id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
3,733,824 |
# Cantons of the Gers department
The following is a list of the 17 **cantons of the Gers department**, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015: `{{div col|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Adour-Gersoise
- Armagnac-Ténarèze
- Astarac-Gimone
- Auch-1
- Auch-2
- Auch-3
- Baïse-Armagnac
- Fezensac
- Fleurance-Lomagne
- Gascogne-Auscitaine
- Gimone-Arrats
- Grand-Bas-Armagnac
- L\'Isle-Jourdain
- Lectoure-Lomagne
- Mirande-Astarac
- Pardiac-Rivière-Basse
- Val de Save
| 71 |
Cantons of the Gers department
| 0 |
3,733,827 |
# Phil Miller
**Philip Paul Miller** (22 January 1949 -- 18 October 2017) was an English progressive rock/jazz guitarist and a central part of the Canterbury scene.
He was born in Barnet, Hertfordshire. Self-taught on guitar, Miller formed his first band, Delivery, at age 17, which backed blues musicians playing at Ronnie Scott\'s Jazz Club in London. In the 1970s he was a founding member of Matching Mole, Hatfield and the North and National Health. In later years he was a member of Short Wave (with Hugh Hopper, Pip Pyle, and Didier Malherbe), and In Cahoots with Richard Sinclair, Elton Dean, Peter Lemer, and Pip Pyle. In 2005 and 2006, Miller toured with a re-united Hatfield and the North. Miller also performed and recorded extensively in solo projects.
Miller died on 18 October 2017 in London from cancer.
## Discography
------ ------------------------------- ----------------------------------
Year Artist Title
1970 Carol Grimes & Delivery *Fools Meeting*
1972 Caravan *Waterloo Lily*
1972 Matching Mole *Matching Mole*
1972 Matching Mole *Little Red Record*
1973 Coxhill/Miller *Miller/Coxhill*
1974 Hatfield and the North *Hatfield & the North*
1975 Hatfield and the North *The Rotters' Club*
1978 National Health *National Health*
1978 National Health *Of Queues and Cures*
1980 Hatfield and the North *Afters*
1982 Gowen/Miller/Sinclair/Tomkins *Before A Word Is Said*
1982 National Health *D.S
| 217 |
Phil Miller
| 0 |
3,733,836 |
# Neville Peat
**Neville Douglas Peat** `{{post-nominals|country=NZL|MNZM|size=85%}}`{=mediawiki} (born 29 November 1947) is a New Zealand author and photographer, based at Broad Bay on the Otago Peninsula. He specialises in topics about natural history, notably that of southern New Zealand and New Zealand\'s subantarctic islands. He has written over 40 titles since the late 1970s and has been writing full-time since 1986.
## Biography
Peat was born in Dunedin on 29 November 1947, the son of Ernie Peat and Jessie Peat (née Ayson). His heritage is Scottish, described as a fifth-generation descendant of Scottish pioneers in Otago.
Peat was an elected member of the Otago Regional Council from 1998 to 2007, and was its deputy chairperson from 2004 to 2007. He stood down in 2007 to take up the Creative New Zealand Michael King Writers\' Fellowship, during which he completed a comprehensive book on the Tasman Sea, *The Tasman: Biography of an Ocean*. In 2013, Peat was elected to the Dunedin City Council, and served one term before standing down in 2016.
In 2004, Peat was behind moves to create an official flag for Otago. This culminated in a competition run through the auspices of the *Otago Daily Times* newspaper and Otago Polytechnic School of Art towards the end of that year.
Peat has published over 40 titles including those on regional national history of New Zealand and on national birds such as the kiwi bird and New Zealand falcon.
## Honours and awards {#honours_and_awards}
In 1994, Peat was named Dunedin Citizen of the Year, because of his books on the region and establishing the Dunedin Environmental Business Network. In 1996, he and co-author Brian Patrick won the Montana New Zealand Book Awards for the book *Wild Dunedin*. Peat was awarded the Creative New Zealand Michael King Writers\' Fellowship, New Zealand\'s largest literary award, in 2007. In 2016, he received the CLNZ Writers\' Award for his project *The Invading Sea*.
In the 2018 New Year Honours, Peat was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to conservation. He received the Prime Minister\'s Award for Literary Achievement in 2024
| 352 |
Neville Peat
| 0 |
3,733,860 |
# Friends and Crocodiles
***Friends and Crocodiles*** is a one-off British television drama production, written and directed by Stephen Poliakoff and first broadcast on BBC One on 15 January 2006.
## Overview
The film charts the shifting power between a boss and his secretary as their careers rise and fall in the rapidly changing workplace of 1980s and 1990s Britain. *Friends and Crocodiles* stars Damian Lewis, Jodhi May and Robert Lindsay with an ensemble cast that includes Patrick Malahide and Eddie Marsan.
Damian Lewis plays Paul, a *Gatsby*-like figure and inspirational entrepreneur. He is a host of fabulous parties, a \"collector\" of interesting people, a visionary with dreams of new urban landscapes, and keeper of a pet crocodile. Jodhi May plays Lizzie, who is persuaded by Paul to become his secretary and bring some order to his creative chaos. Once at Paul\'s magnificent house, Lizzie\'s world expands as she meets artists, historians and politicians.
The drama was loosely linked to a second Poliakoff piece, *Gideon\'s Daughter*, broadcast the following month. Although the links were more thematic than narrative, the character of Sneath (Lindsay) reappeared in *Gideon\'s Daughter*, acting as the narrator.
## Cast
Role Cast
---------------- --------------------
Paul Damian Lewis
Lizzie Jodhi May
Christine Sophie Hunter
Angela Isabel Brook
Simone Ruth Millar
Carol Olivia Poulet
William Sneath Robert Lindsay
Marcus Eddie Marsan
Anders Patrick Malahide
Delivery Boy David John Daniels
## Trivia
The location of the final scene around the fire is Weavers Fields in Bethnal Green
| 247 |
Friends and Crocodiles
| 0 |
3,733,867 |
# Lourdes Castrillo Brillantes
**Lourdes Yupangco Castrillo-Brillantes** is a Filipina writer in the Spanish language, professor, and a Premio Zobel awardee in 1998. She has authored works such as *81 Años del Premio Zobel* (81 Years of the Premio Zobel), which documented the history of the Premio Zobel and its winners; and the *Tesoro Literario de Filipinas*, a compilation of Filipino short stories written in the 20th century. She was also a European Languages professor at the University of the Philippines and a contributor to the *Cronica* of the Manila Chronicle
| 91 |
Lourdes Castrillo Brillantes
| 0 |
3,733,896 |
# James F. Creagan
**James Francis Creagan** (born 1940) is a United States diplomat. From 1996 to 1999, he served as U.S. Ambassador to Honduras. Previously, he had served as Deputy Chief of Mission at the American Embassy to the Holy See and Italy, the Consul General in São Paulo, Brazil, and the Political Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Brasília. Although he retired broadly from public service in 1999, he stepped in briefly in 2009 in Bolivia as special Chargé d\'Affaires.
Creagan is the director of the Center for International Studies at the University of the Incarnate Word, where he teaches courses for the Government and International Affairs Department. Formerly, he served as president of John Cabot University in Rome.
In January 2016, Ambassador Creagan was named the Ambassador Eugene Scassa Visiting Professor of International Diplomacy at [St. Mary\'s University](https://www.stmarytx.edu/), San Antonio, Texas, where he teaches courses in the Political Science Department
| 153 |
James F. Creagan
| 0 |
3,733,899 |
# Agon Kiriyama Cup
The **Agon Kiriyama Cup** (阿含･桐山杯) is a Japanese Go competition.
## Outline
The Agon Kiriyama Cup is a Go competition endorsed by the Nihon Kiin. It was started in 1994 by Agon Shu. The name was originally the \"Acom Cup\" but it changed its sponsor in 1999 and became the Agon Kiriyama Cup. It is a single knockout tournament, but unlike the big titles in Japan, the title holder does not wait for a challenger, hence the difficulty of defending the title. The prize for the winner is 10,000,000 yen, a larger prize than some of the top-seven major titles.
The tournament has a counterpart in China, the Ahan Tongshan Cup; the winners of the two tournaments face off in the China-Japan Agon Cup
| 128 |
Agon Kiriyama Cup
| 0 |
3,733,912 |
# Power transition theory
**Power transition theory** is a theory about the nature of war, in relation to the power in international relations. The theory was first published in 1958 by its creator, A.F.K. Organski, in his textbook, *World Politics* (1958).
## Theory
Organski first described power transition theory. According to Organski in his textbook, *World Politics* (1958):
> An even distribution of political, economic, and military capabilities between contending groups of states is likely to increase the probability of war; peace is preserved best when there is an imbalance of national capabilities between disadvantaged and advantaged nations; the aggressor will come from a small group of dissatisfied strong countries; and it is the weaker, rather than the stronger power that is most likely to be the aggressor.
Steve Chan summarizes the theory as \"the danger of systemic war is greatest when a rising challenger catches up with or even overtakes a declining hegemon.\" The underlying logic is that a rising power that is satisfied with the order of the international system has little incentive to challenge the status quo, while a dissatisfied rising power may wish to challenge the status quo.
Power transition theory interprets the international system as a hierarchical pyramid with the dominant power at the apex, then lesser great powers, then other medium and small states and dependences.
While Organski\'s hierarchy initially referred only to the entire international system, Douglas Lemke later expanded the hierarchy model to include regional hierarchies, arguing that each region contains its own dominant, great, and small powers. Thus regional hierarchies exist embedded into the larger international hierarchy.
Power transition theory, a precursor of the long-cycle theory of hegemony, seeks to explain trends between warring states in the past 500 years. It detects a general trend: a nation achieves hegemonic power and then is challenged by a great power. This leads to a war which, in the past, has resulted a transition between two powers. Eugene R. Wittkopf explores past wars and their relation to power transition theory in his 1997 book *World Politics: Trend and Transformation*. He explains the interactions using George Modelski\'s Seapower Concentration Index.
| 355 |
Power transition theory
| 0 |
3,733,912 |
# Power transition theory
## Historical application {#historical_application}
Power transition theory often cites the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta and Thucydides\' assertions that war was inevitable because of \"the growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Sparta\" and \"the strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must.\"
Power transition theory uses European historical cases as its theoretical basis and for deriving its causal propositions.
In 1518, Portugal assumed a hegemonic position in world politics. However, as the Netherlands rose in power during the Dutch Golden Age of 1588 to 1672, a series of struggles led to the destruction of Portugal\'s power and a transition to Dutch hegemony. Dutch hegemony came into question from 1688 with the wars of Louis XIV of France, which resulted in what political scientists refer to as the \"Britain I Cycle\"; the Napoleonic Wars interrupted this cycle and questioned the hegemony Britain possessed. However, ultimately, Allies\' victory in 1815 resulted in the maintenance of British power and the \"Britain II Cycle\". This cycle ended with the World Wars of the first half of the 20th century. Wittkopf portrays the period of 1914--1945 as one of particular turbulence in which no power maintained hegemony, even after the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. After the Second World War (1939--1945) the United States invested in a drastic increase in seapower concentration -- and the U.S. and the Soviet Union became the world\'s first superpowers.
A review by academics Xinru Ma and David C. Kang of articles first-tier journals found that the case most analyzed under power transition theory was the Anglo-German rivalry of the 20th century. No articles within their review discussed an East Asian case from earlier than the late 19th century.
In general, hegemonic periods last approximately 60 to 90 years and conflicts which result in a period stabilization of power-distribution last approximately 20 years. This can be explained through war-weariness and the tendency (although this was broken in the first half of the 20th century) for nations not to engage themselves in another conflict after being involved in a power transition.
Power transitions play an important role in applications of the bargaining model of war where wars are more likely to break out and be severe in situations of uncertainty and of commitment problems. During power transitions, it is harder for actors to credibly commit to abide by any agreement, thus creating major commitment problems.
International relations scholars Randall Schweller and Xiaoyu Pu find that the challenger not only seeks to increase its material power but also to promote its own ideological and normative frameworks as alternatives to those propagated by the hegemon.
Michael Beckley, writing in 2023, states that conflict between great powers can happen even when a power transition does not appear to be likely. He argues that rising powers have historically
> \"lashed out when they realized that they would not catch their rivals or achieve their grand ambitions---unless they took drastic action. These peaking power dynamics help explain some of the most consequential geopolitical events of the past 150 years, including the surge of U.S. imperialism in the late nineteenth century, the outbreak of World War II, and Russia\'s 2014 annexation of Crimea and intervention in eastern Ukraine.\"
Publishing in 2024, Academics Xinru Ma and David C. Kang write that nearly all of the cases analyzed under power transition theory are post-1820s European cases. They write that this approach creates a Eurocentric \"blind spot\" and overemphasizes the importance and generalizability of the European and Western historical experience. They contend that this \"has led to an overexpectation that power transitions are a principal cause for war and that the theory is universally applicable across time and space.\"
Academics Richard Ned Lebow and Benjamin Valentino write, \"Power transition theorists have been surprisingly reluctant to engage historical cases in an effort to show that wars between great powers have actually resulted from the motives described by their theories
| 663 |
Power transition theory
| 1 |
3,733,914 |
# Oregon Route 51
**Oregon Route 51** is an Oregon state highway running between Monmouth, Oregon and an intersection with Oregon Route 22 west of Salem. OR 51 traverses several highways of the Oregon state highway system: the **Monmouth--Independence Highway No. 43** and the **Independence Highway No. 193**. The route lies completely within Polk County. The Independence Highway previously continued south to US 20.
## Route description {#route_description}
OR 51 starts, at its southern terminus, in the city of Monmouth, at an intersection with Oregon Route 99W and Oregon Route 194. It heads due east from there for approximately `{{frac|2|1|2}}`{=mediawiki} miles, reaching the neighboring city of Independence. In Independence, it turns north, running parallel to the Willamette River, and continues for 6 mi. OR 51 terminates at an intersection with OR 22 near Brunks Corner.
While no significant improvements are planned to OR 51 itself; a proposed project to improve OR 22 includes conversion of the (notoriously dangerous) intersection between OR 51 and OR 22 into a grade-separated interchange
| 169 |
Oregon Route 51
| 0 |
3,733,920 |
# Program comprehension
**Program comprehension** (also **program understanding** or **\[source\] code comprehension**) is a domain of computer science concerned with the ways software engineers maintain existing source code. The cognitive and other processes involved are identified and studied. The results are used to develop tools and training.
Software maintenance tasks have five categories: adaptive maintenance, corrective maintenance, perfective maintenance, code reuse, and code leverage.
## Theories of program comprehension {#theories_of_program_comprehension}
Titles of works on program comprehension include
- *Using a behavioral theory of program comprehension in software engineering*
- *The concept assignment problem in program understanding*, and
- *Program Comprehension During Software Maintenance and Evolution*.
Computer scientists pioneering program comprehension include Ruven Brooks, Ted J. Biggerstaff, and Anneliese von Mayrhauser
| 120 |
Program comprehension
| 0 |
3,733,921 |
# Dir (city)
**Dir** (Urdu, *دیر}}*) is a city in the Upper Dir District of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is sometimes known as **Dir Khas** (Proper Dir) to distinguish it from the district\'s name, Dir (Upper and Lower). It lies along the Dir River, a tributary of the Panjkora River. It is at the base of the Lowarai Pass, the main road to Chitral.
Dir was founded in the 17th century. Mullā Ilyās, a 17th-century holy man, is said to have been the founder. It was the capital of the former princely state of Dir, until its full incorporation into Pakistan in 1969. The former royal palace is on a hill above the city. Dir was then the capital of the Dir District. When the Dir District was divided in 1996 into Upper and Lower Dir, Dir city and Timergara became its district headquarters respectively. Yusufzay Pashtuns make up the primary ethnic group in the region and in the city.
## Demographics
### Population
The population of city in 1998 was 22,901 but according to the 2023 Census of Pakistan, the population has risen to 47,842.
## Climate
Like most of the southern slopes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Dir has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen *Cfa*). Owing to the city\'s exposed location, rainfall from frontal cyclones from the west is heavier than in any other part of Pakistan, and their passage, as well as very penetrative monsoonal periods, are usually accompanied by heavy thunderstorms. `{{Weather box
| location = Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
| single line = Y
| metric first = Y
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 22.2
| Feb record high C = 23.9
| Mar record high C = 30.6
| Apr record high C = 33.9
| May record high C = 38.1
| Jun record high C = 41.5
| Jul record high C = 38.1
| Aug record high C = 37.4
| Sep record high C = 35.0
| Oct record high C = 33.9
| Nov record high C = 28.0
| Dec record high C = 23.0
| Jan high C = 11.3
| Feb high C = 12.0
| Mar high C = 16.1
| Apr high C = 22.5
| May high C = 27.9
| Jun high C = 32.4
| Jul high C = 31.2
| Aug high C = 30.1
| Sep high C = 28.9
| Oct high C = 25.3
| Nov high C = 20.1
| Dec high C = 13.9
| year high C = 22.6
| Jan mean C = 4.4
| Feb mean C = 5.3
| Mar mean C = 9.5
| Apr mean C = 15.0
| May mean C = 19.8
| Jun mean C = 23.9
| Jul mean C = 25.1
| Aug mean C = 24.2
| Sep mean C = 21.2
| Oct mean C = 16.3
| Nov mean C = 11.2
| Dec mean C = 6.4
| year mean C = 15.1
| Jan low C = −2.5
| Feb low C = −1.5
| Mar low C = 3.0
| Apr low C = 7.6
| May low C = 11.6
| Jun low C = 15.5
| Jul low C = 19.1
| Aug low C = 18.3
| Sep low C = 13.5
| Oct low C = 7.3
| Nov low C = 2.4
| Dec low C = −1.2
| year low C = 7.8
| Jan record low C = −10.6
| Feb record low C = -13.9
| Mar record low C = −4.4
| Apr record low C = -1.1
| May record low C = 2.9
| Jun record low C = 8.3
| Jul record low C = 10.0
| Aug record low C = 7.9
| Sep record low C = 3.3
| Oct record low C = 0.1
| Nov record low C = −7.2
| Dec record low C = −9.4
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 120.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 176.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 253.7
| Apr precipitation mm = 178
| May precipitation mm = 86.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 54.4
| Jul precipitation mm = 160.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 168.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 83.7
| Oct precipitation mm = 50.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 58.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 90.3
| year precipitation mm =
| Jan sun = 131.6
| Feb sun = 129.7
| Mar sun = 145.8
| Apr sun = 195.4
| May sun = 254.2
| Jun sun = 282.4
| Jul sun = 247.1
| Aug sun = 223.8
| Sep sun = 224.1
| Oct sun = 221.7
| Nov sun = 202.5
| Dec sun = 140.0
| source 1 = NOAA (1971-1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/PK/41508.TXT
|title = Dir Climate Normals 1971-1990
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031082251/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/PK/41508
| 839 |
Dir (city)
| 0 |
3,733,928 |
# Strongest-K Championship
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 416, column 1):
unexpected end of input
``
| 17 |
Strongest-K Championship
| 0 |
3,733,930 |
# Cape Verdean real
The **real** (plural *réis*) was the currency of Portuguese Cape Verde until 1914. It was equal to the Portuguese real. Portuguese coins were used but banknotes were issued by the Banco Nacional Ultramarino specifically for Cape Verde starting in 1865. The real was replaced by the Cape Verdean escudo, at a rate of 1000 réis = 1 escudo
| 62 |
Cape Verdean real
| 0 |
3,733,939 |
# Cox Pavilion
**Cox Pavilion** is a 78300 sqft, multi-purpose indoor arena on the University of Nevada, Las Vegas campus, connected to the Thomas & Mack Center. The Pavilion serves as the home court for UNLV Lady Rebels women\'s basketball and volleyball programs as well as the annual NBA Summer League.
## History
Cox Communications and UNLV formed a partnership for the new facility in 2001. The arena cost \$16.8 million. As part of a \$5 million agreement, Cox Communications secured the naming rights for the facility as well as opportunities for sponsorship and hospitality.
The pavilion is a two-level structure. The ground floor features new men\'s and women\'s locker facilities, player lounges and practice courts for basketball and volleyball. The top level is a multi-purpose venue with a seating capacity of 2,500 to 3,100 for sporting events.
In addition to UNLV athletic events, the Cox Pavilion hosts a variety of events, including small concerts, boxing events, theater-style family shows, corporate parties, trade shows and more.
On November 15, 2007, the arena hosted the Democratic Presidential Debate for the 2008 presidential election.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling held their Unbreakable show at the venue on April 17, 2025
| 197 |
Cox Pavilion
| 0 |
3,733,944 |
# Tony Johnson (Australian politician)
**Anthony Valentine Patrick Johnson** (31 August 1924 -- 31 May 2001) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly between 1973 and 1983.
## Parliamentary career {#parliamentary_career}
In 1973 Johnson was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for the seat of Mount Druitt. In 1981 he was elected to the seat of Riverstone, where he remained until leaving Parliamentary service in 1983.
Johnson died in 2001 at the age of 76. He is buried beside his wife, Cecily \'Cec\' Maria Johnson at Pine Grove Memorial Park
| 100 |
Tony Johnson (Australian politician)
| 0 |
3,733,948 |
# National Board of Review Awards 2002
**74th NBR Awards**\
December 4, 2002
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Film:\
**The Hours**
The **74th National Board of Review Awards**, honoring the best in filmmaking in 2002, were announced on 4 December 2002 and given on 14 January 2003.
