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# Orujo
**Orujo** is a pomace brandy (a liquor obtained from the distillation of marc, the solid remains left after pressing of the grape) from northern Spain. It is a transparent spirit with an alcohol content over 50% (100°US ; 87.6ºBritain and Commonwealth proof). Its name comes from the expression \"*aguardiente de orujo*\" (pomace spirit).
It is popular in northern Spain, particularly in Galicia, but also in Asturias, Castile and León and Cantabria (principally in the valley of Liébana). It is also called *augardente* or *aguardiente* (\"firewater\"), and *caña.* Orujo has become an artisanal craft for some families who after making wine for themselves distill the pomace in a little pot still. Many high-quality distilled spirits have appeared in the last twenty years, including some origin appellations (in Spanish, D.O.). These are obtained from quality grapes and produced according to the highest standards and are replacing the traditional homemade liquor, nowadays only available in small villages.
## Production
Orujo\'s basic ingredient is the residue from wine production. Once the grapes are crushed, the orujos or residue of the grapes can be used to produce the liqueur of the same name. The grape skins, seeds and stalks are fermented in closed vats and then distilled. Stills, called alambiques, alquitaras or potas are traditionally large copper kettles that are heated over an open fire, while a poteiro (orujo distiller) watches over his brew. The distilling process in the alambiques takes six hours or more. The copper stills used by Galicians for centuries are thought to have been brought to the Iberian peninsula by the Arabs, which in fact, never was.
The orujo that is produced by the distillation is a colorless liquor, while the orujo envejecido or \"aged orujo\" is amber in color. The aged variety is fermented and distilled the same way, but is then poured into oak barrels to age for at least two years.
## History
Orujo is made in the north of Portugal and Spain. The monasteries in the county of Liébana, Cantabria has been distilling orujo since the Middle Ages. Each November the town of Potes celebrates the \"*Fiesta del Orujo*\", including tastings and a contest where participants distill orujo in public with their own stills and judges award a prize for the best-tasting batch. Since the 16th century Galicians have made orujo on their farms and take great pride in their liqueur, each family carefully guarding their own secret recipe. However, there are now over 20 commercial producers of orujo within *Denominación Específica Orujo de Galicia*, (\"Denomination Orujo of Galicia\"), which was formed in 1989.
## Orujo beverages {#orujo_beverages}
From orujo, Galicians traditionally make a drink called \"queimada\" (= *burnt*), in which bits of lemon peel, sugar and ground coffee are put into a clay pot or a hollow pumpkin when available. Then the orujo is poured on top and the pot is set fire to and allowed to burn until the flame turns blue.
In the Cantabria, León and Asturias mountain regions of the Cantabrian Mountains, three main derived versions are known, the original, *orujo de hierbas* (or *té de los puertos*, \"tea of the mountain passes\"), *orujo de café* (*café de los puertos*) and *crema de orujo* (\"orujo cream\"), among others lesser known.
## Other versions {#other_versions}
Other pomace brandies similar to orujo, although with distinct names and characteristics, are also found in other countries, such as France (*marc*), Italy (*grappa*), Germany (*tresterschnaps*), Portugal (*bagaceira*), Hungary (*törkölypálinka*), Romania (*rachiul de tescovina*), while in Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Greece and Cyprus it is the local variant of rakia. In Galicia itself it is also sometimes referred to as *augardente*, and in the rest of Spain as *aguardiente*.
The term \"*orujo*\" (in Galician, *bagazo*) is also sometimes used as a synonym for the pomace of the grape (prior to distillation)
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# Sada, Galicia
**Sada** is a municipality of northwestern Spain in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia. It is situated in the Rías Altas
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# António Maria da Silva
**António Maria da Silva**, GCTE (`{{IPA|pt|ɐ̃ˈtɔniu mɐˈɾiɐ ðɐ ˈsilvɐ}}`{=mediawiki}; 26 May 1872 in Lisbon -- 14 October 1950 in Lisbon) was a Portuguese politician. An engineer, he was a prominent member of the Portuguese Republican Party. He was Prime Minister (President of the Council of Ministers) for four times, during the Portuguese First Republic. After his party\'s victory in the legislative elections of 8 November 1925, he was invited to form a government. He led a great campaign against President Manuel Teixeira Gomes, that forced him to resign. He was the last Prime Minister of the 1st Republic, resigning two days after the 28 May 1926 military movement.
For his services, he was awarded with the Grand Cross of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
He was caricatured in the very first Portuguese animated film, *O Pesadelo de António Maria* (1923) by Joaquim Guerreiro
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# 1891 Brazilian presidential election
Indirect presidential elections were held in Brazil on 25 February 1891. They were the first presidential elections in the country following the overthrow of the monarchy, with the president and vice president elected by members of Congress. Under the constitution promulgated by Congress on 24 February 1891, the elections were held the following day and the winners took office on 26 February.
Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca (who had been Head of the Provisional Government since 15 November 1889, when the monarchy was overthrown) was elected president, while Floriano Vieira Peixoto was elected vice president
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# Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes
**Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes** (1895 -- 4 September 1952) was an Indonesian radiology medical doctor. Johannes was the first Indonesian medical doctor who learned radiology in the CBZ (Civil Hospital) in Batavia and then became an expert in Rontgen technology and had contributed a lot to the development of medical studies in Indonesia. The Indonesian government honored WZ Johannes as a National Hero of Indonesia and named a general hospital in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara after him. As a tribute, the name Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes was used on an Indonesian Navy ship, the KRI Wilhelmus Zakarias Yohannes. Johannes died in 1952 and was buried at the Jati Petamburan Cemetery in Central Jakarta.
WZ Johannes was the cousin of Professor Herman Johannes, an Indonesian professor who was the Rector of Gadjah Mada University and uncle of Helmi Johannes, a newscaster and executive producer for VOA Indonesian television in Washington DC
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# Joey McNicol
**Joey McNicol** is an activist against E-mail spam. He became notable after a high-profile court case in which he was the defendant. The case alleged that he had caused IP addresses of companies controlled by Wayne Mansfield to be blacklisted. The case against him was dismissed in October 2002
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# New Jersey Meadowlands Commission
The **New Jersey Meadowlands Commission** (NJMC; formerly the **Hackensack Meadowlands Development Commission**) was a regional zoning, planning and regulatory agency in northern New Jersey. Its founding mandates were to protect the delicate balance of nature, provide for orderly development, and manage solid waste activities in the New Jersey Meadowlands District. The Commission operated as an independent state agency between 1969 and 2015, loosely affiliated with the New Jersey Department of Community Affairs. In 2015 NJMC was merged with the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority (NJSEA) through legislative action.
## Establishment
The Meadowlands Commission was established by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature in 1969, sponsored in the New Jersey Senate by Fairleigh S. Dickinson Jr. The merger with NJSEA was made effective in February 2015.
## Geographic jurisdiction {#geographic_jurisdiction}
The Meadowlands District is composed of 19730 acre, approximately 31 mi^2^, of 14 municipalities in Bergen and Hudson counties. They are: Carlstadt, East Rutherford, Little Ferry, Lyndhurst, Moonachie, North Arlington, Ridgefield, Rutherford, South Hackensack, and Teterboro in Bergen County; and Jersey City, Kearny, North Bergen, and Secaucus in Hudson County.
The Meadowlands District stretches mainly along the delta of the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers as they flow into Newark Bay; tributaries of the Hackensack include Berrys Creek and Overpeck Creek. The District is bordered by U.S. Route 46 on the north, Routes U.S. Route 1/9 (Tonnelle Avenue) and the freight rail line owned by Norfolk Southern Railway and CSX Transportation Corp. (the former Conrail main line) on the east, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) commuter rail lines and Pulaski Skyway on the south, and Route 17, the Pascack Valley Line, and the Kingsland rail line on the west.
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# New Jersey Meadowlands Commission
## Program history {#program_history}
Prior to the establishment of the NJMC, the Meadowlands region was viewed as a dumping ground, and the Hackensack River and its marshes were often seen as places to fill for commercial and industrial development.
Through cooperation with environmentalists, businesses, mayors, state and federal agencies, the NJMC authored a new Master Plan for the Meadowlands District in 2004 to target development to brownfield and greyfield sites, revitalizing formerly blighted areas into places of economic and community growth and preserving 8400 acre of wetlands and open space. The new Master Plan anticipates a market value of \$5.6 billion and the creation of 56,250 new permanent jobs in the Meadowlands District through the Secaucus Transit Village, Belleville Turnpike Redevelopment Area, and other redevelopment projects.
Following the Master Plan\'s adoption, the NJMC focused its goals into four policy areas: improving environmental stewardship, fostering economic success with an eye on business growth, aiding municipalities, and expanding special services, educational and cultural programs. These policies are backed by MAGNET (Meadowlands Area Grants for Natural and Economic Transformation), a five-year, \$32 million funding plan.
All but one landfill in the Meadowlands district have been permanently closed.
In 2006, milestones for the NJMC included plans to bring 20 megawatts of renewable energy (solar, tidal, geothermal, etc.) to the Meadowlands District by the year 2020, the establishment of green building guidelines to encourage environmentally friendly development, endorsement of the Kyoto Protocol to lower greenhouse gas emissions, and the release of \"Birding and Wildlife Trails: Meadowlands and More,\" a free, 72-page color guide encouraging visitors to enjoy eco-tourism activities in the region including birding, catch-and-release fishing, hiking, canoeing, and pontoon boat cruises offered in the summer.
The NJMC also advanced the sharing of services between the 14 Meadowlands municipalities to lighten the municipalities' individual tax burdens. The agency has established a municipal equipment pool, offered financial and technical assistance with New Jersey Council on Affordable Housing (COAH) planning, and allocated \$1 million to investigate additional shared services programs. The agency is also leading regional efforts to improve stormwater management and create a comprehensive transportation plan for the Meadowlands District.
## Environmental research {#environmental_research}
In order to support its land use management and other policies with scientific data, the NJMC established the Meadowlands Environmental Research Institute (MERI). MERI has placed comprehensive air and water quality monitoring systems throughout the Meadowlands District, and has developed geographic information system digital mapping technology for the Meadowlands municipalities. MERI functions as a center for scientific investigations of the urban wetlands, their functioning, restoration, and sustainable management.
As reorganized under NJSEA, the research facility is called the Meadowlands Research and Restoration Institute.
## Land protections in the district {#land_protections_in_the_district}
The NJMC has acquired more than 1800 acre of the remaining wetlands in the Meadowlands District for preservation and enhancement. The Skeetkill Creek Marsh in Ridgefield, Harrier Meadow in North Arlington, and Mill Creek Marsh in Secaucus have been restored or enhanced through the agency\'s efforts. Goals of restorations include increased tidal flow, the reduction of phragmites, and greater use of the site by estuarine species of fish, waterfowl, and shorebirds.
According to a report by the New Jersey Audubon Society, the Meadowlands is a major part of the Atlantic Flyway migration route. Two hundred and sixty five species of birds including great and snowy egrets, tree swallow, peregrine falcon, osprey, black-crowned night heron, ruddy duck, red-tailed hawk, double-crested cormorant, and American bald eagle have been spotted in the Meadowlands.
Many of these species can be seen from the 100 acre of park lands and 8 mi of trails that have been constructed by the NJMC for public access, environmental education, conservation and enhancement. These parks include Richard W. DeKorte Park in Lyndhurst, home to a butterfly garden, World Trade Center Memorial, overlook of New York City, several trails, the NJSEA Meadowlands Environment Center, an educational facility, and the William D. McDowell Observatory.
Other parks in the region include Laurel Hill County Park in Secaucus, Kearny Marsh in Kearny, River Barge Park and Marina in Carlstadt and the Richard P. Kane Natural Area
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# Willis Polk
**Willis Jefferson Polk** (October 3, 1867 -- September 10, 1924) was an American architect, best known for his work in San Francisco, California. For ten years, he was the West Coast representative of D.H. Burnham & Company. In 1915, Polk oversaw the architectural committee for the Panama--Pacific International Exposition (PPIE).
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Willis Polk was born on October 3, 1867, in Jacksonville, Illinois to architect builder Willis Webb Polk (1836-1906). The eldest of four children, in 1873 he moved with his family to Saint Louis, Missouri and again by 1881 to Hope, Arkansas. Willis Jr began his architectural training with his brother Daniel in his father\'s office.
In 1885, Polk\'s family moved again to Kansas City, where Willis Webb Polk, the father, serving as a founding member of the Kansas City Architects Association, was able to introduce his eldest son to Adriance Van Brunt, principal of the firm Van Brunt & Howe to gain more experience as a draftsperson. Since Van Brunt & Howe of Boston had just established a branch office there, a few years later Willis Jr left Kansas City to seek his future studying under former Van Brunt associate William Robert Ware at Columbia University in New York City.
## Career
Willis Polk\'s early career included work with McKim, Mead & White, as well as Bernard Maybeck. In 1889, Polk joined the office of A. Page Brown in New York and moved with Brown\'s firm to San Francisco, subsequently taking over the Ferry Building project following Brown\'s death. Though his own career was inconsistent during these years, Polk became an active and outspoken advocate for the architectural profession and the standards of good design. During 1890-91 he published three issues of the Architectural News, conceived as an alternative to the conservative California Architect and Building News. In addition to Polk, John Galen Howard, Ernest Coxhead, and Bertram Goodhue were contributors to the News. In 1894, Polk led the Guild of Arts and Crafts, an organization of artists and architects, in an effort to create a Board of Public Works that would approve the design of all municipal projects. Polk also wrote a series of short critiques for *The Wave*, a San Francisco weekly review, between 1892 and 1899. At times harsh in his criticisms, Polk often alienated colleagues and former associates with his comments.
After much dissatisfaction with their logo, in 1894 the Sierra Club adopted a design by Willis Polk. It was used with small changes until 1998.
He struggled to earn commissions, and in 1897 he declared bankruptcy. However, an opportunity presented itself in 1899. Francis Hamilton, of the local firm Percy & Hamilton, died, and George Washington Percy asked Polk to be his new partner. Polk was primarily in charge of design and employee management, while Percy focused on the business end. The partnership gave Polk a relief to his debt and the opportunity to work on large-scale commercial structures. The partnership designed five buildings, including One Lombard Street. Addison Mizner was one of his apprentices.
In 1901, Polk went on a tour of Europe and Chicago. In Chicago, he met prominent architect Daniel Burnham. From 1903 to 1913, Polk was the West Coast representative of D.H. Burnham & Company. Polk designed several of his most notable structures while associated with the firm, including the Merchants Exchange Building, the tallest building in San Francisco upon its completion in 1903. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake opened up numerous opportunities for Polk to design Burnham structures. He was a member of Mayor Eugene Schmitz\'s Committee of Fifty leaders who undertook ambitious plans to rebuild a world-class city. Polk was tasked with convincing city officials to adopt Burnham\'s 1905 Plan of San Francisco.
By 1910, Willis Polk was recognized as one of the most influential architects and urban planners in the city. Polk was again credited for designing the tallest building in San Francisco when his Hobart Building was completed in 1914. In 1915, Polk was appointed the chair of the architectural planning committee for the Panama--Pacific International Exposition. When the exposition concluded, Polk led the effort to preserve Bernard Maybeck\'s Palace of Fine Arts. One of Polk\'s most influential commissions came in 1916, when he was tasked to design the Hallidie Building. Its glass curtain facade was a precursor to modern skyscraper development. It has been argued to be the most important building in San Francisco. Polk was a versatile architect, with particular skill in combining classical styles with environmental harmony. He was regarded for his elegant residential work, mainly in mansions and estates, in the Georgian Revival style for wealthy and prominent San Francisco residents.
After World War I, Polk\'s productivity declined. He oversaw the design of the War Memorial Opera House and Veterans Building, part of the planned Civic Center. In 1917, Polk designed but was not involved in the construction of the single family homes at 831, 837, 843 and 849 Mason Street in the exclusive area of Nob Hill in San Francisco at the intersection with California Street opposite the Mark Hopkins Hotel building. 849 Mason Street was redeveloped into four luxury apartments called Four at the Top in 1983 by the restaurateur and wine maker Pat Kuleto.
## Legacy and death {#legacy_and_death}
Polk died at home in San Mateo, California on September 10, 1924, at the age of 56. He is buried in Santa Clara Mission Cemetery in Santa Clara, California. After his death, his stepson Austin P. Moore ran his business Willis Polk & Co. into the 1930s.
Some of his papers are held at University of California, Berkeley, and scrapbooks are held at the California Historical Society and on microfilm at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art.
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# Willis Polk
## Notable Polk buildings {#notable_polk_buildings}
- Le Petit Trianon, on the grounds of De Anza College, Cupertino, California (1892)
- Valentine Rey house, 428 Golden Gate Avenue, Belvedere, California (1893)
- Bourn Mansion, 2550 Webster Street, Pacific Heights, San Francisco, California (1896) made for William Bowers Bourn II, which made clinker brick famous
- Robert Louis Stevenson Memorial, Portsmouth Square, San Francisco, with Bruce Porter (1897)
- Wyntoon, private estate in rural Siskiyou County, California, for attorney Charles Stetson Wheeler and later associated with the Hearst family, featured in 1899 in *The American Architect and Building News* (1899)
- First Church of Christ Scientist, 43 E. Saint James St., San Jose, California. A Neoclassical-style church with the floor in the shape of a Greek cross (1904)
- Merchants Exchange Building, San Francisco (1904; 1907 reconstruction with Julia Morgan)
- Alvinza Hayward Building (1906), 400 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, California; San Francisco Landmark #161;
:
: with George Washington Percy
- Reconstruction of the James C. Flood Mansion as new home of the Pacific-Union Club, Nob Hill, San Francisco (1907)
- Reconstruction of old Chronicle Building, now the Ritz-Carlton Club and Residences, San Francisco (1907)
- Reconstruction of the Mills Building and Tower (1908; expansions 1914 and 1918)
- Sunol Water Temple, Sunol, California (1910)
- Western Pacific Passenger Depot, Sacramento, California (1910)
- St. Mark\'s Episcopal Church (Berkeley, California) (1911)
- Irvine-Byrne Building (1911 renovation)
- Pacific Gas & Electric Company, River Station B, 400 Jibboom Street, Sacramento, California (1912)
- Carolands Chateau, estate located in Hillsborough, California. Built by Willis, following the plans of French architect Ernest Sanson (1914--1916)
- Hobart Building, 582--592 Market Street, San Francisco, California (1914)
- Filoli Estate, Woodside, California. (1915--1917)
- Hallidie Building, San Francisco (1917--1918)
- Reconstruction of Mission San Francisco de Asís (1917)
- St. Francis Yacht Club Clubhouse, San Francisco (c. 1924)
- Beach Chalet, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco (1925)
- Kezar Stadium, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco (1925)
- Tobin House
- Redesign of McCullagh--Jones House, Los Gatos, California (1931)
- Spring Valley Water Company, 425 Mason Street, San Francisco, California
- NE corner of 9th & Dolores, Carmel-by-the-Sea, California (1903 - for Polk\'s parents, Willis & Endemial Polk)
- 86 Sea View, Piedmont, California (for James K
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# Paredes de Coura
**Paredes de Coura** (`{{IPA|pt|pɐˈɾeðɨʒ ðɨ ˈkoɾɐ|-|Pt-pt Paredes de Coura FF.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 9,198, in an area of 138.19 km^2^.
The municipality is located in the district of Viana do Castelo. The present Mayor is Prof. Vitor Paulo Pereira, elected by the Socialist Party. The municipal holiday is August 10.
## Parishes
The municipality is composed of 16 parishes:
- Agualonga
- Bico e Cristelo
- Castanheira
- Cossourado e Linhares
- Coura
- Cunha
- Formariz e Ferreira
- Infesta
- Insalde e Porreiras
- Mozelos
- Padornelo
- Parada
- Paredes de Coura e Resende
- Romarigães
- Rubiães
- Vascões
## Paredes de Coura Festival {#paredes_de_coura_festival}
The town is internationally famous for the Paredes de Coura summer rock festival.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Tomás Rodrigues da Cunha (1598--1638) a Portuguese lay brother in the Order of Discalced Carmelites, known as *Redemptus of the Cross*
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# Samuel G. Freedman
**Samuel G. Freedman** (born October 3, 1955) is an American author, journalist, and longtime professor at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.
## Biography
Born in 1955 in Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City, Freedman was raised in Highland Park, New Jersey, along with his younger brother and sister. His father, David Freedman, co-founded the life science company New Brunswick Scientific (now a subsidiary of Eppendorf). His mother, Eleanor (née Hatkin), was the subject of his book, *Who She Was*.
A paper boy in his youth, Freedman went on to attend the University of Wisconsin--Madison after graduating Highland Park High School in 1973. After receiving his bachelor\'s degree in journalism and history in 1977, Freedman went on to work at the *Courier News* in New Jersey and later the *Suburban Trib*, a now-defunct subsidiary of the *Chicago Tribune*. Before publishing his first book in 1990 and gaining his professorship at Columbia University, Freedman was a staff reporter for the culture section of *The New York Times*.
Freedman has authored multiple nonfiction books, including *Who She Was: A Son\'s Search for His Mother\'s Life*, a book about his mother\'s life as a teenager and young woman, and *Letters to a Young Journalist*. He won a National Jewish Book Award in 2000 in the non-fiction category for *Jew vs. Jew: The Struggle for the Soul of American Jewry.* His book *The Inheritance: How Three Families Moved from Roosevelt to Reagan and Beyond* was a finalist for the 1997 Pulitzer Prize. His book *Breaking the Line: The Season in Black College Football That Transformed the Sport and Changed the Course of Civil Rights* was published in 2013. His book about Hubert Humphrey, *Into the Bright Sunshine*, was published in 2023.
Freedman has also written the \"On Religion\" column in *The New York Times* and formerly wrote the \"In the Diaspora\" column in *The Jerusalem Post*.
Freedman served as a judge for the 2019 and 2020 American Mosaic Journalism Prize.
In the spring of 2025, Freedman taught his final semester at Columbia, concluding 35 years of teaching---over the years, there were 95 books published by the approximately 675 students who took the class.
## Works
- *Small Victories: The Real World of a Teacher, Her Students, and Their High School*, New York: Harper and Row (1990)
- *Upon This Rock: The Miracles of a Black Church*, New York: HarperCollins (1993)
- *The Inheritance: How Three Families Moved from Roosevelt to Reagan and Beyond*, New York: Simon & Schuster (1996)
- *Jew vs. Jew: The Struggle for the Soul of American Jewry*, New York: Simon & Schuster (2000)
- *Who She Was: A Son\'s Search for His Mother\'s Life*, New York: Simon & Schuster (2005)
- *Letters to a Young Journalist*, New York: Basic Books (2006, revised and updated in 2011)
- *Breaking the Line: The Season in Black College Football That Transformed the Sport and Changed the Course of Civil Rights*, New York: Simon & Schuster (2013)
- *Into the Bright Sunshine*, Oxford University Press (2023)
## Views
Freedman has described white identity as \"a source of power and privilege\", that has been utilized historically in the United States in \"opposition to black progress\" (commonly called white backlash). He has also suggested that Donald Trump\'s administration has used the conservative movement and Republicanism as a vehicle for white identity
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# Frankfurt U-Bahn
The **Frankfurt U-Bahn** is a Stadtbahn (premetro) system serving Frankfurt, Germany. Together with the Rhine-Main S-Bahn and the tram network, it forms the backbone of the public transport system in Frankfurt. Its name derives from the German term for underground railway, ***U**ntergrund**bahn***. Since 1996, the U-Bahn has been owned and operated by `{{interlanguage link|Stadtwerke Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt am Main|de}}`{=mediawiki} (VGF), the public transport company of Frankfurt, and is part of the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV) transport association. The licence contract is up to 31 December 2031 and is renewable. The contracting authority of VGF is the municipal transport company `{{Proper name|traffiQ}}`{=mediawiki}.
The U-Bahn opened in 1968, and has been expanded several times. It consists of three inner-city tunnels and above-ground lines in the suburbs. About 59% of the track length is underground. The network operates on a variety of right of ways typical of a light rail system, with core sections running underground in the inner city and some above-ground sections operating on street.
Like all public transport lines in Frankfurt, the system has been integrated in the Rhein-Main Verkehrsverbund (RMV) since 1995. From 1974 until the founding of the RMV, the Stadtwerke were shareholders in the predecessor group, the Frankfurter Verkehrsverbund (FVV; Frankfurt Transport Association).
The network consists of 84 stations on nine lines, with a total length of 64.85 km. Eight of the nine lines travel through the city center (line U9 being the exception). In 2023, the U-Bahn carried 123.6 million passengers, an average of approximately 338,600 passengers per day. The most recent expansion of the network was on 12 December 2010 when two new lines were added, the U8 and the U9 (both part of the long-planned but only partially completed fourth route), which opened up the university campus area and the new development area at Riedberg.
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# Frankfurt U-Bahn
## History
At the beginning of the 1950s, the first plans were made to relieve the then already overburdened tram. More than 100,000 motor vehicles were registered in Frankfurt in 1958, and more than 180,000 commuters used the transport infrastructure on a daily basis. Various alternatives to the construction of a modern high-speed traffic system and the separation of above-ground traffic flows were discussed. On 5 April 1960, the SPD faction requested that the city council might commit to a two-line straddle-beam monorail system designed by Alweg. Lord Mayor Werner Bockelmann, however, advocated from the outset the construction of a U-Bahn, which was however considered the most expensive option. On 7 July 1960, the city council therefore commissioned a city planner with the preparation of a general planning overview in order to compare the costs of the three systems: Alweg straddle-beam monorail, U-Bahn and Stadtbahn (premetro). Responsible for the planning was in October 1961 designated to the head of the Traffic Department Walter Möller. The decision was finally made in late 1961 in favour of a U-Bahn system, which was to be built in several sections initially using existing tram infrastructure. In the first construction phase, the tunnels of the inner city were to be built for the time being, which were to be connected via provisional ramps to the adjacent tram routes. It was not until the second construction phase that the tunnels were to be extended beyond the inner city and connected to suitable upgraded above-ground routes in the suburbs. In the third construction phase, the change from Stadtbahn to U-Bahn would have been completed, which was to operate completely independently of traffic in tunnels, cuts and dams.
On 28 June 1963 the first pile of rubble for the construction of the 3.2 km-long tunnel under the Eschersheimer Landstraße. For the first stage of development until 1975 - approximately corresponding to today\'s main lines A and B - construction costs of 565 million DM were expected. The new Lord Mayor Willi Brundert compared the \"boldly begun subway construction\" in 1964 in its dimensions with the medieval cathedral building.
After just one year, the ambitious mammoth project threatened to fail due to financing problems. Falling tax revenues and a tax policy geared towards federal and state governments drove the municipalities close to ruin in the mid-1960s. Frankfurt was 1.4 billion DM in debt in 1964, the most heavily indebted city in Germany, with a regular budget of 733 million DM. Under pressure to stabilize the budget deficit, the 1964--65 municipal assembly reduced long-term investment planning from 2.7 billion DM to 1.7 billion DM and even hinted that for some time that Eschersheimer Landstraße would be \"impassable desert\" after completion of the tunnelling work.
The U-Bahn opened on 4 October 1968, with the first route running from Hauptwache to Nordweststadt (now line U1). This first section ended up costing 344 million DM to construct, of which the federal government contributed 56 million DM and the state of Hesse contributed 129 million DM.
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# Frankfurt U-Bahn
## Current lines {#current_lines}
The route network consists of the four routes \"A\", \"B\", \"C\" and \"D\" used by a total of nine different services, U1 to U9. The total operating length of is 64.85 km. The first three routes (\"A\", \"B\" and \"C\") each have a separate tunnelled section under the city centre. The fourth, D, route is still only partially completed. Central sections of the routes, shared by multiple services, are called \"basic route\" or \"trunk route\"; these branch out into several \"connecting lines\", which are usually used by only one service and are sometimes referred to as \"upgraded lines\". The terms \"basic section\" and \"connecting section\" and their designations are based on the names of the construction sections. Sections of the legs were designated by the letter of the route and a Roman numerical suffix - sections of the connecting lines with an Arabic numeral. The designation of the connecting lines \"A1\", \"A2\", \"A3\" and \"B1\" was also used to designate the lines until 1978.
Like all light rail vehicles, trams and subways in Germany, the Frankfurt U-Bahn is subject to the BOStrab tram regulations. The tunnels and the above-ground section between Römerstadt and Ginnheim are completely separate from other traffic. Most of the other above-ground sections run on reserved track but have numerous level crossings for road traffic and pedestrians. The section of the U5 between Friedberger Anlage and Marbachweg operates in the largely on street.
Tunnels exist at -
- A Line: South of Dornbusch, into the city centre, Nordwestzentrum (small section)
- B Line: Scheffeleck and Seckbacher Landstraße to Bockenheimer Warte.
