answerdotai/enwiki · Datasets at Hugging Face

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3,732,195	# Radius rod A radius rod (also called a radius arm, torque arm, torque spring, and torsion bar) is a suspension link intended to control wheel motion in the longitudinal (fore-aft) direction. The link is connected (with a rubber or solid bushing) on one end to the wheel carrier or axle, on the other to the chassis or unibody of the vehicle. Radius rods are typically mounted ahead of the wheel. In that position they resist dive under braking forces and wheel hop under acceleration. Radius rods are also sometimes used in aircraft with fixed (non retractable) undercarriages. Radius rods in aircraft must be regularly inspected because their failure will cause unrestrained swerving of the wheel. Radius rods are customarily made of stamped steel or aluminum for lightness, as they are part of the vehicle\'s unsprung weight. Improvements in composite materials technology make possible plastic suspension links, although they are still uncommon. Other suspension components can be made to act as radius rods under certain conditions. For example, the rear suspension of the original 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado used shock absorbers to connect the rear beam axle to the frame; these shocks controlled longitudinal wheel movement, but their damping action prevented the forces of those movements from being felt by the passengers. On a vehicle with longitudinal leaf springs, such as a Hotchkiss drive suspension, the springs themselves provide some longitudinal wheel control. One or more torque arms may be added to provide supplementary wheel control, particularly for vehicles with strong torque such as drag racers. On some leaf spring-equipped vehicles, such as 1960s Chrysler Corporation cars, the springs are mounted so that a lesser portion of the spring\'s length is forward of the wheels, improving wheel control on acceleration. A side effect of such positioning is that the longer, aft portion of the springs may not be stiff enough to control wheel movement under braking forces, which can lead to pronounced wheel hop in hard stops	326	Radius rod	0
3,732,204	# College of African Wildlife Management The College of African Wildlife Management (CAWM), commonly known as Mweka College or just Mweka, is located near the village of that name on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, above the city of Moshi, about 14 kilometres north of its centre. The locality also gives its name to the Mweka Trail, one of the routes on Kilimanjaro, used for the descent. Following the independence of Tanganyika in 1961, the College of African Wildlife Management was established in 1963 by Bruce Kinloch as a pioneer institution for the training of African wildlife managers. Initial funding for Mweka was provided by the African Wildlife Leadership Foundation (now known as the African Wildlife Foundation), the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the Frankfurt Zoological Society, with facilities donated by the government of Tanganyika. Since this time, the College has trained over 5,000 wildlife managers from 52 countries worldwide (28 African countries and 24 other countries in the world), the majority are working in protected areas throughout sub-Saharan Africa. In the mid-2010s, the college\'s 30 million tanzanian shillings annual tuition fees made it inaccessible for most Tanzanian students, and the few students in attendance mostly originated from abroad. The college became more accessible when it reduced its tuition fee to less than 4 million tanzanian shillings in the late 2010s. Since then, the vast majority of the College\'s students come from Tanzania, with a minority coming from the broader SADC region. However, the college still opens its doors to all students with an interest in African wildlife management. Some alumni students also came from Western and Eastern Europe, and countries such as the United States, India, Sri Lanka, and Japan among many others. The college has two main aims: - To prepare both local and international students for work within the national parks and reserves of Tanzania and the rest of Africa. - To prepare students for work within the safari industries (photographic & hunting) within Tanzania and Africa as a whole. ## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni} - Erasto Mpemba, discoverer of the Mpemba effect, who published his results while a student at the College. - Job Ndugai, politician	363	College of African Wildlife Management	0
3,732,219	# Bare: A Pop Opera *Bare\'\', also known as*Bare: A Pop Opera\'\', is a coming-of-age sung-through musical with music by Damon Intrabartolo, lyrics by Jon Hartmere, and a book by Hartmere and Intrabartolo. The story focuses on a group of high school students and their struggles at their private Catholic boarding school. The musical was later revised as Bare: The Musical. ## Productions The musical debuted at the Hudson Theatre in Los Angeles, running from October 14, 2000 to February 25, 2001. The New York production of Bare at the American Theatre of Actors Off-Broadway, ran from April 19 to May 27, 2004. The Los Angeles and New York productions were both directed by Kristin Hanggi. A new production of the original version has been produced again in Los Angeles, this time at the Hayworth Theatre. It opened on September 6, 2013, produced by Topher Rhys and Jamie Lee Barnard for glory\\|struck Productions, directed by Calvin Remsberg, choreographed by Jen Oundjian with musical direction by Elmo Zapp. On July 6, 2017, Bare made its premiere in Brighton, an established LGBTQ destination nicknamed the \"unofficial gay capital of the UK\". Produced by Brief Hiatus, this production was directed by Conor Baum with choreography by Sarah-Leanne Humphreys, receiving critical acclaim. In the fall of 2023, the Barbara Ingram School for the Arts in Hagerstown, MD workshopped and premiered the school edition of BARE-A Pop Opera. The production was well received by community members and included a cast of 14 students. Community organizations focusing on LGBTQ+ support and suicide prevention were in attendance each performance to provide statistics and education to the audience prior to each show. The production was under the direction of Lead Theatre Teacher David Ryan.	286	Bare: A Pop Opera	0
3,732,219	# Bare: A Pop Opera ## Synopsis ### Act I {#act_i} At St. Cecilia\'s Boarding School, Peter dozes off during Mass and has a nightmare in which he is outed as gay and condemned by everyone (\"Epiphany\"). After Mass, he sees Jason, his roommate and secret lover. Jason reassures Peter about their relationship and Peter suggests that they audition for the school play (\"You & I\"). Alone, Peter reflects on his anxieties about his relationship with Jason (\"Role of a Lifetime\"). Jason shows up to the auditions for Romeo and Juliet at the last minute and competes with another student, Matt, for the part of Romeo. Drama teacher Sister Chantelle casts Jason as Romeo and Ivy as Juliet (\"Auditions\"). Nadia, Jason\'s overweight twin sister, is upset that she was cast as the Nurse and commiserates with Jason over their overbearing parents (\"Plain Jane Fat Ass\"). Matt tries to plan a small surprise birthday party for Ivy, with whom he is in love. Lucas, the school\'s party boy, organizes a trip to a rave, bringing ecstasy and other drugs (\"Wonderland\"). Insecure about her appearance, Nadia decides to stay behind (\"A Quiet Night at Home\"). At the rave, Peter dances with Jason and Ivy with Matt (\"Rolling\"). Peter tries to kiss Jason, who leads him outside. Peter wants to make their relationship public but Jason is afraid (\"Best Kept Secret\"). They kiss, but unbeknownst to them, Matt sees them together. The next morning, at Confession, Matt and Peter ask for guidance about their respective secrets: Matt about seeing the kiss and Peter about being gay (\"Confession\"). After Nadia jokes about Ivy\'s promiscuity, Ivy reflects on the way her reputation defines and confines her (\"Portrait of a Girl\"). Nadia turns Ivy\'s birthday party into a crude and uproarious event (\"Birthday, Bitch!\"). Peter unknowingly eats pot brownies and flirts with Jason. A drunk Ivy does the same and Jason chooses her over Peter to save face. Ivy asks Jason to kiss her as a birthday gift and he reluctantly agrees (\"One Kiss\"). Matt and Peter bond over their frustrations and an inebriated Peter tells Matt the secret of his relationship with Jason (\"Are You There?\"). Peter later has a vision of the Virgin Mary, in the form of Sister Chantelle, telling him that he needs to come out to his mother (\"911! Emergency!\"). At rehearsal, Matt abandons the script and tackles Jason, calling him a homophobic slur (\"Reputation Stain\'d\"). Peter asks Jason to come home with him for spring break and help him come out to his mother. Jason panics, afraid of his father finding out, and breaks up with Peter (\"Ever After\"). While Nadia sardonically sings about her dislike of spring, Peter leaves for break without speaking to Jason (\"Spring\"). Ivy apologizes to Jason for her actions at the party, but admits that she likes him and hopes for more. While Peter and Matt pine for their respective loves and Nadia wishes to be noticed, Jason sleeps with Ivy, hoping it is the right thing to do (\"One\").	505	Bare: A Pop Opera	1
3,732,219	# Bare: A Pop Opera ## Synopsis ### Act II {#act_ii} The school chapel is decorated elaborately for Peter and Jason\'s wedding. The scene turns into Jason\'s wedding to Ivy and reveals itself to be Peter\'s nightmare (\"Wedding Bells\"). Later, class ranks are posted and Jason has achieved the valedictorian spot, once again besting Matt (\"In the Hallway\"). Ivy tells Jason that though she has been with other boys before, he is her first true love. After realizing that Ivy\'s feelings are the way he feels about Peter, he breaks up with her (\"Touch My Soul\"). Peter calls his mother Claire, intending to come out. She continually evades the subject, though he suspects she already knows the truth (\"See Me\"). Claire hangs up, shaken at the confirmation of her fears, but eventually recognizes that her love for him is stronger than her religious objections (\"Warning\"). When Ivy misses rehearsal, her understudy Diane steps in but forgets her lines. Peter temporarily takes over and dances with Jason (\"Pilgrim\'s Hands\"). Ivy appears at the end of the rehearsal and insists to Jason that they need to speak privately. Sister Chantelle tells Peter that she knows what has been bothering him---that he is gay---and assures him that he is just as God wanted him to be (\"God Don\'t Make No Trash\"). Ivy tells Nadia that she is pregnant with Jason\'s child (\"All Grown Up\"). She later finds Jason practicing his graduation speech and tells him that she is pregnant and still hopes he might learn to love her back. Matt, who has overheard them, reveals that Jason is in love with Peter. Peter arrives and he, Matt, and Jason exchange heated words as the other students look on (\"Promise\"). Distraught, Jason reflects on his relationship with Peter, and how even through his fear, he knows that it is the only thing that will comfort him (\"Once Upon a Time\"). With nowhere else to go, he asks the priest at Confession if God still loves him and can forgive him. The priest tells him that he must deny his feelings (\"Cross\"). Backstage before the play, Lucas passes out drug orders to students, including Jason. Jason asks Peter to run away with him but Peter refuses, not wanting to hide anymore (\"Two Households\"). Jason, thinking that he has lost Peter for good, takes a large dose of GHB. As the play begins, he again pulls Peter aside and tells him that he has loved him since they first met. Peter tells him he loves him too and reassures him that their parting is not a permanent goodbye (\"Bare\"). As Peter delivers the Queen Mab speech, Jason becomes increasingly disoriented and begins to hallucinate (\"Queen Mab\"). During the masked ball scene, he collapses and dies in Peter\'s arms (\"A Glooming Peace\"). Peter confronts the priest about Jason\'s last visit, accusing him of failing to show compassion (\"Absolution\"). At graduation, Peter, Ivy, Matt, and Nadia wonder whether they could have prevented Jason\'s death and consider the role they played in it. They move forward into a world that will yield more questions than answers (\"No Voice\").	519	Bare: A Pop Opera	2
3,732,219	# Bare: A Pop Opera ## Characters and original casts {#characters_and_original_casts} +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Character(s) \| Los Angeles (2000) \| Off-Broadway (2004) \| Studio Recording (2007) \| Los Angeles Revival (2013) \| West End Staged Concert (2024) \| +=============================================================+========================================+======================+==========================+=============================+=================================+ \| Peter Simonds \| John Torres \| Michael Arden \| Matt Doyle \| Payson Lewis \| Laurie Kynaston \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Jason McConnell \| John Griffin \| John Hill \| James Snyder \| Jonah Platt \| Jordan Luke Gage \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Ivy Robinson \| Jenna Leigh Green \| \| \| Lindsay Pearce \| Frances Mayli McCann \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Nadia McConnell \| Keili Lefkovitz \| Natalie Joy Johnson \| Keili Lefkovitz \| Katie Stevens \| Katie Ramshaw \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Matt Lloyd \| Wallace Smith \| Aaron Lohr \| Christopher Johnson \| Nathan Parrett \| Ed Larkin \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Sister Chantelle/Virgin Mary \| Stephanie Andersen \| Romelda T. Benjamin \| Stephanie Andersen \| \| Claudia Kariuki \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Claire \| Maura M. Knowles \| Kaitlin Hopkins \| \| Alissa-Nicole Koblentz \| Cassidy Janson \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Priest \| Mark Edgar Stephens \| Jim Price \| \| John Griffin \| Adrian Hansel \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Lucas Carter \| Philip Dean Lightstone \| Adam Fleming \| Jason Ryterband \| Casey Hayden \| Jason Battersby \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Tanya Garrett/Cherub \| Charity Hill \| Sasha Allen \| Judith Hill \| Caitlin Ary \| Aoife Kenny \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Kyra/Cherub (named Brittany in 2000 Los Angeles production) \| Tassa Hampton \| Kearran Giovanni \| Carmel Echols \| Katherine Washington \| Chrissie Bhima \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Diane Lee \| Jennie Kwan \| Kay Trinidad \| Kara Maguire \| Reesa Ishiyama \| Emily Ooi \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Zack \| Reed Prescott \| Mike Cannon \| Nils Montan \| Christopher Higgins \| Jack Ofrecio \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Rory \| align=\"center\" `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} \| Lindsay Scott \| Anna Rose \| Kelsey Hainlen \| Clodagh Greene \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ \| Alan \| align=\"center\" `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} \| Isaac Calpito \| Joel Echols \| Harrison Meloeny \| Samuel Joseph Howes \| +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+	339	Bare: A Pop Opera	3
3,732,219	# Bare: A Pop Opera ## Musical numbers {#musical_numbers} Act I - \"Epiphany\" --- Company - \"You & I\" --- Jason, Peter, and Students - \"Role of a Lifetime\" --- Peter - \"Auditions\" --- Chantelle and Students - \"Plain Jane Fat Ass\"† --- Nadia and Jason - \"Wonderland\" --- Matt, Nadia, Tanya, Lucas, Ivy, Peter, and Jason - \"A Quiet Night at Home\" --- Nadia - \"Rolling\" --- Band - \"Best Kept Secret\" --- Jason and Peter - \"Confession\" --- Priest and Students - \"Portrait of a Girl\" --- Ivy and Matt - \"Birthday, Bitch!\" --- Students - \"One Kiss\" --- Ivy and Jason - \"Are You There?\" --- Matt and Peter - \"911! Emergency!\"‡ --- Mary and Cherubs - \"Reputation Stain\'d\" --- Ivy, Jason, Peter, Matt, and Nadia - \"Ever After\" --- Peter and Jason - \"Spring\" --- Nadia - \"One\" --- Ivy, Jason, Nadia, Matt, and Peter Act II - \"Wedding Bells\" --- Company - \"In The Hallway\" --- Band - \"Touch My Soul\" --- Ivy and Jason - \"See Me\" --- Peter and Claire - \"Warning\" --- Claire - \"Pilgrims\' Hands\" --- Jason and Peter - \"God Don\'t Make No Trash\" --- Chantelle - \"All Grown Up\" --- Ivy - \"Promise\" --- Jason, Ivy, Matt, Nadia, and Peter - \"Once Upon a Time\" --- Jason - \"Cross\" --- Jason and Priest - \"Two Households\" --- Students - \"Bare\" --- Jason and Peter - \"Queen Mab\" --- Jason and Peter - \"A Glooming Peace\" --- Students - \"Absolution\" --- Peter and Priest - \"No Voice\" --- Company † Cut from the 2004 Off-Broadway production and replaced with \"Love, Dad\" ‡ Replaced \"Mother Love\" from the 2000 Los Angeles production ## Album An 11-song CD sampler featuring the 2004 New York cast was offered to every ticket buyer during the final performances of the Off-Broadway run. The full studio album from Bare, produced by Deborah Lurie and Casey Stone, was released on October 30, 2007, as a three-disc CD + DVD set. The 2012--2013 production was announced to be releasing a cast album. This, however, did not occur due to the quick closing of the revival amid poor reviews and public response. ## Planned film adaptation {#planned_film_adaptation} On January 2, 2018, it was announced that Bare would be made into a motion picture, directed by Kristin Hanggi and produced by Hillary Butorac Weaver and Janet Billig Rich. Hanggi will adapt the screenplay for the film. No release date has been set	412	Bare: A Pop Opera	4
3,732,222	# James Farrow (politician) James Hamilton Farrow (April 3, 1827 -- July 3, 1892) was a Confederate States of America politician from South Carolina during the American Civil War. He was born in Laurens, South Carolina, and served in the South Carolina State Legislature from 1856 until 1862. He served as a representative from South Carolina to the First Confederate Congress and Second Confederate Congress from 1862 to 1865. He also served as a delegate in the September 1865 South Carolina convention which officially repealed secession and reformed the state constitution. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in November 1865, but the South Carolina delegation was not seated	111	James Farrow (politician)	0
3,732,224	# 9th Critics' Choice Awards Pandoc failed: ``` Error at (line 159, column 61): unexpected 'b' {\| class="wikitable" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" background: #f6e39c; ^ ``	24	9th Critics' Choice Awards	0
3,732,226	# Banian Hospital The origin of the Banian Hospital in Western writing has been traced back to Henry Lord\'s A Display of two forraigne sects in the East Indies. Here he emphasized the hospital\'s use for injured birds, alongside commentaries on vegetarianism and protections for insects. Historian, Will Sweetman, asserts that such accounts depict Svetambara Jains. Accounts of the hospital in eighteenth-century French orientalist literature expanded the kinds of animals cared for to include lice and other blood sucking vermin and to include cattle, goat, and dogs too sick or old to work. The following is an account of a bestiary at Surat offered by a nineteenth-century visitor to the city. It appeared in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction on 1 September 1827. \"The Banian hospital at Surat is a most remarkable institution; it consists of a large plot of ground, enclosed with high walls, divided into several courts or wards, for the accommodation of animals; in sickness it for themselves. At my visit, the hospital contained horses, mules, oxen, sheep, goats, monkeys, poultry, pigeons, and a variety of birds, with an aged tortoise, who was known to have been there for seventy-five years. The most extraordinary ward was that appropriated to rats, mice, bugs, and other noxious vermin. The overseers of the hospital frequently hire beggars from the streets, for a stipulated sum, to pass a night among the fleas, lice, and bugs, on the express condition of suffering them to enjoy their feast without molestation.\" In 1818, Sir Richard Philips rejected the idea that this stemmed from Banian beliefs in metempsychosis, as many previous authors did, and espoused it stemmed from benevolence	276	Banian Hospital	0
3,732,227	# Louisiana's 2nd congressional district Louisiana\'s 2nd congressional district contains nearly all of the city of New Orleans and stretches west and north to Baton Rouge. The district is currently represented by Democrat Troy Carter. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+17, it is one of two Democratic districts in Louisiana. ## History Louisiana gained a second district in 1823 as part of the 18th United States Congress. At first it comprised New Orleans and significant populations from surrounding areas. With the growth of population in the urban area, the current district is located mostly within the city of New Orleans. Since the late 19th century, this has been historically among the most safely Democratic seats in the country, for sharply opposing reasons. During Reconstruction, most African Americans affiliated with the Republican Party and, as a majority, elected Republicans from this district. White Democrats regained control of the district in 1891, when voter suppression of Republicans was rampant. In 1898 the Democratic-dominated state legislature had disenfranchised most blacks in the state through provisions of a new state constitution that raised barriers to voter registration, such as poll taxes and subjective literacy tests. The Democrats had maintained the political exclusion of blacks for decades. Like most congressional districts in the South, this district consistently voted Democratic from the late 19th century until the late 1960s, because the voters during that time were nearly all white Democrats. Such Democrats created what was known as the Solid South in Congress, exercising power beyond their proportion of the electorate. From the 1960s onward, however, white conservatives began splitting their tickets and voting Republican, gradually switching outright to the GOP. At the same time, black voters regained the franchise and lent their support to Democrats. Since 1984, the district has been drawn as a black-majority district. In 2008, after a federal grand jury indicted nine-term incumbent congressman William J. Jefferson on sixteen felony charges related to corruption the year prior, Joseph Cao was elected as the first Republican to represent the 2nd congressional district and most of New Orleans in more than a century. Cao was the first Vietnamese-American U.S. representative elected in the country. He was the only Republican in the 111th Congress to represent a district with a predominantly African-American population. Cao was heavily defeated in 2010 by state representative Cedric Richmond, and the district reverted to its Democratic ways. Richmond defeated nominal Republican challengers in 2012 and 2020, and no Republican even filed from 2014 to 2018. For most of the period from 1983 to 2013, this district contained nearly all of the city of New Orleans (except for a small portion located in the neighboring `{{ushr\|Louisiana\|1\|1st congressional district}}`{=mediawiki}), and some of its suburbs. In 2003, it was pushed into the West Bank portion of Jefferson Parish and South Kenner, which have a higher proportion of white residents. After the 2010 census, the legislature pushed the 2nd slightly to the west, picking up a portion of Baton Rouge--essentially, most of the capital\'s majority-black precincts. The 2024 Allen v. Milligan decision dictated a new majority-black precinct, redrawing the 6th district. The 2nd district loses the Baton Rouge area and the northeast Orleans Parish but now represents the whole of the Iberville and Assumption Parishes, as well as Arabi and Chalmette in St. Bernard Parish. ## Parishes and communities {#parishes_and_communities} For the 119th and successive Congresses (based on the districts drawn following a 2023 court order), the district contains all or portions of the following parishes and communities. Ascension Parish (5) : Darrow, Donaldsonville, Gonzales, Lemannville (shared with St. James Parish), Prairieville (part; also 5th) Assumption Parish (8) : All eight communities Iberville Parish (9) : All nine communities Jefferson Parish (14) : Avondale, Bridge City, Estelle (part; also 1st), Gretna, Harvey, Kenner (part; also 1st), Marrero, Metairie (part; also 1st), River Ridge (part; also 1st), Terrytown, Timberlane, Waggaman, Westwego, Woodmere Lafourche Parish (1) : Thibodaux (part; also 3rd) Orleans Parish (1) : New Orleans (part; also 1st) St. Bernard Parish (3) : Arabi, Chalmette (part; also 1st), Meraux (part; also 1st) St. Charles Parish (10) : Ama, Boutte, Bayou Gauche, Des Allemands (part; also 3rd; shared with Lafourche Parish), Hahnville, Killona, Luling, Paradis, St. Rose (part; also 1st), Taft St. James Parish (14) : All 14 communities St. John the Baptist Parish (6) : All six communities	726	Louisiana's 2nd congressional district	0
3,732,227	# Louisiana's 2nd congressional district ## Recent election results from statewide races {#recent_election_results_from_statewide_races} Year Office Results ------ ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2008 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Obama 64% - 34% 2012 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Obama 69% - 31% 2014 Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Landrieu 73% - 27% 2015 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Bel Edwards 76% - 24% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Holden 64% - 36% 2016 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Clinton 66% - 31% Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Campbell 67% - 33% 2019 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Bel Edwards 77% - 23% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Jones 56% - 44% Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Jackson 61% - 39% 2020 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Biden 67% - 31% 2023 Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Cheek 60% - 40% 2024 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Harris 65% - 33% ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Member \| Party \| Term \| Cong\ \| Electoral history \| Location \| \| \| \| \| ress \| \| \| +============================================================================+=====================================================================+=====================================================================+===========================================+============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+===============================================================================================================================+ \| District created March 4, 1823 \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Henry Hosford Gurley\ \| \\| Democratic-Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1823 --\ \| \| Elected in 1822.\ \| 1823--1833\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Baton Rouge]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1825 \| \| Re-elected in 1824.\ \| East Baton Rouge, Feliciana, Iberville, West Baton Rouge, Pointe Coupee, Saint Helena, Saint Tammany, and Washington parishes \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1826.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1828.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \\| Anti-Jacksonian \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1825 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| March 3, 1831 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Jacksonian}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Jacksonian \| rowspan=2 nowrap \\| March 4, 1831 --\ \| \| Elected in 1830.\ \| \| \| Philemon Thomas\ \| \| March 3, 1835 \| \| Re-elected in 1832.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Baton Rouge]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| 1833--1843\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| \\| Jacksonian \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1835 --\ \| \| Elected in 1834.\ \| \| Eleazer Wheelock Ripley\ \| \| \| March 3, 1837 \| \| Re-elected in 1836.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Jackson, Louisiana\|Jackson]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| Retired but died before next term began. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1837 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| March 2, 1839 \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 2, 1839 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| March 4, 1839 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Thomas Withers Chinn\ \| \| \\| Whig \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1839 --\ \| \| Elected in 1838.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Baton Rouge]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| March 3, 1841 \| \| Retired. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1841 --\ \| \| Elected in 1840.\ \| \| John Bennett Dawson\ \| \| \| March 3, 1843 \| \| Redistricted to the `{{ushr\|Louisiana\|3\|C}}`{=mediawiki}. \| \| `{{Small\|([[St. Francisville, Louisiana\|St. Francisville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Alcée Louis la Branche\ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1843 --\ \| \| Elected in 1842.\ \| 1843--1853\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1845 \| \| Retired. \| `{{Data missing\|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Bannon Goforth Thibodeaux\ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1845 --\ \| \| Elected in 1844.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Thibodaux, Louisiana\|Thibodaux]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1849 \| \| Re-elected in 1846.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Whig \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1849 --\ \| \| Elected in 1848.\ \| \| \| Charles Magill Conrad\ \| \| August 17, 1850 \| \| Resigned to become United States Secretary of War. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| August 17, 1850 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| December 5, 1850 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Whig \| nowrap \\| December 5, 1850 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Conrad\'s term.\ \| \| \| Henry Adams Bullard\ \| \| March 3, 1851 \| \| Retired. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Joseph Aristide Landry\ \| \\| Whig \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1851 --\ \| \| Elected in 1850.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Donaldsonville, Louisiana\|Donaldsonville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1853 \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Theodore Gaillard Hunt\ \| \\| Whig \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1853 --\ \| \| Elected in 1852.\ \| 1853--1863\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1855 \| \| Lost re-election as a Know Nothing candidate. \| `{{Data missing\|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1855 --\ \| \| Elected in 1854.\ \| \| \| Miles Taylor\ \| \| February 5, 1861 \| \| Re-elected in 1856.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Donaldsonville, Louisiana\|Donaldsonville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1858.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Withdrew due to onset of Civil War. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| February 5, 1861 --\ \| \| Civil War \| \| \| \| \| February 17, 1863 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Union \| nowrap \\| February 17, 1863 --\ \| \| Elected in 1862.\ \| \| \| Michael Hahn\ \| \| March 3, 1863 \| \| Retired. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| nowrap colspan=2 \\| Vacant \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1863--\ \| \| Civil War and Reconstruction \| \| \| \| \| July 18, 1868 \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| James Mann\ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| July 18, 1868 --\ \| \| Elected to finish the vacant term.\ \| 1868--1873\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| August 26, 1868 \| \| Died. \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| August 26, 1868 --\ \| \| On November 3, 1868, John Willis Menard won a special election for the remainder of Mann\'s term in the 40th Congress, running alongside Lionel Allen Sheldon, who was running to represent the district for a full term in the 41st. Menard and Sheldon received the same number of votes and were both declared winners. But the losing candidate, Caleb S. Hunt, appealed to the U.S. House of Representatives to deny Menard the seat. The House could not reach a consensus on seating either man, so the seat was kept vacant until the 41st Congress. Menard was the first black person elected to Congress, as well as the first black person to address Congress. \| \| \| \| \| March 3, 1869 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Republican \| rowspan=2; nowrap \\| March 4, 1869 --\ \| \| Elected in 1868.\ \| \| \| Lionel Allen Sheldon\ \| \| March 3, 1875 \| \| Re-elected in 1870.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1872.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1873--1883\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=2; nowrap \\| March 4, 1875 --\ \| \| Elected in 1874.\ \| \| \| Ezekiel John Ellis\ \| \| March 3, 1885 \| \| Re-elected in 1876.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1878.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1880.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1882.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1883--1893\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 3, 1885 --\ \| \| Elected in 1884.\ \| \| \| Michael Hahn\ \| \| March 15, 1886 \| \| Died. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 15, 1886 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| December 9, 1886 \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| December 9, 1886 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Hahn\'s term.\ \| \| \| Nathaniel Dick Wallace\ \| \| March 3, 1887 \| \| Retired. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1887 --\ \| \| Elected in 1886.\ \| \| \| Matthew Diamond Lagan\ \| \| March 3, 1889 \| \| Retired. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1889 --\ \| \| Elected in 1888.\ \| \| \| Hamilton D. Coleman\ \| \| March 3, 1891 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1891 --\ \| \| Elected in 1890.\ \| \| \| Matthew Diamond Lagan\ \| \| March 3, 1893 \| \| Retired. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1893 --\ \| \| Elected in 1892.\ \| 1893--1903\ \| \| Robert Charles Davey\ \| \| March 3, 1895 \| \| Retired. \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1895 --\ \| \| Elected in 1894.\ \| \| \| Charles Francis Buck\ \| \| March 3, 1897 \| \| Retired to run for Mayor of New Orleans. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=2; nowrap \\| March 4, 1897 --\ \| \| Elected in 1896.\ \| \| \| Robert Charles Davey\ \| \| December 26, 1908 \| \| Re-elected in 1898.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1900.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1902.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1904.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1906.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1908 but died before next term began. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1903--1913\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| December 26, 1908 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| March 30, 1909 \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 30, 1909 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Davey\'s term.\ \| \| \| Samuel Louis Gilmore\ \| \| July 18, 1910 \| \| Died. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\|July 18, 1910 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| November 8, 1910 \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| rowspan=3; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=3; nowrap \\| November 8, 1910 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Gilmore\'s term.\ \| \| \| H. Garland Dupré\ \| \| February 21, 1924 \| \| Also elected to the next full term.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1912.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1914.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1916.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1918.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1920.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1922.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Died. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1913--1923\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1923--1933\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| February 21, 1924 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| April 22, 1924 \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| April 22, 1924 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Deupré\'s term.\ \| \| \| James Z. Spearing\ \| \| March 3, 1931 \| \| Re-elected later in 1924.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1926.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1928.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost renomination. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=2; nowrap \\| March 4, 1931 --\ \| \| Elected in 1930.\ \| \| \| Paul H. Maloney\ \| \| December 15, 1940 \| \| Re-elected in 1932.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1934.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1936.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1938.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost renomination and resigned to become collector of internal revenue for the New Orleans district. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1933--1943\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| December 15, 1940 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| January 3, 1941 \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1941 --\ \| \| Elected in 1940.\ \| \| \| Hale Boggs\ \| \| January 3, 1943 \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1943 --\ \| \| Elected in 1942.\ \| 1943--1953\ \| \| Paul H. Maloney\ \| \| January 3, 1947 \| \| Re-elected in 1944.\ \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| rowspan=3; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=3; nowrap \\| January 3, 1947 --\ \| \| Elected in 1946.\ \| \| \| Hale Boggs\ \| \| January 3, 1973 \| \| Re-elected in 1948.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1950.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1952.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1954.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1956.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1958.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1960.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1962.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1964.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1966.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1968.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1970.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected posthumously in 1972.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Presumed dead after private plane went missing over Alaska October 16, 1972. Seat declared vacant at beginning of the `{{USCongressOrdinalCongress\|93}}`{=mediawiki}. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1953--1963\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1963--1973\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1973 --\ \| \| \| 1973--1983\ \| \| \| \| March 20, 1973 \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=2 nowrap \\| March 20, 1973 --\ \| \| Elected to finish her husband\'s term.\ \| \| \| Lindy Boggs\ \| \| January 3, 1991 \| \| Re-elected in 1974.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1976.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1978.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1980.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1982.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1984.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1986.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1988.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| 1983--1993\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| rowspan=3 `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=3 nowrap \\| January 3, 1991 --\ \| \| Elected in 1990.\ \| \| William J. Jefferson\ \| \| \| January 3, 2009 \| \| Re-elected in 1992.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1994.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1996.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1998.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2000.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2002.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2004.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2006.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| 1993--2003\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| 2003--2013\ \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| January 3, 2009 --\ \| \| Elected in 2008.\ \| \| Joseph Cao\ \| \| \| January 3, 2011 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=2 nowrap \\| January 3, 2011 --\ \| \| Elected in 2010.\ \| \| Cedric Richmond\ \| \| \| January 15, 2021 \| \| Re-elected in 2012.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2014.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2016.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2018.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2020.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Resigned to become Senior Advisor to the President. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| 2013--2023\ \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| January 15, 2021 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| May 11, 2021 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| rowspan=3 `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=3 nowrap \\| May 11, 2021 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Richmond\'s term.\ \| \| Troy Carter\ \| \| \| present \| \| Re-elected in 2022.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2024	3,135	Louisiana's 2nd congressional district	1
3,732,237	# Fuente de los Azulejos Fuente de los Azulejos is an unusual rock formation on the island of Gran Canaria. The name literally means \"fountain of tiles\", because of the colour of the rocks resembling Portuguese tiles. These colours are caused by the process of hydrothermal alteration and oxidisation	49	Fuente de los Azulejos	0
3,732,259	# Group of Patriotic Democrats The Group of Patriotic Democrats (Groupe des Démocrates Patriotes, GDP) was a political party in Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) registered until 2012. It was a leftist party founded in November 1987. Its secretary general was Issa Tiendrebéogo. At the legislative elections of 1997 the GDP won 0.6% of the popular vote and no seats	60	Group of Patriotic Democrats	0
3,732,262	# Maylandia lombardoi *Maylandia lombardoi, is a 13 cm long freshwater fish from the family Cichlidae. This species is popular in the aquarium hobby where it is sold under a variety of common names including: lombardoi mbuna, kenyi mbuna* or kennyi mbuna or kenyi cichlid. This species is sometimes seen in the genus Metriaclima owing to a dispute in which a minority of cichlid researchers do not consider Maylandia valid (see Maylandia for discussion. The specific name honours the exotic fish dealer John Lombardo. ## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat} It is endemic to the rocky shores of Mbenji Island, Lake Malawi in east Africa. The species is highly sexually dimorphic, females and juvenile males are pale white-blue with several blue-black vertical bands extending into the dorsal fin. Adult males turn bright yellow with faint brown bars crossing the body; fins are plain yellow with egg spots on the anal fin. ## In the aquarium {#in_the_aquarium} Kenyi cichlids are often found in the aquarium hobby. They are often kept in single-species tanks or with other similar Mbunas. ## Reproduction Like most mbuna cichlids, this species is a maternal mouthbrooder. When mouthbrooding, females may defend a small territory and assume the colouration of males. ## Images of Kenyi cichlids {#images_of_kenyi_cichlids} <File:KenyiCichlid.JPG%7CA> male M. lombardoi in an aquarium. <File:Metriaclima> lombardoi Male.jpg\\|M. lombardoi male. <File:Cichlid-image-rtisbute-steven-viemeister-3-Maylandia-lombardoi-male.jpg%7CA> female M. lombardoi in an aquarium. <File:Metriaclima> lombardoi F.jpg\\|A male M. lombardoi with faint stripes. <File:Female> Juvenile .jpg\\|Juvenile male M. Lombardoi with faint stripes. <File:Male> M.Lombardoi in an aquarium.jpg\\|A male kenyi cichlid (M	254	Maylandia lombardoi	0
3,732,266	# Daryl Harper Daryl John Harper (born 23 October 1951) is an Australian cricket umpire, who was a Test umpire between 1998 and 2011. He was a member of the ICC Elite Panel of Umpires from 2002 until 2011 when the ICC announced that Harper was being stood down at the termination of his contract in July 2011. In June 2011, following criticism from India during the India - West Indies Test series Harper retired from umpiring. ## Biography Harper was born on 23 October 1951, in Mile End, South Australia, and attended Norwood High School before taking up primary school teaching. He had a brief career as an Australian rules football umpire before injury forced him to quit. ## Playing career {#playing_career} Harper played as a right-handed batsman in Adelaide grade cricket competition for the Teachers\' College and East Torrens clubs. ## Umpiring In 1983, he switched to umpiring, making his first-class cricket debut in 1987. Harper made his first appearance in an international fixture in January 1994 when he umpired a One Day International (ODI) in Perth between New Zealand and South Africa. In November 1998, Harper made his test match umpiring debut when appointed to stand in the 2nd Ashes test at the WACA ground alongside umpire Venkat; Harper also stood at the MCG in the 4th test of that series. After promotion to the National Grid Panel of International Umpires, Harper also began to appear in Test matches away from Australia as the designated independent umpire. In 2002, the International Cricket Council (ICC) introduced a policy of two independent umpires standing in each Test match, and one independent & one home umpire in ODIs. The independent umpires would be chosen from a newly conceived ICC Elite umpire panel comprising the ICC\'s determination of the top 8 - 10 umpires from around the world. Harper was included in the original line up for this panel, at the time chosen over fellow Australians Simon Taufel and Darrell Hair (both of whom subsequently joined the panel in 2003). Harper umpired the opening match of the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa, and went on to stand in one of the semi-finals. On 31 August 2005, he adjudicated in his 100th ODI, a match between Zimbabwe and New Zealand at Harare. He was the third umpire for a trial of the \'player referral\' system in 2009. In 2010, England lodged a formal complaint against Harper after a referred caught behind decision was turned down because the volume supplied by the home broadcaster was not good enough to detect the edge. The ICC dropped Harper from the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 due to \"general performance reasons\" and demoted him from the Elite Panel in May 2011. The ICC subsequently revealed that Harper would stand in two last Test matches; between West Indies and India at Sabina Park and Windsor Park. Harper retired from umpiring following some heavy criticism from India during the first test against the West Indies. Dave Richardson, the ICC Cricket manager, said Harper received \"unfair criticism\" from the Indian players and that his correct decision making percentage against India was at 96 percent, which was \"considerably above average\". Harper said he got 94% of his decisions in the match right, but conceded he made two errors in the game. ## International Umpiring statistics {#international_umpiring_statistics} As of 4 June 2010: First Latest Total ----------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------ ------- Tests Australia v England at Perth, Nov 1998 New Zealand v Pakistan at Wellington, Jan 2011 94 ODIs New Zealand v South Africa at Perth, Jan 1994 Bangladesh v South Africa at Dhaka, March 2011 174 T20Is South Africa v West Indies at Johannesburg, Sep 2007 Pakistan v Sri Lanka at Lord\'s, Jun 2009 10 Awards - ICC Bronze Bails Award for 100 ODIs. Ambassadorship - In March 2009, Daryl Harper, was announced as an ambassador for Orana, an Adelaide company providing employment for people with disabilities. - He is an ambassador for The Adelaide Crows	665	Daryl Harper	0
3,732,285	# Byline (TV series) *Your Kaiser Dealer Presents Kaiser-Frazer \"Adventures In Mystery\" Starring Betty Furness in \"Byline\"* is a brief series of live mysteries that aired from November 4 through December 9, 1951, on ABC television. In the 1950s, when companies directly sponsored entire TV programs, it was not unusual for a sponsor to place its name directly on the title of the show (such as The US Steel Hour or The Bell Telephone Hour). The full fourteen-word title by sponsor Kaiser Motors is believed to be the longest for any program in US television history. The show was usually known simply as *Byline* during its six-week prime time run, and as News Gal when the series aired Saturdays at noon on the DuMont Television Network for two weeks in October 1951. Betty Furness portrayed a newswoman who fought espionage. Other actors featured in the program included Don Cherry, Hank Frost, David Ross, and Bill Stern	156	Byline (TV series)	0
3,732,291	# Merrill Field Pandoc failed: ``` Error at (line 91, column 1): unexpected '!' ! Rank ^ ``	18	Merrill Field	0
3,732,307	# Snake Bite (truck) Snake Bite is an alternate name and identity used for Bigfoot monster trucks when two are scheduled at one event. The identity was initially created in 1991 to promote a Mattel Hot Wheels toy. Snake Bite was the first 3D character body monster truck. ## History Following a heavily damaging crash in 1991 in Nashville, Tennessee, that destroyed the entire suspension and drivetrain of Bigfoot #4, the truck was rebuilt using a \"hybrid\" suspension that utilized nitrogen shock technology first used in Bigfoot #8. Prior to the start of the 1991 PENDA Points Series season, Bigfoot #4 was re-branded as Snake Bite and promoted as a rival to Bigfoot. The Ford F-Series fiberglass truck body was replaced with a hand-sculpted 3D fiberglass body that made the hood, fender, grille, and portions of the doors resemble a red, yellow, and green venomous snake with fangs. Snake Bite debuted in April 1991 on the PENDA Points Series at the 6th Annual 4-Wheel and Off-Road Jamboree Spring Nationals held at the Memphis Motorsports Park in Memphis, Tennessee. Gene Patterson drove Snake Bite under the persona of \"Colt Cobra\" hailing from the fictional town of \"Cobra Creek, Colorado\" and wore a red and yellow racing mask that resembled the design of the snake truck body. Other drivers of Snake Bite have used the \"Colt Cobra\", \"Ricky Rattler\", or \"Vic Venom\" personas as part of the Snake Bite gimmick. During the 1991 PENDA Points Series 4-Wheel and Off-Road Jamboree Northern Nationals held at the Racine County Fairgrounds in Union Grove, Wisconsin, Snake Bite lost control, ran off the course, and demolished a shed. No one was injured in the incident. In 1992, Bigfoot #8 ran the Snake Bite body and finished second in the PENDA Points Series standings behind Bigfoot #10. In 1993, Bigfoot #10 was outfitted as Snake Bite. Snake Bite came in second place in the PENDA Points Series standings behind Bigfoot #11 in 1993 and 1994. Snake Bite was redesigned in 1996, changing from a primary red color to green. Bigfoot #15, racing as Snake Bite, won the 1997 PENDA Points Series Championship with driver Eric Meagher. Snake Bite returned to a primary red color scheme in 2004. In 2009, the Snake Bite paint scheme was changed to red, black, and silver. In 2016 the name was revived for the 25th anniversary of its debut. The design is a \"Retro Red\" paint scheme that resembles the original 1991 design	411	Snake Bite (truck)	0
3,732,309	# International Soccer *International Soccer\'\', also known as*International Football\'\', is a sports video game written by Andrew Spencer for the Commodore 64 and published by Commodore International in 1983. Originally only available on cartridge, CRL re-released the game on cassette and disc in 1988. ## Gameplay International Soccer can be played by two players or one player against an AI opponent. Each team can select one of a number of colored shirts, and the AI opponent is graded into 9 different difficulty levels. The game itself is a relatively simple game of soccer; there is no offside rule and no possibility to foul opponents. Each game is divided into two 200-second halves. There are no overtimes or shootouts. There are also six colors a person can choose from for play: red, yellow, blue, grey, white, and orange. The winning team is presented a gold trophy after the game by a dark-haired woman. The game includes a gray-scale mode that is more suited for black-and-white television sets. ## Reception International Soccer was well received, gaining a Certificate of Merit in the category of \"1984 Best Computer Sports Game\" at the 5th annual Arkie Awards. InfoWorld described International Soccer as Commodore\'s best competitor to the very successful Atarisoft games. The magazine wrote that the \"`{{sic\|hide=y\|minim\|asterpiece}}`{=mediawiki}\" was \"surprisingly good, considering it\'s published by Commodore\" (because \"the normal standard for Commodore software is mediocrity\"), praising gameplay and especially animation. Ahoy! wrote that International Soccer \"is a pure action game, but, oh, what action!\", praising the graphics and game-play. In the UK, the game reached the number one position in the Commodore 64 charts early in 1984 and returned to the top of the charts again later in the same year. ## Legacy International Soccer was the inspiration for Match Day on the ZX Spectrum. Andrew Spencer followed up International Soccer with International Basketball which was based on the same code. It reached number 2 in the UK Commodore 64 charts in April 1985 but was not released in the US. Spencer would later work with Epyx, adapting his sprite coding technique for use on their 1987 game Street Sports Basketball	356	International Soccer	0
3,732,314	# Multiplicity (philosophy) Multiplicity (multiplicité) is a philosophical concept developed by Edmund Husserl and Henri Bergson from Riemann\'s description of the mathematical concept. In his essay The Idea of Duration, Bergson discusses multiplicity in light of the notion of unity. Whereas a unity refers to a given thing in as far as it is a whole, multiplicity refers to the \"parts of the unity which can be considered separately.\" Bergson distinguishes two kinds of multiplicity: one form of multiplicity refers to parts which are quantitative, distinct, and countable, and the other form of multiplicity refers to parts that are qualitative, which interpenetrate, and which each can give rise to qualitatively different perception of the whole	115	Multiplicity (philosophy)	0
3,732,333	# Louisiana's 3rd congressional district Louisiana\'s 3rd congressional district is a United States congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The district covers the southwestern and south central portion of the state, ranging from the Texas border to the Atchafalaya River. The district is currently represented by Republican Clay Higgins, a former sheriff\'s deputy from Port Barre known for his controversial Crime Stoppers videos. He was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in the December 10, 2016 runoff against public service commissioner Scott Angelle to replace Charles Boustany. ## History Louisiana gained its 2nd and 3rd congressional districts in 1823 as part of the 18th United States Congress. Since at least the 1870s, the district has been strongly influenced by southern Louisiana\'s Acadian culture. Although the 3rd congressional district had been Democratic through much of its history, it is the sole district in Louisiana to have been represented by three parties during the 20th century, in that Whitmell P. Martin represented the district as a \"Bull Moose\" Progressive from 1915 to 1919, when he switched to the Democratic Party. Since the turn of the 20th century, it had dominated Louisiana as a one-party state after the legislature passed a new constitution that effectively disenfranchised African Americans through the 1960s. Martin remained in office as a Democrat until his death in 1929. The district became more competitive for the Republicans later in the 20th century, when conservative whites shifted into the Republican Party after passage of civil rights legislation by Congress. In 1966, Hall Lyons of Lafayette, polled 40 percent of the vote as a Republican candidate against veteran Democratic incumbent Edwin E. Willis. In 1972, the district elected David C. Treen as the first Republican U.S. representative from Louisiana since 1891. The state legislature redistricted in the 1980s, pushing the district out of the fast-growing suburbs of Metairie and the city of Kenner, to help keep the seat in the hands of Treen\'s Democratic successor, Billy Tauzin. Tauzin eventually switched to the Republican Party in 1995, making the 3rd congressional district unique in 20th-century Louisiana politics as the sole district to have two representatives who switched parties (Martin, who switched from the Progressives to the Democrats in 1918, and Tauzin, who switched from the Democrats to the Republicans in 1995). As a Republican, Tauzin continued to serve until retiring from Congress in 2005. Democrat Charlie Melançon won the seat in 2004 (seated in 2005), was reelected in 2006, and was unopposed in 2008. For most of the time from 1823 to 2013, the district contained large portions of southeastern and south central Louisiana, including the River Parishes and East Acadiana, In its final configuration, it included many exurban and rural areas near New Orleans, Baton Rouge and Lafayette. It contained the cities of Chalmette, Gonzales, Houma, Thibodaux, Morgan City, and New Iberia. However, when Louisiana lost a district after the 2010 census, the old 3rd was dismantled. The new 3rd included most of southwestern Louisiana, including Lafayette and Lake Charles. Most of this territory had been the 7th district before the 2010 census. The old 3rd\'s last congressman, freshman Republican Jeff Landry, had his home in New Iberia, along with much of the western portion of his district, drawn into the new 3rd. He opted to challenge the 7th district\'s four-term incumbent, fellow Republican Charles Boustany, in the GOP primary. However, Landry could not overcome the fact that he was running in a district in which more than 60 percent of his constituents were new to him. He lost to Boustany in the primary, ending his brief congressional career. The new 3rd, like both the old 3rd and 7th, has a rich Cajun culture. ## Parishes and communities {#parishes_and_communities} For the 119th and successive Congresses (based on the districts drawn following a 2023 court order), the district contains all or portions of the following parishes and communities. Acadia Parish (13) : All 13 communities Calcasieu Parish (8) : Carlyss (part; also 4th), Hayes, Iowa, Lake Charles (part; also 4th), Moss Bluff (part; also 4th), Prien (part; also 4th), Sulphur (part; also 4th), Westlake Cameron Parish (2) : Cameron, Hackberry Iberia Parish (5) : All five communities Jefferson Davis Parish (7) : All seven communities St. Martin Parish (9) : All nine communities St. Mary Parish (12) : All 12 communities Lafayette Parish (7) : Broussard (shared with St. Martin Parish), Duson (shared with Acadia Parish), Lafayette (part; also 6th), Milton, Ossun, Scott (part; also 6th), Youngsville Lafourche Parish (9) : Bayou Country Club, Chackbay, Choctaw, Des Allemands (part; also 2nd; shared with St. Charles Parish), Kraemer, Lafourche Crossing, Raceland (part; also 1st), Thibodaux (part; also 2nd) Terrebonne Parish (10) : All ten communities Vermilion Parish (7) : All seven communities	794	Louisiana's 3rd congressional district	0
3,732,333	# Louisiana's 3rd congressional district ## Recent election results from statewide races {#recent_election_results_from_statewide_races} Year Office Results ------ ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2008 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|McCain 66% - 32% 2012 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Romney 69% - 31% 2014 Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Cassidy 67% - 33% 2015 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Vitter 53% - 47% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Nungesser 66% - 34% 2016 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Trump 70% - 27% Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Kennedy 75% - 25% 2019 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Rispone 63% - 37% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Nungesser 78% - 22% Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Landry 77% - 23% 2020 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Trump 70% - 28% 2023 Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Murrill 79% - 21% 2024 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Trump 72% - 27% ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Member\ \| Party \| Years \| Cong\ \| Electoral history \| District location \| \| `{{Small\|(Residence)}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| ress \| \| \| +============================================================================+==============================================================================+=====================================================================+==========================================+=====================================================================================+=======================================================================================================================+ \| District created March 4, 1823 \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic-Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1823 --\ \| \| Elected in 1822.\ \| 1823--1833\ \| \| William Leigh Brent\ \| \| March 3, 1825 \| \| Re-elected in 1824.\ \| Avoyelles, Catahoula, Concordia, Natchitoches, Ouachita, Rapides, Saint Landry, Saint Martin, and Saint Mary parishes \| \| `{{Small\|([[Saint Martinville, Louisiana\|St. Martinville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1826.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \\| Anti-Jacksonian \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1825 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| March 3, 1829 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Walter Hampden Overton\ \| \\| Jacksonian \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1829 --\ \| \| Elected in 1828.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Alexandria, Louisiana\|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1831 \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Anti-Jacksonian}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Anti-Jacksonian \| rowspan=2 nowrap \\| March 4, 1831 --\ \| \| Elected in 1830.\ \| \| \| Henry Adams Bullard\ \| \| January 4, 1834 \| \| Re-elected in 1832.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Alexandria, Louisiana\|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Resigned to become judge of Supreme Court of Louisiana. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| 1833--1843\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| January 4, 1834 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| April 28, 1834 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Rice Garland\ \| \| \\| Anti-Jacksonian \| nowrap \\| April 28, 1834 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Bullard\'s term.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Opelousas, Louisiana\|Opelousas]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| March 3, 1837 \| \| Re-elected later in 1834.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1836.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1838.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Resigned to become judge of Supreme Court of Louisiana. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \\| Whig \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1837 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| July 21, 1840 \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| July 21, 1840 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| December 17, 1840 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| \\| Whig \| nowrap \\| December 17, 1840 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Garland\'s term.\ \| \| John Moore\ \| \| \| March 3, 1843 \| \| Re-elected later in 1840.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Franklin, Louisiana\|Franklin]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1843 --\ \| \| Redistricted from the `{{ushr\|Louisiana\|2\|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1842.\ \| 1843--1853\ \| \| John Bennett Dawson\ \| \| June 26, 1845 \| \| Re-elected in 1844.\ \| `{{Data missing\|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| `{{Small\|([[St. Francisville, Louisiana\|St. Francisville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Died. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| John Henry Harmanson\ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| December 1, 1845 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Dawson\'s term.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Simmesport, Louisiana\|Simmsport]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| October 24, 1850 \| \| Re-elected in 1846.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1848.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Died. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| October 24, 1850 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| December 30, 1850 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Alexander Gordon Penn\ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| December 30, 1850 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Harmanson\'s term.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Covington, Louisiana\|Covington]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1853 \| \| Also elected to the next full term.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| John Perkins Jr.\ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1853 --\ \| \| Elected in 1852.\ \| 1853--1861\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Tensas Parish, Louisiana\|Ashwood]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1855 \| \| Retired. \| `{{Data missing\|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1855 --\ \| \| Elected in 1854.\ \| \| \| Thomas Green Davidson\ \| \| March 3, 1861 \| \| Re-elected in 1856.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Baton Rouge, Louisiana\|Baton Rouge]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1858.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Withdrew due to onset of Civil War. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 3, 1861 --\ \| \| Civil War and Reconstruction \| \| \| \| \| July 18, 1868 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| July 18, 1868 --\ \| \| Elected to finish the vacant term.\ \| 1868--1873\ \| \| Joseph Parkinson Newsham\ \| \| March 3, 1869 \| \| Redistricted to the `{{ushr\|LA\|4\|C}}`{=mediawiki} \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| `{{Small\|([[St. Francisville, Louisiana\|St. Francisville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Republican \| rowspan=2; nowrap \\| March 4, 1869 --\ \| \| Elected in 1868.\ \| \| \| Chester Bidwell Darrall\ \| \| February 20, 1878 \| \| Re-elected in 1870.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Morgan City, Louisiana\|Brashear]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1872.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1874.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1876.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost election contest. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1873--1883\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| February 20, 1878 --\ \| \| Won election contest.\ \| \| \| Joseph H. Acklen\ \| \| March 3, 1881 \| \| Re-elected in 1878.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Franklin, Louisiana\|Franklin]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1881 --\ \| \| Elected in 1880.\ \| \| \| Chester Bidwell Darrall\ \| \| March 3, 1883 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Morgan City, Louisiana\|Morgan City]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1883 --\ \| \| Elected in 1882.\ \| 1883--1893\ \| \| William Pitt Kellogg\ \| \| March 3, 1885 \| \| Lost re-election. \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1885 --\ \| \| Elected in 1884.\ \| \| \| Edward James Gay\ \| \| May 30, 1889 \| \| Re-elected in 1886.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Plaquemine, Louisiana\|Plaquemine]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1888.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Died. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| May 30, 1889 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| December 2, 1889 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=2; nowrap \\| December 2, 1889 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Gay\'s term.\ \| \| \| Andrew Price\ \| \| March 3, 1897 \| \| Re-elected in 1890.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Thibodaux, Louisiana\|Thibodaux]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1892.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1894.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1893--1903\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| rowspan=3; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=3; nowrap \\| March 4, 1897 --\ \| \| Elected in 1896.\ \| \| \| Robert Foligny Broussard\ \| \| March 3, 1915 \| \| Re-elected in 1898.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Iberia]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1900.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1902.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1904.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1906.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1908.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1910.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1912.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. senator. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1903--1913\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1913--1923\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Progressive \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1915 --\ \| \| Elected in 1914.\ \| \| \| Whitmell P. Martin\ \| \| March 3, 1919 \| \| Re-elected in 1916.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Thibodaux]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1918.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1920.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1922.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1924.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1926.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1928.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Died. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=2; nowrap \\| March 4, 1919 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| April 6, 1929 \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1923--1933\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=2; nowrap \\| August 6, 1929 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Martin\'s term.\ \| \| \| Numa Francois Montet\ \| \| January 3, 1937 \| \| Re-elected in 1930.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Thibodaux]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1932.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1934.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost renomination. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1933--1943\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1937 --\ \| \| Elected in 1936.\ \| \| \| Robert L. Mouton\ \| \| January 3, 1941 \| \| Re-elected in 1938.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Lafayette, Louisiana\|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Lost renomination. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=2; nowrap \\| January 3, 1941 --\ \| \| Elected in 1940.\ \| \| \| James Domengeaux\ \| \| April 15, 1944 \| \| Re-elected in 1942.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Lafayette, Louisiana\|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Resigned to join the Armed Forces. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1943--1953\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| April 15, 1944 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| November 7, 1944 \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| November 7, 1944 --\ \| \| Elected to finish his own term.\ \| \| \| James Domengeaux\ \| \| January 3, 1949 \| \| Also elected to the next full term.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Lafayette, Louisiana\|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1946.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. senator. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| rowspan=3; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=3; nowrap \\| January 3, 1949 --\ \| \| Elected in 1948.\ \| \| \| Edwin E. Willis\ \| \| January 3, 1969 \| \| Re-elected in 1950.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[St. Martinville, Louisiana\|St. Martinville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1952.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1954.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1956.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1958.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1960.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1962.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1964.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1966.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost renomination. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1953--1963\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| 1963--1973\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1969 --\ \| \| Elected in 1968.\ \| \| \| Patrick T. Caffery\ \| \| January 3, 1973 \| \| Re-elected in 1970.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Iberia, Louisiana\|New Iberia]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1973 --\ \| \| Elected in 1972.\ \| 1973--1983\ \| \| Dave Treen\ \| \| March 10, 1980 \| \| Re-elected in 1974.\ \| `{{Data missing\|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| `{{Small\|([[Metairie, Louisiana\|Metairie]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1976.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1978.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Resigned when elected governor. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 10, 1980 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| May 22, 1980 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| rowspan=3 `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Democratic \| rowspan=3 nowrap \\| May 22, 1980 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Treen\'s term.\ \| \| \| Billy Tauzin\ \| \| August 8, 1995 \| \| Re-elected later in 1980.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Thibodaux, Louisiana\|Thibodaux]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1982.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1984.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1986.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1988.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1990.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1992.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1994.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1996.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1998.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2000.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2002.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| 1983--1993\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| 1993--2003\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| `{{Data missing\|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Republican \| \| \| rowspan=2 nowrap \\| August 8, 1995 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| January 3, 2005 \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| 2003--2013\ \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 2005 --\ \| \| Elected in 2004.\ \| \| Charlie Melançon\ \| \| \| January 3, 2011 \| \| Re-elected in 2006.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Napoleonville, Louisiana\|Napoleonville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2008.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. senator. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| January 3, 2011 --\ \| \| Elected in 2010.\ \| \| Jeff Landry\ \| \| \| January 3, 2013 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Iberia]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| January 3, 2013 --\ \| \| Redistricted from the `{{ushr\|Louisiana\|7\|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 2012.\ \| 2013--2023\ \| \| Charles Boustany\ \| \| January 3, 2017 \| \| Re-elected in 2014.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Lafayette, Louisiana\|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. senator. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| rowspan=3 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Republican \| rowspan=3 nowrap \\| January 3, 2017 --\ \| \| Elected in 2016.\ \| \| \| Clay Higgins\ \| \| present \| \| Re-elected in 2018.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Lafayette, Louisiana\|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2020.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2022.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2024	2,772	Louisiana's 3rd congressional district	1