## Top 10 films {#top_10_films}
1. *The Hours*
2. *Chicago*
3. *Gangs of New York*
4. *The Quiet American*
5. *Adaptation.*
6. *Rabbit-Proof Fence*
7. *The Pianist*
8. *Far from Heaven*
9. *Thirteen Conversations About One Thing*
10. *Frida*
## Top Foreign Films {#top_foreign_films}
1. *Talk to Her*
2. *Y Tu Mamá También*
3. *8 Women*
4. *City of God*
5. *El crimen del Padre Amaro*
## Winners
- Best Film:
- *The Hours*
- Best Foreign Language Film:
- *Hable con ella (Talk to Her)*, Spain
- Best Actor:
- Campbell Scott -- *Roger Dodger*
- Best Actress:
- Julianne Moore -- *Far from Heaven*
- Best Supporting Actor:
- Chris Cooper -- *Adaptation.*
- Best Supporting Actress:
- Kathy Bates -- *About Schmidt*
- Best Cast:
- *Nicholas Nickleby*
- Breakthrough Performance -- Male:
- Derek Luke -- *Antwone Fisher*
- Breakthrough Performance -- Female:
- Maggie Gyllenhaal -- *Secretary*
- Best Director:
- Phillip Noyce -- *The Quiet American* and *Rabbit-Proof Fence*
- Best Debut Director:
- Rob Marshall -- *Chicago*
- Best Screenplay:
- Charlie Kaufman -- *Adaptation.*, *Confessions of a Dangerous Mind* and *Human Nature*
- Best Documentary Feature:
- *Bowling for Columbine*
- Best Animated Feature:
- *Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi (Spirited Away)*
- Best Film Made For Cable TV:
- *The Laramie Project*
- Career Achievement Award:
- Christopher Plummer
- Special Award for Visionary Cinematic Achievement:
- George Lucas
- Special Filmmaking Achievement:
- George Clooney, *Confessions of a Dangerous Mind*
- Career Achievement -- Music Composition:
- Elmer Bernstein
- Career Achievement -- Cinematography:
- Conrad Hall
- Humanitarian Award:
- Sheila Nevins (HBO)
- William K
| 321 |
National Board of Review Awards 2002
| 0 |
3,733,949 |
# Great Qing Legal Code
The **Great Qing Legal Code** (or **Great Ching Legal Code**), also known as the **Qing Code** (**Ching Code**) or, in Hong Kong law, as the ***Ta Tsing Leu Lee*** (*大清律例*), was the legal code of the Qing empire (1644--1912). The code was based on the Ming legal code, the Great Ming Legal Code, which was kept largely intact. Compared to the Ming Code, which had no more than several hundred statutes and sub-statutes, the Qing Code contained 1,907 statutes across over 30 revisions between 1644 and 1912. One of the earliest of these revisions was in 1660, completed by the Qing official Wei Zhouzuo and the noble Bahana.
The Qing Code was the last legal code of Imperial China. By the end of the Qing dynasty, it had been the only legal code enforced in China for nearly 270 years. Even with the fall of the imperial Qing in 1912, the Confucian philosophy of social control enshrined in the Qing Code remained influential in the subsequent German law-based legal system of the Republic of China, and later, the Soviet-based system of the People\'s Republic of China. Part of the Qing Code was also used in British Hong Kong until 1971.
The code resulted from a complex legal culture and occupied the central position of the Qing legal system. It showed a high level of continuity with the Tang Legal Code, which indicated an active legal tradition at the highest level of Imperial Chinese bureaucracy that had existed for at least a thousand years.
## Structure
The Great Qing Code comprises 436 articles divided into seven parts, further subdivided into chapters. The first part (Names and General Rules) is a General Part, similar to that of Germany\'s *\[\[Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch\]\]*, which contains the general legal rules, principles, and concepts applied to the rest of the Code. The other six parts are named after the Six Ministries of government, and each part contains laws that are perceived as applicable to each ministry.
1. Names and General Rules, Articles 1--46 -- includes laws on the Five Punishments (art. 1) and the Ten Great Wrongs (art. 2)
2. Laws relating to the Board of Personnel, Articles 47--74 -- includes laws on the System of Offices (ch. 1) and Official Rules for Carrying Public Administration (ch. 2)
3. Laws relating to the Board of Revenue, Articles 75--156 -- includes laws on Marriage (ch. 3--4; art. 101--107) and Taxes (ch.7; art. 141--148)
4. Laws relating to the Board of Rites, Articles 157--182 -- includes laws on Sacrifices (ch. 1) and Rules of Demeanor (ch. 2)
5. Laws relating to the Board of War, Articles 183--253 -- includes laws on Guarding the Palace (ch. 1; art. 183--198) and Military Affairs (ch. 2; art. 199--219)
6. Laws relating to the Board of Punishments, Articles 254--423 -- includes laws on Homicide (ch. 8--10; art. 282--301)
7. Laws relating to the Board of Works, Articles 424--436 -- includes laws pertaining to Construction (ch. 1) and Dikes (ch. 2)
## Five Punishments {#five_punishments}
The Five Punishments in the Code contained in Article 1 are:
1. Punishment of beating with the light bamboo
2. Punishment of beating with the heavy bamboo
3. Penal servitude
4. Punishment of exile
5. Penalty of death
| 544 |
Great Qing Legal Code
| 0 |
3,733,949 |
# Great Qing Legal Code
## Nature of the Code {#nature_of_the_code}
A traditional Chinese legal system was largely in place during the Qin dynasty. Amalgamation of a Confucian worldview and a legal code was considered complete by the Tang Code (624 CE), which was regarded as a model of precision and clarity in terms of drafting and structure. Neo-Confucianism continued to be the state orthodoxy under the Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties. The Confucian foundations of the Tang Code were retained throughout the centuries, with some aspects strengthened.
During the Qing dynasty, criminal justice was based on a highly detailed criminal code. One element of the traditional Chinese criminal justice system is the notion that criminal law has a moral purpose: to get the convicted to repent and see the error of his ways. In the traditional Chinese legal system, a person could not be convicted of a crime unless confessed. This often led to using torture, to extract the necessary confession. An example of the use of torture and the risk of false confession was seen in The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768. These elements still influence modern Chinese views toward law. All death sentences were reported to the capital and required the personal approval of the emperor.
There was no civil code separate from the criminal code, which led to the now discredited belief that traditional Chinese law had no civil law. More recent studies have demonstrated that most of the magistrates\' legal work was in civil disputes and that there was an elaborate system of civil law which used the Qing Code to establish torts.
The Qing Code was in the form of exclusively a criminal code. Its statutes throughout stated prohibitions and restrictions, violations of which were subject to a range of punishments by a legalist state. In practice, however, large sections of the code and its sub-statutes dealt with matters that would properly be characterized as civil law. The populace made extensive use (perhaps a third of all cases) of the local magistrate courts to bring suits or threaten to sue on a whole range of civil disputes, characterized as \"minor matters\" in the Qing Code. Moreover, in practice, magistrates frequently tempered the application of the code by taking prevalent local customs into account in their decisions. Filed complaints were often settled among the parties before they received a formal court hearing, sometimes under the influence of probable action by the court.
| 407 |
Great Qing Legal Code
| 1 |
3,733,949 |
# Great Qing Legal Code
## Qing Code and the West {#qing_code_and_the_west}
The Great Qing Legal Code was the first written Chinese work directly translated into English. The translation, known as *Fundamental Laws of China* was completed by English traveller Sir George Staunton in 1810. It was the first time the Qing Code had been translated into a European language. The French translation was published in 1812.
The First and Second Opium Wars between the Qing dynasty and several Western powers led to the forced signing of several unequal treaties by the Chinese government, which granted subjects of the foreign nations in question extraterritoriality in China, which included being exempted from the Great Qing Legal Code. According to historian Ronald C. Po, foreign exemption from Chinese laws resulted from the unequal treaties \"substantially challenged\" Chinese control over its maritime border.
In the late Qing dynasty, there was a concerted effort to establish legal codes based on European models as a part of the Self-Strengthening Movement. Due to the German victory in the Franco-Prussian War and because Imperial Japan was used as the model for political and legal reform, the adopted legal code was modeled closely on that of Germany.
## End of the Qing Code and its legacy {#end_of_the_qing_code_and_its_legacy}
In the early 20th century, with the advent of the \"Constitutional Movement\", the imperial government was forced by various pressures to modernize its legal system quickly. While the Qing Code remained law, it was qualified and supplemented in quick succession by the Outline of the Imperial Constitution (1908) and the Nineteen Important Constitutional Covenants (1911), as well as various specialist laws, such as the Great Qing Copyright Code (1910).
In 1912, the collapse of the Qing dynasty ended their 268 years of imperial rule over China, along with 2,000 years of Chinese imperial history. The Qing court was replaced by the Republic of China government. While some parts of the Qing Code and other late Qing statutes were adopted for \"temporary application\" by the Beiyang Government of the Republic of China, as a general legal position, the Qing Code ceased to have effect *de jure* due to the dissolution of the Qing state.
### Republic of China {#republic_of_china}
The newly founded Republic of China adopted the existing German-based legal codes from the Qing era, but these codes were not immediately put into practice. Following the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China came under the control of rival warlords and had no government strong enough to establish a legal code to replace the Qing Code. Finally, in 1927, Chiang Kai-shek\'s Kuomintang government attempted to develop Western-style legal and penal systems. Few of the Kuomintang codes, however, were implemented nationwide. Although government leaders strove for a Western-inspired codified law system, the traditional Chinese preference for collective social sanctions over impersonal legalism hindered constitutional and legal development. The spirit of the new rules never penetrated to the grass-roots level or provided hoped-for stability. Ideally, individuals were to be equal before the law, but this premise proved more rhetorical than substantive.
Law in the Republic of China on Taiwan today is based on the German-based legal system brought by the Kuomintang. The influence of the Qing Code manifests itself in the form of an exceptionally detailed penal code, with many offenses punishable by death. For example, in addition to the offense of piracy, there are also \"piracy causing grievous bodily harm\" (punishable by death or life imprisonment under Section 3 of Article 333 of the *Criminal Code of the Republic of China* (中華民國刑法)), as well as \"piracy causing death\" and \"piracy with arson, rape, kidnapping or murder\" (both entail mandatory death penalty under Section 3 of Article 333 and Article 334 of the *Criminal Code*). One legacy from that bygone era is the offense of \"murder of a family member\" (e.g. patricide and matricide), which entails life imprisonment or death under Section 1 of Article 272 of the *Criminal Code*. This applied even to minors under 18 years old, until the abolition of Section 2 of Article 63 of the *Criminal Code*---which allowed for life imprisonment or the death penalty against minors committing crimes under Section 1 of Article 272---on July 1, 2006.
### People\'s Republic of China {#peoples_republic_of_china}
While the legal system in the People\'s Republic of China was, and to some extent still is, based on socialist law, it incorporates certain aspects of the Qing Code, most notably the notion that offenders should be shamed into repentance. This took the form of the practice of parading condemned criminals in public from 1927 (the beginning of the Agrarian Revolutionary War) to 1988, when \"the declaration of the Supreme People\'s Court, the Supreme People\'s Procuratorate and the Ministry of Public Security on resolutely stopping the street display of convicted and unconvicted criminals\" was issued.
### Hong Kong {#hong_kong}
In Hong Kong, after the establishment of British rule in 1841, the Great Qing Legal Code remained in force for the local Chinese population. Until the end of the 19th century, Chinese offenders were still executed by decapitation, whereas British offenders would be put to death by hanging. Even long into the 20th century and well after the fall of the Qing dynasty in China, Chinese men in Hong Kong could still practice concubinage and polygamous kim-t\'iu marriages permitted by the Qing Code, a situation that ended only with the passing of the Marriage Reform Ordinance 1970 (Cap. 178), which came into force on 7 October 1971. Until that point, the Great Qing Legal Code had been enforced in some form for 327 years (from 1644 to 1971).
Because there are still living concubines married before the Marriage Reform Ordinance (Cap. 178), and their rights (of inheritance, and the inheritance rights of their sons and daughters) are respected by the Hong Kong legal system (even after the 1997 handover), the Great Qing Legal Code is still admissible in evidence when handling legal cases relating to events that occurred before 1971
| 995 |
Great Qing Legal Code
| 2 |
3,733,951 |
# Simon Brown (cricketer)
**Simon John Emmerson Brown** (born 29 June 1969 in Cleadon, County Durham) is an English former cricketer who played as a left-arm medium-fast bowler and right-handed batsman. He played one Test for England in 1996. Domestically, he played for Northamptonshire from 1987 to 1990 and Durham from 1991 to 2002, before being released due to injuries.
As well as players such as Mark Ilott, Alan Mullally, Mike Smith and Paul Taylor, Brown was one of the myriad of left-arm bowlers tried by England during the 1990s. Like Smith, he was a \"one-Test Wonder\", playing in only a single Test match, which England lost to Pakistan. Despite taking two wickets, including Aamir Sohail with his tenth ball, he never played for England again
| 126 |
Simon Brown (cricketer)
| 0 |
3,733,961 |
# Morrich More
**Morrich More** is an extensive area of dune grassland with wetland communities, on the southern shore of the Dornoch Firth, Scotland.
Morrich More lies east of Tain, on the southern shore of the Dornoch Firth, Scotland. Offshore lie extensive areas of intertidal sandflat, including the tidal island of Innis Mhòr and the sand spit Paterson Island (*Innis Bheag*) which provide shelter. The area includes the most extensive area (260 ha) of salt marsh in the Highlands.
## Designations
Morrich More is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and forms part a Special Area of Conservation with Dornoch Firth.
Morrich More falls within the Dornoch Firth and Loch Fleet Special Protection Area, one of the best examples of a large complex estuary in northwest Europe, relatively unaffected by industrial development. Extensive sand-flats and mud-flats are backed by salt marsh and sand dunes with transitions to dune heath and Alder (*Alnus glutinosa*) woodland. The tidal flats support internationally important numbers of waterbirds on migration and in winter, and are the most northerly and substantial extent of intertidal habitat for wintering waterbirds in Europe.
The area is described as: `{{blockquote|one of the most outstanding coastal sites in Britain, especially noteworthy for the development of an extensive low-level sandy plain on which a set of [[parabolic dune]]s are superimposed
| 218 |
Morrich More
| 0 |
3,733,975 |
# Andy Hinchcliffe
**Andrew George Hinchcliffe** (born 5 February 1969) is an English former professional footballer. He is now a television pundit and match summariser for Sky Sports.
As a player, he was a left-back from 1986 until 2002. He began his career with Manchester City in the old First Division but later played in the Premier League for both Everton and Sheffield Wednesday. He was part of the Everton side that lifted the FA Cup in 1995. He was also capped seven times by England between 1996 and 1998 having initially won a single cap for the England U21 team.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
For much of his early life, Hinchcliffe played for Manchester City\'s academy, coming through with a number of other players who would go on to establish themselves for City\'s senior side. In 1986 he was part of the side that won the club\'s first-ever FA Youth Cup trophy, playing in a team that also featured Ian Brightwell, Steve Redmond, David White, Paul Lake and Paul Moulden, and which was managed by club legend Tony Book.
Having started his career with City he established himself as the club\'s first-choice left-back. Whilst at City, Hinchcliffe was one of the scorers in the Manchester derby on 23 September 1989 in a 5--1 victory over Manchester United. Hinchcliffe won the 1995 FA Cup while with Everton and enjoyed the best form of his career at the club, winning seven full England caps. His England debut came in a 3--0 away victory over Moldova on 1 September 1996, in what was manager Glenn Hoddle\'s first game in charge.
After injuring his cruciate ligament in December 1996, Hinchcliffe did not return until September 1997, with Everton then under new management after Howard Kendall had replaced Joe Royle. Kendall was not known to be a big Hinchliffe fan, having sold him previously whilst Manchester City manager. He was subsequently sold by the Toffees to Sheffield Wednesday five months into Kendall\'s reign for £2.65m where he played for a further four years.
Hinchcliffe retired from playing football in March 2002 following surgery on his left knee. He only made two appearances in his final season at the club (2001--02), one of which was in the League Cup semifinal first leg against Blackburn Rovers, the other in the league against Crewe Alexandra.
## Media career {#media_career}
Hinchcliffe now works as a co-commentator on Sky Sports. He does co-commentary for both Premier League and Championship games, as well as some Manchester City games in the Women\'s Super League. He also sometimes appears on Sky Sports News in the morning with other football guests to talk about transfers and games that have gone on recently.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Hinchcliffe was educated at Manchester\'s William Hulme\'s Grammar School for Boys, a rugby-playing school
| 467 |
Andy Hinchcliffe
| 0 |
3,733,978 |
# Perl Mongers
**Perl Mongers** is an international association of user groups for the Perl programming language, and part of The Perl Foundation. It was created as a stand-alone organization in 1998 by brian d foy and others, who formed the first group, the New York Perl Mongers (NY.pm), in August 1997 at the First O\'Reilly Perl Conference. It joined the Perl Foundation in 2000.
Member groups are conventionally referred to with a short-form name of their location followed by \".pm\", which refers to the conventional filename extension for a Perl module. foy\'s original idea for the name of the first group was the Perl regular expression `/New York Perl M((o|u)ngers|aniacs)*/`,, but \"Perl Mongers\" overtook it.
At the Second O\'Reilly Perl Conference in 1998, foy and others helped to create many new user groups by providing a means for people to connect with others in their area. Perl Mongers provided mailing lists and user group leader discussions.
By the end of 1998, groups had been formed internationally and included: in the United States, Atlanta, Blacksburg (Virginia), Boston, Champaign (Illinois), Chicago, Dayton (Ohio), Grand Rapids (Michigan), Los Angeles, Missouri, Minneapolis, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Rhode Island, San Francisco, Seattle, St. Louis, and Washington (District of Columbia); in Canada, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver; in Europe, Amsterdam, Lisbon, London, and Stockholm; and in Australia, Melbourne and Sydney.
there are 233 Perl Mongers groups around the world
| 231 |
Perl Mongers
| 0 |
3,733,980 |
# FK Šilutė
**Futbolo Klubas Šilutė** (before 2003, **Laisvė Šilutė**) is a Lithuanian football team from the city of Šilutė. The team plays in the II Lyga, the third tier of Lithuanian football. A notable former player of the club is Adebayo Akinfenwa.
## Participation in Lithuanian Championships {#participation_in_lithuanian_championships}
- 2003 -- 3rd (I Lyga)
- 2004 -- 6th
- 2005 -- 6th
- 2006 -- 9th
- 2007 -- 9th
- 2008 -- 8th
- 2009 -- 1st (I Lyga)
- 2010 -- 8th (I Lyga)
- 2011 -- 8th (I Lyga)
- 2011 -- 7th (I Lyga)
## Current squad {#current_squad}
## Managers history {#managers_history}
In 2019, Bronius Mackevičius was confirmed as the new head coach of the club
| 121 |
FK Šilutė
| 0 |
3,733,984 |
# National Board of Review Awards 2001
**73rd NBR Awards**\
December 5, 2001
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Film:\
**Moulin Rouge!**
The **73rd National Board of Review Awards**, honoring the best in filmmaking in 2001, were announced on 5 December 2001 and given on 7 January 2002.
## Top 10 films {#top_10_films}
1. *Moulin Rouge!*
2. *In the Bedroom*
3. *Ocean\'s Eleven*
4. *Memento*
5. *Monster\'s Ball*
6. *Black Hawk Down*
7. *The Man Who Wasn\'t There*
8. *A.I. Artificial Intelligence*
9. *The Pledge*
10. *Mulholland Drive*
## Top Foreign Films {#top_foreign_films}
1. *Amores perros*
2. *Behind the Sun*
3. *Dark Blue World*
4. *No Man\'s Land*
5. *Amélie*
## Winners
- Best Film:
- *Moulin Rouge!*
- Best Foreign Language Film:
- *Amores perros*, Mexico
- Best Actor:
- Billy Bob Thornton -- *The Man Who Wasn\'t There*, *Monster\'s Ball*, *Bandits*
- Best Actress:
- Halle Berry -- *Monster\'s Ball*
- Best Supporting Actor:
- Jim Broadbent -- *Iris* and *Moulin Rouge!*
- Best Supporting Actress:
- Cate Blanchett -- *The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring*, *The Man Who Cried*, and *The Shipping News*
- Best Acting by an Ensemble:
- *Last Orders*
- Breakthrough Performance -- Male:
- Hayden Christensen -- *Life as a House*
- Breakthrough Performance -- Female:
- Naomi Watts -- *Mulholland Drive*
- Best Director:
- Todd Field -- *In the Bedroom*
- Outstanding Directorial Debut:
- John Cameron Mitchell -- *Hedwig and the Angry Inch*
- Best Screenplay:
- *In the Bedroom* -- Robert Festinger and Todd Field
- Best Documentary Feature:
- *The Endurance: Shackleton\'s Legendary Antarctic Expedition*
- Best Animated Feature:
- *Shrek*
- Best Film made for Cable TV:
- *Wit*
- Career Achievement Award:
- Jon Voight
- Billy Wilder Award For Excellence In Directing:
- Steven Spielberg
- Special Filmmaking Achievement:
- Peter Jackson -- *The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring*
- Best Art Direction:
- Grant Major -- *The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring*
- Career Achievement -- Music Composition:
- John Williams
- Humanitarian Award:
- Arthur Cohn
- William K. Everson Award For Film History:
- Martin Scorsese, *My Voyage to Italy*
- Freedom Of Expression:
- *Baran*
- *Jung in the Land of the Mujaheddin*
- *Kandahar*
- Special Recognition For Excellence In Filmmaking:
- *The Anniversary Party*
- *The Deep End*
- *Diamond Men*
- *Ghost World*
- *Happy Accidents*
- *Iris*
- *Lantana*
- *L.I.E
| 412 |
National Board of Review Awards 2001
| 0 |
3,733,996 |
# Salaam TV
**Salaam TV** is an independent satellite television channel providing Shia Islamic programming. Salaam TV was established in early 2005 by Hajj Sheikh Mohammad Hedayati. The channel\'s launch date intentionally coincided with the Eid of Ghadeer. Salaam TV\'s producers assert that the channel is not affiliated with any political groups or external organizations, as it aims to provide apolitical Islamic programming.