- C Line: Kirchplatz to Johanna-Tesch-Platz and Ostbahnhof
+-----------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| Route | Line | Path | Stations |
+===========+======+======================================================================================================================================================================+==========+
| **A**\ | | **Ginnheim** - Römerstadt - Nordwestzentrum - Hauptwache - Willy-Brandt-Platz - **Südbahnhof** | 20 |
| (and D) | | | |
+-----------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **A** | | **Bad Homburg-Gonzenheim** - Ober-Eschbach - Nieder-Eschbach - Bonames - Hauptwache - Willy-Brandt-Platz - **Südbahnhof** | 21 |
+-----------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **A** | | **Oberursel-Hohemark** - Oberursel - Niederursel - Hauptwache - Willy-Brandt-Platz - **Südbahnhof** | 28 |
+-----------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **B**\ | | **Enkheim** - **Schäfflestraße** - Seckbacher Landstraße - Bornheim - Konstablerwache - Willy-Brandt-Platz - Hauptbahnhof - Festhalle/Messe - **Bockenheimer Warte** | 15 |
| (and C+D) | | | |
+-----------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **B** | | **Preungesheim** - Eckenheim - Hauptfriedhof - Konstablerwache - Willy-Brandt-Platz - **Hauptbahnhof** | 16 |
+-----------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **C** | | **Hausen** - Bockenheimer Warte - Hauptwache - Konstablerwache -\ | 12 |
| | | **Ostbahnhof** | |
+-----------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **C** | | **Heerstraße** - Bockenheimer Warte - Hauptwache - Konstablerwache - Eissporthalle -\ | 20 |
| | | Hessen-Center - **Enkheim** | |
+-----------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **A**\ | | **Riedberg** - Niederursel - Hauptwache - Willy-Brandt-Platz - **Südbahnhof** | 19 |
| (and D) | | | |
+-----------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **D**\ | | **Nieder-Eschbach** - Riedberg - Niederursel - Nordwestzentrum - Römerstadt - **Ginnheim** | 12 |
| (and A) | | | |
+-----------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
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# Frankfurt U-Bahn
## Current lines {#current_lines}
### Routings
These are individual routings.
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+-----------+---+
| | Stretch | Line | Routing | Opening | Stations | Frequency | |
+===+===========================+===========================================+==========================================================================================================================================================================================+============+==========+===========+===+
| | A1 | | **Ginnheim** ↔ **Heddernheim**\ | 1968--1978 | | ½ | |
| | | | **Hochbahn:** Ginnheim -- Römerstadt -- **Tunnel:** Nordwestzentrum -- Heddernh. Landstr. -- **Eisenbahn:** Zeilweg -- Heddernheim | | | | |
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+-----------+---+
| | A2 | | **Bad Homburg-Gonzenheim** ↔ **Heddernheim**\ | 1971 | | ½ | |
| | | | **Eisenbahn:** Gonzenheim -- Ndr.-Eschb. -- Bonames -- Mertonviertel -- Heddernheim | | | | |
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+-----------+---+
| | A3 | | **Oberursel-Hohemark** ↔ **Heddernheim**\ | 1978 | | ½ | |
| | | | **Eisenbahn:** Hohemark -- Oberursel -- Weißkirchen -- Niederursel -- Heddernheim | | | | |
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+-----------+---+
| | B1 | | **Preungesheim** ↔ **Konstablerwache**\ | 1974--1978 | | | ½ |
| | | | **Stadtbahn:** Preungesheim -- Gießener Straße -- Eckenheim -- Marbachweg -- **Straßenbahn:** Hauptfriedhof -- Eckenh. Landstr. -- Nordend -- **Tunnel:** Scheffeleck -- Konstablerwache | | | | |
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+-----------+---+
| | B2 | | **Bornheim Seckbacher Landstr.** ↔ **Konstablerwache**\ | 1980 | | | ½ |
| | | | **Tunnel:** Bornheim -- Berger Straße -- Nordend -- Konstablerwache\ | | | | |
| | | | **Stadtbahn:**Bornheim Seckbacher Landstr. -- Schäfflestraße -- (Enkheim mit U7) | | | | |
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+-----------+---+
| | C1\ | \ | **Zoo** ↔ **Enkheim**\ | 1992 | | ½ | |
| | | `{{ric|Frankfurt U-Bahn|U7}}`{=mediawiki} | **Tunnel:** Zoo -- Ostend -- Eissporthalle **(U7 only)** -- **Stadtbahn:** Riederwald -- Borsigallee -- Enkheim **(U4 und U7)** | | | | |
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+-----------+---+
| | C4\ | | **Zoo** ↔ **Ostbahnhof**\ | 1999 | | ½ | |
| | | | **Tunnel:** Zoo -- Ostbahnhof | | | | |
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+-----------+---+
| | Hausen | | **Hausen** ↔ **Industriehof**\ | 1986 | | ½ | |
| | | | **Stadtbahn:** Hausen -- Industriehof | | | | |
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+-----------+---+
| | Heerstr. | | **Praunheim Heerstraße** ↔ **Industriehof**\ | 1986 | | ½ | |
| | | | **Stadtbahn:** Praunheim -- Ludwig-Landmann-Str. -- Hausen -- Industriehof | | | | |
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+-----------+---+
| | D4 (formerly known as A2) | \ | **Niederursel** ↔ **Abzweig Kalbach**\ | 2010 | | | |
| | | `{{ric|Frankfurt U-Bahn|U9}}`{=mediawiki} | **Stadtbahn:** -- Niederursel -- Riedberg -- Bonames → Nieder-Eschbach | | | | |
+---+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+-----------+---+
## Future plans {#future_plans}
extensions of the system in planning or under construction include:
- U5 Extension to the Europaviertel
- Closure of the Ginnheim--Bockenheimer Warte gap (currently served only by the ground-level tram system)
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# Frankfurt U-Bahn
## Depots
There are two depots for U-Bahn trains:
- Heddernheim Depot (*Betriebshof Heddernheim*) is located to the north of Heddernheim station, next to the A Line, and is used by trains from services on the A Line and the northern section of the D Line (U1, U2, U3, U8 and U9). It opened in 1910 as a tram depot and became the first U-Bahn depot in 1968 when the network opened.
- The East Depot (*Betriebshof Ost*) in Riederwald opened in 2003, and since then has been the home for trains on the B and C Lines (U4-U7) as well as some trams. It is located on the connecting track from the B Line station at *Seckbacher Landstraße* to the C Line between *Johanna-Tesch-Platz* and *Schäfflestraße*.
## Rolling stock {#rolling_stock}
### U6/U1 Class {#u6u1_class}
The U1 Class consists of two six-axle, two-section prototype vehicles built by Duewag in 1965, derived from the manufacturer\'s previous tramcars. The original designation was U6 (**U**-Bahn vehicle with **6** axles), but this was changed to U1 when the U2 Class were delivered. The first prototype was delivered in cream livery but both were painted red and white from 1968. The U1 Class were removed from service in 1976 because they were incompatible with newer vehicle types. One non-operational U1 Class is now in the collection of the Frankfurt Transport Museum.
### U2 Class {#u2_class}
The U2 Class were the first production vehicles for the network. Duewag built 104 vehicles of this type in seven batches from 1968 to 1984. The final (seventh) batch of seven units was delivered after a fire at Heddernheim Depot in 1980 destroyed five sets. They were originally painted in a red and white livery, before being repainted in beige, ivory and grey from 1981 and finally from 1996 turquoise (officially known as *subaru vista blue*). Unlike the prototype vehicles the U2 Class did not have folding steps. Instead there were fixed steps inside the doors, level with the underground station platforms but a step up from the lower platforms at above-ground stations.
The U2 cars were all used on the A Line until 1998 when 32 vehicles were transferred to the C Line. This had slightly higher platforms (87 cm) and these vehicles were rebuilt as **U2e** with the steps in the door areas removed. The vehicles remaining on the A Line were also rebuilt from 1999, with the steps raised but not removed, becoming **U2h**.
The last U2 car was withdrawn after a farewell trip on 3 April 2016. Three examples have been preserved.
Siemens adapted the U2 design for the North American light rail market and similar vehicles were supplied to Edmonton, Calgary and San Diego.
### U3 Class {#u3_class}
The U3 Class was based on the U2, but slightly longer (24.49 m), with a body made entirely of steel, and without any steps for access from low platforms. Duewag built 27 vehicles in 1979 and 1980, which were originally deployed on the U4 and transferred to the U6 in 2015.
In 2017 the last type U3 train was retired from service. After their withdrawal in Frankfurt 24 trains were refurbished and transferred to Monterrey Metro in Mexico. The other three have remained in Frankfurt as museum vehicles.
### U4 Class {#u4_class}
The U4 class is developed from the U3 class, but with an appearance similar to the R type trams. Siemens-Duewag built 39 vehicles between 1994 and 1998, numbered 501--539. They were the first U-Bahn vehicles delivered in the current *subaru vista blue* livery. Originally the U4 vehicles were deployed on A Line services U1, U2 and U3, and later also on lines U8 and U9. An accident involving the two cars 517 and 532 on 28 February 2007 resulted in their early retirement from the fleet and being scrapped for spare parts. Between 2010 and 2017 all remaining U4 cars were refurbished. They were fitted with new yellow handrails and orange entrance areas to help visually impaired passengers orientate themselves in the train, and an air conditioning system for the driver\'s cab. The trains were also modified so they could run in multiple with the newer U5 Class.
### U5 Class {#u5_class}
The U5 Class, the newest of the U-Bahn fleet, has been produced by Bombardier Transportation (now Alstom) in Bautzen, and is part of the manufacturer\'s Flexity Swift range. The first order of 146 vehicles was placed in 2006, another order for 78 vehicles came in 2011. and 22 further vehicles were ordered in 2018, with a 23rd vehicle to be delivered to compensate for delivery delays. The first vehicles were delivered in 2008, for use on the A Line and U5 vehicles are now deployed on all lines.
The design of the U5 class is similar to the older trains. They are 25 m long, two-section, six-axle vehicles, but there are three subtypes. The **U5-ZR** (*Zweirichtungswagen*, bi-directional vehicle) have driving cabs at each end. The **U5-ER** (*Einrichtungswagen*, uni-directional vehicle) have a driving cab at one end and an open gangway at the other. Two of these can be connected to form a 50 m long train, called U5-50, in a concept similar to the TW2500 on the Hanover Stadtbahn. The third type are designated **U5-MW**, (*Mittelwagen*, intermediate vehicle). They have no cab and both ends of the unit are outfitted with gangways. One or two of these can be coupled between two U5-ER sets to form a continually walk-through train of either 75 metres (U5-75) or 100 metres (U5-100). Each cabless end is also equipped with a dashboard in order to facilitate shunting, as well as sliding doors (for closing up the train during shunting movements), and head/tail lights. {{-}}
### P/Pt/Ptb Tram/LRV Hybrid {#pptptb_tramlrv_hybrid}
A total of 100 **P/Pt/Ptb** Class vehicles were built by Duewag in three batches from 1972-1978 and used until 2016 on the U-Bahn network. While the first batch of 30 vehicles were fitted with folding steps, to facilitate access from street level in tram service or high platforms at U-Bahn stations, the second and third batches had fixed steps and thus was initially incompatible with the platforms on the U-Bahn lines. To differentiate the two subclasses, the batch with folding steps was designated **Pt** (t for *tunnelgängig*, operable in tunnels). Between 1984 and 1986 the third batch was rebuilt with folding steps in order to be operated on the C Line, and the second batch were also rebuilt as Pt Class in 1992 when the U7 was extended to Enkheim.
In order to accommodate the narrower body of the Pt, the U-Bahn platforms had to be modified and in order to allow mixed operation at the same platforms as the other light rail vehicles, which were 30 cm wider, some Pt vehicles were widened around the door area. The resulting subclass was then named **Ptb** (b for *breit*, wide). The aforementioned modifications to the platforms were reversed as well. Even after no other lines required the folding steps, the Ptb remained indispensable on the U5 service where on certain sections the stations did not have high platforms until 2016. Some Ptb class cars had their widened steps restored to regular width and were repurposed for a time on tram lines 15, 17 and 20 due to a tram stock shortage
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# Lois Mark Stalvey
**Lois Mark Stalvey** (August 22, 1925`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}December 7, 2004) was an American author, educator and civil rights activist. She was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and died in Sedona, Arizona. A 1974 *Time* magazine feature on her writing reported that Stalvey wrote, \"a remarkable chronicle of a white family\'s confrontation with inner-city schools and a harsh indictment of an educational system that is a disaster for most of its pupils.\"
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Stalvey was born on August 22, 1925, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Immediately after graduating from high school in the late 1940s Stalvey started her first writing job as a copy writer for the local Gimbels department store in Milwaukee. One year later, she married, and a year after that, she divorced. In the early 1950s she moved to Chicago and started an ad firm called Lois Mark & Associates. In 1955 she married advertising director Bennett Stalvey Jr. and sold her firm to become a homemaker.
## Career
In the late 1950s the couple moved to Omaha, Nebraska, where Lois Stalvey joined in a fight for an African-American surgeon\'s family to move into their segregated neighborhood in West Omaha, resulting in her husband being transferred to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1961.
In 1965 Stalvey formed the Panel of Philadelphians, which sent teams of four women, including a Catholic, a Jew, an African American, and a WASP, to talk with groups around the city about racial justice. The teams facilitated 110 programs in 1965.
Stalvey\'s first book, *The Education of a WASP*, was published in 1970. In it she detailed her experience as a Caucasian learning about civil rights as a mother in Omaha in the 1960s.
In 1976 Stalvey divorced her husband and moved to West Philadelphia. There she began teaching writing and journalism at the Community College of Philadelphia, and wrote articles for *The Philadelphia Inquirer* and other newspapers.
Stalvey moved to Sedona, Arizona in 1979 to continue writing. *Education of an Ordinary Woman*, published in 1982, along with *Three to Get Ready: The Education of a White Family in Inner City Schools*, published in 1997, focused on her experiences after moving to the integrated West Mount Airy neighborhood of Philadelphia. Stalvey wrote a bimonthly book review column for the Sedona Red Rock News from 1984 to 2004.
## Death
Stalvey died in Sedona of emphysema on December 7, 2004.
## Legacy
Stalvey is cited extensively in publications addressing racism, multiculturalism, white privilege, white allies and other race-related and education-related pieces. She is also regularly cited by academics, including Ronald Salz of the University of Wisconsin--Madison, who based his 1997 commencement address on her work
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# Tylissos
**Tylissos** (also **Pyrgos-Tylissos** or **Tylisos**; *Τύλισος*; Linear B: *Tu-li-so*) is a town and a former municipality in the Heraklion regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Malevizi, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 131.064 km2. Population 2,252 in 2021. It is an ancient Minoan peak sanctuary and town. The Municipality of Tylisos was created in 1999 and includes 11 villages. The economy is based on agriculture, mainly grape cultivation (accounting for 4.8% of the island's production) and olive cultivation. At the same time stock farming of sheep, goats and chickens and beehive farms are abundant.
## Archaeology
Tylisos was excavated 1909--1913 by Joseph Hadzidakis, 1953--1955 by Nicholas Platon and in 1971 by A. Kanta. The town was in use Early Minoan II to Late Minoan IIIA, and the peak sanctuary, excavated in 1963 by Alexiou, was in use until at least Late Minoan IA. Structures include houses, a cistern and an aqueduct with clay pipes. Excavation finds have included a pithos with Linear A inscriptions, stone horns, and clay human and animal figurines.
There are also a significant number of caves including the Kamilari Cave, Hainospilios Cave, Trapeza Cave, Doxa and Arkaliospilio. There are also two gorges which are namely: the Almiros gorge, the Gonies gorge. Agrotourism is also a very popular among visitors all year round. Arolithos village, Ktima Kares and Agrotikon are the most visited sites for this and other leisure activities.
Also nearby is Sklavokampos
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# Tibooburra
**Tibooburra** (pronounced `{{IPAc-en|'|t|I|b|@|b|Vr|@}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{IPAc-en|'|t|I|p|@|b|Vr|@}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the far northwest of New South Wales, Australia, located 1187 km from the state capital, Sydney. It is most frequently visited by tourists on their way to Sturt National Park or on the way to or from Innamincka in South Australia and Birdsville in Queensland. At the `{{CensusAU|2016}}`{=mediawiki}, Tibooburra had a population of 134. Although facilities in Tibooburra are quite limited, fuel, meals, and a range of accommodation options are available. All significant support services (medical, dental, hospital, retail, mechanical, commercial) are based in Broken Hill.
The New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service has a tourist information centre in the township. There is also a police station. There is an airstrip about 6 km east of the village. The road from Broken Hill was finally completely sealed in 2020 and officially opened in July 2020.
## History
### Indigenous history {#indigenous_history}
Tibooburra is in the traditional lands of the Wangkumarra Aboriginal peoples. In 1938, almost all of the remaining Aboriginal population of Tibooburra and the surrounding region were forcibly relocated by the Aborigines Protection Board to places such as Brewarrina, Menindee and Kempsey.
### British exploration {#british_exploration}
The first European expedition to enter the area was that led by Charles Sturt in 1844. He spent six months trapped by drought at Depot Glen, south of Tibooburra. He then tried to travel north west and was defeated by the desert. Burke and Wills also went through the area in 1861 on the journey north towards the Gulf of Carpentaria. It was the search for Burke and Wills that led to the opening up of the country for the pastoral industry.
### Gold rush of the 1880s {#gold_rush_of_the_1880s}
Following a gold rush to the Albert Goldfields (centred at nearby Milparinka), gold was found around Tibooburra in 1880. At first the area was called *The Granites*. When in 1881 the goldfields warden W.H.J. Slee (resident at Milparinka) had a town laid out he named it Tibooburra. Although he named the streets after European explorers, he preferred the Aboriginal name for the locality for the town. Slee had his observations on Aboriginal customs in the Tibooburra region published by the Linnean Society of NSW. The town\'s name seems to be derived from an Aboriginal word for *heap of boulders* (Gibberburra). There was drought in 1884. In 1887 Slee reported that there were 19 gold puddling machines at work, with a population at and about Tibooburra of 250. It was said that gold was found exposed in the streets after heavy rain.
### 20th Century history {#th_century_history}
By 1900, the gold mining activity had waned, to be replaced by the pastoral industry. Sheep stations, necessarily large in area due to the aridity, were the mainstay of Tibooburra until the 1980s, providing most of the social and commercial activity. For over a century the township had remained remote because of rough unsealed roads, but with the popularity of 4WD driving, and bitumen roads, it became within comfortable reach of the tourism industry.
In more recent times musicians and artists, in particular Clifton Pugh, became fascinated with this remote outback region. Pugh often stayed at the Family Hotel (opened 1882) where he painted a number of murals, drawings, and sketches on an inside wall of the hotel.
## Tourist attractions {#tourist_attractions}
Apart from the arid landscape, the main natural tourist attraction is the remarkable granite rock outcrops which erupt immediately beside (and even among) the town streets. Historic buildings, harking back to the pioneering era, are found about the town. Nearby is Sturt National Park, which incorporates Cameron Corner, where the borders of three States meet; Queensland, South Australia and New South Wales. The dog fence along the borders is also an important tourist attraction. Although there is a \"settlement\" at Cameron Corner, services there are even more limited.
The Family Hotel (as mentioned above) and the more substantial Tibooburra Hotel (the Two Storey Hotel) both attract tourists for a drink or two. There is also a drive-in theatre in the main street.
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# Tibooburra
## Heritage listings {#heritage_listings}
The Mount Wood Station is a heritage-listed former cattle station in the Sturt National Park.
## Tibooburra Outback School of the Air {#tibooburra_outback_school_of_the_air}
Tibooburra Outback School of the Air is the town\'s education provider, servicing both the local residents and the children of property owners in the area. It was established as a Distance Education Centre in 1991 by Tony Bush after being approved for the project in 1990. Prior to that students attended in town, and students on properties were educated through central schools further afield in towns such as Broken Hill. The school itself was established in 1886. No high school facilities exist in the town, children travel 365 km to the nearest high school, do home schooling, or attend boarding schools.
Once a term students from the external properties attend a \'mini-school\' at the school. Mini-schools typically have themes (such as pirates or the circus) and consist of a range of fun and educational activities. Out of town families also receive two home visits a year, in which a teacher (or teachers) and students visit and spend the day on the property.
In 2004 the school switched from radio based education to the Satellite Education Program.
## Climate
Tibooburra has a hot desert climate (*BWh*) with temperatures regularly reaching above 40 °C in summer. Temperatures are milder in winter, averaging around 19 °C in the daytime but frosts are common during night-time. Rainfall is scant throughout the year, apart from the occasional thunderstorm, though in March 1949 and January 1974 the town received around 390 mm or nearly twice its average annual rainfall. In its driest year of 1919, only 47.9 mm fell
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# Addams Family Reunion
***Addams Family Reunion*** is a 1998 American comedy film based on the characters from the cartoon created by cartoonist Charles Addams. Directed by Dave Payne, the film was intended to serve as a pilot for a new proposed television series produced by Saban. The film stars Daryl Hannah and Tim Curry as Morticia and Gomez Addams respectively while Carel Struycken and Christopher Hart\'s hand are the only ones to reprise their roles from the last two films. The film\'s plot focused on the eccentric, macabre aristocratic Addams family mistakenly arriving at the wrong family reunion and encountering a man (Ed Begley Jr.) who seeks to commit murder in order to inherit a fortune.
Payne had intended to give the film a dark, edgy tone. However, Saban had interfered with the development, insisting that the story be aimed solely at entertaining children, and lack much of the black comedy and satire of the previous films. Saban also wanted Payne to imitate aspects of Paramount Pictures\' popular 1991--1993 duo of films, and the 1964 TV series, and rejected any original idea developed by Payne and the film\'s screenwriters. As a result, the film was poorly received by critics, who criticized the film\'s screenplay, special effects, production design, and much of its acting, while singling out Tim Curry\'s performance for praise, calling Curry the best part of the film.
## Plot
Discovering that his grandparents have developed \"Waltzheimer\'s disease\", a disease that is slowly turning them \"normal\", Gomez plans a family reunion, hoping that some branch of his enormous family tree will find a cure. However, Gomez sends a card written in blood, which damages the machines of the company organizing the reunion and results in the Addams receiving the wrong invitation.
Gomez, Morticia, Fester, Lurch, and the grandparents drive to a luxury resort for the family reunion. Gomez meets psychiatrist Dr. Philip Adams, who plans to poison his wealthy father Walter Adams and rearrange his will. Gomez hopes that Dr. Adams can cure his grandparents. Philip\'s sister, Katherine Adams, is aware what Philip is doing and wants a piece of Walter\'s wealth and threatens Philip if he doesn\'t give her the share of the wealth.
Philip\'s brother and his wife, who are headed to the reunion, are given the wrong address and end up in the Addams family mansion, where Granny and Cousin Itt are staying. They stay there as guests, but are increasingly abused by their hosts. Granny learns that the wife is vegetarian, so she feeds her with a plant: deadly nightshade. Cousin Itt plays poker with the husband, and wins over most of the man\'s fortune.
Pugsley falls in love with Gina Adams, a young bespectacled girl. Wednesday antagonizes two of her new snobby \"cousins\", children of Philip. Lurch saves Gina\'s mother from drowning in the swimming pool. He falls in love with the woman, while she is disgusted with him. Walter Adams expresses his hatred for his son and most of his family. Fester and Thing do their best to capture Butcher, Fester\'s mutated puppy who feeds on human hair.
Philip initially refuses to help Gomez in any way, but agrees to a bet. If he beats Gomez in a game, he will earn thousands of dollars. If Gomez wins, Philip will offer his services to him. Philip is overconfident, as he is a champion in many games. But Gomez easily defeats him in successive challenges, in the games of darts, table tennis, and tennis. Philip is publicly humiliated in the process.
Instead of offering his services as previously agreed, an enraged Philip attacks Gomez in public. They have a knife fight, which Gomez eventually wins. While Gomez holds his knife to Philip\'s throat, the police arrive. Gomez and Morticia are arrested for attempted murder, Pugsley and Wednesday are arrested for digging open the grave of the resort\'s founders. Fester is considered insane and becomes a mental patient, while Butcher and Thing are captured by a sadistic dog catcher. Lurch has been buried alive by Wednesday and is unable to escape.
Pugsley and Wednesday are taken in by child services, Katherine secretly called child services to get rid of the Addams so no one can stand in her and Philip\'s way of getting wealthy, and placed in foster care with Philip\'s wife. Meanwhile, Philip gains custody over Fester and tortures him with an electric chair. He has previously used this chair to torture other patients. The dog-catcher plans to feed Thing to one of his dogs. Gomez and Morticia are unable to escape a police cell.
Walter Adams has taken a liking to Gomez, and posts bail for him and Morticia. He helps them rescue Lurch, who then helps rescue the rest of the family. Pugsley and Wednesday were in the process of torturing their foster family, but are happily reunited with their parents. The Addams Family strap Philip in his own electric chair, and have him tortured by his patients.
The Addams Family eventually return to their mansion, and leave their increasingly \"normal\" grandparents in the care of Philip\'s wife. Walter Adams bids farewell to the Addams and leaves for California and cutting ties to his Adams family. Wednesday amuses herself with lighting fireworks, while Pugsley seems melancholic. Gomez asks him if he misses Gina, but Pugsley is instead sad because he forgot his \"Siberian firecracker\" back at the foster family\'s house.
At this point, the \"firecracker\" is revealed to have been a nuclear weapon and the Addams Family witness a distant nuclear explosion apparently caused by it. Morticia comments that a nuclear winter is swiftly approaching and that she feels gloomy. Gomez and Morticia kiss, finishing the film.
## Cast
- Tim Curry as Gomez Addams
- Daryl Hannah as Morticia Addams
- Nicole Fugere as Wednesday Addams
- Jerry Messing as Pugsley Addams
- Patrick Thomas as Uncle Fester Addams
- Carel Struycken as Lurch
- Christopher Hart\'s hand as Thing
- Alice Ghostley as Grandmama Addams
- Kevin McCarthy as Great-grandfather Mortimer Addams
- Estelle Harris as Great-grandmother Delilah Addams
- Haylie Duff as Gina Adams
- Phil Fondacaro as Cousin Itt
- Ed Begley Jr. as Dr. Philip Adams
- Ray Walston as Walter Adams
- Diane Delano as Dolores Adams
- Heidi Noelle Lenhart as Melinda Adams
- Hilary Shepard Turner as Katherine Adams
- Rodger Halston as Geoff Adams
- Clint Howard as Dogcatcher (uncredited)
- Conrad Janis as Hotel Bar Patron (uncredited)
- Leigh Taylor-Young as Patrice (uncredited)
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# Addams Family Reunion
## Production
### Pre-production {#pre_production}
Following the success of the theatrically released films *The Addams Family*, released in 1991 and its 1993 sequel, *Addams Family Values*, Saban negotiated to purchase the home video production rights to the Addams Family brand in order to take advantage of the direct-to-video market. Because of the underwhelming commercial performance of *Addams Family Values*, as well as the death of Raúl Juliá, who had played Gomez Addams, Paramount Pictures ultimately decided not to produce a third film, resulting in Saban deciding to reboot the series.
*Addams Family Reunion* was co-produced by Saban with Warner Bros. The two studios planned to produce a new series called *The New Addams Family*, and intended to produce a two-hour pilot film for the series, which eventually became *Addams Family Reunion*; Saban planned to premiere the film on a cable network owned by the company before releasing it on video, and to follow the film with a television series if the film did well.
*Addams Family Reunion* was scripted by Rob Kerchner, who had experience writing numerous direct-to-video sequels, and Scott Sandin; Saban wanted the script to be aimed only for children, with little attempt made to engage an adult audience. Dave Payne, whose directorial experience came from making direct-to-video low-budget horror films for Roger Corman, was hired to direct.
According to Payne, Saban had purchased the rights from Charles Addams\' estate, and he felt he could start fresh and create a dark fantasy film, comparing the approach he wanted to take as director to the Coen brothers. However, Payne says, Saban wanted him to imitate Barry Sonnenfeld\'s films and the 1964 TV show, and any original idea proposed by Payne and the screenwriters was rejected. In addition to the film lacking the previous entries\' black comedy, Nathan Rabin also said that *Addams Family Reunion* has little of the anarchic satire of the Sonnenfeld films; according to Rabin, the only satirical aspect of the film is that the \"normal\" Adams family, whose reunion the Addamses mistakenly attend, \"turns out to be far more devious, conniving, and evil than the morbid but basically good Addams clan\".
### Casting
The producers wanted to bridge the gap in continuity between the Paramount films and the new series, and reached out to Anjelica Huston and Christopher Lloyd to reprise their roles as Morticia Addams and Uncle Fester, but both declined out of respect for Raul Julia, who played Gomez in the Paramount films and had died in 1994. Christina Ricci and Jimmy Workman were too old to reprise their roles as Wednesday and Pugsley Addams. The only actors to reprise their roles from the Paramount films were Carel Struycken as Lurch, and Christopher Hart as Thing.
Recast as Gomez and Morticia Addams were Tim Curry and Daryl Hannah, with Pat Thomas as Fester and Nicole Fugere as Wednesday, a role she would later reprise for *The New Addams Family* TV series, the only member of the film\'s cast to do so. According to Payne, he and Curry both felt that Gomez should be played \"weird\", in contrast to the Latin lothario Raúl Juliá had created for the Paramount duo of films. Much of the film\'s cast, including Alice Ghostley, Ray Walston, Clint Howard, and Ed Begley Jr., had appeared in numerous direct-to-video films.
### Filming
*Addams Family Reunion* was shot in Los Angeles, California on a 30-day schedule. Ed Begley Jr. arrived on set unprepared for his first day of filming as a tennis pro, explaining that he had no idea how to play tennis, resulting in the director shooting around Begley\'s inability to play the sport, and the actor was also difficult to costume, because, as a dedicated environmentalist, Begley would not wear any animal-based clothing such as leather.
## Music
The show\'s famous theme song was performed in a doo-wop rendition by the group Strate Vocalz, which Yahoo! described as being \"terrible\". According to Payne, he had developed a \"dark and edgy\" opening sequence with appropriate music by the film\'s composer, but Saban, without his knowledge, had replaced his original opening title sequence and the original music with \"some boy band, in bright fluorescent-colored shirts\".
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# Addams Family Reunion
## Release and reception {#release_and_reception}
*Addams Family Reunion* was released on September 22, 1998 straight-to-video.