3,732,336	# Hillenbrand Hillenbrand is a surname	6	Hillenbrand	0
3,732,342	# Port of Lake Charles The Port of Lake Charles is an industrial port based in the city of Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.A. It is a major employer in Lake Charles. It is the twelfth-busiest port in the United States according to the American Association of Port Authorities U.S. Port Ranking by Cargo Tonnage, 2013 report and the 83rd-busiest in the world in terms of tonnage according to the American Association of Port Authorities World Port Rankings 2013 report. According to Benchmarkia\'s Industrial Park Ranking, Port of Lake Charles is ranked as the fifth-largest industrial park in the world by total area. The Calcasieu Ship Channel provides direct access to the Gulf of Mexico, 34 miles downstream from the city docks. The ship channel intersects the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway just north of Calcasieu Lake. The Ship Channel has a project depth of 40 feet and a bottom width of 400 feet. ## Port The Port of Lake Charles, also known as the Lake Charles Harbor and Terminal District, has a variety of components including City Docks, Bulk Terminals, the Industrial Canal, Sempra Cameron LNG, Industrial Park East, and Westlake Terminal. The major commodity on the river is crude oil, while the major export is bagged food aid for the world. Other commodities include Petroleum coke, Calcined petroleum coke, limestone, Ceramic ceramic proppants, anode Butts, gasoline, diesel fuel, Jet fuel, caustic soda, styrene monomers, and a variety of other combustibles. The port is also the future site of the \$1.2 billion Syngas Plan	252	Port of Lake Charles	0
3,732,369	# Louisiana's 4th congressional district Louisiana\'s 4th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The district is located in the northwestern part of the state and is based in Shreveport-Bossier City. It also includes the cities of Minden, DeRidder, and Natchitoches. The district is currently represented by Republican Mike Johnson, who has served as Speaker of the House of Representatives since October 2023. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+26, it is the most Republican district in Louisiana. ## History The 4th congressional district was created in 1843, the first new district in the state in 20 years. It was gained after the 1840 U.S. census. For most of the next 150 years, the 4th was centered on Shreveport and northwestern Louisiana. However, in 1993, Louisiana lost a congressional district, based on population figures. The state legislature shifted most of Shreveport\'s white residents into the `{{ushr\|Louisiana\|5\|5th congressional district}}`{=mediawiki}. Republican Jim McCrery ran for election in the new 5th and won, defeating Democrat Jerry Huckaby, who represented the old 5th for eight terms. Meanwhile, the 4th was reconfigured as a 63-percent African American-majority district, stretching in a roughly \"Z\" shape from Shreveport to Baton Rouge. Democrat Cleo Fields was elected for two terms as the representative of the 4th congressional district. When the Supreme Court of the United States invalidated the boundaries of the new 4th congressional district as unconstitutional, the Louisiana legislature redrew the district to encompass most of Northwest Louisiana, closely resembling its pre-1993 configuration. It is white majority. McCrery was elected in 1996 to this seat. The 2024 Allen v. Milligan decision dictated a new map to be drawn to be African American-majority; as such, the 4th district contributes parts of Shreveport, half of DeSoto Parish, and most of Natchitoches and St Landry Parishes to the redrawn 6th district, while absorbing Lincoln, Jackson, Winn, and part of Rapides Parish from the 5th. This also shifted the 4th from being the state\'s most competitive district with a Cook PVI of R+14 to the most solidly Republican with a PVI of R+26. ## Parishes and communities {#parishes_and_communities} For the 119th and successive Congresses (based on the districts drawn following a 2023 court order), the district contains all or portions of the following parishes and communities. Allen Parish (5) : All five communities Beauregard Parish (6) : All six communities Bienville Parish (10) : All ten communities Bossier Parish (7) : All seven communities Calcasieu Parish (9) : Carlyss (part; also 3rd), DeQuincy, Gillis, Lake Charles (part; also 3rd), Moss Bluff (part; also 3rd), Prien (part; also 3rd), Starks, Sulphur (part; also 3rd), Vinton Caddo Parish (11) : Belcher, Blanchard, Gilliam, Greenwood, Hosston, Ida, Mooringsport, Oil City, Rodessa, Shreveport (part; also 6th; shared with Bossier Parish), Vivian Claiborne Parish (4) : All four communities DeSoto Parish (7) : Gloster (part; also 6th), Grand Cane, Keachi, Logansport, Longstreet, Stanley, Stonewall Evangeline Parish (7) : All seven communities Grant Parish (8) : All eight communities Jackson Parish (7) : All seven communities Lincoln Parish (6) : All six communities Ouachita Parish (4) : Claiborne, Monroe (part; also 5th), Sterlington, West Monroe (part; also 5th) Rapides Parish (5) : Alexandria (part; also 6th), Forest Hill, Glenmora, McNary, Woodworth Red River Parish (4) : All four communities Sabine Parish (9) : All nine communities Union Parish (8) : All eight communities Vernon Parish (10) : All ten communities Webster Parish (11) : All 11 communities Winn Parish (9) : All nine communities ## Recent election results from statewide races {#recent_election_results_from_statewide_races} Year Office Results ------ ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2008 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|McCain 71% - 27% 2012 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Romney 73% - 27% 2014 Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Cassidy 72% - 28% 2015 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Vitter 57% - 43% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Nungesser 68% - 32% 2016 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Trump 73% - 24% Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Kennedy 74% - 26% 2019 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Rispone 66% - 34% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Nungesser 79% - 21% Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Landry 80% - 20% 2020 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Trump 74% - 25% 2023 Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Murrill 78% - 22% 2024 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Trump 76% - 23%	702	Louisiana's 4th congressional district	0
3,732,369	# Louisiana's 4th congressional district ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Name \| Party \| Years \| Cong\ \| Electoral history \| Location \| \| \| \| \| ress \| \| \| +============================================================================+====================================================================+====================================================================+=========================================+=====================================================================================+======================================+ \| District created March 4, 1843 \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1843 --\ \| \| Elected in 1842.\ \| \| \| Pierre Bossier\ \| \| April 24, 1844 \| \| Died. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Natchitoches, Louisiana\|Natchitoches]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| April 24, 1844 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| December 2, 1844 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Isaac Edward Morse\ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| December 2, 1844 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Bossier\'s term.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[St. Martinville, Louisiana\|St. Martinville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1851 \| \| Also elected to the next full term.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1846.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1848.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Whig \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1851 --\ \| \| Elected in 1850.\ \| \| \| John Moore\ \| \| March 3, 1853 \| \| Retired. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[New Iberia, Louisiana\|New Iberia]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Roland Jones\ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1853 --\ \| \| Elected in 1852.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Shreveport, Louisiana\|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1855 \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1855 --\ \| \| Elected in 1854.\ \| \| \| John M. Sandidge\ \| \| March 3, 1859 \| \| Re-elected in 1856.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Pineville, Louisiana\|Pineville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| John M. Landrum\ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1859 --\ \| \| Elected in 1858.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Shreveport, Louisiana\|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1861 \| \| Vacated seat due to Civil War. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1861 --\ \| \| Civil War and Reconstruction \| \| \| \| \| July 18, 1868 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Michel Vidal\ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| July 18, 1868 --\ \| \| Elected to finish the vacant term.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Opelousas, Louisiana\|Opelousas]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1869 \| \| Retired to become U.S. consul to Tripoli, Libya. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1869 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| May 23, 1870 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| May 23, 1870 --\ \| \| Successfully contested election of Michael Ryan.\ \| \| \| Joseph P. Newsham\ \| \| March 3, 1871 \| \| Retired. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[St. Francisville, Louisiana\|St. Francisville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1871 --\ \| \| Elected in 1870.\ \| \| \| James McCleery\ \| \| November 5, 1871 \| \| Died. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Shreveport, Louisiana\|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| November 5, 1871 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| December 3, 1872 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Liberal Republican \| nowrap \\| December 3, 1872 --\ \| \| Elected to finish McCleery\'s term.\ \| \| \| Alexander Boarman\ \| \| March 3, 1873 \| \| Retired. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Shreveport, Louisiana\|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1873 --\ \| \| Representative-elect Samuel Peters died before the term began. \| \| \| \| \| November 24, 1873 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| George Luke Smith\ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| November 24, 1873 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Peters\'s term.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Shreveport, Louisiana\|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| March 3, 1875 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1875 --\ \| \| Elected in 1874.\ \| \| \| William Mallory Levy\ \| \| March 3, 1877 \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Natchitoches, Louisiana\|Natchitoches]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1877 --\ \| \| Elected in 1876.\ \| \| \| Joseph Barton Elam\ \| \| March 3, 1881 \| \| Re-elected in 1878.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Mansfield, Louisiana\|Mansfield]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Retired due to injuries. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1881 --\ \| \| Elected in 1880.\ \| \| \| Newton C. Blanchard\ \| \| March 12, 1894 \| \| Re-elected in 1882.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Shreveport, Louisiana\|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1884.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1886.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1888.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1890.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1892.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Resigned when appointed U.S. senator. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 12, 1894 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| May 12, 1894 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| May 12, 1894 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Blanchard\'s term.\ \| \| \| Henry Warren Ogden\ \| \| March 3, 1899 \| \| Re-elected in 1894.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Benton, Louisiana\|Benton]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1896.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1899 --\ \| \| Elected in 1898.\ \| \| \| Phanor Breazeale\ \| \| March 3, 1905 \| \| Re-elected in 1900.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Natchitoches, Louisiana\|Natchitoches]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1902.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1905 --\ \| \| Elected in 1904.\ \| \| \| John T. Watkins\ \| \| March 3, 1921 \| \| Re-elected in 1906.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Minden, Louisiana\|Minden]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1908.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1910.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1912.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1914.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1916.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1918.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1921 --\ \| \| Elected in 1920.\ \| \| \| John N. Sandlin\ \| \| January 3, 1937 \| \| Re-elected in 1922.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Minden, Louisiana\|Minden]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1924.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1926.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1928.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1930.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1932.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1934.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. Senator. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1937 --\ \| \| Elected in 1936.\ \| \| \| Overton Brooks\ \| \| September 16, 1961 \| \| Re-elected in 1938.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Shreveport, Louisiana\|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1940.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1942.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1944.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1946.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1948.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1950.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1952.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1954.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1956.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1958.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1960.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Died. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| September 16, 1961 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| December 19, 1961 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| December 19, 1961 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Brooks\'s term.\ \| \| \| Joe Waggonner Jr.\ \| \| January 3, 1979 \| \| Re-elected in 1962.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Plain Dealing, Louisiana\|Plain Dealing]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1964.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1966.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1968.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1970.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1972.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1974.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1976.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1979 --\ \| \| Elected in 1978.\ \| \| \| Buddy Leach\ \| \| January 3, 1981 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Leesville, Louisiana\|Leesville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1981 --\ \| \| Elected in 1980.\ \| \| \| Buddy Roemer\ \| \| March 14, 1988 \| \| Re-elected in 1982.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Bossier City, Louisiana\|Bossier City]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1984.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1986.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Resigned when elected governor. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 14, 1988 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| April 16, 1988 \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| April 16, 1988 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Roemer\'s term.\ \| \| \| Jim McCrery\ \| \| January 3, 1993 \| \| Re-elected in 1988.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Shreveport, Louisiana\|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1990.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Redistricted to the `{{ushr\|Louisiana\|5\|C}}`{=mediawiki}. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1993 --\ \| \| Elected in 1992.\ \| \| \| Cleo Fields\ \| \| January 3, 1997 \| \| Re-elected in 1994.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Baton Rouge, Louisiana\|Baton Rouge]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Redistricted to the `{{ushr\|Louisiana\|5\|C}}`{=mediawiki} and retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Republican \| rowspan=2 nowrap \\| January 3, 1997 --\ \| \| Redistricted from the `{{ushr\|Louisiana\|5\|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1996.\ \| 1997--2003\ \| \| Jim McCrery\ \| \| January 3, 2009 \| \| Re-elected in 1998.\ \| `{{dm\|date=April 2023}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| `{{Small\|([[Shreveport, Louisiana\|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2000.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2002.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2004.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2006.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \| 2003--2013\ \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Republican \| rowspan=2 nowrap \\| January 3, 2009 --\ \| \| Elected in 2008.\ \| \| John C. Fleming\ \| \| \| January 3, 2017 \| \| Re-elected in 2010.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Minden, Louisiana\|Minden]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2012.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2014.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. Senator. \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \| 2013--2023\ \| \| \| \| \| +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| rowspan=3 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Republican \| rowspan=3 nowrap \\| January 3, 2017 --\ \| \| Elected in 2016.\ \| \| Mike Johnson\ \| \| \| present \| \| Re-elected in 2018.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Benton, Louisiana\|Benton]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2020.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2022.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2024	2,041	Louisiana's 4th congressional district	1
3,732,387	# Party of Labour of Burkina The Party of Labour of Burkina (Parti du Travail du Burkina, PTB) was a political party in Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta). The PTB was a Marxist-Leninist party founded in 1990 as a split from the Organization for Popular Democracy - Labour Movement (ODP-MT) mainly by former members of the Union of Burkinabè Communists. It merged with the Party for Democracy and Progress in February 1996. The secretary general of the PTB Oumarou Clément Ouédraogo was killed in 1991	85	Party of Labour of Burkina	0
3,732,391	# Living Still Life *Living Still Life\'\' (French:*Nature Morte Vivante\'\') is a 1956 painting by the artist Salvador Dalí. Dali painted this piece during a period that he called \"Nuclear Mysticism\". Nuclear Mysticism is composed of different theories that try to show the relationships between quantum physics and the conscious mind. The different theories are composed of elements that range from \"Catalan philosophers" to \"classicism, pop art, and nuclear physics\". The painting, done in 1956, currently resides at the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida. The name Nature Morte Vivante translates in English to \"living still life\". It comes from the French nature morte which literally translates to \"dead nature\". By appending \"vivante\", which implies \"fast moving action and a certain lively quality\", Dali was essentially naming this piece \"dead nature in movement\". This plays into his theme of Nuclear Mysticism which combined elements of art, physics, and science. The theory, as well as the term, \"Nuclear Mysticism\" was coined by Dali himself. In the late 1940s and early 1950s Dali started to \"return to his Catholic roots following World War II\". Nuclear mysticism is composed of different theories by Dali that combine science, physics, maths, and art. Post WWII, Dali became fascinated by the atom. Dali stated that after the U.S. dropped the first atomic bomb in Japan that it \"shook me \[Dali\] seismically" and that the atom was his \"favorite food for thought\".Dali saw the beauty of the atom and was interested in how the atom makes up everything. In this painting, Dali wanted to show the motion that all objects have, that although an object is still, it is always full of millions of atoms that are constantly in motion. He portrays this thought throughout his painting. Every object in the painting is moving in some direction, one that an object of that type normally does not do. Dali was also obsessed with the spiral, which he thought to be \"the most important feature in nature\", and used it as \"a symbol of cosmic order\". Dali portrayed this idea by adding a spiral in the top right corner of his painting. Not only does Dali portray his objects flying around the scene, he shows them twisted in usual ways. For example, the silver bowl is not only shown mid-air, but also twisted in an unnatural way for silver to bend. Dali also infused religious elements of Nuclear Mysticism into this painting. On the table with the white tablecloth, the objects placed closest to the table and that appear to be the least in motion are a glass of wine, two grapes, a pear, a glass bottle with water pouring out, and what appears to be a fig leaf. The fig leaf has long been a religious symbol associated with Christianity. In the Bible, Adam and Eve use fig leaves to cover themselves after their deception in the Garden of Eden. The placement of the fig leaf in Dali\'s painting could allude to his reemergence back into Catholicism. Dali took inspiration from Dutch painter Floris van Schooten and his painting Table with Food for his own painting Nature Morte Vivante. Van Schooten\'s painting, which was a very common type of painting for its time, was a very typical still life that depicted food and drinks on a table with a crisp white tablecloth. Dali wanted to give his own take on it, and give it his surrealist signature by showing all of the objects in motion. He also added the tablecloth, which looks very similar to tablecloths that Schooten had used throughout his own paintings. Even though most of the objects Dali portrays are ordinary things, he puts a spin, literally and figuratively, on the motion and placement of the objects. The disarray of the objects alludes to his interest in nuclear mysticism. He believed that \"all matter was not at all like it seemed, but instead had attributes that even he was only able to guess\". He wanted to enforce that \"that all objects are made of atomic particles in constant motion\", which he portrays through the scattered items. He painted the still life objects to move in a life of his own, without the complacency of a typical still life. ## Related paintings {#related_paintings} - Dali, Salvador. Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory. 1952--54. Oil on canvas. 10 in. x 13 in. The Salvador Dalí Museum, St. Petersburg, Florida. - Schooten, Floris van. A Dutch Breakfast, 1612--1655. Oil on panel. 24.8 in. x 32.7. The Louvre, Paris. Category:Paintings by Salvador Dalí Category:1956 paintings Category:Still life paintings Category:Water in art Category:Food and drink paintings Category:Paintings in St	771	Living Still Life	0
3,732,408	# Maud Cunnington Maud Edith Cunnington `{{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|CBE}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{née}}`{=mediawiki} Pegge; 24 September 1869 -- 28 February 1951) was a Welsh archaeologist, best known for her pioneering work on some of the most important prehistoric sites of Salisbury Plain. ## Early life, education, and marriage {#early_life_education_and_marriage} Maud Pegge was born at Briton Ferry in Glamorgan, to Catherine Milton Leach and her husband Charles Pegge, a doctor who ran Vernon House, the last privately owned asylum in Wales. She was one of seven children. Her older brother Edward Pegge followed their father into medicine as a doctor; he was also a notable rugby player and Welsh international. Pegge was educated briefly at Cheltenham Ladies\' College. In 1889, she married Ben Cunnington. An archaeologist, he served for years as a volunteer, honorary curator of Devizes Museum. They had a son, Edward, who was killed in the First World War. ## Career From 1897, Maud Cunnington carried out early rescue archaeology work during development in Wiltshire, England. Together with her husband Ben, an archaeologist, she participated in conducting full excavations in that county at some of the most important sites in British archaeology. These included the first known Neolithic causewayed enclosure at Knap Hill, the Iron Age village at All Cannings Cross, West Kennet Long Barrow, Figsbury Ring, Woodhenge (near Stonehenge), and The Sanctuary. This last monument she rediscovered, as it had been lost since William Stukeley saw it in the eighteenth century. The Cunningtons bought the sites of Woodhenge and The Sanctuary, and gave these properties to the nation. In 1912, near Avebury, she excavated and re-erected one of the two surviving stones (the Longstones) in the Beckhampton Avenue, and one of the stones in the West Kennet Avenue. In 1931, Cunnington was elected president of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, the first woman to hold that position. In addition to technical reports, she published a short handbook, Avebury: A Guide (1931). She also wrote and published a children\'s guide to Devizes Museum. ### Excavations thumb\\|upright=1.5\\|Woodhenge In 1912, Cunnington worked with her husband Ben to supervise the re-erection of the last standing stone at Beckhampton Cove at Avebury, which had fallen the previous year. While working at the Beckhamptom Cove site, she discovered the skeleton of a \"middle-aged man\" buried with a pottery beaker, dating from 2385 to 2230 BC. The same year she and her husband, working with a team, re-erected a fallen stone on West Kennet Avenue. Cunnington excavated Woodhenge between 1926 and 1928, after a set of concentric rings darker than the surrounding turf was first observed through aerial photography in 1925. The site is approximately 60 meters south of Durrington Walls and 3 km north east of Stonehenge. The excavation revealed six concentric rings of post-holes. The entire post-hole structure is approximately 40 meters in diameter, and the surrounding henge, barely visible today due to farming, was originally approximately 85 meters across, with a single entrance that faced Durrington Walls. Cunnington completely excavated the ditch structure of the henge, discovering large amounts of Grooved ware pottery, animal and human bones, charcoal and a stone axe that was carved from polished greenstone originating from Cornwall, approximately 290 km away. A few shards of Beaker ware were also discovered along with antler picks, marine shells and the remnants of a flint-knapping industry. Following the excavation of Woodhenge, in 1930 Cunnington discovered and worked on The Sanctuary site on Overton Hill at the terminus of Beckhampton Avenue near Avebury Henge. Like Woodhenge, The Sanctuary has six concentric post hole rings, although no surrounding bank and ditch structure. Cunnington discovered that the innermost ring was the oldest, based on pottery shards found in that area that were from about 2000 BC; she called this Phase I. Later, a double ring structure was built surrounding the inner ring, which she named Phase II. During the Phase III period, a larger ring 20.1 meters in diameter was constructed to replace the earlier rings. Grooved ware pottery was found during this aspect of the excavation, and a northwest-facing entrance to the ring was discovered. During Phase IV, the most recent phase, a 40.2 meter standing stone ring was built as well as in interior concentric stone circle. She found evidence that The Sanctuary was connected to Avebury Henge via the row of standing stones along West Kennet Avenue. Beaker ware pottery dating from 1600 BC was found, marked with \"barbed wire\" type patterning.^\[Wainwright,\ pg.\ 108\]^ ## Personal life and honours {#personal_life_and_honours} Cunnington was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1948 Birthday Honours for services to archaeology, the first woman archaeologist to receive the honour. However, she had limited mobility since 1947, and had developed Alzheimer\'s disease, so she never knew of the accolade. When she died at home a few years later, she left almost all her property (worth £14,000) to Devizes Museum (now Wiltshire Museum). This provided for a salaried curator to be appointed for the first time. Her husband had died in 1950	837	Maud Cunnington	0
3,732,410	# Highland Radio Highland Radio is the local radio service for the County Donegal (North) franchise, operating under a licence from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI). The station began broadcasting on 15 March 1990, and is franchised until 2024.`{{fact\|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Headquartered at the Mountain Top in Letterkenny, Highland broadcasts throughout large parts of Ulster (especially West Ulster), with it being received in the nearby city of Derry and in much of the rest of County Londonderry, as well as in large parts of County Tyrone and County Fermanagh, and in parts of County Antrim. It has the highest market share of any local station within the Republic of Ireland.`{{fact\|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} ## History Highland began broadcasting on 15 March 1990. On 31 May 2005, it was announced that the station was to be purchased by Scottish Radio Holdings for €7 million. However, SRH itself was acquired by Emap 21 days later. The deal was cleared by both the BCI and the Irish Competition Authority. Emap\'s sole changes to the station were increasing the bandwidth of their web streams from 20 kbit/s to 128 kbit/s, with no format or presenter changes. Denis O\'Brien\'s Communicorp was the highest bidder for Emap\'s Irish operations when that company decided to sell its radio stations, buying FM104, Highland Radio and Today FM on 14 July 2007. In October 2007, the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI) approved Communicorp\'s proposed takeover of Today FM and Highland Radio, but not FM104. The deal was completed by January 2008. Due to a Competition Authority decision, Communicorp was required to sell-on FM104, which it did (to UTV Media) immediately upon its acquisition. O\'Brien offloaded Highland Radio in mid-2008. Orangold, a company owned by the Rabbitt family, completed the purchase of Highland Radio from Denis O\'Brien\'s Communicorp Group in July 2008. Gerry Rabbitt is a founder shareholder of Galway Bay FM and was managing director of Galway Bay FM for 10 years. On 12 August 2012, Highland Radio received an international exclusive interview with Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt live on air from the Summer Olympics in Stratford in London. Charlie Collins quit as general manager in June 2013. Collins had also been \"head of sport\". Oisin Kelly succeeded Collins as \"head of sport\" the next day. Pio McCann, who died in October 2020, was recognised for his interviews with American country music figures, including Johnny Cash, Dolly Parton, Kris Kristofferson, Charley Pride and Garth Brooks, and, notably, gave Daniel O\'Donnell his first interview. He was part of the evening schedule at the station. ## News and sport {#news_and_sport} Highland Radio News airs their own bulletins Mondays to Fridays on the hour from 7.00am until 7.00pm. The news service gives coverage of local news and events from across the city of Derry and counties Donegal, Londonderry and Tyrone. There are three main extended news bulletins Mondays to Fridays at 8.30am, 1.00pm and 5.00pm. From 8.00pm until 12-midnight, Highland Radio airs hourly live news bulletins provided by Newstalk in Dublin.`{{fact\|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Highland Radio News has a limited provision of local news over the weekend. Saturdays have local bulletins on the hour from 10.00am until 2.00pm. Newstalk provides news bulletins at 8.00am, 9.00am and then on the hour from 3.00pm until 12-midnight. On Sundays, Highland Radio provides local news from 1.00pm -6.00pm. Newstalk provides the rest of Sundays news output on the station on the hour from 8.00am until 12-midnight.`{{fact\|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} The station covers the main sporting events held in County Donegal, County Londonderry, and County Tyrone, as well as in the city of Derry.`{{fact\|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} The station broadcasts the results of all major Irish League fixtures played in Northern Ireland, in addition to broadcasting the results of League of Ireland fixtures played in the Republic of Ireland.`{{fact\|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} During Christmas, Easter and Bank Holidays, Newstalk provide the only news bulletins on the hour	640	Highland Radio	0
3,732,413	# Georgia State Route 317 State Route 317 (SR 317; Lawrenceville--Suwanee Road) is a state highway in the Atlanta metropolitan area of the U.S. state of Georgia. ## Route description {#route_description} SR 317 begins at an interchange with Interstate 85 in Suwanee. The route continues northwest to its northern terminus with US 23/SR 13 (Buford Highway) in Suwanee. ## History State Route 317 was created originally as a temporary end to I-85	72	Georgia State Route 317	0
3,732,427	# Lesotho Defence Force The Lesotho Defence Force (LDF) is the military of the Southern African Kingdom of Lesotho, which consists of about 2,000 personnel and is tasked with maintaining internal security, territorial integrity, and defending the constitution of Lesotho. Since the mountainous kingdom is completely landlocked by South Africa, in practice the country\'s external defence is guaranteed by its larger neighbour, so the armed forces are mainly used for internal security. The LDF is an army with a small air wing. ## History The military was established in 1978. The Lesotho Defence Force participated in the military coup in 1986, internal conflicts in 1994 and 1998, and unrest in 2007. Following the 1993 Lesotho general election, in August 1994, King Letsie III dissolved the newly elected parliament in a coup d\'état that was supported by the military. On 30 August 2014, an alleged military coup took place, forcing then-Prime Minister Tom Thabane to flee to South Africa for three days. A brief crisis occurred in September 2017 when Lieutenant General Khoantle Motsomotso (then-commander of the LDF) was assassinated by some junior officers, leading to an intervention by the Southern African Development Community (SADC). In 2021, a LDF contingent was sent to Mozambique as part of the Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique (SAMIM) to assist the Mozambican government during the insurgency in Cabo Delgado. The contingent consequently took part in pro-government offensives from August 2021. ## Army The army of Lesotho began in the 1960s initially as a paramilitary police force, established separately from the Lesotho Mounted Police Service on 1 April 1978. It was recognised as an army in August 1979 and was expanded in the 1980s in response to Basutoland Congress Party insurgent activities. After the January 1986 military coup that brought General Justin Lekhanya to power, the army was renamed the Royal Lesotho Defence Force. As of 1990, it was estimated to have about 2,000 personnel divided into one recon company, one artillery battery, seven companies, one special forces platoon, and a support company.	339	Lesotho Defence Force	0
3,732,427	# Lesotho Defence Force ## Equipment ### Small arms {#small_arms} +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Name \| Image \| Caliber \| Type \| Origin \| Notes \| +====================================+=======+==============+=============================+========+===================+ \| Submachine guns \| \| \| \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Sterling \| \| 9×19mm \| Submachine gun \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Uzi \| \| 9×19mm \| Submachine gun \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Rifles \| \| \| \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| AKM \| \| 7.62×39mm \| Assault rifle \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| AK-74 \| \| 5.45×39mm \| Assault rifle \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Type 56 \| \| 7.62×39mm \| Assault rifle \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| IMI Galil \| \| 5.56×45mm \| Assault rifle \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Vektor R4 \| \| 5.56×45mm \| Assault rifle \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| M16 \| \| 5.56×45mm \| Assault rifle \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Beretta AR70/90 \| \| 5.56×45mm \| Assault rifle \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| FN FAL \| \| 7.62×51mm \| Battle rifle \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Lee-Enfield \| \| .303 British \| Bolt-action rifle \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Sniper rifles \| \| \| \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| SVD \| \| 7.62×54mmR \| Designated marksman rifle\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Sniper rifle \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Machine guns \| \| \| \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Bren \| \| 7.62×51mm \| Light machine gun \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| RPD \| \| 7.62×39mm \| Squad automatic weapon \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| RPK \| \| 7.62×39mm \| Squad automatic weapon \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| FN MAG \| \| 7.62×51mm \| General-purpose machine gun \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Browning M2 \| \| .50 BMG \| Heavy machine gun \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| Rocket propelled grenade launchers \| \| \| \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ \| RPG-7 \| \| 40mm \| Rocket-propelled grenade \| \| \| +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ ### Anti-tank weapons {#anti_tank_weapons} +----------+--------------+------------------+--------+---------+-----------------+ \| Name \| Image \| Type \| Origin \| Caliber \| Notes \| +==========+==============+==================+========+=========+=================+ \| M40A1 \| \| Recoilless rifle \| \| 106mm \| 6 in service. \| +----------+--------------+------------------+--------+---------+-----------------+ ### Tanks +---------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ \| Name \| Image \| Type \| Origin \| Quantity \| Status \| Notes \| +=========+=============+=============+========+==========+========+================+ \| T-55 \| \| Medium tank \| \| 1 \| \| \| +---------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ ### Scout cars {#scout_cars} +---------+-------------+------------------------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ \| Name \| Image \| Type \| Origin \| Quantity \| Status \| Notes \| +=========+=============+==============================+========+==========+========+================+ \| BRDM-2 \| \| Amphibious armored scout car \| \| 2 \| \| \| +---------+-------------+------------------------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ ### Reconnaissance +--------------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ \| Name \| Image \| Type \| Origin \| Quantity \| Status \| Notes \| +==============+=============+=============+========+==========+========+================+ \| Panhard AML \| \| Armored car \| \| 6 \| \| \| +--------------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ \| RAM MK3 \| \| Armored Car \| \| 6 \| \| \| +--------------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ \| RBY Mk 1 \| \| Armored Car \| \| 10 \| \| \| +--------------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ \| Shorland S52 \| \| Armored car \| \| 8 \| \| \| +--------------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+	494	Lesotho Defence Force	1
3,732,427	# Lesotho Defence Force ## Air Wing {#air_wing} The Lesotho Defence Force Air Wing was originally a 1978-offshoot of the paramilitary police mobile unit and began operations with two Short Skyvan twin turboprop STOL transports, a leased Cessna A152 Aerobat, two MBB Bo 105 helicopters, and a Bell 47G helicopter converted to turboshaft power. Two Mil Mi-2 twin-turbine helicopters were donated by Libya in 1983 but were retired by 1986. Deliveries of four Bell 412 helicopters were delayed in 1983 to 1986 because of South Africa\'s influence. This changed when a 1986 military coup resulted in new security agreements with South Africa being signed. In the mid-1980s the air wing was merged into the Lesotho Defence Force. In 1989, the Skyvans were replaced by two CASA C-212 Aviocar light turboprop transports; one immediately crashed, requiring a third to be delivered in 1992. A fifth Bell 412 (an EP model) was delivered in May 1998 to replace the one written off the previous January. ### Aircraft Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes ------------------ --------------- --------------- --------- ------------ ------- Transport CASA C-212 Spain Transport 2 GippsAero GA8 Australia Utility 1 Helicopters Bell 412 United States Utility 3 Eurocopter AS350 France Light utility 3 ### Accidents and incidents {#accidents_and_incidents} 13 April 2017, a Eurocopter EC135 T2+ crashed in the area of Thaba Putsoa, killing all four people on board. The helicopter was carrying three soldiers and an official from the Ministry of Finance who was delivering pensions to outlying districts. Officials reported it hit power lines and crashed in mountainous terrain near Thaba Putsoa, killing two of the soldiers and critically injuring the other two passengers, both of whom later died in hospital from their injuries	284	Lesotho Defence Force	2
3,732,447	# Louisiana's 7th congressional district Louisiana\'s 7th congressional district was a congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana located in the southwestern part of the state. It last contained the cities of Crowley, Eunice, Jennings, Lafayette, Lake Charles, Opelousas, Sulphur and Ville Platte. The district became obsolete for the 113th Congress in 2013 as Louisiana had lost a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives redistricting based upon results from the 2010 census post Hurricane Katrina population losses in the state. Most of the territory in this district became the 3rd district. ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| Member \| Party \| Years \| Cong\ \| Electoral history \| \| \| \| \| ress \| \| +====================================================================+===============+==================================+=======+===========================================================+ \| District created following the 1900 census -- March 4, 1903 \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1903 --\ \| \| Elected in 1902.\ \| \| Arsène Paulin Pujó\ \| \| March 3, 1913 \| \| Re-elected in 1904.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Lake Charles, Louisiana\|Lake Charles]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1906.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1908.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1910.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1913 --\ \| \| Elected in 1912.\ \| \| Ladislas Lazaro\ \| \| March 30, 1927 \| \| Re-elected in 1914.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Washington, Louisiana\|Washington]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1916.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1918.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1920.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1922.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1924.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1926.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Died. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 30, 1927 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| August 23, 1927 \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| August 23, 1927 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Lazaro\'s term.\ \| \| René Louis De Rouen\ \| \| January 3, 1941 \| \| Re-elected in 1928.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Ville Platte, Louisiana\|Ville Platte]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1930.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1932.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1934.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1936.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1938.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1941 --\ \| \| Elected in 1940.\ \| \| Vance Plauché\ \| \| January 3, 1943 \| \| Retired. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Lake Charles, Louisiana\|Lake Charles]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1943 --\ \| \| Elected in 1942.\ \| \| Henry D. Larcade Jr.\ \| \| January 3, 1953 \| \| Re-elected in 1944.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Opelousas, Louisiana\|Opelousas]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1946.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1948.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1950.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1953 --\ \| \| Elected in 1952.\ \| \| T. Ashton Thompson\ \| \| July 1, 1965 \| \| Re-elected in 1954.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Ville Platte, Louisiana\|Ville Platte]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1956.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1958.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1960.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1962.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1964.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Died. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| July 1, 1965 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| October 2, 1965 \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| October 2, 1965 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Thompson\'s term.\ \| \| Edwin Edwards\ \| \| May 9, 1972 \| \| Re-elected in 1966.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Crowley, Louisiana\|Crowley]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1968.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1970.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Resigned when elected governor. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| May 9, 1972 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| September 30, 1972 \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| September 30, 1972 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Edwards\'s term.\ \| \| John Breaux\ \| \| January 3, 1987 \| \| Re-elected in 1972.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Crowley, Louisiana\|Crowley]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1974.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1976.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1978.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1980.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1982.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1984.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. senator. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1987 --\ \| \| Elected in 1986.\ \| \| Jimmy Hayes\ \| \| December 1, 1995 \| \| Re-elected in 1988.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Lafayette, Louisiana\|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1990.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1992.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1994.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. senator. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| December 1, 1995 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| January 3, 1997 \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1997 --\ \| \| Elected in 1996.\ \| \| Chris John\ \| \| January 3, 2005 \| \| Re-elected in 1998.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Crowley, Louisiana\|Crowley]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2000.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2002.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. senator. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| January 3, 2005 --\ \| \| Elected in 2004.\ \| \| Charles Boustany\ \| \| January 3, 2013 \| \| Re-elected in 2006.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Lafayette, Louisiana\|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2008.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2010.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Redistricted to the `{{ushr\|Louisiana\|3\|C}}`{=mediawiki}	1,063	Louisiana's 7th congressional district	0
3,732,449	# Cantons of the Eure-et-Loir department The following is a list of the 15 cantons of the Eure-et-Loir department, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015: `{{div col\|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki} - Anet - Auneau - Brou - Chartres-1 - Chartres-2 - Chartres-3 - Châteaudun - Dreux-1 - Dreux-2 - Épernon - Illiers-Combray - Lucé - Nogent-le-Rotrou - Saint-Lubin-des-Joncherets - Les Villages Vovéens	67	Cantons of the Eure-et-Loir department	0
3,732,467	# Louisiana's 8th congressional district Louisiana\'s 8th congressional district was a congressional district which was created in 1913 and eliminated in 1993 after Louisiana lost its eighth congressional seat in the 1990 U. S. census. For its entire existence, it was based in Alexandria and included much of the north-central part of the state. Beginning in 1972, the district was redrawn at the direction of Governor Edwin Edwards to take in liberal precincts in northern Baton Rouge, the northern Florida Parishes, and the Mississippi River corridor between Baton Rouge and New Orleans\--making Alexandria the district\'s northern boundary\--in order to aid the return to Congress of Gillis Long. It also moved LaSalle Parish, the home of conservative incumbent Speedy Long, who defeated Gillis Long in 1964, into the 5th district. The last representative for the 8th district was Clyde Holloway, a Republican from Forest Hill in rural Rapides Parish first elected in 1986. In each of his three elections, he defeated a Black Democratic challenger, the last being future Representative Cleo Fields. In 1992, Holloway\'s home was drawn into the 6th district when Louisiana lost a House seat following the 1990 census, and he was defeated by fellow Republican Richard Baker, who was first elected to the House at the same time as Holloway. ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Member\ \| Party \| Years \| Cong\ \| Electoral history \| \| `{{Small\|(Residence)}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| ress \| \| +====================================================================+===============+================================+=======+===============================================================================+ \| District created following 1910 census -- March 4, 1913 \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1913 --\ \| \| Elected in 1912.\ \| \| James Benjamin Aswell\ \| \| March 16, 1931 \| \| Re-elected in 1914.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Natchitoches, Louisiana\|Natchitoches]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1916.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1918.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1920.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1922.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1924.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1926.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1928.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1930.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Died. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 16, 1931 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| May 12, 1931 \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| May 12, 1931 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Aswell\'s term.\ \| \| John H. Overton\ \| \| March 3, 1933 \| \| Retired to run for U.S. senator. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Alexandria, Louisiana\|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1933 --\ \| \| Elected in 1932.\ \| \| Cleveland Dear\ \| \| January 3, 1937 \| \| Re-elected in 1934.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Alexandria, Louisiana\|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Retired to run for governor. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1937 --\ \| \| Elected in 1936.\ \| \| A. Leonard Allen\ \| \| January 3, 1953 \| \| Re-elected in 1938.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Winnfield, Louisiana\|Winnfield]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1940.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1942.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1944.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1946.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1948.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1950.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1953 --\ \| \| Elected in 1952.\ \| \| George S. Long\ \| \| March 22, 1958 \| \| Re-elected in 1954.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Pineville, Louisiana\|Pineville]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1956.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Died. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 22, 1958 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| January 3, 1959 \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1959 --\ \| \| Elected in 1958.\ \| \| Harold B. McSween\ \| \| January 3, 1963 \| \| Re-elected in 1960.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Alexandria, Louisiana\|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Lost renomination. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1963 --\ \| \| Elected in 1962.\ \| \| Gillis William Long\ \| \| January 3, 1965 \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Winnfield, Louisiana\|Winnfield]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1965 --\ \| \| Elected in 1964.\ \| \| Speedy O. Long\ \| \| January 3, 1973 \| \| Re-elected in 1966.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Jena, Louisiana\|Jena]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1968.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1970.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Redistricted to the `{{ushr\|LA\|5\|C}}`{=mediawiki} and retired. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1973 --\ \| \| Elected in 1972.\ \| \| Gillis William Long\ \| \| January 20, 1985 \| \| Re-elected in 1974.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Alexandria, Louisiana\|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1976.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1978.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1980.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1982.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1984.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Died. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| January 20, 1985 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| March 30, 1985 \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 30, 1985 --\ \| \| Elected to finish her husband\'s term.\ \| \| Catherine Small Long\ \| \| January 3, 1987 \| \| Retired. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Alexandria, Louisiana\|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1987 --\ \| \| Elected in 1986.\ \| \| Clyde C. Holloway\ \| \| January 3, 1993 \| \| Re-elected in 1988.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Forest Hill, Louisiana\|Forest Hill]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1990.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Redistricted to the `{{ushr\|LA\|6\|C}}`{=mediawiki} and lost re-election there	1,026	Louisiana's 8th congressional district	0
3,732,473	# 501 (number) 501 (five hundred \[and\] one) is the natural number following 500 and preceding 502. 501 is the sum of the first eighteen primes. There are 501 degree-8 polynomials with integer coefficients, all of whose roots are in the unit disk. There are 501 ways of partitioning the digits from 0 to 9 into two sets, each of which contains at least two digits, and 501 ways of partitioning a set of five elements into any number of ordered sequences. 501 is also a figurate number based on the 5-orthoplex or 5-dimensional cross polytope. In the gematria of Eleazar of Worms, the Hebrew words \"temunah\" (image) and \"parsuf \'adam\" (human face) both had the numerological value of 501. Eleazar used this equivalence to argue that, in several Biblical passages, God appeared to His prophets in the form of a human face. ## Other uses {#other_uses} 501 is commonly used to refer to people deported from Australia under section 501 of the 1958 Migration Act	166	501 (number)	0
3,732,474	# Endocast An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible space, or they may occur naturally through fossilization. ## Cranial endocasts {#cranial_endocasts} ### Artificial casts {#artificial_casts} Endocasts of the inside of the neurocranium (braincase) are often made in paleoanthropology to study brain structures and hemispheric specialization in extinct human ancestors. While an endocast can not directly reveal brain structure, it can allow scientists to gauge the size of areas of the brain situated close to the surface, notably Wernicke\'s and Broca\'s areas, responsible for interpreting and producing speech. Traditionally, the casting material is some form of rubber or rubber-like material. The openings to the brain cavity, except for the foramen magnum, are closed, and the liquid rubber is slushed around in the empty cranial vault and then left to set. The resulting hollow sphere can then be drained of air like a balloon and pulled out through the foramen magnum. Rubber endocasts like these were the standard practice until the end of the 20th century and are still used in some fields. However, scientists are increasingly utilizing computerized tomography scanning technology to create digital endocasts in order to avoid risking damage to valuable specimens. ### Natural endocasts {#natural_endocasts} Natural cranial endocasts are also known. The famous Taung Child, the first Australopithecus found, consists of a natural endocast connected to the facial portion of the skull. It was the shape of the brain that allowed Raymond Dart to conclude that the fossil was that of a human relative rather than an extinct ape. Mammal endocasts are particularly useful, as they resemble the fresh brain with the dura mater in place. Such \"fossil brains\" are known from several hundred different mammal species. More than a hundred natural casts of the cranial vault of Bathygenys (a small oreodont) alone are known, some having identifiable features down to the major gyri. Several hundred casts of various dinosaurs are known, among them a Tyrannosaurus brain vault, showing the animal had limited intelligence and a well-developed sense of smell. The oldest known natural cranial endocast is a fossil fish brain from a Holocephalan, some 300 million years old. ## Endocasts of other hollows {#endocasts_of_other_hollows} Endocast fossils from animals with shells that easily disintegrate or dissolve can often be encountered free from their mold fossil, like the aragonite shells of certain molluscs and the tests of sea urchins. A frequently occurring form is the internal mold of brachiopods and bivalves. In the quite symmetrical genus brachiopod Pentamerus, the endocast resembles a vulva, giving these fossils the name Schamstein or Mutterstein (\"shame stone\" or \"mother stone\") in German, while some bivalve endocasts are traditionally known as heart-of-stone or bull hearts in Britain. The \"Venus of Svinesund\", an early Mesolithic Venus figurine from Norway, is a re-worked Ordovician bivalve endocast. Endocasts are also known to develop from snail shells and sea urchins, and even from the stomach hollow of jellyfish, a group that rarely leaves fossil traces. Artificial endocasts are sometimes made from blood vessels for medical or anatomical reasons. The blood vessel of an organ (e.g. brain or liver) is injected with a resin. When it is set, the organ itself is dissolved, leaving a three-dimensional image of the blood supply to the organ	568	Endocast	0
3,732,486	# Quantum mirage In physics, a quantum mirage is a peculiar result in quantum chaos. Every system of quantum dynamical billiards will exhibit an effect called scarring, where the quantum probability density shows traces of the paths a classical billiard ball would take. For an elliptical arena, the scarring is particularly pronounced at the foci, as this is the region where many classical trajectories converge. The scars at the foci are colloquially referred to as the \"quantum mirage\". The quantum mirage was first experimentally observed by Hari Manoharan, Christopher Lutz and Donald Eigler at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California in 2000. The effect is quite remarkable but in general agreement with prior work on the quantum mechanics of dynamical billiards in elliptical arenas. ## Quantum corral {#quantum_corral} The mirage occurs at the foci of a quantum corral, a ring of atoms arranged in an arbitrary shape on a substrate. The quantum corral was demonstrated in 1993 by Lutz, Eigler, and Crommie using an elliptical ring of iron atoms on a copper surface using the tip of a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope to manipulate individual atoms. The ferromagnetic iron atoms reflected the surface electrons of the copper inside the ring into a wave pattern, as predicted by the theory of quantum mechanics. Quantum corrals can be viewed as artificial atoms that even show similar chemical bonding properties as real atoms. The size and shape of the corral determine its quantum states, including the energy and distribution of the electrons. To make conditions suitable for the mirage the team at Almaden chose a configuration of the corral which concentrated the electrons at the foci of the ellipse. When scientists placed a magnetic cobalt atom at one focus of the corral, a mirage of the atom appeared at the other focus. Specifically the same electronic properties were present in the electrons surrounding both foci, even though the cobalt atom was only present at one focus. In scanning tunneling microscopy, an atomically sharp metal tip is advanced towards the atomically flat sample surface until electron tunneling out of the atom and into the advancing tip becomes effective. Using the sharp tip we can also arrange atoms adsorbed on the surface into unique shapes; for example, 48 adsorbed iron atoms on Cu(111) arranged into a 14.26 nm diameter circle. The electrons on the copper surface are trapped inside the circle formed by the iron atoms. A standing wave pattern emerges with a large peak at the center due to the constructive interference of electrons on the copper surface as they scatter off the adsorbed iron atoms. ## Applications IBM scientists are hoping to use quantum mirages to construct atomic scale processors in the future	453	Quantum mirage	0
3,732,508	# Louisiana's 5th congressional district Louisiana\'s 5th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The 5th district encompasses rural northeastern Louisiana and much of central Louisiana, as well as the northern part of Louisiana\'s Florida parishes in southeastern Louisiana, taking in Monroe, Alexandria, Amite and Bogalusa. In 2013, six-term Representative Rodney Alexander resigned to take a state cabinet post; in the special election, Republican newcomer Vance McAllister, a businessman from Swartz, Louisiana, handily defeated fellow Republican State Senator Neil Riser of Columbia in Caldwell Parish to claim the seat in a special election. McAllister beat Riser, 54,449 (59.7) to 36,837 (40.3 percent). Analysts considered McAllister\'s victory as a rejection of Governor Bobby Jindal\'s efforts to have the seat vacated and to replace Alexander with his hand-picked candidate in a low-turnout special election. The runoff turnout was less than 19%, three percent less than in the primary. In 2014, Ralph Abraham defeated Monroe Mayor Jamie Mayo for the 113th United States Congress, replacing McAllister, who was defeated in the Louisiana primary. On February 26, 2020, Abraham announced he would not be seeking re-election for a fourth term, honoring his pledge to only serve three terms in Congress. The district is currently represented by Republican Julia Letlow, who was elected in a 2021 special election to replace her husband, representative-elect Luke, who died of COVID-19 days before he was set to be sworn in. As part of the 2024 map redistricting, the 5th loses Lincoln, Jackson, Winn, Grant, Rapides, and half of Ouachita Parishes to the 4th district, and also Pointe Coupee and half of Avoyelles Parish to the new 6th; in exchange, 5th gains parts of East Baton Rouge, Tangipahoa and Livingston Parishes. The new territory includes two of the state\'s largest universities, Louisiana State (LSU) in Baton Rouge and Southeastern Louisiana (SLU) in Hammond. ## Parishes and communities {#parishes_and_communities} For the 119th and successive Congresses (based on the districts drawn following a 2023 court order), the district contains all or portions of the following parishes and communities. Ascension Parish (1) : Prairieville (part; also 2nd) Avoyelles Parish (6) : Bordelonville, Center Point, Fifth Ward, Hessmer, Mansura (part; also 6th), Marksville Caldwell Parish (4) : All four communities Catahoula Parish (4) : All four communities Concordia Parish (7) : All seven communities East Baton Rouge Parish (9) : Baton Rouge (part; also 6th), Central, Inniswold, Oak Hills Place, Old Jefferson, Shenandoah, Village St. George, Westminster, Zachary (part; also 6th) East Carroll Parish (1) : Lake Providence East Feliciana Parish (5) : All five communities Franklin Parish (4) : All four communities LaSalle Parish (7) : All seven communities Livingston Parish (7) : Albany, Denham Springs, French Settlement, Livingston, Port Vincent, Walker, Watson Madison Parish (4) : All four communities Morehouse Parish (5) : All five communities Ouachita Parish (8) : Bawcomville, Brownsville, Calhoun, Lakeshore, Monroe (part; also 4th), Richwood, Swartz, West Monroe (part; also 4th) Richland Parish (4) : All four communities St. Helena Parish (2) : Greensburg, Montpelier Tangipahoa Parish (8) : Amite City, Hammond (part; also 1st), Independence, Kentwood, Natalbany, Roseland, Tangipahoa, Tickfaw Tensas Parish (3) : All three communities Washington Parish (5) : All five communities West Carroll Parish (5) : All five communities West Feliciana Parish (1) : St. Francisville ## Recent election results from statewide races {#recent_election_results_from_statewide_races} Year Office Results ------ ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2008 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|McCain 66% - 32% 2012 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Romney 66% - 34% 2014 Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Cassidy 64% - 36% 2015 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Bel Edwards 53% - 47% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Nungesser 56% - 44% 2016 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Trump 66% - 31% Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Kennedy 69% - 31% 2019 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Rispone 54% - 46% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Nungesser 74% - 26% Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Landry 73% - 27% 2020 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Trump 66% - 32% 2023 Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Murrill 73% - 27% 2024 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\\|Trump 67% - 31%	667	Louisiana's 5th congressional district	0