## Availability
Salaam TV was originally available through satellite television throughout most of North America (specifically, the United States and Canada). Since its founding, Salaam TV has always been available internationally, as it is viewable free of charge through the official Salaam TV website. On May 22, 2006, Salaam TV became available via satellite programing in Europe and Iran through Hot Bird.
## Language
Throughout the first year of Salaam TV\'s programming, most of the channel\'s programs were in English and Persian (aside from the Qur\'anic recitations, Islamic prayers, and supplications, which are always recited in Arabic). On January 14, 2006, Salaam TV founder Hajj Sheikh Mohammad Hedayati announced that the program would make efforts to increase programming in other languages including Arabic, Urdu, and Azari. Salaam TV\'s official website is available in Arabic, English, and Persian.
## Funding
There have been accusations that Salaam TV receives funding from political organizations and other countries, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran. Salaam TV\'s founders maintain that the channel\'s expenses are covered by individual philanthropists who donate money, primarily through telethon events. In 2005, Salaam TV held two telethons during which callers donated money to support the channel\'s programming.
## Music
None of Salaam TV\'s programming include music, as some Muslims maintain that music should not be played, especially in religious environments. Instead, the producers have opted to use sounds from nature, such as bird songs, during the interludes between regular programming.
## Satellite Information {#satellite_information}
- Intelsat Americas 5
- Satellite Name: Transponder 5 (T-5)
- Frequency: 11836
- Polarization: Vertical
- Symbol Rate: 20765
- FEC: 2/3
- SID: 60
- AID: 61
In Europe & Middle East:
- Satellite : Hot Bird
- Transponder : 153
- Frequency : 11566 horizontal
- Symbol rate : 27500
- FEC : 3/4
## Salaam TV Programming {#salaam_tv_programming}
- \"Iman & Andishe\" - a Persian-language program about Islam
- \"In Touch with Qu\'ran\" - an instruction series which teaches the recitation of the Qur\'an
- \"Islam the First and Final Revelation\" - discusses religions other than Islam for the purpose of comparative analysis
- \"Qu\'ran and Science\" - discusses natural science as found in the Qur\'an
- \"Moderate Islam\" - discusses how a Muslim should \"Moderate\" Islam with a question and answer discussion
- \"Youth in Focus\" - a youth program, which brings youth guests on the show, perform skits, and have bi-weekly game shows.
- Various broadcasts of Qur\'anic recitations, Islamic prayers, and supplications
- Various syndicated programs dealing with Islamic topics
- The Clown and Farid Hossein - a little kid and a clown discuss Islamic matters
- Roots Game Show - a game show that is run by Noor Ismail and her cohost Abbas Ismail
| 520 |
Salaam TV
| 0 |
3,734,007 |
# Anerley
**Anerley** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|ər|l|i}}`{=mediawiki}) is suburb of south east London, England, within the London Borough of Bromley. It is located 7 mi south south-east of Charing Cross, to the south of Upper Norwood, west of Penge, north of Elmers End and east of South Norwood. The northern edge of Anerley contains part of the area commonly known as Crystal Palace, and the site of the ancient Vicar\'s Oak where the London boroughs of Bromley, Croydon, Lambeth and Southwark meet, with Lewisham 800 yards (740m) away.
## History
### Origin and development {#origin_and_development}
Anerley began as a \"new town\" within the ancient hamlet of Penge. Prior to enclosure in 1827, what would later become known as Anerley, was an unoccupied part of Penge Common, that did not fully develop until the 1850s following the relocation of the Crystal Palace to Penge Place at the top of Sydenham Hill.
The Penge Inclosure Act 1827 (7 & 8 Geo. 4. c. *35* `{{small|Pr.}}`{=mediawiki}) *to divide and inclose a parcel of waste land called Penge Common* stipulated that a 50 feet (15 metres) wide, new road, was to be set out from Clay Lane (now Elmers End Road) to Church Road, Upper Norwood. In October 1827, a Scottish silk and wine merchant originally from Galashiels named William Sanderson bought land at the auction of the former Penge Common and built the first house in the area, which he named \"Anerly\" (later Anerley Lodge), a Scottish Borders and Northern English dialect word meaning \"solitary\" or \"only\", and the road subsequently became known as Anerley Road, also giving the name to the surrounding area. Sanderson\'s name is the first to appear in the first rate book, dated 18 June 1827, now held in the London Borough of Bromley archives.
### Canal and railway {#canal_and_railway}
The Croydon Canal was opened on 22 October 1809, and passed through Anerley. The canal was a financial failure and lasted only 27 years, being sold to the London and Croydon Railway Company for £40,250. The London and Croydon Railway used most of the former canal for the new railway line, but two remnants are still visible in Betts Park, Anerley and Dacres Wood, Sydenham. The railway deviated from the canal course entering a new cutting near what is now Anerley railway station (opened on 5 June 1839 and named initially as Annerley Bridge Station). William Sanderson made land available in return for the creation of the railway station adjacent to his house \"Anerly\". Isambard Kingdom Brunel built an atmospheric railway along this course in 1845, but it was short-lived. The inability to include points on an atmospheric railway resulted in the construction of flyovers one of which runs through Anerley between Crystal Palace railway station and Sydenham railway station. A train collision occurred at Anerley on 5 October 1844 - 24 people were injured, although no fatalities occurred. The driver was found to be at fault, along with a lack of tail lights. The report stated the following: \"The second train passed the Jolly Sailor Station (now Norwood Junction) about three minutes after the first, the green light being then exhibited there as a signal to go on with caution; and on approaching the Anerley Station, the engineman of this train observed a red light on the signal post, which was the signal to stop at that station; but not seeing the red light that ought to have been exhibited in the rear of the preceding train, he considered it was gone. and just as it was slowly quitting the station he ran into it, but with diminished speed\"
### Anerley Gardens & Anerley Arms {#anerley_gardens_anerley_arms}
Anerley Gardens opened in 1841, and provided entertainment to the growing 19th century leisure industry. With the new medium of rail travel and boasting its own station, Anerley become a desirable social venue, with regular dances, a boating lake, a Swiss cottage and a maze. The old Croydon Canal was also a popular destination for anglers. The pleasure gardens closed in 1868, due to competition from the nearby Crystal Palace. After the closure of the gardens, The Anerley Arms, a hotel built in the Swiss-style which had catered to visitors, was expanded and rebuilt in Victorian classical style, this building still stands next to the station. The present day Anerley Arms is referred to in the Sherlock Holmes story The Adventure of the Norwood Builder and celebrates its connection with the story. As the result of a gas explosion in 1978 the ground floor was destroyed but no-one was injured. The badly damaged pub was sold by Charrington Brewery to Samuel Smith\'s in 1979. Restoration work was undertaken using traditional materials to restore the interior back to its Victorian appearance.
### 1860 to 1939 {#to_1939}
From the 1860s the residential area rapidly developed, grand Victorian houses were built along Anerley Road, and Anerley became part of the Parish of St Paul\'s, forming in 1861. Anerley Vestry Hall (later Anerley Town Hall) was built in 1878 for the sum of £4,341, to conduct public business for the exclave Hamlet of Penge in the Parish of Battersea. It became a Town Hall in 1900 as a result of the London Government Act 1899, when Anerley became part of the new Penge Urban District in Kent. The Hall was enlarged in 1911 for the sum of £3,229 and contained offices, a public hall, the council chamber, committee rooms, and a petty sessional court which opened in 1925.
| 909 |
Anerley
| 0 |
3,734,007 |
# Anerley
## History
### World War II {#world_war_ii}
During World War II Anerley suffered extensive bomb damage, with five V1 rockets landing; a further six landed in Crystal Palace Park and a total of 23 in the whole SE20 district. On 18 June 1944 it was reported a V1 Rocket was being chased by a Spitfire, and then shot down by AA gun fire. The shot down V1 fell upon Anerley Park near the junction of Anerley Road. Two people were killed and the damage to property were three houses destroyed with a further 20 houses severely damaged. On 11 July 1944 the third V1 Rocket strike to hit Anerley landed on Anerley Road at the Junction with Crystal Palace railway station. People had heard the rocket cut out and ran for cover, with many failing to find any, resulting in 11 deaths. The shops on Crystal Palace Station Road were totally destroyed, and on Anerley Road 18 shops were demolished, eight shops and seven houses severely damaged and 84 houses suffered minor damage. The Paxton Arms public house on Anerley Hill was also partially destroyed and would not re-open until 1955. The last rocket would strike Anerley 24 August 1944.
### 1945 to present {#to_present}
By the beginning of the 20th century, Anerley\'s heyday was over, with much of the grand Victorian houses being converted into flats. In the 1960s and 1970s housing estates were constructed on former bombs sites and \"slum clearances\" to ease the post-war housing shortages. In 1965, following a government report by Sir Edwin Herbert, the short-lived Penge Urban District Council was abolished and Anerley and Penge were incorporated into the new London Borough of Bromley. With the demise of local government Crystal Palace & Anerley became a ward in the London Borough of Bromley.
Nowadays Anerley Town Hall is still in use as a community centre run by Crystal Palace Community Trust, the Anerley Arms is still serving beverages in a traditional saloon bar, and a segment of the Croydon Canal remains in Betts Park. The name Anerley is mainly applied to the district around the western half of the SE20 postcode in the proximity of Anerley railway station, to the north around Anerley Hill and Crystal Palace railway station in the SE19 postcode, and to the south as far as Birkbeck station (near the traditional Kent-Surrey boundary). The SE20 postcode district was officially named Anerley but covered Anerley, Penge and parts of Beckenham. In 2024 the Heart of Anerley obelisk was erected in Betts Park in advance of the bicentenary celebrations in 2027. In March 2025 a town sign featuring the symbol of a green man was erected on the Anerley Road.
| 450 |
Anerley
| 1 |
3,734,007 |
# Anerley
## Transport
### Buses
Anerley is served by London buses routes N3, 75, 157, 197, 249, 354, 358 432 and bus 356. The 432 and 249 now terminate at Anerley Bus stand, behind the railway station on Anerley Station Road.
### Road
Two A roads, the A213 and A214 pass through the area. During the late 1960s and 1970s the A214 was to be part of the London Ringways project. The A214 was to become Ringway 2 and it would have passed through much of Anerley, and have followed the railway line from Birkbeck station and travelled north. The construction of the A214 into the planned London Motorways network (much like the A2 or Hammersmith flyover London section today), would have seen a lot of destruction of property in Anerley and a great increase in noise pollution. After much consultation and Government dithering the various London Ringway projects were cancelled, including the A214 section.
### Rail
- Anerley railway station, Southern rail services to London Bridge and East Croydon were halted in September 2022. London Overground continues to operate the Windrush Line (formerly East London Railway) from Highbury and Islington station to West Croydon.
- Birkbeck station, operated by Southern, runs trains from London Bridge to Beckenham via Peckham Rye.
- Crystal Palace railway station, operated by Southern runs trains to London Victoria and London Bridge.
### Trams
- Birkbeck station, Transport for London (TFL) operate from Birkbeck to Beckenham Junction and Croydon.
In the era of street trams, a tramway ran down Anerley Road, turning into Croydon Road. It joined the main tram network at West Croydon. In the early days a stationary engine was needed to haul trams up the steepest part of Anerley Hill. Later models were able to climb unassisted, but special gearing was designed exclusively for this route. The tramway was replaced by trolley buses on route 654 which operated until 1959.
TFL had proposed the extension of Tramlink services from Harrington Road tram stop to the bus station on Crystal Palace Parade via Anerley Road, with a consultation exercise on the matter finishing in December 2006. However the then Mayor of London Boris Johnson cancelled the £170 million extension in November 2008.
| 370 |
Anerley
| 2 |
3,734,007 |
# Anerley
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
- Ira Aldridge, noted African-American Shakespearean actor, lived at 5 Hamlet Road.
- Arthur Bigsworth, aviator was born in Anerley in 1885, said to be the inspiration for W. E. Johns\' fictional hero Biggles.
- James Busby, authored the Treaty of Waitangi and introduced vines to Australia, died at 5 Oak Grove Terrace after travelling back to England for an eye operation.
- Thomas Crapper, notable plumber (who did not invent the flush toilet, but promoted it), on his retirement lived at 12 Thornsett Road.
- George Daniels, noted watchmaker, lived at 21 Thornsett Road.
- Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, artist who designed the Crystal Palace dinosaurs, lived at 22 Belvedere Road.
- Walter de la Mare, famous poet and author of ghost stories, resided at 14 Thornsett Road from 1912 to 1925.
- Dadabhai Naoroji, the \'grand old man of India\', an Indian nationalist and MP for Finsbury Central, lived at 72 Anerley Park.
- Marie Stopes, Victorian-era promoter of birth control and sex education, lived at 28 Cintra Park.
- Francis Godolphin Osbourne Stuart, photographer and postcard publisher lived at Hamlet Terrace in the 1870s
| 192 |
Anerley
| 3 |
3,734,008 |
# Giuseppe Lauricella
**Giuseppe Lauricella** (15 December 1867 -- 9 January 1913) was an Italian mathematician who contributed to analysis and theory of elasticity.
## Biography
Born in Agrigento (Sicily), Lauricella studied at the University of Pisa, where his professors included Luigi Bianchi, Ulisse Dini and Vito Volterra. He taught in secondary schools from 1895 to 1898, then became a professor at the University of Catania. In 1907 he became a member of the Accademia dei Lincei. He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1908 in Rome.
Lauricella died in Catania at age 45 from a scarlet fever he contracted from one of his children
| 107 |
Giuseppe Lauricella
| 0 |
3,734,012 |
# Cantons of the Gironde department
The following is a list of the 33 **cantons of the Gironde department**, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015: `{{div col|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Andernos-les-Bains
- Bordeaux-1
- Bordeaux-2
- Bordeaux-3
- Bordeaux-4
- Bordeaux-5
- Le Bouscat
- La Brède
- Cenon
- Les Coteaux de Dordogne
- Créon
- L\'Entre-Deux-Mers
- L\'Estuaire
- Gujan-Mestras
- Les Landes des Graves
- Le Libournais-Fronsadais
- Lormont
- Mérignac-1
- Mérignac-2
- Le Nord-Gironde
- Le Nord-Libournais
- Le Nord-Médoc
- Pessac-1
- Pessac-2
- Les Portes du Médoc
- La Presqu\'île
- Le Réolais et Les Bastides
- Saint-Médard-en-Jalles
- Le Sud-Gironde
- Le Sud-Médoc
- Talence
- La Teste-de-Buch
- Villenave-d\'Ornon
| 124 |
Cantons of the Gironde department
| 0 |
3,734,013 |
# Mong Pan
**Mong Pan** (*ဝဵင်းမိူင်းပၼ်ႇ*) is a town and seat of Mong Pan Township in the southern Shan State of Burma. To the south it borders Mae Hong Son Province in Thailand and lies west of the Salween River. It lies along National Road 45.
## Etymology
The name \"Mong Pan\" means \"town of the revolving \[lotus\]\" in Shan, and is transliterated into Burmese as **Maingpan**, also spelt **Mine Pan**.
## History
This town was formerly the residence of the Sawbwa of Mongpan State. The four districts of Möng Tang, Möng Hang, Möng Kyawt and Möng Hta, located to the south on the east bank of the Salween belonged to the Cis-Salween Sawbwa of Möngpan. In 1888 there was trouble owing to the action of Siam, who attempted to take possession of them. Siamese troops were posted in the four districts. Siam also claimed a further district, Möng Hsat, but posted no troops there
| 155 |
Mong Pan
| 0 |
3,734,021 |
# National Board of Review Awards 2000
**72nd NBR Awards**\
December 6, 2000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Film:\
**Quills**
The **72nd National Board of Review Awards**, honoring the best in filmmaking in 2000, were announced on 6 December 2000 and given on 16 January 2001.
## Top 10 films {#top_10_films}
1. *Quills*
2. *Traffic*
3. *Croupier*
4. *You Can Count on Me*
5. *Billy Elliot*
6. *Before Night Falls*
7. *Gladiator*
8. *Wonder Boys*
9. *Sunshine*
10. *Dancer in the Dark*
## Top Foreign Films {#top_foreign_films}
1. *Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon*
2. *Butterfly*
3. *A Time for Drunken Horses*
4. *Malèna*
5. *Girl on the Bridge*
## Winners
- Best Film:
- *Quills*
- Best Foreign Language Film:
- *Wo hu cang long (Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon)*, Taiwan/Hong Kong/United States/P.R. China
- Best Actor:
- Javier Bardem -- *Before Night Falls*
- Best Actress:
- Julia Roberts -- *Erin Brockovich*
- Best Supporting Actor:
- Joaquin Phoenix -- *Gladiator*
- Best Supporting Actress:
- Lupe Ontiveros -- *Chuck & Buck*
- Breakthrough Performance -- Male:
- Jamie Bell -- *Billy Elliot*
- Breakthrough Performance -- Female:
- Michelle Rodríguez -- *Girlfight*
- Best Acting by and Ensemble:
- *State and Main*
- Best Director:
- Steven Soderbergh -- *Erin Brockovich* and *Traffic*
- Best Screenplay:
- *All the Pretty Horses* -- Ted Tally
- Best Documentary Feature:
- *The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg*
- Best Animated Feature:
- *Chicken Run*
- Career Achievement Award:
- Ellen Burstyn
- Special Filmmaking Achievement:
- Kenneth Lonergan -- *You Can Count on Me*
- Outstanding Production Design:
- Arthur Max -- *Gladiator*
- Career Achievement -- Music Composition:
- Ennio Morricone
- William K
| 281 |
National Board of Review Awards 2000
| 0 |
3,734,022 |
# Naggar, Himachal Pradesh
Situated on the left bank of river Beas at an altitude of 1,800 meters, **Naggar** is an ancient town in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh, India. It was once capital of the Kullu kingdom.
## Geography
Naggar is located 22 km north of the District headquarters at Kullu and 230 km north of the state capital at Shimla.
It is bound by Kullu Tehsil towards South, Spiti Tehsil towards East, Drang Tehsil towards South and Lahul Tehsil towards North. Manali, Keylong, Mandi, Sundarnagar and Hamirpur are some of the nearby towns to Naggar.
## Climate
The climate in Naggar is mild. In winter, there is much less rainfall than in summer. The average temperature is 16.6 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 1,730 mm.
## History
Naggar was the capital of the erstwhile Kullu Rajas for about 1400 years. It was founded by the Visudh Pal and remained as the State headquarters until the capital was transformed to Kullu (Sultanpur) by Raja Jagat Singh.
Naggar Castle, the official seat of kings for centuries. was built by Raja Sidh Singh more than 500 years ago. According to a legend, he used stones from the abandoned palace (Gardhak) of Rana Bhonsal to build the castle. He ordered the labourers to form a human chain over the Beas river connecting its left and right banks to transfer the stones manually. The castle survived the earthquake of 1905. While most houses in the valley and the nearby city of Jawa were completely ruined, the castle\'s use of earthquake-proof techniques helped it sustain despite the calamity. In 1978 it was taken over to Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (HPTDC), to run as a heritage hotel.
The Russian painter and explorer Nicholas Roerich settled in Naggar in the early 20th century. The Roerich Estate, his two-floor house, is now a museum and key attraction of the town featuring a collection of his popular paintings.
## Transport
### Air
The nearest airport is Bhuntar Airport in Kullu (IATA code KUU) located in Bhuntar town at a distance of 40.2 km (25 mi) from Naggar. The airport is situated on NH21 at a distance of 10 km (6 mi) south of Kullu and about 50 km (31 mi) south of Manali. Also known as Kullu-Manali airport, Bhuntar Airport has more than one kilometre long runway. Air India has regular flights to the airport from New Delhi.
### Rail
The nearest narrow gauge railhead is at Joginder Nagar. One can travel to this railway station via Pathankot Junction, and further by a taxi or cab.
### Road
Naggar is easily accessible through the buses run by HPTDC. These buses ply from Manali to Naggar via Khaknal. The road distance from Manali to Naggar via NH3 is 22 km (13.6 mi) while via Khaknal is 21 km (13 mi).
## Access
- Distance from Delhi: 589 km
- Distance from Shimla: 246 km
- Distance from Kullu (main town): 26 km
- Distance from Manali: 22 km
## Attractions
- Nicholas Roerich Art Gallery
- Gauri Shanker Temple
- Tripura Sundri Temple
- Vasuki Nag Temple
- Naggar Castle
- Krishna [temple](https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g1069703-d10354354-Reviews-Krishna_Temple-Naggar_Manali_Tehsil_Kullu_District_Himachal_Pradesh
| 528 |
Naggar, Himachal Pradesh
| 0 |
3,734,027 |
# Artrell Hawkins
**Artrell Hawkins Jr.** (born November 24, 1976) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Cincinnati Bearcats and was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round of the 1998 NFL draft.
Hawkins played cornerback for the Bengals, Carolina Panthers and later transitioned to safety for the New England Patriots. He finished his 10-year career as a member of the New York Jets prior to the 2008 season.
## Early life {#early_life}
Artrell Hawkins Jr. was born the son of Artrell Hawkins Sr. and Aletha (Haselrig-Jones) Hawkins on November 24, 1976. He attended Bishop McCort High School in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, where he was named conference offensive player of the year as a senior after rushing for a school record 26 touchdowns and 1,487 yards, including a single-game record 265 yards. He also lettered in basketball and baseball at Bishop McCort.
Hawkins\' father, Artrell Hawkins Sr. was a three-year letterman at the University of Pittsburgh and was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as a rookie free agent in 1980.