The film was poorly received by critics, being compared unfavorably to the Paramount films, which reviewers felt Saban and Warner Bros. had tried, unsuccessfully, to imitate. Nathan Rabin wrote that \"the dialogue is awful, the acting sitcom-broad \[\...\] \[and\] the direction \[is\] unremarkable\". Other points of criticism made in negative reviews included poor CGI and cheap-looking production design. However, Bloody Disgusting, Den of Geek and Nathan Rabin praised Tim Curry\'s performance as Gomez Addams
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# Hot Docs Ted Rogers Cinema
The **Hot Docs Ted Rogers Cinema** (formerly the **Bloor Cinema** and the **Bloor Hot Docs Cinema**) is a movie theatre in the Annex district of downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the 506 Bloor Street West, near its intersection with the Bathurst Street and the Bathurst subway station.
The venue serves as the primary home to the annual Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, as well as screening a regular theatrical lineup of documentary films throughout the year and serving as a venue for other smaller film festivals and cultural events.
## History
In 1913, the Madison Picture Palace opened at this location. It was demolished in 1940 and rebuilt as the Midtown Theatre. It was renamed the Capri in 1967. In 1973, it became the Eden, showing adult films. It became the Bloor in 1979 and returned to showing first-run films. One year later, it was sold, becoming an independent repertory-style theatre. It was sold to the Blue Ice Group in 2011 and to the Hot Docs Festival in 2016.
For a large part of recent history, the Bloor Cinema was a second-run theatre, showing movies that had already been in theatres, usually before they were released on video and DVD. The theatre screened classic films, art films, and cult films. *The Rocky Horror Picture Show* was traditionally screened with a live cast on Halloween and on the last Friday of every month. The Bloor Cinema was repeatedly selected as the best repertory cinema in Toronto by *Eye Weekly*. The theatre was independent and reopened after its renovation in 1999.
## Hot Docs {#hot_docs}
Although it was closed in 2010, the Bloor Cinema\'s owner turned away developers looking to replace the theatre. In 2011, it was sold to the Blue Ice Group which managed the cinema in partnership with the Hot Docs, where it was renovated and reopened under the moniker the Bloor Hot Docs Cinema in 2012. It is the main location for the Hot Docs, akin to the Toronto International Film Festival\'s Lightbox.
On June 23, 2016, it was announced that the Hot Docs had purchased the Bloor Cinema from the Blue Ice Group, using a `{{CAD|4 million}}`{=mediawiki} gift from the Rogers Foundation, and that the cinema would be rebranded as the Hot Docs Ted Rogers Cinema.
In the wake of a staffing upheaval that had impacted the 2024 edition of the festival, the Hot Docs announced the temporary closure of the theatre for three months starting June 12 as a cost-cutting measure. The theatre reopened in September 2024 for third party rentals. Hot Docs programming at the theatre resumed in December 2024. Hot Docs is seeking a new owner for the theatre and wants to secure a lease-back arrangement, which is \"part of its longer-term rebuilding strategy\", according to a statement by the festival
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# Gimme Dat Ding (album)
***Gimme Dat Ding*** is a split album by English bands The Sweet (side one) and The Pipkins (side two), released on EMI\'s budget record label, MFP (Music For Pleasure) in 1970. It is named after the 1970 song \"Gimme Dat Ding\" by the Pipkins. In North America, The Pipkins released a full album of the same name, consisting of the six songs here and an additional four. It charted at No. 27 in Canada and No.132 in the US.
## Background
This unusual alliance between two groups so radically opposed is attributed to that, in that time, both shared the same record producer (John Burgess) and the same team of composers.
After the poor commercial results with Burgess, in 1971 The Sweet decided to follow their own way, signing with the successful duet of songwriters Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman and with a new producer, Phil Wainman. On the other hand, The Pipkins disappeared that same year due to the brief success that their comedy act had in their native Britain.
According to the booklet of the CD version for this album, *Gimme Dat Ding* is considered \"the first rap album\", basically because of the material contributed by The Pipkins.
## Content
The Sweet
Side one was given over to (then) fledgling pop band the Sweet and features the A and B-sides of what were three commercially unsuccessful singles (on Parlophone Records) before the band finally found fame with \"Funny Funny\" released by RCA Records. Despite the cover shot of The Sweet featuring Andy Scott, he was not actually a band member until \"Funny Funny\" and does not feature on any of these recordings. The band\'s then-guitarist was Mick Stewart (who replaced original guitarist Frank Torpey) and wrote two of the featured B-sides on this compilation.
The Pipkins
Side two consists of six songs from The Pipkins with a casual and satirical content or humorous elements, in a music hall style in most songs. In their comedy characters, Tony Burrows sings with a harsh voice and Roger Greenaway with a falsetto, accompanied by an uncredited studio band that plays all the instruments.
Among them stands out the humorous song \"Gimme Dat Ding\", a success in several English-speaking countries around the world, composed by Albert Hammond and Mike Hazlewood. The song was the debut and only hit of importance for the duo, when reaching the No. 6 in the UK singles chart and the No. 9 in Billboard Hot 100 in 1970.
Another minor success was a parody of \"Yakety Yak\" by The Coasters, a very popular theme at the end of the 50s.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### Side one *The Sweet* {#side_one_the_sweet}
1. \"Lollipop Man\" (Albert Hammond, Mike Hazlewood)
2. \"Time\" (Brian Connolly, Steve Priest, Mick Stewart, Mick Tucker)
3. \"All You\'ll Ever Get from Me\" (Roger Cook, Roger Greenaway)
4. \"The Juicer\" (Mick Stewart)
5. \"Get on the Line\" (Jeff Barry, Andy Kim)
6. \"Mr. McGallagher\" (Mick Stewart)
- Tracks 1, 2 produced by John Burgess; tracks 3--6 produced by John Burgess and Roger Easterby
- Lew Warburton -- arranger, conductor on \"Get on the Line\"
### Side two *The Pipkins* {#side_two_the_pipkins}
1. \"Gimme Dat Ding\" (Hammond, Hazlewood)
2. \"Yakety Yak\" (Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller)
3. \"The People That You Wanna Phone Ya\" (Hammond, Hazlewood)
4. \"My Baby Loves Lovin\'\" (Cook, Greenaway)
5. \"Busy Line\" (Murray Semos, Frank Stanton)
6
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# Ikawa, Shizuoka
was a village located in Abe District, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.
On January 1, 1969 Ikawa joined with neighboring Shizuoka city. It is now part of Aoi-ku, Shizuoka.
As of January 1, 1969-final population data before the amalgamation, the town had an estimated population of 2,471 and a density of 4.95 persons per km^2^. The total area was 498.90 km^2^.
Ikawa, located in the mountainous area between Shizuoka and Yamanashi Prefecture is the location of Ikawa Dam, a major hydroelectric power plant for Shizuoka Prefecture. It is also a popular sightseeing location for local residents. \"Ikawa Menpa\" which is a lacquered *hinoki* wooden lunch box is a local speciality
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# Ifugao language
**Ifugao** or **Batad** is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in the northern valleys of Ifugao, Philippines. It is a member of the Northern Luzon subfamily and is closely related to the Bontoc and Kankanaey languages. It is a dialect continuum, and its four main varieties---such as Tuwali---are sometimes considered separate languages.
Loanwords from other languages, such as Ilokano, are replacing some older terminology.
## Dialects
*Ethnologue* reports the following locations for each of the four Ifugao languages.
- **Amganad Ifugao**: spoken in Hungduan and Banaue municipalities of Ifugao Province, and into southwestern Mountain Province. 27,100 speakers as of 2000. Dialects are Burnay Ifugao and Banaue Ifugao.
- **Batad Ifugao** (Ayangan Ifugao): spoken in central Ifugao Province. There are also some speakers in Isabela Province, on the eastern shore of the Magat reservoir. 10,100 speakers as of 2002. Dialects include Ducligan Ifugao.
- **Mayoyao Ifugao** (Mayaoyaw): spoken in Ifugao Province, (northern Mayoyao, Aguinaldo, and Alfonso Lista municipalities) and Mountain Province (2 small border areas). 30,000 speakers as of 2007.
- **Tuwali Ifugao** (Gilipanes, Ifugaw, Kiangan Ifugao, Quiangan, Tuwali): spoken in southern Ifugao Province. 30,000 speakers as of 2000. Dialects are Hapao Ifugao, Hungduan Ifugao, and Lagawe Ifugao.
## Phonology
### Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
------------- ----------- -------- ---------- --------- -------
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative
Lateral l
Approximant w j
- Other sounds such as /s/ and /r/ occur in loanwords.
### Vowels
Front Central Back
------- ------- --------- --------
Close i ʊ \~ u
Mid ɛ ə ɔ
Open a
- /ʊ/ can also be heard as close-back \[u\].
- /ə/ does not exist in the Tuwali dialect.
- /i/ can also be heard as \[ɪ\].
## Orthography
The unified Ifugao alphabet is as follows: A, B, D, E, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, Ng, O, P, T, U, W, Y. The letters are pronounced differently depending on the dialect of the speaker
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# San Sadurniño
**San Sadurniño** is a municipality in the province of A Coruña in the autonomous community of Galicia in northwestern Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Ferrol. It is located in the valley of the Rio Grande de Xuvia. Sights include the ruins of the Naraío Castle and the Palaces of the marquises of San Sadurniño
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# Mazen Dana
**Mazen Dana** (*مازن دعنا*, 1962 -- 17 August 2003) was a Palestinian journalist who worked as a Reuters cameraman. He spent a decade covering the Israeli--Palestinian conflict in Hebron in the West Bank, for which he was awarded the 2001 International Press Freedom Award of the Committee to Protect Journalists. He was shot and killed by US soldiers in Baghdad, Iraq on 17 August 2003.
## Work in Hebron {#work_in_hebron}
Dana worked for Reuters for over ten years, mostly in his home town of Hebron in the West Bank. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Dana was wounded several times in the course of his journalism. In May 2000, he was struck in the leg by an Israeli rubber bullet while filming Palestinian rock throwers. In July of that year, he was beaten into unconsciousness by Jewish settlers that he was attempting to film and had his head slammed in an ambulance door by an Israeli policeman. In October of that year, he was shot again in the leg.
By March 2003, Reuters had assigned Dana away from Hebron for his own safety. He told a reporter for PBS\'s *Frontline*, \"My family is happy about this, but really, I\'m not happy, because I like camera, and I like it here. When I want to leave camera, I want to leave it by myself, not be forced to leave it.\"
## Shooting by US Army {#shooting_by_us_army}
On 17 August 2003, Dana was shot and killed by a US Army soldier as he attempted to film a tank patrol outside Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad during the Iraq War. The soldier mistook his camera for a rocket launcher and fired, hitting Dana four times in the chest. Though the soldiers then realized their mistake and called for medical aid, Dana died on the scene. He was the second Reuters cameraman to be killed in the conflict, and the seventeenth journalist to be killed.
The journalists with Dana described the soldiers\' actions as negligent and \"crazy\". They stated the soldiers had seen them half an hour before the shooting and must have been aware that they were not insurgents. France 2\'s Stephan Breitner stated that, \"We were all there for at least half an hour. They knew we were journalists. After they shot Mazen, they aimed their guns at us. I don\'t think it was an accident.\" A US Army spokesman called the incident \"a terrible tragedy\" and added, \"I can assure you no one feels worse than the soldier who fired the shots.\"
Reuters chief executive Tom Glocer described the death as \"hard to bear\" and issued a statement \"personally calling upon the highest levels of the U.S. government for a full and comprehensive investigation into this terrible tragedy\". The Committee to Protect Journalists also wrote to US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld calling for a full investigation. Reporters Without Borders secretary general Robert Menard criticized the US Army for its \"blunders\" and for its failure to launch serious inquiries into the killing of journalists.
The soldiers were cleared of any wrongdoing after a US Army investigation. The report stated that the incident was \"tragic and regrettable\", but that soldiers had had a \"reasonable certainty\" that Dana was about to fire on them. Reuters disputed the inquiry\'s conclusion, stating that the soldiers had failed to properly communicate.
## Family
Mazen Dana was married to Suzan Dana, with whom he had four children.
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# Mazen Dana
## Recognition
In 2001, Dana was the recipient of a CPJ International Press Freedom Award. The citation praised him for \"covering one of the most dangerous beats in the world, the West Bank city of Hebron, where journalists are routinely targets of violence.\" In accepting the award, Dana said, \"Words and images are a public trust. For this reason I will continue with my work regardless of the hardships, even if it costs me my life
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# Hnyla Lypa
**Hnyla Lypa** (*Гнила Липа*, *Gniła Lipa*) is a river in Ukraine, a tributary of the Dniester river.
The name literally means \"rotten linden tree\" both in Polish and Ukrainian. It runs parallel to the Zolota Lypa river.
The river is namesake to the Battle of Gnila Lipa on 29--30 August 1914, where the Imperial Russian Army defeated the Austro-Hungarian Army
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# Garbage time
In sports, **garbage time** is the period toward the end of a timed sports competition that has become a blowout and the outcome has effectively already been decided. Typically during garbage time, the coaches of one or both teams will replace their best players with substitutes. This serves to give these substitutes, who are usually less experienced or younger players, actual playing experience, as well as to protect the best players from the possibility of injury.
## Name
Garbage time owes its name to the fact that this period in a game is frequently marked by a significant drop in the quality of play. This occurs for two primary reasons. First, the players involved during that time are generally less experienced. Second, the fact that seldom-used substitutes usually desire more future playing time means that when those players do play, they are often more concerned with making an individual impression than with executing team play at its best; this is especially true during garbage time because at that point, the matter of which team will win has already been decided.
## Usage
During garbage time, the trailing team can sometimes rack up an unusually high tally of statistics, leading the respective box score to be misleading with respect to their actual game performance. For instance, in American football, if the losing team is behind by several touchdowns, the offense may resort entirely to the passing game in a futile effort to catch up. At the same time, the leading team (on defense, with second or third string players) may allow them to complete plays (which benefits them by running out the clock). This may lead the statistics to indicate a high amount of passing yards for the losing squad, which would suggest the team performed better than in reality.
In some cases, both teams will use second or third string players in garbage time, and in college play, if first-string players are draft-eligible juniors or seniors, the second and third-string players will play to gain an advantage towards becoming first-string the next season. Sometimes the game experience gained by backup players during garbage time can be crucial to their development, since it is otherwise difficult for them to see playing time (especially certain positions such as the backup quarterback), although this experience comes with the caveats that garbage time is not a high-pressure situation and that unusual strategies may be employed. Complementing this strategy, teams sit their first-string players during garbage time to give them more rest and avoid further injuries for future games. In baseball, teams losing by a blowout often use long reliever or even a position player as the pitcher; while the latter does save the bullpen for future games, `{{Citation needed span|that position player is more prone to injury pitching.|date=May 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
In general, although not always the case, it is not unusual in American football for the losing team to have more passing attempts/yards than the winning team, `{{Citation needed span|unless the winning team is also using a reserve quarterback.|date=May 2022}}`{=mediawiki} Often in the college game, a freshman quarterback will play during garbage time, after the upperclassman quarterback has put the game out of reach, gaining experience with second-string or third-string receivers and backs.
Particularly at the youth level, garbage time is eliminated by the use of a mercy rule, which automatically ends a game when the margin of victory has reached a point that is presumably insurmountable.
### Rules
In some sports, there are \"unwritten rules\" for garbage time; for example, the leading team should not continue to play its starting players, devote unnecessary effort toward increasing the size of its lead, nor attempt particularly difficult and spectacular plays. Doing so is interpreted as an unsportsmanlike attempt to embarrass or humiliate the trailing team, and in some cases may also be seen as retaliation, either against the opponent or the critics of the team in general (see *running up the score* for a more detailed explanation of this type of behavior). However, sometimes a team may have a legitimate motivation for running up the score, such as when margin of victory is a factor in rankings, as it was for many years in the Bowl Championship Series. Most (although not all) elite competitions now employ tiebreakers that de-emphasize or even outright ignore the importance of statistics such as goal difference for which there would be an obvious incentive to \"run up the score.\"
### Sport-specific {#sport_specific}
The phrase *garbage time* is one of a number of commonly used basketball terms, each of which is thought to have either been coined by broadcaster Chick Hearn, or first given widespread exposure through Hearn\'s adoption of it for use during his broadcasts.
Technically, the term does not exist in fighting sports such as boxing and martial arts since in those, an opponent who is down by a large amount with seconds to go, can still win the contest by scoring a knockout.
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# Garbage time
## In politics {#in_politics}
After 2023, the phrase *garbage time* has been given a new meaning on the Chinese internet. It refers to a period when social development goes against natural rules, individuals are powerless to change, and the entire era is bound to fail. Garbage time, or the garbage time of history, first appeared on the Chinese language Internet in 2019, and caused widespread discussion among the Chinese public in mid-2023.
### Usage {#usage_1}
- Xu Jin, a columnist for the *Financial Times*\' FT Chinese website, once wrote, \"In the garbage time of history, managing failure may be a problem that most people need to face.\"
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- An article published on the Sing Tao Daily pointed out that some Chinese financial experts have called on people \"not to invest in garbage time,\" and some have used \"garbage time\" to advise people that \"lying flat is the way out\".
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- After the attempted assassination of Donald Trump, Han Peng, a reporter from state media China Global Television Network, commented on Weibo, \"It\'s garbage time for American-style democracy.\"
### Opinions
The *Beijing Daily* criticized the \"garbage time theory\" as a pseudo-academic concept, arguing that hyping up this concept is a way of singing down China\'s development. An op-ed in Guancha accused users of the term of \"attempting to create public expectations that the nation will inevitably fail.\"
Professor Yao-Yuan Yeh from the University of St. Thomas believes that the \'Garbage Time Theory\', which posits that China\'s future is bound to fail, is more pessimistic than the \'Lying Flat Theory\'
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# Aepyornis
***Aepyornis*** is an extinct genus of elephant bird formerly endemic to Madagascar. The genus had two species, the smaller *A. hildebrandti* and the larger *A. maximus*, which is possibly the largest bird ever to have lived. Its closest living relative is the New Zealand kiwi. They became extinct sometime around 1000 AD, probably as a result of human activity.
## Taxonomy
Brodkorb (1963) listed four species of *Aepyornis* as valid: *A. hildebrandti*, *A. gracilis*, *A. medius* and *A. maximus*. However, Hume and Walters (2012) listed only one species, *A. maximus*. Most recently, Hansford and Turvey (2018) recognized only *A. hildebrandti* and *A. maximus*.`{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
- ?*Aepyornis grandidieri* Rowley 1867 nomen dubium
- *Aepyornis hildebrandti* Burckhardt, 1893
- *Aepyornis gracilis* Monnier, 1913
- *Aepyornis lentus* Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894
- ?*Aepyornis minimus*
- ?*Aepyornis mulleri* Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894
- *Aepyornis maximus* Hilaire, 1851
- *Aepyornis cursor* Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1894
- ?*Aepyornis intermedius*
- *Aepyornis medius* Milne-Edwards & Grandidier, 1866
- *Vorombe titan* (Andrews 1894) Hansford & Turvey 2018,
The nominate species *Aepyornis titan* Andrews, 1894, was placed in the separate genus ***Vorombe*** by Hansford and Turvey (2018), with *A. ingens* a synonym of *titan*. *Aepyornis grandidieri* Rowley, 1867 is an ootaxon known only from an eggshell fragment and hence a *nomen dubium*. Hansford and Truvey (2018) also found *Aepyornis modestus* a senior synonym of all *Mullerornis* nominal species, making *modestus* the epithet of the *Mullerornis* type species. However, later DNA studies found that *Vorombe titan* was indistinguishable from *A. maximus*, and probably represented large females of the species.
### Evolution
Like the cassowaries, ostriches, rheas, emu and kiwis, the Elephant bird was a ratite; it could not fly, and its breast bone had no keel. Because Madagascar and Africa separated before the ratite lineage arose, *Aepyornis* and other elephant birds are thought to have dispersed and become flightless and gigantic *in situ*. More recently, it has been deduced from DNA sequence comparisons that the closest living relatives of elephant birds are the New Zealand kiwis, from which they were estimated to have diverged over 50 million years ago.
## Description
The species of *Aepyornis* are amongst the largest birds, with weights of 235 kg estimated for *A. hildebrandti* and 275-1000 kg for *A. maximus,* making it one of the largest, if not the largest bird to have ever lived, with the latter reaching 3 m in height. The head bore a straight, thick conical beak, which was proportionally larger in A. *hildebrandti* than in *A. maximus*, though the heads in both birds were small relative to body size. The neck was proportionally long, with 17 cervical vertebrae. The wings were vestigial. The pelvic bones (vertebrae, ilium and pubis) were heavily fused to each other, so much so that their boundaries are difficult to discern. The hindlimb was proportionally long, with its bones being robust, with the femur in particular being very short and thick. The tibiotarsus has a prominent longitudinal ridge for muscle attachment. There is no evidence for the presence of a fourth toe or spur. The terminal toe bones (phalanges) of the foot are broad and not hooked. The females of *A. maximus* are suggested to have been larger than the males, as is observed in other ratites.
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# Aepyornis
## Ecology
Examination of brain endocasts has shown that both *A. maximus* and *A. hildebrandti* had greatly reduced optic lobes, similar to those of their closest living relatives, the kiwis, and consistent with a similar nocturnal lifestyle. *A. maximus* had relatively larger olfactory bulbs than *A. hildebrandti*, suggesting that the former occupied forested habitats where the sense of smell is more useful while the latter occupied open habitats. Elephant birds are suggested to have grown in periodic spurts rather than having continuous growth. A 2022 isotope analysis study suggested that individuals of *Aepyornis* *hildebrandti* from central Madagascar were mixed feeders that had a large (\~48%) grazing component to its diet, similar to that of the living *Rhea americana*, while *A. maximus* was probably a browser. Isotope analysis of eggshells attributed to a population of *A. hildebrandti* from northern Madagascar suggests that this population were probably browsers rather than mixed feeders.
An embryonic skeleton of *Aepyornis* is known from an intact egg, around 80-90% of the way through incubation before it died. This skeleton shows that even at this early ontogenetic stage that the skeleton was robust, much more so than comparable hatchling ostriches or rheas. The eggs of *Aepyornis* are the largest known for any amniote, and have a volume of around 5.6--13 litres, and a length of approximately 26--40 cm and a width of 19--25 cm. The egg is about 160 times greater volume than a chicken egg. The large size of elephant bird eggs means that they would have required substantial amounts of calcium, which is usually taken from a reservoir in the medullary bone in the femurs of female birds. Possible remnants of this tissue have been described from the femurs of *A. maximus.*
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# Aepyornis
## Extinction
The extinction of *Aepyornis* was likely due to human activity, especially after the arrival of humans on Madagascar. The birds were initially widespread, occurring from the northern to the southern tip of Madagascar. One theory---the blitzkrieg hypothesis---contends that humans hunted the elephant birds to extinction in a very short time after their arrival. There is indeed evidence that they were killed. However, their eggs may have been the most vulnerable point in their life cycle. A recent archaeological study found fragments of eggshells among the remains of human fires, suggesting that the eggs regularly provided meals for entire families. The exact time period when they died out is also not certain; tales of these giant birds may have persisted for centuries in folk memory. There is archaeological evidence of Giant elephant bird (*A. maximus*) from a radiocarbon-dated bone at 1880 +/- 70 BP (c. 120 AD) with signs of butchering, and on the basis of radiocarbon dating of shells, about 1000 BP (= c. 1000 AD). It is thought that the *A. maximus* is the Malagasy legendary extinct animal called the *vorompatra* (pronounced `{{IPA|mg|vuˈrumpə̥ʈʂ|}}`{=mediawiki}), Malagasy for \"bird of open spaces". After many years of failed attempts, DNA molecules of *Aepyornis* eggs were successfully extracted by a group of international researchers and results were published in 2010 in the *Proceedings of the Royal Society B*.
It has also been suggested that the extinction was a secondary effect of human impact due to transfer of hyperdiseases from human commensals, such as chickens and guineafowl. The bones of these domesticated fowl have been found in subfossil sites on the island (MacPhee and Marx, 1997: 188), such as Ambolisatra (Madagascar), where *Mullerornis* *modestus* and *A. maximus* have been reported
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# Pontedeume
**Pontedeume** (`{{IPA|gl|ˌponteˈðewmɪ}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the province of A Coruña in the autonomous community of Galicia in northwestern Spain, It borders the municipalities of Miño, Cabañas, A Capela, Villarmaior and Monfero, located between the cities of La Coruña (38 km) and Ferrol (18 km) and near Betanzos (26 km) and Puentes de García Rodríguez (31 km).
The town was founded *ex novo* by the town charter of Alfonso X the Wise in 1270, and is one of the few Galician towns that has preserved its old historic center. Its streets and squares retain many traditional elements such as arcades, houses with wooden balconies and glass galleries, public fountains and numerous monumental buildings. All this, together with the rich landscape and nature of the surroundings, led to the Eume River region being declared a Historic Site and Picturesque Place in 1971.The town is located on the English Way path of the Camino de Santiago.
## Industry
Farming and services are the main economic activities, though from the late 1950s, and particularly from the mid 1970s, Pontedeume has developed into a coastal resort.
## Geography
### Parishes
Pontedeume is divided into 8 parishes: **Andrade** (San Martiño), **Boebre** (Santiago), **Breamo** (San Miguel), **Centroña** (Santa María), **Nogueirosa** (San Cosme), **Ombre** (Santa María), **Pontedeume** (Santiago) and **Vilar** (San Pedro).
## Demography
In 1868 and from 1877 to 1890 the territory of Vilarmaior was a part of the municipality of Pontedeume. This explains the pronounced fall in the population between 1877 and 1900. `{{historical populations|align=center|cols=2
|1877|8610
|1887|8659
|1900|6097
|1910|6989
|1920|7160
|1930|7576
|1940|8183
|1950|8347
|1960|8395
|1970|8227
|1980|8714
|1990|8817
|2000|8696
|2010|8305
| footnote = [http://www.ine.es/intercensal/intercensal.do?search=3&codigoProvincia=15&codigoMunicipio=069&btnBuscarCod=Submit+selection INE Archiv]
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Fátima Rodríguez (b
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# Arkansas Highway 180
**Arkansas Highway 180** (**AR 180**) is a state highway in Fayetteville, Arkansas. The route, officially known as **Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard**, runs 1.723 mi from Interstate 49 (I-49) east to School Avenue. Highway 180 is designated as part of the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail as well as Arkansas Heritage Trails System designations as the Butterfield Trail, Trail of Tears (Benge Route), and Civil War Trails (Herron\'s Approach).
## Route description {#route_description}
Highway 180 begins at US 62 just underneath the I-49/US 62/US 71 overpass in western Fayetteville. It continues east to a junction with Razorback Road (former Highway 112) on the Campus of the University of Arkansas. Highway 180 continues east past the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville High School, and the Fayetteville National Cemetery to terminate at School Avenue (former US 71B). The roadway continues east as Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, a city street. The route is entirely four lane, with a center left-turn lane.
## History
As early as 1930, the road was named **Wall Street** in the city limits of Fayetteville. The road later became **6th Street**. Between 1971 and 1989 this road was designated US 62 Business.
On January 15, 2009, Fayetteville renamed Sixth Street to **Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard**. The ceremony took place at the Razorback Road intersection at the entrance to the University of Arkansas. Most Fayetteville businesses on the road still claim 6th Street, and many residents and university students continue to call the road 6th Street over two years after the change.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
## Former routes {#former_routes}
**Arkansas Highway 180** (**AR 180**) was a state highway of 1.5 mi in Fayetteville. Its original location was along Assembly Road and Skyline Drive where it circled around Mount Sequoyah and returned to its single terminus of Highway 45. This segment was dropped from the state highway system in the early 1990s.
**Arkansas Highway 180** (**AR 180**) was a state highway of 1.8 mi in Fayetteville. The route began at US 71B in Fayetteville and followed Township Road, Gregg Avenue and Drake Street before ending at Highway 112. In the 1990s this segment was extended north along Gregg Avenue and ended at the Fulbright Expressway on the north end of Fayetteville. This segment was dropped from the state highway system in 2008 following the widening of Gregg Avenue
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# Mungyeong-eup
**Mungyeong-eup** (문경읍; 聞慶邑) is an *eup* in Mungyeong city in Gyeongsangbuk-do. It was formerly the seat of government of Mungyeong County, until its merger with Jeomchon in 1995 to form Mungyeong city. The eup contains the provincial park of Mungyeong Saejae. It also takes in a strip of the southern reaches of Woraksan National Park, including the once-busy mountain pass of Haneuljae. Other wild areas include the mountains of Bongmyeongsan and Seongjubong. The urban part of the eup contains a number of tourist hotels as well as the spa Mungyeong-oncheon.
Principal agricultural products of Mungyeong-eup are apples and shiitake mushrooms (표고버섯). It\'s also the home of a number of ceramic studios, and a ceramic museum.
Highways No. 3 and 34 run through the eup as does the expressway No. 45. Trains no longer run here; nearest access to the railroad is now in Jeomchon
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# Estudiantes de Mérida F.C.
**Estudiantes de Mérida Fútbol Club** (usually called **Estudiantes de Mérida**, or simply **Estudiantes**) is a professional football club of the Venezuelan league, based in Mérida, Venezuela. It has performed well in both national and international competitions, like Copa Libertadores, and has won titles in several regional and national competitions.