3,732,508	# Louisiana's 5th congressional district ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| Member \| Party \| Years \| Cong\ \| Electoral history \| Location \| \| \| \| \| ress \| \| \| +==========================================================================+====================================================================+====================================================================+========================================+=====================================================================================+=========================================+ \| District created March 4, 1863 \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1863 --\ \| \| Civil War and Reconstruction \| \| \| \| \| July 18, 1868 \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| July 18, 1868 --\ \| \| Elected to finish the vacant term.\ \| \| \| W. Jasper Blackburn\ \| \| March 3, 1869 \| \| Retired to run for Lieutenant Governor. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Homer, Louisiana\|Homer]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1869 --\ \| \| Elected in 1868.\ \| \| \| Frank Morey\ \| \| June 8, 1876 \| \| Re-elected in 1870.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Monroe, Louisiana\|Monroe]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1872.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1874.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost contested election. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| June 8, 1876 --\ \| \| Won contested election.\ \| \| \| William B. Spencer\ \| \| January 8, 1877 \| \| Retired and resigned to become associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Vidalia, Louisiana\|Vidalia]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| January 8, 1877 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| March 3, 1877 \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1877 --\ \| \| Elected in 1876.\ \| \| \| John E. Leonard\ \| \| March 15, 1878 \| \| Died. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Lake Providence, Louisiana\|Lake Providence]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 15, 1878 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| November 5, 1878 \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| November 5, 1878 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Leonard\'s term.\ \| \| \| J. Smith Young\ \| \| March 3, 1879 \| \| Retired. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Homer, Louisiana\|Homer]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1879 --\ \| \| Elected in 1878.\ \| \| \| J. Floyd King\ \| \| March 3, 1887 \| \| Re-elected in 1880.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Vidalia, Louisiana\|Vidalia]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1882.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1884.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1887 --\ \| \| Elected in 1886.\ \| \| \| Cherubusco Newton\ \| \| March 3, 1889 \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Bastrop, Louisiana\|Bastrop]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1889 --\ \| \| Elected in 1888.\ \| \| \| Charles J. Boatner\ \| \| March 20, 1896 \| \| Re-elected in 1890.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Monroe, Louisiana\|Monroe]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1892.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1894.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| House declared seat vacant after election was contested by Alexis Benoit. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 20, 1896 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| June 10, 1896 \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| June 10, 1896 --\ \| \| Elected to finish his own term.\ \| \| \| Charles J. Boatner\ \| \| March 3, 1897 \| \| Retired. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Monroe, Louisiana\|Monroe]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1897 --\ \| \| Elected in 1896.\ \| \| \| Samuel T. Baird\ \| \| April 22, 1899 \| \| Re-elected in 1898.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Bastrop, Louisiana\|Bastrop]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Died. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| April 22, 1899 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| August 29, 1899 \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| August 29, 1899 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Baird\'s term.\ \| \| \| Joseph E. Ransdell\ \| \| March 3, 1913 \| \| Re-elected in 1900.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Lake Providence, Louisiana\|Lake Providence]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1902.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1904.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1906.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1908.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1910.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. senator. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1913 --\ \| \| Elected in 1912.\ \| \| \| James Walter Elder\ \| \| March 3, 1915 \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Monroe, Louisiana\|Monroe]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1915 --\ \| \| Elected in 1914.\ \| \| \| Riley J. Wilson\ \| \| January 3, 1937 \| \| Re-elected in 1916.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Ruston, Louisiana\|Ruston]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1918.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1920.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1922.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1924.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1926.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1928.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1930.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1932.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1934.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1937 --\ \| \| Elected in 1936.\ \| \| \| Newt V. Mills\ \| \| January 3, 1943 \| \| Re-elected in 1938.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Monroe, Louisiana\|Monroe]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1940.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1943 --\ \| \| Elected in 1942.\ \| \| \| Charles E. McKenzie\ \| \| January 3, 1947 \| \| Re-elected in 1944.\ \| \| \| `{{Small\|([[Monroe, Louisiana\|Monroe]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1947 --\ \| \| Elected in 1946.\ \| \| \| Otto Passman\ \| \| January 3, 1977 \| \| Re-elected in 1948.\ \| \| \| (Monroe)\ \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1950.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1952.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1954.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1956.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1958.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1960.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1962.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1964.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1966.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1968.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1970.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1972.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1974.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1977 --\ \| \| Elected in 1976.\ \| \| \| Jerry Huckaby\ \| \| January 3, 1993 \| \| Re-elected in 1978.\ \| \| \| (Ringgold)\ \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1980.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1982.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1984.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1986.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1988.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1990.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1993 --\ \| \| Redistricted from the `{{Ushr\|Louisiana\|4\|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1992.\ \| \| \| Jim McCrery\ \| \| January 3, 1997 \| \| Re-elected in 1994.\ \| \| \| (Shreveport)\ \| \| \| \| Redistricted to the `{{Ushr\|Louisiana\|4\|C}}`{=mediawiki}. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1997 --\ \| \| Elected in 1996.\ \| \| \| John Cooksey\ \| \| January 3, 2003 \| \| Re-elected in 1998.\ \| \| \| (Monroe)\ \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2000.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. senator. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 2003 --\ \| \| Elected in 2002.\ \| 2003--2013\ \| \| Rodney Alexander\ \| \| August 9, 2004 \| \| Re-elected in 2004.\ \| \| \| (Quitman)\ \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2006.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2008.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2010.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2012.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Resigned to become Secretary of the Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairs. \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \| rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Republican \| rowspan=2 nowrap \\| August 9, 2004 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| September 26, 2013 \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \| 2013--2023\ \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| September 26, 2013 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| November 16, 2013 \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| \\| Republican \| \| nowrap \\| November 16, 2013 --\ \| Elected to finish Alexander\'s term.\ \| \| Vance McAllister\ \| \| \| \| January 3, 2015 \| Lost re-nomination. \| \| (Swartz)\ \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| January 3, 2015 --\ \| \| Elected in 2014.\ \| \| Ralph Abraham\ \| \| \| January 3, 2021 \| \| Re-elected in 2016.\ \| \| (Alto)\ \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2018.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| January 3, 2021 --\ \| \| Representative-elect Luke Letlow died December 29, 2020. \| \| \| \| \| April 14, 2021 \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \| rowspan=3 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \\| Republican \| rowspan=3 nowrap \\| April 14, 2021 --\ \| \| Elected to finish her husband\'s term.\ \| \| Julia Letlow\ \| \| \| present \| \| Re-elected in 2022.\ \| \| (Start)\ \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 2024. \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \| 2023--2025\ \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ \| \| 2025--present\ \| \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ ## Recent election results {#recent_election_results}	1,863	Louisiana's 5th congressional district	1
3,732,508	# Louisiana's 5th congressional district ## Recent election results {#recent_election_results} ### 2002	12	Louisiana's 5th congressional district	2
3,732,508	# Louisiana's 5th congressional district ## Recent election results {#recent_election_results} ### 2004 {#section_1} - NOTE: Rodney Alexander switched from the Democratic to the Republican Party	25	Louisiana's 5th congressional district	3
3,732,526	# Nebraska's 4th congressional district Nebraska\'s 4th congressional district is an obsolete district. It was created after the 1890 census and abolished after the 1960 census. ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Member \| Party \| Years of Service \| Cong\ \| Electoral history \| \| \| \| \| ress \| \| +===========================================================+===============+===============================+=======+====================================================================================+ \| District established March 4, 1893 \| \| \| \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1893 --\ \| \| Elected in 1892.\ \| \| Eugene Jerome Hainer\ \| \| March 3, 1897 \| \| Re-elected in 1894.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Aurora, Nebraska\|Aurora]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Populist \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1897 --\ \| \| Elected in 1896.\ \| \| William Ledyard Stark\ \| \| March 3, 1903 \| \| Re-elected in 1898.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Aurora, Nebraska\|Aurora]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1900.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1903 --\ \| \| Elected in 1902.\ \| \| Edmund H. Hinshaw\ \| \| March 3, 1911 \| \| Re-elected in 1904.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Fairbury, Nebraska\|Fairbury]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1906.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1908.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1911 --\ \| \| Elected in 1910.\ \| \| Charles Henry Sloan\ \| \| March 3, 1919 \| \| Re-elected in 1912.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Geneva, Nebraska\|Geneva]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1914.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1916.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1919 --\ \| \| Elected in 1918.\ \| \| Melvin O. McLaughlin\ \| \| March 3, 1927 \| \| Re-elected in 1920.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[York, Nebraska\|York]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1922.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1924.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1927 --\ \| \| Elected in 1926.\ \| \| John N. Norton\ \| \| March 3, 1929 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Polk, Nebraska\|Polk]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1929 --\ \| \| Elected in 1928.\ \| \| Charles Henry Sloan\ \| \| March 3, 1931 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Geneva, Nebraska\|Geneva]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1931 --\ \| \| Elected in 1930.\ \| \| John N. Norton\ \| \| March 3, 1933 \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Polk, Nebraska\|Polk]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1933 --\ \| \| Redistricted from the `{{ushr\|Nebraska\|5\|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1932.\ \| \| Ashton C. Shallenberger\ \| \| January 3, 1935 \| \| Lost renomination. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Alma, Nebraska\|Alma]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1935 --\ \| \| Elected in 1934.\ \| \| Charles Gustav Binderup\ \| \| January 3, 1939 \| \| Re-elected in 1936.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Minden, Nebraska\|Minden]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1939 --\ \| \| Elected in 1938.\ \| \| Carl Curtis\ \| \| January 3, 1943 \| \| Re-elected in 1940.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Minden, Nebraska\|Minden]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Redistricted to the `{{ushr\|Nebraska\|1\|C}}`{=mediawiki}. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1943 --\ \| \| Elected in 1942.\ \| \| Arthur L. Miller\ \| \| January 3, 1959 \| \| Re-elected in 1944.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Kimball, Nebraska\|Kimball]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1946.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1948.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1950.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1952.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1954.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1956.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1959 --\ \| \| Elected in 1958.\ \| \| Donald McGinley\ \| \| January 3, 1961 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Ogallala, Nebraska\|Ogallala]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1961 --\ \| \| Elected in 1960.\ \| \| David Martin\ \| \| January 3, 1963 \| \| Redistricted to the `{{ushr\|Nebraska\|3\|C}}`{=mediawiki}	778	Nebraska's 4th congressional district	0
3,732,527	# 1978 All-Africa Games The 3rd All-Africa Games (الألعاب الأفريقية الثالثة; 3e Jeux africains), alson known as Algiers 1978 (الجزائر 1978) was a multi-sport event played from 13 to 28 July 1978, in Algiers, Algeria. 45 countries from 49 independent African countries participated in twelve sports. At the closing ceremonies the torch was passed to Nairobi, Kenya to begin preparations for the IVth All-Africa Games in 1987. After the games, Morocco boycotted the competition following the recognition of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic by the AU until 2019. ## The games {#the_games} ### Opening ceremony {#opening_ceremony} The opening ceremony officially began on July 13, 1978. It was organized by Mohamed Zerguini, president of the Algerian Olympic Committee and member of the International Olympic Committee. It was attended by Lord Killanin (president of the International Olympic Committee), Mohamed Mzali (vice-president of the IOC), Masaji Kiyokawa (Vice Chairman of the IOC), the French Count Jean de Beaumont, the IOC executive members Juan Antonio Samaranch, Mohamed Benjelloun, Lamine Keita, Mohamed Abel Halim and other members and 45 presidents or representatives of the African National Olympic Committees. And finally Ignaty Novikov president of the Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games accompanied with representatives of Organizing Committees of the 1979 Mediterranean Games in Split. ### Closing ceremony {#closing_ceremony} At the conclusion of the Games it was known where the next games would be held as Nairobi had come forth to offer to hold the Games in 1987. ### Stars of the games {#stars_of_the_games} Henry Rono, the Kenyan star who had already set four world records on the track in 1978 won the 10,000 meters and 3000 meters steeplechase. Filbert Bayi again took the 1500 meters gold medal. The Algeria national football team wins the gold medal of the games against Nigeria, Ghana wins the bronze medal. ## Participating nations {#participating_nations} The following is a list of nations that participated in the 1978 All-Africa Games: `{{div col\|colwidth=22em}}`{=mediawiki} - - - - - - Egypt - Ethiopia - - - - - Libya - - - - - - - - - Tunisia - - - - Zambia Somalia participated in the games, but not mentioned.`{{Expand section\|date=May 2019}}`{=mediawiki} ## Sports - - - - - - - - - - - - ## Medal table {#medal_table} ## Results ### Athletics Malian discus thrower Namakoro Niaré won his third title, being the only athlete to do so. Four athletes, two male and two female, won more than one event: - El Kashief Hassan, Sudan (200 metres and 400 metres) - Hannah Afriyie, Ghana (100 metres and 200 metres) - Charlton Ehizuelen, Nigeria (long jump and triple jump) - Modupe Oshikoya, Nigeria (high jump and long jump) - Nagui Asaad, Egypt, won his second Gold medal in Shot Put of the All Africa Games in 1978, Algeria, after his first in 1973, Nigeria. Some new events were added: Decathlon and pentathlon, for men and women respectively, as well as men\'s 20 km road walk. ### Football The football tournament was won by the host country Algeria. +-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+ \| !align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"gold\"\\|Gold: \| !align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"silver\"\\|Silver: \| !align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#CC9966\"\\|Bronze: \| +-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+ \| Algeria \| Nigeria \| Ghana \| \| \| \| \| \| Coach: \| Coach: \| Coach: \| +-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| +-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+ ## Concerns and controversies {#concerns_and_controversies} ### Egyptian incident {#egyptian_incident} The Egyptian team, which had topped the medals table in the previous two games was called home by its government midway through the games after a brawl marred the football tournament. A fight between Libyans and Egyptians began at the end of the match after a Libyan player struck his opponent. The field became a ring between the players and leaders on both sides. It was reported that Algerian police did stop the violence. Live television broadcast the melee to Egypt. Egypt decided, as a result of these incidents, to withdraw from the competition and the Egyptian Prime minister called the team home immediately. ### The meeting of Algiers {#the_meeting_of_algiers} The meeting gave those African nations associated with the Commonwealth a chance to address another brewing controversy; their proposed boycott of the 1978 Commonwealth Games which were to be held the following month in Edmonton, Canada. The discussions were fruitful and the boycott was not carried out	708	1978 All-Africa Games	0
3,732,532	# Newark Broad Street station Newark Broad Street station is a New Jersey Transit commuter rail and light rail station at 25 University Avenue in Newark, New Jersey. Built in 1903, the station\'s historic architecture includes an elegant clock tower and a brick and stone façade on the station\'s main building. In June 1984, the station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its historical significance. ## History The current station is the second on the site. The original station opened on November 19, 1836, at the east end of the opening segment of the Morris and Essex Railroad to Orange; for the first couple of decades trains east of Newark ran over the New Jersey Rail Road to Jersey City. The present station opened in 1903 after two years of construction, located on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad main line from Hoboken to Denville, Scranton and Buffalo The Newark Drawbridge connecting to the station and crossing the Passaic River to the east also opened in 1903. A number of western expansions were built, and Hoboken Terminal, the current eastern end of the line, opened in 1907. In 1945, the Morris and Essex Railroad officially merged into the Lackawanna Railroad, which had leased it since 1868 (though the Morris and Essex\' separate identity had been largely lost years before). DL&W merged with the Erie Railroad in 1960 to form the Erie Lackawanna Railroad, which was absorbed by Conrail in 1976; NJ Transit has operated all passenger service since 1983. The station had served several Lackawanna and then Erie Lackwanna passenger trains. These included the Lake Cities, Owl/New York Mail, Twilight/Pocono Express and the DLW flagship train, the Phoebe Snow. However, all intercity service ended by 1970. The station building has been listed in the state and federal registers of historic places since 1984 and is part of the Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource. ### Renovation From 2004 to 2008 the station was renovated. The station changed from having two outside low platforms, with walkways across one track to the middle track, to having two high platforms, one of them an island platform, to facilitate cross-platform transfers. The historic westbound shelter was removed in the project and new westbound waiting areas were built. ### Proposed Scranton--New York City line {#proposed_scrantonnew_york_city_line} In 2023, a new Amtrak line was proposed between Scranton and New York with an estimated half a million riders annually by 2030. It is planned to hit 110 mph. The closest station to the New York Penn Station on the line is Newark Broad Street. The next stop will be either Morristown station or Montclair station depending on the schedule it is running. ## Station layout and services {#station_layout_and_services} Broad Street Station is currently served by the Montclair--Boonton Line and both branches of the Morris and Essex Lines ---- the Morristown Line and Gladstone Branch. All three lines either proceed to Secaucus Junction en route to New York Penn Station or terminate in Hoboken. This station is also the northern terminus of the Newark Light Rail Broad Street Extension line from Newark Penn Station. Service on this line opened on July 17, 2006, although light rail service was unavailable from March through July 2008 due to a partial collapse of the former Westinghouse factory adjacent to the station during demolition. This allows passengers on the two commuter lines serving Broad Street to easily transfer to Newark Penn, and vice versa. Previously, passengers wishing to transfer in Newark had to make their own way (usually by bus or taxi) between the two stations. ## Gallery <File:Newark> Broad Street April 2009.jpg\\|Station entrance on University Avenue <File:Newark> Broad Street.jpg\\|Commuter rail platforms <File:BroadStreetNLRStop.jpg%7CLight> rail station <File:Newark> Broad St Station Waiting Rm during COVID pandemic.jpg\\|Waiting room, during COVID-19 Pandemic <File:Newark> Broad Street Station during COVID 19 pandemic.jpg\\|Platforms during the COVID-19 Pandemic <File:EL> Newark, Lackawanna Station, Newark, NJ, November 1978 (24091178996)	652	Newark Broad Street station	0
3,732,544	# Raminator (truck) Raminator, Rammunition and Hotsy are monster trucks that race on the Monster Jam, Monster Nationals and ProMT tours. They are currently driven by Mark Hall and Kurt Kraehmer. The team is sponsored by Ram Trucks. Until recently, the team was, along with Team Bigfoot, one of the most high-profile teams to not run in Monster Jam, although since 2017, they have competed in several Monster Jam tours. ## History In 1986, Tim and Mark Hall of Thomasboro, Illinois officially formed \'Hall Brothers Racing\', and began campaigning their first creation: the \"Heavy Metal\" tracked monster truck. The team soon acquired sponsorship from remote control car manufacturer Kyosho. The Halls then created the \"Big Boss\", their first venture into the world of more traditional \"rubber tire trucks\", a.k.a. monster trucks as they are known today. \"Big Boss\" was the first monster truck to derive its paint scheme from that of an RC car, as opposed to the other way around. The \"Big Boss\" was destroyed during a race in 1991, around the time their first true tube-chassis race monster truck was completed. The truck debuted as \"USA-1\" as a partnership with Everett Jasmer (with Kyosho and True Value as sponsors), the truck did not run for long with that particular moniker because the Halls wanted to go back out on their own. \"Executioner\" would be the new name for the Halls\' truck, which went on to campaign very respectably in USHRA (1992-Feb 2002), Special Events\' PENDA Series (1992-96), USA Motorsports (1993-98), and ProMT (2000-01). Several custom race chassis built by Hall Brothers Racing carried the \"Executioner\" nameplate during these years, at first using GMC and Chevrolet bodies, and eventually switching to Dodge bodies just prior to the millennium. The truck featured a recognizable black & white (later changed to red & white) checkerboard paint scheme, designed and painted originally by Tim Hall and close friend and associate Darrell Wagner. The truck adopted a far more radical paint scheme in 2000, which featured flames, tribal pinstriping, and detailed airbrushing. This scheme appeared on the Dodge bodies only. Seeing the success the Halls were having as privateers in the monster truck industry, Dodge decided to return to corporate sponsorship of monster truck racing after a nearly six-year hiatus (having last sponsored Fred Shafer\'s Bear Foot team from 1992-96). After a year of scouting and preparations in 2001, the Dodge division of Daimler-Chrysler signed a three-year deal with the Halls. Hall Brothers Racing debuted the first Dodge Raminator truck at a USHRA event in the Pontiac Silverdome in January 2002. The truck ran one more weekend with USHRA, then ceased to compete at any more Monster Jam events. This would subsequently gain strong support from fans who disagree with their spectacle-oriented shows. The team would return to Monster Jam in 2007. With Mark Hall driving and brother Tim Hall serving as crew chief, the team won 4 of 7 ProMT races in 2002 en route to earning their first championship. With strong showings at Monster Nationals and Special Events races that year as well, along with the addition of the \"Rammunition\" race truck piloted by rookie Dale Benear, the team exceeded Dodge\'s expectations. In 2003, the Halls entered a streak of dominance that had not been seen since Team Bigfoot\'s 4-straight PENDA Series championships. That year, the team clinched the Monster Nationals and Special Events titles (the ProMT series took a hiatus). 2004 would see a repeat, as Hall and Raminator clinched yet another Monster Nationals championship and the combined ProMT/Special Events title as well. 2005 proved to be an even further extension of the team\'s dominance, as Hall would once again claim the Monster Nationals and Special Events championship honors. These feats on-track combined with the team\'s ever growing fleet of trucks and dealership appearances would incite Dodge to renew the team\'s sponsorship through 2007, with an option for further involvement after that. ## Hallmarks Raminator and Rammunition are both among the most feared opponents in racing. The factory backing has allowed for significant performance gains, especially concerning the engine. The team is especially notable for ending Bigfoot\'s dominance in ProMT and the Special Events series, where the Ford had previously been untouchable. The horsepower advantage has also translated into high-flying freestyles, although the drivers are markedly more conservative than their Monster Jam counterparts. However, as the Halls have often criticized the destructive nature of USHRA events, and are quick to point out how few rollovers they have had, their conservatism is a point of pride for the team. As a result, the team is tremendously popular with fans who dislike Monster Jam, particularly those who would like to see a racing-exclusive series	782	Raminator (truck)	0
3,732,551	# Alfred Berg Alfred Berg is a Nordic asset manager with offices in Oslo and Stockholm with expertise in portfolio management and financial analysis. Alfred Berg is an independent part of BNP Paribas Asset Management. Alfred Berg was founded in Sweden in 1863, the same year that the Stockholm Stock Exchange opened, by Carl Gustaf Hierzéel and was a leading Nordic investment bank. The company was named after the banker Alfred Berg, who took over the company in 1901. During the major part of the 1900s the Alfred Berg was owned by the Kahm family. However, in the mid-1980s, the company was sold to Volvo and Alfred Berg started to expand by becoming the largest shareholder in the company Gunnar Bøhn & Co in Norway. This was the first step in building a Nordic company based on local expertise. Shortly after the Norwegian expansion, Alfred Berg also expanded its operations to Denmark, and took over Denmark\'s oldest brokerage firm Brødr. Trier, established in 1877. During the early 1990s Alfred Berg continued to expand and opened offices in Helsinki, London, New York and Moscow, and by that the company was present in the leading world markets. In 1995 Alfred Berg was acquired by ABN AMRO. The expansion continued, and the company became a strong Nordic asset manager within a wide global network. In 2004, Alfred Berg\'s asset management business was fully integrated into ABN AMRO Asset Management. In April 2010, the merger between Fortis Investments and BNP Paribas Investment Partners was completed, and Alfred Berg became a specialist Asset Manager within the network of asset management companies	266	Alfred Berg	0
3,732,562	# Grand Rapids Flight The Grand Rapids Flight were a team in the International Basketball League based in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Flight underwent an office change in 2007 when David Fox took over the roles of general manager and head coach from founder Tyler Whitcomb. The team was owned by the Grand Rapids Junior Jammers Youth Foundation from 2008 to 2010, a non-profit based in Grand Rapids, Michigan founded by David Fox. The team\'s head coach, David Fox, coached the team for three seasons, and in his third season was the longest running tenured head coach in the IBL. On the court, the team was a solid success in 2006, reaching the Final Four. The Grand Rapids Flight at one time held the record for most points scored in a single game, after a 179--146 drubbing of the Des Moines Heat. The Flight made international news in 2007 by signing 7 ft basketball player Sun Mingming, still known as the tallest athlete in the world. The Flight helped to set the record for single game attendance against the Elkhart Express in 2007 as over 5,200 attended the game, many to see Sun. For the 2008 season the Flight played their home games at the DeltaPlex Arena. The DeltaPlex seats up to 4,400 for basketball. The Flight cited an upturn in attendance for this move. The Grand Rapids Flight are unrelated to the former basketball team that played in Grand Rapids, the Grand Rapids Hoops	245	Grand Rapids Flight	0
3,732,567	# Ben Cunnington (archaeologist) Edward Benjamin Howard Cunnington (1861--1950), was a British archaeologist most famous for his work on prehistoric sites and features in Wiltshire, England. He was the great-grandson of the famous antiquarian William Cunnington, and the fourth generation of his family to work recording and preserving Wiltshire\'s past. The son of Henry Cunnington, a wine merchant, and his wife, Benjamin worked as a journalist before joining his father\'s business. For sixty years he served as the unpaid honorary curator of Devizes Museum. In 1889, he married Maud Pegge. They had one son, Edward, who was killed in the First World War. The couple devoted their lives to archaeology in Wiltshire, carrying out formal excavations at highly significant sites. The Cunningtons carried out excavations at some of the most important sites in British archaeology. These included the first known Neolithic causewayed enclosure at Knap Hill, the Iron Age village at All Cannings Cross, West Kennet Long Barrow, Woodhenge, (which they named) and The Sanctuary. This last monument they rediscovered, as it had been lost since William Stukeley saw it in the eighteenth century. The Cunningtons bought the properties underlying Woodhenge and The Sanctuary, and donated the sites and features to the nation. Cunnington died in 1950; his wife Maud died in 1951	213	Ben Cunnington (archaeologist)	0
3,732,602	# Richard Sala Richard Sala (June 2, 1954 -- May 7, 2020) was an American cartoonist, illustrator, and comic book creator with a unique expressionistic style whose books often combined elements of mystery, horror and whimsy. ## Biography Richard Sala was born in Oakland, California in 1954. He spent his childhood in West Chicago, Illinois, and his teenage years in Scottsdale, Arizona. In interviews, Sala has mentioned the influence of his childhood years on his work, particularly his visits to museums and antique shops. He has stated that his love of reading and his interest in comic books and horror films helped him deal with real-life fears. He attended college as an art major, finally earning a Master of Fine Arts degree in painting from Mills College. He then worked as a freelance illustrator, something he had begun doing while in college, and a cartoonist, publishing his first comic book, Night Drive, in 1984. More of a reflection of his art school education than a typical comic book, Night Drive nevertheless ended up opening doors for Sala that would eventually lead to his rediscovering and embracing his childhood love of comics and monsters. The book came to the attention of several individuals who contacted Sala to request work. These included Art Spiegelman, Monte Beauchamp and Colossal Pictures and resulted in his appearances in two highly regarded comic anthologies -- Spiegelman\'s RAW and Beauchamp\'s BLAB!. Colossal Pictures hired Sala to animate one of the stories from Night Drive called \"Invisible Hands.\" This was eventually expanded by Sala and director Denis Morella into a 12-minute story about a psychic detective, a hooded criminal, taxidermy, a costume party, and a secret society of one-handed killers, all done in Sala\'s usual tongue-in-cheek style. Divided into two-minute chapters so it could be shown as a serial, Invisible Hands debuted on the first season of MTV\'s Liquid Television show, which also featured the television debuts of Beavis and Butthead and Æon Flux. Sala has continued to be a prolific illustrator and comic book artist. Two of his books, The Chuckling Whatsit and Mad Night, began as serials. They are epic thrillers with labyrinthine plots and black humor. The Chuckling Whatsit first appeared in the anthology Zero Zero. Mad Night, which features the girl detective Judy Drood, was initially serialized in Sala\'s 12-issue comic book series Evil Eye, published by Fantagraphics Books. Evil Eye also introduced Peculia, a mysterious black-haired waif whose fairy tale-inspired adventures include encounters with murderous children, necrophiles, cat-women, and zombies. Evil Eye ran for twelve issues, between 1998 and 2001. Sala has also worked on projects with Lemony Snicket, Steve Niles, and The Residents, and illustrated Doctor Sax and The Great World Snake, a script written in the 1960s by Jack Kerouac, which, like Sala\'s own work, makes use of pulp genre conventions such as vampires and shadowy avengers. In 2014, Sala began writing and drawing a webcomic entitled Super-Enigmatix, which follows the investigation into a sinister super-criminal. In 2016, Sala began a second webcomic, The Bloody Cardinal, also about a mystery-shrouded super-criminal. The Bloody Cardinal was published in print form by Fantagraphics in 2017. ## Death Sala died on May 7, 2020, at the age of 65 of a heart attack	539	Richard Sala	0
3,732,603	# Holland Dream The Holland Dream was a semi-professional basketball team in the Independent Basketball Association based in Holland, Michigan. The team began as the Holland Blast, and changed its name when the team entered the IBA. The team was last owned by Tom Moore. The Dream played at the Holland Civic Center, former home of Hope College, who moved into the new DeVos Fieldhouse. They were members of the International Basketball League from 2005 to 2011. ## History The Holland Blast produced two IBL Hall of Fame players: - Jared Bledsoe, a 6\'2\" guard originally from Memphis, averaged a league-best, 43 points per game in the 2006 IBL playoffs and is the Holland Blast all-time leading scorer. The 6'2" guard scored a career and IBL playoff high 49 points vs Elkhart Express in the IBL Semifinals Playoffs. He was twice an All-NSIC selection while playing at Moorhead State University, Bledsoe accepted the women\'s assistant coach position at Concordia College in 2012. - Dennis Springs from Toledo, Ohio. Ranked 3rd in the IBL in scoring at 27.9 points per game and 1st in the IBL in Assists with 10.9 assist per game. Both have enjoyed successful careers playing basketball overseas. Former assistant coach Terry Smith took over as head coach for the 2007 season after Mike Ahrens submitted his resignation. Coach Smith was Grand Valley State University's Men\'s Basketball Coach from 1997-2004 where he won 110 games. Smith has received many professional honors including the 1996 NABC Coach of the Year	251	Holland Dream	0
3,732,619	# Eric Newton Eric Newton is an American journalist, writer and media consultant. He is a consultant for the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, an organization created by one of the founding families behind the Knight Ridder newspaper group. From 2015 to 2020, Newton was Innovation Chief at Arizona State University\'s Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication. He held the rank of professor of practice and worked closely with the school's leadership to drive new innovative initiatives at Cronkite News, the school's multiplatform news operation. In 2001, Newton joined Knight Foundation as director of journalism initiatives. He oversaw grant development and expanded the journalism and media innovation program. In 2006, he was promoted to vice president/journalism. In 2011, he served as a senior adviser to Knight Foundation President Alberto Ibargüen, working on special projects and endowment grants, and after that became a consultant for the foundation. Newton earned a B.A. in journalism from San Francisco State University in 1979 and his master\'s degree in international studies from the University of Birmingham. He joined the Oakland Tribune as a copy boy in 1977. Turned down for a job as a reporter there in 1979, he edited newspapers in Mill Valley and Richmond before returning to the Tribune as a copy editor in 1984. Within six years he was running the Tribune newsroom. Newton was city editor, assistant managing editor or managing editor of the Tribune when it won more than 150 awards, including a Pulitzer Prize in news photography for coverage of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. He has since been a Pulitzer Prize juror four times and has written a book on Pulitzer Prize-winning photography. In 1992, Newton launched the Pacific Coast Center for the Freedom Forum. In 1994, he was founding managing editor for the Newseum, responsible for its story line and content. For four years, from the opening of the original Newseum in 1997 until 2000, he hosted programs in the Newseum\'s broadcast studio and created publications and traveling exhibits. Newton joined Knight Foundation in June 2001 as director of journalism initiatives. Later he became vice president of the foundation\'s journalism program. In 2011, he became Senior Adviser to the President. Newton was founding president of the First Amendment Project, a nonprofit law firm representing citizens seeking access to government records. He shared in a 2004 Peabody Award for Mosaic: World News from the Middle East, a television program created for LinkTV. He received the Reddick Award for distinguished contributions in communications from the University of Texas at Austin, and a special First Amendment Award from the Radio and Television Digital News Association for his role in creating Sunshine Week. In 2012 he won the Markoff Award for support of investigative reporting from the UC Berkeley Investigative Reporting Project. Newton became involved in the 2005 Seigenthaler incident after replacing a vandalized English Wikipedia biography of John Seigenthaler Sr. with a copyrighted official biography. After that was removed for violating English Wikipedia policy, Newton\'s subsequent edits explaining how he had tried to correct English Wikipedia also were rejected as a violation of English Wikipedia\'s verifiability policy	521	Eric Newton	0
3,732,620	# Nebraska's 5th congressional district Nebraska\'s 5th congressional district is an obsolete district. It was created after the 1890 United States census and eliminated after the 1940 United States census. +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Member \| Party \| Years of service \| Cong\ \| Electoral history \| \| \| \| \| ress \| \| +===================================================================+===============+===============================+=======+====================================================================================+ \| District established March 4, 1893 \| \| \| \| \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Populist \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1893 --\ \| \| Redistricted from the `{{ushr\|Nebraska\|2\|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1892.\ \| \| William A. McKeighan\ \| \| March 3, 1895 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Red Cloud, Nebraska\|Red Cloud]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1895 --\ \| \| Elected in 1894.\ \| \| William E. Andrews\ \| \| March 3, 1897 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Hastings, Nebraska\|Hastings]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Populist \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1897 --\ \| \| Elected in 1896.\ \| \| Roderick Dhu Sutherland\ \| \| March 3, 1901 \| \| Re-elected in 1898.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Nelson, Nebraska\|Nelson]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1901 --\ \| \| Elected in 1900.\ \| \| Ashton C. Shallenberger\ \| \| March 3, 1903 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Alma, Nebraska\|Alma]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1903 --\ \| \| Elected in 1902.\ \| \| George W. Norris\ \| \| March 3, 1913 \| \| Re-elected in 1904.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[McCook, Nebraska\|McCook]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1906.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1908.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1910.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. senator. \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1913 --\ \| \| Elected in 1912.\ \| \| Silas Reynolds Barton\ \| \| March 3, 1915 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Grand Island, Nebraska\|Grand Island]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1915 --\ \| \| Elected in 1914.\ \| \| Ashton C. Shallenberger\ \| \| March 3, 1919 \| \| Re-elected in 1916.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Alma, Nebraska\|Alma]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1919 --\ \| \| Elected in 1918.\ \| \| William E. Andrews\ \| \| March 3, 1923 \| \| Re-elected in 1920.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Hastings, Nebraska\|Hastings]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1923 --\ \| \| Elected in 1922.\ \| \| Ashton C. Shallenberger\ \| \| March 3, 1929 \| \| Re-elected in 1924.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Alma, Nebraska\|Alma]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1926.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Lost re-election. \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1929 --\ \| \| Elected in 1928.\ \| \| Fred Gustus Johnson\ \| \| March 3, 1931 \| \| Lost re-election. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Hastings, Nebraska\|Hastings]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1931 --\ \| \| Elected in 1930.\ \| \| Ashton C. Shallenberger\ \| \| March 3, 1933 \| \| Redistricted to the `{{ushr\|Nebraska\|4\|C}}`{=mediawiki}. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Alma, Nebraska\|Alma]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1933 --\ \| \| Elected in 1932.\ \| \| Terry Carpenter\ \| \| January 3, 1935 \| \| Retired to run for governor. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Scottsbluff, Nebraska\|Scottsbluff]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Democratic \| nowrap \\| January 3, 1935 --\ \| \| Elected in 1934.\ \| \| Harry B. Coffee\ \| \| January 3, 1943 \| \| Re-elected in 1936.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Chadron, Nebraska\|Chadron]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1938.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1940.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Retired to run for U.S. senator	688	Nebraska's 5th congressional district	0
3,732,629	# 1987 All-Africa Games The 4th All-Africa Games (Michezo ya 4 ya Afrika Nzima), also known as Nairobi 1987, were played from 1 to 12 August 1987, in Nairobi, Kenya. 42 countries participated in fourteen sports. From the beginning the intent had been to hold the African Games every four years. Economic difficulties and general civil unrest had never allowed this to happen. The fourth Games were no exception. Originally scheduled for 1982, a weak Kenyan economy slowed preparations. The Chinese helped provide the necessary funds and manpower to begin building Kasarani Stadium, but too late to hold the games on schedule. It was suggested at one time that Tunis, Tunisia arrange the fourth games in 1982 and Nairobi take its turn in the fifth games in 1986. This proposal was voted down, but the Nairobi games dates were pushed back to 1986. This was still not enough time for the Kenyans to ready themselves and the games finally opened in August 1987. The Games have kept to the four-year schedule since this edition. A torch was relayed from Nairobi to the Kenyan coast, the Kenyan highlands and back to Nairobi where World Champion John Ngugi carried it into the stadium in front of an enthusiastic crowd of 80,000. Organizational difficulties with housing and facilities, typical in events such as these, were evident in the Nairobi Games as well, but in the end the Games concluded without undue calamity. Egypt won the soccer final against the hosts Kenya on the final day, and again topped the medals table. At the closing ceremony, the torch was passed to Cairo, Egypt to begin preparations for the Vth All-Africa Games in 1991. ## Medal table {#medal_table}	283	1987 All-Africa Games	0
3,732,629	# 1987 All-Africa Games ## Sports ### Athletics Three athletes, two female and one male, won more than one event: - Selina Chirchir, Kenya (800 metres and 1500 metres) - Maria Usifo, Nigeria (100 m hurdles and 400 m hurdles) - Adewale Olukoju, Nigeria (shot put and discus throw) In addition, Nigeria won all four relay races; 4x100 metres and 4x400 metres for men and for women. Some new women\'s events were added: 3000 metres, 10000 metres, 400 metres hurdles and 5000 metres track walk. Additionally, the obsoleted pentathlon event was replaced by the heptathlon. ### Basketball - Men: 1. Angola, 2. Senegal - Women: 1. Zaire ### Boxing ### Field hockey {#field_hockey} Field hockey was part of the games for the first time. The venue was City Park Hockey Stadium. - Men: 1. Kenya, 2. Zimbabwe, 3. Egypt, 4. Ghana, 5. Tanzania, 7. Zambia ### Football The football tournament was won by Egypt. It was the first Games in which the host country did not win, although the host Kenya finished second. Malawi won their first All-Africa medal. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| !align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"gold\"\\|Gold: \| !align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"silver\"\\|Silver: \| !align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#CC9966\"\\|Bronze: \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \| \| \| \| \| \| Coach: \| Coach: Reinhard Fabisch \| Coach: Reuben Malola \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \| \| \| +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ ### Handball - Men: 1. Algeria, 2. Congo, 3. Egypt - Women: 1. Cote d\'Ivoire, 2. Congo, 3. Cameroon ### Table tennis {#table_tennis} ### Taekwondo The taekwondo competition took place at Desai Memorial Hall between August 1 and August 4, 1987. The men\'s winners were: Weight Winner Nationality --------- ----------------- ------------- Fin Anthony Mensah Ghana Fly John Kariuki Kenya Bantam John Phafoli Lesotho Feather Molise Tau Lesotho Light Dominic Kim Nigeria Welter Osborne Kunenei Swaziland Middle Anthony Ilukhor Nigeria Heavy Pius Ilukhor Nigeria ### Volleyball - Men: 1. Cameroon, 2. Algeria, 3. Nigeria - Women: 1. Egypt, 2. Kenya, 3	319	1987 All-Africa Games	1
3,732,683	# Xenin Xenin is a peptide hormone secreted from the chromogranin A-positive enteroendocrine cells called the K-cells in the mucous membrane of the duodenum and stomach of the upper gut. The peptide has been found in humans, dogs, pigs, rats, and rabbits. In humans, xenin circulates in the blood plasma. There is a relationship between peaks of xenin concentration in the plasma and the third phase of the Migrating Motor Complex. For example, infusion of synthetic xenin in fasting volunteers will cause phase III activity. After a meal (the \'postprandial state\'), infusion of xenin increases both frequency and the percentage of aborally propagated contractions. In higher concentrations xenin stimulates exocrine pancreatic secretion and inhibits the gastrin-stimulated secretion of acid in dogs. Xenin is also produced in neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenal mucosa. In vitro, xenin interacts with the neurotensin receptor 1. ## Structure and sequence {#structure_and_sequence} Xenin is a 25-amino acid polypeptide. The amino acid sequence of xenin is identical to the N-terminal end of cytoplasmic coatomer subunit alpha, from which xenin can be cleaved by aspartic proteases. Xenin is structurally related to the amphibian peptide xenopsin and to the neuropeptide neurotensin. Surpassed by insulin, xenin reflects the second highest degree of homology traced along the evolutionary tree among the regulatory peptides, indicating its prominent structural conservatism. ## Proxenin Proxenin is the precursor to xenin. It is a 35-amino acid polypeptide. Like xenin, its amino acid sequence exactly matches the N-terminus of coatomer subunit alpha. ## As a drug target {#as_a_drug_target} Xenin promotes beta-cell survival and xenin has been evaluated in animal models of obesity and diabetes where it has demonstrated an antidiabetic potential. In humans, co-administration of xenin-25 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) reduces postprandial glycemia by delaying gastric emptying	291	Xenin	0
3,732,685	# Oregon Route 39 Oregon Route 39 is an Oregon state highway that runs between the city of Klamath Falls in Southern Oregon, and the California border between Merrill, Oregon, and Tulelake, California. ## Route description {#route_description} Oregon Route 39 begins at an interchange with U.S. Route 97, north of downtown Klamath Falls, and just west of the main campus of the Oregon Institute of Technology. For the first 5 mi of its existence, it is an urban expressway, known locally as either Crater Lake Parkway, the Alameda Bypass, or as the East Side Bypass, that skirts the eastern edge of Klamath Falls. The northernmost mile or so is shared with U.S. Route 97 Business, which departs from OR 39 and heads downtown via Esplanade Street. East of the junction with Main Street, OR 39 continues in a southeasterly direction, skirting the main business district. The East Side Bypass ends at an intersection with South 6th Street, in the eastern suburb of Altamont. OR 39 then heads east-southeast on South 6th street for several more miles, until an intersection with Oregon Route 140. From U.S. Route 97, including the concurrency with U.S. 97 Business, to its departure from OR 140, including the concurrency, OR 39 consists of concurrent parts of the Klamath Falls-Malin Highway No. 50 (see Oregon highways and routes) and the Klamath Falls-Lakeview Highway No. 20. At that intersection, OR 39 then turns due south, and is now known as the Klamath Falls-Malin Highway. OR 39 shares an alignment with OR 140 for about two miles (3 km), until OR 140 west diverges once again as the Southside Expressway. OR 39 then leave the Klamath Falls metropolitan area, and heads south-southeast for about 12 mi, until it reaches the town of Merrill. The highway then turns due east, running parallel to the California border. About 2 mi east of Merrill, OR 39 and the Klamath Falls-Malin Highway depart; with the latter continuing east towards Malin, and OR 39 turning southeast. It runs southeast for 2 more miles as the Hatfield Highway No. 426 ending at the California border. The highway continues into California as State Route 139, which continues on to Tulelake, Canby, California, and other points in Northern California. At the state line is an intersection with State Route 161. Via State Route 299 and U.S. Route 395, one may continue on to Reno, Nevada. ## History At one point in the past, OR 39 (or its predecessor) continued east into Malin, Oregon from the junction between Malin and Merrill; then headed southeast (reuniting with SR 139 south of Tulelake, CA). This stretch of road continues to be known as the Klamath Falls-Malin Highway within Oregon, and has an ODOT Highway number (not a route number) of 50. It is unclear whether or not this highway will ever be signed. Prior to the construction of the Eastside Bypass, OR 39 used to run through Klamath Falls via 6th Street, through downtown, exiting downtown via Oregon Avenue. (This also was a prior alignment for Oregon Route 140; Oregon Avenue continues west past US 97, until it ends at a junction with OR 140 west of town. Portions of this route are currently signed as OR 39 Business	539	Oregon Route 39	0
3,732,698	# Fernando María Guerrero Fernando María Guerrero Ramírez (May 30, 1873 -- June 12, 1929) was a Filipino, poet, journalist, lawyer, politician, and polyglot who became a significant figure during the Philippines\' golden period of Spanish literature, a period ranging from 1890 to the outbreak of World War II in 1940. ## Biography Guerrero was born to a highly educated family. His father was the painter and art teacher Lorenzo Guerrero, who was largely known for mentoring gifted artists like Juan Luna, Felix Hidalgo, and Juan Arellano in the art school Academia de Dibujo y Pintura. His mother was Clamencia Ramirez. His uncle is the famous botanist and pharmacist León María Guerrero, the brother of his father Lorenzo. They belong to the nation\'s most prominent families. He began writing literature at a young age. He excelled in the facility of language and obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and the Bachelor of Laws degree at the University of Santo Tomas and wrote journals during the years 1898 to 1900. He became a lawyer and he taught criminology and forensic oratory. He served as chairman of the board of study at the law school La Jurisprudencia (The Jurisprudence). He also became a councilor, secretary of the senate and secretary of the Philippine Independence commission. He was also a director of the Academia de Leyes (Academy of Regulation). Apart from Spanish, Guerrero spoke Tagalog, Latin, Greek, and English. During the revolution he was recruited by General Antonio Luna to serve as contributor and editor for the newspaper, La Independencia, together with Rafael Palma and Epifanio de los Santos. During the early years of the American occupation, he would be reunited with Rafael Palma at El Renacimiento (The Rebirth), a Spanish-language daily. In a few years, he would transition from the position of editor to director. Under Guerrero\'s leadership as its director, El Renaciemento would become the most influential and powerful paper in the Philippines---exposing and speaking against the oppression and brutality of the constabulary. After a brief stint in politics he became an editor at La Vanguardia (The Outer works) and La Opinion (The Opinion). He was a member of the First Philippine Assembly representing Manila\'s 2nd district, the Academia Filipina (Philippine Academy) and also became a leader of the Municipal Board of Manila. He was also a correspondent to the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language in Madrid. His poetry book Crisálidas was published in 1914. Subsequently, he published another verse compilation called Aves y Flores. Guerrero died on June 12, 1929, coinciding with that year\'s anniversary of the República Filipina (Philippine Republic). A school in Paco, Manila, was named after him in his honor. ## Poetry A 1913 poem written by Guerrero: ### Original in Spanish {#original_in_spanish} ### English translation {#english_translation} `{{cquote\| '''To Spain'''<br/> O, Noble Spain! Today<br/> This song is for thee<br/> A song that comes from afar<br/> Like an old love<br/> Trembling, palpitating<br/> Fragrant with tradition<br/> Opening its candid wings<br/> Under the goldness of that sun of yours<br/> Which we've received into our souls<br/> With the fire of thy voice<br/> In whose brightness ride<br/> The stallions of hope.<br/> My race adored the glory<br/> Of the beauty of the Spanish tongue<br/> That is spoken by the Quixotes<br/> From this Malay region,<br/> Where new Sanchos would like<br/> that we instead spoke in Saxon tongue	560	Fernando María Guerrero	0
3,732,707	# Lake County Lakers The Lake County Lakers was a franchise in the International Basketball League, that played home games in Lake County, Illinois	24	Lake County Lakers	0
3,732,731	# Nebraska's 6th congressional district Nebraska\'s 6th congressional district is an obsolete district. It was created after the 1890 census and abolished after the 1930 census. ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Member \| Party \| Years of Service \| Cong\ \| Electoral history \| \| \| \| \| ress \| \| +===================================================================+===============+================================+=======+====================================================================================+ \| District established March 4, 1893 \| \| \| \| \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Populist \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1893 --\ \| \| Redistricted from the `{{ushr\|Nebraska\|3\|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1892.\ \| \| Omer M. Kem\ \| \| March 3, 1897 \| \| Re-elected in 1894.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Broken Bow, Nebraska\|Broken Bow]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Populist \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1897 --\ \| \| Elected in 1896.\ \| \| William L. Greene\ \| \| March 11, 1899 \| \| Re-elected in 1898.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Kearney, Nebraska\|Kearney]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Died. \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| March 11, 1899 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| November 7, 1899 \| \| \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Populist \| nowrap \\| November 7, 1899 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Greene\'s term.\ \| \| William Neville\ \| \| March 3, 1903 \| \| Re-elected in 1900.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[North Platte, Nebraska\|North Platte]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Retired. \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1903 --\ \| \| Elected in 1902.\ \| \| Moses P. Kinkaid\ \| \| July 6, 1922 \| \| Re-elected in 1904.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[O'Neill, Nebraska\|O'Neill]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1906.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1908.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1910.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1912.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1914.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1916.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1918.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1920.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Died. \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| Vacant \| \| nowrap \\| July 6, 1922 --\ \| \| \| \| \| \| November 7, 1922 \| \| \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| November 7, 1922 --\ \| \| Elected to finish Kinkaid\'s term.\ \| \| Augustin R. Humphrey\ \| \| March 3, 1923 \| \| Retired. \| \| `{{Small\|([[Broken Bow, Nebraska\|Broken Bow]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| \| +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ \| \ \| \\| Republican \| nowrap \\| March 4, 1923 --\ \| \| Elected in 1922.\ \| \| Robert G. Simmons\ \| \| March 3, 1933 \| \| Re-elected in 1924.\ \| \| `{{Small\|([[Scottsbluff, Nebraska\|Scottsbluff]])}}`{=mediawiki} \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1926.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1928.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Re-elected in 1930.\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Redistricted to the `{{ushr\|NE\|5\|C}}`{=mediawiki} and lost re-election	487	Nebraska's 6th congressional district	0
3,732,738	# Lăzarea Lăzarea (Gyergyószárhegy or colloquially Szárhegy, Hungarian pronunciation: `{{convertIPA-hu\|’\|gy\|e\|r\|gy\|ó\|sz\|á\|r\|h\|e\|gy}}`{=mediawiki}, meaning Bald Mountain in Gyergyó) is a commune in Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania, and is composed of two villages, Ghiduț (Güdüc) and Lăzarea. The commune is one of the oldest settlements in the area, and is now a tourist and cultural centre. It has various local attractions, including the Lázár Castle (1450). It is located in the central-north part of the county, at the foot of the Căliman-Harghita Mountains, on the banks of the river Lăzarea. ## History The history of the village is closely interwoven with that of the Lázár family. Its first written mention is from 1482 when a certain Erzsébet Bíró of Kide warned a Székely named Lázár of Zarhegh and Péter Szilvási to beware of disposing of the estate of Kide to which she was entitled under the title of bride price and dower. In 1576, its name was recorded as Szárhegy, in 1888 as Gyergyó-Szárhegy. Its original Romanian name derived from the Hungarian Gyergyószárhegy as Giugeu-Sarheghi which was modified to the current official name after 1918. The commune belonged administratively to the Székely seat of Gyergyószék, subsequently absorbed into Csíkszék district, until the administrative reform of Transylvania in 1876, when it fell within Csík County in the Kingdom of Hungary. In the aftermath of World War I and the Hungarian--Romanian War of 1918--1919, the village passed under Romanian administration; after the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, like the rest of Transylvania, it became part of the Kingdom of Romania. During the interwar period it fell within Plasa Gheorgheni of Ciuc County. In 1940, the Second Vienna Award granted Northern Transylvania to Hungary and the village was held by Hungary until 1944. After Soviet occupation, the Romanian administration returned and the village became officially part of Romania in March 1945. Between 1952 and 1960, the commune belonged to the Ciuc raion of the Magyar Autonomous Region, and between 1960 and 1968 to the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region. In 1968, the province was abolished, and since then, the commune has been part of Harghita County. ## Demographics The commune has an absolute Székely (Hungarian) majority. According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 3,424, of which 96.38% are Hungarians and 1.14% are Romanians.	388	Lăzarea	0
3,732,738	# Lăzarea ## The Lázár Castle {#the_lázár_castle} The Lázár Castle was built between 1450 and 1532 in several stages. In the late 16th century, Druzsina, daughter of István Lázár married Farkas Bethlen de Iktár, and to this marriage was born the future Prince of Transylvania Gabriel Bethlen. He was brought up in the castle and his upstairs room in the gate tower can still be seen unto this day. In 1631, the castle was expanded and altered into a magnificent Renaissance manor house, towers and curtain walls were also built. It became one of the important military and administrative centers of the Székely Land. On September 6, 1658, a team of Szeklers led by a student named Gábor Székely defeated the invading Tatars and Moldavians. The dead were buried on a hill below the village, which is called until today Tatarhill. A plaque was put up in 1908 in memory of the battle. The Szekely Land was often hit by Ottoman invasions and on one occasion, the castle was seriously damaged. During the Hungarian War of Independence of Ferenc II Rákóczi, Ferenc Lázár supported the operations of the kuruc troops. In 1707, when the imperial army marched into Transylvania, Ferenc Lázár had to flee to the Csángós in Moldavia. Imperial general Acton set fire to the castle and only a bastion remained intact. After the Peace of Szatmár, Ferenc Lazár pledged allegiance to the Habsburg Emperor and thus was able to keep his estates. When the castle was burned down again in 1748, the family, was not able any more to restore all parts of it, and what was restored was made partly from donations of the villagers. Finally in 1842, it was almost completely destroyed by another fire. In the 19th century, the financial status of the Lázár family started to deteriorate and only the gate tower remained suitable for habitation. After the last Lázár heir, Zsigmond and his wife, left the castle in 1853, it fell even further into decay. Nowadays, much of the castle has been renovated. Renovation of the Renaissance murals started in 1987 with the help of UNESCO. ## Landmarks - The Lázár Castle - The Franciscan monastery in Lăzarea - The Roman Catholic in Lăzarea - The Saint Anthony chapel - The \"Sculpture Park\" ## Transportation The Lăzarea railway station serves the Căile Ferate Române Line 400, which runs from Brașov to Satu Mare. ## Notable people {#notable_people} - Johannes Caioni (1629--1687), Transylvanian Franciscan friar, architect, musician, and humanist who lived and worked in the village. - János Koós (1937--2019}, Hungarian singer and actor was born here	433	Lăzarea	1
3,732,742	# Moshe Atzmon Moshe Atzmon (משה עצמון; born 30 July 1931) is an Israeli conductor. He was born Móse Grószberger in Budapest, and at the age of thirteen he emigrated with his family to Tel Aviv, Israel. He started his musical career on the horn before going to London for further studies in conducting. He has won several conducting prizes and held many positions with major orchestras. He was chief conductor of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra from 1967 to 1971 and the Sinfonieorchester Basel from 1972 to 1986. He was chief conductor of orchestras in Tokyo, Nagoya, and Rennes and of the Dortmunder Philharmoniker	104	Moshe Atzmon	0
3,732,744	# Secrets of a Successful Marriage \"Secrets of a Successful Marriage\" is the twenty-second and final episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 19, 1994. In the episode, Homer fears he may be a little slow, so he goes to the adult education center. While there, he decides to teach a class of his own on the secrets of a successful marriage, since that is the only class he is qualified to teach. However, to keep his students interested, he is forced to tell personal secrets about his wife Marge, which she dislikes on learning of, leading up to Homer getting kicked out of the house. The episode was written by Greg Daniels and directed by Carlos Baeza. It features cultural references to the plays Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and A Streetcar Named Desire, and the films \...And Justice for All, A Few Good Men, Patton, and Chinatown. The episode has been analyzed in books such as Leaving Springfield and Education in Popular Culture. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 9.8, and was the second highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired. ## Plot Homer is disheartened to learn that all of his peers, including his family, believe he is \"slow\". Marge advises Homer to take an adult education course. While looking at available courses, Homer decides to teach a class himself, and is soon hired to teach a class about how to build a successful marriage. On the first day of class, Homer is unable to help his students with their relationship problems. As the students begin leaving, Homer mentions his conversation with Marge in bed and the students, eager to hear gossip, decide to stay. To the students\' delight, Homer begins telling them personal secrets about Marge. After hearing Homer\'s students mention her personal secrets, Marge confronts Homer. He promises to stop revealing personal secrets in class, but relents after realizing his students are not interested in his other teaching material. To impress his pupils, Homer invites them to his house to observe the family having dinner, but when Moe mentions another personal secret, a furious Marge chases the students away and evicts Homer from the house, as she is no longer able to trust him in any matter. With nowhere to go, Homer sleeps in Bart\'s treehouse. Bart and Lisa worry their parents will get divorced. Attempting to make amends, Homer returns to the house with flowers for Marge, but is disheartened to learn Moe has already given Marge flowers. As he turns to leave, Homer realizes he can only offer Marge one thing: complete and utter dependency. Marge is hesitant at first, but she and Homer reconcile when she realizes he makes her feel needed.	485	Secrets of a Successful Marriage	0
3,732,744	# Secrets of a Successful Marriage ## Production The episode was written by Greg Daniels and directed by Carlos Baeza. It was the second script Daniels wrote for the show. He thought the staff had previously done many episodes where Homer \"wasn\'t good at anything\", so he tried to figure out something Homer was really good at, and he came up with the idea of Homer being a good husband. While Bart had been the star of the show during the early years, by Season 5, the focus had shifted to Homer. Writer/showrunner Al Jean stated that because Homer is an adult character, he has more depth to him and thus storyline possibilities. Showrunner David Mirkin commented: \"Bart, to write him accurately as a child, he can only have so much depth at a certain age. With Homer, we try to explore all levels of adulthood. There are just more places to go. Writing Homer properly is the trick, he\'s our main rock of the whole series. Homer\'s IQ is fairly flexible, he won\'t necessarily understand how to open a door at some point, but he can name the Supreme Court justices. Finding that balance is key to making the show work and making it surprising and making it believable and emotionally grounded.\" Mirkin was very fond of the fact that Homer and Marge have the biggest fight they have ever had on the show in the episode, and he thought it was a \"really great\" exploration of their marriage. He noticed that because Homer is thrown out of the house, the audience really worry about their relationship. Mirkin had been asked many times why Marge and Homer are still together, to which he replied that all people stay together even if they argue, \"there\'s some sort of connection\".	299	Secrets of a Successful Marriage	1
