times*:
> *Jenny* is a very old‐fashioned film, gently accumulating the paraphernalia of a certain opportune modernism. All the movie memories are intellectual properties of a sort that you may discard if you wish to \'sigh\' over the sad‐happy story of a girl and her guy and her baby.\
> But it isn\'t so easy to make old‐fashioned movies now, and the values and life‐styles the film plays with, keep playing with it in return---so that *Jenny* often stumbles into (and alas, out of) a better kind of movie than it has any right to be.
## Nominations
The film was nominated for the Golden Globe award for Most Promising Newcomer -- Female (Marlo Thomas) in 1971
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3,736,660 |
# Lydia Rabinowitsch-Kempner
**Lydia Rabinowitsch-Kempner** (22 August 1871 -- 3 August 1935) was a Jewish bacteriologist, suffragette, and physician, known for her research on the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. In 1904, she identified the bacterium *tubercle bacilli* in raw milk. Her work was crucial to the development of Freund adjuvant. In 1912, she became the first woman to be granted professorship in Berlin. Eventually, Rabinowitsch became the director of the Moabit Hospital.
## Biography
Lydia Rabinowitsch was born at Kovno, Russian Empire (now Kaunas, Lithuania). She was educated at the girls\' gymnasium in Kovno, privately in Latin and Greek. Since she was a woman and Jewish, she was unable to get a higher education in Russia. Subsequently, she left to study the natural sciences at University of Zurich and obtained a doctorate at the University of Bern in 1894.
After graduation she went to Berlin, where Professor Robert Koch permitted her to pursue her bacteriological studies at the Robert Koch Institute for Infectious Diseases, becoming his only female apprentice, albeit unpaid.
In 1895, she went to Philadelphia, where she was appointed lecturer, and eventually, a professor at the Woman\'s Medical College of Pennsylvania. In April 1898, she returned to Berlin. She married bacteriologist Walter Kempner (1869-1920).
After the discovery a species, *trypanosome lewisi*, in 1877, she identified the different stages of the parasite.
In 1896, she delivered before the International Congress of Women a lecture on the study of medicine by women in various countries in Berlin. At the congress of scientists held at Breslau in 1904 she presided over the section for hygiene and bacteriology.
In 1902, she went to Odessa to study the plague. Subsequently, Rabinowitsch studied *African trypanosomiasis* in East Africa alongside Robert Koch. In 1904, she uncovered in raw milk the bacterium, *tubercle bacilli*, which Robert Koch had previously attempted but failed in the past.
Once she returned to Berlin, Rabinowitsch received a position as a research assistant at the Pathology Institute at the Charité Hospital focusing on tuberculosis. From 1914, to 1933, she was the editor of Zeischrift Fur Tuberkulose.
In 1912, she was granted professorship, the first woman to receive the title. In 1912, Kaiser Wilhelm honoured her, but this led to an anti-semitic backlash in the press and she was denied employment.
Dr. Rabinowitsch's research focused around the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis by dairy products; her work led to the development of Freund adjuvant. She worked with Pasteur Institute authorities to solve the BCG vaccine crisis after accidental contamination in Lubock led to patients being infected with tuberculosis.
Eventually, Rabinowitsch became director at the Bacteriological Institute of Moabit Hospital, the second most important hospital in Berlin. In 1933, she was forced out due to the boycott of Jewish institutions after the rise of Nazism, which saw many Jewish doctors dismissed and forbidden to return.
## Family
Their first son was the jurist Robert Kempner (1899-1993). Their younger son, Dr Walter Kempner Jr. (1903-1997), was also a medical doctor. He was known for his rice diet. Her daughter, Nadja Kempner, died from tuberculosis in 1932. She died August 3, 1935 in Berlin, aged 64, from undisclosed causes
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