## History
Everything started when Mérida conquest both Junior Championships made in this city during the years of 1969 and 1970. This caught the fever to aspire to have a professional football team in the tourist city Venezuela quintessential student. The deceased Don José Arano (Basque birth) and Luis Ghersi Govea, performed the first legal contacts with Major League Soccer and the Venezuelan Football Federation (FVF). Once the appropriate steps in the city of Caracas, contact Guillermo Soto Rosa, who in turn communicates with other friends, also engineers, Ramon Chiarelli and Gabriel Angarita, who show interest in the nascent idea and spread of the emotive idea in Mérida: Luis Jimenez Ron, Amadis Canizales, Daniel D \'Jesus Trejo, Eli Joseph Camacho and Fausto Ghiraldini, among others.
By then, join institutional and public efforts, the then president of the University of Los Andes, Pedro Rincón Gutiérrez and Dr. Briceno Ferrigni, then Governor of the state of Mérida, who together perform all the steps of rigor to the entities coordinating professional soccer in Venezuela. At the same time, running the works related to the improvement and expansion of the football stadium facilities most of Mérida, Guillermo Soto Rosa Stadium, located in a popular area of the city between the Santa Juana, Pie del Llano, santa Monica, Cuatricentenario and Campo de Oro. The first team\'s headquarters, is a modest apartment, where on April 4, 1971, meet 58 people in order to form the first Board by then stay composed by Luis A. Ron Jimenez, Amadis Canizales, Jorge Pereyra, Don José Arano, Uzcátegui Spirit, Carmelo Colella and Elio Scanu.
Membership with Antonio J. La Hoz as coach. the uniform would be a striped shirt red and white, blue pants, white socks with horizontal stripes, design inspired by the colors of the Colegio San José de Mérida, as the majority of the promoters of the team had former students of that campus. Was defined as a second uniform shirt with green and white stripes, white shorts and white socks.
The name of the institution is as Football Club Estudiantes de Mérida and the day May 17, 1971, the official request is made to the Major League Soccer for the registration of the Club. The official team presentation is made on September 4, 1971, at a popular hotel in the city. Until the 12th of October of the same year at 11:00 am, appears in the programmed Guillermo Soto Rosa Stadium, the red-white currency captained by number 10 Luis Mendoza. Students counted as a godfather for release sports, Deportivo Portugues from the capital of the country, who fell 2 goals to 1, with goals scored by Uruguayan Chiazzaro José and Brazilian César Márquez.
For 1999 occupies the 5th place as the best team in South America and ranked 43 in the world. He has won two league titles (1980 and 1985), two Copa Venezuela (1971 and 1975), has been sub-national champion five times and has participated in several Copa Libertadores and Copa Conmebol, Copa Merconorte.
Later, on May 14, 2006 the team, after losing 4-2 against Deportivo Italmaracaibo, went to Second Division, after 35 years of being in the First Division. His return to the first division occurs in the month of May 2007, thanks to the expansion of First Division clubs 10-18.
## Titles
- **Primera División Venezolana: 2**
:
: **Amateur Era (0):**
: **Professional Era (2):** 1980, 1985
- **Segunda División Venezolana: 0**
- **Segunda División B Venezolana: 0**
- **Tercera División Venezolana: 0**
- **Copa de Venezuela: 2**
:
: 1971, 1975
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| 0 |
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# Estudiantes de Mérida F.C.
## Performance in CONMEBOL competitions {#performance_in_conmebol_competitions}
- **Copa Libertadores: 7 appearances**
:
: 1977: First Round
: 1978: First Round
: 1981: First Round
: 1982: First Round
: 1987: First Round
: 1999: Quarter-Finals
: 2003: Preliminary Round
- **Copa Sudamericana: 1 appearance**
:
: 2018: First stage
- **Recopa Sudamericana: 0 appearances**
:
: :
- **Copa CONMEBOL: 1 appearance**
:
: 1999: Quarter-Finals
- **Copa Merconorte: 1 appearance**
:
: 2000: First Round
## Colors
The club\'s colors are red, white and blue.
## Stadium
The club plays their home matches at Estadio Metropolitano de Mérida, which seats 42,200 people and was inaugurated on December 7, 2005. The club previously played their home matches at Estadio Guillermo Soto Rosa, which seats 14,000 and was inaugurated on September 5, 1969
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# Cisco, Utah
**Cisco** is a ghost town in Grand County, Utah, United States near the junction of State Route 128 (SR‑128) and Interstate 70 (I‑70).
## History
The town started in the 1880s as a saloon and water-refilling station for the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. As work crews and, later, travelers came through, stores, hotels and restaurants sprang up to accommodate them. Nearby cattle ranchers and sheep herders in the Book Cliffs north of town began using Cisco as a livestock and provisioning center. Around the turn of the 20th century sheep were sheared at Cisco before being shipped to market. After oil and natural gas were discovered, Cisco continued to grow. The town\'s decline coincided with the demise of the steam locomotive. Cisco\'s already declining economy crashed when Interstate 70 was built, bypassing Cisco.
The town site contains many relics of a typical old west railroad town. Cisco survived long enough into the 20th century to be assigned a ZIP Code, 84515. The ghost town\'s easy access and proximity to the freeway have lured vandals, heavily damaging the historical artifacts. While Cisco had no permanent residents for many years, there are many known shale oil deposits around Cisco, and efforts have been made over the years to extract this shale leading to the town having a few migrant residents working for the oil drilling firms involved.
The town was also used in filming the opening and ending scenes of the 1971 cult classic movie Vanishing Point.
## Mining
Oil and natural gas were discovered near Cisco in 1924. In 2005, new oil and gas wells were drilled in the nearby Cisco Oil Field by a Reno, Nevada-based company. Newly drilled wells can be seen next to the railroad track and around the freeway. Cisco Mayor Dan Vanover was also an oil and turquoise miner from 1963 until his death in 1986.
## Transportation
Cisco is along the former routing of US-6/US-50. The town was bypassed with the completion of I‑70 through the area but is still accessible by way of Exit 204. Cisco is listed as a control city for SR‑128, although the highway does not enter Cisco. Cisco is still served by the Union Pacific Railroad where a rail siding remains in use. The California Zephyr passenger train passes through Cisco, but is not a scheduled stop. During the summer months, whitewater river rafters use Cisco as a landing site, particularly for a trip through Westwater Canyon. The Kokopelli mountain bike Trail passes through Cisco.
## Gallery
<File:Oil> wells in Cisco, Utah.jpg\|Oil wells in Cisco <File:Oil> field in Cisco, Utah.jpg\|Cisco oil field <File:Cisco> Yellow House with 1932 rig.jpg\|Cisco Yellow House with 1932 rig <File:Highway> exit 204 on Interstate 70 for Cisco, UT.jpg\|Exit sign on westbound Interstate 70
## Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Cisco has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated \"BSk\" on climate maps
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# Oscar Anderson House Museum
The **Oscar Anderson House Museum** is a historical museum at 420 M Street in downtown Anchorage in the U.S. state of Alaska. Located in Elderberry Park, the structure was built in 1915 by early Anchorage resident Oscar Anderson. Anderson claimed to be the 18th person to set foot on what is now Anchorage. The structure was the first wood-frame house in Anchorage, and was occupied by Anderson until his death in 1974. The house was completely restored to a 1915 appearance between 1978 and 1982, and is now open as a historic house museum.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978
| 111 |
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3,735,005 |
# As Pontes de García Rodríguez
**As Pontes de García Rodríguez** is a municipality in the northwest of the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia, Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Eume. It is the largest municipality in the province and it has a population of 11,139 inhabitants (INE, 2011).
## Economy
The town\'s economy depends primarily on industry.
The town\'s main employer is the natural gas power plant run by Endesa. This plant is the largest in Spain and its chimney is the highest structure in the country at 365 meters and the second tallest tower in Europe. The municipality has numerous wind farms and the town itself has three industrial parks.
## Nature and tourism {#nature_and_tourism}
The \"Fragas\" of the River Eume Natural Park is home to a typical Atlantic Forest landscape. It was declared a Natural park in 1997.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Ignacio Echeverría - Spanish lawyer and banker, known for fighting against terrorists during the 2017 London Bridge attack
- Miguel Alvariño - Galician athlete
- Sabela Ramil - Galician singer-songwriter, known for participating in the Spanish talent show Operación Triunfo
- Valentín González Formoso - Galician politician of the Socialists\' Party of Galicia
## International relations {#international_relations}
### Twin towns -- sister cities {#twin_towns_sister_cities}
As Pontes de García Rodríguez is twinned with:
- Arroyo Naranjo, La Havana, Cuba
- Lesneven, Brittany, France
- Carmarthen, Wales, United Kingdom
## Gallery
<File:Chimenea> AS PONTES, España. Comparativa con torre Eiffel de París.tif\|Chimney of the As Pontes power plant, Spain. Comparison with the Eiffel Tower in Paris <File:Central> térmica As Pontes Gª Rodriguez, Galicia (Spain).jpg\|Endesa coal power plant <File:Endesa-Termic.jpg%7CThe> Endesa chimney <File:Rio> Eume. Fragas do Eume. Galicia (Spain).jpg\|Fragas do Eume <File:Bufo> bufo (amplexus).001 - Fragas do Eume
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| 0 |
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# Grandhotel Pupp
The **Grandhotel Pupp** (`{{IPA|cs|pup}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 228-room luxury hotel in Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic. The hotel hosts the annual Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.
## History
The hotel began as the *Saxony Hall*, built in 1701 by Burgomaster Deiml. A later mayor, Becher, built a *Lusthaus* on a plot of land he owned at right-angles to the *Saxony Hall*. This became known as the *Bohemia Hall*. Jan Jiří Pop (*Johann Georg Pupp*), a confectioner, came to Karlovy Vary (that time known under its German name Karlsbad) in 1760 and worked for a local confectioner called Mitterbach. The widow of former mayor Becher sold a one-third share in the *Bohemia Hall* to Mitterbach\'s daughter, who married Pop in 1775. The following year, she bought another third and her husband the remaining third, giving the Pop/Pupp family complete ownership of the hall. At that time, Jan Jiří Pop started to use the German variant of his name.
The family prospered in the following decades and was able to buy the *Saxony Hall* in 1890. Between 1896 and 1907, the Viennese architects Fellner & Helmer rebuilt the various family-owned buildings into the neo-Baroque *Grandhotel Pupp* that stands today. Up until World War II the family continued to acquire neighbouring properties and incorporate them into the hotel complex.
After the war, the Edvard Beneš government of Czechoslovakia nationalized the hotel and it was renamed *Grandhotel Moskva* in 1950. The hotel\'s owners, along with almost the totality of the Karlovy Vary\'s population, were expelled. The hotel\'s original name was restored in 1989 and it has since been privatized.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
The Grandhotel Pupp was a major location for the 2006 movie *Last Holiday* starring Queen Latifah. It also appears in the 2006 James Bond film *Casino Royale* as *Hotel Splendide* in Montenegro. It has been cited as inspiration for the Grand Budapest Hotel in the movie of the same name
| 321 |
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# Lee Priest
**Lee Andrew McCutcheon** (born 6 July 1972), known professionally as **Lee Priest**, is a competitive bodybuilder. He is a former International Federation of BodyBuilders (IFBB) professional bodybuilder and a current National Amateur Body-Builders\' Association (NABBA) professional athlete.
## Biography
Lee Priest grew up in Wallsend, Australia. He\'s always been a Superman fan, and it started when he was a kid. \"Every year, my mother would make me a new suit and a cape for the dog, and I always had Superman stuff,\" he remembered. Priest\'s mother was also a bodybuilding competitor, and posed with Priest onstage. Priest started training at the age of 12 with the help and support of his grandfather. He competed for the first time at the age of 13 and won. He went on to win numerous other competitions leading up to him winning the IFBB Mr. Australia at 16, 17, 18, and 19. Priest competed at the World\'s Championship at 17, where he placed 4th. At 19 he again competed and won The Mr. Australia title, but was not allowed to get his pro card in Australia because of his young age. He moved to California at 20, having gained more than 70 pounds of muscle during his teenage years. It was then Priest decided to enter an amateur competition, Niagara Falls Championships. While there, Priest was discovered and given his pro card. Priest became one of the youngest men ever to turn IFBB pro at the age of 20.
Priest competed successfully within the IFBB for 16 years. After falling shy of a notable championship, Priest set his sights on his most elusive opponent, The Ironman Pro. After ten years of coming in 2nd or 3rd, 2006 proved Priest\'s year as the Ironman Pro.
In 2010 he was invited by Paul Dillett to compete in the WBFF, but due to the lack of competition, he decided against competing.
Priest is also an avid racing enthusiast and champion race car driver. He started racing in 2002 with road-racing and circle track. Priest then progressed to drag racing in 2004. He won numerous races and titles`{{which|date=June 2022}}`{=mediawiki} in road and circle track. His most successful bid came within drag-racing. He won Rookie of the Year in 2005. The following year, 2006, he won the SCEDA Racing Championship in Lancaster, California.
Following a seven-year absence from competitive bodybuilding, Lee Priest returned in 2013 to compete in the NABBA Mr Universe where he won the overall title as an amateur. He then appeared as a special guest at the 2014 Universe Championships while he was on tour in the UK.
Priest joined *MuscleSport Magazine* in November 2014 and began writing a monthly column online and in their print magazine. He was featured on the cover of their Winter 2015 issue.
He has a pet fox, named \"Carlos\".
Lee Priest starred in the 2018 horror short film *Round Trip*.
You can find Lee Priest\'s interviews and updates about his life on the Sam\'s Fitness [YouTube Channel](https://www.youtube.com/@samsfitnessaust/videos).
## IFBB Ban {#ifbb_ban}
In 2006, Priest received a 2-year ban from the IFBB for competing in events not sanctioned by the federation. Specifically, Priest had competed in (and won) the Night of Champions (NOC) and the NOC Britain contests that were promoted by Wayne DeMilia and his Pro Division Inc. (PDI). PDI was an organization that was a competitor of and in conflict with the IFBB at the time. Following the 2-year ban, Priest neglected to renew his IFBB membership due to his lack of interest in continuing to compete. Lee\'s ban resurfaced in 2010 when he was prevented from conducting seminars at an IFBB event in Norway when the IFBB threatened to suspend all the athletes entered in the event if Priest attended.
### IFBB vs. PDI {#ifbb_vs._pdi}
Wayne DeMilia was a prominent figure in professional bodybuilding and had been an officer of the IFBB. Further, through his legal entity PDI, Wayne was the original promoter and developer of the NOC under the IFBB banner. However, DeMilia would part ways with the IFBB due to issues he had with IFBB President Ben Weider. Despite the separation, DeMilia continued to hold his NOC contests as PDI without the blessing of or sanctioning by the IFBB. This would be short-lived and the event is now known as The IFBB New York Pro.
## The Lee Priest Classic {#the_lee_priest_classic}
In 2014 NABBA International announced plans to hold a professional bodybuilding competition in Sydney, Australia, in partnership with the World Fitness Federation (WFF) International. This will be the first NABBA professional event held in Australia since the 1990 NABBA World Championships held in Geelong, Victoria.
The Lee Priest Classic Australia 2015 was held on Sunday, 22 March 2015 at the Bankstown Sports Club in Sydney. The contest included both professional and amateur classes with overall male and female amateur class winners receiving a Pro Card from the World Fitness Federation.
A second Lee Priest Classic event was held in the UK in conjunction with Muscle Promotions UK and sanctioned by WFF International. The Lee Priest Classic UK was held on Sunday, 19 July 2015 at The Cresset, Peterborough. The event offered classes for both amateurs and professionals.
| 865 |
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# Lee Priest
## Stats
- Name: Lee Priest
- Location: Newcastle, Australia
- Born: 6 July 1972
- Height: 5'6\" or 168 cm
- Competition Weight: 196 - 205 lbs. (89 - 93 kg)
- Arms: 22 inches (56 cm) (recorded that he has over 24 inches biceps while off season)
- Chest: 54 inches
- Waist: 30 inches
- Quads: 30.5 inches
## Contest history {#contest_history}
- 1986 School Boys Classic Sydney - 1st
- 1986 School Boys Newcastle Hunter Valley - 1st
- 1986 School Boys State Championships - 1st
- 1987 Dubbo Classic Men\'s Open - 3rd
- 1988 NSW State - 1st
- 1989 NSW State Titles - 1st
- 1989 WPF Mr. Australia - 1st
- 1989 AAU Mr. Universe - 2nd
- 1989 NSW Hunter Valley Couples - 1st
- 1989 IFBB Australian Championships - 1st
- 1990 IFBB Australian Championships - 1st
- 1990 IFBB World Amateur Championships, Lightweight - 4th
- 1993 IFBB Niagara Falls Pro Invitational - 9th
- 1994 IFBB Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic - 7th
- 1994 IFBB Ironman Pro Invitational - 4th
- 1994 IFBB Night of Champions - 12th
- 1994 IFBB San Jose Pro Invitational - 7th
- 1995 IFBB Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic - 9th
- 1995 IFBB Florida Pro Invitational - 4th
- 1995 IFBB Ironman Pro Invitational - 3rd
- 1995 IFBB South Beach Pro Invitational - 4th
- 1996 IFBB Ironman Pro Invitational - 4th
- 1996 IFBB San Jose Pro Invitational - 6th
- 1997 IFBB Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic - 7th
- 1997 IFBB Grand Prix Czech Republic - 5th
- 1997 IFBB Grand Prix England - 6th
- 1997 IFBB Grand Prix Finland - 9th
- 1997 IFBB Grand Prix Germany - 3rd
- 1997 IFBB Grand Prix Hungary - 3rd
- 1997 IFBB Grand Prix Russia - 9th
- 1997 IFBB Grand Prix Spain - 3rd
- 1997 IFBB Ironman Pro Invitational - 2nd
- 1997 IFBB Mr. Olympia - 6th
- 1998 IFBB Mr. Olympia - 7th
- 1999 IFBB Iron Man Pro Invitational - 6th
- 1999 IFBB Mr. Olympia - 8th
- 2000 IFBB Night of Champions - 5th
- 2000 IFBB Mr. Olympia - 6th
- 2001 IFBB Ironman Pro Invitational - 7th
- 2002 IFBB Ironman Pro Invitational - 2nd
- 2002 IFBB Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic - 4th
- 2002 IFBB San Francisco Pro Invitational - 1st
- 2002 IFBB Mr. Olympia - 6th
- 2003 IFBB Mr. Olympia - 15th
- 2004 IFBB Ironman Pro - 2nd
- 2004 IFBB San Francisco Pro Invitational - 2nd
- 2005 IFBB Grand Prix Australia - 1st
- 2005 IFBB Arnold Classic - 4th
- 2005 IFBB Iron Man Pro Invitational - 2nd
- 2006 IFBB Ironman Pro - 1st
- 2006 IFBB Arnold Classic - 6th
- 2006 IFBB Grand Prix Australia - 2nd
- 2006 NOC New York - 1st
- 2006 PDI Night of Champions - 1st
- 2013 NABBA Mr. Universe - 1st
- cona master - 1st
## Training videos {#training_videos}
- *The Blonde Myth* (1998)
- *Another Blonde Myth* (2001) - Footage leading up 2000 night of champions. \"Home video footage\" provides new look of Lee Priest. Includes his wedding, whole body workouts.
- *Training Camp and Career Highlights*
- *It\'s Not Revenge* (2006) - In the series Titans, Bodybuilding Superstar Lee Priest trains a few days out of competition in Austin.
- \'\'Reality DVD series (2006--2008) BodybuildersReality
| 577 |
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| 1 |
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# Green Chemistry (journal)
***Green Chemistry*** is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering every aspect of sustainable chemistry and its implementation in chemical engineering. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and was established in 1999 by James Clark (University of York). Articles published in this journal are intended to be accessible to a wide audience. The editor-in-chief is Javier Pérez-Ramírez.
## Article types {#article_types}
- Research papers (which contain original scientific work that has not been published previously)
- Communications (original scientific work that is of an urgent nature and that has not been published previously)
- Green Chemistry news (an easy-to-read magazine style section)
## Abstracting and indexing {#abstracting_and_indexing}
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Science Citation Index Expanded. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, the journal has a 2023 impact factor of 9.3
| 142 |
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| 0 |
3,735,022 |
# Oregon Route 99W
**Oregon Route 99W** is a state-numbered route in Oregon, United States, that runs from OR 99 and OR 99E in Junction City north to I-5 in southwestern Portland. Some signage continues it north to US 26 near downtown, but most signage agrees with the Oregon Department of Transportation\'s (ODOT) description, ending it at I-5. OR 99W is known by ODOT as the **Pacific Highway West No. 1W** (see Oregon highways and routes); that highway continues north through downtown (along a former extension of OR 99W) to the Pacific Highway No. 1 (I-5) in northern Portland, as well as south on OR 99 to the Pacific Highway (I-5) in Eugene.
Until around 1972, OR 99W was **U.S. Route 99W**, rejoining OR 99E (formerly US 99E) in northern Portland. US 99 then continued north along present I-5 into Washington; the next segment still numbered 99 is WA 99 south of Seattle.
## Route description {#route_description}
The Pacific Highway West begins at the interchange with I-5 (Pacific Highway) and OR 126 Business (McKenzie Highway No. 15) in eastern Eugene. It heads west through downtown Eugene along OR 99 and OR 126 Business, and then northwest and north to Junction City on OR 99.
At Junction City, OR 99 ends and OR 99W begins along the Pacific Highway West, while OR 99E heads northeast on the Albany-Junction City Highway No. 58. While OR 99E quickly crosses the Willamette River, OR 99W stays on its west side through the Willamette Valley, passing through towns such as Monroe, Corvallis, Monmouth, Rickreall, Amity, McMinnville and Lafayette. Oregon Route 18 provides a bypass for OR 99W around downtown McMinnville and Lafayette.
At McMinnville, OR 99W turns northeast. It passes through the winemaking towns of Dundee and Newberg before entering the Portland suburb of Sherwood. OR 18 provides a partial bypass for OR 99W around downtown Dundee and Newberg. The bypass currently ends at OR 219, but is proposed to extend northeast to OR 99W northeast of Newberg. OR 99W then skirts the city of Tualatin and passes through Tigard before entering Portland and immediately ending at I-5.
The Pacific Highway West, however, continues northeast and north, paralleling I-5 on Barbur Boulevard. OR 10 joins at Capitol Highway, which is not a state highway. South of the Ross Island Bridge approach, Oregon Highway 99W and OR 10 split from Barbur Boulevard onto Naito Parkway, an arterial that once connected directly to Harbor Drive. OR 10 ends at the west end of the Ross Island Bridge, which carries US 26, the Mt. Hood Highway No. 26. Until around 2005, US 26 came off the bridge onto the Pacific Highway West north into downtown Portland, but it now heads west on the locally maintained Arthur Street to reach I-405.
At the overpass over I-405 is the former split with Harbor Drive, which was replaced by Tom McCall Waterfront Park in 1974. The road now runs into Naito Parkway (formerly Front Avenue), and is state-maintained until Market Street, the eastbound half of the one-way pair of the Sunset Highway (US 26 left the Pacific Highway West here prior to ca. 2005).
The Pacific Highway West continues north through downtown, locally maintained along Naito Parkway, to the state-maintained Steel Bridge. There is a direct ramp for northbound traffic onto the bridge, but the former southbound ramp is now used by the MAX Light Rail system, and so southbound traffic must head west to 3rd Avenue, three blocks west of Naito Parkway.
At the northeast end of the Steel Bridge, the Pacific Highway West again becomes locally maintained, and heads north on **Interstate Avenue** all the way to I-5 (the Pacific Highway) near the Interstate Bridge. It is again state-maintained north of Argyle Street.
| 624 |
Oregon Route 99W
| 0 |
3,735,022 |
# Oregon Route 99W
## History
The first highway in the corridor was the Capitol Highway (Highway 3), from Portland to Salem via Dayton (roughly present OR 99W and OR 221). In 1927 it was merged with the **West Side Highway**, which ran from Dayton to Junction City, to form the West Side Pacific Highway, still numbered 3, and a western loop of the Pacific Highway (Highway 1/U.S. Route 99). (The former Capitol Highway south of Dayton was removed from the system, but was later taken over as the Salem-Dayton Highway.) The section north of Portland was initially named Multnomah Boulevard until Interstate Avenue was adopted in 1916; the street was paved in the late 1920s amid several minor realignments to provide for a 100 ft wide highway.
In 1930, Highway 3 was assigned the U.S. Route 99W number and Highway 1 (old US 99) between the ends of Highway 3 became US 99E. Highway 1 was similarly split in 1938, forming the Pacific Highway West - Highway 1W - and the Pacific Highway East, Highway 1E. Highway 1W was formed from Highway 3, and extended north on Interstate Avenue to just south of the Interstate Bridge.
In 1957, with the assignment of I-5, the Pacific Highway (Highway 1) was moved to its planned alignment, resulting in an extension of Highway 1W south to Eugene. US 99W however continued to terminate at Junction City; the new I-5 was designated US 99 when it opened in 1961. (US 99W from south of downtown Portland north to its end was temporarily part of US 99 from 1961 to 1963, when I-5 opened north of downtown.)
US 99 became OR 99 in December 1971, resulting in the renumbering of US 99W to OR 99W. It was truncated in 1979 to I-5 just north of the Tigard/Portland line. It was again re-extended to south of downtown in 1996, with various signs identifying it as 99W placed sporadically between downtown and Tigard.
### Old alignments {#old_alignments}
The original alignment in southern Portland, bypassed in the 1930s by Barbur Boulevard, is still called Capitol Highway. It begins at the present north end of OR 99W and runs first east, then west, of Highway 1W, eventually merging with OR 10 (formerly the Beaverton-Hillsdale Highway) before ending at Highway 1W south of downtown.
Through downtown Portland, the original alignment took US 99W across the Broadway Bridge, reaching it via 4th Avenue, Burnside Street, and Broadway northbound, and Broadway, Pine Street, and 6th Avenue southbound. In 1950 it was realigned along Harbor Drive, the Steel Bridge and a realigned Interstate Avenue. Harbor Drive was removed in 1974, resulting in OR 99W moving west one block to Front Street (now Naito Parkway) downtown.
| 453 |
Oregon Route 99W
| 1 |
3,735,022 |
# Oregon Route 99W
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
: *Note: mileposts do not reflect actual mileage due to realignments
| 19 |
Oregon Route 99W
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3,735,027 |
# St. Robert Catholic High School
**St. Robert Catholic High School** is a secondary school in Markham-Thornhill, Ontario, Canada.
## History
St. Robert CHS was opened by the York Catholic District School Board in 1975. It is named after its patron saint, St. Robert Bellarmine. The extension added in January 1989 completed the school as it stands today. A \$3.5 million indoor artificial turf soccer field adjacent to the main parking lot was completed in 2010.
## School rankings {#school_rankings}
St. Robert CHS is consistently ranked as one of the top secondary schools in Ontario according to the Fraser Institute. In the 2024 Report Card on Ontario\'s Secondary Schools, the school scored a perfect 10 out of 10, ranking 1st out of 742 schools, an improvement from the 2023 report\'s score of 9.2 (4th of 689). The five-year average ranking places it second in Ontario, trailing only Ursula Franklin Academy in Toronto.
St. Robert CHS received outstanding placements in the University of Waterloo\'s Euclid Mathematics Contest, known for its challenging and innovative problems, placing 1st in 2025, 2nd in 2024, 7th in 2023, 1st in 2022, and 4th in 2021
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St. Robert Catholic High School
| 0 |
3,735,029 |
# Hawker Hector
The **Hawker Hector** is a British biplane army co-operation and liaison aircraft of the late 1930s; it served with the Royal Air Force and saw brief combat in the Battle of France in May 1940. Some Hectors were later sold to Ireland. It was named after the Trojan prince Hector.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
The Hector was intended as a replacement for the Hawker Audax army co-operation aircraft. The design and the building of the prototype was done by Hawker but production aircraft were built by Westland Aircraft in Yeovil, Somerset. Because of the demand for Rolls-Royce Kestrel engines required for the Hawker Hind programme, an alternative power plant was specified. Consequently, the 24 cylinder 805 hp Napier Dagger III was used. The prototype first flew on 14 February 1936 with George Bulman as pilot. One prototype and 178 production aircraft were built.
## Operational service {#operational_service}
Starting in February 1937, the Hector began equipping the seven RAF army co-operation squadrons that would use it, but it in turn began to be replaced by Westland Lysanders beginning in July 1938. The Hectors were transferred to Auxiliary Air Force squadrons. 613 Squadron was converting to Lysanders at RAF Hawkinge and flew in support of the Allied garrison in the Siege of Calais. On 26 May, along with its Lysanders, six Hectors dive bombed German positions around Calais and on the following day, tried to drop supplies to the troops, unaware that they had already surrendered; two Hectors were lost. Hectors were used by the RAF from 1940 as target-tugs, and for towing General Aircraft Hotspur training gliders.
The Irish Air Corps received 13 examples after the Dunkirk Evacuation in 1941--42 and in general were in poor condition. They were sold by the British War Office to Ireland upon requests for aircraft as the Irish military found themselves wholly unprepared for modern warfare but still relied almost completely on Britain for military supplies. The defence of Ireland was in the British interest but while they were fighting the Battle of Britain, they could not afford to sell the Irish Government anything better than the Hector. The type was deeply unpopular with ground crews due to the complicated and unreliable Dagger engine, whose tightly packed high revving 24 cylinders made access difficult.
## Variants
- **Hector Mk I** : Two-seat army co-operation aircraft for the RAF.