3,732,744	# Secrets of a Successful Marriage ## Analysis It was revealed in a flashback in the episode that Smithers was briefly married to a woman, but the two split up when he devoted too much time to his boss Mr. Burns. Smithers\'s relationship with Mr. Burns has long been a running joke on The Simpsons. His sexual orientation has often come into question, with some fans claiming he is a \"Burns-sexual\" and only attracted to his boss, while others maintain that he is, without a doubt, gay. Matthew Henry wrote in the book Leaving Springfield that this episode is \"perhaps the best\" example of an attempt to portray an actual gay lifestyle on the show. Henry added that the flashback is a \"wonderfully rendered parody of scenes from two of Tennessee Williams\'s most famous plays, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and A Streetcar Named Desire. To fully appreciate it, one must know something of not only the two plays cited but also of Williams himself, of his own struggles with both heterosexual and homosexual desires and the way in which these struggles were incorporated into his art. The creators of The Simpsons offer what I think is a perfect parallel for the relationship between Smithers and Mr. Burns by combining Williams\'s two most notable male characters and their defining characteristics: the suppressed homosexual desire of Brick and desperate dependence of Stanley.\" In their book Education in Popular Culture, Alma Harris, Roy Fisher, Ann Harris, and Christine Jarvis analyzes the adult education aspects of this episode that portrays adult learners as \"stupid and lazy\". The show initially makes it seem like adult education tutors have a relatively high status in society. \"However,\" the authors added, \"Homer\'s pride is undercut for the audience by the awareness of how he came to be appointed and by the subsequent representation of the adult education center\".	312	Secrets of a Successful Marriage	2
3,732,744	# Secrets of a Successful Marriage ## Reception In its original American broadcast, \"Secrets of a Successful Marriage\" finished forty-third in the ratings for the week of May 16 to May 22, 1994, with a Nielsen rating of 9.8. The episode was the second highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, following Melrose Place. Since airing, the episode has received positive reviews from television critics. The authors of the book I Can\'t Believe It\'s a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, thought it was a \"confident finale\" to the fifth season, which \"had seen the series become progressively more surreal and self-aware.\" DVD Movie Guide\'s Colin Jacobson wrote in December, 2004, that he thought the episode ended the season with a \"high note\", and that Homer's insensitive gossiping about his relationship \"presents lots of good bits. It completes this excellent year well.\" Jacobson\'s favorite line of the episode was \"This is a place of learning, not a house of hearing about things!\", which Homer tells his class after they demand him to reveal more secrets about him and Marge. Also reviewing the season in December 2004, Bill Gibron of DVD Talk gave the episode a score of 4 out of 5. In his review of the Season 5 box set in early 2005, Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a grade of A−, and commented that episodes focusing on the relationship between Homer and Marge can \"never fail\", and there are \"numerous opportunities for some classic Homer-isms\" in the episode. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly in March 2006, one-time Simpsons writer and comedian Ricky Gervais named \"Secrets of a Successful Marriage\" his fifth favorite episode of the show, and commented that Homer\'s line to Marge, \"I know now what I can offer you that no one else can. Complete and utter dependence,\" is \"so sweet, because he\'s right!\" It ranked seventh on Today\'s top ten The Simpsons episodes list in July, 2007. They felt the episode embodied Homer\'s qualities of being \"stupid, good-natured and mildly pathetic, \[\...\] from his conversations with his brain \[\...\] to his final proclamation that the one thing he can give Marge that no one else can is \'complete and utter dependence\'	376	Secrets of a Successful Marriage	3
3,732,758	# Sensations of 1945 *Sensations of 1945* is a 1944 American musical-comedy film directed by Andrew Stone and starring Eleanor Powell. Released by United Artists, the film was an attempt to recapture the ensemble style of films such as Broadway Melody of 1936 by showcasing a number of top musical and comedy acts of the day, in a film linked together by a loose storyline. Sensations of 1945 stars dancer Powell and Dennis O\'Keefe as two rival publicists who fall in love, but the film\'s main purpose is to showcase a variety of different acts, ranging from tightrope walking to comedy to Powell\'s athletic tap dancing. The rollicking supporting cast features W.C. Fields in his final role the year before his death, C. Aubrey Smith, Eugene Pallette, dancer David Lichine, Lyle Talbot, Sophie Tucker, jazz pianist Dorothy Donegan, Cab Calloway, Woody Herman, jazz pianist/composer Gene Rodgers, and Les Paul. The picture is notable for several reasons. It was Powell\'s first and only film after leaving Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where she became a star nearly a decade earlier; it was also her final starring role in a film, after which she would only make a cameo in MGM\'s Duchess of Idaho in 1950 and some unused footage of her would appear in a 1946 MGM compilation, The Great Morgan. Powell\'s dance inside a giant pinball machine (as part of the song, \"Spin Little Pinball\") has been cited by critics variously as both a highlight and as the nadir of her film career. Hubert Castle plays the role of Olaf, "The Great Gustafson"; the setting of Olaf's high-wire publicity stunt is the Royal Gorge in Colorado. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music Scoring. ## Plot ## Cast - Eleanor Powell as Ginny Walker - Dennis O\'Keefe as Junior Crane - C. Aubrey Smith as Dan Lindsey - Eugene Pallette as Gus Crane - Mimi Forsythe as Julia Westcott - Lyle Talbot as Randall - Hubert Castle as The Great Gustafson - W. C. Fields as himself - Sophie Tucker as herself - Dorothy Donegan as herself - The Christianis as Themselves - Pallenberg Bears as Themselves - Cab Calloway and His Band as Themselves - Woody Herman and His Band as Themselves - David Lichine as himself - Richard Hageman as Pendergast - Marie Blake as Miss Grear - Stanley Andrews as Mr	394	Sensations of 1945	0
3,732,764	# 1991 All-Africa Games The 5th All-Africa Games (الألعاب الإفريقية الخامس), also known as Cairo 1991 (القاهرة 1991), were held from September 20 to October 1, 1991, in Cairo, Egypt. Forty-three countries participated in eighteen sports. For the first time the Games were held on a four-year cycle as planned. Egypt had hoped to use the Games to showcase the city of Cairo for a possible Olympic bid. The plan fell through after organizational difficulties once again plagued the Games. A stampede of spectators trying to get in to see the Opening Ceremonies got the Games off to a bad start. Many IOC officials and dignitaries were unable to make it into the stadium in the confusion and returned to their hotels to watch the ceremony on television. African athletes had claimed seven world championships at the previous months World Athletics Championships. Only one, steeplechaser Moses Kiptanui, decided to participate in Cairo. Highly partisan crowds, which were granted free admission to the events by the Egyptian government, filled the stadiums throughout the games, cheering the home team to another placing at the top of the medals table. It was Namibia\'s first participation in the world arena. The team proudly returned with four gold medals, two silver medals and seven bronze medals. ## Participating sports {#participating_sports} - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ## Medal table {#medal_table} ## Athletics Three athletes, two female and one male, won more than one event: - Frankie Fredericks, Namibia (100 metres and 200 metres) - Susan Sirma, Kenya (1500 metres and 3000 metres) - Hanan Ahmed Khaled, Egypt (shot put and discus throw) In addition, Nigeria won three of the four relay races; 4x100 metres for men and women as well as women\'s 4x400 metres. No new events were added. ## Field hockey {#field_hockey} - Men: 1. Egypt, 2. Kenya, 3. Zimbabwe, 4. Ghana, 5. Nigeria ## Soccer The soccer tournament was transformed to a U-23 competition. It was won by Cameroon, and it was the first Games in which the host country did not win a medal. The final was played on 30 September 1991, where Cameroon won against Tunisia (1-0). Nigeria won the third-place match on the same day against Zimbabwe (3-0)	380	1991 All-Africa Games	0
3,732,781	# Web Woman *Web Woman* is a television series that originally aired as part of Tarzan and the Super 7 by Filmation. Web Woman is the alias of Kelly Webster. Web Woman\'s voice was provided by actress Linda Gary. ## Series format {#series_format} Kelly is a NASA scientist turned farmer who saves the life of a tall, thin insectoid alien when he is swept into a raging river during a thunderstorm. In gratitude, the alien presents her with a special ring with a black widow \"hourglass\" design which grants her the powers of the entire insect kingdom. The alien proves to be an agent of the mysterious entity named Scarab, the guardian of the space station Citadel 7, who communicates with her via a huge crystal orb in the secret lair hidden in a cavern beneath her barn. Exactly how she came into contact with Scarab after receiving the ring was not specified in any of the cartoons, but she becomes Web Woman soon afterward. In the episode \"The Lady in The Lamp\", Scarab is implied to be immortal, or at least extremely long-lived as he had mentioned imprisoning the evil entity Ashta 10,000 years prior to meeting Kelly. Her transformation from Kelly Webster into Web Woman is brought on by a vocal command, combined with the power of the ring, that is spoken like this: \"Insects of the world\...small creatures of the cosmos\...lend me your powers\--NOW!\"** Although the full range of her powers are never displayed completely, Web Woman\'s most common ability is the power to communicate mentally with insects. ### Clothing, allies, and equipment {#clothing_allies_and_equipment} Ordinarily she is seen with a white shirt and tan slacks. When Kelly turns into Web Woman, her outfit changes into a purple leotard with a W-shaped collar, a matching belt, matching boots, and a matching skullcap with an attached antennae-like W-shaped black mask. She has a variety of weapons, such as a rope-like \"web-line\" that unspools from her utility belt and obeys her commands, and the ring can produce sleeping gas, an energy beam that solidifies into a spider web for ensnaring enemies, and a force field of energized webbing. Web Woman is aided in her missions for Scarab by a cute plump and furry green alien with bat-like ears, big buck teeth and large black eyes who responds to the name of Spinner. While the shrilly-gibbering little space creature is often used for comic relief, he is also an expert mechanic and has the ability to curl up into a ball and roll at high speed so that he can bowl over the enemies Web Woman fights. Together they travel in a spider-shaped, eight-legged flying saucer she calls the Web-Trac. The Web-Trac can burrow through the ground as easily as it flies through space. ### Enemies Web Woman heeds the Web Call from Scarab to fight such enemies as Dr. Abyss, Madame Macabre, Dr. Jack Frankenstein, Rax, Dr. Despair, Mr. Perfect, and Tsetse. ## Episodes 1. \"The Rainmaker\" (written by Don Heckman) 2. \"The Eye of the Fly\" (written by Gerry Boudreau, Len Janson, Don Heckman, Buzz Dixon, and Chuck Menville) 3. \"The World Within\" (written by J. Michael Reaves) 4. \"Madame Macabre\'s Calamity Circus\" (written by Patrick Harmon) 5. \"Red Snails at Sunset\" (written by Kathleen Barnes and David Wise) 6. \"Send in the Clones\" (written by Gerry Boudreau) 7. \"The Sun Thief\" (written by William S. Lipsher) 8. \"Dr. Despair and the Mood Machine\" (written by Buzz Dixon) 9. \"The Perfect Crime\" (written by Gerry Boudreau) 10. \"The Lady in the Lamp\" (written by Buzz Dixon) ## Parallels to other comics characters {#parallels_to_other_comics_characters} ### DC Comics {#dc_comics} Web Woman\'s origin, that of a Terrestrial human saving the life of an alien whose reward to the human is a grant of super-human powers, usually through an alien artifact of some sort, is a parallel of that of the DC Comics character Lana Lang, during the Silver Age of Comics, becoming a crusader who used the primary alias of The Insect Queen and was featured in the pages of Superboy, a comic-book series that dealt with the adventures of Superman when he was a boy.`{{Issue needed\|date=February 2017}}`{=mediawiki} It is also similar, though not identical, to that of Hal Jordan becoming the Green Lantern in the Silver Age Of Comics. (It is not identical because Jordan\'s benefactor, Abin Sur, died just after he had benefitted Jordan.)`{{Issue needed\|date=February 2017}}`{=mediawiki} ### Marvel Web Woman\'s primary alias, real name, origin story, and list of abilities and equipment all had to be revised after Marvel Comics learned of Filmation Associates\'s plans. Marvel rather hastily created Spider-Woman, real name Jessica Drew, in the pages of Marvel Spotlight to seize ownership of the copyright	786	Web Woman	0
3,732,800	# Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt (5 May 1900`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}28 May 1973) was a German conductor and composer. After studying at several music academies, he worked in German opera houses between 1923 and 1945, first as a répétiteur and then in increasingly senior conducting posts, ending as Generalmusikdirektor of the Deutsche Oper Berlin. After the Second World War, Schmidt-Isserstedt was invited by the occupying British forces to form the Northwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra, of which he was musical director and chief conductor from 1945 to 1971. He was a frequent guest conductor for leading symphony orchestras around the world, and returned to opera from time to time, including appearances at Glyndebourne and Covent Garden as well as the Hamburg State Opera. Schmidt-Isserstedt was known for his transparent orchestral textures, strict rhythmic precision, and rejection of superfluous gestures and mannerisms on the rostrum. His extensive recorded legacy features the Austro-German classics with which he was widely associated, but also includes works by Czech, English, French, Italian and Russian composers. ## Life and career {#life_and_career} ### Early years {#early_years} Schmidt-Isserstedt was born in Berlin on 5 May 1900. He studied composition with Franz Schreker at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik, and was also a student at the universities of Heidelberg and Münster and Berlin. At the last of these he wrote a doctoral dissertation on the Italian influences on the instrumentation of Mozart\'s early operas. Early music influences on him included the conductors Arthur Nikisch and Felix Weingartner. In 1923, Schmidt-Isserstedt joined the Wuppertal Opera as a répétiteur. He held conducting positions at the Stadttheater Rostock (1928--1931), conducting the municipal orchestra, and of the Staatstheater Darmstadt (1931--1933). In 1935 he was appointed of first conductor at the Hamburg State Opera, a post he held until 1943. In that year moved to the Deutsche Oper Berlin as director of opera, and became Generalmusikdirektor there the following year. He managed to hold these senior posts -- and to be put on the Gottbegnadeten list of the Third Reich\'s élite artists -- despite avoiding joining the Nazi Party, and having a Jewish wife, whom he sent to England for safety, with their two sons, in 1936.	361	Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt	0
3,732,800	# Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt ## Life and career {#life_and_career} ### Post-war {#post_war} In 1945, after the end of the Second World War, the occupying British forces set up a new radio station, the Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk, based in Hamburg. The director-general, Hugh Greene, appointed Schmidt-Isserstedt as director of music, and tasked him with assembling and training a symphony orchestra for the station. The conductor\'s biographer Hubert Rübsaat writes that he formed an orchestra \"out of nowhere\" (\"aus dem Nichts\"). He took as his models the BBC Symphony Orchestra in London and the NBC Symphony Orchestra in New York -- orchestras formed primarily for broadcasting, with the highest standards of playing. It took him six months to bring the new Northwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra (NWDR SO) to the standard he required, and in November 1945 he conducted its first public concert. In a survey of radio orchestras in 1955, The Musical Times commented that the NWDR SO had quickly been recognised as \"fit to challenge even the Berlin Philharmonic\". For the next 26 years, Schmidt-Isserstedt remained musical director of the NWDR SO. He invited many guest conductors to work with the orchestra, but its regular studio broadcasts were mostly under his direction. He introduced a public concert season, giving ten programmes a year. The repertoire was wide, including works by composers whose music had been banned by the Nazis, such as Bartók, Stravinsky and Hindemith and recent works by Tippett, Britten and other contemporary composers. Schmidt-Isserstedt and the orchestra toured abroad, playing in France, Britain, the USSR and the US. From 1955 to 1964, he combined his duties at Hamburg with those of principal conductor of the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra, and he appeared as a guest conductor with more than 120 orchestras in the principal musical centres around the world. Schmidt-Isserstedt returned to opera from time to time. His first post-war opera production was Purcell\'s Dido and Aeneas at the Hamburg State Opera, and in the late 1940s he gave the first German performances of Britten\'s version of The Beggar\'s Opera. For Glyndebourne Festival Opera, both at its base in Sussex and at the Edinburgh Festival, he conducted Così fan tutte, Le Comte Ory, Ariadne auf Naxos and The Soldier\'s Tale, and a celebrated series of performances of The Marriage of Figaro (1958), with a cast he considered near ideal, including Geraint Evans, Pilar Lorengar, Graziella Sciutti and Teresa Berganza. At the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, he conducted Tristan und Isolde with Wolfgang Windgassen and Birgit Nilsson in the title roles (1962) and Der fliegende Holländer with Donald McIntyre as the Dutchman (1972). Among Schmidt-Isserstedt\'s own compositions were songs, the opera Hassan gewinnt (Rostock, 1928), and works for orchestra. Schmidt-Isserstedt died in Holm, Pinneberg, near Hamburg, on 28 May 1973, aged 73. The Times summed up his achievements: `{{blockindent\|Schmidt-Isserstedt aimed at a transparent orchestral texture and strict rhythmic precision, rejecting all superfluous gestures and mannerisms. After World War II he became an advocate of Bartók, Stravinsky and Hindemith, whose music had long been outlawed in Germany. But his chief love was Mozart, whose works he conducted in a remarkably relaxed and delicate way. This is shown particularly by his recordings of ''[[Idomeneo]]'' and ''[[La finta giardiniera]]''.<ref name=times/>\|}}`{=mediawiki} ## Recordings Schmidt-Isserstedt was active in the recording studio from 1934 onwards. His early discs included a series of concerto performances with the violinist Georg Kulenkampff, described by The Times as \"wonderful\". They were made for Telefunken, and included the violin concertos of Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Schumann and Brahms. After the war, Schmidt-Isserstedt recorded for many companies, including Decca. The Times describes Schmidt-Isserstedt\'s 1953 recording of Dvořák\'s Seventh Symphony with the NWDR SO as \"a classic\". That recording was produced by John Culshaw. but Schmidt-Issersted\'s son Erik Smith later joined the company and produced many of his father\'s recordings. Among the major projects Schmidt-Isserstedt undertook for Decca was a cycle of the Beethoven piano concertos with Wilhelm Backhaus and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra recorded in 1958--59, and a cycle of the nine Beethoven symphonies, with the same orchestra, recorded between 1965 and 1969. The Times said of them, \"they are typically sane, searching interpretations, quite free from personal mannerisms, and so highly recommendable for long acquaintance\". When Erik Smith left Decca to work for Philips Records, his father began to record for that company. His last recording, made shortly before his sudden death, was Brahms\'s First Piano Concerto with Alfred Brendel and the Concertgebouw Orchestra. Although he was associated with the Austro-German classics, his recorded repertoire included works by Czech, English, French, Italian and Russian composers	762	Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt	1
3,732,807	# 1995 All-Africa Games The 6th All-Africa Games, also known as Harare 1995, were played from 13 to 23 September 1995 in Harare, Zimbabwe. 46 countries participated in eighteen sports. South Africa, having previously been banned from competition by the other African nations, was invited to the games for the first time after the fall of the Apartheid regime. With a record 6,000 athletes participating in the games, the event were in danger of growing unmanageable. The then president of the International Olympic Committee, the Spaniard Juan Antonio Samaranch expressed concern over the dizzying growth of the event in just 4 years, asking the organizers of the next editions to avoid applying the same scale of the Summer Olympics. Petty controversy again entered the games. An Egyptian woman handball player was accused of being a man and the Egyptian team protested that the lace sleeves worn by the South African gymnasts were too \"sexy\". Mozambique\'s World Champion 800 meter runner Maria de Lurdes Mutola won her specialty in Harare. Of the 17 sports on the program, 8 were open to participation by women: athletics, basketball, gymnastics, handball, swimming, table tennis, tennis and volleyball. Women\'s diving and netball were to be included but were reduced to demonstration sports due to a lack of entries. At the closing ceremonies the torch was passed to Johannesburg, South Africa to begin preparations for the VIIth All-Africa Games in 1999. ## Medal table {#medal_table} ## Athletics Discus thrower Adewale Olukoju and sprinter Mary Onyali became the first athletes to win four All-Africa gold medals. Onyali won the 100 and 200 metres races, and together with Josphat Machuka, Kenya (5,000 metres and 10,000 metres) they became the only athletes to win more than one event. In addition, Nigeria won three of the four relay races; 4x400 metres for men and women as well as men\'s 4x100 metres. Some new women\'s events were added: 5000 metres, marathon and triple jump. ## Field hockey {#field_hockey} - Men: 1. South Africa, 2. Egypt, 3. Kenya, 4. Zimbabwe, 5. Nigeria, 6. Namibia - Women. 1. South Africa, 2. Zimbabwe, 3. Kenya, 4. Namibia, 5. Nigeria, 6. Ghana ## Football The football tournament was won by Egypt, who became the first team to win this tournament twice	376	1995 All-Africa Games	0
3,732,808	# Hanky Panky (Madonna song) Pandoc failed: ``` Error at (line 114, column 1): unexpected '{' {{single chart\|Australia\|6\|artist=Madonna\|song=Hanky Panky\|rowheader=true\|access-date=May 10, 2015\|refname="aus"}} ^ ``	23	Hanky Panky (Madonna song)	0
3,732,810	# Macomb County Mustangs The Macomb County Mustangs are an International Basketball League (2005-) team who plays in Center Line, Michigan. Despite having three players in the top 25 scorers(Justin Hall 26.2 ppg, Frank Gjojac 21.0 ppg and Mike Manciel 20.8 ppg), and three all-stars (Hall, Gjojac and Cameron Nichols), the team was a dismal 4-16, seventh in the east. After the season, head coach Milton Douglas was replaced with former NBA player Terry Mills. The Mustangs played 2005 home games at L\'Anse Creuse North, but moved 2006 home games to St. Clement School in Center Line. The team is a rarity among IBL teams in that they broadcast their games online	112	Macomb County Mustangs	0
3,732,824	# Ntdetect.com ntdetect.com is a component of Microsoft Windows NT-based operating systems that operate on the x86 architecture. It is used during the Windows NT startup process, and is responsible for detecting basic hardware that will be required to start the operating system. ## Overview The bootstrap loader takes the control over the booting process and loads NTLDR. Ntdetect.com is invoked by NTLDR, and returns the information it gathers to NTLDR when finished, so that it can then be passed on to ntoskrnl.exe, the Windows NT kernel. Ntdetect.com is used on computers that use BIOS firmware. Computers with Extensible Firmware Interface, such as IA-64, use a method of device-detection that is not tied to the operating system. Hardware detection operates somewhat differently depending on whether or not Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) is supported by the hardware. It passes on the hardware details gathered from the BIOS onto the OS. If ACPI is supported, the list of found devices is handed to the kernel, Windows will take responsibility for assigning each device some resources. On older hardware, where ACPI is not supported, the BIOS takes responsibility for assigning resources, not the operating system, so this information is passed to the kernel as well. In addition, ntdetect.com will make a determination as to which hardware profile to use. Windows supports multiple distinct hardware profiles, which allows a single copy of Windows to work well in situations where the hardware changes between specific layouts on a regular basis. This is common with portable computers that connect to a docking station. In Windows Vista and later Windows operating systems, the HAL only supports ACPI, and ntdetect.com has been replaced by winload.exe, so that Windows will be able to control hardware resource allocation on every machine in the same way. Hardware profiles are also no longer supported in Windows Vista. The information gathered by ntdetect.com is stored in the `HKLM\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION` key in the Windows Registry at a later stage in the boot process. ## Classes of hardware detected {#classes_of_hardware_detected} - Hardware identification - Hardware date & time - Bus and adapter types - SCSI adapters - Video adapters - Keyboard - Serial and parallel communication ports - Hard drives - Floppy disks - Mouse - Floating-point coprocessor - Industry Standard Architecture-based devices ## Troubleshooting To aid in troubleshooting, Microsoft has made available \"debug\" versions of ntdetect.com which will display detailed information about the hardware that was detected. Called ntdetect.chk, it is included in the Windows Support Tools	414	Ntdetect.com	0
3,732,829	# Pavel Hak Pavel Hak (born 1962 in Tábor) is a Czech author. He lives in France and writes in French. ## Career Exiled to France in 1986, he studied philosophy at the Sorbonne. He writes in French. He has published six books, Safari, Sniper, Lutte à mort, Trans (Trans won the Prix Wepler in 2006), Warax and Vomito negro though the second is the only one published in English translation. Sniper (2005) is a graphic account of genocide and torture in an unnamed country. It met with largely positive reviews on publication in the UK and the USA	99	Pavel Hak	0
3,732,830	# Suicide (Durkheim book) *Suicide: A Study in Sociology* (Le Suicide: Étude de sociologie) is an 1897 book written by French sociologist Émile Durkheim. It was the second methodological study of a social fact in the context of society (it was preceded by a sociological study by a Czech author, later the president of Czechoslovakia: Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Der Selbstmord als soziale Massenerscheinung der Gegenwart, 1881, Czech 1904). It is ostensibly a case study of suicide, a publication unique for its time that provided an example of what the sociological monograph should look like. According to Durkheim, ## Four types of Suicide {#four_types_of_suicide} In Durkheim\'s view, suicide comes in four types, which are based on the degrees of imbalance of two social forces: social integration and moral regulation. Durkheim noted the effects of various crises on social aggregates---war, for example, leading to an increase in altruism, economic boom or disaster contributing to anomie. Egoistic suicide reflects a prolonged sense of not belonging, of not being integrated in a community. It results from the suicidee\'s sense that they have no tether. This absence can give rise to meaninglessness, apathy, melancholy, and depression. Durkheim calls such detachment \"excessive individuation.\" Those individuals who were not sufficiently bound to social groups (and therefore well-defined values, traditions, norms, and goals) were left with little social support or guidance, and were therefore more likely to die by suicide. Durkheim found that suicide occurred more often among unmarried people, especially unmarried men, whom he found had less to bind and connect them to stable social norms and goals. Altruistic suicide is characterized by a sense of being overwhelmed by a group\'s goals and beliefs. It occurs in societies with high integration, where individual needs are seen as less important than the society\'s needs as a whole. They thus occur on the opposite integration scale as egoistic suicide. As individual interest would not be considered important, Durkheim stated that in an altruistic society there would be little reason for people to die by suicide. He described one exception: when the individual is expected to kill themself on behalf of society, for example in military service. Anomic suicide reflects an individual\'s moral confusion and lack of social direction, which is related to dramatic social and economic upheaval. It is the product of moral deregulation and a lack of definition of legitimate aspirations through a restraining social ethic, which could impose meaning and order on the individual conscience. This is symptomatic of a failure of economic development and division of labour to produce Durkheim\'s organic solidarity. People do not know where they fit within their societies. Durkheim explains that this is a state of moral disorder where people do not know the limits on their desires and are constantly in a state of disappointment. This can occur when they go through extreme changes in wealth; while this includes economic ruin, it can also include windfall gains---in both cases, previous expectations from life are brushed aside and new expectations are needed before they can judge their new situation in relation to the new limits. Fatalistic suicide occurs when a person is excessively regulated, when their futures are pitilessly blocked and passions violently choked by oppressive discipline. It is the opposite of anomic suicide, and occurs in societies so oppressive their inhabitants would rather die than live on. For example, some prisoners might prefer to die than live in a prison with constant abuse and excessive regulation. Unlike the other concepts he developed, Durkheim believed that fatalistic suicide was theoretical and probably did not exist in reality. However, recent empirical evidence demonstrates that fatalistic suicide exists in contemporary society.`{{excessive citations inline \|date=August 2024}}`{=mediawiki} ## Findings Durkheim concluded that suicide rates are higher: - in men than women (although married women who remained childless for several years ended up with a high suicide rate). - for those who are single than those who are in a sexual relationship. - for people without children than people with children. - among Protestants than Catholics and Jews. - among soldiers than civilians. - in times of peace than in times of war. (For example, the suicide rate in France fell after the coup d\'état of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. War also reduced the suicide rate: after war broke out in 1866 between Austria and Italy, the suicide rate fell by 14 per cent in both countries.) - in Scandinavian countries. He also concluded that, the higher the education level, the more likely it was that an individual would choose suicide. However, Durkheim established that there is more correlation between an individual\'s religion and suicide rate than an individual\'s education level. Jewish people were generally highly educated but had a low suicide rate.	784	Suicide (Durkheim book)	0
3,732,830	# Suicide (Durkheim book) ## Criticisms ### Ecological fallacy {#ecological_fallacy} Durkheim has been accused of committing an ecological fallacy since Durkheim\'s conclusions are apparently about individual behaviour (e.g. suicide), although they are derived from aggregate statistics (the suicide rate among Protestants and Catholics). This type of inference, which explains particular events (the \"micro\") in terms of statistical data (the \"macro\"), is often misleading, as Simpson\'s paradox shows. However, diverging views have contested whether Durkheim\'s work really contained an ecological fallacy. Van Poppel and Day (1996) argue that differences in reported suicide rates between Catholics and Protestants could be explained entirely in terms of how these two groups record deaths. Protestants would record \"sudden deaths\" and \"deaths from ill-defined or unspecified cause\" as suicides, while Catholics would not. If so, then Durkheim\'s error was empirical, not logical. Inkeles (1959), Johnson (1965), and Gibbs (1958) claimed that Durkheim only intended to explain suicide sociologically, within a holistic perspective, emphasizing that \"he intended his theory to explain variation among social environments in the incidence of suicide, not the suicides of particular individuals\". More recently, Berk (2006) questions the micro--macro relations underlying criticisms of Durkheim\'s work. He notices that ### Catholics and Protestants {#catholics_and_protestants} Durkheim explores the differing suicide rates among Protestants and Catholics, arguing that stronger social control among Catholics results in lower suicide rates. According to Durkheim, Catholic society has normal levels of integration while Protestant society has low levels. This interpretation has been contested. Durkheim may have over-generalized. He took most of his data from earlier researchers, notably Adolph Wagner and Henry Morselli, but they had been more careful in generalizing from their data. Indeed, later researchers found that the Protestant--Catholic differences in suicide seemed to be limited to German-speaking Europe, thus suggesting a need to account for other contributing factors. Despite its limitations, Durkheim\'s work on suicide has influenced proponents of control theory, and is often mentioned as a classic sociological study. Jean Baechler sharply critiques Durkheim\'s correlation between religion and suicide, asserting that the degree of cohesion within a religious community does not determine the protective value against suicide, as Durkheim suggests. Baechler states, \"there is no intelligible relationship possible between (the) various religions and suicide\". Furthermore, he argues that \"the differences in social cohesion determined by the various religions are a pure Durkheimian fantasy: assuming they exist, it is unclear what standard one could use to measure them\". Regarding to Baechler, the religious element plays a minimal role, and each concrete suicide results from a complex individual biography, in which religion is a minor factor. ## Selected editions {#selected_editions} - 1951\. Suicide: A Study in Sociology, translated by John A. Spaulding and George Simpson, edited with an introduction by George Simpson. New York: The Free Press. `{{ISBN\|0-684-83632-7}}`{=mediawiki}. - 1967\. [Le suicide. Étude de sociologie](http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Durkheim_emile/suicide/suicide.html) (2nd ed.). Paris: Les Presses universitaires de France. `{{doi\|10.1522/cla.due.sui2}}`{=mediawiki} - 2005\. Suicide: A Study in Sociology, translated by J. A. Spaulding and G. Simpson. London: Routledge. `{{ISBN\|0-203-99432-9}}`{=mediawiki}	493	Suicide (Durkheim book)	1
3,732,850	# 1999 All-Africa Games The 7th All-Africa Games (imiDlalo yesi-7 yase-Afrika; 7de Afrika-Spele), also known as Johannesburg 1999 (eGoli 1999), was a sport event held from 10 to 19 September 1999, in Greater Johannesburg, South Africa. 53 countries participated in eighteen sports. Netball was included as a demonstration sport. The South Africans hosted about 25,000 visitors including 6,000 athletes and 3,000 officials from throughout the continent. The opening ceremony included dancing, African parables and Zulu warriors. Due to the size of the used props, the ceremony was staged in an arena with less than 15,000 spectators South Africa, which had lost its bid to Greece for the 2004 Olympic Games, was hoping to impress FIFA in the hope of landing the 2006 World Cup. It eventually got the 2010 edition. Overall the games were a success, with hosts South Africa outdistancing Nigeria and Egypt in the medals race. Typical problems at the games included 600 children contracting food poisoning after being fed boxed lunches at the practice session for the Opening Ceremonies, striking laborers demonstrating outside games venues, displaying placards which read \"No Wages, No All Africa Games.\" Women\'s field hockey was demoted to a non-medal event after the Nigerian team dropped out of the tournament. A melee at the finish of the basketball game between Angola and Egypt forced police to escort the Egyptian team from the court. Haile Gebrselassie, the world record holder in the 5,000 and 10,000 meter runs opted out of the games for health reasons, depriving the games organizers of one of the biggest drawing cards of the games. Despite the difficulties experienced, IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch, praised South Africa\'s organization of the Games, saying \"this shows that you can organize big events.\" Olympic stars Maria de Lurdes Mutola (athletics-800 m), Penny Heyns (swimming), Gete Wami (athletics, 10000 m) all starred in the women\'s events. South African pole vaulter Okkert Brits won his second African Games gold medal. Assefa Mezgebu of Ethiopia won the men\'s 10000 m. Cameroon beat Zambia 4-3 on penalty kicks to win the football finale. ## Sports - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - demonstration sport: `{{GamesSport\|Netball}}`{=mediawiki} ## Venues - Ellis Park Stadium - Ellis Park Aquatic Centre - Ellis Park Tennis Centre - Expo Auditorium - Expo Centre Hall - Expo Centre Rand Show Road - Johannesburg Stadium - Wits University Old Mutual Sports Hall - Orlando Stadium - Pimville Indoor Hall - Rand Stadium - Randburg Astro Stadium - Randburg Indoor Sports Hall - Randburg Precinct - Vista University - Wembly Indoor Hall ## Medal table {#medal_table} ## Athletics See Athletics at the 1999 All-Africa Games Maria de Lurdes Mutola of Mozambique won her third 800 metres title in a row. Nigeria won all four relay races; 4x100 metres and 4x400 metres for men and women. South African athletes won all four throwing events for men. Some new women\'s events were added: pole vault, hammer throw and 10 kilometres road walk. ## Field hockey {#field_hockey} - Men: 1. South Africa, 2. Egypt, 3. Kenya, 4. Zimbabwe, 5. Ghana, 6. Malawi - Women. 1. South Africa, 2. Zimbabwe, 3. Kenya, 4. Namibia ## Soccer The soccer tournament was won by Cameroon, who became the second team to win this tournament twice	558	1999 All-Africa Games	0
3,732,855	# Heartbeeps *Heartbeeps* is a 1981 American romantic-comedy and science fiction film about two robots who fall in love and decide to strike out on their own. The film was directed by Allan Arkush, written by John Hill, and stars Andy Kaufman and Bernadette Peters as the robots alongside Randy Quaid, Kenneth McMillan, Melanie Mayron, Christopher Guest, and the voice of Jerry Garcia in a rare film appearance. It was Kaufman\'s final performance in a theatrical film. Universal Pictures released the film in the United States on December 18, 1981. Stan Winston\'s make-up work for Heartbeeps made him one of the nominees for the inaugural Academy Award for Best Makeup in 1982, losing to Rick Baker for An American Werewolf in London. ## Plot ValCom 17485 (Kaufman), a robot designed to be a valet with a specialty in lumber commodities, meets AquaCom 89045 (Peters), a hostess companion robot whose primary function is to assist at poolside parties. At a factory awaiting repairs, they fall in love and decide to escape, stealing a van from the company to do so. They are joined by Catskil, a standup comic robot (which is seen sitting the entire film). His name is a reference to the Catskill resort. They embark on a quest to find a place to live, as well as satisfy their more immediate need for a fresh electrical supply. They assemble a small robot, Philco (also called Phil), built out of spare parts from the van they stole, whom they treat as their child. Phil speaks in a manner similar to R2-D2. A malfunctioning law-enforcement robot, the Crimebuster, overhears the orders of the repair workers to get the robots back and goes after the fugitives. With the help of humans who run a junkyard and use Catskil\'s battery pack, the robots are able to save Phil before running out of power and being returned to the factory. Brought back to the factory, the robots are repeatedly repaired, and their memories cleared. Because they continue to malfunction, they are junked. They are found by the humans who run the junk yard and reassembled. In the junkyard, they live happily and build a sister for Phil named Sophia. The film ends with Crimebuster, after only pretending to have his mind erased, continuing to malfunction and going on another mission to recover the fugitive robots. ## Cast ## Production ### Development Sigourney Weaver was offered a role and was interested in the film, as she wanted to work with Andy Kaufman, but Weaver\'s agent persuaded her to turn it down. Because of a strike by the Screen Actors Guild, filming was shut down in July 1980 (along with numerous other movies and television shows). The strike ended at the beginning of October 1980 (filming had started in June). In his 1999 book Andy Kaufman: Revealed, Bob Zmuda wrote that Kaufman and Zmuda had \"pitched\" the screenplay of Kaufman\'s The Tony Clifton Story, a movie about the life and times of his alter-ego Tony Clifton, to Universal Studios. The Universal executives were concerned that Kaufman had not acted in films except for a small role, and they arranged for him to star in Heartbeeps to test whether he could carry a movie. When it became \"a box office disaster\", plans for the Clifton movie were cancelled. John Hill adapted the screenplay into a novel, Heartbeeps, published in December 1981. The film was promoted in magazines such as Starlog and Famous Monsters. ## Reception ### Critical response {#critical_response} Reviews of the film were negative. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 0% based on reviews from 6 critics, with an average rating of 1.6/10. Vincent Canby wrote in The New York Times that it was \"unbearable\" and a \"dreadfully coy story.\" Gary Arnold from the Washington Post noted how the film\'s stars Kaufman and Peters were \"unlikely to face serious career setbacks from a minor fiasco only a handful of people will ever see,\" adding that he faulted the film for having \"so little inherent momentum that it seems to need rewinding every few minutes.\" Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert both gave the film a thumbs down, unfavorably comparing it to Star Wars, The Wizard of Oz and the 1967 Jean-Luc Godard film Weekend. Kaufman felt the movie was so bad that he personally apologized for it on Late Night with David Letterman, and as a joke, promised to refund the money of everyone who paid to see it. ### Accolades Award Category Recipient(s) Outcome -------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------ --------- Saturn Award Best Science Fiction Film Douglas Green Best Make-Up Stan Winston 54th Academy Awards Best Make-Up Stan Winston 1981 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards Worst Picture\* Universal Pictures Worst Screenplay Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy Worst Actor Andy Kaufman Most Annoying Fake Accent (Male) Worst On-Screen Couple Andy Kaufman and Bernadette Peters - Note: the film was nominated for Worst Picture both back when the original 1981 ballot was made and when it was revised in 2007. It lost both times.	835	Heartbeeps	0
3,732,855	# Heartbeeps ## Home media {#home_media} The film was released on DVD on September 13, 2005 and on Blu-ray on February 4, 2020	23	Heartbeeps	1
3,732,865	# Glendale Municipal Airport Glendale Regional Airport `{{airport codes\|\|KGEU\|GEU}}`{=mediawiki} is a city-owned, public-use airport located 7 mi west of the central business district of Glendale, a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011--2015, which categorized it as a general aviation reliever airport. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned GEU by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA The airport\'s ICAO identifier is KGEU. ## Facilities and aircraft {#facilities_and_aircraft} Glendale Regional Airport covers an area of 514 acre at an elevation of 1071 ft above mean sea level. It has one runway: - 1/19 measuring 7150 x asphalt For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2008, the airport had 136,289 aircraft operations, an average of 373 per day: 98% general aviation, 1.% air taxi, and 1% military. At that time there were 220 aircraft based at this airport: 78% single-engine, 11% ultralight, 8% multi-engine, 2% jet, and 1% helicopter	176	Glendale Municipal Airport	0
3,732,878	# Leela Naidu Leela Naidu (1940 -- 28 July 2009) was an Indian actress who starred in a small number of Hindi and English films, including Yeh Raste Hain Pyar Ke (1963), based on the real-life Nanavati case, and The Householder, Merchant Ivory Productions\' first film. She was Femina Miss India in 1954, and was featured in the Vogue along with Maharani Gayatri Devi in the list of \"World\'s Ten Most Beautiful Women\", a list she was continuously listed in from the 1950s to the 1960s in prominent fashion magazines worldwide. She is remembered for her stunning classical beauty and subtle acting style. ## Early life {#early_life} Leela Naidu was born in Bombay (now Mumbai), India. Her father, Dr. Pattipati Ramaiah Naidu, a well known nuclear physicist, hailed from Madanapalle, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, and had worked under the supervision of Nobel Laureate Marie Curie for his doctoral thesis in Paris. He ran one of Madame Curie\'s labs in Paris. He was Scientific Advisor to UNESCO for Southeast Asia, and later, an advisor to the Tata group. Her mother, journalist and Indologist, Dr. Marthe Mange Naidu, was of Swiss-French origin, from Pont d\'Avignon, South-France and earned her PhD from the Sorbonne. Naidu was the only surviving child out of eight pregnancies as Marthe had seven miscarriages. Naidu enjoyed the advantages of birth and the connections of her parents. She grew up in Europe, went to an elite school in Geneva, Switzerland, and in her teens, took acting lessons from Jean Renoir. Leela met Salvador Dalí in Grand-hotel Opera, Paris where she posed for a painting of the Madonna.	268	Leela Naidu	0
3,732,878	# Leela Naidu ## Career Leela Naidu was crowned Femina Miss India in 1954, and the same year was featured in Vogue magazine\'s list of the world\'s ten most beautiful women. ### Film career {#film_career} Naidu made her film debut alongside Balraj Sahni in Anuradha (1962), directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee. Mukherjee cast Naidu in the role after he happened to see one of her pictures taken by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay. Though it was not successful at the box office, the film went on to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film, and garnered Naidu critical acclaim. The movie\'s music, including the songs \"Haye Re Woh Din Kewn Na Aaye\", \"Jaane Kaise Sapnon Mein Kho Gayin Ankhiyan\" and \"Kaise Din Beete Kaisi Beeti Raatein\", were composed by sitar maestro Ravi Shankar. Naidu\'s next film was Nitin Bose\'s Umeed (1962), alongside Ashok Kumar and Joy Mukherjee. She played an offbeat role as an adulterous wife in Yeh Rastey Hain Pyar Ke (1963), directed by R.K. Nayyar. The movie, which co-starred Sunil Dutt and Rehman, was based on the real life case K. M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra. Despite its topical nature and controversial theme, the movie flopped; however, some of its songs, notably \"Ye Khaamoshiyaan, Ye Tanahaaiyaan\", became quite popular. In 1963, Naidu played the lead role of a rebellious young bride in the first Merchant Ivory film The Householder, directed by James Ivory. According to Leela in her 2009 semi-biography, Ivory and Ismail Merchant had approached her about making their first ever feature movie with a story about an archaeologist, but this fell through as the backers did not like the film script. She then suggested to Merchant-Ivory, making a movie about a book called The Householder by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, which led to their introduction to Ruth and a fruitful lifelong partnership. Satyajit Ray lent his crew, got many of the actors he used in his movies to act in this movie, selected the music and musicians, re-cut and reedited the final version, thus guiding and teaching Merchant-Ivory in movie making technique which they successfully used in their award-winning movies and documentaries in the future. After watching her performance in the film, Satyajit Ray planned an English film, The Journey, with Marlon Brando, Shashi Kapoor and Naidu, but the film was never made. She was considered for the role of Rosie in Vijay Anand\'s Guide (1965), but the role required a trained dancer, and so Naidu lost out to Waheeda Rehman. Her last film in Hindi mainstream cinema was Baghi (1964), a costume extravaganza co-starring Pradeep Kumar, Vijaya Choudhury and Mumtaz. Later, Naidu made a guest appearance in the Merchant-Ivory film, The Guru (1969). She returned to cinema in 1985 to play a Goan matriarch in Shyam Benegal\'s period film Trikaal. Her appearance in Electric Moon (1992), directed by Pradip Krishen, turned out to be her last cinematic role. She turned down Raj Kapoor four times when he approached her for casting her in his films. David Lean wanted to cast her as Tonya in Dr. Zhivago, Satyajit Ray wanted to make a film with her and Marlon Brando. Leela Naidu produced a documentary on mentally challenged children A Certain Childhood, which was Kumar Shahni\'s first directorial project under the banner of Leela Naidu Films. Later, she registered under Unicorn Films to make another film Houseless Bombay, but it was never made. She briefly held a job as an editor at the Bombay-based magazine Key Notes. In September 2009, Lila, a documentary on Leela Naidu\'s life, by Bidisha Roy Das and Priyanjana Dutta was released. ## Personal life {#personal_life} In 1956, at the age of 17, she married Tilak Raj Oberoi, son of Mohan Singh Oberoi, the founder of the luxury Oberoi Hotels chain. Tilak Raj, known as \"Tikki\", was 33 years old at the time. Naidu and Oberoi had twin daughters, Maya and Priya. The brief marriage ended in divorce, and Oberoi won custody of the girls. Subsequently, Naidu met philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti while in London, and was deeply attracted to his teachings. In 1969, she was married for the second time, to Mumbai poet Dom Moraes. They lived in Hong Kong, New York City, New Delhi, and Mumbai for about 25 years. After the relationship ended, Naidu led a somewhat reclusive life in Colaba, Mumbai.	719	Leela Naidu	1
3,732,878	# Leela Naidu ## Death Leela Naidu\'s separation from her second husband Moraes caused her to retire from public life. She lived alone, in an elegant and large old flat bequeathed to her father by the Tatas, at Sargent House, in old Bombay the by-lane of the Colaba Causeway, Mumbai. Naidu spent most of her last decade indoors but had a steady roster of visitors as she was an excellent conversationalist. She would call her friends and keep in touch with both her daughters and grandsons. Her daughter Priya died of a heart attack on 8 February 2008. Leela Naidu died in Mumbai on 28 July 2009, due to lung failure after a prolonged bout of influenza, at the age of 69. Her funeral was held on 29 July in Chandanwadi Crematorium attended by her daughter Maya, grandchildren and friends. ## Books - Leela: A Patchwork Life co-authored with Jerry Pinto. Penguin Group, 2009. ## Filmography ### Films - Anuradha (1962), aka Love of Anuradha (International: English title) \.... Anuradha Roy - Umeed (1962) - Yeh Raste Hain Pyar Ke (1963) \.... Neena - The Householder (1963), aka Gharbar \.... Indu - Baghi (1964) - Aabroo (1968) \.... Sharda - The Guru (1969) \.... Girl at the Party - Trikaal (Past, Present and Future) (1985) \.... Dona Maria Souzasoares - Electric Moon (1992) \.... Socks ### Television - Man of the World \.... Dr. Bahandi (1 episode -- \"The Frontier\", 1962) - Channing The Face in the Sun (1 episode -- \"The Young and the Bold\", 1964) \...	258	Leela Naidu	2
3,732,880	# 2003 All-Africa Games The 8th All Africa Games, also known as Abuja 2003, were held from 5--17 October 2003 in Abuja, Nigeria. 53 countries participated in 23 sports. The main venue was the newly constructed Abuja Stadium. The organizing committee was headed by Nigerian Amos Adamu	47	2003 All-Africa Games	0
3,732,883	# Gumbo Millennium *Gumbo Millennium* is the second album by the American rock band 24-7 Spyz, released in 1990. The album peaked at No. 135 on the Billboard 200. ## Critical reception {#critical_reception} The Chicago Tribune wrote that \"Peter Fluid\`s elastic, soul-fired phrasing is comparable to Bob Marley\`s, and guitarist Jimi Hazel blends the fluidity of Wes Montgomery with flamethrower riffs worthy of Eddie Van Halen.\" The Los Angeles Times thought that \"some crushing metal cuts, inventive jazz-rock hybrids and touching soulfulness are obscured by uninspired filler and especially by plain ol\' goofing off that should never have been let out of the studio.\" Trouser Press wrote: \"Employing an uninhibited stylistic palette that seems to reflect whatever springs into the Spyz's collective consciousness at any given moment, Gumbo Millennium winds up retreating to opposite corners of relatively serious hard-rock (still with pungent political/personal lyrics, but now employing a thick, hardened metal-cum-hardcore sound) and flaky digressions that don't really add up to an album.\" The New Yorker called the album \" a definitive document of the \[Black Rock\] movement and a good definition of it.\" ## Track listing {#track_listing} 1. \"John Connelly\'s Theory\" 2. \"New Super Hero Worship\" 3. \"Deathstyle\" 4. \"Dude U Knew\" 5. \"Culo Posse\" 6. \"Don\'t Push Me\" 7. \"Spyz on Piano\" 8. \"Valdez 27 Million?\" 9. \"Don\'t Break My Heart!\" 10. \"We\'ll Have Power\" 11. \"Racism\" 12. \"Heaven and Hell\" 13. \"We Got a Date\" 14. \"Some Defenders\' Memories\" ## Personnel - P	246	Gumbo Millennium	0
3,732,894	# Toccoa Airport Toccoa Airport `{{airport codes\|TOC\|KTOC\|TOC}}`{=mediawiki}, also known as R. G. LeTourneau Field, is a public use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) northeast of the central business district of Toccoa, a city in Stephens County, Georgia, United States. It is owned by the Toccoa-Stephens County Authority. According to the FAA\'s National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009--2013, it is categorized as a general aviation airport. Local businessman and aviation buff R. G. LeTourneau created the airport in the late 1930s when he built two runways for his personal use. LeTourneau donated the runways to the city and county in 1961 and the airfield was named in his honor. ## Facilities and aircraft {#facilities_and_aircraft} The airport covers an area of 285 acre at an elevation of 996 feet (304 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 3/21 is 5,008 by 100 feet (1,526 x 30 m) and 9/27 is 2,951 by 50 feet (899 x 15 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 20,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 55 per day. At that time there were 37 aircraft based at this airport: 31 single-engine, 5 multi-engine, and 1 jet	204	Toccoa Airport	0
3,732,915	# H. W. Timperley Harold William Timperley (1890--1964) was an English author of local history and topographical studies, the most notable of which was illustrated by L. S. Lowry. In later life he worked with his wife Edith Brill, who later published her own books on the Cotswolds. ## Early life {#early_life} Harold was born at Madeley, Shropshire in 1890 to Samuel Timperley---a picture framer--- and Sarah Chamberlain (née Ward). He was the second son, being just two years younger than his brother Horace. The family moved to Chorlton, a southern suburb of Manchester, where his sister Violet was born when he was aged 13 so she played little part in his childhood. ## Work Timperley\'s first book was a selection of natural history essays entitled English Scenes and Birds. It was published by Jonathan Cape in 1929. Cape commissioned L.S. Lowry to make twelve pencil drawings to illustrate A Cotswold Book, which was published in 1931. On the basis of this Noel Carrington asked Timperley to provide an introduction to the collection of articles that he published in April 1933 to promote the Lygon Arms hotel in Broadway, Worcestershire. Timperley\'s 1947 Shropshire Hills describing his walks was illustrated by Albert T. Pile with thirty line Drawings and sixteen plates in line and wash. Vale of Pewsey was published in 1954 as part of Robert Hale\'s Regional Books series. Timperley\'s work with his wife on the ancient trackways of Wessex made extensive use of earlier sources and proposed the existence of several previously unidentified routes. Some of these proposals, such as a North Hampshire Ridgeway, were not accepted by archaeologists because the routes were not associated with any ancient settlements and their theories are now discredited	286	H. W. Timperley	0
3,732,925	# Théobald Chartran Théobald Chartran (20 July 1849 -- 16 July 1907) was a French academic painter and portrait artist. ## Early life {#early_life} Chartran was born in Besançon, France on 20 July 1849. His father was Councilor at the Court of Appeals and he was the nephew of Gen. Chartran who was executed in the Restoration because of his imperialistic tendencies. Through his mother, he was descended from Count Théobald Dillon, who was murdered by his own troops in 1792. While his parents encouraged him to study law or enter the military, young Chartran was inclined towards art. He studied at the Lycée Victor-Hugo in Besançon before heading to Paris in order to devote himself entirely to the study of art under Alexandre Cabanel, later attending the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. ## Career In 1871, the body of Georges Darboy, the Archbishop of Paris, \"who had perished in the disorders of the commune\", was exhumed in order to receive the last honors, and Chartran made a portrait of the Archbishop in his official robes and on his catafalque. This painting was widely admired by the public and for it, he won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1877. As \"T\", he was one of the artists responsible for occasional caricatures of Vanity Fair magazine, specializing in French and Italian subjects. His work for Vanity Fair included Pope Leo XIII, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Umberto I of Italy, William Henry Waddington, all in 1878, Charles Gounod, Giuseppe Verdi, Ernest Renan, Jules Grévy, Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, Victor Hugo, Marshal MacMahon, Granier de Cassagnac, Louis Blanc, and Alexandre Dumas fils, all in 1879. Among Chartran\'s work is his portrait of René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec, the inventor of the stethoscope, Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren, Benoît-Constant Coquelin, the Maharaja of Kapurthala and the Countess of Maupeou. His individual-subject portraiture is often characterized by a rich background gradient, embodied in Emma Calvé as Carmen (1894). ### President Roosevelt {#president_roosevelt} In 1899, Henry Clay Frick commissioned Chartran to create a painting of the scene when the peace protocol at the close of the Spanish--American War was signed in the Cabinet Room. In October 1903, Frick gifted the picture, which had cost \$20,000, to the United States, which President Roosevelt accepted. In 1902, Chartran was commissioned to paint President Theodore Roosevelt\'s official portrait after successfully completing portraits of Mrs. Roosevelt in 1902 and Alice Roosevelt in 1901. In discussing his experience with painting the president to Le Figaro, he said that it \"was difficult to get the President to sit still. I never had a more restless or more charming sitter. He speaks French like a boulevardier, and wittily.\" Chartran \"did not try to depict the official Roosevelt, but rather the private man.\" When Roosevelt saw the final product he hated it and hid it in the darkest corner of the White House. When family members called it the \"Mewing Cat\" for making him look so harmless, he had it destroyed and hired John Singer Sargent to paint a more masculine portrait. ## Gallery <File:René> Laënnec.png\\|René Laënnec -- National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA <File:Edith> Roosevelt Official Portrait.jpg\\|Edith Roosevelt\'s official portrait as First Lady (1902) <File:Portrait> of President Roosevelt 1902.jpg\\|T. Chartran.\--Portrait of Président Roosevelt. (1902) <File:Alice> Roosevelt Portrait.jpg\\|Alice Roosevelt\'s portrait <File:Brooklyn> Museum - Portrait of Washington A. Roebling - Théobald Chartran.jpg\\|Théobald Chartran -- Washington A. Roebling -- Brooklyn Museum <File:Chartran> Madame Collas and her Daughter Giselle 1903.JPG\\|Madame Collas et sa fille, 1903, Paris, Musée d\'Orsay. <File:Sadi> Carnot - Théobald Chartran.jpg\\|Portrait de Sadi Carnot. <File:Théobald> Chartran - Cardinal James Gibbons - NPG.91.196 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg\\|Cardinal James Gibbons (1904), National Portrait Gallery ## Personal life {#personal_life} Chartran was married to a woman who \"descended from a famous family\" and was \"gifted with a voice of sweetness and considerable power and possessed of strong lyric ambition, which, however, she did not gratify by a career on the stage.\" Her portrait appeared in The Pall Mall Magazine in 1906. In September 1900, Chartran acquired the Île de Salagnon (also known as \"Swan Island\"), one of the five islands on Lake Geneva, located between Vevey and Montreux. On the island, he had a Florentine villa built by architect Louis Villard, as well as a small port. There, Chartran organized sumptuous evenings with illustrious characters and fireworks. When he died, the island was taken over by a Russian count, a Zurich merchant, and then an American, Mary Shillito. Today it is known as Villa Salagnon. His wife died just before his last visit to America in January 1906. Chartran died in Paris on 16 July 1907	764	Théobald Chartran	0
3,732,931	# Philippe Vasset Philippe Vasset (born 1972) is a French novelist and journalist. He is the editor in chief of the investigative newsletters Africa Energy Intelligence and Intelligence Online, published by Indigo Publications press group. Before his career in journalism, he worked as a corporate detective in the United States. In 1993, he was awarded the Best Young Writer prize by the French daily Le Monde. Following his debut ScriptGenerator®™ (2004), he has already written a second novel. In 2023, Abu Dhabi Secrets revealed that Vasset, while serving as editor of Africa Intelligence, had \"regularly used information\" from Alp Services, a Swiss private investigation firm operated by Mario Brero, which engaged in offensive viral communication campaigns	116	Philippe Vasset	0
3,732,970	# George White's 1935 Scandals *George White\'s 1935 Scandals* is an American musical film, written by Jack Yellen, directed by George White and Harry Lachman, and produced in 1935 by Fox Film Corporation. It was a follow-up to (but not a sequel to) the 1934 release, George White\'s Scandals. ## Plot The film centers on real-life stage and screen producer George White as he gathers acts for his new Broadway revue. At the top of his list is blonde Alice Faye. Also appearing in the film was James Dunn and Cliff Edwards. George White\'s 1935 Scandals is best remembered as the major film debut of a young dancer named Eleanor Powell, here performing a \"specialty dance\". Powell, already a Broadway star, had played bit parts in a couple of films prior to this, but Scandals was her first major film role. According to her introduction to the book Gotta Sing, Gotta Dance, a mix-up in the make-up department resulted in her being made to look almost Egyptian and she left the production so disenchanted with movie-making, she initially rejected a contract offer by MGM that later in the year placed her in the popular Broadway Melody of 1936. Reportedly, Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson filmed a dance routine for this film, but it was cut. Actress Jane Wyman appeared in the film as an uncredited chorine	224	George White's 1935 Scandals	0
3,732,982	# Wonosobo Regency Wonosobo Regency (Kabupatèn Wanasaba) is a regency (kabupaten) in Central Java province in Indonesia. The regency seat is located in the town of Wonosobo, located at -7.3684940 109.8983841,on the Dieng Plateau, about 120 km from Semarang City. Wonosobo Regency shares borders with Temanggung and Magelang Regencies to the east, Purworejo Regency to the south, Kebumen Regency and Banjarnegara Regency to the west, and Batang Regency and Kendal Regency to the north. The regency\'s area is 1,011.62 km^2^ and its population was 754,883 at the 2010 census and 879,124 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 920,506 (comprising 468,526 males and 451,980 females). ## Etymology The word \"Wonosobo\" is derived from Javanese Wanasaba, which in turn came from Sanskrit Vanasabhā. It literally means \'the gathering place in the forest\'. ## Administrative districts {#administrative_districts} Wonosobo Regency is divided into the following fifteen districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2024. The table also includes the location of the district headquarters, the number of administrative villages in each district (totalling 236 rural desa and 29 urban kelurahan), and its post code. +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| Kode\ \| Name of\ \| Area\ \| Pop\'n\ \| Pop\'n\ \| Pop\'n\ \| Admin\ \| No.\ \| Post\ \| \| Wilayah \| District\ \| in\ \| census\ \| census\ \| estimate\ \| centre \| of\ \| code \| \| \| (kecamatan) \| km^2^ \| 2010 \| 2020 \| mid 2024 \| \| villages \| \| +==========+=================+============+===========+===========+===========+===============+==========+=========+ \| 33.07.01 \| Wadaslintang \| 133.28 \| 51,402 \| 60,502 \| 63,599 \| Wadaslintang \| 17 ^(a)^ \| 56365 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.02 \| Kepil \| 100.23 \| 56,184 \| 64,478 \| 67,118 \| Kepil \| 21 ^(a)^ \| 56374 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.03 \| Sapuran \| 74.92 \| 53,845 \| 61,209 \| 63,481 \| Sapuram \| 17 ^(a)^ \| 56375 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.15 \| Kalibawang \| 52.20 \| 22,269 \| 27,101 \| 28,859 \| Karangsambung \| 8 \| 56373 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.04 \| Kaliwiro \| 101.45 \| 43,978 \| 51,824 \| 54,501 \| Kaliwiro \| 21 ^(a)^ \| 56364 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.05 \| Leksono \| 45.10 \| 39,159 \| 46,186 \| 48,589 \| Leksono \| 14 ^(a)^ \| 56362 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.14 \| Sukoharjo \| 56.77 \| 31,228 \| 35,459 \| 36,759 \| Sukoharjo \| 17 \| 56363 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.06 \| Selomerto \| 41.44 \| 44,849 \| 53,516 \| 56,554 \| Selomerto \| 24 ^(b)^ \| 56361 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.07 \| Kalikajar \| 80.52 \| 57,476 \| 70,302 \| 75,009 \| Kalikajar \| 19 ^(a)^ \| 56372 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.08 \| Kertek \| 63.66 \| 76,386 \| 90,207 \| 94,947 \| Kertek \| 21 ^(c)^ \| 56371 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.09 \| Wonosobo (town) \| 29.28 \| 82,488 \| 91,909 \| 94,584 \| Jaraksari \| 20 ^(d)^ \| 56311\ \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| - 56319 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.10 \| Watumalang \| 64.57 \| 48,569 \| 55,765 \| 58,059 \| Wonoroto \| 16 ^(a)^ \| 56352 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.11 \| Mojotengah \| 48.94 \| 58,163 \| 67,481 \| 70,541 \| Kalibeber \| 19 ^(e)^ \| 56351 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.12 \| Garung \| 53.89 \| 47,954 \| 56,988 \| 60,128 \| Garung \| 15 ^(a)^ \| 56353 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| 33.07.13 \| Kejajar \| 65.38 \| 40,933 \| 46,197 \| 47,778 \| Kejajar \| 16 ^(a)^ \| 56354 \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ \| \| *Totals* \| 1,011.62 \| 754,883 \| 879,124 \| 920,506 \| Wonosobo \| 265 \| \| +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ Notes: (a) including one kelurahan (the district administrative centre). (b) including 2 kelurahan (Selomerto and Wonorejo). (c) includes 2 kelurahan (Kertek and Wringinanom).\ (d) comprises 13 kelurahan (Bumireso, Jaraksari, Jlamprang, Kalianget, Kejiwan, Kramatan, Mlipak, Pagerkukuh, Rojoimo, Sambek, Tawangsari, Wonosobo Barat and Wonosobo Timur) and 7 desa.\ (e) comprises 3 kelurahan (Andongsili, Kalibeber and Mudal) and 16 desa. The 29 kelurahan (urban villages) are thus split over 13 districts, with 13 in Wonosobo (town) District, 3 in Mojotengah District, 2 in Selomerto District, 2 in Kertek District, and 1 each in Wadaslintang, Kepil, Sapuran, Kaliwiro, Leksono, Kalikajar, Watumalang, Garung and Kejajar Districts (in the latter cases the sole kelurahan is the district administrative headquarters).	720	Wonosobo Regency	0
3,732,982	# Wonosobo Regency ## Climate Wonosobo has an elevation moderated tropical rainforest climate (Af) with moderate rainfall from July to September and heavy to very heavy rainfall in the remaining months. The following climate data is for the town of Wonosobo. `{{Weather box \|width = auto \| location = Wonosobo \| metric first = Yes \| single line = Yes \| Jan high C = 26.0 \| Feb high C = 26.2 \| Mar high C = 26.6 \| Apr high C = 26.8 \| May high C = 27.1 \| Jun high C = 27.1 \| Jul high C = 26.9 \| Aug high C = 27.3 \| Sep high C = 27.5 \| Oct high C = 27.7 \| Nov high C = 26.8 \| Dec high C = 26.0 \| Jan mean C = 22.0 \| Feb mean C = 22.1 \| Mar mean C = 22.4 \| Apr mean C = 22.5 \| May mean C = 22.8 \| Jun mean C = 22.3 \| Jul mean C = 21.8 \| Aug mean C = 22.0 \| Sep mean C = 22.4 \| Oct mean C = 22.9 \| Nov mean C = 22.4 \| Dec mean C = 21.8 \| year mean C = \| Jan low C = 18.0 \| Feb low C = 18.0 \| Mar low C = 18.2 \| Apr low C = 18.3 \| May low C = 18.5 \| Jun low C = 17.5 \| Jul low C = 16.7 \| Aug low C = 16.7 \| Sep low C = 17.3 \| Oct low C = 18.1 \| Nov low C = 18.1 \| Dec low C = 17.7 \|rain colour=green \|Jan rain mm=513 \|Feb rain mm=443 \|Mar rain mm=486 \|Apr rain mm=339 \|May rain mm=254 \|Jun rain mm=136 \|Jul rain mm=110 \|Aug rain mm=93 \|Sep rain mm=118 \|Oct rain mm=237 \|Nov rain mm=357 \|Dec rain mm=486 \|source 1 = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{cite web \|url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/329020/ \|title = Climate: Wonosobo \|publisher=Climate-Data	332	Wonosobo Regency	1
3,732,984	# Niven Govinden Niven Govinden (born 1973) is an English novelist. He was born in East Sussex and then educated at Goldsmiths College, University of London, where he studied film. To date he has written five novels and a number of short stories. His writing has appeared in the magazine Bad Idea, and his short story My Cinephiliac Shame appeared in the 2008 Bad Idea Anthology. He was appointed the Chair of Judges for the 2015 Green Carnation Prize	79	Niven Govinden	0
3,733,000	# Wild Oats Markets Wild Oats Marketplace (registered as Wild Oats Marketing, LLC) is a producer of natural and organic food distributed through partnerships in the United States. Founded in 1987 in Boulder, Colorado, it was originally a chain of natural foods stores operating throughout the Western and Southwestern United States. In 2007, it was purchased by Whole Foods Market, Inc, but an FTC objection resulted in a reversal of the purchase. In 2010, the company was bought by Luberski Inc. (d.b.a. as Hidden Villa Ranch), a West Coast--based food distributor, who then sold it to The Yucaipa Companies in 2012. Wild Oats currently produces and distributes various food products, including cereal, beverages, condiments, frozen and fresh items through partnerships with Walmart stores nationally and formerly through Fresh & Easy stores in California, Nevada and Arizona (Fresh & Easy shut down in 2015). The company is headquartered in Addison, Texas. Wild Oats Markets acquired their local competitor, the 11-store Boulder-based Alfalfa\'s Markets chain, in July 1996. Three Capers Community Market natural foods stores, located in British Columbia, were part of the Alfalfa\'s acquisition and have maintained the Capers name. In 1999, Wild Oats acquired several other chains, including 11 San Diego--based Henry\'s Marketplace stores, the Nature\'s Northwest chain of stores in Portland, OR, and nine San Antonio--based Sun Harvest stores. Wild Oats announced that it would close all five Henry\'s Farmers Market stores in Arizona in December 2006, and would instead focus on the Wild Oats banner in that market. In 2001, Perry Odak who previously held executive positions at Ben & Jerry's, became President and Chief Executive Officer of Wild Oats Markets. Odak resigned in October 2006 after he and the company were unable to reach an agreement for a new employment contract. Gregory Mays, Chairman of the Board, was named interim chief executive officer. Mays is a former chief financial officer of Ralphs Grocery Co. ## Partnerships ### Pathmark stores {#pathmark_stores} Wild Oats Markets partnered with Pathmark Stores beginning in February 2007 when Pathmark added Wild Oats brand private-label goods to all of its 141 northeast US stores. About 150 different natural and organic products were included in the partnership, including specialty products such as imported Italian sodas, balsamic vinegar, organic fruit spreads and flatbread crackers. ### Walmart After a partnership agreement by Yucaipa Cos., the relaunch of the branch occurred in April 2014 as an expansion of the organic selections at Walmart stores nationwide.	407	Wild Oats Markets	0