Hawkins attended the University of Cincinnati, where he majored in business and lettered in football for four years (1994--1997) as a defensive back and kick returner under head coach Rick Minter. His senior year, the Bearcats went 8--4 and played in the Humanitarian Bowl, breaking the school\'s 47-year drought of not appearing in a bowl game. The Bearcats defeated Utah State University, 35--19.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Hawkins was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round of the 1998 NFL draft, where he played cornerback for six years. In his rookie year of 1998, he started in all 16 Bengals\' games, recording 65 tackles, five assists, one sack and three interceptions.
In 1999, Hawkins played in 14 games (starting 13) and totaled 61 tackles and seven assists. In 2000, he played in all 16 games, starting six, and recorded 43 tackles and four assists.
In 2001, Hawkins rebounded and played in 14 games (starting 13), totaling 49 tackles, 10 assists, and three interceptions. In 2002, he started and played in 15 games, recording 69 tackles, seven assists, two sacks, and two interceptions, including a league-leading and team record 102-yard interception return for a touchdown on a pass by David Carr in a 38--3 Bengals\' win over the Houston Texans. In 2003, his sixth and final season with the Bengals, he played in 14 games, starting nine, with 50 tackles, five assists, and one interception.
After that season he signed for 2004 with the Carolina Panthers, for whom he played 14 games (starting four) with 24 tackles, five assists and one interception.
For the 2005 season, Hawkins joined the New England Patriots, playing in five games (starting four) with 11 tackles, six assists and one sack. In 2006, he played in 14 games for the Patriots, starting 12 games and recording 54 tackles, 19 assists, and one interception. He was released by the Patriots during the summer of 2007.
After sitting out the 2007 season, Hawkins signed with the New York Jets in February, 2008. He announced his retirement on August 1, 2008, prior to the regular season.
His younger brother, Andrew Hawkins, retired from playing in the league in July 2017, after stints with the Bengals and Browns.
Since retiring, Hawkins has been a fixture on Cincinnati sportstalk radio, beginning as a University of Cincinnati sideline reporter and also various co-hosting and guest duties. Hawkins also is a weekly contributor to the Bengals Radio Network
| 595 |
Artrell Hawkins
| 0 |
3,734,031 |
# Cophylinae
**Cophylinae** is a subfamily of microhylid frogs endemic to Madagascar. It has over 100 species in eight genera. Members of this subfamily range from minute (\< 10 mm adult body size) to fairly large (\> 100 mm adult body size), and they are highly ecologically diverse. DNA barcode research has revealed a significant taxonomic gap in this subfamily, and an estimated 70+ candidate species were identified. Many of these have subsequently been described, as well as numerous new discoveries (e.g. 26 species of *Stumpffia* described in 2017).
## Genera
As of December 2019, the following genera are recognised in the subfamily Cophylinae:
- *Anilany* Scherz, Vences, Rakotoarison, Andreone, Köhler, Glaw & Crottini, 2016 (monotypic)
- *Anodonthyla* Müller, 1892 (12 species)
- *Cophyla* Boettger, 1880 (21 species)
- *Madecassophryne* Guibé, 1974 (monotypic)
- *Mini* Scherz, Hutter, Rakotoarison, Riemann, Rödel, Ndriantsoa, Glos, Roberts, Crottini, Vences & Glaw, 2019 (3 species)
- *Plethodontohyla* Boulenger, 1882 (11 species)
- *Rhombophryne* Boettger, 1880 (9 species)
- *Stumpffia* Boettger, 1881 (41 species)
## Biology
Cophylines are characterized by a derived mode of larval development: whereas most microhylids have a specialized filter-feeding tadpole, cophylines have non-feeding tadpoles that develop either in tree holes, terrestrial foam nests, or terrestrial jelly nests. Most cophylines have very simple advertisement calls, consisting of single melodious notes that are repeated after regular intervals and for long periods of time, usually lasting several minutes. Correlated to the reproductive mode of the various cophyline lineages is their arboreal versus terrestrial or fossorial ecology, and apparently, multiple evolutionary shifts between arboreal and terrestrial habits have occurred in this subfamily.
| 266 |
Cophylinae
| 0 |
3,734,031 |
# Cophylinae
## Origins and Evolution {#origins_and_evolution}
There is little doubt that the Cophylinae originated on Madagascar, as they are restricted to the island. Their affinities with other subfamilies of the diverse Microhylidae have been a matter of some debate, and only recently has a tentative consensus emerged that they are most closely related to the Scaphiophryninae, another Madagascar-endemic subfamily. Thus, two subfamily units of Microhylidae are endemic to and probably originated on the island of Madagascar. What is also clear is that the third Madagascar-endemic subfamily, Dyscophinae, is not closely related to these two subfamilies, so microhylids colonised Madagascar at least twice. It is not however clear which subfamily is most closely related to Cophylinae+Scaphiophryninae, in part because the topology of deep nodes of the microhylid evolutionary tree is not satisfactorily resolved and remains unstable.
The subfamily Cophylinae has its centre of diversity in the rainforests of northern Madagascar, and today only few species are known from more arid areas in the drier west of the island. As its sister subfamily Scaphiophryninae also has most of its centre of diversity in this area, it is probable that these subfamilies originated in northern Madagascar and radiated thence outward across the island. It remains to be seen if the description of the 70+ undescribed candidate species of Cophylinae will influence this pattern once described and incorporated into spatial analyses.
The Cophylinae are highly ecologically labile over evolutionary time: in several instances, phylogenetic relationships based on DNA sequence data clearly indicate repeated transitions from e.g. terrestrial to arboreal habits and back. This has resulted in extensive homoplasy in ecologically-related morphological traits among the frogs, which led also to taxonomic confusion when only sparse morphological data were available; a problem that has been mostly but not fully rectified by the increased availability of DNA sequence data. Among the repeated ecomorphs that have evolved is miniaturised body size. In 2019, five new species of miniaturised frogs were described, including the genus *Mini*, and members of the genera *Rhombophryne* and *Anodonthyla*. The relationships of these frogs within the subfamily indicate that at least four different groups within this subfamily have independently evolved to be among the smallest frogs in the world
| 366 |
Cophylinae
| 1 |
3,734,036 |
# Strongest-K Tag Team Championship
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 576, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{BundleEnd}}
^
``
| 19 |
Strongest-K Tag Team Championship
| 0 |
3,734,039 |
# ANOVA gauge R&R
**ANOVA gauge repeatability and reproducibility** is a measurement systems analysis technique that uses an analysis of variance (ANOVA) random effects model to assess a measurement system.
The evaluation of a measurement system is *not* limited to gauge but to all types of measuring instruments, test methods, and other measurement systems.
## Purpose
ANOVA gauge R&R measures the amount of variability induced in measurements by the measurement system itself, and compares it to the total variability observed to determine the viability of the measurement system. There are several factors affecting a measurement system, including:
- **Measuring instruments**, the gage or instrument itself and all mounting blocks, supports, fixtures, load cells, etc. The machine\'s ease of use, sloppiness among mating parts, and, \"zero\" blocks are examples of sources of variation in the measurement system. In systems making electrical measurements, sources of variation include electrical noise and analog-to-digital converter resolution.
- **Operators (people)**, the ability and/or discipline of a person to follow the written or verbal instructions.
- **Test methods**, how the devices are set up, the test fixtures, how the data is recorded, etc.
- **Specification**, the measurement is reported against a specification or a reference value. The range or the engineering tolerance does not affect the measurement, but is an important factor in evaluating the viability of the measurement system.
- **Parts** or specimens (what is being measured), some items are easier to be measured than others. A measurement system may be good for measuring steel block length but not for measuring rubber pieces, for example.
There are two important aspects of a gauge R&R:
- **Repeatability**: The variation in measurements taken by a single person or instrument on the same or replicate item and under the same conditions.
- **Reproducibility**: the variation induced when different operators, instruments, or laboratories measure the same or replicated specimen.
It is important to understand the difference between accuracy and precision to understand the purpose of gauge R&R. Gauge R&R addresses only the precision of a measurement system. It is common to examine the **P/T ratio** which is the ratio of the precision of a measurement system to the (total) tolerance of the manufacturing process of which it is a part. If the P/T ratio is low, the impact on product quality of variation due to the measurement system is small. If the P/T ratio is larger, it means the measurement system is \"eating up\" a large fraction of the tolerance, in that the parts that do not have sufficient tolerance may be measured as acceptable by the measurement system. Generally, a P/T ratio less than 0.1 indicates that the measurement system can reliably determine whether any given part meets the tolerance specification. A P/T ratio greater than 0.3 suggests that unacceptable parts will be measured as acceptable (or vice versa) by the measurement system, making the system inappropriate for the process for which it is being used.
ANOVA gauge R&R is an important tool within the Six Sigma methodology, and it is also a requirement for a production part approval process (PPAP) documentation package. Examples of gauge R&R studies can be found in part 1 of Czitrom & Spagon.
There is not a universal criterion of minimum sample requirements for the GRR matrix, it being a matter for the quality engineer to assess risks depending on how critical the measurement is and how costly they are. The \"10×2×2\" (ten parts, two operators, two repetitions) is an acceptable sampling for some studies, although it has very few degrees of freedom for the operator component. Several methods of determining the sample size and degree of replication are used.
| 606 |
ANOVA gauge R&R
| 0 |
3,734,039 |
# ANOVA gauge R&R
## Calculating variance components {#calculating_variance_components}
In one common crossed study, 10 parts might each be measured two times by two different operators. The ANOVA then allows the individual sources of variation in the measurement data to be identified; the part-to-part variation, the repeatability of the measurements, the variation due to different operators; and the variation due to part by operator interaction.
The calculation of variance components and standard deviations using ANOVA is equivalent to calculating variance and standard deviation for a single variable but it enables multiple sources of variation to be individually quantified which are simultaneously influencing a single data set. When calculating the variance for a data set the sum of the squared differences between each measurement and the mean is calculated and then divided by the degrees of freedom (*n* -- 1). The sums of the squared differences are calculated for measurements of the same part, by the same operator, etc., as given by the below equations for the part (*SS*~Part~), the operator (*SS*~Op~), repeatability (*SS*~Rep~) and total variation (*SS*~Total~).
$$SS_\text{Part} =n_\text{Op} \cdot n_\text{Rep} \sum \left(\bar{x}_{i\cdot\cdot} -\bar{x}\right)^2$$
$$SS_\text{Op} =n_\text{Part} \cdot n_\text{Rep} \sum \left(\bar{x}_{\cdot j\cdot} -\bar{x}\right)^2$$
$$SS_\text{Rep} =\sum \sum \sum \left(x_{ijk} -\bar{x}_{ij} \right)^2$$
$$SS_\text{Tot} =\sum \sum \sum \left(x_{ijk} -\bar{x}\right)^2$$
where *n*~Op~ is the number of operators, *n*~Rep~ is the number of replicate measurements of each part by each operator, $n_\text{Part}$ is the number of parts, *x̄* is the grand mean, *x̄~i..~* is the mean for each part, *x̄*~·*j*·~ is the mean for each operator, *x*~*ijk*\'~ is each observation and *x̄*~*ij*~ is the mean for each factor level. When following the spreadsheet method of calculation the *n* terms are not explicitly required since each squared difference is automatically repeated across the rows for the number of measurements meeting each condition
| 295 |
ANOVA gauge R&R
| 1 |
3,734,043 |
# Gosei (competition)
Gosei}} `{{Go tournament
| tournamentname=Gosei
| fullname=Gosei
| started=1976
| honorarywinners=[[Hideo Otake|Ōtake Hideo]]<br>[[Koichi Kobayashi|Kobayashi Kōichi]]<br>
[[Yuta Iyama|Iyama Yuta]]
| sponsors=Regional Newspaper League
| prizemoney=8 million [[yen]]
| affiliation=[[Nihon Ki-in]]
}}`{=mediawiki} The `{{nihongo|'''Gosei''' |碁聖|literally Go sage}}`{=mediawiki} is a Go competition in Japan or a title of the competition\'s winner.
## Outline
Gosei is a Go competition used by the Japanese Nihon Ki-in and Kansai Ki-in. It is one of the seven big titles in Japan, although it pays much less than the top three. The winner\'s prize is 8,000,000 yen. Gosei uses the same format as the other big seven. The winner of the knockout tournament faces the title holder in a best of five match. There is one restriction that the other titles don\'t have, and that is to be able to enter the Gosei tournament, a player must be at least 5 dan.
The promotion rules are just like the Judan\'s. If the player gets to challenge the title holder, they are promoted to 7 dan. If that player wins the title match, they are promoted to 8 dan. If the player subsequently wins another of the second tier top titles (Judan, Oza, Tengen), the player will be promoted to 9 dan.
## Winners and runners-up {#winners_and_runners_up}
Year Winner Score Runner-up
------ ------ ------------------ ------- ------------------
1\. 1976 Kato Masao 3--2 Otake Hideo
2\. 1977 3--0 Takemiya Masaki
3\. 1978 Otake Hideo 3--1 Kato Masao
4\. 1979 Cho Chikun 3--0 Otake Hideo
5\. 1980 Otake Hideo 3--1 Cho Chikun
6\. 1981 3--1 Kato Masao
7\. 1982 3--2 Cho Chikun
8\. 1983 3--2 Awaji Shuzo
9\. 1984 3--1 Kato Masao
10\. 1985 3--1 Kudo Norio
11\. 1986 Cho Chikun 3--0 Otake Hideo
12\. 1987 Kato Masao 3--1 Cho Chikun
13\. 1988 Kobayashi Koichi 3--0 Kato Masao
14\. 1989 3--1 Imamura Toshiya
15\. 1990 3--0 Kobayashi Satoru
16\. 1991 3--2
17\. 1992 3--1
18\. 1993 3--0 Rin Kaiho
19\. 1994 Rin Kaiho 3--1 Kobayashi Koichi
20\. 1995 Kobayashi Satoru 3--2 Rin Kaiho
21\. 1996 Yoda Norimoto 3--0 Kobayashi Satoru
22\. 1997 3--1 Yuki Satoshi
23\. 1998 3--0 Sonoda Yuichi
24\. 1999 Kobayashi Koichi 3--2 Yoda Norimoto
25\. 2000 Yamashita Keigo 3--2 Kobayashi Koichi
26\. 2001 Kobayashi Koichi 3--2 Yamashita Keigo
27\. 2002 3--1 Yuki Satoshi
28\. 2003 Yoda Norimoto 3--2 Kobayashi Koichi
29\. 2004 3--1 Yamada Kimio
30\. 2005 3--0 Yuki Satoshi
31\. 2006 Cho U 3--0 Yoda Norimoto
32\. 2007 3--0 Yokota Shigeaki
33\. 2008 3--1 Yamashita Keigo
34\. 2009 3--0 Yuki Satoshi
35\. 2010 Sakai Hideyuki 3--2 Cho U
36\. 2011 Hane Naoki 3--2 Sakai Hideyuki
37\. 2012 Iyama Yuta 3--0 Hane Naoki
38\. 2013 3--2 Kono Rin
39\. 2014 3--2
40\. 2015 3--1 Yamashita Keigo
41\. 2016 3--0 Murakawa Daisuke
42\. 2017 3--0 Yamashita Keigo
43\. 2018 Kyo Kagen 3--0 Iyama Yuta
44\. 2019 Hane Naoki 3--2 Kyo Kagen
45\. 2020 Ichiriki Ryo 3--0 Hane Naoki
46\. 2021 Iyama Yuta 3--2 Ichiriki Ryo
47\. 2022 3--0 Ichiriki Ryo
48\. 2023 3--0 Ichiriki Ryo
49\
| 499 |
Gosei (competition)
| 0 |
3,734,049 |
# National Board of Review Awards 1999
**71st National Board of Review Awards**\
December 7, 1999
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Picture:\
**American Beauty**
The **71st National Board of Review Awards**, honoring the best in filmmaking in 1999, were announced on 7 December 1999 and given on 18 January 2000.
## Top 10 films {#top_10_films}
1. *American Beauty*
2. *The Talented Mr. Ripley*
3. *Magnolia*
4. *The Insider*
5. *The Straight Story*
6. *Cradle Will Rock*
7. *Boys Don\'t Cry*
8. *Being John Malkovich*
9. *Tumbleweeds*
10. *Three Kings*
## Top Foreign Films {#top_foreign_films}
1. *All About My Mother*
2. *Run Lola Run*
3. *East/West*
4. *Cabaret Balkan*
5. *The Emperor and the Assassin*
## Winners
- Best Picture:
- *American Beauty*
- Best Foreign Film:
- *All About My Mother*
- Best Actor:
- Russell Crowe - *The Insider*
- Best Actress:
- Janet McTeer - *Tumbleweeds*
- Best Supporting Actor:
- Philip Seymour Hoffman - *Magnolia*, *The Talented Mr. Ripley*
- Best Supporting Actress:
- Julianne Moore - *Magnolia*, *A Map of the World*, *An Ideal Husband*
- Best Acting by an Ensemble:
- *Magnolia*
- Breakthrough Performance - Male:
- Wes Bentley - *American Beauty*
- Breakthrough Performance - Female:
- Hilary Swank - *Boys Don\'t Cry*
- Best Director:
- Anthony Minghella - *The Talented Mr. Ripley*
- Outstanding Directorial Debut:
- Kimberly Peirce - *Boys Don\'t Cry*
- Best Screenplay:
- John Irving - *The Cider House Rules*
- Arthur Laurents - Career Achievement
- Best Documentary:
- *Buena Vista Social Club*
- Best Film made for Cable TV
- *A Lesson Before Dying*
- Career Achievement Award:
- Clint Eastwood
- Billy Wilder Award for Excellence in Directing:
- John Frankenheimer
- Special Filmmaking Achievement:
- Tim Robbins - *Cradle Will Rock*
- William K
| 298 |
National Board of Review Awards 1999
| 0 |
3,734,053 |
# Kunar Valley
**Kunar Valley** is a valley in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In Afghanistan the length of the valley is almost entirely narrow with steep and rugged mountains on both sides. The center of the valley is occupied by the Kunar River flowing south where it joins the Kabul River. Subsistence farming and goat-herding are the extent of agriculture production on the valley floor and lower elevations. There are limited and small forested areas in some side valleys but more than 95% of the valley has been deforested. In limited areas at higher elevations there are sustained grassy mountain meadows. Overwhelmingly though the Kunar Valley is an arid, rocky, steep landscape with a fast-moving muddy river as its primary geographic feature
| 121 |
Kunar Valley
| 0 |
3,734,057 |
# You Won't Forget About Me
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 95, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{single chart|Australia|20|artist=Dannii Minogue vs
| 21 |
You Won't Forget About Me
| 0 |
3,734,085 |
# Animal breeding
**Animal breeding** is a branch of animal science that addresses the evaluation (using best linear unbiased prediction and other methods) of the genetic value (estimated breeding value, EBV) of livestock. Selecting for breeding animals with superior EBV in growth rate, egg, meat, milk, or wool production, or with other desirable traits has revolutionized livestock production throughout the entire world. The scientific theory of animal breeding incorporates population genetics, quantitative genetics, statistics, and recently molecular genetics and is based on the pioneering work of Sewall Wright, Jay Lush, and Charles Henderson.
## Breeding stock {#breeding_stock}
Breeding stock is a group of animals used for the purpose of planned breeding. When individuals are looking to breed animals, they look for certain valuable traits in purebred animals, or may intend to use some type of crossbreeding to produce a new type of stock with different, and presumably superior abilities in a given area of endeavor. For example, when breeding swine for meat, the \"breeding stock should be sound, fast growing, muscular, lean, and reproductively efficient.\" The \"subjective selection of breeding stock\" in horses has led to many horse breeds with particular performance traits. While breeding animals is common in an agricultural setting, it is also a common practice for the purpose of selling animals meant as pets, such as cats, dogs, horses, and birds, as well as less common animals, such as reptiles or some primates.
## Purebred breeding {#purebred_breeding}
Mating animals of the same breed for maintaining such breed is referred to as purebred breeding. Opposite to the practice of mating animals of different breeds, purebred breeding aims to establish and maintain stable traits, that animals will pass to the next generation. By \"breeding the best to the best\", employing a certain degree of inbreeding, considerable culling, and selection for \"superior\" qualities, one could develop a bloodline or \"breed\" superior in certain respects to the original base stock.
Such animals can be recorded with a breed registry, the organisation that maintains pedigrees and/or stud books. The observable phenomenon of hybrid vigor stands in contrast to the notion of breed purity.
For laboratory purposes, organisms such as mice have been inbred to 100% pure lines, as offered for sale by the Jackson laboratory. But this is highly unusual and difficult to do for most organisms, in whose populations all individuals harbor recessive, deleterious gene variants (alleles)
| 396 |
Animal breeding
| 0 |
3,734,088 |
# Leonard F. Mason
**Leonard Foster Mason** (February 22, 1920 -- July 22, 1944) served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism during the Battle of Guam where he was mortally wounded.
## Biography
Leonard Foster Mason was born on February 22, 1920, in Middlesboro, Kentucky, the child of Hillery Mason Sr. (1894--1957) and Mollie Partin (1897--1990). He had at least 11 siblings. He enlisted in the Marine Corps in April 1943 and was promoted to private first class in March 1944.
During the landing on Guam, on July 22, 1944, two enemy machine guns opened fire on Mason\'s platoon. Although mortally wounded, Mason cleared out the hostile position, acting on his own initiative. His heroic act in the face of almost certain death enabled his platoon to accomplish its mission. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor. Mason died the following day of his wounds.
At the time of his passing, he was married to Donna Potts (later Sites; 1923--1989). The two had one child, Larry Eugene Mason.
## Medal of Honor citation {#medal_of_honor_citation}
Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Marine Corps. Born: February 22, 1920, Middlesboro, Ky. Accredited to: Ohio.