## Operators
`{{IRL}}`{=mediawiki}
- Irish Air Corps
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Air Force
- No. 2 Squadron RAF
- No. 4 Squadron RAF
- No. 13 Squadron RAF
- No. 26 Squadron RAF
- No. 53 Squadron RAF
- No. 59 Squadron RAF
- No. 296 Squadron RAF
- No. 602 Squadron RAF
- No. 612 Squadron RAF
- No. 613 Squadron RAF
- No. 614 Squadron RAF
- No. 615 Squadron RAF
## Surviving aircraft {#surviving_aircraft}
In 1996, an ex-Irish Air Corps Hector *88* (ex RAF *K8130*) was recovered for eventual restoration from near Dundrum in Ireland.
Parts of Hector *K8096* remain on Red Pike in the English Lake District. The aircraft crashed on 8 September 1941, killing its pilot
| 517 |
Hawker Hector
| 0 |
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# Ō Rissei
**Ō Rissei** (`{{zh|c=王立誠|p=Wáng Lìchéng}}`{=mediawiki}; born 7 November 1958) is a professional Go player in Japan.
Rissei was born in Taiwan and moved to Japan when he was 13 years old; he would become professional the following year. His instructor is Kano Yoshinori, while he is the instructor of his daughter O Keii, professional 2 dan.
## Titles and runners-up {#titles_and_runners_up}
Ranks #10-t in total number of titles in Japan
| 72 |
Ō Rissei
| 0 |
3,735,054 |
# Georgia State Route 13
**State Route 13** (**SR 13**) is a 49.5 mi state highway in the north-central part of the U.S. state of Georgia, that travels through portions of Fulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, and Hall counties.
It begins at West Peachtree Street and Spring Street (US 19/SR 9) just to the north of 17th Street in the northern part of Midtown Atlanta. The section south of Buckhead is a full freeway, from its southern terminus to Sidney Marcus Boulevard, built in 1953 as an extension of the Downtown Connector (built in 1952). This was later the original alignment of Interstate 85 (I-85; Northeast Expressway) through northeast Atlanta until 1985, when it was replaced by several lanes in each direction on a new roadway and viaduct immediately adjacent to it during the Freeing the Freeways construction boom.
SR 13 ends at Jesse Jewell Parkway (SR 369) in Gainesville. The name changes from Buford Highway to Atlanta Highway at the northeast city limits of Buford.
SR 13 once continued northeast past Gainesville, roughly along present SR 365, to the South Carolina state line on US 123.
## Route description {#route_description}
### Buford--Spring Connector {#bufordspring_connector}
SR 13 begins at an interchange with US 19/SR 9, which are aligned onto two one-way streets: Spring Street NW southbound and Peachtree Street NE northbound. The highway starts heading west but curves around to the northeast along a section of freeway adjacent to I-85. A half-interchange provides a shortcut for southbound traffic to Peachtree Street and from Peachtree Street to SR 13 north. The ramps provide a savings of 3/4 mi by allowing vehicles to avoid the southernmost section of the connector. The connector itself avoids having exits with surface roads (Monroe Drive, Piedmont Road, and Sidney Marcus Boulevard) on the newer I-85 routing, aside from slip ramps between the old and new freeways.
The portion of SR 13, from I-85 in the northwestern part of Atlanta to the I-285 interchange in Doraville, is part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation\'s economy, mobility, and defense.
### Buford Highway {#buford_highway}
In the Atlanta metropolitan area, Buford Highway is a linear community made up of multiracial suburban neighborhoods and shopping centers. Similar to other Sun Belt cities, immigrants who relocated to Atlanta in the 20th and 21st centuries went straight to the suburbs, where residential and commercial real estate was affordable and where many second-generation immigrant communities were already established. Along Buford Highway, there are few wholly distinct ethnic areas. The more than 1,000 immigrant-owned businesses are owned by, and patronized by, a wide variety of ethnic groups, notably Korean, Mexican, Chinese, and Vietnamese, and also Indian/South Asian, Central American, Somalis, and Ethiopian. The DeKalb County Chamber of Commerce calls the area the \"International Corridor.\" The Buford Highway community is home to one of the highest concentration of foreign-born residents in the country, notably Mexican, Central American, Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese. The area attracted many Latino workers during the construction boom that preceded the 1996 Summer Olympics. Asian business owners were attracted to the stretch of highway by cheap leases and reliable traffic flow.
Buford Highway is, in most places in the corridor, a seven-lane highway with no median and few sidewalks, a situation which is grossly mismatched with the heavy pedestrian traffic along and across the highway. During the mid-2010s, raised medians have replaced most of the center turn lane (which at one time was a reversible lane), and new crosswalks have been added between intersections.
Most properties along the corridor are in the form of strip malls, retail businesses surrounded by large parking lots, and large apartment complexes. The largest strip malls are the 466000 sqft Northeast Plaza, 355000 sqft Plaza Fiesta and the Buford Highway Farmers Market complex.
Northeast of Atlanta, Buford Highway is an international community spanning multiple counties including Fulton, Dekalb, and Gwinnett. The area generally spans along, and on either side of, a stretch of SR 13 in DeKalb County. It begins just north of Midtown Atlanta, continues northeast through the towns of Brookhaven, Chamblee, and Doraville, and ends 1.3 mi northeast of the Atlanta Bypass at the DeKalb--Gwinnett county line.
### Atlanta Highway (Gainesville Connector) {#atlanta_highway_gainesville_connector}
Extending north of Buford, the name changes from \"Buford Highway\" to \"Atlanta Highway\" and continues to SR 369 in Gainesville. It is also a corridor between Chicopee and SR 369.
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# Georgia State Route 13
## History
### 1920s
SR 13 was established at least as early as 1919 from Lawrenceville north-northwest to Buford, northeast to Gainesville and Cornelia, and east-northeast to Toccoa. By the end of September 1921, it was extended south-southeast from Lawrenceville to SR 45 in Loganville. It was also extended east-northeast from Toccoa to the South Carolina state line. By October 1926, US 270 was designated on the Lawrenceville--Gainesville segment. A portion of the highway in the south-southwest part of Gainesville had a \"completed hard surface\". By October 1929, US 270 was decommissioned, with US 19 being designated on the Lawrenceville--Gainesville segment instead. Three segments of SR 13 had a completed hard surface: from south-southeast of Buford to Gainesville, from southwest of Baldwin to Cornelia, and the Stephens County portion of the Cornelia--Toccoa segment.
### 1930s {#s_1}
By the middle of 1930, the portion from Lawrenceville to the northeastern part of Gainesville was completed. Between November 1930 and the beginning of 1932, US 19 was shifted off of SR 13, with US 23 designated on the Lawrenceville--Cornelia segment. Two segments had a completed hard surface: the Gainesville--Baldwin and Cornelia--South Carolina segments. In January 1932, SR 13 was designated from US 19/SR 9 in Buckhead to Buford. The Loganville--Buford segment was redesignated as part of SR 20. Between November 1932 and May 1933, the southern part of the Buckhead--Buford segment had a completed hard surface. In the second quarter of 1935, a portion southwest of Buford was completed. Two years later, the entire Buckhead--Buford segment was completed. At the end of the year, the southern terminus of SR 13 was indicated to be at US 23/US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10/SR 12 (Ponce de Leon Avenue) in the southern part of Midtown Atlanta. SR 13 traveled on Piedmont Avenue to the north-northeast and resumed its previous path. Between September 1938 and July 1939, US 23 was shifted onto the path of SR 13 from Atlanta to Buford.
### 1940s to 1980s {#s_to_1980s}
Between November 1946 and February 1948, US 123 was designated on SR 13 from Cornelia to the South Carolina state line. In 1967, US 23 was shifted off of Piedmont Road and Cheshire Bridge Road to the east, onto SR 42. Two years later, US 23 was again shifted off of SR 13, from Sugar Hill to northeast of Gainesville. It was moved to the east, onto the newly constructed SR 365 freeway. A decade later, SR 365 was proposed to be extended from northeast of Gainesville to northwest of Cornelia. This extension was under construction. In 1980, US 23 was shifted off of Buford Highway, between North Druid Hills Road and Clairmont Road, to the east, onto SR 155. SR 365 was designated on US 23/SR 13 from northeast of Gainesville to north-northwest of Alto. US 23/SR 13/SR 365, between Lula and northwest of Cornelia, was shifted westward, onto the previously proposed path of SR 365. The next year, US 23/SR 13/SR 365 from northeast of Gainesville to Lula was also shifted northward onto this path. In 1983, the southern terminus of SR 13 was truncated to the Cheshire Bridge Road interchange with I-85. Two years later, SR 13 was proposed to be extended along its current path to its current southern terminus. In 1986, this extension was built as a freeway. In 1988, SR 365 was proposed to be extended from just south of Demorest to just northeast of Boydville. The next year, SR 13 was shifted westward, onto a former proposed northern extension of SR 365 Bus. northeast of the city. SR 365 was extended east-northeast from south-southeast of Demorest to SR 115 south-southeast of Hollywood. In 1991, the northern terminus of SR 13 was truncated to an interchange with I-985/US 23/SR 365 northeast of Gainesville. In 1997, the northern terminus was further truncated to its current point, with SR 369 extended along the former path in Gainesville.
Buford Highway originated as a non-descript state roadway connecting Atlanta and points northeast, including the then-railroad towns of Chamblee and Doraville, as well as points farther north. The towns of Doraville, Chamblee, and Norcross had long been home to a blue collar, largely white, lower middle-class population. The highway was characterized by strip mall development, and apartment complexes sprouted up in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1976, the first ethnic restaurant opened, the Havana Sandwich Shop. In the 1980s, immigrants settled in the area due to affordable housing, available public transportation, and proximity to construction jobs in growing Gwinnett County. The area attracted many Latino workers during the construction boom that preceded the 1996 Olympic Games. Asian business owners were attracted to the stretch of highway by cheap leases and reliable traffic flow.
During the 1996 Olympics, Chamblee embraced the growing international character of Buford Highway, while more conservative Doraville resisted it. As the Southern Foodways Alliance reported:
> \"\'Why would we want to attract more immigrants when we got all we want?\' asked Doraville mayor Lamar Lang to the press. \'That's just not our way of life here,\' agreed the city council. \'We're basically Baptists and Methodists and Presbyterians.\'\"
### Accidents
On July 22, 2010 PBS\'s *Need to Know* program portrayed the corridor as an example of a high-pedestrian area in suburban America that fails to meet increased demand for walkability due to changing demographics. The program noted that in the previous ten years, 30 people had died and an additional 250 were injured while trying to cross Buford Highway, a rate three times higher than any other road in Georgia. Despite this, there were no plans to improve pedestrian safety in the unincorporated area of the corridor. Since then, improvements have been made, and the new city of Brookhaven has incorporated from Buford Highway northward.
In 2017, the Interstate 85 bridge collapse temporarily closed the connector at Piedmont Road (SR 237) on the evening of March 30 as High-density polyethylene conduit rolls stored under the newer viaduct burned, spewing black smoke and intense fire toward the southbound lanes. Since the connector is lower than the viaduct and only has a short bridge over the road itself, it was not damaged and was used by the Atlanta Fire Department to fight the massive blaze. The connector partially reopened two days later, its four total lanes being the only parallel route to stand in for the ten or more lanes which are now missing from the new freeway while it is being replaced.
| 1,078 |
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3,735,054 |
# Georgia State Route 13
## Public transportation {#public_transportation}
Buford Highway is served by MARTA bus route 39 (Lindbergh Center station to Doraville) as well as privately run \"jitneys\", or minibuses. Since 1992, the Doraville MARTA metro rail station is also a block away from Buford Highway at the end of the Gold Line. Originally the North and then Northeast Line, MARTA\'s 2009 change to a color-based system created controversy with the Asian community along the highway when it was to originally have become the Yellow Line.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
The city of Chamblee, in which part of the Buford Highway community is located, is sometimes referred to as \"Chambodia\" due to its high Asian population and the concentration of Asian restaurants along Buford Highway in Chamblee. A chapter of Tom Wolfe\'s novel *A Man in Full* is titled \"Chambodia\".
Atlanta Highway in Gainesville has a high Hispanic population as it has many shopping centers.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
## Special routes {#special_routes}
### Doraville connector route {#doraville_connector_route}
**State Route 13 Connector** (**SR 13 Conn.**) is a 1.1 mi connector route of SR 13 that connects US 23/SR 13 (Buford Highway NE) to SR 141 (Peachtree Industrial Boulevard) in Doraville, within DeKalb County. The entire route travels along **Motors Industrial Way**, a four-lane divided highway with a grassy median. The highway is separated from the inner lanes of Interstate 285 (I-285) by a Jersey barrier.
SR 13 Conn. is not part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nation\'s economy, defense, and mobility.
The roadway that would eventually become SR 13 Conn. was established between February 1948 and April 1949 as part of SR 13W on its current path. In 1971, this portion of SR 13W was redesignated as SR 13 Conn.
### Buford spur route {#buford_spur_route}
**State Route 13 Spur** (**SR 13 Spur**) was a spur route of SR 13 that existed mostly within the city limits of Buford. Between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946, it was established from an intersection with US 23/SR 13 in the southern part of Buford. It traveled to the north-northwest, concurrent with SR 20 for a short distance until they split, with SR 20 heading southwest and SR 13 Spur heading northeast. The spur route curved to the north-northeast and leaves the city limits of Buford. It curves to the east-southeast, with a southeastern bend, until it reaches its northern terminus, another intersection with US 23/SR 13 just southwest of Rest Haven. Between the beginning of 1951 and the beginning of 1965, the spur route was redesignated as SR 13 Loop.
### Buford loop route {#buford_loop_route}
**State Route 13 Loop** (**SR 13 Loop**) was a loop route of SR 13 that existed mostly within the city limits of Buford. The roadway that would eventually become SR 13 Loop was established between the beginning of 1945 and November 1946 as SR 13 Spur, from an intersection with US 23/SR 13 in the southern part of Buford. It traveled to the north-northwest, concurrent with SR 20 for a short distance until they split, with SR 20 heading southwest and SR 13 Spur heading northeast. The spur route curved to the north-northeast and left the city limits of Buford. It curved to the east-southeast, with a southeastern bend, until it reached its northern terminus, another intersection with US 23/SR 13 just southwest of Rest Haven. Between the beginning of 1951 and the beginning of 1965, the spur route was redesignated as SR 13 Loop. Between September 1953 and June 1954, SR 20 was rerouted through the Sugar Hill--Buford area and off of SR 13 Loop. In 1990, the loop route was decommissioned.
### Hall County connector route {#hall_county_connector_route}
**State Route 13 Connector** (**SR 13 Conn.**) was a connector route of SR 13 that existed in rural parts of Hall County, south of the Gainesville area. In 1970, the connector was established from SR 13 east-northeast of Flowery Branch to SR 53 north-northwest of Chestnut Mountain. In 1980, this highway was decommissioned.
### Gainesville connector route {#gainesville_connector_route}
**State Route 13 Connector** (**SR 13 Conn.**) was a short-lived connector route of SR 13 that existed completely within the city limits of Gainesville. Between June 1960 and June 1963, it was established from an intersection with US 23/SR 13 (Peachtree Road) in the southern part of the city. It traveled to the north-northeast on Railroad Avenue, paralleling some railroad tracks of Southern Railway. SR 13 Conn. and the railroad tracks curved to the northeast, skirting past the Gainesville Municipal Airport. They crossed over some railroad tracks of Georgia Midland Railroad. At Bradford Street, the connector route turned left and left the railroad tracks. At College Street, it turned right. After an intersection with US 129/SR 11 (Athens Road), it curved to the north and had a second intersection with US 23/SR 13 (Broad Street/East Spring Street). SR 13 Conn. continued as South Enota Avenue and curved to the north-northwest before reaching its northern terminus, a second intersection with US 129/SR 11 (Morningside Drive) in the northern part. In 1969, SR 13 Conn. was redesignated as SR 11 Conn.
### Stephens County connector route {#stephens_county_connector_route}
**State Route 13 Connector** (**SR 13 Conn.**) was a connector route of SR 13 that existed in Stephens County, south of Toccoa. In 1985, it was proposed to be designated from US 123/SR 13/SR 184 just northeast of Boydville to SR 17 east-southeast of Toccoa. The next year, it was actually established on this proposed path. In 1991, the path of SR 17 was shifted southward, replacing SR 13 Conn
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# Jeff Triplette
**Jeff Triplette** (born March 12, 1951) is a former American football official in the National Football League (NFL) from the 1996 season through the 2017 season. He wore uniform number 42.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Triplette is a native of Granite Falls, North Carolina, and a graduate of Wake Forest University. He is also a retired Army Reserve colonel. Triplette was awarded the Bronze Star for actions in the Persian Gulf War while serving in the North Carolina Army National Guard.
In January 2007, Triplette was named president and chief operating officer of FNC, Inc., a provider of collateral management technology to the nation\'s largest mortgage lenders. Before joining FNC, he was vice president for risk management at Duke Energy, a large energy company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina.
From March 2013 to June 2019, Triplette served as president and CEO of ArbiterSports, creator of athletic event management software designed to assist in assigning officials to athletic events.
## Officiating career {#officiating_career}
Triplette joined the NFL as a field judge in 1996, then switched to back judge in 1998 after the NFL swapped position titles that season, and became a referee in 1999 after four-time Super Bowl referee Jerry Markbreit announced his retirement. He was the alternate referee of Super Bowl XLI, which was held on February 4, 2007, in Miami.
On December 19, 1999, Triplette accidentally hit the Cleveland Browns\' Orlando Brown in the eye with a penalty flag weighed with ball bearings. Video shows that Triplette immediately apologized to Brown, who was then tended to by the medical staff. Brown attempted to rejoin the team on the field a few minutes later, but Triplette prevented him from entering for the next play per NFL rules which stipulate that if a player incurs an injury timeout he must sit out the next play. Brown shoved Triplette to the ground and was ejected. Initially the NFL suspended Brown indefinitely, but lifted the suspension when it was learned that the flag had temporarily blinded him. As a result of the incident, the practice of officials using flags weighted with ball bearings was discontinued in favor of other material. In addition, officials are now only instructed to throw a flag at the spot of the foul if they need to mark it as a possible spot for penalty enforcement; otherwise, they only need to throw it up in the air.
On December 8, 2013, Triplette\'s crew initially ruled that a fourth-down run by Cincinnati Bengals running back BenJarvus Green-Ellis against the Indianapolis Colts was down by contact just short of the goal line. Because it was less than two minutes before halftime, it automatically went to replay. After reviewing the play, Triplette reversed the call and awarded the touchdown to Green-Ellis. His reversal was based on footage of Green-Ellis near the goal line where he was clearly not touched, but he did not look at footage earlier in the play where there was contact. This miscall helped revive discussions around centralizing all replay review functions to the league office, similar to the National Hockey League\'s system. Centralized replay was then approved at the owners\' meeting on March 26, 2014, although NFL referees will still make the final decisions instead of the command center.
Triplette privately began discussing retirement from the NFL during the 2017 season. Triplette\'s work during his last assignment of the 2017 regular season (the Week 17 game between the Buffalo Bills and Miami Dolphins) was marred by confusion over players (at one point ejecting a player from the wrong team who was not on the field and another player who did not exist after an on-field fight, eventually correcting his mistake after a ten-minute instant replay review). In the following week\'s wild card game between the Kansas City Chiefs and Tennessee Titans, he was also criticized for prematurely calling the ball dead before the play would have otherwise ended on several plays; one such incident, on a sack that appeared to be a forced fumble had Triplette not blown the whistle, potentially altered the outcome of that game. (Triplette defended his decision by noting that the rules for a sack do not require the quarterback be brought down, only that he be wrapped up and/or that his progress be stopped, which Triplette argued was the case.) In both games, Triplette was criticized for losing control of the game. After the wild card game, reports surfaced that Triplette was planning on retiring, and speculation also emerged that his officiating the playoff game was a farewell gesture from the league. On March 6, 2018, the league confirmed that Triplette would be leaving his position after a 22-year career. As he had notified the league well in advance, they were able to prepare for Alex Kemp to step into Triplette\'s position.
## *Monday Night Football* {#monday_night_football}
Triplette was added to the ESPN *Monday Night Football* broadcast team as a rules analyst in June 2018, replacing Gerald Austin. He served for one season in the role before ESPN replaced him with John Parry
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# Brooklyn Funk Essentials
**Brooklyn Funk Essentials** is a music collective who mix jazz, funk, and hip hop, featuring musicians and poets from different cultures. The band was conceived in 1993 by producer Arthur Baker and bassist and musical director Lati Kronlund. In the mid-1990s, the group became a staple of the New York City club scene.
Their debut album *Cool and Steady and Easy* (1995) scored an underground hit with the rendition of Pharoah Sanders\' \"The Creator Has a Master Plan\". The following album, *In the BuzzBag* (1998), included Turkish folk music rhythms and instruments, recorded in consortium with the Turkish clarinettist Hüsnü Şenlendirici. Further albums followed in 2000 and 2009 which more resembled their first offering.
## Musicians involved {#musicians_involved}
Musicians involved in Brooklyn Funk Essentials\' projects include:
- Hanifah Walidah (aka Sha-Key) (vocals)
- Joi Cardwell (vocals)
- Papa Dee (vocals)
- Everton Sylvester (vocals)
- Ipec Scnot (vocals)
- Stephanie McKay (vocals)
- Everton Sylvester (poets)
- Cengizhan Elibol (drums)
- David Allen (poets)
- Jazzy Nice (DJ)
- Yuka Honda (keyboard)
- Josh Roseman (trombone)
- Paul Shapiro (saxophone)
- Yancy Drew Lambert (vocals, drums)
- E.J. Rodriguez (percussion)
- Lati Kronlund (guitar, bass)
- Yıldıran Göz (oud)
- \"Bassy\" Bob Brockmann (trumpet, flugelhorn)
- David Jensen (tenor saxophone)
- Iwan van Hetten (keyboard, trumpet)
- Anna Brooks (tenor / soprano saxophone)
## Discography
### Albums
#### Intuition (2023) {#intuition_2023}
#### Stay Good (2019) {#stay_good_2019}
#### Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Stay Good 6:50
2. Ain\'t Nothing 3:49
3. No Strings 3:40
4. Watcha Want From Me 4:28
5. Miss Mess 5:33
6. Keep The Love 4:29
7. Funk Ain\'t Ova 3:52
8. Breeze On Me 4:26
9. Bakabana 3:12
10. Y Todavia La Quiero 7:19
11. Steps 5:23
12. Where Love Lives 3:45
#### Funk Ain\'t Ova (2015) {#funk_aint_ova_2015}
##### Track listing {#track_listing_1}
1. Blast It! 4:44
2. Dance Or Die 4:53
3. I\'m Gonna Find Me A Woman (Cause It\'s Cold Outside) 4:59
4. Prepare 4:38
5. Hold It Down 4:14
6. Set It Off 4:59
7. Hook 4:28
8. Gabriel 4:58
9. Brooklyn Love 4:37
10. Recycled 5:31
11. Unique 5:37
#### Watcha Playin (2008) {#watcha_playin_2008}
##### Track listing {#track_listing_2}
1. Need 12:40
2. Dance - Free Night 4:46
3. Bellybuttons T&a 5:00
4. Rude Boy Shuffle 6:38
5. The Park 4:11
6. Wendell Wedding 5:32
7. For A Few Dollars More 8:09
8. Work It Out 6:10
9. My Jamaican Girl 5:19
10. Dibby Dibby Sound 2:31
11. S-curved 7:46
12. The Day Before Adidi 6:12
#### Make Them Like It (2000) {#make_them_like_it_2000}
##### Track listing {#track_listing_3}
1. Make Them Like It 4:22
2. Mambo Con Dancehall 6:48
3. Date With Baby 5:07
4. Woman Thing 6:20
5. I Got Cash 4:50
6. Confirm Reservation 6:13
7. Kik It 6:00
8. Jump Around Sound 4:41
9. Hard To Stop/Feelgood 6:46
10. Vinyl Crisis 5:38
11. To My Peeps 1:07
12. Martha 4:59
13. Bill\'s Playground 4:17
#### In the BuzzBag (1998) {#in_the_buzzbag_1998}
##### Track listing {#track_listing_4}
1. By And Bye -- 5:34
2. Istanbul Twilight -- 6:51
3. Magick Karpet Ride -- 5:06
4. In The BuzzBag -- 6:27
5. Keep It Together -- 7:26
6. Selling Out -- 5:56
7. Ska Ka-Bop -- 4:50
8. You Don\'t Know Nothing -- 5:04
9. Freeway To Üsküdar -- 4:57
10. Zurna Preserve -- 8:47
#### Cool and Steady and Easy (1995) {#cool_and_steady_and_easy_1995}
##### Track listing {#track_listing_5}
1. Take The L Train (To B\'klyn) 5:50
2. The Creator Has A Master Plan 5:51
3. The Revolution Was Postponed Because Of Rain 4:59
4. Bop Hop 5:13
5. Brooklyn Recycles 5:25
6. Mizz Bed-Stuy 4:10
7. A Headnaddas Journey To The Planet Adidi-Skizm 6:15
8. Big Apple Boogaloo 6:21
9. Blow Your Brains Out 4:59
10. Stickman Crossing The Brooklyn Bridge 7:27
11. Dilly Dally 5:10
12. Take The L Train (To 8th Ave
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# A494 road
The **A494** is a trunk road in Wales and England. The route, which is officially known as the **Dolgellau to South of Birkenhead Trunk Road**, runs between the terminus of the M56 motorway between Mollington and Capenhurst and the A470 at Dolgellau, Gwynedd. Its northern sections remain among the busiest roads in Wales.
## History
In the 1920s the A494 ran from Dolgellau to Queensferry.
A dual carriageway bypass of the what had been the A548 through Queensferry opened in 1962, and was numbered as A494. This incorporated a fixed-arched bridge, in contrast to the two moveable bridges then downstream of it. This was permitted as the closure of the sea-going wharfs at Saltney had led to a reduction in larger river traffic.
Parts of the road were diverted over the following years, including the Mold, Ruthin and Drws y Nant sections, and it was truncated at the Dolgellau end when the town was bypassed. In 2009 the A494 was extended to reach the M56, following improvements to what had been sections of the A550 and A5117.
## Route
### Queensferry to Ewloe {#queensferry_to_ewloe}
This section forms part of the North Wales coast route between Holyhead and the M56 motorway. The section of the A494 north of the River Dee was upgraded to four lanes plus hard shoulders in each direction in 2004 as part of a wider scheme, which upgraded the A550 as well, although not all of the lanes on the A494 have been opened.
The next stage of the scheme was to widen a 2.5 mi stretch of the A494 from the River Dee up Aston Hill to the *Ewloe Interchange*, the junction of the A55 and A494, to three and four-lane plus hard shoulder standard.
In April 2006, local residents living at Aston Hill, part of the proposed route, began a campaign to oppose any further widening of the A494. After 15 months, protesters\' high-profile message had garnered more than 2,300 individual letters and numerous petitions rejecting the proposals. A planning inquiry was held in September and October 2007.
In March 2008 the proposals (in entirety) were ordered to be scrapped by Ieuan Wyn Jones, Deputy First Minister, responsible for Transport at the Welsh Assembly.
> In reaching my decision I have taken account of the concerns raised by the inspector that the overall size of the scheme would have a significant impact on the landscape and would affect walking and cycling routes. I have also noted \[the planning inspector\'s\] remarks that while he considers that this section of the A494 will need some form of improvement in the foreseeable future, he considers that the scale of the scheme as originally proposed is greater than required.`{{pb}}`{=mediawiki}------Deputy First Minister Ieuan Wyn Jones
This part of the A494 will remain a two-lane dual carriageway and the speed limit will be 50 mi/h. The decision has left a question mark over the future of the remaining upgrade at *Ewloe Interchange*.
Resentment also remains within the Aston Hill community as thirty households were evicted from their homes earlier in the scheme. These houses were earmarked to be demolished to make way for the road-widening works.
An upgrade \"blue route\" was again one of two options first published in 2015 to alleviate congestion in the Deeside corridor. The alternative route \"red route\" was eventually chosen which will route round the Deeside Industrial Estate and over the River Dee Bridge.
### Ewloe to Corwen {#ewloe_to_corwen}
Just past Ewloe interchange the A55 converges with the A494. At this point the dual carriageway becomes the A55 and the A494 diverges onto a single-carriageway trunk road. This section is approximately 25 mi in length. It is largely national speed limit with exceptions through urbanised areas.
The A494, which follows a largely unchanged historic route, passes Mold through the Clwydian Mountains, down to Ruthin and on to the market town of Corwen. Although it follows the traditional coach route, work has been undertaken over many decades to improve various sections of this road. For instance a bypass was completed in 1999 to allow traffic to avoid Mold\'s town centre. Likewise a dangerous road junction for Moel Famau, just outside Loggerheads, that was on a bend and blind brow has now been completely bypassed.
The A494 enters Ruthin by traversing the steep side of the Vale of Clwyd. Beyond the town, it heads south through several small villages. Beside the road for much of the way is the disused Ruthin to Corwen Railway line. The A494, up to this point, often remains congestion-free as a lot of traffic follows the parallel shorter A5104 between the A55 and Corwen around Llantysilio Mountain.
The A494 meets the A5 trunk road at a T-junction just outside Corwen. It now makes a short 1.5 mi concurrency with the A5 to Druid.
### Druid to Dolgellau {#druid_to_dolgellau}
The A494 diverges from the concurrency with the A5 at the road junction at Druid, Denbighshire. It then heads south west for 27 mi to Dolgellau, Gwynedd.
This section of the A494 remains single carriageway. It has variable speed limits. North Wales Police regularly conduct traffic operations on this road.
The A494 enters the Snowdonia National Park just outside the market town of Bala. It then runs adjacent to Bala Lake (*Llyn Tegid*) for 4 mi and past Aran Fawddwy.