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# Radius rod A **radius rod** (also called a **radius arm**, **torque arm**, **torque spring**, and **torsion bar**) is a suspension link intended to control wheel motion in the longitudinal (fore-aft) direction. The link is connected (with a rubber or solid bushing) on one end to the wheel carrier or axle, on the other to the chassis or unibody of the vehicle. Radius rods are typically mounted ahead of the wheel. In that position they resist dive under braking forces and wheel hop under acceleration. Radius rods are also sometimes used in aircraft with fixed (non retractable) undercarriages. Radius rods in aircraft must be regularly inspected because their failure will cause unrestrained swerving of the wheel. Radius rods are customarily made of stamped steel or aluminum for lightness, as they are part of the vehicle\'s unsprung weight. Improvements in composite materials technology make possible plastic suspension links, although they are still uncommon. Other suspension components can be made to act as radius rods under certain conditions. For example, the rear suspension of the original 1966 Oldsmobile Toronado used shock absorbers to connect the rear beam axle to the frame; these shocks controlled longitudinal wheel movement, but their damping action prevented the forces of those movements from being felt by the passengers. On a vehicle with longitudinal leaf springs, such as a Hotchkiss drive suspension, the springs themselves provide some longitudinal wheel control. One or more torque arms may be added to provide supplementary wheel control, particularly for vehicles with strong torque such as drag racers. On some leaf spring-equipped vehicles, such as 1960s Chrysler Corporation cars, the springs are mounted so that a lesser portion of the spring\'s length is forward of the wheels, improving wheel control on acceleration. A side effect of such positioning is that the longer, aft portion of the springs may not be stiff enough to control wheel movement under braking forces, which can lead to pronounced wheel hop in hard stops