Citation
> For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as an automatic rifleman serving with the 2d Battalion, 3d Marines, 3d Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces on the Asan-Adelup Beachhead, Guam, Marianas Islands on 22 July 1944. Suddenly taken under fire by 2 enemy machineguns not more than 15 yards away while clearing out hostile positions holding up the advance of his platoon through a narrow gully, Pfc. Mason, alone and entirely on his own initiative, climbed out of the gully and moved parallel to it toward the rear of the enemy position. Although fired upon immediately by hostile riflemen from a higher position and wounded repeatedly in the arm and shoulder, Pfc. Mason grimly pressed forward and had just reached his objective when hit again by a burst of enemy machinegun fire, causing a critical wound to which he later succumbed. With valiant disregard for his own peril, he persevered, clearing out the hostile position, killing 5 Japanese, wounding another and then rejoining his platoon to report the results of his action before consenting to be evacuated. His exceptionally heroic act in the face of almost certain death enabled his platoon to accomplish its mission and reflects the highest credit upon Pfc. Mason and the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.
## Namesake
In 1946, the destroyer `{{USS|Leonard F. Mason|DD-852}}`{=mediawiki} was named in his honor.
In 2013, the City of Middlesboro, Kentucky renamed a portion of Cumberland Avenue, the main street downtown, in his honor; it is now known as Leonard F. Mason Medal of Honor Memorial Highway
| 484 |
Leonard F. Mason
| 0 |
3,734,090 |
# Cophyla
***Cophyla*** is a genus of microhylid frogs endemic to Madagascar
| 12 |
Cophyla
| 0 |
3,734,100 |
# FC Šiauliai
**FC Šiauliai** is a Lithuanian defunct football club based in the city of Šiauliai. The team is referred to as \"Šiauliai\".
## History
The basketball and football club \"Šiauliai\" (KFK \"Šiauliai\") was established in Šiauliai in 1994. The club founded a basketball team in 1994 and a football team in 1995. The football team played in Antra Lyga (3rd tier) and had no desire to move up to a higher division. Rather, the club focused its attention on the basketball championship LKL and other leagues. The situation in Šiauliai City changed when FK Kareda Šiauliai was sold in 1999 and moved from Šiauliai to Kaunas. FK Sakalas Šiauliai was dissolved in 2003, and the KFK Šiauliai football team broke with the basketball team as a result.
### 2004
In the beginning of 2004, a new organization called VšĮ „Šiaulių futbolo klubas" was established. Soon after, the FK „Šiauliai" team was founded. Its leaders sought to build a strong, winning team to rise to A Lyga (top tier).
In 2004 FK Šiauliai was promoted to Pirma Lyga (second tier). That year, they won the 2004 Pirma Lyga. They were then promoted to A Lyga and began playing in the elite division in 2005.
When the team took 2nd place in the championship, they became eligible to play at the European level. The 2010--11 UEFA Europa League defeated 0--7 to Wisła Kraków. The 2012--13 UEFA Europa League lost to FC Levadia Tallinn (2--2 aggr.)
In 2014, FK Šiauliai became FC Šiauliai.
In 2015 the team faced serious financial problems and did not pay their players proper salaries.
The team dissolved in January 2016 due to a lack of sponsorship. The team announced that it would not play in any competition.
## Naming history {#naming_history}
- 1995 -- KFK Šiauliai (basketball and football club);
- 2004 -- FK Šiauliai (new club);
- 2014 -- FC Šiauliai (renamed)
## Seasons (2004--2016) {#seasons_20042016}
Season Level League Position Link
---------- -------- ---------------- ---------- ------
**2004** **2.** **Pirma lyga** **1.**
**2005** **1.** **A lyga** **9.**
**2006** **1.** **A lyga** **8.**
**2007** **1.** **A lyga** **8.**
**2008** **1.** **A lyga** **7.**
**2009** **1.** **A lyga** **4.**
**2010** **1.** **A lyga** **8.**
**2011** **1.** **A lyga** **4.**
**2012** **1.** **A lyga** **5.**
**2013** **1.** **A lyga** **7.**
**2014** **1.** **A lyga** **7.**
**2015** **1.** **A lyga** **9.**
**2016** **x** **x** **x**
## Kit evolution {#kit_evolution}
- **Home:** Yellow and black stripes on t-shirt, with black shorts and yellow socks.
- **Away:** The same striped t-shirt with yellow socks and shorts.
-- -- --
-- -- --
## Stadium
Savivaldybė Stadium, located at S. Daukanto g. 23, Šiauliai, is a multi-use stadium. It is used primarily for football matches and is the home stadium of FK Šiauliai. The stadium holds 4,000 people
| 465 |
FC Šiauliai
| 0 |
3,734,105 |
# Billy Yates (American football)
**William LaQuayne Yates** (born April 15, 1980) is an American football coach and former offensive guard in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas A&M and was signed by the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent in 2003.
Yates also played for the New England Patriots and Cleveland Browns. He earned a Super Bowl ring with the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX.
## Early years {#early_years}
Yates attended Corsicana High School in Corsicana, Texas, where he lettered in football, track and field, and basketball.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### College
After graduating from high school, Yates attended Texas A&M University beginning in 1999. He was a reserve offensive lineman in his first two seasons, but started 20 games over his junior and senior seasons in 2001 and 2002.
### National Football League {#national_football_league}
#### Miami Dolphins {#miami_dolphins}
Yates was signed as an undrafted free agent after the 2003 NFL draft by the Miami Dolphins. He made the Dolphins\' 53-man roster out of training camp and saw action in three games as a reserve in 2003. He was waived by the Dolphins on September 5, 2004.
#### New England Patriots {#new_england_patriots}
Yates was signed to the practice squad of the New England Patriots on September 11, 2004, where he spent the remainder of the regular season and playoffs until being activated for Super Bowl XXXIX. He also began the 2005 season on the Patriots\' practice squad before being activated on November 12 following the loss of starting center Dan Koppen for the season. He was a reserve offensive lineman for the remainder of the season and playoffs, while also seeing time on kickoff coverage units.
Yates began yet another season on the practice squad for the Patriots in 2006, but was activated on October 21 and a game later made his first start on October 30, 2006, against the Minnesota Vikings in place of an injured Stephen Neal. He would go on to start the Patriots\' next two games at right guard but was injured in the second against the New York Jets and was placed on injured reserve, missing the remainder of the season with a broken leg. Yates, for the first time with the Patriots, made the 53-man roster to open the 2007 season; he started the second game of the year against the San Diego Chargers, his only start of the year.
When Neal began the 2008 season on the Physically Unable to Perform list, Yates started all seven games that Neal missed. He was inactive or did not play for the remainder of the season once Neal returned. Yates was released by the team on February 17, 2009, only to be re-signed two days later in a salary cap-related move.
He was released on September 4, 2009.
#### Cleveland Browns {#cleveland_browns}
Yates was signed by the Cleveland Browns on September 16, 2009. He played in seven games during his first season with the Browns, but started none. In 2010 he played in nine games, starting three.
#### Retirement
On August 15, 2011, Yates announced his intent to retire from football.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Texas A&M {#texas_am}
In 2013, Yates was hired by Texas A&M as their strength and conditioning coach.
### Texas Tech {#texas_tech}
In 2014, Yates was hired by Texas Tech as their assistant strength coach.
### New England Patriots {#new_england_patriots_1}
During the summer of 2015 Yates worked with the Patriots as part of the Bill Walsh Minority Fellowship.
### Bowling Green State University {#bowling_green_state_university}
In 2016, Yates was hired by Bowling Green State University as their head strength and conditioning coach.
### Detroit Lions {#detroit_lions}
On January 7, 2020, Yates was hired by the Detroit Lions as their assistant offensive line coach.
### New England Patriots {#new_england_patriots_2}
In February 2021, Yates joined the New England Patriots coaching staff as an Offensive assistant and Assistant offensive line coach
| 654 |
Billy Yates (American football)
| 0 |
3,734,107 |
# 1976 Liberal Party leadership election
The **1976 Liberal Party leadership election** was called following the resignation of Jeremy Thorpe in the wake of allegations which would eventually lead to Thorpe\'s trial and acquittal for conspiracy to murder in 1979.
## Background
There were two candidates, David Steel and John Pardoe, who were elected by a ballot of an electoral college made up of representatives of the various constituency associations, with their vote \"weighted\" by the strength of the Liberal vote at the previous general election. This electoral system was devised by Michael Steed, and this election proved to be the only time it was ever used to elect a Liberal leader.
The election was won by David Steel, who served as leader of the Liberal Party until merger with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1988, forming the Liberal Democrats. David Steel later served as interim leader of the Liberal Democrats (jointly with Bob Maclennan of the SDP) for the duration of the 1988 leadership election which eventually elected Paddy Ashdown as the new party\'s first permanent leader
| 179 |
1976 Liberal Party leadership election
| 0 |
3,734,115 |
# Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies
The Northern Ireland House of Commons existed from 1921 to 1973 as the lower House of the devolved legislature of the part of the United Kingdom called Northern Ireland.
As in the UK Parliament the constituencies were classified as borough, county or university constituencies.
In 1921--29 the 52 provincial Members of Parliament were elected using proportional representation by the single transferable vote in multi member constituencies. The constituencies which returned one or two members to the UK Parliament, between 1922 and 1950, were used for Northern Ireland devolved elections in the 1921--29 period.
Between 1929 and 1969 there were 48 single member constituencies, using the first past the post method of election. The non-territorial University constituency continued to return 4 members using the single transferable vote.
For the 1969 election 4 new territorial constituencies were created to replace the University seats. The 52 constituencies ceased to exist after the Parliament of Northern Ireland was suspended in 1972 and abolished in 1973.
Period Constituency Type Notes
------------ ------------------------------ ------------ -------
1921--1929 Antrim county 7 MPs
1929--1973 Antrim Borough county
1929--1973 Bann Side county
1929--1973 Carrick county
1969--1973 Larkfield county
1929--1973 Larne county
1929--1973 Mid Antrim county
1969--1973 Newtownabbey county
1929--1973 North Antrim county
1929--1973 South Antrim county
1921--1929 Armagh county 4 MPs
1929--1973 Central Armagh county
1929--1973 Mid Armagh county
1929--1973 North Armagh county
1929--1973 South Armagh county
1929--1973 Belfast Ballynafeigh borough
1929--1973 Belfast Bloomfield borough
1929--1973 Belfast Central borough
1929--1973 Belfast Clifton borough
1929--1973 Belfast, Cromac borough
1929--1973 Belfast Dock borough
1929--1973 Belfast Duncairn borough
1921--1929 Belfast East borough 4 MPs
1929--1973 Belfast Falls borough
1921--1929 Belfast North borough 4 MPs
1929--1973 Belfast Oldpark borough
1929--1973 Belfast Pottinger borough
1929--1973 Belfast St Anne\'s borough
1929--1973 Belfast Shankill borough
1921--1929 Belfast South borough 4 MPs
1929--1973 Belfast Victoria borough
1921--1929 Belfast West borough 4 MPs
1929--1973 Belfast Willowfield borough
1929--1973 Belfast Windsor borough
1929--1973 Belfast Woodvale borough
1921--1929 Down county 8 MPs
1929--1973 Ards county
1969--1973 Bangor county
1929--1973 East Down county
1929--1973 Iveagh county
1969--1973 Lagan Valley county
1929--1973 Mid Down county
1929--1973 Mourne county
1929--1973 North Down county
1929--1973 South Down county
1929--1973 West Down county
1921--1929 Fermanagh and Tyrone county 8 MPs
1929--1973 Enniskillen county
1929--1973 Lisnaskea county
1929--1973 South Fermanagh county
1921--1929 Londonderry county 5 MPs
1929--1973 City of Londonderry borough
1929--1973 Foyle borough
1929--1973 Mid Londonderry county
1929--1973 North Londonderry county
1929--1973 South Londonderry county
1921--1969 Queen\'s University, Belfast university 4 MPs
1929--1973 East Tyrone county
1929--1973 Mid Tyrone county
1929--1973 North Tyrone county
1929--1973 South Tyrone county
1929--1973 West Tyrone county
| 431 |
Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies
| 0 |
3,734,115 |
# Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies
## Historical representation by party {#historical_representation_by_party}
### Antrim
Constituency 1921 1925 1929 1933 *37* 1938 *39* *43* *45* 1945 *46* 1949 *50* *51* 1953 1958 *60* 1962 1965 *68* 1969 *70* *71* *72*
-------------------------------- --------------- ---------------- -------------- ------ ------------ -------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ ----------- --------------- ---------- ---------- -------------- ----------- --------------- --------- ------ ---------- ------------ ----------- ------------ ----------- ---------
Antrim / South Antrim (1929) Barbour U McConnell U Ferguson U Beattie PU \--\> DUP
Antrim / Antrim Borough (1929) H. O\'Neill U H. Minford U N. Minford U
Antrim / Larne (1929) Hanna U Robinson U Topping U Craig U
Antrim / Mid Antrim (1929) Crawford U J. Patrick U Wilson U Simpson U
Antrim / Bann Side (1929) Megaw U Henderson UnbT Young U M. Patrick U T. O\'Neill U Paisley PU \--\> DUP
Antrim / Carrick (1929) Gordon U Campbell U Curran U Hunter U Ardill U Dickson U
Antrim / North Antrim (1929) Devlin N McAllister N Lynn U McCleery U P. O\'Neill U \--\> A
### Belfast
Constituency 1921 1925 1929 1933 *34* *37* 1938 *40* *42* *43* 1945 *49* 1949 *50* 1953 *56* 1958 *59* *60* *61* 1962 1965 1969 *70* *71*
------------------------------------ ------------- ----------------- --------------------- ------------- --------- -------- --------- ------- -------- -------- ------------- --------- ----------- ------------ ---------------- --------------- -------------- ---------- -------- --------- --------- ------------ --------------------- --------- --------
East Belfast / B Pottinger (1929) Bates U Beattie NIL JB IndL JB NIL JB InL JB FL JB InL Rodgers U Boyd NIL Cardwell U
East Belfast / B Bloomfield (1929) H. Dixon U D. Dixon U Scott U
East Belfast / B Dock (1929) Donald U Gyle IU Blakiston-Houston U Midgley NIL Clark U Downey NIL Cole U Morgan IL Oliver U Fitt IL GF RL GF SDLP
East Belfast / B Victoria (1929) Duff U Bates U Alexander U W. Henderson U Bleakley NIL Bradford U
North Belfast / B Clifton (1929) Campbell U S. Hall-Thompson U Porter IU Kinahan U Morgan U L. Hall-Thompson IU
North Belfast / B Oldpark (1929) McGuffin U Kyle NIL Hungerford U Getgood NIL Morgan U Simpson NIL
North Belfast / B Duncairn (1929) Grant U Hanna U Fitzsimmons U
North Belfast / B Shankill (1929) McKeown U T. Henderson IU TH IUA TH IU Holmes U Boal U DB IU DB DUP
South Belfast Moles U
South Belfast Pollock U
South Belfast McCullagh U
South Belfast McMordie U
West Belfast Burn U
West Belfast Lynn U
West Belfast Twaddell U
West Belfast Devlin U
### Down
Constituency 1921 1925 1929 1933 1938 1945 1949 1953 1958 1962 1965 1969
-------------- -------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Down Craig U
Down de Valera SF
Down Andrews U
Down Lavery U
Down Mulholland U
Down McBride U
Down McMullan U
Down O\'Neill N
### Fermanagh and Tyrone {#fermanagh_and_tyrone}
Constituency 1921 1925 1929 1933 1938 1945 1949 1953 1958 1962 1965 1969
---------------------- -------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Fermanagh and Tyrone Griffith SF
Fermanagh and Tyrone Archdale U
Fermanagh and Tyrone Coote U
Fermanagh and Tyrone Milroy SF
Fermanagh and Tyrone Miller U
Fermanagh and Tyrone Cooper U
Fermanagh and Tyrone O\'Mahony SF
Fermanagh and Tyrone Harbison N
### Londonderry
Constituency 1921 1925 1929 1933 1938 1945 1949 1953 1958 1962 1965 1969
-------------- -------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Londonderry Anderson U
Londonderry MacNeill SF
Londonderry Chichester U
Londonderry Mark U
Londonderry Leeke N
### Queen\'s University {#queens_university}
Constituency 1921 1925 1929 1933 1938 1945 1949 1953 1958 1962 1965 1969
-------------------------------- ------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Queen\'s University of Belfast Campbell U
Queen\'s University of Belfast Johnstone U
Queen\'s University of Belfast Robb U
Queen\'s University of Belfast Morrison U
Sources:
- *Northern Ireland Parliamentary Election Results 1921--1972*, compiled and edited by Sydney Elliott (Political Reference Publications 1973)
- For the exact definition of constituency boundaries see <http://www.election.demon.co.uk/stormont/boundaries
| 670 |
Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies
| 1 |
3,734,135 |
# Norrie Muir
**Norrie Muir** (1948 -- 12 April 2019) was a Scottish climber and prolific first ascentionist.
Muir attended Waverley Senior Secondary School in Knightswood from 1961 to 1965, then served his apprenticeship as a ship draughtsman in John Brown\'s, Clydebank from 1965 to 1970.
He was a member of the exclusive Creagh Dhu mountaineering club, and with Stevie Docherty and George Adam formed a group known as the \"Steam Team\". He was particularly active during the 1970s and 1980s, when he made over 30 first ascents in Scotland in both summer and winter. He made the first free ascent, and second overall ascent, of King Kong (E2) on Carn Dearg Buttress on Ben Nevis with \"Big\" Ian Nicholson in June 1970, and two days later the pair climbed Heidbanger (E1). Muir returned seven years later to climb the true start with Arthur Paul, with whom he also did many of his winter routes, including the classic \"Silver Tear\", a spectacular icefall on Beinn Bhàn in the North-West Highlands. In 1977 the pair contributed four new winter ascents on Ben Nevis, including Minus One Buttress (VI,6) and Rubicon Wall (V,5) via the 1933 Hargreaves Route, and in January 1978 they made the first winter ascent of Psychedelic Wall (VI,5) in challenging weather conditions
| 214 |
Norrie Muir
| 0 |
3,734,144 |
# Oregon Route 53
**Oregon Route 53** is an Oregon state highway that runs through a pair of river valleys in the Oregon Coast range; those of the Necanicum River and the Nehalem River. OR 53 traverses the **Necanicum Highway No. 46** of the Oregon state highway system.
## Route description {#route_description}
Oregon Route 53 begins (at its southern terminus) at a junction with U.S. Route 101 in the city of Nehalem. Soon after leaving the city, the highway begins to follow the North Fork of the Nehalem River (and several minor tributaries). Eventually, the highway and the river diverge; and the highway crosses through a pass to enter the basin of the Necanicum River. It follows this river for a distance, until the highway ends at an intersection with U.S. Route 26 at Necanicum Junction.
OR 53 is a narrow, winding roadway for most of its length, and primarily serves local and recreational traffic. Occasionally, however, closures of US 101 to the west (in particular, in or around the Arch Cape Tunnel, an area very prone to mudslides) will result in heavy commercial use of this roadway, as OR 53 and US 101 are the only viable routes between the Nehalem/Manzanita area and the Cannon Beach/Seaside area.
This route and highway are the former alignment of the Oregon Coast Highway, US 101. Service to Cannon Beach, Arch Cape, and Manzanita were previously by discontinuous local roads
| 237 |
Oregon Route 53
| 0 |
3,734,168 |
# Black & Mild
**Black & Mild** is a machine-made pipe tobacco cigar made by tobacco company John Middleton Inc. In November 2007, Altria, the parent company of Philip Morris purchased John Middleton, Inc.
Black & Milds are manufactured with a wrapper made from homogenized pipe tobacco, and sold with a plastic or wood tip. Other versions also include untipped and shorts, which are about half the size of original versions.
The company coined the slogan, \"Tastes great! Smells great!\", due to the sweet smell that the smoke produces
| 89 |
Black & Mild
| 0 |
3,734,178 |
# Vincent Defrasne
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 72, column 4):
unexpected '"'
|- "
^
``
| 18 |
Vincent Defrasne
| 0 |
3,734,181 |
# 1967 Liberal Party leadership election
The **1967 Liberal Party leadership election** was called following the resignation of Jo Grimond, in the wake of disappointing results in the 1966 general election.
## Background
There were three candidates (Jeremy Thorpe, Emlyn Hooson and Eric Lubbock), who were elected by a ballot of the Liberal Parliamentary Party using Alternative Vote. Jeremy Thorpe secured the most votes in the first round, but did not win overall, as the rules said that he needed to win more than half of votes cast. Both Hooson and Lubbock\'s second preferences voted for one another, cancelling one another out, so faced with a deadlock, both other candidates withdrew from the contest to endorse Thorpe who was consequentially elected unopposed.
Although the vote was by a secret ballot, Liberal MP Peter Bessell later published a memoir in which he asserted that Jo Grimond, John Pardoe, David Steel, James Davidson and himself all voted for Thorpe; Alasdair Mackenzie and Russell Johnston voted for Hooson; and Michael Winstanley and Richard Wainwright voted for Lubbock. All three candidates voted for themselves. Bessell also confesses to having caused some confusion by pledging his vote to both Thorpe and Hooson, although he ultimately cast his vote for Thorpe after realising that he had greater momentum
| 212 |
1967 Liberal Party leadership election
| 0 |
3,734,187 |
# Manuel Jacques
**Manuel Jacques Parraguez**, is a Chilean lawyer, academic and politician. He is President of the *Izquierda Cristiana* (Christian Left Party of Chile) and a professor at the Universidad Bolivariana de Chile.