Beyond the south west end of the lake, at the summit of the pass at Pant Gwyn, the A494 enters a long steeply graded valley that follows the River Wnion (*Afon Wnion*) to Dolgellau. Again a former railway also runs parallel with the road. The remains of the line can be seen in places.
The A494 terminates at a T-junction with the A470 just outside the market town of Dolgellau beneath Cadair Idris
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# Oklahoma State Highway 270
**State Highway 270**, abbreviated as **SH-270**, is a 14.45 mi state highway in Oklahoma and Pottawatomie counties in Oklahoma, United States. It runs on a former alignment of U.S. Route 270 (US-270) between US-62 in Harrah and US-177 north of Shawnee. (US-270 is now concurrent with Interstate 40 through the area.) SH-270 has no lettered spur routes.
## Route description {#route_description}
State Highway 270 begins at US-62 in Harrah, in Oklahoma County. The road runs through town on a southeast course, paralleling a rail line. As it leaves town, the highway gradually curves to the south. SH-270 runs along Harrah Road to S.E. 29th Street, where it makes a hard left, turning to the east.
SH-270 continues east for 1 mi until it crosses into Pottawatomie County, where the name of the road changes to Oklahoma Street. SH-270 then enters McLoud, where it has a brief concurrency with SH-102. After leaving McLoud, it then turns back to the southeast, parallel to the same railroad it ran alongside in Harrah. SH-270 turns east upon reaching the small town of Dale. It then crosses over the railroad and the North Canadian River. After passing through Dale, it ends at US-177. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
Prior to 1979, US-270 ran through Oklahoma City on surface streets. It left the city and ran through Choctaw concurrent with US-62. US-270 split away from US-62 in Harrah, and continued on to Shawnee on what is now SH-270.
On March 5, 1979, US-270 was rerouted to run concurrent with Interstate 40 from south of Calumet in Canadian County through the Oklahoma City metro, exiting the Interstate onto a surface alignment in Shawnee. Presumably, SH-270 was commissioned the same date. The realignment of US-270, with SH-270 on the old alignment between Harrah and Shawnee, appears on the 1979 state map. SH-270 followed the same path in 1979 as it does today
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# Portuguesa F.C.
**Portuguesa Fútbol Club**, usually known simply as **Portuguesa**, is a Venezuelan professional football club based in Acarigua, that competes in the Primera División.
## History
The club was founded on 10 April 1972, in Acarigua in the northern part of the state of Portuguesa.
## Rivalries
### The Vintage Clásico {#the_vintage_clásico}
The encounter between Portuguesa and Estudiantes de Mérida is one of the most classic and oldest of Venezuelan football, they are two of the most traditional clubs in the country. The first match played between both teams was on 28 May 1972, in the Copa Venezuela. The match ended with a 1--1 draw, with goals from Chiazzaro at the 73rd minute and Cholo Mendoza at the 79th minute, and so beginning the oldest ongoing classic in the country.
### Portuguesa Clásico {#portuguesa_clásico}
Portuguesa played the so-called *Clásico portugueseño* against Llaneros de Guanare, these are the two most important clubs in the state of Portuguesa, both having a good number of fans. The first meeting between the two took place on September 28, 1986 (with a scoreless draw) and continued, for now, until 2022 when Llaneros was dissolved.
Club Victories Draws
------------- ----------- -------
Portuguesa 15 7
Llaneros FC 12 7
## Honours
### National
- **Primera División**
- **Winners (5):** 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- **Copa de Venezuela**
- **Winners (3):** 1973, 1976, 1977
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- **Segunda División Venezolana**
- **Winners (2):** 2005--06, 2013--14
## Performance in CONMEBOL competitions {#performance_in_conmebol_competitions}
- **Copa Libertadores: 9 appearances**
:
: 1974: Group Stage
: 1975: Group Stage
: 1976: Group Stage
: 1977: **Semi-finals**
: 1978: Group Stage
: 1979: Group Stage
: 1981: Group Stage
: 1984: Group Stage
: 2024: Second stage
- **Copa CONMEBOL: 1 appearance**
:
: 1997: First round
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# Portuguesa F.C.
## Manufacturers and sponsors {#manufacturers_and_sponsors}
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| +-------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | Period | Provider | |
| +===================+====================================+ |
| | 1972--2007 | No brand | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | 2008--2010 | Runic | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | 2010--2011 | No brand | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | 2011--2012 | Winlife Sport Wear | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | 2012--2013 | No brand | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | 2013--2014 | Uhlsport | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | 2014--2015 | No brand | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | 2015--2016 | Uhlsport | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | 2017--2021 | Mundo Creativo | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | 2022--2023 | RS | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------+ |
| | 2024-- | Attle | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------+ |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
: **Suppliers**
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| +-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | Period | Sponsor | |
| +===================+==================================================================+ |
| | 1972--2008 | Without sponsor | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | 2008--2009 | Garzón Hipermercado\ | |
| | | Expresos Los Llanos | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | 2010--2012 | Without sponsor | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | 2012--2013 | Movilnet\ | |
| | | Minci\ | |
| | | Oleica (Aceite Portumesa), Gobernación de Portuguesa, Yess Sport | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | 2013--2014 | Uhlsport\ | |
| | | `{{flagicon|Venezuela}}`{=mediawiki} T&C Sports Management\ | |
| | | Oleica (Aceite Portumesa)\ | |
| | | Alimentos Mary\ | |
| | | JHS AVES\ | |
| | | Portuguesa Socialista\ | |
| | | Caposa\ | |
| | | Tuampolla.com\ | |
| | | Agrícola A y B\ | |
| | | Movilnet | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | 2015--2016 | Uhlsport\ | |
| | | `{{flagicon|Venezuela}}`{=mediawiki} Alimentos Mary\ | |
| | | Gobernación de Portuguesa\ | |
| | | ANCA\ | |
| | | Aceite Portuguesa\ | |
| | | FarmaSanRoque\ | |
| | | ALIVENSA\ | |
| | | Arroz Santoni | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
| | 2017--Present | Mundo Creativo\ | |
| | | ALIVENSA\ | |
| | | Alimentos Mary\ | |
| | | FarmaSanRoque\ | |
| | | Arroz Santoni\ | |
| | | AsoPortuguesa\ | |
| | | Doña Emilia | |
| +-------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+ |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
: **Sponsors**
## Stadium
The José Antonio Páez Stadium is a sports infrastructure built for the practice of football, located in the city of Acarigua in the state of Portuguesa of the western plains of Venezuela. Despite not being the capital of the region, the building was built in that place by the booming development of the place; owes its name to the recognized hero of Venezuelan independence and the first president of Venezuela, José Antonio Páez.
It is the headquarters of Portuguesa Fútbol Club, currently playing in the First Division of Venezuela. Its facilities have the capacity to hold approximately 14,000 spectators; in 2007 it underwent considerable improvements to be used in the National Sports Games of 2007.
## Supporters
It has a good fan base, having been a successful club in the past in Venezuelan football, with organised groups such as the *Lanceros Rojinegros* who are usually located in the south stand of the stadium.
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# Portuguesa F.C.
## Current squad {#current_squad}
## Portuguesa F.C. coaches {#portuguesa_f.c._coaches}
- Isidoro \'Pescaito\' Rodríguez 1972
- Walter Roque 1973 -1974
- Vladica Popović 1974 -- 1975
- Benjamín Fernández 1975 -- 1976
- Celino Mora 1977 -- 1979
- Carlos Felipe Núñez 2003 -- 2004
- Liberio Mora 2006 -- 2007
- Celino Mora 2007 -- 2008
- William Pacheco 2008
- Eduardo Contreras 2008 -- 2009
- José Luis Jiménez 2009
- Gustavo Valencia 2010
- Johnny Lucena 2010 -- 2012
- Carlos Felipe Núñez 2012
- José Luis Dolgetta 2013
- Francesco Stifano 2013 -- 2014
- Lenin Bastidas 2014 -- 2015
- `{{flagicon | Venezuela}}`{=mediawiki} Renato Renauro 2016
- Horacio Matuszyczk 2016 -- 2017
- `{{flagicon | Venezuela}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Horacio Moreno 2017 -- 2018
- Yobanny Rivero 2019 -- 2020
- `{{flagicon | Venezuela}}`{=mediawiki} José Parada 2019 -- 2020
- Alí Cañas 2020 -- 2022
- Martín Brignani 2022 -- 2023
- Jesús Ortíz 2023 --
## Club board and organization chart {#club_board_and_organization_chart}
### Organizational shart {#organizational_shart}
`President ``{{flag | VEN}}`{=mediawiki}` Vito Recchimurzo Díaz `\
`Vice President ``{{flag | VEN}}`{=mediawiki}` Maiker Frías`\
`Members ``{{flag | VEN}}`{=mediawiki}` Orlando Cárdenas`\
`Members ``{{flag | VEN}}`{=mediawiki}` Luis Fernández`\
`Members ``{{flag | VEN}}`{=mediawiki}` Olympia Labrador`\
`Adviser ``{{flag | VEN}}`{=mediawiki}` Gianni Mazzocca`\
`General Manager ``{{flag | VEN}}`{=mediawiki}` Eduardo Herrera`\
`Sports Manager ``{{flag | VEN}}`{=mediawiki}` Gerzon Chacón`\
`Manager of Operations ``{{flag | VEN}}`{=mediawiki}` Rafael Guaricuco`
Media and Press \|\| `{{flag | VEN}}`{=mediawiki} Patricia Almao -- Media Director Francisco Miliani -- Media Assistant María Gabriela Almao -- Social Networks Juan Sánchez -- Photographer Raiber Jiménez -- Graphic Designer
### Previous presidents {#previous_presidents}
- Don Gaetano Costa (1972 -- 1978)
- Juan Rondon (2008 -- 2010)
- Nelson Escobar (2010 -- 2014)
- Generozo Mazzoca (2014 -- 2019)
- Maiker Frías (2019 -- 2024)
- Vito Recchimurzo (2024 -- )
## Means of communication {#means_of_communication}
### Media coverage {#media_coverage}
#### Fanática 99.5fm {#fanática_99.5fm}
The radio station that broadcasts the games of the five-time Venezuelan champions
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# Energex
**Energex** is an Australian-based and wholly Queensland Government-owned electricity company that distributes power to 1.5 million homes and businesses across the region of South East Queensland. The boundaries of the company's distribution area stretch from Coolangatta in the south to Gympie in the north and as far west as the foothills of the Toowoomba range.
Energex's network includes more than 55,000 km of underground and overhead electricity infrastructure servicing city and rural areas in a sub-tropical climate.
As part of the Queensland Government\'s announcement of the merger of Energex and Ergon Energy, a parent entity called Energy Queensland was formed, and commenced operations on 30 June 2016. The head office of Energy Queensland is based in Townsville.
## History
The earliest permanent electricity supplies in Brisbane were provided by Barton, White & Company, from 1887; this became known as Brisbane Electric Supply Company in 1904, and in 1922 was renamed the City Electric Light Company (CEL).
For more than three decades, CEL competed with other electricity suppliers in South East Queensland, especially the Brisbane City Council (BCC) Electricity Supply Department. In 1961, the Queensland government nationalised CEL and merged it with both the BCC Electricity Supply and Toowoomba Electric Light & Power Company. The merged entity was known initially as **Southern Electric Authority of Queensland** (SEAQ). The organisation, which was the sole provider of electricity in SEQ, was known between 1977 and 1997 as the **South East Queensland Electricity Board** (SEQEB).
Following the formation of the National Electricity Market (NEM), SEQEB was corporatised in 1997, and renamed Energex then established itself as a multi-utility provider, supplying electricity and LPG and natural gas.
In 2006, Energex sold its gas distribution network (Allgas) in southeast Queensland to Australian Pipeline Trust for \$521 million. The electricity distribution network remains in public ownership.
In 2014, a whistleblower made allegations against Energex that prompted a federal parliamentary inquiry into whether data had been manipulated to artificially inflate power prices.
## Retail operations sale {#retail_operations_sale}
Sun Retail, the retail arm of Energex, was sold at auction to Origin Energy Ltd for A\$1.2 billion. The sale was formally effected in early 2007.
Origin Energy purchased a customer base of approximately 800,000 from the New South Wales border to a line just north of the Brisbane River (mostly following Kedron Brook), whilst AGL Energy purchased a customer base of the remaining approximately 400,000 customers north from this line to Gympie and the Sunshine Coast.
Full retail contestability since 1 July 2007 allows electricity customers to choose their electricity retailer. About 19 new retailers (including Origin and AGL) have entered into the Queensland market.
## Queensland Government Merger Electricity Distribution Businesses {#queensland_government_merger_electricity_distribution_businesses}
When Labor won the Queensland State election in late 2015, the Government announced that rather than a sale of the State owned electricity assets, the two State distributors, Energex and Ergon Energy would merge into a single entity - to be known as Energy Queensland. This merger was completed on 30 June 2016, however the separate branding of the two distribution companies continue. The corporate head office was located in Townsville, Qld as part of a jobs drive for the North Qld regions.
## Energex Service {#energex_service}
Energex provides a 24-hour emergency phone service, to report life-threatening emergencies and fallen powerlines on 13 19 62. A loss of supply enquiry line also operates 24 hours a day on 13 62 62. General enquiries can be made via their Contact Centre on 13 12 53 between 7am - 5.30pm Monday-Friday. They also have a Facebook and Twitter feed which is regularly updated, particularly during storm events and other large scale disaster incidents and also community events
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# Yoo Chang-hyuk
**Yoo Changhyuk** (born April 25, 1966) is a professional Go player in South Korea.
## Biography
Yoo Changhyuk was one of Korea\'s best Go players. Growing up without a teacher, Yoo became a professional in 1984 and was promoted to 9 dan in 1996. He has won many international tournaments for Korea
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# Big Frog Mountain
**Big Frog Mountain** is a mountain located primarily in southeastern Tennessee in the Big Frog Wilderness, within the Cherokee National Forest. It is located within the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains. At an elevation of 4,224 ft, there is no higher point west of Big Frog Mountain until the Big Bend in Texas or the Black Hills of South Dakota.
## Geography
Most of Big Frog Mountain, including its summit, is located in Polk County, Tennessee, which is also the highest point in that county. Part of the mountain south of the summit is located in Fannin County, Georgia. It is located on the divide between the Tennessee and Coosa basins. A network of trails allow hikers to explore the mountain, which gains its distinctive name by, according to some, looking somewhat like a frog in profile. It has also been speculated that the local place name \"Cohutta\" derived from a Cherokee word meaning \"Big Frog\"
Big Frog Mountain has a long, narrow, and flat top rising gently to a maximum height of 4,224 ft. Large patches of rhododendron can be found on the western part of the mountaintop
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# Mont Sainte-Odile
**Mont Sainte-Odile** (*\'Odilienberg\'* or **Ottilienberg**; called **Allitona** in the 8th century) is a 764-metre-high peak in the Vosges Mountains in Alsace in France, immediately west of Barr. The mountain is named after Saint Odile. It has a monastery/convent at its top called the Hohenburg Abbey, and is notable also for its stone fortifications called \"the Pagan Wall.\" In 1992, Air Inter Flight 148 crashed near this area.
## History
The mountain and its surroundings contain evidence of Celtic settlements. The mountain enters recorded history during the Roman times; a fortress was supposedly destroyed by the Vandals in 407. In the second half of the 9th century, when Vikings attacked the Low Countries, which had been recently converted to Christianity and were governed from Utrecht, the Utrecht bishops went into exile and stayed for a while in a convent in Sint-Odiliënberg in Limburg, named after Mont Sainte-Odile.
At least since the 19th century, its beauty has been celebrated and the mountain, with convent and pagan wall, is often included in tourist guides, incl. Baedeker\'s.
## Hohenburg Abbey {#hohenburg_abbey}
The convent is said to have been founded by Adalrich, Duke of Alsace, in honor of his daughter, Saint Odile, about the end of the 7th century, and it is certain that it existed at the time of Charlemagne. Destroyed during the Middle Ages, it was rebuilt by Premonstratensians at the beginning of the 17th century. It was acquired later by the bishop of Strasbourg, who restored the building and the adjoining church in 1853.
A famous manuscript, the *Hortus Deliciarum*, was compiled in the convent.
## The Pagan Wall {#the_pagan_wall}
The Pagan Wall (*Heidenmauer*, *Mur païen*) is a huge construction about 10 km long which encircles Mont Sainte Odile. It is composed of about 300,000 blocks of Triassic conglomerates, between 1.6 m and 1.8 m wide and up to 3 m high. The irregular shape of the wall coincides almost perfectly with the location of outcrops of its source material, minimizing the effort to transport the heavy blocks to their destination. The origins and date were disputed for a long time, with some claiming that it was a 3,000-year-old druid construction. Recent research has shown that it dates from the 7th century, about the time that the convent was built. The designation \"Pagan\" is attributed to Pope Leo IX.
## In art and literature {#in_art_and_literature}
A 2000 poem, \"Return to St. Odilienberg, Easter 2000,\" by the American poet Claire Nicholas White, is inspired by the abbey
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# Kingsbridge Wind Power Project
**Kingsbridge Wind Power Project**, also referred to as **Kingsbridge 1 Wind facility**, refers to a large wind farm owned and operated by Capital Power Corporation. Kingsbridge 1 Wind facility is located between Goderich and Kincardine, Ontario. The Kingsbridge 1 Wind facility is located on the southeast shore of Lake Huron in the township of Ashfield-Colborne-Wawanosh and consists of 22 1.8 MW Vestas V80 wind turbines with a capacity of 39.6 MW. Each tower is over 78 meters tall and weigh around 195 metric tonnes. The project consists of two phases and currently provides power to on average 12,500 homes.
In 2004, the first phase was awarded a generation contract by the Government of Ontario as part of its renewable energy RFP. Construction has since been completed and the project is fully operational.
In 2005, the second phase received a generation contract from the provincial government
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# History of organic farming
Traditional farming (of many particular kinds in different eras and places) was the original type of agriculture, and has been practiced for thousands of years. All traditional farming is now considered to be \"organic farming\" although at the time there were no known inorganic methods. For example, forest gardening, a fully organic food production system which dates from prehistoric times, is thought to be the world\'s oldest and most resilient agroecosystem. The industrial revolution introduced inorganic methods, most of which were not well developed and had serious side effects. An organic movement began in the 1940s as a reaction to agriculture\'s growing reliance on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The history of this modern revival of organic farming dates back to the first half of the 20th century at a time when there was a growing reliance on these new synthetic, non-organic methods.
## Pre-World War II {#pre_world_war_ii}
The first 40 years of the 20th century saw simultaneous advances in biochemistry and engineering that rapidly and profoundly changed farming. The introduction of the gasoline-powered internal combustion engine ushered in the era of the tractor and made possible hundreds of mechanized farm implements. Research in plant breeding led to the commercialization of hybrid seed. And a new manufacturing process made nitrogen fertilizer --- first synthesized in the mid-19th century --- affordably abundant. These factors changed the labour equation: there were almost no tractors in the US around 1910, but over 3,000,000 by 1950; in 1900, it took one farmer to feed 2.5 people, but currently the ratio is 1 to well over 100. Fields grew bigger and cropping more specialized to make more efficient use of machinery. The reduced need for manual labour and animal labour that machinery, herbicides, and fertilizers made possible created an era in which the mechanization of agriculture evolved rapidly.
Consciously organic agriculture (as opposed to traditional agricultural methods from before the inorganic options existed, which always employed only organic means) began more or less simultaneously in Central Europe and India. The British botanist Sir Albert Howard is often referred to as the father of modern organic agriculture, because he was the first to apply modern scientific knowledge and methods to traditional agriculture. From 1905 to 1924, he and his wife Gabrielle, herself a plant physiologist, worked as agricultural advisers in Pusa, Bengal, where they documented traditional Indian farming practices and came to regard them as superior to their conventional agriculture science. Their research and further development of these methods is recorded in his writings, notably, his 1940 book, *An Agricultural Testament*, which influenced many scientists and farmers of the day.
In Germany, Rudolf Steiner\'s development, biodynamic agriculture, was probably the first comprehensive system of what we now call organic farming. This began with a lecture series Steiner presented at a farm in Koberwitz (Kobierzyce now in Poland) in 1924. Steiner emphasized the farmer\'s role in guiding and balancing the interaction of the animals, plants and soil. Healthy animals depended upon healthy plants (for their food), healthy plants upon healthy soil, healthy soil upon healthy animals (for the manure). His system was based on his philosophy of anthroposophy rather than a good understanding of science. To develop his system of farming, Steiner established an international research group called the Agricultural Experimental Circle of Anthroposophical Farmers and Gardeners of the General Anthroposophical Society.
In 1909, American agronomist F.H. King toured China, Korea, and Japan, studying traditional fertilization, tillage, and general farming practices. He published his findings in *Farmers of Forty Centuries* (1911, Courier Dover Publications, `{{ISBN|0-486-43609-8}}`{=mediawiki}). King foresaw a \"world movement for the introduction of new and improved methods\" of agriculture and in later years his book became an important organic reference.
The term \"organic farming\" was coined by Walter James (Lord Northbourne), a student of Biodynamic Agriculture, in his book *Look to the Land* (written in 1939, published 1940). In this text, James described a holistic, ecologically balanced approach to farming, \"the farm as organism,\" basing this on Steiner\'s agricultural principles and methods. One year previously to his book\'s publication, James had hosted the first Biodynamic Agriculture conference in England, the Betteshanger Summer School and Conference, at which Ehrenfried Pfeiffer was the key presenter.
In 1939 James, Albert Howard, Ehrenfried Pfeiffer and George Stapleton joined at Farleigh to implement an experiment comparing Biodynamic, organic and chemical fertilization methods. \"The Farleigh Experiment\", had been planned since initial meetings in 1936 including ten participants. The experiment was cut short due to the fact that Biodynamic compost was not available until after the Betteshanger Summer School event, the disruption of the impending war, and lack of funding. Though inconclusive, this experiment was seen as providing impetus for the similar \"Haughley Experiment\" described below.
In 1939 Lady Eve Balfour, who had been farming since 1920 in Haughley Green, Suffolk, England, launched the Haughley Experiment. Lady Balfour believed that mankind\'s health and future depended on how the soil was used, and that non-intensive farming could produce more wholesome food. The experiment was run to generate data to test these beliefs. Four years later, she published *The Living Soil*, based on the initial findings of the Haughley Experiment. Widely read, it led to the formation of a key international organic advocacy group, the Soil Association.
In Japan, Masanobu Fukuoka, a microbiologist working in soil science and plant pathology, began to doubt the modern agricultural movement. In 1937, he quit his job as a research scientist, returned to his family\'s farm in 1938, and devoted the next 60 years to developing a radical no-till organic method for growing grain and many other crops, now known as `{{nihongo|[[natural farming]]|自然農法|shizen nōhō}}`{=mediawiki}, nature farming, \'do--nothing\' farming or Fukuoka farming.
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# History of organic farming
## Post-World War II {#post_world_war_ii}
Technological advances during World War II accelerated post-war innovation in all aspects of agriculture, resulting in large advances in mechanization (including large-scale irrigation), fertilization, and pesticides. In particular, two chemicals that had been produced in quantity for warfare, were repurposed for peacetime agricultural uses. Ammonium nitrate, used in munitions, became an abundantly cheap source of nitrogen. And a range of new pesticides appeared: DDT, which had been used to control disease-carrying insects around troops, became a general insecticide, launching the era of widespread pesticide use.
At the same time, increasingly powerful and sophisticated farm machinery allowed a single farmer to work larger areas of land and fields grew bigger.
In 1944, an international campaign called the Green Revolution was launched in Mexico with private funding from the US. It encouraged the development of hybrid plants, chemical controls, large-scale irrigation, and heavy mechanization in agriculture around the world.
During the 1950s, sustainable agriculture was a topic of scientific interest, but research tended to concentrate on developing the new chemical approaches. One of the reasons for this, which informed and guided the ongoing Green Revolution, was the widespread belief that high global population growth, which was demonstrably occurring, would soon create worldwide food shortages unless humankind could rescue itself through ever higher agricultural technology. At the same time, however, the adverse effects of \"modern\" farming continued to kindle a small but growing organic movement. For example, in the U.S., J. I. Rodale began to popularize the term and methods of organic growing, particularly to consumers through promotion of organic gardening.
In 1962, Rachel Carson, a prominent scientist and naturalist, published *Silent Spring*, chronicling the effects of DDT and other pesticides on the environment. A bestseller in many countries, including the US, and widely read around the world, *Silent Spring* is widely considered as being a key factor in the US government\'s 1972 banning of DDT. The book and its author are often credited with launching the worldwide environmental movement.
In the 1970s, global movements concerned with pollution and the environment increased their focus on organic farming. As the distinction between organic and conventional food became clearer, one goal of the organic movement was to encourage consumption of locally grown food, which was promoted through slogans like \"Know Your Farmer, Know Your Food\".
An early organic farmers\' association, the Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association was founded in 1971.
In 1972, the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) was founded in Versailles, France and dedicated to the diffusion and exchange of information on the principles and practices of organic agriculture of all schools and across national and linguistic boundaries.
In 1975, Fukuoka released his book, *The One-Straw Revolution*, with a strong impact in certain areas of the agricultural world. His approach to small-scale grain production emphasized a meticulous balance of the local farming ecosystem, and a minimum of human interference and labour.
In the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980s, J. I. Rodale and his Rodale Press (now Rodale, Inc.) advocated for organic farming methods. The press\'s books offered how-to information and advice to Americans interested in trying organic gardening and farming.
In 1984, Oregon Tilth established an early organic certification service in the United States.
In the 1980s, around the world, farming and consumer groups began seriously pressuring for government regulation of organic production. This led to legislation and certification standards being enacted through the 1990s and to date. In the United States, the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 tasked the USDA with developing national standards for organic products, and the final rule establishing the National Organic Program was first published in the Federal Register in 2000.
In Havana, Cuba, the loss of Soviet economic support following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 led to a focus on local agricultural production and the development of a unique state-supported urban organic agriculture program called organopónicos.
Since the early 1990s, the retail market for organic farming in developed economies has been growing by about 20% annually due to increasing consumer demand. Concern for the quality and safety of food, and the potential for environmental damage from conventional agriculture, are apparently responsible for this trend.
### Economics
In 2001, the global market value of certified organic products was estimated at US\$20 billion. By 2014, retail sales of organic products reached US\$80 billion worldwide. North America and Europe accounted for more than 90% of all organic product sales in 2014. By 2024, global sales of organic products exceeded €134 billion
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# Georgia State Route 54
**State Route 54** (**SR 54**) is a 70.5 mi state highway that travels southwest-to-northeast through portions of Troup, Meriwether, Coweta, Fayette, Clayton, and Fulton counties in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. The highway connects Hogansville with Atlanta, via Peachtree City, Fayetteville, Jonesboro, and Forest Park.
## Route description {#route_description}
SR 54 begins at an intersection with US 27/SR 1 (New Franklin Road) west of Hogansville, in north-central Troup County. It heads east into town, where it intersects US 29/SR 14/SR 100 (Hogansville Road). SR 54/SR 100 head to the southeast concurrently. Just before leaving the county, the highway has an interchange with Interstate 85 (I-85). Then, the two highways split before crossing into Meriwether County. SR 54 heads east-northeast, and curves to the northeast, until it enters Luthersville. There, it intersects US 27 Alternate/SR 41 (Roosevelt Highway), before meeting the northern terminus of SR 54 Spur (Park Street). At this intersection, SR 54 turns to the north and crosses into Coweta County. It heads northeast, through rural areas of the county and intersects SR 16 in Turin. Almost immediately after, it enters Sharpsburg, where it meets the southern terminus of SR 154 (Sharpsburg McCollum Road). Northeast of Sharpsburg, SR 54 has an intersection with SR 34 (Col. Joe M. Jackson Medal of Honor Highway). The highway heads to the east, crossing over Line Creek into Fayette County and Peachtree City. It curves to the northeast and intersects SR 74 (Joel Cowan Parkway). SR 54 curves to the east into Fayetteville, where it intersects SR 85/SR 92 (Glynn Street). To the northeast, it passes McCurry Park North and Links Golf Club, before crossing into Clayton County. In Jonesboro, it intersects US 19/US 41/SR 3 (Tara Boulevard). The four highways head concurrent to the north, along the western edge of Jonesboro. Just before the concurrency ends, they intersect SR 138 Spur (North Avenue). Slightly farther to the north-northwest is an intersection with SR 138. At this intersection, SR 54/SR 138 head east, just north of the city limits. At Jonesboro Road, SR 54 splits off to the north-northeast and enters Morrow. There, it passes Southlake Mall and has an interchange with I-75. Slightly south of the northern limits of town, it passes Clayton State University and curves to the north-northwest into Lake City. There, it meets the eastern terminus of SR 331 (Forest Parkway). In Forest Park, the highway skirts along the southwestern edge of Fort Gillem and meets the southern terminus of SR 54 Conn. (Thurman Road). SR 54 enters Fulton County, and thus Atlanta, approximately 2000 ft before it has an interchange with I-285. It passes Southside Park, the largest part in the city, before curving to the north-northeast and passing Browns Mill Golf Course. After that, it curves back to the northwest and passes Southview Cemetery, just before meeting the southern terminus of SR 54 Conn. (Sawtell Avenue SE). Less than 1 mi later, it meets the western terminus of SR 42 Spur (McDonough Boulevard SE). Approximately 1000 ft later, it turns to the southwest. Then, it curves back to the northwest to meet its northern terminus, an interchange with I-75/I-85 (Downtown Connector) in Downtown Atlanta.
The only portion of SR 54 that is part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation\'s economy, mobility, and defense, is from SR 34, west of Peachtree City, to the northern end of the SR 138 concurrency, on the northern edge of the city limits of Jonesboro.