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# College of African Wildlife Management The **College of African Wildlife Management** (**CAWM**), commonly known as **Mweka College** or just **Mweka**, is located near the village of that name on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, above the city of Moshi, about 14 kilometres north of its centre. The locality also gives its name to the **Mweka Trail**, one of the routes on Kilimanjaro, used for the descent. Following the independence of Tanganyika in 1961, the College of African Wildlife Management was established in 1963 by Bruce Kinloch as a pioneer institution for the training of African wildlife managers. Initial funding for Mweka was provided by the African Wildlife Leadership Foundation (now known as the African Wildlife Foundation), the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the Frankfurt Zoological Society, with facilities donated by the government of Tanganyika. Since this time, the College has trained over 5,000 wildlife managers from 52 countries worldwide (28 African countries and 24 other countries in the world), the majority are working in protected areas throughout sub-Saharan Africa. In the mid-2010s, the college\'s 30 million tanzanian shillings annual tuition fees made it inaccessible for most Tanzanian students, and the few students in attendance mostly originated from abroad. The college became more accessible when it reduced its tuition fee to less than 4 million tanzanian shillings in the late 2010s. Since then, the vast majority of the College\'s students come from Tanzania, with a minority coming from the broader SADC region. However, the college still opens its doors to all students with an interest in African wildlife management. Some alumni students also came from Western and Eastern Europe, and countries such as the United States, India, Sri Lanka, and Japan among many others. The college has two main aims: - To prepare both local and international students for work within the national parks and reserves of Tanzania and the rest of Africa. - To prepare students for work within the safari industries (photographic & hunting) within Tanzania and Africa as a whole. ## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni} - Erasto Mpemba, discoverer of the Mpemba effect, who published his results while a student at the College. - Job Ndugai, politician