For the 2005 Chilean presidential election he competed in the primary election for the Juntos Podemos Más electoral pact. The pact was ultimately represented by Tomás Hirsch, who won around 5% of the vote
| 68 |
Manuel Jacques
| 0 |
3,734,188 |
# Spoonie Gee
**Gabriel Jackson** (born May 27, 1963), better known by his stage name **Spoonie Gee**, is one of the earliest rap artists, and one of the few to have released rap records in the 1970s. He has been credited with originating the term hip hop and some of the themes in his music were precursors of gangsta rap.
## Career
Jackson was born in Harlem, New York City, receiving his \'Spoonie\' nickname as a child because the spoon was the only utensil that he used to eat with. His mother died when he was twelve years old, and he went to live with his uncle, the record producer Bobby Robinson, in whose apartment he began to practice rapping.
His first recording came about after Peter Brown visited Robinson\'s record store and mentioned that he was looking to make a rap record. Spoonie\'s name was suggested, and he recorded \"Spoonin\' Rap\", which was released on Brown\'s Sound of New York, USA imprint, featuring a lyric that included jailhouse references that would later become common in gangsta rap, and with echo applied to his vocals. Spoonie Gee has been described as \"the original gangsta rapper\".
He then recorded for Robinson\'s Enjoy! Records; his first release for the label being the similarly minimalistic \"Love Rap\" (on which he was accompanied on congas by his brother Pooche Costello), issued on the B-side of the Treacherous Three\'s \"New Rap Language\" (on which he also featured), leading to his early nickname of \'The Love Rapper\'. Jackson was a founding member of the Treacherous Three, along with L.A. Sunshine and Kool Moe Dee. Although the group added Special K as a member when Jackson left to record his first single, Gee maintained ties and affiliation with the group, and also played a hand in the group getting their first record deal. The group was named Spoonie Gee and the Treacherous Three when Jackson returned for a period before going solo.
He left Enjoy! and moved to Sugar Hill Records, where he enjoyed further hits with \"Spoonie\'s Back\" and the collaboration with the Sequence on \"Monster Jam\". In 1985, he moved on again to Aaron Fuchs\' Tuff City label, on which the majority of his later output was issued, including \"That\'s My Style\", on which he attacked Schoolly D for copying his style. By the mid-1980s, he was also working in a rehabilitation centre for people with learning disabilities. His career took off once again in 1987 with his debut album *The Godfather of Rap*, produced by Marley Marl and Teddy Riley, and issued on the Tuff City label. His career has since been hampered by several spells in prison.
In the mid-1990s, a compilation of his work, *Godfather of Hip Hop*, was issued on the Ol\' Skool Flava label. In the mid-2000s, he returned with a new EP, *The Boss Is Back*.
In 2008, \"Love Rap\" was ranked number 65 on VH1\'s 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop
| 493 |
Spoonie Gee
| 0 |
3,734,213 |
# Anthologion
An **Anthologion**, or **Anthologue**, is an Eastern Christian liturgical text or book, similar to the Roman breviary, that has been in use among Eastern Orthodox Christians, and to some extent, Eastern Catholics.
The Anthologion contains the daily divine offices with hymns addressed to Jesus Christ, the Theotokos, and principal saints among Eastern Christians. Other common offices include those of prophets, apostles, martyrs, pontiffs, monasitcs, and confessors, according to the Byzantine rite.
It is called, in Greek, \"*άνθολόγιον*\", `{{lit|a collection of flowers}}`{=mediawiki}.
A modern Anthologion published by St. Ignatius Orthodox Press contains the Horologion, with Lenten and Paschal variants, the Psalter, Octoechos, General and Festal Menaion, selections from the Triodion and Pentecostarion, general prayers, preparation for Holy Communion and Confession. According to the publisher, this book is \"\[s\]uitable for use individually or with a group, this monumental book aims to fill the place that the Breviary or Liturgy of the Hours fills for Western Christians: offering the full daily office of prayer in a slightly simplified form, with texts for special feast days and seasons. It is a prayer library in a single book
| 185 |
Anthologion
| 0 |
3,734,214 |
# KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic
The **Kwazulu-Cape coastal forest mosaic** is a subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of South Africa. It covers an area of 17,800 km2 in South Africa\'s Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces.
## Limits
The Kwazulu-Cape coastal forest mosaic occupies the humid coastal strip between the Indian Ocean and the foothills of the Drakensberg mountains. It is part of a strip of moist coastal forests that extend along Africa\'s Indian Ocean coast from southern Somalia to South Africa. The northern limit of the ecoregion is at the St. Lucia estuary in KwaZulu Natal, where the forests transition to the Maputaland coastal forest mosaic. The southern limit is at Cape St. Francis, east of Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape Province, where the KwaZulu-Cape forests transition to the Albany thickets.
## Climate
The ecoregion has a seasonally-moist subtropical climate. Rainfall ranges from 1500 mm to 900 mm per year. The northern portion is generally receives more rainfall, typically in the summer months, while the southern portion receives most of its rainfall in the winter months, which is typical of the Mediterranean climate region to the west. Rainfall diminishes away from the coast, and the coastal forest mosaic yields to the drier Maputaland-Pondoland bushland and thickets in the Drakensberg foothills, above 300 to 450 meters elevation.
## Flora
The ecoregion comprises a mosaic of different plant communities, including coastal belt forest, sand forest, dune forest, short, dry forests known as Alexandria forest, grasslands, palm woodlands, and thorn scrublands. Forests are typically made up of evergreen trees, interspersed with dry-season semi-deciduous and deciduous trees.
## Protected areas {#protected_areas}
Approximately 9% of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas include Addo Elephant National Park, Amatikulu Nature Reserve, Dwesa-Cwebe Nature Reserve, East London Coast Nature Reserve, Great Fish River Nature Reserve, Geelkrans Nature Reserve, Hluleka Nature Reserve, Kap River Nature Reserve, Mansfield Game Reserve, Mbumbazi Nature Reserve, Mkhambathi Nature Reserve, Richards Bay Nature Reserve, Sunshine Coast Nature Reserve, Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve, and Woody Cape Nature Reserve
| 336 |
KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic
| 0 |
3,734,235 |
# Tax harmonization
**Tax harmonization** is generally understood as a process of adjusting tax systems of different jurisdictions in the pursuit of a common policy objective. Tax harmonization involves the removal of tax distortions affecting commodity and factor movements in order to bring about a more efficient allocation of resources within an integrated market. Tax harmonization may serve alternative goals, such as equity or stabilization. It also can be subsumed, along with public expenditure harmonization, under the broader concept of fiscal harmonization. Narrowly defined, tax harmonization guided by this policy goal implies --- under simplifying assumptions about other policy instruments and economic structure --- convergence toward a more uniform effective tax burden on commodities or on factors of production. Convergence may be attained through the alignment of one or several elements that enter the determination of effective tax rates: the statutory tax rate and tax base, and enforcement practices. Perhaps the most widely accepted argument for harmonization involves convergence in the definition of product value or income for tax purposes. Such tax base harmonization would contribute to transparency for economic decision-making and, thus, to improved efficiency in resource allocation. In particular, a common income tax base for multinational companies operating in different jurisdictions would be instrumental not only in enhancing efficiency, but also in preventing overlaps or gaps in tax claims by different countries. Tax harmonization is an important part of the fiscal integration process. Fiscal integration is the process by which a group of countries agree on taking measures that lead to a higher level of fiscal convergence, the ultimate goal being the formation of a fiscal union. Tax harmonization doesn\'t automatically lead to the formation of a fiscal union, the second part involving much larger scale project that includes fiscal transfers, a fully harmonized legislation and maybe some supervising institutions, beside a long-run agreement. Starting from the definition given to the fiscal integration process, we can easily say that tax harmonization is the process by which a heterogeneous group of countries, federal states or even local governments agree on setting a minimum and maximum level of their tax rates, including also a higher degree of harmonization of tax legislation, in order to attract foreign investors and to encourage local development and investments.
## Tax harmonization vs. tax competition {#tax_harmonization_vs._tax_competition}
There is a trade-off between tax harmonization and tax competition. Controlling tax rates not only stabilizes tax revenues, but is also sometimes necessary for moving forward with economic and political integration. On the other hand, deregulating tax rates maintains the autonomy of member countries in tax matters for their own short-term economic and social policy purposes. In addition, it mitigates political distortions.
## Tax harmonization advantages {#tax_harmonization_advantages}
- Does not lead to the race to the bottom
Since regions have harmonized tax rates, they do not compete over capital by reducing tax rates. This prevents all regions to reduce their tax rates in order to ensure that their country is the most attractive from the point of view of tax costs. However, this battle has its own price, the reduction of tax rates bringing with it a reduction in tax revenues.
- Less costs regarding public revenues tax rates are common set and do not disadvantage or advantage just one region;
- The harmonization of legislation will bring with it less costs for multinational companies;
- Allows the use of fiscal transfers between regions, reducing borrowing costs on capital markets or from private or international lenders.
## Disadvantages of tax harmonization {#disadvantages_of_tax_harmonization}
- Implies cooperation between different regions, fact that isn\'t always possible giving the fact that politicians and the general public are sceptic about fiscal integration;
- A coordination and surveillance institution is necessary, thus presenting additional costs;
- Needs to solve the problem of the democratic deficit;
- Given the fact in some regions tax rates will increase, tax evasion may spread;
- Stops tax competition which help small countries attract multinationals compagnies.
| 656 |
Tax harmonization
| 0 |
3,734,235 |
# Tax harmonization
## Tax harmonization in EU {#tax_harmonization_in_eu}
In the EU the policy of tax harmonization is not regular in the taxation field however in order to have a well-functioning single market the alteration of national fiscal policies is key. Through the actions of European Institutions (fiscal policy coordination, harmonization of tax laws, etc.), or by the action of the European Court of Justice (prohibiting certain national tax rules that violate EU rules) tax harmonization can be achieved.
### VAT
The Value-Added Tax (VAT) is part of the acquis communautaire, and two directives (1977 and 2006) closely codify the VAT regime in EU Member states, with a minimum standard rate of 15% and a restricted list of reduced rates. Excise duties are also subject to minimum rates, based on Articles 191-192 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). This treaty base allows the Council and the Parliament to take decisions, including on taxes, to protect human health, safeguard the environment and promote a "rational utilization of natural resources".
### Capital income tax {#capital_income_tax}
In 1990, the Parent-subsidiary directive tackled the issue of double taxation of repatriated profits by a mother company from its subsidiaries.4 Member states are requested either to exempt repatriated profits, or to deduct taxes already paid by the affiliates from the mother\'s tax bill (partial credit system). The objective was to avoid discriminating against foreign subsidiaries (taxed twice) in relation to purely domestic firms (taxed only once). In 2003, the Interest and Royalties directive further reduced the incidence of double taxation by abolishing withholding taxes on cross-border interest and royalty payments within the EU
| 272 |
Tax harmonization
| 1 |
3,734,241 |
# Robert Stephan
**Robert Taft Stephan** (January 16, 1933 -- January 2, 2023) was an American attorney who served four terms as Kansas Attorney General.
Stephan was born on January 16, 1933, to Taft and Julia Stephan, of Lebanese descent. He graduated from Washburn University School of Law in 1957 and practiced law in Wichita, Kansas. After losing a campaign for local school board, he was appointed a municipal court judge and two years later elected to the district court in Wichita. He first won election as state Attorney General in 1978 and was reelected three times in 1982, 1986, and 1990.
Following the end of his last term, Stephan moved to Lenexa, Kansas, and worked as a consultant in corporate law dealing in consumer protection and Federal Trade Commission regulations.
In 2007, Stephan spoke in support of legalizing medical cannabis in Kansas.
Stephan died on January 2, 2023, two weeks shy of his 90th birthday
| 156 |
Robert Stephan
| 0 |
3,734,254 |
# Yelgun, New South Wales
**Yelgun** is a small valley in Byron Shire, Northern New South Wales, Australia.
Farmers grow bananas, mangoes, passionfruit and papaya. Although in the past there were several dairy farms and the farming of beans, zucchinis. The valley is dominated by a prominent hill referred to as Chinamans Hill after a Chinese man who lived there until his death around the 1950s.
North Byron Parklands, a cultural, arts and music events venue, is located in Yelgun. The Falls Festival and Splendour in the Grass music festivals are held in the parklands
| 95 |
Yelgun, New South Wales
| 0 |
3,734,260 |
# The Sowers of the Thunder
\"**The Sowers of the Thunder**\" is a historical fiction short story by American writer Robert E. Howard, originally published in *Oriental Stories*, Winter 1932. It takes place in Outremer (the Crusader states) in the time of General Baibars and deals with the General\'s friendly/adversarial relationship with Cahal Ruadh O\'Donnell, an Irish Crusader with a troubled past cut in the Howardian mold. Both the Siege of Jerusalem (1244) and the Battle of La Forbie feature in the plot.
As is common for Howard\'s historical fiction, this tale is tragic as much as it is heroic, pitting the protagonist\'s superhuman strength and resolution against a world that is yet stronger, and too harsh to resist. Another trait of the story common to Howard\'s historical tales is the mix of historical figures and events (here Baibars, Walter of Brienne, Al-Mansur and others, and the prelude to Baibars\' Mamluk empire) with totally imaginary ones (such as deposed \"King of Ireland\" Cahal).
## Reception
In an article on Howard\'s historical fiction, Don D\'Ammassa wrote that \"The Sowers of the Thunder\" \"is perhaps Howard\'s most historically rich tale, filled with colorful images and descriptive passages that demonstrate the careful research that must have taken place before these stories were written.\" He also described \"The Sowers of the Thunder\" as \"one of Howard\'s finest stories, despite an over reliance on coincidence
| 230 |
The Sowers of the Thunder
| 0 |
3,734,266 |
# Minervén S.C.
**Minervén Sport Club**, formerly **Minervén Bolívar Fútbol Club**, usually known as **Minervén**, was a Venezuelan football club.
## History
The club was founded on January 15, 1985, in Puerto Ordaz. In 2004 were replaced by Club Deportivo Iberoamericano. On July 27, 2007, they changed the name again to Minervén Bolívar Fútbol Club. The ran into financial trouble and changed their name to Minervén Sport Club, after re-starting from the lowest professional division in 2015. They folded in 2022.
## Stadium
The club plays their home matches at Estadio Hector Thomas, in the city of El Callao, which has a maximum capacity of 5,000 people. In the golden era of the club, the high-profile games or those in continental competitions, where played at Polideportivo Cachamay in Ciudad Guayana. The later is shared with Mineros de Guayana, another football club of Bolívar state, and Minerven\'s biggest rival
| 148 |
Minervén S.C.
| 0 |
3,734,325 |
# Agrarian Party of Ukraine
**Agrarian Party of Ukraine** (*Аграрна партія України*) is a centre-right agrarian and liberal-conservative political party in Ukraine, led by the former People\'s Deputy of Ukraine Mykhailo Poplavskyi since 12 June 2020. Formally founded in 1996, this Agrarian Party has been revived in October 2006 and was legally registered as a party by the Ministry of Justice in November.
## History
Initially Agrarian Party of Ukraine was created and registered in 1996, but soon after electing Volodymyr Lytvyn the party was renamed couple of times and now is known as the People\'s Party.
In 2006 the \"Agrarian Party\" was resuscitated by registering anew. The party was headed by Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko MP\'s Mikhail Zubets and Mikhail Gladius. In August 2006 they became part of the parliamentary coalition supporting the Second Yanukovych government.
Between 2010 and 2014, the party is chaired alternately by members of the First and Second Azarov government: Deputy Prime Minister for Agricultural Policy Viktor Slauta and Deputy Minister of Agrarian Ivan Bysyuk.
In the 2010 Ukrainian local elections, the party gains 15th place in Ukraine: 410 members are elected into local councils.
In 2014, Vitaliy Skotsyk became chairman of the party.
In 2015, Agrarian Party was among the most active during local elections and placed fifth among all parties nationwide by number of representatives.
From March 2016 until January 2018 veteran politician Roman Bezsmertnyi was one of the party leaders of the Agrarian Party of Ukraine.
According to the Agrarian Party party leader Skotsyk was expelled from the party on 12 September 2018 for \"actions that harm the authority and discredit the governing body of the party and the party as a whole\". Deputy leader of APU\'s Kirovohrad regional branch, Yurii Krutko was elected as Skotsyk\'s successor.
On 3 January 2019, Skotsyk did file documents with the Central Election Commission for registration as a candidate for the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election; claiming to do so as a candidate of the Agrarian Party. The following day the party denied this because they had expelled him. The Central Election Commission registered Skotsyk as a candidate on 8 January, he was registered as a self-nominated candidate.
In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party gained 0.51% of the national vote and no parliamentary seats. However, a self-nominated member of the party, Ivan Chaikivskyi has won an election in the №165 single-member district. After the election, Chaikivskyi has joined the For the Future parliamentary group, later joining the newly-founded party based on the parliamentary group.
Before 2020 Ukrainian local elections, the party has announced that it has elected a pop singer, No.1 in APU\'s list for the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Mykhailo Poplavskyi as its new leader. In the local elections itself the party has won 355 deputies (312 directly, and 43 through self-nominated candidates), accounting for 0,82% of all seats available that election, losing as much as about 3000 deputies, compared to the previous local elections result.
## Ideology
Party describes itself as \"an effective center-right liberal-conservative party of the European type, built on democratic principles \"from the bottom up\". According to the APU\'s website, it is a \"party based on traditional spiritual, moral and legal values, inviolability of private property, limitation of state intervention, development of local self-government\". Party is promoting mixed economy, while also actively standing against land market, protesting against it in 2017, and publicly addressing President Volodymyr Zelensky, to refuse any law draft proposals on land market and ban the possibility to sell land to foreigners and oligarchs completely.
## Leadership
- Mykhailo Zubets (7 October 2006 -- 11 September 2010)
- Viktor Slauta (11 September 2010 -- 3 July 2012)
- Ivan Bisyuk (3 July 2012 -- 20 September 2014)
- Vitaliy Skotsyk (20 September 2014 -- 12 September 2018)
- Yurii Krutko (12 September 2018 -- 12 June 2020)
- Mykhailo Poplavskyi (12 June 2020 -- present)
| 647 |
Agrarian Party of Ukraine
| 0 |
3,734,325 |
# Agrarian Party of Ukraine
## Election results {#election_results}
### Verkhovna Rada {#verkhovna_rada}
Year Votes \% Seats won +/- Government
------ -------- ------ ----------- ----- ------------
2012 16,225 0.08
2019 75,509 0
| 32 |
Agrarian Party of Ukraine
| 1 |
3,734,332 |
# Chuncheon Civic Stadium
**Chuncheon Stadium** (*춘천종합운동장*) was a multi-purpose stadium located in Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea. It was built in 1980 to hold Korean Junior Sports Festival. It also held Korean National Sports Festival twice, in 1985 and 1996. The stadium had a capacity of 35,000 people. In December 2008, because of the deterioration of its equipment, the stadium was demolished, and a new stadium, Chuncheon Stadium, was built in another place
| 73 |
Chuncheon Civic Stadium
| 0 |
3,734,334 |
# Rois, Spain
**Rois** is a municipality of northwestern Spain in the province of A Coruña in the autonomous community of Galicia. It belongs to the comarca of Sar and it is located in the Southwest of the province of A Coruña
| 42 |
Rois, Spain
| 0 |
3,734,343 |
# Haunted House (pinball)
***Haunted House*** is a pinball game released in October 31 1982 by Gottlieb. It was the first game with three playfields that the ball can move between, including one below the main playing surface. *Haunted House* was designed by John Osborne, with artwork by Terry Doerzaph. It is part of Gottlieb's "System 80" series of pinball machines.
## Description
*Haunted House* has three playfields (a mini underground playfield, a main playfield, and an upper playfield.), eight flippers, at unique angles, four pop bumpers, two kick-out holes, a secret passage (a false target that drops down after impact to allow entrance to cellar.), a trap door that opens for ball, a lightning animation in the backglass and kicking bat targets. The lower playfield of *Haunted House* is accessible any time during the game, and the ball(s) can travel between all three playfields. Each playfield is themed to be a part of a haunted house, the main level being the main floor, the lower level being the cellar, and the upper level being the attic.
The ball can only be lost from the main playfield, as the ball draining on the attic or cellar playfields will always be returned to another playfield for play to continue.
## Sound effects {#sound_effects}
*Haunted House* employed segments of the Bach organ piece, *Toccata and Fugue in D minor*: during the game\'s start (the pronounced opening of the Toccata); during the game itself (a repeated playback of part of the Toccata where the tune alternates quickly between one fixed note and others within the D Minor key); and when the game ends (the famous ending of the Fugue).
## Reception
In Japan, *Game Machine* listed *Haunted House* on their June 1, 1983 issue as being the sixth most-successful flipper unit of the year.
## Digital versions {#digital_versions}
*Haunted House* pinball is available as a licensed table of *The Pinball Arcade* for several platforms. The table is also one of seven Gottlieb tables recreated in *Microsoft Pinball Arcade*. The demo version of the computer game has *Haunted House* as the only playable table
| 350 |
Haunted House (pinball)
| 0 |
3,734,347 |
# Masan Stadium
The **Masan Stadium** (*마산종합운동장*) was a multi-purpose stadium in Changwon, South Korea. The stadium has a capacity of 21,484 people. The stadium opened in 1982 and has a gymnasium, indoor swimming pool, and tennis courts. It is currently used mostly for football matches.
The stadium was demolished in 2016.
## Gallery
<File:Masanstadium> 1.JPG\|Masan Stadium <File:Masanstadium> 2
| 59 |
Masan Stadium
| 0 |
3,734,350 |
# Uijeongbu Sports Complex
**Uijeongbu Sports Complex** is a multi-purpose stadium in Uijeongbu, South Korea. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The **Uijeongbu Stadium** has a capacity of 28,000 people
| 32 |
Uijeongbu Sports Complex
| 0 |
3,734,355 |
# Latakia Municipal Stadium
**Latakia Municipal Stadium** (*الملعب البلدي*) is a multi-purpose stadium in Latakia, Syria. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 28,000 spectators. The stadium was opened in 1978 and completely renovated in 2004. It is home to Syrian Premier League football clubs Hutteen SC and Tishreen SC.