## History
The southern end of SR 54 from US 27/SR 1 to Hogansville was previously numbered State Route 258 until 1963-1964.
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# Georgia State Route 54
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
## Special routes {#special_routes}
### Atlanta connector route {#atlanta_connector_route}
**State Route 54 Connector** (**SR 54 Conn.**) is a 0.7 mi connector route that exists entirely within the southeastern part of Fulton County. Its routing is completely within the city limits of Atlanta.
It begins at an intersection with the SR 54 mainline, northwest of Southview Cemetery. It heads northeast, before curving to a due-north orientation. The highway passes along the western edge of United States Penitentiary, Atlanta, before a slight jog to the northeast right before its northern terminus, an intersection with SR 42 Spur.
### Clayton--DeKalb County connector route {#claytondekalb_county_connector_route}
**State Route 54 Connector** (**SR 54 Conn.**) is a 2.2 mi connector route that exists within portions of Clayton and Fulton counties of the U.S. state of Georgia.
It begins at an intersection with the SR 54 mainline (Jonesboro Road). It heads northeast through Conley and then meets its northern terminus, an intersection with US 23/SR 42 (Moreland Avenue).
Between 1945 and the end of 1946, SR 160 was established from SR 54 in Forest Park to SR 42 south-southeast of Constitution. In 1995, this segment of SR 160 was redesignated as SR 54 Conn.
### Spur route {#spur_route}
**State Route 54 Spur** (**SR 54 Spur**) also known as **Park Street**, is a 0.2 mi spur route that is location completely within Luthersville.
It begins at an intersection with US 27 Alternate/SR 41 (Roosevelt Highway) and heads north-northeast for one block. There, it meets its northern terminus, an intersection with the SR 54 mainline (East Oak Street). The highway eases the transition of southbound SR 54 to southbound US 27 Alternate/SR 41 or northbound on US 27 Alternate/SR 41 to northbound SR 54. The southern terminus is a Y-type intersection. Its northern terminus meets SR 54 (East Oak Street) southbound to its left, SR 54 (Park Street) eastbound straight ahead, and the continuation of East Oak Street to its right
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# Port Regis School
**Port Regis School** is a co-educational preparatory school located in 140 acres of parkland on the Dorset-Wiltshire border in southern England, situated between the towns of Shaftesbury and Gillingham.
## History
The original school was founded by Alfred Praetorius in 1881 in Weymouth Street, London. A few years later it moved to Folkestone and in 1921 to Kingsgate, Broadstairs, in the grounds of which stood an ancient arch, erected by Earl Holland to commemorate a chance landing by Charles II in 1683. This provided the name of the School: Port Regis, \"Gate of the King\".
In the 1930s, while at Broadstairs, the school was unusual in offering scholarships for the sons of physicians.
In September 1943 Port Regis was evacuated to a wing of Bryanston School in Blandford. After a brief stay at the Earl of Verulam\'s home at Gorhambury, the School moved in 1947 to Motcombe Park, one mile (1.6 km) from Shaftesbury in Dorset, where it has been ever since.
In 1972 the freehold of the property was acquired. More recent developments include the building of the Jowett sports hall, opened in 1980 by Anne, Princess Royal. The Centenary Hall was opened in 1984.
On 22 February 1991, the Queen\'s Hall, which houses a heated swimming pool and competition-standard gymnasium with sunken trampoline, was opened by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, while their grandchildren Peter and Zara Phillips were at the school.
The three most recently constructed school buildings are Cunningham Hall (1992), Farrington Music School (2003) and the Upward Academic Centre (2008).
## Boarding houses {#boarding_houses}
The Prep school and Pre-Prep together consist of around 300 pupils, with roughly half of them boys and half of them girls. There are four boarding houses:
- **Grosvenor** (girls aged 11 to 13)
- **Mansion Girls** (girls aged 7 to 11)
- **Prichard** (boys aged 11 to 13)
- **Mansion Boys** (boys aged 7 to 11)
## Staff and governors {#staff_and_governors}
Since 1933, Port Regis has had six headmasters: John Upward (1933-1968), David Prichard (1969-1993), Peter Dix (1994-2010), Benedict Dunhill (2010-2015), Stephen Ilett (2016-2020), and Titus Mills (2021-).
David Prichard, headmaster from 1969 to 1993, chaired the National Conference for Governors, Bursars and Heads from 1981 to 1993 and simultaneously chaired the Independent Association of Preparatory Schools in 1989--90.
The abstract painter Roger Hilton taught art at the school from 1946 to 1947.
Lt. General Sir Hugh Cunningham was chairman of the school\'s governing body from 1982 to 1994.
James Iain Stevenson, Brigadier of the British Army was from 17th June 2016 until 1st March 2019 a director of the school.
## Notable former pupils (Old Portregians) {#notable_former_pupils_old_portregians}
- Kwame Anthony Appiah, British philosopher, cultural theorist, novelist and professor at New York University
- Sir Louis Blom-Cooper, barrister, author, and chairman of the Press Council
- Myles Burnyeat, Emeritus Professor of Ancient Philosophy at the University of Cambridge
- Max Clark, professional rugby player at Bath Rugby
- Jasper Conran, designer
- Sebastian Conran, designer and member of the UK Design Council
- John Deeker, pyrotechnician who designed the fireworks display for the 1981 royal wedding of Charles and Diana
- Hilary Dresser, rower for the Great Britain team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
- Adetomiwa Edun, actor who starred in the British TV series Merlin
- Luke Evans (politician), Member of Parliament for Bosworth (UK Parliament constituency) from 2019
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# NGC 3486
**NGC 3486** is an intermediate barred spiral galaxy located about 27.4 million light years away in the constellation of Leo Minor. It has a morphological classification of SAB(r)c, which indicates it is a weakly barred spiral with an inner ring and loosely wound arms. This is a borderline, low-luminosity Seyfert galaxy with an active nucleus. However, no radio or X-ray emission has been detected from the core, and it may only have a small supermassive black hole with less than a million times the mass of the Sun
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# Oregon Route 58
**Oregon Route 58** (**OR 58**), also known as the **Willamette Highway No. 18** (see Oregon highways and routes), is a state highway in the U.S. state of Oregon. The route, signed east--west, runs in a southeast--northwest direction, connecting U.S. Route 97 north of Chemult with Interstate 5 south of Eugene. It links the Willamette Valley and Central Oregon, crossing the Cascade Range at Willamette Pass. OR 58 is generally a modern two-lane highway with a speed limit of 55 mph (88 km/h), built through the Willamette National Forest in the 1930s.
OR 58 is a designated freight route, forming one of several connections between I-5 and US 97, which leads back to I-5 at Weed, California. This is a popular alternate route for trucks on the I-5 corridor, avoiding the steep grades and winter closures of I-5 over Siskiyou Summit. The highway is also on the National Highway System, and is classified as an expressway southeast of Odell Lake. (US 97 is also classified as such south to the state line, and in California it is part of the Freeway and Expressway System.) This matches the general routes of the 1887 Oregon and California Railroad over Siskiyou Summit and the 1926 Natron Cutoff along OR 58 and US 97; the latter is now part of the Union Pacific Railroad\'s I-5 Corridor rail line, while the former is the Central Oregon and Pacific Railroad shortline.
## Route description {#route_description}
Oregon Route 58 begins (at its western terminus) at an interchange with Interstate 5 and Oregon Route 99 near Goshen, located between the cities of Eugene and Creswell. It heads due southeast from there, following the course of the Willamette River into the foothills of the Cascade Mountains. The highway passes several lakes, including Dexter Lake and Lookout Point Lake, and provides access to the town of Lowell. Further into the mountains, it passes through the cities of Oakridge and Westfir. It continues past Heckletooth Mountain and McCredie Springs, into the mountains up the Salt Creek canyon, to the summit of Willamette Pass, after which it descends into central Oregon. Oregon Route 58 terminates at an interchange with U.S. Route 97.
Oregon Route 58 is of high importance as a freight corridor. It is the primary route between the Willamette Valley and south-central Oregon, including the Klamath Falls region. It also is the preferred route to points further southeast, including Reno, Nevada. Finally, it is an important alternate route for traffic moving up and down the West Coast, as bad weather frequently closes Interstate 5 at the Siskiyou Summit during the winter. The Union Pacific Railroad I-5 Corridor main line through Oregon and California roughly follows OR 58 and US 97. While a rail line exists through Siskiyou Summit, it is difficult for trains to use even in good weather, due to an excessively steep grade, and is often uneconomical to use in winter weather. It is common for West Coast truck traffic to prefer OR 58 and US 97 to Interstate 5 for the same reason.
Two scenic byways---the West Cascades Scenic Byway and the Cascade Lakes Scenic Byway---intersect with OR 58.
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# Oregon Route 58
## History
By the 1850s, Emigrant Pass, slightly south of OR 58\'s crossing at Willamette Pass, was being used by emigrants to the Oregon Territory as a way over the Cascades. In October 1853, a party of 1,500 was almost stranded at the pass, but was saved from a Donner Party-style tragedy by nearby settlers who had begun to improve the route up the Middle Fork Willamette River earlier that year as a shortcut between the Oregon Trail near Boise, Idaho, and the Willamette Valley.
In July 1865, the United States Congress authorized the construction of the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road from Eugene to Fort Boise in Idaho. To finance the construction, the government offered land grants along the route. Eventually, the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road Company would build 420 mi of road and claim about 806400 acre. However, scandal and lawsuits regarding the quality of the road and its route reduced the amount of land actually patented by the company to approximately 235568 acre. Today, Oregon Route 58 follows the first leg of the Oregon Central military road from Eugene over the Cascades to Central Oregon.
The Oregon State Highway Commission added the Willamette Highway No. 18, from Goshen via Oakridge to Crescent, to the state highway system on November 24, 1922. The road was entirely unimproved when it was taken over, and improvement progressed slowly from the Goshen end. The roadway received the signed Oregon Route 58 designation in 1932, when the Oregon Route system was first laid out. A major realignment, crossing the Cascades at Willamette Pass rather than Emigrant Pass, was designed in 1933, and incorporated a number of \"half viaducts\" built into the hillside and one tunnel (the Salt Creek Tunnel) in order \"not to scar the hillsides more than is absolutely necessary\" through the Willamette National Forest. An opening ceremony for the highway, thought at the time to be the last major highway that the state would build, was held on July 30, 1940. The road remained partially oiled gravel until the mid-1960s
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# Chang Hao (Go player)
**Chang Hao** (`{{zh|c=常昊|p=Cháng Hào}}`{=mediawiki}; born November 7, 1976, in Shanghai) is a professional Go player. He is a 9 dan Go player from China. He is China\'s best player of the 1990s and one of the best in the world. Growing up he was a prodigy in China, he has won many titles, including three international champions. He is the best friend of Lee Chang-ho, whom he most recently defeated in the final of the 7th Chunlan Cup. Some of his hobbies include playing football, swimming, and traveling. He is married to Zhang Xuan, who is also a Go player.
## Titles and runners-up {#titles_and_runners_up}
Ranks #3 in the total number of titles in China
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# Kane Tenace
**Kane Tenace** (born 4 July 1985) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
## Career
### Draft
Tenace was selected with the 7th Pick in the 2003 AFL Draft by Geelong Football Club. He was recruited from the Murray Bushrangers in the TAC Cup.
### Debut
Tenace debuted against Carlton in Round 2, 2004. His first season was fairly impressive, earning an AFL Rising Star nomination in Round 6, and winning Geelong\'s Best First Year Player Award.
### 2006
In 2006, Tenace completed his third season at senior level and had a reasonable year. He played the first eight games, but managed only another six after injuring his knee and missing rounds nine to twelve. In Round 14, he had a career-high 21 disposals against Carlton.
### 2007 {#section_1}
Tenace began his fourth season in the AFL impressively, averaging just over 19 possessions a game, including a career-high 28 in Geelong\'s round eight win over Fremantle. However, he was struck down with hamstring problems in the second half of the season after playing his last senior game for the season in round 14. These injuries caused Tenace to miss playing in either of Geelong\'s winning AFL and VFL Premiership teams.
At the conclusion of the season, after attracting interest from several AFL clubs, Tenace agreed to a new two-year deal to remain at the club until at least the end of the 2009 season.
### 2009 {#section_2}
Kane Tenace had a disappointing season, which resulted in him being delisted from Geelong.
## Post AFL career {#post_afl_career}
Tenace moved to Adelaide in 2010 to play for Glenelg in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He performed well in his first season with Glenelg, finishing second in the club\'s fairest and best award. At the end of the 2013 season he moved back to Victoria to play for the St Mary\'s in the Geelong Football League.
## Statistics
: *Statistics are correct as of end of 2008 season* (27 September 2008)
| Season | Team | No
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# Modern Day Zero
**Modern Day Zero** is a hard rock band based in St. Louis, Missouri. Formerly called **Mesh**---changed to **Mesh STL** after the name-conflict with Mesh---the band renamed and restarted as Modern Day Zero. Their single, \"Sick Inside,\" from their first album, *Coming Up for Air*, spent eight weeks as the most-requested song on St. Louis-area alternative rock radio station KPNT. Modern Day Zero has had songs included in the video games *NHL 2004* and *NASCAR Thunder 2004* and has toured with bands such as Puddle of Mudd, Nickelback, Velvet Revolver, Hoobastank, and Guns N\' Roses.
## History
### Mesh (1995-2001) {#mesh_1995_2001}
In June 1995, Brian Pearia and Rich Criebaum of the Saint Charles, Missouri-based band Ten Stories Tall were in search of a new lead singer after losing theirs. They approached Scott Gertken while he was singing and playing rhythm guitar for a Foristell, Missouri-based band called Trailer. Gertken first declined the position, but when Trailer disbanded a few months later he joined up Pearia, Criebaum, and Pat Ryan. The group considered calling themselves Zero Hour before settling on Mesh instead. The band began playing shows at local bars and clubs with sets composed popular radio hits and some of their original music, and they released a self-titled four-track EP in 1997. By 1998, they had enough of their own material to play all-original shows. In 1998, lead guitarist Pat Ryan left the band and was replaced by Scott Davis. Mesh traveled to Memphis, Tennessee, in 1998 and entered the studio in with producer Malcolm Springer to record their second EP. Springer had previously worked with other similar rock acts such as Greenwheel, Matchbox 20, and Collective Soul. Mesh played a CD release party show for *Ripple Effect* on May 22, 1999, at Rotary Park in Wentzville, Missouri, and then followed up the following day with the opening performance on the main stage at Pointfest 11. *Ripple Effect* spawned Mesh\'s first radio hit \"Clear Day\" and the EP went on to sell more than 10,000 copies.
In 2000, Mesh added additional guitarist Matt Arana to complete the group. Mesh had moved from being a cover band that played around St. Charles to become a popular regional group. Mesh\'s fan base in St. Louis expected big things from the power rock group as they were on the verge of signing with Capitol Records in 2000. The band and the label had agreed to terms, and the contract was all but signed, but then the deal took a turn for the worse when the incoming president, Andy Slater, took over the label. At that point, talks quieted as Slater shifted the label\'s focus to other priorities. The band members eventually realized that they had no choice but to go on without Capitol, and in May 2001 Mesh self-released what would have been their full-length major-label debut. The album was titled *Lowercase* as a reference to its release independent from Capitol Records. The first single, \"Maybe Tomorrow,\" earned significant airplay on KPNT in St. Louis.
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# Modern Day Zero
## History
### Mesh STL (2001-2003) {#mesh_stl_2001_2003}
The regional success of \"Maybe Tomorrow\" and the strength of their live show quickly attracted the attention of other record labels, and Mesh was picked up by The Label, which was new record company managed and operated by The Firm management group. \"Maybe Tomorrow\" hit rock radio airwaves nationwide on August 14, 2001, and then the group filmed the music video for the single inside the abandoned Herald Examiner building in Los Angeles. The video quickly became a staple on MTV2. Mesh announced a name change to Mesh STL in mid-October because of a conflict with the British synth-pop band of the same name. *Lowercase* was remixed by Tom Lord-Alge and repackaged for its major-label release on November 20, 2001, and Mesh STL embarked on a rigorous tour schedule alongside Puddle of Mudd. \"Maybe Tomorrow\" went on to rise to the Top 20 of both the Modern Rock and Active Rock format charts. \"Believe Me\" was released in the spring of 2002 as the second single from *Lowercase*, and the group continued touring in 2002 with other successful acts including Tantric. \"Believe Me\" experienced minor chart success in the US, peaking at #39 on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.
In summer 2002, Mesh STL entered the studio once again with producer Malcolm Springer to begin recording demos for a new album. Among the new tracks recorded was \"Down\", which made its way onto the soundtracks for *EA Sports NHL 2004* and *NASCAR Thunder 2004* video games. The track was the first heard live as early as spring 2002, and it was the first heard of the recordings for the band\'s second full-length album. The Firm\'s record label closed shop in 2003, leaving Mesh once again without major-label support. The band continued recording and members of the band formed their own record label, Bullet 339 Records. The band announced that the title of the upcoming album would be *Coming Up For Air*. Lead singer Scott Gertken explained the title of the forthcoming record, \"We\'ve been suffocated by the industry. It\'s in such a bad state right now. But we feel a breath of fresh air doing this ourselves and being excited about it. So instead of suffocating, we\'re coming up for air.\"
Late that year, Mesh STL announced their farewell show would take place on December 13 at The Pageant in St. Louis. Although the band\'s second album had been recorded, it would not be released under the Mesh STL name except for the track \"Down,\" which was released on a limited edition EP shortly before the band ceased to exist.
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# Modern Day Zero
## History
### Modern Day Zero (2004-2007) {#modern_day_zero_2004_2007}
The band was reborn in 2004 as Modern Day Zero, meaning starting all over again. \"Every day begins anew and you start from zero,\" according to guitarist Rock Davis. Modern Day Zero, commonly referred to as MDZ, adapted the still unreleased material recorded for the second Mesh STL along with new material for their debut release *Coming Up For Air*, which hit stores in June 2004. The album, recorded in the band\'s own recording studio, was released under their own record label. With their new, more aggressive sound, the first single, \"Sick Inside,\" was quick to earn airplay throughout the Midwest and became the most requested song at modern rock station KPNT in St. Louis for 8 weeks and a top requested song at several other stations nationwide including WGIR in Manchester, New Hampshire. In 2004 guitarist Matt Arana decided to leave because of his personal circumstances, and he was replaced by Zach Broderick.
Following the release of Coming Up For Air, the band hit the road again opening for bands such as Breaking Benjamin, Collective Soul, Puddle of Mudd, Shinedown in 2005. In May 2005, MDZ announced they would be opening for Velvet Revolver and Hoobastank on the 2nd leg of the Electric Wonderland tour. \"Broken\" was released to radio in June 2005 as the second single off *Coming Up For Air*. In July 2006, long time drummer Brian Pearia left the band for personal reasons. During that summer, John Pessoni of The Urge filled in on drums for live shows. Later in 2005, the band\'s own record label released the *Midwest Music Explosion: St. Louis Vol. 1* compilation, which featured other up and coming Midwestern rock acts and featured the new MDZ single \"Show Me.\" Andrew \"Goony\" Brown was officially announced as the new drummer for MDZ in late 2005.
In January 2006, MDZ announced that they were selected by Airwalk and *Revolver Magazine* as the Unsigned Hero 2006 recipient, which earned them Airwalk, Randall Amps, and Washburn Guitar endorsement deals along with the opening slot for Disturbed at the House of Blues in Anaheim, CA on January 20, 2006. In early 2006, the band entered their studio to begin work on a new album, and they began giving fans a preview of the new tracks at live shows. One of the new tracks, \"Spit You Out\", was selected to be in the movie *Lycan*, and MDZ filmed a music video for the single on November 1, 2006. MDZ closed out 2006 by opening several shows for Guns N\' Roses.
On May 15, 2007, Modern Day Zero released its second studio album entitled *The Wait* featuring the first single \"Spit You Out.\" Thom & Jeff of 105.7 The Point began playing \"Superhuman\" which quickly became a top requested song and turned into the new single.
In November 2007, Modern Day Zero posted a blog on their MySpace page that said the band was going to be taking an extended, indefinite break so that everyone can focus on the other aspects of life. In addition, they said they are not disbanding, only taking a break. November also marked the release of \"In Our Lives\", a DVD showing a glimpse into the lives of MDZ, available only via their website.
Modern Day Zero played their final show together on December 20, 2007, at Ameristar Casino\'s Bottleneck Blues Bar in St. Charles, Missouri.
### Post-Break (2008-2011) {#post_break_2008_2011}
Gerkten is focusing on his band management company, TVR Management. Criebaum is the lead engineer/producer at Trailer Studios in Foristell, MO. Davis is a guitar tech for Guns \'N\' Roses lead and rhythm guitarist and background vocalist Richard Fortus. After initially joining Royal, a local band in his hometown of Chicago, IL, in September 2008 Broderick was announced as the new guitarist for the hard-rock band Nonpoint, replacing former guitarist Andy Goldman. Nelson is playing in various local cover bands.
### Reunion (2017-2018) {#reunion_2017_2018}
On August 16, 2017, the band announced that a reunion show was scheduled for September 23, 2017, at Delmar Hall in Saint Louis. The band also announced that Brian Pearia and Matt Arana had returned to the band, returning the band to its lineup from 2000-2004. MDZ also played the Mississippi Nights Reunion Show at Delmar Hall on March 29, 2018, alongside a number of other Saint Louis area bands including The Urge. On September 3, 2018, the band played in the 3rd annual Wayback Pointfest at Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre (Maryland Heights, Missouri). The one day festival was headlined by 311 and The Offspring. Modern Day Zero played on the side stage earlier in the afternoon. Since this concert, the band has been on hiatus.
## Band members {#band_members}
### Timeline
{{#tag:timeline\| ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:18 PlotArea = left:95 bottom:60 top:0 right:0 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1995 till:09/03/2018 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy
Colors =
`id:vocals value:red legend:Lead_Vocals`\
`id:guitar value:green legend:Guitars`\
`id:bass value:blue legend:Bass`\
`id:drums value:orange legend:Drums`\
`id:album value:black legend:Studio_Album`
Legend = orientation:horizontal position:bottom ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:2 start:1995 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1995
BarData =
`bar:Scott text:Scott Gertken`
`bar:Pat text:Pat Ryan`\
`bar:Rock text:Scott "Rock" Davis`\
`bar:Matt text:Matt Arana`\
`bar:Zach text:Zach Broderick`
`bar:Rich text:Rich Criebaum`\
`bar:Brian text:Brian Pearia`
`bar:Andrew text:Andrew Brown`\
`bar:Blake text:Blake Nelson`
PlotData=
`width:11`\
`bar:Scott from:start till:12/20/2007 color:vocals `\
`bar:Scott from:08/16/2017 till:end color:vocals`\
`bar:Rich from:start till:12/20/2007 color:bass`\
`bar:Rich from:08/16/2017 till:end color:bass`\
`bar:Brian from:start till:11/01/2005 color:drums`\
`bar:Brian from:08/16/2017 till:end color:drums`\
`bar:Pat from:start till:12/31/1997 color:guitar`\
`bar:Rock from:01/01/1998 till:12/20/2007 color:guitar`\
`bar:Rock from:08/16/2017 till:end color:guitar`\
`bar:Matt from:01/01/2000 till:06/30/2004 color:guitar `\
`bar:Matt from:08/16/2017 till:end color:guitar`\
`bar:Zach from:07/01/2004 till:12/20/2007 color:guitar`\
`bar:Andrew from:11/01/2005 till:11/01/2006 color:drums`\
`bar:Blake from:11/01/2006 till:12/20/2007 color:drums`
LineData =
`at:07/01/1997 color:album layer:back`\
`at:05/22/1999 color:album layer:back`\
`at:05/22/2001 color:album layer:back`\
`at:11/20/2001 color:album layer:back`\
`at:11/30/2004 color:album layer:back`\
`at:05/12/2007 color:album layer:back`
}}
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# Modern Day Zero
## Discography
### Albums
- *Mesh EP* (Mesh, 1997)
- *Ripple Effect* (Mesh, 1998)
- *Lowercase* (Mesh, May 2001 and re-released as mesh StL on Jive, November 2001)
- *Down EP* (mesh StL, October 2003)
- *Coming Up For Air* (Modern Day Zero, June 2004)
- *The Wait* (Modern Day Zero, May 2007)
### Compilations
- *Point Essential 5* featuring \"For All The People\"
- *Point Platinum 1* featuring \"For All The People\"
- *Point Essential 6* featuring \"Clear Day\"
- *The Addiction 5* featuring \"Sick Inside\"
- *Midwest Music Explosion: St
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# NGC 3596
**NGC 3596** is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Leo. It was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 8 April 1784. It is located below the star Theta Leonis (Chertan). It is a member of the Leo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the right edge of the Virgo Supercluster.
## Image Gallery {#image_gallery}
<File:NGC3596> - SDSS DR14.jpg\|SDSS image of NGC 3596 <File:NGC> 3596 legacy dr10
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# Peter Horsley
`{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox military person
|name= Sir Peter Horsley
|image=
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1921|03|25|df=yes}}
|birth_place=
|death_date= {{death date and age|2001|12|20|1921|03|25|df=yes}}
|death_place= [[Salisbury]], Wiltshire
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[Royal Air Force]]
|serviceyears= 1941–75
|rank= [[Air Marshal]]
|unit=
|commands= [[No. 1 Group RAF|No. 1 Group]] (1971–73)<br/>[[RAF Akrotiri]] (1962–66)<br/>[[RAF Wattisham]] (1959–62)<br/>[[No. 9 Squadron RAF]] (1957–58)
|battles= [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]<br/>[[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]<br/>[[Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order]]<br/>[[Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)|Air Force Cross]]<br/>[[Mentioned in Despatches]]<br/>[[Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)|Croix de guerre]] (France)
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}`{=mediawiki} Air Marshal **Sir Beresford Peter Torrington Horsley**, `{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCB|CBE|LVO|AFC}}`{=mediawiki} (25 March 1921 -- 20 December 2001) was a senior Royal Air Force commander.
## Early life {#early_life}
Horsley was the youngest of seven children of a West Hartlepool merchant who committed suicide in 1923 as a result of business worries. He was educated at the Dragon School, Oxford, and Wellington College.
## Military career {#military_career}
In 1939, he became a deck boy on the TSS *Cyclops*, a Blue Funnel Line steamer sailing to Malaya. He transferred to the homeward-bound TSS *Menelaus* when the Second World War was declared, but then deserted ship. As a member of the Merchant Navy Horsley would not have been able to join the RAF, which was his ambition.
Horsley served briefly in the Home Guard before joining the RAF, initially as an air gunner, as this was the only vacancy then available. However, he managed to get a transfer to pilot training, and was soon himself an instructor at RAF Cranwell.
He was transferred to the Flying Training School at Penfold, Alberta in 1942, and then to the Mosquito Conversion Unit at Greenwood, Nova Scotia, 1943--1944. He then joined 21 Squadron of 140 Wing, RAF Hunsdon, flying Mosquitoes on night fighter intruder missions over Nazi Germany. After D-Day he was shot down over the English Channel near Cherbourg and was picked up by an Air-Sea Rescue launch after three days. An account of the incident, read by Horsley himself, is kept in the Imperial War Museum archives. His navigator \'Bambi\' was killed, and Horsley spent some time afterwards in hospital, and then the RAF rehabilitation centre at Loughborough.
Horsley then was attached to the communications squadron of the 2nd Tactical Air Force in France, and was personal pilot to Major-General Miles Graham during the Normandy invasion. He returned to the United Kingdom in 1947 and joined the staff of the Central Flying School, 23 Training Group. He received a permanent commission and was appointed adjutant to the Oxford University Air Squadron in 1948.
He joined the Royal Household in July 1949, as a Squadron Leader, as Extra Equerry to Her Royal Highness the Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh and His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh. He was also concurrently Officer Commanding 29 Squadron, RAF Tangmere, Sussex, flying Meteor IX fighters. In 1952 he became a Wing Commander and Temporary Equerry to Her Majesty The Queen, and in 1953 he became full-time as Equerry to the Duke of Edinburgh, relinquishing the second appointment in command of his squadron. He remained the Duke\'s Equerry until 1956.
In the late 1950s he became senior instructor at the RAF Flying College, Manby in Lincolnshire and was then made Station Commander at RAF Wattisham in Suffolk in 1959. He went on to be Group Captain Near East Air Force (NEAF) operations based in Cyprus in 1962.
Horsley attended the Imperial Defence College, and was then appointed Deputy Commandant at the Joint Warfare Establishment at Old Sarum in Wiltshire in 1966.
He became an Air Vice Marshal and was made Assistant Chief of Air Staff (Operations) in 1968, then Commanding Officer No. 1 Group in 1971. His last appointment in the RAF was as Deputy Commander-in-Chief RAF Strike Command in 1973 before he retired in 1975.
## Later life {#later_life}
Horsley had a number of business interests after retirement from the RAF: Robson Lowe (stamp auction house), chair; Stanley Gibbons, managing director. RCR International, director, beginning 1984; Horsley Holdings, director, beginning 1985; Yorkshire Sports, president, beginning 1986; National Printing Ink Co., chair, beginning 1987; Osprey Aviation Ltd., chair, beginning 1991. He wrote an autobiography, *Sounds From Another Room* (subtitled Memories of Planes, Princes and the Paranormal), published Leo Cooper in 1997, which described his interest in UFOs, which began when Equerry to His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, and a close encounter with an \"alien\" in London in 1954
. He died in 2001.