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# Bare: A Pop Opera ***Bare**\'\', also known as***Bare: A Pop Opera**\'\', is a coming-of-age sung-through musical with music by Damon Intrabartolo, lyrics by Jon Hartmere, and a book by Hartmere and Intrabartolo. The story focuses on a group of high school students and their struggles at their private Catholic boarding school. The musical was later revised as *Bare: The Musical*. ## Productions The musical debuted at the Hudson Theatre in Los Angeles, running from October 14, 2000 to February 25, 2001. The New York production of *Bare* at the American Theatre of Actors Off-Broadway, ran from April 19 to May 27, 2004. The Los Angeles and New York productions were both directed by Kristin Hanggi. A new production of the original version has been produced again in Los Angeles, this time at the Hayworth Theatre. It opened on September 6, 2013, produced by Topher Rhys and Jamie Lee Barnard for glory\|struck Productions, directed by Calvin Remsberg, choreographed by Jen Oundjian with musical direction by Elmo Zapp. On July 6, 2017, *Bare* made its premiere in Brighton, an established LGBTQ destination nicknamed the \"unofficial gay capital of the UK\". Produced by Brief Hiatus, this production was directed by Conor Baum with choreography by Sarah-Leanne Humphreys, receiving critical acclaim. In the fall of 2023, the Barbara Ingram School for the Arts in Hagerstown, MD workshopped and premiered the school edition of BARE-A Pop Opera. The production was well received by community members and included a cast of 14 students. Community organizations focusing on LGBTQ+ support and suicide prevention were in attendance each performance to provide statistics and education to the audience prior to each show. The production was under the direction of Lead Theatre Teacher David Ryan.

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# Bare: A Pop Opera ## Synopsis ### Act I {#act_i} At St. Cecilia\'s Boarding School, Peter dozes off during Mass and has a nightmare in which he is outed as gay and condemned by everyone (\"Epiphany\"). After Mass, he sees Jason, his roommate and secret lover. Jason reassures Peter about their relationship and Peter suggests that they audition for the school play (\"You & I\"). Alone, Peter reflects on his anxieties about his relationship with Jason (\"Role of a Lifetime\"). Jason shows up to the auditions for *Romeo and Juliet* at the last minute and competes with another student, Matt, for the part of Romeo. Drama teacher Sister Chantelle casts Jason as Romeo and Ivy as Juliet (\"Auditions\"). Nadia, Jason\'s overweight twin sister, is upset that she was cast as the Nurse and commiserates with Jason over their overbearing parents (\"Plain Jane Fat Ass\"). Matt tries to plan a small surprise birthday party for Ivy, with whom he is in love. Lucas, the school\'s party boy, organizes a trip to a rave, bringing ecstasy and other drugs (\"Wonderland\"). Insecure about her appearance, Nadia decides to stay behind (\"A Quiet Night at Home\"). At the rave, Peter dances with Jason and Ivy with Matt (\"Rolling\"). Peter tries to kiss Jason, who leads him outside. Peter wants to make their relationship public but Jason is afraid (\"Best Kept Secret\"). They kiss, but unbeknownst to them, Matt sees them together. The next morning, at Confession, Matt and Peter ask for guidance about their respective secrets: Matt about seeing the kiss and Peter about being gay (\"Confession\"). After Nadia jokes about Ivy\'s promiscuity, Ivy reflects on the way her reputation defines and confines her (\"Portrait of a Girl\"). Nadia turns Ivy\'s birthday party into a crude and uproarious event (\"Birthday, Bitch!\"). Peter unknowingly eats pot brownies and flirts with Jason. A drunk Ivy does the same and Jason chooses her over Peter to save face. Ivy asks Jason to kiss her as a birthday gift and he reluctantly agrees (\"One Kiss\"). Matt and Peter bond over their frustrations and an inebriated Peter tells Matt the secret of his relationship with Jason (\"Are You There?\"). Peter later has a vision of the Virgin Mary, in the form of Sister Chantelle, telling him that he needs to come out to his mother (\"911! Emergency!\"). At rehearsal, Matt abandons the script and tackles Jason, calling him a homophobic slur (\"Reputation Stain\'d\"). Peter asks Jason to come home with him for spring break and help him come out to his mother. Jason panics, afraid of his father finding out, and breaks up with Peter (\"Ever After\"). While Nadia sardonically sings about her dislike of spring, Peter leaves for break without speaking to Jason (\"Spring\"). Ivy apologizes to Jason for her actions at the party, but admits that she likes him and hopes for more. While Peter and Matt pine for their respective loves and Nadia wishes to be noticed, Jason sleeps with Ivy, hoping it is the right thing to do (\"One\").

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# Bare: A Pop Opera ## Synopsis ### Act II {#act_ii} The school chapel is decorated elaborately for Peter and Jason\'s wedding. The scene turns into Jason\'s wedding to Ivy and reveals itself to be Peter\'s nightmare (\"Wedding Bells\"). Later, class ranks are posted and Jason has achieved the valedictorian spot, once again besting Matt (\"In the Hallway\"). Ivy tells Jason that though she has been with other boys before, he is her first true love. After realizing that Ivy\'s feelings are the way he feels about Peter, he breaks up with her (\"Touch My Soul\"). Peter calls his mother Claire, intending to come out. She continually evades the subject, though he suspects she already knows the truth (\"See Me\"). Claire hangs up, shaken at the confirmation of her fears, but eventually recognizes that her love for him is stronger than her religious objections (\"Warning\"). When Ivy misses rehearsal, her understudy Diane steps in but forgets her lines. Peter temporarily takes over and dances with Jason (\"Pilgrim\'s Hands\"). Ivy appears at the end of the rehearsal and insists to Jason that they need to speak privately. Sister Chantelle tells Peter that she knows what has been bothering him---that he is gay---and assures him that he is just as God wanted him to be (\"God Don\'t Make No Trash\"). Ivy tells Nadia that she is pregnant with Jason\'s child (\"All Grown Up\"). She later finds Jason practicing his graduation speech and tells him that she is pregnant and still hopes he might learn to love her back. Matt, who has overheard them, reveals that Jason is in love with Peter. Peter arrives and he, Matt, and Jason exchange heated words as the other students look on (\"Promise\"). Distraught, Jason reflects on his relationship with Peter, and how even through his fear, he knows that it is the only thing that will comfort him (\"Once Upon a Time\"). With nowhere else to go, he asks the priest at Confession if God still loves him and can forgive him. The priest tells him that he must deny his feelings (\"Cross\"). Backstage before the play, Lucas passes out drug orders to students, including Jason. Jason asks Peter to run away with him but Peter refuses, not wanting to hide anymore (\"Two Households\"). Jason, thinking that he has lost Peter for good, takes a large dose of GHB. As the play begins, he again pulls Peter aside and tells him that he has loved him since they first met. Peter tells him he loves him too and reassures him that their parting is not a permanent goodbye (\"Bare\"). As Peter delivers the Queen Mab speech, Jason becomes increasingly disoriented and begins to hallucinate (\"Queen Mab\"). During the masked ball scene, he collapses and dies in Peter\'s arms (\"A Glooming Peace\"). Peter confronts the priest about Jason\'s last visit, accusing him of failing to show compassion (\"Absolution\"). At graduation, Peter, Ivy, Matt, and Nadia wonder whether they could have prevented Jason\'s death and consider the role they played in it. They move forward into a world that will yield more questions than answers (\"No Voice\").

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# Bare: A Pop Opera ## Characters and original casts {#characters_and_original_casts} +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Character(s) | Los Angeles (2000) | Off-Broadway (2004) | Studio Recording (2007) | Los Angeles Revival (2013) | West End Staged Concert (2024) | +=============================================================+========================================+======================+==========================+=============================+=================================+ | Peter Simonds | John Torres | Michael Arden | Matt Doyle | Payson Lewis | Laurie Kynaston | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Jason McConnell | John Griffin | John Hill | James Snyder | Jonah Platt | Jordan Luke Gage | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Ivy Robinson | Jenna Leigh Green | | | Lindsay Pearce | Frances Mayli McCann | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Nadia McConnell | Keili Lefkovitz | Natalie Joy Johnson | Keili Lefkovitz | Katie Stevens | Katie Ramshaw | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Matt Lloyd | Wallace Smith | Aaron Lohr | Christopher Johnson | Nathan Parrett | Ed Larkin | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Sister Chantelle/Virgin Mary | Stephanie Andersen | Romelda T. Benjamin | Stephanie Andersen | | Claudia Kariuki | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Claire | Maura M. Knowles | Kaitlin Hopkins | | Alissa-Nicole Koblentz | Cassidy Janson | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Priest | Mark Edgar Stephens | Jim Price | | John Griffin | Adrian Hansel | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Lucas Carter | Philip Dean Lightstone | Adam Fleming | Jason Ryterband | Casey Hayden | Jason Battersby | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Tanya Garrett/Cherub | Charity Hill | Sasha Allen | Judith Hill | Caitlin Ary | Aoife Kenny | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Kyra/Cherub (named Brittany in 2000 Los Angeles production) | Tassa Hampton | Kearran Giovanni | Carmel Echols | Katherine Washington | Chrissie Bhima | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Diane Lee | Jennie Kwan | Kay Trinidad | Kara Maguire | Reesa Ishiyama | Emily Ooi | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Zack | Reed Prescott | Mike Cannon | Nils Montan | Christopher Higgins | Jack Ofrecio | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Rory | align=\"center\" `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} | Lindsay Scott | Anna Rose | Kelsey Hainlen | Clodagh Greene | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+ | Alan | align=\"center\" `{{n/a}}`{=mediawiki} | Isaac Calpito | Joel Echols | Harrison Meloeny | Samuel Joseph Howes | +-------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+----------------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+---------------------------------+

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# Bare: A Pop Opera ## Musical numbers {#musical_numbers} Act I - \"Epiphany\" --- Company - \"You & I\" --- Jason, Peter, and Students - \"Role of a Lifetime\" --- Peter - \"Auditions\" --- Chantelle and Students - \"Plain Jane Fat Ass\"† --- Nadia and Jason - \"Wonderland\" --- Matt, Nadia, Tanya, Lucas, Ivy, Peter, and Jason - \"A Quiet Night at Home\" --- Nadia - \"Rolling\" --- Band - \"Best Kept Secret\" --- Jason and Peter - \"Confession\" --- Priest and Students - \"Portrait of a Girl\" --- Ivy and Matt - \"Birthday, Bitch!\" --- Students - \"One Kiss\" --- Ivy and Jason - \"Are You There?\" --- Matt and Peter - \"911! Emergency!\"‡ --- Mary and Cherubs - \"Reputation Stain\'d\" --- Ivy, Jason, Peter, Matt, and Nadia - \"Ever After\" --- Peter and Jason - \"Spring\" --- Nadia - \"One\" --- Ivy, Jason, Nadia, Matt, and Peter Act II - \"Wedding Bells\" --- Company - \"In The Hallway\" --- Band - \"Touch My Soul\" --- Ivy and Jason - \"See Me\" --- Peter and Claire - \"Warning\" --- Claire - \"Pilgrims\' Hands\" --- Jason and Peter - \"God Don\'t Make No Trash\" --- Chantelle - \"All Grown Up\" --- Ivy - \"Promise\" --- Jason, Ivy, Matt, Nadia, and Peter - \"Once Upon a Time\" --- Jason - \"Cross\" --- Jason and Priest - \"Two Households\" --- Students - \"Bare\" --- Jason and Peter - \"Queen Mab\" --- Jason and Peter - \"A Glooming Peace\" --- Students - \"Absolution\" --- Peter and Priest - \"No Voice\" --- Company † Cut from the 2004 Off-Broadway production and replaced with \"Love, Dad\" ‡ Replaced \"Mother Love\" from the 2000 Los Angeles production ## Album An 11-song CD sampler featuring the 2004 New York cast was offered to every ticket buyer during the final performances of the Off-Broadway run. The full studio album from *Bare*, produced by Deborah Lurie and Casey Stone, was released on October 30, 2007, as a three-disc CD + DVD set. The 2012--2013 production was announced to be releasing a cast album. This, however, did not occur due to the quick closing of the revival amid poor reviews and public response. ## Planned film adaptation {#planned_film_adaptation} On January 2, 2018, it was announced that *Bare* would be made into a motion picture, directed by Kristin Hanggi and produced by Hillary Butorac Weaver and Janet Billig Rich. Hanggi will adapt the screenplay for the film. No release date has been set

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# James Farrow (politician) **James Hamilton Farrow** (April 3, 1827 -- July 3, 1892) was a Confederate States of America politician from South Carolina during the American Civil War. He was born in Laurens, South Carolina, and served in the South Carolina State Legislature from 1856 until 1862. He served as a representative from South Carolina to the First Confederate Congress and Second Confederate Congress from 1862 to 1865. He also served as a delegate in the September 1865 South Carolina convention which officially repealed secession and reformed the state constitution. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in November 1865, but the South Carolina delegation was not seated

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# 9th Critics' Choice Awards *Pandoc failed*: ``` Error at (line 159, column 61): unexpected 'b' {| class="wikitable" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" background: #f6e39c; ^ ``

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# Banian Hospital The origin of the **Banian Hospital** in Western writing has been traced back to Henry Lord\'s *A Display of two forraigne sects in the East Indies*. Here he emphasized the hospital\'s use for injured birds, alongside commentaries on vegetarianism and protections for insects. Historian, Will Sweetman, asserts that such accounts depict Svetambara Jains. Accounts of the hospital in eighteenth-century French orientalist literature expanded the kinds of animals cared for to include lice and other blood sucking vermin and to include cattle, goat, and dogs too sick or old to work. The following is an account of a bestiary at Surat offered by a nineteenth-century visitor to the city. It appeared in *The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction* on 1 September 1827. \"The Banian hospital at Surat is a most remarkable institution; it consists of a large plot of ground, enclosed with high walls, divided into several courts or wards, for the accommodation of animals; in sickness it for themselves. At my visit, the hospital contained horses, mules, oxen, sheep, goats, monkeys, poultry, pigeons, and a variety of birds, with an aged tortoise, who was known to have been there for seventy-five years. The most extraordinary ward was that appropriated to rats, mice, bugs, and other noxious vermin. The overseers of the hospital frequently hire beggars from the streets, for a stipulated sum, to pass a night among the fleas, lice, and bugs, on the express condition of suffering them to enjoy their feast without molestation.\" In 1818, Sir Richard Philips rejected the idea that this stemmed from Banian beliefs in metempsychosis, as many previous authors did, and espoused it stemmed from benevolence

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# Louisiana's 2nd congressional district **Louisiana\'s 2nd congressional district** contains nearly all of the city of New Orleans and stretches west and north to Baton Rouge. The district is currently represented by Democrat Troy Carter. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+17, it is one of two Democratic districts in Louisiana. ## History Louisiana gained a second district in 1823 as part of the 18th United States Congress. At first it comprised New Orleans and significant populations from surrounding areas. With the growth of population in the urban area, the current district is located mostly within the city of New Orleans. Since the late 19th century, this has been historically among the most safely Democratic seats in the country, for sharply opposing reasons. During Reconstruction, most African Americans affiliated with the Republican Party and, as a majority, elected Republicans from this district. White Democrats regained control of the district in 1891, when voter suppression of Republicans was rampant. In 1898 the Democratic-dominated state legislature had disenfranchised most blacks in the state through provisions of a new state constitution that raised barriers to voter registration, such as poll taxes and subjective literacy tests. The Democrats had maintained the political exclusion of blacks for decades. Like most congressional districts in the South, this district consistently voted Democratic from the late 19th century until the late 1960s, because the voters during that time were nearly all white Democrats. Such Democrats created what was known as the Solid South in Congress, exercising power beyond their proportion of the electorate. From the 1960s onward, however, white conservatives began splitting their tickets and voting Republican, gradually switching outright to the GOP. At the same time, black voters regained the franchise and lent their support to Democrats. Since 1984, the district has been drawn as a black-majority district. In 2008, after a federal grand jury indicted nine-term incumbent congressman William J. Jefferson on sixteen felony charges related to corruption the year prior, Joseph Cao was elected as the first Republican to represent the 2nd congressional district and most of New Orleans in more than a century. Cao was the first Vietnamese-American U.S. representative elected in the country. He was the only Republican in the 111th Congress to represent a district with a predominantly African-American population. Cao was heavily defeated in 2010 by state representative Cedric Richmond, and the district reverted to its Democratic ways. Richmond defeated nominal Republican challengers in 2012 and 2020, and no Republican even filed from 2014 to 2018. For most of the period from 1983 to 2013, this district contained nearly all of the city of New Orleans (except for a small portion located in the neighboring `{{ushr|Louisiana|1|1st congressional district}}`{=mediawiki}), and some of its suburbs. In 2003, it was pushed into the West Bank portion of Jefferson Parish and South Kenner, which have a higher proportion of white residents. After the 2010 census, the legislature pushed the 2nd slightly to the west, picking up a portion of Baton Rouge--essentially, most of the capital\'s majority-black precincts. The 2024 Allen v. Milligan decision dictated a new majority-black precinct, redrawing the 6th district. The 2nd district loses the Baton Rouge area and the northeast Orleans Parish but now represents the whole of the Iberville and Assumption Parishes, as well as Arabi and Chalmette in St. Bernard Parish. ## Parishes and communities {#parishes_and_communities} For the 119th and successive Congresses (based on the districts drawn following a 2023 court order), the district contains all or portions of the following parishes and communities. **Ascension Parish** **(5)** : Darrow, Donaldsonville, Gonzales, Lemannville (shared with St. James Parish), Prairieville (part; also 5th) **Assumption Parish** **(8)** : All eight communities **Iberville Parish** **(9)** : All nine communities **Jefferson Parish** **(14)** : Avondale, Bridge City, Estelle (part; also 1st), Gretna, Harvey, Kenner (part; also 1st), Marrero, Metairie (part; also 1st), River Ridge (part; also 1st), Terrytown, Timberlane, Waggaman, Westwego, Woodmere **Lafourche Parish** **(1)** : Thibodaux (part; also 3rd) **Orleans Parish** **(1)** : New Orleans (part; also 1st) **St. Bernard Parish** **(3)** : Arabi, Chalmette (part; also 1st), Meraux (part; also 1st) **St. Charles Parish** **(10)** : Ama, Boutte, Bayou Gauche, Des Allemands (part; also 3rd; shared with Lafourche Parish), Hahnville, Killona, Luling, Paradis, St. Rose (part; also 1st), Taft **St. James Parish** **(14)** : All 14 communities **St. John the Baptist Parish** **(6)** : All six communities

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# Louisiana's 2nd congressional district ## Recent election results from statewide races {#recent_election_results_from_statewide_races} Year Office Results ------ ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2008 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Obama 64% - 34% 2012 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Obama 69% - 31% 2014 Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Landrieu 73% - 27% 2015 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Bel Edwards 76% - 24% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Holden 64% - 36% 2016 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Clinton 66% - 31% Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Campbell 67% - 33% 2019 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Bel Edwards 77% - 23% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Jones 56% - 44% Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Jackson 61% - 39% 2020 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Biden 67% - 31% 2023 Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Cheek 60% - 40% 2024 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Harris 65% - 33% ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Member | Party | Term | Cong\ | Electoral history | Location | | | | | ress | | | +============================================================================+=====================================================================+=====================================================================+===========================================+============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+===============================================================================================================================+ | District created March 4, 1823 | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Henry Hosford Gurley**\ | \| Democratic-Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1823 --\ | | Elected in 1822.\ | **1823--1833**\ | | `{{Small|([[Baton Rouge]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1825 | | Re-elected in 1824.\ | East Baton Rouge, Feliciana, Iberville, West Baton Rouge, Pointe Coupee, Saint Helena, Saint Tammany, and Washington parishes | | | | | | Re-elected in 1826.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1828.\ | | | | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \| Anti-Jacksonian | nowrap \| March 4, 1825 --\ | | | | | | | March 3, 1831 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Jacksonian}}`{=mediawiki} \| Jacksonian | rowspan=2 nowrap \| March 4, 1831 --\ | | Elected in 1830.\ | | | **Philemon Thomas**\ | | March 3, 1835 | | Re-elected in 1832.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Baton Rouge]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | **1833--1843**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | | \| Jacksonian | nowrap \| March 4, 1835 --\ | | Elected in 1834.\ | | **Eleazer Wheelock Ripley**\ | | | March 3, 1837 | | Re-elected in 1836.\ | | `{{Small|([[Jackson, Louisiana|Jackson]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Retired but died before next term began. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1837 --\ | | | | | | | March 2, 1839 | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 2, 1839 --\ | | | | | | | March 4, 1839 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Thomas Withers Chinn**\ | | \| Whig | nowrap \| March 4, 1839 --\ | | Elected in 1838.\ | | `{{Small|([[Baton Rouge]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | March 3, 1841 | | Retired. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1841 --\ | | Elected in 1840.\ | | **John Bennett Dawson**\ | | | March 3, 1843 | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|Louisiana|3|C}}`{=mediawiki}. | | `{{Small|([[St. Francisville, Louisiana|St. Francisville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Alcée Louis la Branche**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1843 --\ | | Elected in 1842.\ | **1843--1853**\ | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1845 | | Retired. | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Bannon Goforth Thibodeaux**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1845 --\ | | Elected in 1844.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Thibodaux, Louisiana|Thibodaux]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1849 | | Re-elected in 1846.\ | | | | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Whig | nowrap \| March 4, 1849 --\ | | Elected in 1848.\ | | | **Charles Magill Conrad**\ | | August 17, 1850 | | Resigned to become United States Secretary of War. | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| August 17, 1850 --\ | | | | | | | December 5, 1850 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Whig | nowrap \| December 5, 1850 --\ | | Elected to finish Conrad\'s term.\ | | | **Henry Adams Bullard**\ | | March 3, 1851 | | Retired. | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Joseph Aristide Landry**\ | \| Whig | nowrap \| March 4, 1851 --\ | | Elected in 1850.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Donaldsonville, Louisiana|Donaldsonville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1853 | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Theodore Gaillard Hunt**\ | \| Whig | nowrap \| March 4, 1853 --\ | | Elected in 1852.\ | **1853--1863**\ | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1855 | | Lost re-election as a Know Nothing candidate. | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1855 --\ | | Elected in 1854.\ | | | **Miles Taylor**\ | | February 5, 1861 | | Re-elected in 1856.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Donaldsonville, Louisiana|Donaldsonville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1858.\ | | | | | | | Withdrew due to onset of Civil War. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| February 5, 1861 --\ | | *Civil War* | | | | | February 17, 1863 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Union | nowrap \| February 17, 1863 --\ | | Elected in 1862.\ | | | **Michael Hahn**\ | | March 3, 1863 | | Retired. | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | nowrap colspan=2 \| *Vacant* | nowrap \| March 4, 1863--\ | | *Civil War and Reconstruction* | | | | | July 18, 1868 | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **James Mann**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| July 18, 1868 --\ | | Elected to finish the vacant term.\ | **1868--1873**\ | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | August 26, 1868 | | Died. | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| August 26, 1868 --\ | | On November 3, 1868, John Willis Menard won a special election for the remainder of Mann\'s term in the 40th Congress, running alongside Lionel Allen Sheldon, who was running to represent the district for a full term in the 41st. Menard and Sheldon received the same number of votes and were both declared winners. But the losing candidate, Caleb S. Hunt, appealed to the U.S. House of Representatives to deny Menard the seat. The House could not reach a consensus on seating either man, so the seat was kept vacant until the 41st Congress. Menard was the first black person elected to Congress, as well as the first black person to address Congress. | | | | | March 3, 1869 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | rowspan=2; nowrap \| March 4, 1869 --\ | | Elected in 1868.\ | | | **Lionel Allen Sheldon**\ | | March 3, 1875 | | Re-elected in 1870.\ | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1872.\ | | | | | | | Lost re-election. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1873--1883**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2; nowrap \| March 4, 1875 --\ | | Elected in 1874.\ | | | **Ezekiel John Ellis**\ | | March 3, 1885 | | Re-elected in 1876.\ | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1878.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1880.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1882.\ | | | | | | | Retired. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1883--1893**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 3, 1885 --\ | | Elected in 1884.\ | | | **Michael Hahn**\ | | March 15, 1886 | | Died. | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 15, 1886 --\ | | | | | | | December 9, 1886 | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| December 9, 1886 --\ | | Elected to finish Hahn\'s term.\ | | | **Nathaniel Dick Wallace**\ | | March 3, 1887 | | Retired. | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1887 --\ | | Elected in 1886.\ | | | **Matthew Diamond Lagan**\ | | March 3, 1889 | | Retired. | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1889 --\ | | Elected in 1888.\ | | | **Hamilton D. Coleman**\ | | March 3, 1891 | | Lost re-election. | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1891 --\ | | Elected in 1890.\ | | | **Matthew Diamond Lagan**\ | | March 3, 1893 | | Retired. | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1893 --\ | | Elected in 1892.\ | **1893--1903**\ | | **Robert Charles Davey**\ | | March 3, 1895 | | Retired. | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1895 --\ | | Elected in 1894.\ | | | **Charles Francis Buck**\ | | March 3, 1897 | | Retired to run for Mayor of New Orleans. | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2; nowrap \| March 4, 1897 --\ | | Elected in 1896.\ | | | **Robert Charles Davey**\ | | December 26, 1908 | | Re-elected in 1898.\ | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1900.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1902.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1904.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1906.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1908 but died before next term began. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1903--1913**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| December 26, 1908 --\ | | | | | | | March 30, 1909 | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 30, 1909 --\ | | Elected to finish Davey\'s term.\ | | | **Samuel Louis Gilmore**\ | | July 18, 1910 | | Died. | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | *Vacant* | | nowrap \|July 18, 1910 --\ | | | | | | | November 8, 1910 | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | rowspan=3; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=3; nowrap \| November 8, 1910 --\ | | Elected to finish Gilmore\'s term.\ | | | **H. Garland Dupré**\ | | February 21, 1924 | | Also elected to the next full term.\ | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1912.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1914.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1916.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1918.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1920.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1922.\ | | | | | | | Died. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1913--1923**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1923--1933**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| February 21, 1924 --\ | | | | | | | April 22, 1924 | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| April 22, 1924 --\ | | Elected to finish Deupré\'s term.\ | | | **James Z. Spearing**\ | | March 3, 1931 | | Re-elected later in 1924.\ | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1926.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1928.\ | | | | | | | Lost renomination. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2; nowrap \| March 4, 1931 --\ | | Elected in 1930.\ | | | **Paul H. Maloney**\ | | December 15, 1940 | | Re-elected in 1932.\ | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1934.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1936.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1938.\ | | | | | | | Lost renomination and resigned to become collector of internal revenue for the New Orleans district. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1933--1943**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| December 15, 1940 --\ | | | | | | | January 3, 1941 | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1941 --\ | | Elected in 1940.\ | | | **Hale Boggs**\ | | January 3, 1943 | | Lost renomination. | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1943 --\ | | Elected in 1942.\ | **1943--1953**\ | | **Paul H. Maloney**\ | | January 3, 1947 | | Re-elected in 1944.\ | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | rowspan=3; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=3; nowrap \| January 3, 1947 --\ | | Elected in 1946.\ | | | **Hale Boggs**\ | | January 3, 1973 | | Re-elected in 1948.\ | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1950.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1952.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1954.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1956.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1958.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1960.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1962.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1964.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1966.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1968.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1970.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected posthumously in 1972.\ | | | | | | | Presumed dead after private plane went missing over Alaska October 16, 1972. Seat declared vacant at beginning of the `{{USCongressOrdinalCongress|93}}`{=mediawiki}. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1953--1963**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1963--1973**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| January 3, 1973 --\ | | | **1973--1983**\ | | | | March 20, 1973 | | | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2 nowrap \| March 20, 1973 --\ | | Elected to finish her husband\'s term.\ | | | **Lindy Boggs**\ | | January 3, 1991 | | Re-elected in 1974.\ | | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1976.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1978.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1980.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1982.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1984.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1986.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1988.\ | | | | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | **1983--1993**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | | rowspan=3 `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=3 nowrap \| January 3, 1991 --\ | | Elected in 1990.\ | | **William J. Jefferson**\ | | | January 3, 2009 | | Re-elected in 1992.\ | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 1994.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1996.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1998.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2000.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2002.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2004.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2006.\ | | | | | | | Lost re-election. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | **1993--2003**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | **2003--2013**\ | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 2009 --\ | | Elected in 2008.\ | | **Joseph Cao**\ | | | January 3, 2011 | | Lost re-election. | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | | rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2 nowrap \| January 3, 2011 --\ | | Elected in 2010.\ | | **Cedric Richmond**\ | | | January 15, 2021 | | Re-elected in 2012.\ | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 2014.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2016.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2018.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2020.\ | | | | | | | Resigned to become Senior Advisor to the President. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | **2013--2023**\ | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| January 15, 2021 --\ | | | | | | | May 11, 2021 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | | rowspan=3 `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=3 nowrap \| May 11, 2021 --\ | | Elected to finish Richmond\'s term.\ | | **Troy Carter**\ | | | present | | Re-elected in 2022.\ | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 2024

3,135

Louisiana's 2nd congressional district

1

3,732,237

# Fuente de los Azulejos **Fuente de los Azulejos** is an unusual rock formation on the island of Gran Canaria. The name literally means \"fountain of tiles\", because of the colour of the rocks resembling Portuguese tiles. These colours are caused by the process of hydrothermal alteration and oxidisation