The stadium was home to the final match of the football competition at the 1987 Mediterranean Games. Until the fall of the Assad regime in 2024, the Stadium was named *Al-Assad Stadium*
| 89 |
Latakia Municipal Stadium
| 0 |
3,734,372 |
# Alexandria City Public Schools
**Alexandria City Public Schools** (**ACPS**) is a school division which is funded by the government of Alexandria, Virginia, United States.
## Administration
The current superintendent, appointed by the school board, is Dr. Melanie Kay-Wyatt, who began in that position on July 1, 2023. She was previously the chief of human resources in ACPS after joining the school system in 2021 and then served as the interim superintendent.
### School Board {#school_board}
There are nine members of the Alexandria City Public School Board. All members of the board are elected by district every three years, and the chair is appointed by the board. There are also two student representatives.
#### Members
*District A*
- Tim Beaty
- Jacinta Greene
- Michelle Rief, chair
*District B*
- Kelly Carmichael Booz, vice chair
- Tammy Ignacio
- Ashley Simpson Baird
*District C*
- Meagan L. Alderton
- Abdel-Rahman Elnoubi
- Christopher Harris
## History
The first school offering public education in Alexandria was founded in 1785, the Washington Free School, partly funded by George Washington.
Although the desegregation process began in 1959 when nine black school children entered all-white Theodore Ficklin Elementary School after an NAACP lawsuit, it was not until 1974 that Superintendent John Albohm announced \"This year, we have finally reorganized our elementary schools and, in a broad sense, have completed the desegregation of our school system kindergarten through grade 12\".
In November 2020, the school board unanimously voted to rename T. C. Williams High School and Matthew Maury Elementary School, with name selection coming before the 2021--22 school year. This follows years of community efforts to rename T. C. Williams because its namesake, a former superintendent of Alexandria City Public Schools, was a supporter of racial segregation in schools.
In March 2021, the superintendent put forward two final names after community input: \"Alexandria High School\" and \"Naomi Brooks Elementary School\", after a former teacher who died in 2020. The school board voted in April 2021 to change the school\'s names to Alexandria City High School and Naomi L. Brooks Elementary School.
## Schools
The Alexandria City Public Schools consists of the following schools.
### Elementary schools {#elementary_schools}
- John Adams Elementary School (Grades PreK--5)
- Charles Barrett Elementary School (Grades PreK--5), named for Charles D. Barrett, a Marine officer killed in World War II who had lived in Alexandria
- Ferdinand T. Day Elementary School, named after civil rights icon Ferdinand T. Day, who was the first African American elected chair of a public school board
- Cora Kelly School for Math, Science and Technology (Grades PreK--5), named for local former teacher Cora Webster Kelly
- Lyles-Crouch Traditional Academy
- Douglas MacArthur Elementary School
- George Mason Elementary School
- Naomi L. Brooks Elementary School
- Mount Vernon Community School
- James K. Polk Elementary School
- William Ramsay Elementary School (Grades PreK--5)
- Samuel W. Tucker Elementary School, named for Alexandria native and notable civil rights lawyer Samuel W. Tucker
### K--8 schools {#k8_schools}
- Patrick Henry PreK-8 School (Grades PreK--8)
- Jefferson-Houston PreK-8 IB School (Grades PreK--8)
### Middle schools {#middle_schools}
- George Washington Middle School
- Francis C. Hammond Middle School, named for Francis C
| 533 |
Alexandria City Public Schools
| 0 |
3,734,373 |
# Sir John Barker, 1st Baronet
**Sir John Barker, 1st Baronet** (6 April 1840 -- 16 December 1914) was a British entrepreneur of the late 19th and early 20th century. He was the founder of the Barkers department store in Kensington, London, United Kingdom.
## Early life {#early_life}
John Barker was born on 6 April 1840 in Loose, Kent, England. He grew up in Maidstone, where his father, Joseph Barker, was a brewer. He was apprenticed as a draper in Maidstone for three years.
## Career
Barker began his career by working as a draper in Folkestone and Dover. In 1858, he worked for Spencer, Turner & Boldero in Marylebone, London. He subsequently worked for William Whiteley on Westbourne Grove in Bayswater, London. After Whiteley refused to partner with Barker, the latter decided to open a store on Kensington High Street with Sir James Whitehead, 1st Baronet instead. As a result, the two men founded Barkers of Kensington. It became a public company known as John Barker & Co Ltd in 1894.
Barker was an Alderman of the first London County Council and Liberal MP for Maidstone 1900--1901, and for the now abolished constituency of Penryn and Falmouth in Cornwall from 1906 to 1910. He was awarded a baronetcy in 1908.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
Barker lived at The Grange, Rye Street, Bishop\'s Stortford. Its grounds included what is now Grange Park and Broadfield. His daughter Annie married Tresham Gilbey, one of the sons of Sir Walter Gilbey.
Barker died on 16 December 1914
| 256 |
Sir John Barker, 1st Baronet
| 0 |
3,734,374 |
# Maputaland coastal forest mosaic
The **Maputaland coastal forest mosaic** is a subtropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion on the Indian Ocean coast of Southern Africa. It covers an area of 29,961 km2 in southern Mozambique, Eswatini, and the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. Mozambique\'s capital Maputo lies within the ecoregion.
## Geography
The Maputaland coastal forest mosaic occupies the humid coastal strip along the Indian Ocean, inland to the Lebombo Mountains for much of its length. This is part of a strip of moist coastal forests that extend along Africa\'s Indian Ocean coast from southern Somalia to South Africa. The northern limit of the ecoregion is north of the mouth of the Limpopo River, near Xai-Xai in Mozambique, where the forests transition to the Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic. The southern limit is near the St Lucia estuary in KwaZulu-Natal, where the Maputaland forests transition to the Kwazulu-Cape coastal forest mosaic.
## Climate
The ecoregion has a seasonally moist, tropical to subtropical climate. Rainfall ranges from 1000 mm per year near the coast to less than 600 mm per year inland. Most of the rain falls in the summer months. The coastal strip includes areas of wetland, the largest of which is Lake St. Lucia, the largest estuarine system in Africa.
## Flora
The ecoregion comprises a mosaic of many different plant communities, from the forest of the Lemombo Mountains through savanna, woodland, palm veld, grassland, sand dunes with patches of dense sand forest, and wetland habitats. The flora of the region includes a number of endemic species.
## Fauna
The 100 species of mammal found here include the African elephant (*Loxodonta africana*), now contained in reserves along the coast, and large predators, of which leopard (*Panthera pardus*) are the most common. More than 470 bird species are found here, of which 4 are endemic and 43 near-endemic.
## Threats and preservation {#threats_and_preservation}
The South African portion of this region is under threat of change due to increasing population and the introduction of foreign plant species such as the shrub *Chromolaena odorata*, Australian acacias, guava (*Psidium guajava*), pines and eucalyptus. In Mozambique this coast is not so heavily populated but the area is affected by forestry and other projects including the Pongolapoort Dam and irrigation schemes.
According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, 14% of the ecoregion is protected in reserves. Protected areas in the ecoregion include iSimangaliso Wetland Park (formerly Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park -- 3,280 km^2^) in KwaZulu-Natal, and Maputo Special Reserve (900 km^2^) in Mozambique, which has lost most of its large mammals and is being increasingly settled. There are plans to link the Maputo Reserve with Tembe Elephant Park of South Africa in the large cross-border Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area, which would allow elephants to roam more freely. There is little game left along this coast outside of the reserves
| 476 |
Maputaland coastal forest mosaic
| 0 |
3,734,380 |
# Chunyun
**Chunyun** (`{{zh|t=春運|s=春运|p=Chūnyùn|first=t}}`{=mediawiki}; literally translated as "Spring transportation"), also referred to as the **Spring Festival travel rush** or the **Chunyun period**, is a period of travel in China with extremely high traffic load around the time of the Chinese New Year. The travel season in China usually begins 15 days before New Year\'s Day and lasts for around 40 days. In 2016 it was predicted that there would be 2.9 billion passenger journeys during that year\'s Chunyun season. It has been called the largest annual human migration in the world. Rail transport experiences the biggest challenge during the period, and several problems have emerged. This phenomenon is also seen in parts of Asia such as Japan, Vietnam and South Korea. `{{annual_human_migration_world_map.svg}}`{=mediawiki}
## Origin
Three main factors are responsible for the heightened traffic load during the Chunyun season.
First, reuniting with their families during Chinese New Year is a long-held tradition for most Chinese people. People return home from work or study to have reunion dinner with their families on New Year\'s Eve. Since the Chinese economic reforms of the late 1970s, new economic opportunities have emerged, often at a considerable distance from people\'s hometowns. Places such as the Special Economic Zones and the wealthy coastal regions offer employment and often, a more sought-after lifestyle. Consequently, there has been a massive migration from rural to urban areas over the course of the last few decades, reminiscent of the Industrial Revolution around the world. The number of these migrant workers was estimated at 50 million at 1990 and unofficially estimated at 150 million to 200 million in 2000. During the Chunyun season, many of these laborers return to their home towns.
Second, Chinese education reforms have increased the number of university students, who often study outside of their hometown. The Spring Festival holiday period falls around the same time frame as their winter break. Among the 194 million railway passengers of the 2006 Chunyun period were 6.95 million university students.
Finally, because the Spring Festival Period is one of only two week-long holiday periods in the People\'s Republic of China (the other being National Day, Oct 1), many people choose to travel for pleasure around this time. Tourism in mainland China reaches at this time of year record levels, further adding to the pressure on the transportation system.
These factors exacerbate current problems with China\'s current inter-city transportation systems. The railway network is insufficient to handle the number of passengers, and does not reach enough places. The locations not serviced by rail must rely on buses for transportation, which faces problems such as inadequate equipment and road network.
| 437 |
Chunyun
| 0 |
3,734,380 |
# Chunyun
## Impact on transportation systems and related problems {#impact_on_transportation_systems_and_related_problems}
The most affected modes of transportation are inter-city surface passenger transportation systems, namely railway and road networks. Most Chinese middle-class citizens cannot readily afford air transport. International, urban and waterway transportation are slightly affected. Until 2007, due to the high demand, the prices of tickets are increased during the period. In 2007\'s Chunyun period (Feb 4 -- March 14), however, the government imposed strict regulations against inflated prices on railway tickets.
In 2012, the PRC government announced that national highways would be toll free for Golden Week, and as a result 86 million people traveled by road (13% increase compared to the previous year). The same year, 7.6 million people traveled via domestic airlines, and 60.9 million people traveled via railway.
### Railways and buses {#railways_and_buses}
The Ministry of Railways estimated that 340 million passengers would take trains during the 2009 Chunyun period. However, the average daily capacity of the Chinese railway system is 3.4 million. The shortage of railway resources led many passengers to pay double or even triple-priced tickets from scalpers or to wait in lines for up to a day at railway stations.
Because of the extremely long waiting period, many customers become frustrated. Inquiries by customers are not always answered correctly or at all; customers are not offered many options to begin with. The same problem is found with phone lines, which saves the anxiety of waiting in line, but are severely overloaded. In Shenzhen it is estimated that 23 days worth of tickets can be gone in a matter of 14 minutes if telephone was the only method employed. An internet system is present, but at times inadequate.
To fit demand, hundreds of \"temporary trains\" (*Linke*) and hundreds of thousands of temporary buses are operated during this period, the number of ticket offices is increased and selling periods are extended to cope with the demand, with temporary booths springing up. Batch orders from schools and factories are organized to distribute tickets ahead of time. These measures, however, are generally inadequate and often tampered with. For example, during the 2005 Chunyun period, the ticket offices in Shenzhen had tens of telephone lines, and at times got millions of calls per hour. In the Guangzhou area, the number of calls reached 19.91 million per hour. Guangzhou Railway Group increased the number of telephone lines at their ticket offices to 8,000 in the 2006 Chunyun period.
Due to the basic nature of Chinese railway tickets and the loosely set limitations on the number of \"standing tickets\" (which is basically a pass to get on a crowded railway car), Scalpers (*piaofanzi* 票贩子 or *huangniu* 黄牛, lit. *yellow bull* in Chinese) profit greatly during the Chunyun season. Organizations of scalpers have emerged, and the scalpers inside the sometimes intricate network work collectively to make the most gain out of the tickets. They pick up tickets in great numbers minutes after they go on sale, and then deal them out in and around the railway station at inflated prices. A significant problem has also emerged with the illegal dealing of tickets through obsolete ticket modification or even printing outright fake tickets using computer technology. Measures have been put in place to prevent fake tickets, and the government has issued many warnings and begun various campaigns to crack down on the scalpers.
There is also a greater risk for theft and fraud during the Chunyun season. Passenger supervision and checks on luggage become stricter. The common belief in the safety of railway travel is undermined by the fact that many railway cars are severely overcrowded. Bus companies, in order to gain a bigger profit, overwork the bus drivers on irregular schedules, overloading people every round, causing a higher accident rate. Trains also face a problem with scheduling, as an overcrowded network cannot ensure the overall accuracy of train schedules, and some trains are habitually late hours at a time, cause unease and frustration with passengers. The government has taken to passing legislation to regulate late trains, and make a public notice and apology for late trains mandatory.
The passenger flow during the Chunyun season is usually imbalanced. Before the Spring Festival, passengers usually gather in developed coastal cities, railway interchange cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou, and basically flow from more developed urban areas to less developed rural areas. The passenger flow direction is reversed after the Spring Festival. In addition, passenger flow is very sensitive to disruption, such as bad weather. In 2007, round-trip train tickets became available for college students.
Severe snow storms in late January 2008 stranded many thousands of migrant workers as they attempted to get home. At one time over 100,000 people were at the main railway station in the southern city of Guangzhou. Around 1.3 million troops and reservists were drafted in around the country to clear blocked roads and rail lines to enable people to travel.
Except for the existing transportation options, the Chunyun season has been a hot topic in academic research fields seeking for alternative transportation possibilities like nationwide ridesharing system.
### \"Real name and ID\" requirement for train tickets {#real_name_and_id_requirement_for_train_tickets}
Despite initial opposition from the Chinese Ministry of Railways, train tickets were upgraded in late 2009 to accommodate QR codes on a ticket, thus enabling personal information to be stored. This would link the ticket with its legal purchaser, paving the way for a \"real name and ID\" requirement to be implemented. Such a policy went into effect on a trial basis beginning early 2010 (for the duration of the Chunyun period on all non high-speed trains). In 2011, the \"real name and ID\" requirement expanded to more cities in China, and was made permanent for the Wuhan-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway even after the Chunyun period. The requirement became mandatory for all CRH high speed trains with effect from June 1, 2011 and was expanded to nearly all passenger trains on January 1, 2012. It is now policy for station staff and rail police to check all riders against their document of identity and to deny boarding to those without a ticket or with no linked ID.
As a result, stations that see large passenger flow, such as the Beijing West railway station, are obliged to set up extra ticket inspection counters to allow only legal holders of train tickets to enter the waiting area or the station area at all, especially during the Spring Festival travel peak. The result has been a requirement for more passengers to arrive earlier at stations. It did not completely eradicate scalpers, but did reduce their activity significantly.
| 1,104 |
Chunyun
| 1 |
3,734,380 |
# Chunyun
## Impact on transportation systems and related problems {#impact_on_transportation_systems_and_related_problems}
### Air
Air transportation is less affected as most travelers are workers who cannot afford air transport, but nevertheless the Chunyun impact on air is increasing, especially the development of low-cost carrier make more people affordable to air tickets.
In 2008 roughly 28 million passengers used air transportation as their method of travel inside China. Xiamen Airlines, for example, added nearly 210 flights to its roster during the Chunyun season, with thirty flights especially placed to Hong Kong and Macau and another ten flights to international destinations in Southeast Asia and Korea. Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China were also permitted during this period before regular year-round flights were established. To prevent accidents in the air, the Chinese government has brought in very strict regulations on overloading planes and red-eye flights. The General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC) estimates at least 36 million passengers will fly during the 2009 Chunyun period.
## Taiwan
In Taiwan, spring travel is also a major event.
The majority of transportation before the Lunar New Year in western Taiwan is southbound long distance travel, in which people travel from the urbanized north to their hometowns in the rural south. Transportation in eastern Taiwan and between Taiwan and outlying islands is somewhat less convenient. Cross-strait flights between Taiwan and mainland China began in 2003 as part of Three Links, mostly for \"Taiwanese businessmen\" to return to Taiwan for the New Year. After the New Year, there are many local family tours throughout the holidays. On the second and the third day, there is a second wave of medium-long distance travel when the families go to the hometowns of the wives. Near the end of the holidays there is a wave of northbound returning travels which is less concentrated than the southbound travels. In 2012, on the second day of the Lunar New Year, there were an estimated 3 million cars on the island\'s freeways, and on the 8th day (the Friday of the holiday week) there were \"2.7 million vehicles, about 1.7 times the average daily traffic volume of about 1.6 million.\"
| 360 |
Chunyun
| 2 |
3,734,380 |
# Chunyun
## Vietnam
The Vietnamese New Year or Tết is the main traveling season for millions of Vietnamese with both migrant workers and urbanites seeking to *về quê*, meaning returning to hometown, to reunite with their families. Large number of people also go on holidays during this period. Numerous travel agencies warn against traveling in Vietnam during the season of Tet due to large number of Vietnamese traveling home makes finding space on buses or planes very difficult. In 2019, air travel demand increased by 12 percent to 12 million passengers for the New Year festival
| 97 |
Chunyun
| 3 |
3,734,384 |
# Estádio Palma Travassos
**Estádio Dr. Francisco de Palma Travassos**, usually known as **Estádio Palma Travassos**, is a multi-use stadium in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. It is currently used mostly for football matches and it is the home stadium of Comercial. The stadium has a capacity of 34,800 people. It was built in 1964.
Estádio Palma Travassos is owned by Comercial Futebol Clube (Ribeirão Preto). The stadium is named after Francisco de Palma Travassos, who donated the groundplot where the stadium was built.
## History
In 1964, the works on Estádio Palma Travassos were completed. The inaugural match was played on November 10 of that year, when Santos beat Comercial 3-2. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Comercial\'s Paulo Bin.
The stadium\'s attendance record currently stands at 32,400, set on July 20, 1986 when Comercial and Botafogo drew 0-0
| 141 |
Estádio Palma Travassos
| 0 |
3,734,392 |
# Taquarão
**Estádio Municipal Adail Nunes da Silva**, usually known by its nickname **Taquarão**, is a multi-use stadium in Taquaritinga, Brazil. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 18,805 people. It was built in 1983.
The Taquarão is owned by the Taquaritinga City Hall. The stadium is named after Adail Nunes da Silva, who was Taquaritinga city\'s mayor four times.
## History
In 1982, Taquaritinga was promoted to the Campeonato Paulista first division, but the club\'s stadium was not eligible to be used in the competition. So, the club requested to the city hall a new stadium. After just three months, the stadium was built.
In 1983, the works on Taquarão were completed. The inaugural match was played on May 1 of that year, when Taquaritinga beat Cruzeiro 5-2. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Cruzeiro\'s Douglas Onça.
The stadium\'s attendance record currently stands at 25,000, set on June 10, 1983 when Taquaritinga beat Corinthians 2-0
| 166 |
Taquarão
| 0 |
3,734,394 |
# Alfredo Nobre da Costa
**Alfredo Jorge Nobre da Costa** `{{Post-nominals||list=[[Order of Christ (Portugal)|GCC ComC]] [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic|OMRI]]}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{IPA|pt|ˈnɔβɾɨ ðɐ ˈkɔʃtɐ}}`{=mediawiki}; 10 September 1923 -- 1 April 1996) was a Portuguese engineer and politician who briefly served as prime minister of Portugal from August to November 1978.
A moderate independent center-left politician, he was appointed by President António Ramalho Eanes to serve as prime minister that would finish the four-year legislative term which had been initiated in the 1976 Portuguese legislative election. His cabinet consisted of independents. However, it failed to gain a majority in the Assembly of the Republic, and Nobre da Costa resigned few weeks after being sworn in. He was replaced by Carlos Mota Pinto.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was the only son of Alfredo Henrique Andresen da Costa (born 4 November 1893), who was Portuguese of Italian, French, Danish and Goan ancestry, and Maria Helena Nobre. He graduated from Instituto Superior Técnico.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He married Maria de Lourdes de Carvalho e Cunha Fortes da Gama on 5 May 1951 and had a single daughter, Vera Maria Nobre da Costa (born 5 February 1952). He died in 1996 after a long illness. At the time of his death he held the position of chairman at the engineering firm EFACEC
| 220 |
Alfredo Nobre da Costa
| 0 |
3,734,399 |
# Palisades Tartan
**Palisades Tartan** is a film distribution company with headquarters in both the United Kingdom and the United States. It was established by the Palisades Media Group following the collapse of Tartan Films in the summer of 2008. Palisades Tartan acquires and distributes films from Tartan Films\' library.
## History
**Tartan Films**, established in 1984, was a UK-based film distributor. Founder Hamish McAlpine is credited with creating the term \"Asia Extreme\". It also owned the US-based Tartan USA and Tartan Video. It has distributed East Asian films under the brand *Tartan Asia Extreme*. Between 1992 and 2003, Tartan Films operated under the name Metro-Tartan Distribution before reverting to Tartan Films. More recently, it has released films of other origins, under its Tartan Terror brand. These films include *Battle Royale*, the *Whispering Corridors* series, *A Tale of Two Sisters*, *The Last Horror Movie* and *Oldboy*.