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# Peter Horsley
## Honours
Horsley received the French Croix de Guerre in 1944, and the Air Force Cross in 1945. He was made a Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order in 1956, and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1964. In 1974 he was knighted and made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
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# Spanish Fry
\"**Spanish Fry**\" is the seventeenth episode in the fourth season of the American animated television series *Futurama*, and the 71st episode of the series overall. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on July 13, 2003. Set in a retro-futuristic 31st century, the series follows the adventures of the employees of Planet Express, an interplanetary delivery company. In this episode, Fry\'s nose has mysteriously disappeared so he seeks to get it back. David X. Cohen admitted that this episode is one of the most \"filthy\" in the series\' history.
## Plot
While camping in the woods on a company outing, Fry is abducted by aliens as he searches for Bigfoot. He wakes up the next morning to find that his nose has been stolen from his face. Fry learns that human noses are regarded by aliens as an aphrodisiac called \"Human Horn\". Bender, Leela, and Fry discover that Fry\'s nose has been sold by a \"porno dealing monster\" to Lrrr, ruler of the planet Omicron Persei 8.
The three travel to Omicron Persei 8, where they learn Lrrr and his wife, Ndnd, are having marital troubles, explaining Lrrr\'s purchase. After retrieving Fry\'s nose, Leela reattaches it by laser. However, once Bender has finished explaining some details of human anatomy to Lrrr, Lrrr orders that Fry\'s \"lower horn\" now be removed for consumption. Leela stalls the Omicronian by suggesting that he and Ndnd travel to Earth to share a romantic dinner in the woods and work on their relationship. The dinner nearly fails; as Fry is about to get his lower horn removed, Bigfoot shows himself.
The park ranger also arrives, pleased to have finally gotten a look at Bigfoot. The ranger tries to amputate one of Bigfoot\'s feet as a trophy, but Lrrr prevents him. Lrrr then delivers a moving speech: Fry\'s \"lower horn\" like Bigfoot, is one of God\'s most beautiful creatures. Ndnd then realizes that her husband is still the sensitive Omicronian she fell for. The crew quickly retreats as the now-happy couple passionately make love.
As the credits roll, an episode of *The Scary Door* is shown.
## Production
Writer and producer David X. Cohen admits that this is one of the series\' \"filthiest\" episodes. As with most episodes, the space scenes were done in 3D. Among the non-space scenes done in 3D was the roasting car at the alien market.
Originally, Fry was meant to look into Bender\'s \"shiny metal ass\" for his reflection but it was decided that the episode was dirty enough already and it was too awkward.
A scene depicting a holographic Fry with various noses was cut after being fully animated. Matt Groening said that they deleted it because it \"wasn\'t that funny\".
When watching the surveillance tape, Leela identifies Lrrr because the writers were not sure that the audience would recognize and clearly identify Lrrr.
Writer Ron Weiner admitted that Bender\'s offscreen quips were added because they felt a bit guilty about all the silly jokes. Weiner also admits that the scene with Bender dancing was something he attempts to work into every episode he writes.
The Scary Door sequence at the end had been cut out of the season three episode \"The Birdbot of Ice-Catraz\". Cohen had wanted it to not go to waste so the sequence was shortened slightly so it could be fit in during the credits of an episode.
## Broadcast and reception {#broadcast_and_reception}
In its initial airing, the episode received a Nielsen rating of 2.3/5, placing it 86th among primetime shows for the week of July 7--13, 2003
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# Coristanco
**Coristanco** is a municipality in the province of A Coruña, in the autonomous community of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It belongs to the comarca of Bergantiños.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Rubén Iván Martínez (born 22 June 1984), known simply as Rubén, is a Spanish professional footballer who played for CA Osasuna as a goalkeeper, and is now retired.
```{=html}
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```
- José Ángel Esmorís Tasende (born 4 January 1997), known simply as Angeliño, is a Spanish professional footballer who currently plays for AS Roma in the left back and left midfielder positions
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# Cité de l'Automobile
**Musée National de l'Automobile**, **Collection Schlumpf** is an automobile museum located in Mulhouse, France, and built around the **Schlumpf Collection** of classic automobiles. It has the largest displayed collection of automobiles and contains the largest and most comprehensive collection of Bugatti motor vehicles in the world.
## History
Brothers Hans and Fritz Schlumpf were Swiss citizens born in Italy, but after their mother Jeanne was widowed, she moved the family to her home town of Mulhouse in Alsace, France. The two brothers, who were later described as having a \"Schlumpf obsession\", were devoted to their mother.
In 1935 the brothers founded a limited company which focused on producing spun woollen products. By 1940, at the time of the German invasion of France, 34-year-old Fritz was the chairman of a spinning mill in Malmerspach. After World War II, the two brothers devoted their time to growing their business, and became wealthy.
### Building the collection {#building_the_collection}
Fritz loved cars, driven by an abiding love for beautiful automotive engineering. Having wanted a Bugatti since childhood, he bought a Type 35B just before the German invasion of France.
After the war he began racing classic cars, but was requested by the textile union to \"abstain from this competition which could endanger your life and deprive us of our esteemed director.\" Schlumpf had been generous to his workers, providing employee trips, installing an employee theater and driving expectant mothers to the hospital in his own car. This was in great contrast to brother Hans, a former banker, who paid the mill workers poorly, docked fifteen minutes off their pay if they were late or signed out a minute or two early, and did not pay bonuses or increments.
With the arrival of modern postwar designs in the 1950s, prewar cars became affordably available. Fritz and Hans began collecting in earnest in the early 1950s, developing a reputation in the trade for only buying the most desirable models. Assisted by Mr Raffaelli, a Renault dealer from Marseille and the owner of several Bugattis, they built a Bugatti collection obsessively and quickly:
- During the summer of 1960, they acquired ten Bugattis, including two Type 57s and one Type 46 5-litre model. In addition the pair found three Rolls-Royces, two Hispano-Suizas and one Tatra. By the end of the summer, they had purchased 40 cars.
- Gordini sold them ten old racing cars in one sale
- Ferrari sold a racing single seater
- Mercedes-Benz sold spare cars from its collection
- Racing driver Jo Siffert sold three Lotus racing cars
Bugatti remained the brothers\' focus. Fritz sent a form letter to all owners on the Bugatti club register, offering to buy all of their cars. In 1962 he bought nearly 50 Bugattis. In the spring of 1963, he acquired 18 of Ettore Bugatti\'s personal cars, including the Bugatti Royale *Coupé Napoléon.* In 1963 automobile collector John Shakespeare of Centralia, Illinois, an oil developer and heir to the Shakespeare fishing reel fortune, offered his 30 Bugattis, the largest collection in the United States. Fritz bought all of them, making headlines in the United States. By 1967 the brothers owned 105 examples of the marque.
### Mulhouse
Over the years nearly 400 items (vehicles, chassis and engines) were acquired, and from 1964 as the woollen industry started to downturn, a wing of the former 200000 sqft Mulhouse spinning mill was chosen to quietly restore and house the collection.
A team of up to 40 carpenters, saddlers, and master mechanics was assembled under a confidentiality agreement to carry out the restoration work. While many around the world, including members of Bugatti clubs the globe over, knew of the collection, its scale still surprised the unfamiliar.
Fritz visited Mulhouse daily, choosing the colors and type of restoration each car would receive. The workers removed the mill\'s interior walls and laid a red tile walkway with gravel floors for the cars to rest upon. Seeking to avoid competing against themselves, the brothers remained very secretive about their collection, only rarely showing it to a favored few.
### The Schlumpf affair {#the_schlumpf_affair}
In light of the unrelenting global shift of textile manufacturing to Asia, by 1976 the Schlumpf brothers began selling their factories. In October the Malmerspach plant laid off employees, and a strike broke out, with 400 police holding back the workers from ransacking the Mulhouse plant. After a stand-off, on March 7, 1977, textile-union activists staged a sit-in strike at Schlumpf offices, and broke into the Mulhouse \"factory\" to find the astounding collection of cars. An unrestored Austin 7 was burned and the workers\' union representative remarked \"There are 600 more where this one came from.\"
The Schlumpfs fled to their native Switzerland, and spent the rest of their days as permanent residents of the Drei Koenige Hotel in Basel. But with wages and tax evasion accusations outstanding, the factory was occupied the next two years by the textile-union and renamed \"Workers' Factory.\" To recoup some lost wages, the union opened the museum to the public, with some 800,000 people viewing the collection in two years.
As the scale of the brothers Schlumpf debt rose, various creditors, including the French government and unions, eyed the car collection toward recovering their losses. To save the collection from destruction, break-up or export, the contents were classified in 1978 as a French Historic Monument by Council of State. In 1979, a bankruptcy liquidator ordered the building closed.
### National Automobile Museum Association {#national_automobile_museum_association}
In 1981 the collection, buildings and residual land were sold to the National Automobile Museum Association (NAMAoM), a state sanctioned public/private conglomerate that includes: the City of Mulhouse, the Regional Board of the Alsace Region, the organizers of the Paris Auto Show and the Automobile Club de France.
The NAMAoM placed daily management of the museum in the hands of an operating company, the National Automobile Museum of Mulhouse Management Association, which opened the museum to the public in 1982. However, lacking the enthusiasm of the Schlumpfs or the financial drive of the union, the collection gradually fell into decline.
In 1999 NAMAoM contracted Culturespaces to take over and modernise the museum and its operations. Culturespaces renovated the museum, including creating large scale public spaces for other cultural events, while conserving the well-known main hall with its Pont Alexandre III lamp posts. Widening the relevance of the museum to a younger audience by being given control of the French national automobile collection, the museum reopened in March 2000 as the largest automobile museum in the world.
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# Cité de l'Automobile
## History
### Malmerspach collection {#malmerspach_collection}
In 1981, Fritz Schlumpf filed a lawsuit from Switzerland claiming he was entitled to a portion of the proceeds of the sale to NAMAoM. He died in 1992, but in 1999 a French court found in his favor, and directed that the French Government pay the balance of a 40 million franc indemnity to Schlumpf\'s widow Madame Arlette Schlumpf-Naas in Switzerland. The court also instructed return of the ownership of the 62 cars in the so-called *\"Malmerspach collection\"* (the reserve stock), including 17 Bugattis - 8 from the collection of John Shakespeare.
Having moved the cars to a shed in Wettolsheim, Madame Schlumpf-Naas drew up a sales agreement similar to a reverse mortgage with businessmen Jaap Braam Ruben and Bruno Vendiesse, selling them ownership of the cars but retaining them in her storage shed until after her death. Upon her passing on 16 May 2008 at the age of 78, many of the cars were sold to Peter W. Mullin in the United States to be displayed at the Mullin Automotive Museum in Oxnard, California (formerly housing the Chandler Vintage Museum of Transportation and Wildlife).
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# Cité de l'Automobile
## The museum today {#the_museum_today}
The museum is now listed as a National Heritage site by the French Government. The museum is still dedicated to the Schlumpf brothers\' mother Jeanne Schlumpf; there is a large shrine to her at the entrance to the museum.
The collection includes over 520 vehicles, with 400 displayed in three main sections in chronological order:
- The Motorcar Experience
- Motor Racing - including a grid of Type 35 Bugattis, plus Maserati 250Fs, Mercedes-Benz W125 and W154 pre-war Grand Prix cars and a hoard of light blue Gordinis
- Motorcar Masterpieces
The museum houses three Bugattii \"Royale\"s: two of the original six Royales plus a replica of the Esder Royale created at the Schlumpf brothers\' workshops from original Bugatti spare parts.
Few of the cars on display are in running order, although the old Schlumpf restoration shop, abandoned in 1977, is being revived to begin working again on the museum\'s cars.`{{when|date=April 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
visitors to the museum are given a free audioguide in their chosen language. The tour has been enhanced by new sections, films, driving simulators, robots and attractions such as sound programmes.
### The collection {#the_collection}
1 ABC (British), 8 Alfa Romeo, 4 Amilcar, 2 Arzens, 1 Aster, 1 Aston Martin, 1 Audi, 1 Austro-Daimler, 3 Ballot, 1 Bardon, 1 Barraco, 2 Barré, 1 Baudier, 4 Bentley, 8 Benz, 1 B.N.C, 1 Bollée, 1 Brasier, 123 Bugatti, 1 Charron, 1 Chrysler, 1 Cisitalia, 10 Citroën, 1 Clément de Dion, 2 Clément-Bayard, 1 Clément-Panhard, 1 Corre La Licorne, 6 Daimler, 4 Darracq, 1 Decauville, 1 De Dietrich, 29 De Dion-Bouton, 3 Delage, 4 Delahaye, 2 Delaunay-Belleville, 1 Dufaux, 1 Ensais, 1 Esculape, 2 Farman, 13 Ferrari, 4 Fiat, 3 Ford, 1 Fouillaron, 3 Georges Richard, 1 Gladiator, 11 Gordini, 7 Hispano-Suiza, 3 Horch, 2 Horlacher, 1 Hotchkiss et Cie, 2 Hotchkiss-Gregoire, 1 Jaquot (Dampfwagen), 3 Le Zèbre, 1 Lorraine-Dietrich, 4 Lotus, 1 M.A.F., 8 Maserati, 2 Mathis, 1 Maurer-Union, 7 Maybach, 1 McLaren-Peugeot, 1 Menier, 9 Mercedes, 22 Mercedes-Benz, 2 Minerva, 2 Monet-Goyon, 2 Mors, 1 Moto-Peugeot, 2 Neracar, 1 O.M., 19 Panhard & Levassor, 1 Pegaso, 29 Peugeot, 1 Philos, 1 Piccard-Pictet, 3 Piccolo, 2 Pilain, 6 Porsche, 1 Ravel, 18 Renault, 1 Rheda, 1 Richard-Brasier, 1 Ripert, 1 Rochet-Schneider, 14 Rolls-Royce, 1 Sage, 1 Salmson, 1 Scott, 1 Sénéchal, 5 Serpollet, 3 Simca-Gordini, 1 Sizaire-Naudin, 1 Soncin, 1 SS, 1 Steyr, 2 Talbot, 1 Tatra, 1 Toyota, 1 Trabant, 1 Turicum, 1 Vaillante, 7 Vélo, 1 Vélo-Goldschmitt, 1 Vélo-Peugeot, 1 Vermotel, 1 Violet-Bogey, 3 Voisin, 1 Volkswagen, 2 Zedel
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# Cité de l'Automobile
## Gallery
<File:Gardner-Serpollet> Double Phaeton Type A 1902.jpg\|Serpollet Double Phaeton Type A 1902 <File:Peugeot> Vis-a-vis Type 26 1902 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG\|Peugeot VIS-A-VIS Type 26 1902 <File:Mercedes> Double Phaeton.jpg\|Mercedes Double Phaeton <File:Lancia> Torpedo Type Epsilon (1912) jm64114.jpg\|Lancia Torpedo Type Epsilon 1912 <File:Hispano> Suiza J 12 (1934), Paris Motor Show 2018, IMG 0329.jpg\|Hispano-Suiza Coupé Chauffeur J12 1934 <File:Léon> Bollée Tricar 1896.jpg\|Léon Bollée Tricar, 1896 <File:Paul> Arzens Oeuf.JPG\|Arzens\' Œuf (egg), 1948 <File:Ferrari> Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 004.JPG\|Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 <File:Alfa> Romeo 8C 1.jpg\|Alfa Romeo 8C 2900 A Pinin Farina Berlinetta <File:1929> Bugatti Type 35B.jpg\|1929 Bugatti Type 35B <File:1891> Panhard & Levassor Phaeton.jpg\|1891 Panhard & Levassor Phaeton <File:1878> Jacquot Tonneau a Vapeur.jpg\|1878 Jacquot Tonneau a Vapeur <File:1893> Peugeot Phaetonnet Type 8
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# Rockefeller College
**John D. Rockefeller 3rd College**, or \"Rocky\", is one of seven residential colleges at Princeton University. It was founded in 1982, making it the third residential college to be established at Princeton. It is named for John D. Rockefeller 3rd, Princeton Class of 1929, who served as a major donor and longtime trustee of the University.
The college is located in the northwestern corner of the Princeton campus and is largely composed of Collegiate Gothic style structures. Madison Hall, home of the college dining hall, office, and common spaces, and the dorms Holder Hall, Buyers Hall (formerly \"East Blair Hall\"), and part of Campbell Hall are presently part of Rockefeller College. Witherspoon Hall, built in 1877, is the oldest building in the college, and is characteristically Richardsonian Romanesque, a style which predates the Collegiate Gothic.
The college is home to roughly 500 first years and sophomores and a small number of upperclassmen. The college staff is led by the head (a faculty member), and also includes a dean, a director of studies, a college administrator, a college secretary, and two graduate student assistant masters. The current master of Rockefeller College is Clancy Rowley, Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. A council of current students also contributes to college life, organizing trips, study breaks, and other opportunities.
Beginning with the 2007--2008 school year, Rockefeller College has, along with Princeton\'s other residential colleges, catered to upperclassmen as well as underclassmen, with new programs and advising. The college now houses mostly first year and sophomore students, with some spaces for juniors and seniors in addition to Residential College Advisors.
Rockefeller College\'s common room, Holder Hall, and Blair Arch (which adjoins Buyers Hall but is technically a part of Mathey College) were all featured in the film *A Beautiful Mind*
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# Horseland
***Horseland*** was an online community and browser game where members took care of, bred, trained and showed horses and dogs. Begun in 1994 in the United States, Horseland had grown to have more than 8 million users who played from all over the world. Most of the players were females from age 10 to 22, although a number of adults played the game. In September 2006, an animated cartoon series based on the website was launched in the United States. The cartoon is now distributed around the world. The game is no longer online, having closed sometime in April 2019.
## History
Horseland, a sim horse game, grew out of a webpage dedicated to horses that launched in 1994. The original website featured bulletin boards and forums where members discussed their love of horses and participated in horse-themed role playing games. A system of gameplay soon developed, and Horseland LLC launched the Horseland game shortly afterwards. The Horseland game featured the ability to create, own and train virtual horses that players could care for and compete with in online shows. As the popularity of the game grew, the interest in Horseland spawned a new Junior Version, and later, a series of cartoons and short novels. In 2006, Horseland LLC partnered with DIC Entertainment to produce a cartoon based on the website.
On October 28, 2008, Horseland released a revamped website that included an interactive 3D world with customizable horses and avatars. A new store sold clothing and tack for the avatars. A 3D interactive world was introduced that allowed players to ride their horses and chat with other people. There were new interactive 3D jumping shows. Alongside these changes, Horseland introduced a micro-transaction pay model through Horseland \"Coins\" which they sold through a variety of pay options. Horseland also offered a \"Premium Membership\" which unlocked exclusive features in the game, such as owning a boarding stable where other players could pay to keep their horses.
The revamped game was met with criticism from longtime players and membership appeared to decline steadily. Large parts of the game used Flash, and as popular browsers stopped supporting the format, many parts of the game became nonfunctional. No official updates from the game\'s staff were made from the end of 2016 until sometime in late 2018 when it was announced that the game would be permanently closed on January 1, 2019. The game officially went offline in April 2019.
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# Horseland
## Horseland Junior Game {#horseland_junior_game}
The Horseland Jr. game was launched on September 1, 2006, featuring characters from the Horseland cartoon. It was a very simplified version of Horseland World and suitable for kids younger than 13 years old. The graphics were simple and colorful, appealing to the younger audience. The Junior game was a Flash-based game similar to the World game in that players could create and interact with a virtual horse. Horseland Jr. let you select a horse (choosing from characters you\'d also find in the Horseland cartoon series) and pick the horse\'s name and the player name. Players could visit their horse in its stall, and care for it in a variety of ways (*shown in the image on the right*). The horse needed to be fed daily, exercised regularly, seen by a veterinarian and farrier, and fitted with tack.
There were simple jumping shows that players could enter for fun. During the holidays, Horseland released themed shows (e.g. Halloween, Christmas, Easter, etc.). There was a leaderboard showing the scores of the last 10 people who entered the show.
In December 2008 the \"Trail Ride\" was introduced. This gave players the ability to actually ride their horse around scenes from the Horseland cartoon and interact with other players, including making friends and chatting restricted to an option of phrases. (*shown in the image on the right*). Horseland Jr. players could upgrade to the Horseland World game with parental permission.
The Horseland Jr. game was closed in February 2009. Players under 13 were given a \"Junior\" account in the main Horseland game. Junior accounts were COPPA compliant and could not send or receive private messages or chat freely.
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# Horseland
## Horseland Game {#horseland_game}
The original game on the Horseland website was renamed from \"Horseland\" to \"Horseland World\" on September 1, 2006, when the Jr. game was launched. It was reverted to \"Horseland\" in February 2009 when the Jr. game was closed. In the Horseland game, players bought and sold horses, found stables to board their horses at, found a fair trainer, chatted with friends, participated in horse shows, and had a homepage.
There was some controversy among the players after the October 28, 2008 changes. The change in currency from HLD to HLC was one of them. The value of 1 HLC was different from the value of one old HLD, so prices across the game were changed to reflect the new value. Horseland also removed the ability for Basic Players (free accounts) to get free money and players now earned money by playing games.
### Mods
The game also consisted of a group of people who \"moderated\" the website and took action against players who acted inappropriately or cyber bullied other players. These players had a badge beside their name. Whether the mods were active or not, players had to see their status updates.
### World
The world is the place where players could meet, chat, and roleplay virtually. The world had several different servers to accommodate many players, with a variety of places to explore. There were groups of players who formed a roleplaying subgame within Horseland, creating their own characters and acting as their said characters either in the world or through messages with other players. Everyone was represented in the world by an avatar created when the player signed up. These avatars could be modified somewhat to resemble the player and you could change the hair, eye, and skin color. However, you could not change your avatar\'s gender. If a player had the money to, they could customize their horses and avatar with a variety of clothing and tack, which could be purchased from the store. (*Picture of The World is shown on right.*)
### Shop
The \"Horseland Outfitters\" shop sold tack and clothing to customize player and horse avatars. Tack cost from 800 to 3750 coins, and clothing ranged from 530 to 4000 coins. Players could add multiple items to their cart and buy them all at once. They also sold horses and dogs, plus crates and stalls for them. All animals purchased at the shop were three years old. The price for animals generally ranged from around 200 to 350 coins. Also, shops sold food for the animals at a cost of 95 coins per bag of feed, which contained 100 daily servings.
### Points
Horseland was an escalating system of gameplay, where players strived to earn as many points as possible, both for their player account as well as their individual horses. Players earned points through the training of their horses or dogs. A single player could own many animals of varying breeds and descriptions. While there was no single point goal for their animals, the players were restricted by the trainable lifespan of their horses and dogs. While a horse or a dog could only participate in show training for a period of time, it could participate in ticket training its whole life. When an animal became too old for show training, it was offered the option of retirement. Most players did not retire their animals, as it created \"broken lines\" where the horses\' or dogs\' records were wiped off the Horseland database and could not be seen again. Horses could pass a portion of their earned points to their offspring if they bred before reaching retirement age, and thus an evolving system of gameplay continued through the lineage of the animals that players foster d and maintained. Points usually took time. The horse or dog was required to have all their checkups completed before they showed.
### Shows
There were 2 types of shows: Jumping Shows and Automatic Shows. Jumping Shows were added to the game in October 2008. Every player could start one show a week. The Jumping shows were Flash-based and interactive. The player maneuvered the horse around a jumping course using the arrow keys and space bar. The player received the points immediately after they finished the course. The owner of a jumping show designed the courses using different jumps and obstacles. The Automatic Shows were not interactive. In Automatic Shows, a player put their horse on the list for a particular show then, overnight, the winners of the show are randomly picked and points are awarded.
### Training
Horseland players could train their animals by \"Show Training\" or \"Ticket Training.\" Show Training involved players entering their horses or dogs in shows where points were awarded the next day. As their animals gained points, the user also gained \"Player Points,\" which were equal to the number of points the animal gained. However, with every show the animal\'s health bar decreased, limiting the number of shows a horse or dog could enter.
The other method, Ticket Training, was through the use of tickets that Premium players could purchase at the online store. One training ticket gave a horse or dog 30 points without it affecting the animal\'s health. These tickets could be used on the player\'s own animals or the player could choose to sell it as a service to other players. As it was a player-operated service, ticket prices fluctuated depending on the seller. Horse tickets were removed from the game in October 2008 and re-introduced in January 2009.
Some players offered a service referred to as \"point training\", or training a horse or dog using one of the above methods to \"x\" number of points for \"x\" amount of money. Generally, hiring other players to do such a thing was more expensive than doing so personally.
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# Horseland
## Horseland Game {#horseland_game}
### Breeding
Breeding was an important part of the Horseland World game. Players could extend the capabilities of an animal to earn more points by passing a portion of the points earned by a horse on to their offspring, giving that foal a higher starting point level.
Players could choose to breed among their own horses or with horses owned by others. The owners of the stallions controlled the breeding by having the option to accept or reject a \"breed request\" by another player. Mares could be bred once every 21 days, and stallions every 2 days (both from the age of 3 until the age of 21).
Breeding was tracked by the game, listing all ancestors of a horse still in play. Once retired, however, the information for that horse (name, age, points, etc.) was lost and the offspring of that horse lost that portion of their lineage, resulting in what is referred to as a \"broken line\". Most players were very attentive to the tracking of bloodlines, so they often chose to not retire their horses.
#### Different Types of Bloodlines and Breeds {#different_types_of_bloodlines_and_breeds}
Crossbreeds (aka CB) were two different breeds that were bred together.
Overbred (aka OB) meant that the horse/dog had a large number of offspring.
Inbred (aka IB) meant that one horse/dog was in the pedigree more than once.
Broken-Lined (aka BL) meant that the horse/dog\'s parents, grandparents, great-grandparents, etc., could not be found.
A horse that was either inbred, overbred, or both, was generally frowned upon. A horse or dog was less likely to be bought if this applied to it.
### Graphics
Graphics were modified pictures and \"layouts\" designed by graphic makers. A layout was usually a manipulated image with the player\'s name and ID number on it, with text boxes for writing any information about the player and their services. Layouts required knowledge of HTML and photo manipulation, often resulting in large sums of money being paid to the graphic maker. They were a popular way of keeping homepages interesting. They were simple or complex, depending on the player\'s budget and needs. Graphic makers ranged from beginners who were experimenting with novice programs to more experienced people using programs such as Gimp or Photoshop. People often had layout contests in which they offered a large sum of money, chose the layout they liked best, and paid that person.
### Economy
The economic system in Horseland evolved into a free, open market by players, originally beginning with the buying and selling of horses and items included by the Horseland game system and eventually including services offered by the players themselves, such as homepage design and artwork.
Players used \"Coins\" to buy most things in the game. Coins could be earned by playing mini-games or purchased with real money. Horseland also offered a \"Premium Membership\". Premium Players were given a weekly income of 3,500 Coins and access to exclusive features like forum avatars & signatures, featured listings in search results, dog training tickets, themed jumping shows, and the previously standard 100 classes/show.
Though the game itself required players to purchase automated services, such as veterinary visits to maintain the health of their animals. Elective services, such as the boarding of animals in privately owned stables and kennels, were handled by the players themselves.
Horseland allowed players to dictate the price of their services and created a natural division of labor, as some players elected to specialize their gameplay by being \"trainers\" or \"boarders\", for example. The ability to have open discussion on the Horseland Forum pages lent itself to players looking for and advertising services offered for players by players and fostered a fluctuating open market.
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# Horseland
## Horseland as a social network {#horseland_as_a_social_network}
In addition to being a simulation game, Horseland also had many attributes of a social network. A great deal of Horseland\'s social network centered around user-generated content. Each player had a homepage that they could alter with HTML or CSS. Players often created and \"sold\" design codes for homepages, turning the code over to other players in exchange for coins. \"Professional\" (aka "pro") photographs and illustrations for horses and dogs were also exchanged between players.
Players could communicate with each other through Flash-based chat rooms, in-game messages, personal blogs, forums, and the Flash-based 3D world. An additional feature of the game was lists of \"Friends\", which highlighted each friend\'s last status or activity in the game. Players could send digital cards (sometimes called \"Love/Luff Cards\") to their friends for occasions like birthdays or holidays.
Unofficial clubs, different from the official Horseland Club, were popular. Players created their own clubs by creating a new account. These clubs were run in a similar way to the official club: they held contests, gathered members, created logos (called \"club cards\"), and propagated campaigns.
Players could also run campaigns in Horseland official clubs. Becoming the President of a club allowed the player to control which animals were accepted and rejected from the club. The President set their own registry for the club for their term, with each term lasting for one month. Players campaignEd to become\"President by TVing (trading votes) with other Premium players. Players often held voting contests in hopes of luring other players to help them get enough votes. Players could also \"buy\" votes from other players who did not want to trade their votes. This was sometimes a controversial topic, as players could become presidents simply by bribing other players with a lot of money instead of them voting for a more ideal president
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# Firekeeper
**Firekeeper** or **flametender** describes a specific ceremonial role, common in the religious practices of a variety of cultures. A firekeeper or flametender tends the sacred fire in the manner specific to the religious traditions of that culture.
## Overview
In many ancient civilizations the open flame has served as both a central spiritual or religious symbol, as well as played a central role in basic human survival. Similarly, those entrusted with tending this flame often held a sacred role in the culture. This role continues in some traditional cultures into the present day.
A sacred fire is often a place for the offering of prayers, herbs, food, and sacrifices of artwork. An eternal or perpetual flame provides hot coals for the kindling of other fires in the community. A sacred fire is usually kept separate from any cooking fire, and may be placed in or near a ceremonial enclosure.
In the past world of no matches, and no easy ways of making fire under wet conditions, it was necessary for someone to always be present to keep the flames or red coals burning for long periods of time
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