**Tartan Films USA** released various internationally acclaimed films for the US market, including *Oldboy*, *Triad Election*, *The Page Turner*, *12:08 East of Bucharest*, **Red Road**, *9 Songs*, *The Death of Mr. Lazarescu*, *The Cave of the Yellow Dog*, and *Battle in Heaven*. Tartan USA\'s DVD catalogue was released through Genius Products, which was 70% owned by The Weinstein Company.
In June 2008, Tartan went into administration, laid off its employees, and ceased operations. The US branch was shut a month earlier and its library of films was sold to Palisades Media Group. Shortly after the sale, a representative of the Bryanston Distributing Company made a seven-figure cash offer to buy the company's film library, but the offer was rejected by Palisades Media.
## Releases
### Palisades Tartan {#palisades_tartan}
On 28 September 2008 the newly named **Palisades Tartan** label released its first UK DVD title (cat. no. PAL001DVD), the film **P2**, directed by Franck Khalfoun. On 7 January 2009 Palisades Tartan released *Silent Light* in the United States theatrically; it was the first US theatrical release for the company.
### Tartan Films {#tartan_films}
Prior to the take-over, Tartan had originally released all of its films, including its Asia Extreme and Tartan Terror labels on VHS. As DVD became more popular, the company chose to release solely in this format and deleted the VHS back catalogue. The Metro Tartan branch of the company dealt with theatrical distribution
| 381 |
Palisades Tartan
| 0 |
3,734,406 |
# Pacific jack mackerel
The **Pacific jack mackerel** (*Trachurus symmetricus*), also known as the **Californian jack mackerel** or simply **jack mackerel**, is an abundant species of pelagic marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. It is distributed along the western coast of North America, ranging from Alaska in the north to the Gulf of California in the south, inhabiting both offshore and inshore environments. The Pacific jack mackerel is a moderately large fish, growing to a maximum recorded length of 81 cm, although commonly seen below 55 cm. It is very similar in appearance to other members of its genus, *Trachurus*, especially *T. murphyi*, which was once thought to be a subspecies of *T. symmetricus*, and inhabits waters further south. Pacific jack mackerel travel in large schools, ranging up to 600 miles offshore and to depths of 400 m, generally moving through the upper part of the water column.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The Pacific jack mackerel is distributed through the northeastern Pacific Ocean from Alaska in the north, south to the western North American seaboard to the Baja California peninsula in the Gulf of California. It has been reported as far south as the Galápagos Islands, but at these latitudes it would be sympatric with *T. murphyi*, possibly resulting in confusion of the two species. Pacific jack mackerel occur in both pelagic and inshore environments, often venturing up to 600 miles offshore and to known depths of 400 m. In more coastal environments, they are known to inhabit bays and very shallow waters.
## Description
The Pacific jack mackerel is very similar to all other members of *Trachurus* and a number of other carangid genera, having an elongated, slightly compressed body with both the dorsal and ventral profiles of the body having the same degree of curvature. It is a medium-to-large-sized fish, growing to a maximum known length of 81 cm (32 in), although more commonly below 55 cm. The two separate dorsal fins are composed of eight spines and one spine followed by 31 to 35 soft rays, respectively. The anal fin is composed of two spines anteriorly detached followed by one spine connected to 26 to 30 soft rays. In some larger individuals, the last few rays at the posterior of the soft dorsal and anal fins are almost entirely separate from the rest of the fin, forming finlets. The caudal fin is strongly forked, typical amongst Carangidae, while the ventral fin consists of one spine and five soft rays. The pectoral fin terminates before the front of the anal fin, having 22 to 24 rays in total. The lateral line dips strongly after the pectoral fin, having 50 to 53 scales on the upper section and 43 to 52 keeled scutes posteriorly. The species\' teeth are minute, with a patch of teeth on the tongue in a narrow club-shaped strip. There are 24 vertebrae in total.
Pacific jack mackerel are metallic blue to olive-green dorsally, becoming more silvery ventrally, before transitioning to a white belly. The top of the head and area near eye is quite dark with a dark spot on the upper rear of the gill cover. The fins are mostly hyaline to dusky, although caudal fin may be yellow to reddish.
## Relationship to humans {#relationship_to_humans}
Pacific jack mackerel are fished commercially as well as for sport. They are often caught on baited hook from piers and boats, and also while salmon trolling. Commercial fishing occurs along the coast. Large individuals often move inshore and north in the summer. Pacific jack mackerel is canned in the same manner as salmon. Fish are cleaned, gutted and finned, then packed into cans with salt and water.`{{Citation needed paragraph|date=April 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
### History
Before 1947, the pacific jack mackerel was of minor importance. It was referred to as the horse mackerel, and had little market appeal. However, in 1948, the US Food and Drug Administration decided to allow the use of \"jack mackerel\" on all labeling, and that affected its appeal. The new label, combined with low catches of Pacific sardine in 1947-48 and increased catches of pacific jack mackerel during the same time, resulted in the fish gaining importance. In the past, mackerel consumption was considered a sign of low income. In the segregated American South, it was often associated with African Americans. Today, most of these stereotypes are gone.
### As food {#as_food}
Pacific jack mackerel tastes similar to canned sardines. It may be used interchangeably with salmon or tuna in recipes. Jack mackerel is considered safer to consume than tuna because it is a smaller fish, and not a top predator, thus avoiding accumulation of heavy metals such as mercury.
| 777 |
Pacific jack mackerel
| 0 |
3,734,406 |
# Pacific jack mackerel
## Taxonomy and naming {#taxonomy_and_naming}
The Pacific jack mackerel is classified within the genus *Trachurus*, commonly known as the horse mackerels or jack mackerels. *Trachurus* is part of the jack family Carangidae, which is classified within the order Carangiformes. Recent genetic studies have divided the Carangidae into four subfamilies, with the genus *Trachurus* falling into Caranginae (or tribe Carangini), being most closely related to the \'scads\' of the genera *Decapterus* and *Selar*.
The species was first scientifically described by William Orville Ayres in 1855 based on the holotype specimen taken from San Francisco Bay, California. He named the species *Caranx symmetricus*, correctly identifying its relationship to the jacks, but incorporating it into what was later found to be the wrong genus. The fish was redescribed in 1944 under a different name, *Decapterus polyaspis*, from a specimen caught in Oregon, which under the ICZN rules classifies as a junior synonym, and it is therefore discarded. In 1983, *C. symmetricus* was transferred to *Trachurus symmetricus* by William N. Eschmeyer and Earl Herald. The species has twice been treated as a subspecies; once as *Trachurus picturatus symmetricus* (a subspecies of the blue jack mackerel), and the second more commonly used subspecies of *Trachurus symmetricus symmetricus*. For many years, the latter was accepted as a valid combination, with *Trachurus symmetricus murphyi* considered to be a southern subspecies population. Mitochondrial DNA analysis has now confirmed these subspecies to be separate species, with *T. s. murphyi* now simply *Trachurus murphyi*, the Inca scad. The divergence time of these two species was deemed relatively recent, at around 250,000 years ago.
*T
| 268 |
Pacific jack mackerel
| 1 |
3,734,410 |
# Estádio Mário Helênio
**Estádio Municipal Radialista Mário Helênio**, also known as **Estádio Mário Helênio**, and as **Estádio Municipal de Juiz de Fora**, is a multi-use stadium in Juiz de Fora, Brazil. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 31,863 people. It was built in 1988.
The stadium is owned by the Juiz de Fora City Hall. The stadium is named after the Juiz de Fora radio broadcaster Mário Helênio.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the stadium was used by the big clubs of Rio de Janeiro (Botafogo, Flamengo, Fluminense, and Vasco da Gama) due to the great number of supporters in the city.
## History
In 1988, the works on the stadium were completed. The inaugural match was played on October 30 of that year, when Sport Juiz de Fora beat Tupi 2--0. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Sport\'s André.
The stadium\'s attendance record stands at 62,180, set on October 30, 1988 when Sport Juiz De Fora and Tupi drew 2--0.
On December 2, 1989, at Estádio Radialista Mário Helênio, Zico played his last official match for Flamengo. Flamengo beat Fluminense 5--0
| 197 |
Estádio Mário Helênio
| 0 |
3,734,432 |
# Estadio Deportivo Cali
**Estadio Deportivo Cali**, also called **Estadio de Palmaseca**, is a football stadium located in Palmira, Colombia. The stadium opened in 2010, and is the home of Deportivo Cali. Its original capacity was for 61,890 people, but it was reduced to 52,000 due to renovations. Since construction, it has been one of the largest stadiums of the country, although the installation of 12,000 seats in its western and eastern stands before the start of the 2018 season further reduced capacity to 42,000. Due to issues involving evacuation safety and limited access roads to the stadium, its capacity is capped at 25,000 as of 2017.
The construction of the Deportivo Cali stadium was halted and geographically shifted (250 metres) after remains belonging to a Pre-Columbian ancient indigenous culture were found in the area of building.
On 12 September 2021, and on the occasion of the second leg of the 2021 Liga Femenina final series between Deportivo Cali and Santa Fe, the stadium was temporarily renamed *Estadio Deportivo Cali -- Myriam Guerrero* to honor Myriam Guerrero, a pioneer of women\'s football in Colombia who was the first team captain and only female manager of the Colombia women\'s national football team
| 201 |
Estadio Deportivo Cali
| 0 |
3,734,440 |
# Cantons of the Indre department
The following is a list of the 13 **cantons of the Indre department**, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015: `{{div col|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Ardentes
- Argenton-sur-Creuse
- Le Blanc
- Buzançais
- Châteauroux-1
- Châteauroux-2
- Châteauroux-3
- La Châtre
- Issoudun
- Levroux
- Neuvy-Saint-Sépulchre
- Saint-Gaultier
- Valençay
| 63 |
Cantons of the Indre department
| 0 |
3,734,451 |
# Estadio General Santander
**General Santander Stadium** (*Estadio General Santander)* is a multi-purpose stadium in Cúcuta, Colombia. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 32,163 people. It is named in honour of Francisco de Paula Santander
| 43 |
Estadio General Santander
| 0 |
3,734,453 |
# The Shadow of the Vulture
***The Shadow of the Vulture*** is a short story by American writer Robert E. Howard, first published in *The Magic Carpet Magazine*, January 1934. The story introduces the character of Red Sonya of Rogatino , who later became the inspiration for the Marvel Comics character Red Sonja, archetype of the chainmail-bikini clad female warrior.
Unlike Howard\'s better-known fantasy work, \"The Shadow of the Vulture\" is historical fiction, set in the 16th century. It uses the career of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (also known as Sultan Suleiman I), the aftermath of the Battle of Mohács (1526) and the later Siege of Vienna of 1529 as a backdrop for imaginary characters and events.
## Plot
In Istanbul, the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent sends home members of a Holy Roman diplomatic envoy whom he has kept imprisoned for nine months. He recognizes one of the members, however; a knight by the name of Gottfried Von Kalmbach, who had seriously wounded him during the Battle of Mohács. The Ottoman Grand Vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha entrusts the widely feared soldier, Mikhal Oglu, with hunting down Von Kalmbach and retrieving his head.
Mikhal Oglu and his warriors raid the countryside between the Ottoman Empire and Vienna in preparation for Suleiman\'s attack on the city. They attack a small Danubian village, in which Von Kalmbach had been sleeping off the previous night\'s drinking. He fights his way free, and rides for Vienna, where the townspeople are preparing for the arrival of Suleiman.
The full Ottoman army arrives, and the siege begins. Von Kalmbach fights the encroaching Turkish soldiers atop the walls. He meets a belligerent, red-haired woman who fights alongside the men -- \'Red\' Sonya of Rogatino, revealed to be the sister of Suleiman\'s favourite harem girl, Hurrem Sultan. When one fight against a number of Turks proves to be overwhelming, she comes to Von Kalmbach\'s aid.
Later, there is a lull in the siege and the defenders content themselves with drinking wine in the city square. Red Sonya insults Von Kalmbach, and an argument breaks out. Drunk and furious, Von Kalmbach spurs the men into an impromptu attack on the Ottoman encampment outside the city. Coincidentally, the drunken raid thwarts a surprise attack planned by the sultan, to have been assisted by traitors within the walls of Vienna.
The sultan eventually concedes defeat, and the Ottoman army prepares to leave. Von Kalmbach, however, is drugged and kidnapped by the traitors in Vienna -- an Armenian merchant and his son, who had been in communication with the Sultan\'s vizier and hoped to claim the knight\'s head. Red Sonya comes to Von Kalmbach\'s aid yet again. She blackmails the Armenian into delivering a message to Mikhal Oglu, who was serving as vanguard for the capitulating Ottoman army. Oglu receives the message and, believing Von Kalmbach to be alone and not too far away from his position, leaves the column with a small contingent. He is met, however, by an Austrian ambush.
In Istanbul, Suleiman is holding celebrations in honour of his \'victory\' in central Europe. He receives a strange package in the mail, and Ibrahim opens it, hoping it to be the head of Von Kalmbach. It turns out to be the severed head of Mikhal Oglu, and included is a belittling note from Red Sonya and Von Kalmbach.
## Setting
The story is set around the Battle of Mohács and the later Siege of Vienna (1529), with Suleiman the Magnificent\'s attack into Europe.
| 584 |
The Shadow of the Vulture
| 0 |
3,734,453 |
# The Shadow of the Vulture
## Red Sonya of Rogatino {#red_sonya_of_rogatino}
In the story, Red Sonya of Rogatino is a gun-slinging warrior woman of Polish-Ukrainian origin with a grudge against the Ottoman sultan. She has the eponymous red hair and a fiery temper to match. It was revealed in the narrative that she was sibling to the favourite of Sulemain himself, the Ruthenian harem girl Roxelana, who ended up marrying him as his sole legal wife.
Howard\'s Red Sonya had no connection to his Conan the Barbarian character. Roy Thomas and Barry Smith, in Marvel Comics\' *Conan the Barbarian* title, created a new character from the Hyborian Age inspired by Red Sonya named **Red Sonja**, whose descendant **Mary Jane Watson** could take her form. \"Shadow of the Vulture\" itself was adapted by Marvel as a Conan and Red Sonja story of the same title in *Conan the Barbarian* #23 (February 1973).
Additionally, the 1985 film *Red Sonja*, which took place in the Hyborian Age, states in the opening credits, \"Based on the character created by Robert E. Howard\", making this film another link between Red Sonja and the Hyborian Age
| 191 |
The Shadow of the Vulture
| 1 |
3,734,474 |
# Domingos Oliveira
**Domingos Augusto Alves da Costa Oliveira** `{{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Order of the Tower and Sword|GCTE]]}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{IPA|pt|duˈmĩɡuʒ ðɐ ˈkɔʃtɐ ɔliˈvɐjɾɐ}}`{=mediawiki}; 31 July 1873 -- 24 December 1957) was a Portuguese general and politician.
## Career
He was nominated, on 21 January 1930, Prime Minister of Portugal (President of the Council of Ministers) during the period of the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) that preceded the Estado Novo (New State). A conservative, he opposed all the attempts to restore democracy, like the failed military uprising of April and May 1931 in Madeira and the Azores Islands. The popularity and political role demonstrated by the Finance Minister, António de Oliveira Salazar, led him to resign on 25 June 1932, to be replaced by Salazar, who would retain the post for the following 36 years.
He was awarded the Grand Cross of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword and the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Aviz in 1931
| 157 |
Domingos Oliveira
| 0 |
3,734,482 |
# Markaziy Stadium (Namangan)
**Markaziy Stadium** is a multi-use stadium in Namangan, Uzbekistan. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 22,000 people. It is the home stadium of PFC Navbahor Namangan
| 35 |
Markaziy Stadium (Namangan)
| 0 |
3,734,489 |
# Segar Bastard
**Segar Richard Bastard** (25 January 1854 -- 20 March 1921) was an English amateur association football player and referee born in Chigwell, Essex. He played football on an amateur basis for three clubs as well as playing for England once. He was also an international referee and was held in high regard throughout English football. Bastard also played county cricket for Essex County Cricket Club and Marylebone Cricket Club and was a solicitor by profession.
## Football
Bastard grew up in Bow, London, and played for Upton Park between 1873 and 1887. He also played for Trojans and Leyton. and occasionally played as a guest player for Corinthians. Like many of his contemporaries, Bastard was a player and a referee`{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki}unlike modern referees, who are neutral and have no playing connections. He refereed the 1878 FA Cup Final between Wanderers and Royal Engineers at The Oval. He also refereed England\'s first match against Wales at the same venue on 18 January 1879. In his role as a referee, Bastard was well-respected by the fans, players and his fellow referees. After refereeing the 1878 FA Cup final, he was referred to as a \"knight of the whistle\".
Bastard\'s debut as an international player came on 13 March 1880, when he played for England as an outside right against Scotland at The Oval, in which Scotland won the match 5--4. That match was his only international appearance for England. Between 1877 and 1883, Bastard was also a member of one of The Football Association\'s committees.
## Cricket
Bastard also played cricket for Essex County Cricket Club in 1881, 1882 and 1885, where he was listed on cricket scorecards as \"S. R. Bastard\". He made his debut for Essex against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at the Old County Ground, Brentwood, where he was out for a duck in his first batting innings and later scored the winning runs after coming in to bat at number three to be three not out after the MCC were forced to follow on. In his next match for Essex against Hertfordshire County Cricket Club at the Old County Ground in Brentwood, Bastard was again out for a duck in his first innings after being given out leg before wicket. Bastard\'s next match against Suffolk County Cricket Club was at Portman Road in Ipswich; he was again out for a duck in his first innings after being bowled out. This resulted in Bastard getting a king pair after he was caught out in his second innings.
After that, Bastard did not play for Essex for three years. He was recalled in 1885 to play against Northamptonshire County Cricket Club at Racecourse Ground Promenade in Northampton. Bastard was again out for a duck in his first innings but scored nine in his second innings. Bastard then became a member of the MCC. In 1886, he played his final cricket match for the MCC against his home county at the County Ground, Leyton. In his first innings, he was nine not out, and in his final innings, he was out for a duck.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
In English football culture there is a popular belief that because of his name, Bastard was the inspiration behind the football chant, \"Who\'s the bastard in the black?\", which is sung to the tune of \"Guide Me, O Thou Great Redeemer\". The chant is usually aimed by English football fans towards football referees. It is unlikely, however, that Bastard was the inspiration for the chant; the colour of the clothing he wore while refereeing was not documented, and football chants did not include verbal aggression towards officials until the 1960s, long after Bastard had died.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Bastard was born in Chigwell to Richard Bastard and Josephine Green. His family were working class; his father was a hop merchant by trade. Bastard\'s family initially ran a merchants shop and drapers in Exeter called Wholesale Linen-Drapers and Hop-Merchants until 1870, when it was dissolved by mutual consent of the family members. A law firm named Segar Bastard & Company was created as a result of Bastard\'s family ceasing to run the drapers and merchants shop, and Bastard trained and later practised as a solicitor. One of his high-profile clients was Ashanti Goldfields Corporation. Bastard was also on the boards of a number of mining companies; he was listed as a director of Escurial Copper Mines Limited and Tarkwa Main Reef Limited, while also serving as the chairman of Black Eagle Gold Mining Company Limited and Wassan Extended Gold Mines Limited. In June 1884, Bastard married Gertrude Littlewood Garrett in West Ham; they had a daughter named Florence Garrett Bastard.
Bastard was noted for gambling; he was also a fan of horse racing and is one of the first footballers and referees known to have owned a race horse. He died aged 67 in 1921 after a heart attack at Epsom railway station in Surrey. In his will, Bastard left £11,000 (approximately £`{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|11,000|1921|r=-2}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation-year|UK}}`{=mediawiki}) to his wife
| 839 |
Segar Bastard
| 0 |
3,734,511 |
# Daria Halprin
**Daria Halprin** (born December 30, 1948) is an American somatic-expressive arts therapist, author, teacher dancer, and former actress known primarily for her performances in three films of the late 1960s and early 1970s and as founding director of Tamalpa Institute.
## Early life {#early_life}
Daria Halprin was born in a Jewish family and raised in the San Francisco Bay Area, the daughter of San Francisco-based landscape architect Lawrence Halprin and choreographer Anna Halprin (née Schuman), who, in the 1950s, was one of the Western pioneers of using dance as a healing art. Like her mother, Halprin studied dance, and in the mid 1960s, began acting in film. Her paternal grandmother was Zionist leader Rose Halprin.
## Acting career {#acting_career}
In 1968, she appeared in *Revolution*, a documentary by Jack O\'Connell. Shot mainly in San Francisco, the film depicted the counterculture movement and featured a series of interviews with that city's hippie residents.
Halprin was chosen by director Michelangelo Antonioni for the lead in his second English-language feature, *Zabriskie Point*. The film, released in 1970, was a statement on the burgeoning violence in America and the growing rift between the establishment and the counterculture. Following release of the film, with her *Zabriskie Point* co-star Mark Frechette, Halprin briefly joined self-styled guru Mel Lyman, a former member of the Jim Kweskin Jug Band, and his 100-member commune.
In 1972, Halprin appeared in John Flynn\'s thriller *The Jerusalem File*. Also in 1972, she married actor/director Dennis Hopper. The marriage produced one child, Ruthanna Hopper, and the couple divorced in 1976.
## Later life {#later_life}
In the 1970s, Halprin developed an interest in creative arts therapy. In 1978, she and her mother Anna founded the Tamalpa Institute and developed the Halprin Process. She has written *The Expressive Body in Life, Art and Therapy* and *Coming Alive: The Creative Expression Method*, and she was a contributing author to *Foundations of Expressive Arts Therapy*
| 321 |
Daria Halprin
| 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.