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Fuente de los Azulejos

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3,732,259

# Group of Patriotic Democrats The **Group of Patriotic Democrats** (*Groupe des Démocrates Patriotes, GDP*) was a political party in Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta) registered until 2012. It was a leftist party founded in November 1987. Its secretary general was Issa Tiendrebéogo. At the legislative elections of 1997 the GDP won 0.6% of the popular vote and no seats

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Group of Patriotic Democrats

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3,732,262

# Maylandia lombardoi ***Maylandia lombardoi***, is a 13 cm long freshwater fish from the family Cichlidae. This species is popular in the aquarium hobby where it is sold under a variety of common names including: **lombardoi mbuna**, **kenyi mbuna** or **kennyi mbuna** or **kenyi cichlid**. This species is sometimes seen in the genus *Metriaclima* owing to a dispute in which a minority of cichlid researchers do not consider *Maylandia* valid (see *Maylandia* for discussion. The specific name honours the exotic fish dealer John Lombardo. ## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat} It is endemic to the rocky shores of Mbenji Island, Lake Malawi in east Africa. The species is highly sexually dimorphic, females and juvenile males are pale white-blue with several blue-black vertical bands extending into the dorsal fin. Adult males turn bright yellow with faint brown bars crossing the body; fins are plain yellow with egg spots on the anal fin. ## In the aquarium {#in_the_aquarium} Kenyi cichlids are often found in the aquarium hobby. They are often kept in single-species tanks or with other similar Mbunas. ## Reproduction Like most mbuna cichlids, this species is a maternal mouthbrooder. When mouthbrooding, females may defend a small territory and assume the colouration of males. ## Images of Kenyi cichlids {#images_of_kenyi_cichlids} <File:KenyiCichlid.JPG%7CA> male *M. lombardoi* in an aquarium. <File:Metriaclima> lombardoi Male.jpg\|*M. lombardoi* male. <File:Cichlid-image-rtisbute-steven-viemeister-3-Maylandia-lombardoi-male.jpg%7CA> female *M. lombardoi* in an aquarium. <File:Metriaclima> lombardoi F.jpg\|A male *M. lombardoi* with faint stripes. <File:Female> Juvenile .jpg\|Juvenile male M. Lombardoi with faint stripes. <File:Male> M.Lombardoi in an aquarium.jpg\|A male kenyi cichlid (M

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Maylandia lombardoi

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3,732,266

# Daryl Harper **Daryl John Harper** (born 23 October 1951) is an Australian cricket umpire, who was a Test umpire between 1998 and 2011. He was a member of the ICC Elite Panel of Umpires from 2002 until 2011 when the ICC announced that Harper was being stood down at the termination of his contract in July 2011. In June 2011, following criticism from India during the India - West Indies Test series Harper retired from umpiring. ## Biography Harper was born on 23 October 1951, in Mile End, South Australia, and attended Norwood High School before taking up primary school teaching. He had a brief career as an Australian rules football umpire before injury forced him to quit. ## Playing career {#playing_career} Harper played as a right-handed batsman in Adelaide grade cricket competition for the Teachers\' College and East Torrens clubs. ## Umpiring In 1983, he switched to umpiring, making his first-class cricket debut in 1987. Harper made his first appearance in an international fixture in January 1994 when he umpired a One Day International (ODI) in Perth between New Zealand and South Africa. In November 1998, Harper made his test match umpiring debut when appointed to stand in the 2nd Ashes test at the WACA ground alongside umpire Venkat; Harper also stood at the MCG in the 4th test of that series. After promotion to the National Grid Panel of International Umpires, Harper also began to appear in Test matches away from Australia as the designated independent umpire. In 2002, the International Cricket Council (ICC) introduced a policy of two independent umpires standing in each Test match, and one independent & one home umpire in ODIs. The independent umpires would be chosen from a newly conceived ICC Elite umpire panel comprising the ICC\'s determination of the top 8 - 10 umpires from around the world. Harper was included in the original line up for this panel, at the time chosen over fellow Australians Simon Taufel and Darrell Hair (both of whom subsequently joined the panel in 2003). Harper umpired the opening match of the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa, and went on to stand in one of the semi-finals. On 31 August 2005, he adjudicated in his 100th ODI, a match between Zimbabwe and New Zealand at Harare. He was the third umpire for a trial of the \'player referral\' system in 2009. In 2010, England lodged a formal complaint against Harper after a referred caught behind decision was turned down because the volume supplied by the home broadcaster was not good enough to detect the edge. The ICC dropped Harper from the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 due to \"general performance reasons\" and demoted him from the Elite Panel in May 2011. The ICC subsequently revealed that Harper would stand in two last Test matches; between West Indies and India at Sabina Park and Windsor Park. Harper retired from umpiring following some heavy criticism from India during the first test against the West Indies. Dave Richardson, the ICC Cricket manager, said Harper received \"unfair criticism\" from the Indian players and that his correct decision making percentage against India was at 96 percent, which was \"considerably above average\". Harper said he got 94% of his decisions in the match right, but conceded he made two errors in the game. ## International Umpiring statistics {#international_umpiring_statistics} As of 4 June 2010: First Latest Total ----------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------ ------- **Tests** Australia v England at Perth, Nov 1998 New Zealand v Pakistan at Wellington, Jan 2011 94 **ODIs** New Zealand v South Africa at Perth, Jan 1994 Bangladesh v South Africa at Dhaka, March 2011 174 **T20Is** South Africa v West Indies at Johannesburg, Sep 2007 Pakistan v Sri Lanka at Lord\'s, Jun 2009 10 Awards - ICC Bronze Bails Award for 100 ODIs. Ambassadorship - In March 2009, Daryl Harper, was announced as an ambassador for Orana, an Adelaide company providing employment for people with disabilities. - He is an ambassador for The Adelaide Crows

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# Byline (TV series) ***Your Kaiser Dealer Presents Kaiser-Frazer \"Adventures In Mystery\" Starring Betty Furness in \"Byline\"*** is a brief series of live mysteries that aired from November 4 through December 9, 1951, on ABC television. In the 1950s, when companies directly sponsored entire TV programs, it was not unusual for a sponsor to place its name directly on the title of the show (such as *The US Steel Hour* or *The Bell Telephone Hour*). The full fourteen-word title by sponsor Kaiser Motors is believed to be the longest for any program in US television history. The show was usually known simply as ***Byline*** during its six-week prime time run, and as *News Gal* when the series aired Saturdays at noon on the DuMont Television Network for two weeks in October 1951. Betty Furness portrayed a newswoman who fought espionage. Other actors featured in the program included Don Cherry, Hank Frost, David Ross, and Bill Stern

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Byline (TV series)

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3,732,291

# Merrill Field *Pandoc failed*: ``` Error at (line 91, column 1): unexpected '!' ! Rank ^ ``

18

Merrill Field

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3,732,307

# Snake Bite (truck) **Snake Bite** is an alternate name and identity used for Bigfoot monster trucks when two are scheduled at one event. The identity was initially created in 1991 to promote a Mattel Hot Wheels toy. Snake Bite was the first 3D character body monster truck. ## History Following a heavily damaging crash in 1991 in Nashville, Tennessee, that destroyed the entire suspension and drivetrain of Bigfoot #4, the truck was rebuilt using a \"hybrid\" suspension that utilized nitrogen shock technology first used in Bigfoot #8. Prior to the start of the 1991 PENDA Points Series season, Bigfoot #4 was re-branded as Snake Bite and promoted as a rival to Bigfoot. The Ford F-Series fiberglass truck body was replaced with a hand-sculpted 3D fiberglass body that made the hood, fender, grille, and portions of the doors resemble a red, yellow, and green venomous snake with fangs. Snake Bite debuted in April 1991 on the PENDA Points Series at the 6th Annual 4-Wheel and Off-Road Jamboree Spring Nationals held at the Memphis Motorsports Park in Memphis, Tennessee. Gene Patterson drove Snake Bite under the persona of \"Colt Cobra\" hailing from the fictional town of \"Cobra Creek, Colorado\" and wore a red and yellow racing mask that resembled the design of the snake truck body. Other drivers of Snake Bite have used the \"Colt Cobra\", \"Ricky Rattler\", or \"Vic Venom\" personas as part of the Snake Bite gimmick. During the 1991 PENDA Points Series 4-Wheel and Off-Road Jamboree Northern Nationals held at the Racine County Fairgrounds in Union Grove, Wisconsin, Snake Bite lost control, ran off the course, and demolished a shed. No one was injured in the incident. In 1992, Bigfoot #8 ran the Snake Bite body and finished second in the PENDA Points Series standings behind Bigfoot #10. In 1993, Bigfoot #10 was outfitted as Snake Bite. Snake Bite came in second place in the PENDA Points Series standings behind Bigfoot #11 in 1993 and 1994. Snake Bite was redesigned in 1996, changing from a primary red color to green. Bigfoot #15, racing as Snake Bite, won the 1997 PENDA Points Series Championship with driver Eric Meagher. Snake Bite returned to a primary red color scheme in 2004. In 2009, the Snake Bite paint scheme was changed to red, black, and silver. In 2016 the name was revived for the 25th anniversary of its debut. The design is a \"Retro Red\" paint scheme that resembles the original 1991 design

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# International Soccer ***International Soccer**\'\', also known as***International Football**\'\', is a sports video game written by Andrew Spencer for the Commodore 64 and published by Commodore International in 1983. Originally only available on cartridge, CRL re-released the game on cassette and disc in 1988. ## Gameplay *International Soccer* can be played by two players or one player against an AI opponent. Each team can select one of a number of colored shirts, and the AI opponent is graded into 9 different difficulty levels. The game itself is a relatively simple game of soccer; there is no offside rule and no possibility to foul opponents. Each game is divided into two 200-second halves. There are no overtimes or shootouts. There are also six colors a person can choose from for play: red, yellow, blue, grey, white, and orange. The winning team is presented a gold trophy after the game by a dark-haired woman. The game includes a gray-scale mode that is more suited for black-and-white television sets. ## Reception *International Soccer* was well received, gaining a Certificate of Merit in the category of \"1984 Best Computer Sports Game\" at the 5th annual Arkie Awards. *InfoWorld* described *International Soccer* as Commodore\'s best competitor to the very successful Atarisoft games. The magazine wrote that the \"`{{sic|hide=y|minim|asterpiece}}`{=mediawiki}\" was \"surprisingly good, considering it\'s published by Commodore\" (because \"the normal standard for Commodore software is mediocrity\"), praising gameplay and especially animation. *Ahoy!* wrote that *International Soccer* \"is a pure action game, but, oh, what action!\", praising the graphics and game-play. In the UK, the game reached the number one position in the Commodore 64 charts early in 1984 and returned to the top of the charts again later in the same year. ## Legacy *International Soccer* was the inspiration for *Match Day* on the ZX Spectrum. Andrew Spencer followed up *International Soccer* with *International Basketball* which was based on the same code. It reached number 2 in the UK Commodore 64 charts in April 1985 but was not released in the US. Spencer would later work with Epyx, adapting his sprite coding technique for use on their 1987 game *Street Sports Basketball*

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International Soccer

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# Multiplicity (philosophy) **Multiplicity** (*multiplicité*) is a philosophical concept developed by Edmund Husserl and Henri Bergson from Riemann\'s description of the mathematical concept. In his essay **The Idea of Duration**, Bergson discusses multiplicity in light of the notion of unity. Whereas a unity refers to a given thing in as far as it is a whole, multiplicity refers to the \"parts of the unity which can be considered separately.\" Bergson distinguishes two kinds of multiplicity: one form of multiplicity refers to parts which are quantitative, distinct, and countable, and the other form of multiplicity refers to parts that are qualitative, which interpenetrate, and which each can give rise to qualitatively different perception of the whole

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# Louisiana's 3rd congressional district **Louisiana\'s 3rd congressional district** is a United States congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The district covers the southwestern and south central portion of the state, ranging from the Texas border to the Atchafalaya River. The district is currently represented by Republican Clay Higgins, a former sheriff\'s deputy from Port Barre known for his controversial Crime Stoppers videos. He was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in the December 10, 2016 runoff against public service commissioner Scott Angelle to replace Charles Boustany. ## History Louisiana gained its 2nd and 3rd congressional districts in 1823 as part of the 18th United States Congress. Since at least the 1870s, the district has been strongly influenced by southern Louisiana\'s Acadian culture. Although the 3rd congressional district had been Democratic through much of its history, it is the sole district in Louisiana to have been represented by *three* parties during the 20th century, in that Whitmell P. Martin represented the district as a \"Bull Moose\" Progressive from 1915 to 1919, when he switched to the Democratic Party. Since the turn of the 20th century, it had dominated Louisiana as a one-party state after the legislature passed a new constitution that effectively disenfranchised African Americans through the 1960s. Martin remained in office as a Democrat until his death in 1929. The district became more competitive for the Republicans later in the 20th century, when conservative whites shifted into the Republican Party after passage of civil rights legislation by Congress. In 1966, Hall Lyons of Lafayette, polled 40 percent of the vote as a Republican candidate against veteran Democratic incumbent Edwin E. Willis. In 1972, the district elected David C. Treen as the first Republican U.S. representative from Louisiana since 1891. The state legislature redistricted in the 1980s, pushing the district out of the fast-growing suburbs of Metairie and the city of Kenner, to help keep the seat in the hands of Treen\'s Democratic successor, Billy Tauzin. Tauzin eventually switched to the Republican Party in 1995, making the 3rd congressional district unique in 20th-century Louisiana politics as the sole district to have *two* representatives who switched parties (Martin, who switched from the Progressives to the Democrats in 1918, and Tauzin, who switched from the Democrats to the Republicans in 1995). As a Republican, Tauzin continued to serve until retiring from Congress in 2005. Democrat Charlie Melançon won the seat in 2004 (seated in 2005), was reelected in 2006, and was unopposed in 2008. For most of the time from 1823 to 2013, the district contained large portions of southeastern and south central Louisiana, including the River Parishes and East Acadiana, In its final configuration, it included many exurban and rural areas near New Orleans, Baton Rouge and Lafayette. It contained the cities of Chalmette, Gonzales, Houma, Thibodaux, Morgan City, and New Iberia. However, when Louisiana lost a district after the 2010 census, the old 3rd was dismantled. The new 3rd included most of southwestern Louisiana, including Lafayette and Lake Charles. Most of this territory had been the 7th district before the 2010 census. The old 3rd\'s last congressman, freshman Republican Jeff Landry, had his home in New Iberia, along with much of the western portion of his district, drawn into the new 3rd. He opted to challenge the 7th district\'s four-term incumbent, fellow Republican Charles Boustany, in the GOP primary. However, Landry could not overcome the fact that he was running in a district in which more than 60 percent of his constituents were new to him. He lost to Boustany in the primary, ending his brief congressional career. The new 3rd, like both the old 3rd and 7th, has a rich Cajun culture. ## Parishes and communities {#parishes_and_communities} For the 119th and successive Congresses (based on the districts drawn following a 2023 court order), the district contains all or portions of the following parishes and communities. **Acadia Parish** **(13)** : All 13 communities **Calcasieu Parish** **(8)** : Carlyss (part; also 4th), Hayes, Iowa, Lake Charles (part; also 4th), Moss Bluff (part; also 4th), Prien (part; also 4th), Sulphur (part; also 4th), Westlake **Cameron Parish** **(2)** : Cameron, Hackberry **Iberia Parish** **(5)** : All five communities **Jefferson Davis Parish** **(7)** : All seven communities **St. Martin Parish** **(9)** : All nine communities **St. Mary Parish** **(12)** : All 12 communities **Lafayette Parish** **(7)** : Broussard (shared with St. Martin Parish), Duson (shared with Acadia Parish), Lafayette (part; also 6th), Milton, Ossun, Scott (part; also 6th), Youngsville **Lafourche Parish** **(9)** : Bayou Country Club, Chackbay, Choctaw, Des Allemands (part; also 2nd; shared with St. Charles Parish), Kraemer, Lafourche Crossing, Raceland (part; also 1st), Thibodaux (part; also 2nd) **Terrebonne Parish** **(10)** : All ten communities **Vermilion Parish** **(7)** : All seven communities

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# Louisiana's 3rd congressional district ## Recent election results from statewide races {#recent_election_results_from_statewide_races} Year Office Results ------ ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2008 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|McCain 66% - 32% 2012 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Romney 69% - 31% 2014 Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Cassidy 67% - 33% 2015 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Vitter 53% - 47% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Nungesser 66% - 34% 2016 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Trump 70% - 27% Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Kennedy 75% - 25% 2019 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Rispone 63% - 37% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Nungesser 78% - 22% Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Landry 77% - 23% 2020 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Trump 70% - 28% 2023 Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Murrill 79% - 21% 2024 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Trump 72% - 27% ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Member\ | Party | Years | Cong\ | Electoral history | District location | | `{{Small|(Residence)}}`{=mediawiki} | | | ress | | | +============================================================================+==============================================================================+=====================================================================+==========================================+=====================================================================================+=======================================================================================================================+ | District created March 4, 1823 | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic-Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1823 --\ | | Elected in 1822.\ | **1823--1833**\ | | **William Leigh Brent**\ | | March 3, 1825 | | Re-elected in 1824.\ | Avoyelles, Catahoula, Concordia, Natchitoches, Ouachita, Rapides, Saint Landry, Saint Martin, and Saint Mary parishes | | `{{Small|([[Saint Martinville, Louisiana|St. Martinville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1826.\ | | | | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \| Anti-Jacksonian | nowrap \| March 4, 1825 --\ | | | | | | | March 3, 1829 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Walter Hampden Overton**\ | \| Jacksonian | nowrap \| March 4, 1829 --\ | | Elected in 1828.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Alexandria, Louisiana|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1831 | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Anti-Jacksonian}}`{=mediawiki} \| Anti-Jacksonian | rowspan=2 nowrap \| March 4, 1831 --\ | | Elected in 1830.\ | | | **Henry Adams Bullard**\ | | January 4, 1834 | | Re-elected in 1832.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Alexandria, Louisiana|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Resigned to become judge of Supreme Court of Louisiana. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | **1833--1843**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| January 4, 1834 --\ | | | | | | | April 28, 1834 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Rice Garland**\ | | \| Anti-Jacksonian | nowrap \| April 28, 1834 --\ | | Elected to finish Bullard\'s term.\ | | `{{Small|([[Opelousas, Louisiana|Opelousas]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | March 3, 1837 | | Re-elected later in 1834.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1836.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1838.\ | | | | | | | Resigned to become judge of Supreme Court of Louisiana. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | \| Whig | nowrap \| March 4, 1837 --\ | | | | | | | July 21, 1840 | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| July 21, 1840 --\ | | | | | | | December 17, 1840 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | | \| Whig | nowrap \| December 17, 1840 --\ | | Elected to finish Garland\'s term.\ | | **John Moore**\ | | | March 3, 1843 | | Re-elected later in 1840.\ | | `{{Small|([[Franklin, Louisiana|Franklin]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Lost re-election. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1843 --\ | | Redistricted from the `{{ushr|Louisiana|2|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1842.\ | **1843--1853**\ | | **John Bennett Dawson**\ | | June 26, 1845 | | Re-elected in 1844.\ | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{Small|([[St. Francisville, Louisiana|St. Francisville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Died. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **John Henry Harmanson**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| December 1, 1845 --\ | | Elected to finish Dawson\'s term.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Simmesport, Louisiana|Simmsport]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | October 24, 1850 | | Re-elected in 1846.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1848.\ | | | | | | | Died. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| October 24, 1850 --\ | | | | | | | December 30, 1850 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Alexander Gordon Penn**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| December 30, 1850 --\ | | Elected to finish Harmanson\'s term.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Covington, Louisiana|Covington]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1853 | | Also elected to the next full term.\ | | | | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **John Perkins Jr.**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1853 --\ | | Elected in 1852.\ | **1853--1861**\ | | `{{Small|([[Tensas Parish, Louisiana|Ashwood]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1855 | | Retired. | `{{Data missing|date=February 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1855 --\ | | Elected in 1854.\ | | | **Thomas Green Davidson**\ | | March 3, 1861 | | Re-elected in 1856.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1858.\ | | | | | | | Withdrew due to onset of Civil War. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 3, 1861 --\ | | *Civil War and Reconstruction* | | | | | July 18, 1868 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| July 18, 1868 --\ | | Elected to finish the vacant term.\ | **1868--1873**\ | | **Joseph Parkinson Newsham**\ | | March 3, 1869 | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|LA|4|C}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{Small|([[St. Francisville, Louisiana|St. Francisville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | rowspan=2; nowrap \| March 4, 1869 --\ | | Elected in 1868.\ | | | **Chester Bidwell Darrall**\ | | February 20, 1878 | | Re-elected in 1870.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Morgan City, Louisiana|Brashear]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1872.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1874.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1876.\ | | | | | | | Lost election contest. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1873--1883**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| February 20, 1878 --\ | | Won election contest.\ | | | **Joseph H. Acklen**\ | | March 3, 1881 | | Re-elected in 1878.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Franklin, Louisiana|Franklin]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1881 --\ | | Elected in 1880.\ | | | **Chester Bidwell Darrall**\ | | March 3, 1883 | | Lost re-election. | | | `{{Small|([[Morgan City, Louisiana|Morgan City]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1883 --\ | | Elected in 1882.\ | **1883--1893**\ | | **William Pitt Kellogg**\ | | March 3, 1885 | | Lost re-election. | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{Small|([[New Orleans]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1885 --\ | | Elected in 1884.\ | | | **Edward James Gay**\ | | May 30, 1889 | | Re-elected in 1886.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Plaquemine, Louisiana|Plaquemine]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1888.\ | | | | | | | Died. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| May 30, 1889 --\ | | | | | | | December 2, 1889 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2; nowrap \| December 2, 1889 --\ | | Elected to finish Gay\'s term.\ | | | **Andrew Price**\ | | March 3, 1897 | | Re-elected in 1890.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Thibodaux, Louisiana|Thibodaux]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1892.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1894.\ | | | | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1893--1903**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | rowspan=3; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=3; nowrap \| March 4, 1897 --\ | | Elected in 1896.\ | | | **Robert Foligny Broussard**\ | | March 3, 1915 | | Re-elected in 1898.\ | | | `{{Small|([[New Iberia]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1900.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1902.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1904.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1906.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1908.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1910.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1912.\ | | | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1903--1913**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1913--1923**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Progressive | nowrap \| March 4, 1915 --\ | | Elected in 1914.\ | | | **Whitmell P. Martin**\ | | March 3, 1919 | | Re-elected in 1916.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Thibodaux]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1918.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1920.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1922.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1924.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1926.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1928.\ | | | | | | | Died. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2; nowrap \| March 4, 1919 --\ | | | | | | | April 6, 1929 | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1923--1933**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2; nowrap \| August 6, 1929 --\ | | Elected to finish Martin\'s term.\ | | | **Numa Francois Montet**\ | | January 3, 1937 | | Re-elected in 1930.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Thibodaux]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1932.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1934.\ | | | | | | | Lost renomination. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1933--1943**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1937 --\ | | Elected in 1936.\ | | | **Robert L. Mouton**\ | | January 3, 1941 | | Re-elected in 1938.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Lost renomination. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | rowspan=2; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=2; nowrap \| January 3, 1941 --\ | | Elected in 1940.\ | | | **James Domengeaux**\ | | April 15, 1944 | | Re-elected in 1942.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Resigned to join the Armed Forces. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1943--1953**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| April 15, 1944 --\ | | | | | | | November 7, 1944 | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| November 7, 1944 --\ | | Elected to finish his own term.\ | | | **James Domengeaux**\ | | January 3, 1949 | | Also elected to the next full term.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1946.\ | | | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | rowspan=3; `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=3; nowrap \| January 3, 1949 --\ | | Elected in 1948.\ | | | **Edwin E. Willis**\ | | January 3, 1969 | | Re-elected in 1950.\ | | | `{{Small|([[St. Martinville, Louisiana|St. Martinville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1952.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1954.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1956.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1958.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1960.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1962.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1964.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1966.\ | | | | | | | Lost renomination. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1953--1963**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **1963--1973**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=January 2021}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1969 --\ | | Elected in 1968.\ | | | **Patrick T. Caffery**\ | | January 3, 1973 | | Re-elected in 1970.\ | | | `{{Small|([[New Iberia, Louisiana|New Iberia]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 1973 --\ | | Elected in 1972.\ | **1973--1983**\ | | **Dave Treen**\ | | March 10, 1980 | | Re-elected in 1974.\ | `{{Data missing|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{Small|([[Metairie, Louisiana|Metairie]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1976.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1978.\ | | | | | | | Resigned when elected governor. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 10, 1980 --\ | | | | | | | May 22, 1980 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | rowspan=3 `{{Party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki} \| Democratic | rowspan=3 nowrap \| May 22, 1980 --\ | | Elected to finish Treen\'s term.\ | | | **Billy Tauzin**\ | | August 8, 1995 | | Re-elected later in 1980.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Thibodaux, Louisiana|Thibodaux]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1982.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1984.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1986.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1988.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1990.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1992.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1994.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1996.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1998.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2000.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2002.\ | | | | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | **1983--1993**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | **1993--2003**\ | | | | | | | `{{Data missing|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | | | rowspan=2 nowrap \| August 8, 1995 --\ | | | | | | | January 3, 2005 | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | **2003--2013**\ | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 2005 --\ | | Elected in 2004.\ | | **Charlie Melançon**\ | | | January 3, 2011 | | Re-elected in 2006.\ | | `{{Small|([[Napoleonville, Louisiana|Napoleonville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 2008.\ | | | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 2011 --\ | | Elected in 2010.\ | | **Jeff Landry**\ | | | January 3, 2013 | | Lost re-election. | | `{{Small|([[New Iberia]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 2013 --\ | | Redistricted from the `{{ushr|Louisiana|7|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 2012.\ | **2013--2023**\ | | **Charles Boustany**\ | | January 3, 2017 | | Re-elected in 2014.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | rowspan=3 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | rowspan=3 nowrap \| January 3, 2017 --\ | | Elected in 2016.\ | | | **Clay Higgins**\ | | present | | Re-elected in 2018.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 2020.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2022.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2024

2,772

Louisiana's 3rd congressional district

1

3,732,336

# Hillenbrand **Hillenbrand** is a surname

6

Hillenbrand

0

3,732,342

# Port of Lake Charles The **Port of Lake Charles** is an industrial port based in the city of Lake Charles, Louisiana, U.S.A. It is a major employer in Lake Charles. It is the twelfth-busiest port in the United States according to the American Association of Port Authorities *U.S. Port Ranking by Cargo Tonnage, 2013* report and the 83rd-busiest in the world in terms of tonnage according to the American Association of Port Authorities *World Port Rankings 2013* report. According to Benchmarkia\'s Industrial Park Ranking, Port of Lake Charles is ranked as the fifth-largest industrial park in the world by total area. The Calcasieu Ship Channel provides direct access to the Gulf of Mexico, 34 miles downstream from the city docks. The ship channel intersects the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway just north of Calcasieu Lake. The Ship Channel has a project depth of 40 feet and a bottom width of 400 feet. ## Port The Port of Lake Charles, also known as the Lake Charles Harbor and Terminal District, has a variety of components including City Docks, Bulk Terminals, the Industrial Canal, Sempra Cameron LNG, Industrial Park East, and Westlake Terminal. The major commodity on the river is crude oil, while the major export is bagged food aid for the world. Other commodities include Petroleum coke, Calcined petroleum coke, limestone, Ceramic ceramic proppants, anode Butts, gasoline, diesel fuel, Jet fuel, caustic soda, styrene monomers, and a variety of other combustibles. The port is also the future site of the \$1.2 billion Syngas Plan

252

Port of Lake Charles

0

3,732,369

# Louisiana's 4th congressional district **Louisiana\'s 4th congressional district** is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The district is located in the northwestern part of the state and is based in Shreveport-Bossier City. It also includes the cities of Minden, DeRidder, and Natchitoches. The district is currently represented by Republican Mike Johnson, who has served as Speaker of the House of Representatives since October 2023. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of R+26, it is the most Republican district in Louisiana. ## History The 4th congressional district was created in 1843, the first new district in the state in 20 years. It was gained after the 1840 U.S. census. For most of the next 150 years, the 4th was centered on Shreveport and northwestern Louisiana. However, in 1993, Louisiana lost a congressional district, based on population figures. The state legislature shifted most of Shreveport\'s white residents into the `{{ushr|Louisiana|5|5th congressional district}}`{=mediawiki}. Republican Jim McCrery ran for election in the new 5th and won, defeating Democrat Jerry Huckaby, who represented the old 5th for eight terms. Meanwhile, the 4th was reconfigured as a 63-percent African American-majority district, stretching in a roughly \"Z\" shape from Shreveport to Baton Rouge. Democrat Cleo Fields was elected for two terms as the representative of the 4th congressional district. When the Supreme Court of the United States invalidated the boundaries of the new 4th congressional district as unconstitutional, the Louisiana legislature redrew the district to encompass most of Northwest Louisiana, closely resembling its pre-1993 configuration. It is white majority. McCrery was elected in 1996 to this seat. The 2024 Allen v. Milligan decision dictated a new map to be drawn to be African American-majority; as such, the 4th district contributes parts of Shreveport, half of DeSoto Parish, and most of Natchitoches and St Landry Parishes to the redrawn 6th district, while absorbing Lincoln, Jackson, Winn, and part of Rapides Parish from the 5th. This also shifted the 4th from being the state\'s most competitive district with a Cook PVI of R+14 to the most solidly Republican with a PVI of R+26. ## Parishes and communities {#parishes_and_communities} For the 119th and successive Congresses (based on the districts drawn following a 2023 court order), the district contains all or portions of the following parishes and communities. **Allen Parish** **(5)** : All five communities **Beauregard Parish** **(6)** : All six communities **Bienville Parish** **(10)** : All ten communities **Bossier Parish** **(7)** : All seven communities **Calcasieu Parish** **(9)** : Carlyss (part; also 3rd), DeQuincy, Gillis, Lake Charles (part; also 3rd), Moss Bluff (part; also 3rd), Prien (part; also 3rd), Starks, Sulphur (part; also 3rd), Vinton **Caddo Parish** **(11)** : Belcher, Blanchard, Gilliam, Greenwood, Hosston, Ida, Mooringsport, Oil City, Rodessa, Shreveport (part; also 6th; shared with Bossier Parish), Vivian **Claiborne Parish** **(4)** : All four communities **DeSoto Parish** **(7)** : Gloster (part; also 6th), Grand Cane, Keachi, Logansport, Longstreet, Stanley, Stonewall **Evangeline Parish** **(7)** : All seven communities **Grant Parish** **(8)** : All eight communities **Jackson Parish** **(7)** : All seven communities **Lincoln Parish** **(6)** : All six communities **Ouachita Parish** **(4)** : Claiborne, Monroe (part; also 5th), Sterlington, West Monroe (part; also 5th) **Rapides Parish** **(5)** : Alexandria (part; also 6th), Forest Hill, Glenmora, McNary, Woodworth **Red River Parish** **(4)** : All four communities **Sabine Parish** **(9)** : All nine communities **Union Parish** **(8)** : All eight communities **Vernon Parish** **(10)** : All ten communities **Webster Parish** **(11)** : All 11 communities **Winn Parish** **(9)** : All nine communities ## Recent election results from statewide races {#recent_election_results_from_statewide_races} Year Office Results ------ ------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2008 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|McCain 71% - 27% 2012 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Romney 73% - 27% 2014 Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Cassidy 72% - 28% 2015 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Vitter 57% - 43% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Nungesser 68% - 32% 2016 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Trump 73% - 24% Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Kennedy 74% - 26% 2019 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Rispone 66% - 34% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Nungesser 79% - 21% Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Landry 80% - 20% 2020 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Trump 74% - 25% 2023 Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Murrill 78% - 22% 2024 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Trump 76% - 23%

702

Louisiana's 4th congressional district

0

3,732,369

# Louisiana's 4th congressional district ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | Name | Party | Years | Cong\ | Electoral history | Location | | | | | ress | | | +============================================================================+====================================================================+====================================================================+=========================================+=====================================================================================+======================================+ | District created March 4, 1843 | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1843 --\ | | Elected in 1842.\ | | | **Pierre Bossier**\ | | April 24, 1844 | | Died. | | | `{{Small|([[Natchitoches, Louisiana|Natchitoches]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| April 24, 1844 --\ | | | | | | | December 2, 1844 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | **Isaac Edward Morse**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| December 2, 1844 --\ | | Elected to finish Bossier\'s term.\ | | | `{{Small|([[St. Martinville, Louisiana|St. Martinville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1851 | | Also elected to the next full term.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1846.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1848.\ | | | | | | | Lost re-election. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Whig | nowrap \| March 4, 1851 --\ | | Elected in 1850.\ | | | **John Moore**\ | | March 3, 1853 | | Retired. | | | `{{Small|([[New Iberia, Louisiana|New Iberia]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | **Roland Jones**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1853 --\ | | Elected in 1852.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1855 | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1855 --\ | | Elected in 1854.\ | | | **John M. Sandidge**\ | | March 3, 1859 | | Re-elected in 1856.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Pineville, Louisiana|Pineville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | **John M. Landrum**\ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1859 --\ | | Elected in 1858.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1861 | | Vacated seat due to Civil War. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 4, 1861 --\ | | *Civil War and Reconstruction* | | | | | July 18, 1868 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | **Michel Vidal**\ | \| Republican | nowrap \| July 18, 1868 --\ | | Elected to finish the vacant term.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Opelousas, Louisiana|Opelousas]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1869 | | Retired to become U.S. consul to Tripoli, Libya. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 4, 1869 --\ | | | | | | | May 23, 1870 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| May 23, 1870 --\ | | Successfully contested election of Michael Ryan.\ | | | **Joseph P. Newsham**\ | | March 3, 1871 | | Retired. | | | `{{Small|([[St. Francisville, Louisiana|St. Francisville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1871 --\ | | Elected in 1870.\ | | | **James McCleery**\ | | November 5, 1871 | | Died. | | | `{{Small|([[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| November 5, 1871 --\ | | | | | | | December 3, 1872 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Liberal Republican | nowrap \| December 3, 1872 --\ | | Elected to finish McCleery\'s term.\ | | | **Alexander Boarman**\ | | March 3, 1873 | | Retired. | | | `{{Small|([[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 4, 1873 --\ | | Representative-elect Samuel Peters died before the term began. | | | | | November 24, 1873 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | **George Luke Smith**\ | \| Republican | nowrap \| November 24, 1873 --\ | | Elected to finish Peters\'s term.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | March 3, 1875 | | Lost re-election. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1875 --\ | | Elected in 1874.\ | | | **William Mallory Levy**\ | | March 3, 1877 | | Lost renomination. | | | `{{Small|([[Natchitoches, Louisiana|Natchitoches]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1877 --\ | | Elected in 1876.\ | | | **Joseph Barton Elam**\ | | March 3, 1881 | | Re-elected in 1878.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Mansfield, Louisiana|Mansfield]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired due to injuries. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1881 --\ | | Elected in 1880.\ | | | **Newton C. Blanchard**\ | | March 12, 1894 | | Re-elected in 1882.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1884.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1886.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1888.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1890.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1892.\ | | | | | | | Resigned when appointed U.S. senator. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 12, 1894 --\ | | | | | | | May 12, 1894 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| May 12, 1894 --\ | | Elected to finish Blanchard\'s term.\ | | | **Henry Warren Ogden**\ | | March 3, 1899 | | Re-elected in 1894.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Benton, Louisiana|Benton]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1896.\ | | | | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1899 --\ | | Elected in 1898.\ | | | **Phanor Breazeale**\ | | March 3, 1905 | | Re-elected in 1900.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Natchitoches, Louisiana|Natchitoches]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1902.\ | | | | | | | Lost renomination. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1905 --\ | | Elected in 1904.\ | | | **John T. Watkins**\ | | March 3, 1921 | | Re-elected in 1906.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Minden, Louisiana|Minden]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1908.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1910.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1912.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1914.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1916.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1918.\ | | | | | | | Lost renomination. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1921 --\ | | Elected in 1920.\ | | | **John N. Sandlin**\ | | January 3, 1937 | | Re-elected in 1922.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Minden, Louisiana|Minden]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1924.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1926.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1928.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1930.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1932.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1934.\ | | | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. Senator. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1937 --\ | | Elected in 1936.\ | | | **Overton Brooks**\ | | September 16, 1961 | | Re-elected in 1938.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1940.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1942.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1944.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1946.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1948.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1950.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1952.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1954.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1956.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1958.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1960.\ | | | | | | | Died. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| September 16, 1961 --\ | | | | | | | December 19, 1961 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| December 19, 1961 --\ | | Elected to finish Brooks\'s term.\ | | | **Joe Waggonner Jr.**\ | | January 3, 1979 | | Re-elected in 1962.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Plain Dealing, Louisiana|Plain Dealing]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1964.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1966.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1968.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1970.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1972.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1974.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1976.\ | | | | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1979 --\ | | Elected in 1978.\ | | | **Buddy Leach**\ | | January 3, 1981 | | Lost re-election. | | | `{{Small|([[Leesville, Louisiana|Leesville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1981 --\ | | Elected in 1980.\ | | | **Buddy Roemer**\ | | March 14, 1988 | | Re-elected in 1982.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Bossier City, Louisiana|Bossier City]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1984.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1986.\ | | | | | | | Resigned when elected governor. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 14, 1988 --\ | | | | | | | April 16, 1988 | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| April 16, 1988 --\ | | Elected to finish Roemer\'s term.\ | | | **Jim McCrery**\ | | January 3, 1993 | | Re-elected in 1988.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1990.\ | | | | | | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|Louisiana|5|C}}`{=mediawiki}. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1993 --\ | | Elected in 1992.\ | | | **Cleo Fields**\ | | January 3, 1997 | | Re-elected in 1994.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|Louisiana|5|C}}`{=mediawiki} and retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | rowspan=2 nowrap \| January 3, 1997 --\ | | Redistricted from the `{{ushr|Louisiana|5|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1996.\ | **1997--2003**\ | | **Jim McCrery**\ | | January 3, 2009 | | Re-elected in 1998.\ | `{{dm|date=April 2023}}`{=mediawiki} | | `{{Small|([[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 2000.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2002.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2004.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2006.\ | | | | | | | Retired. | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | | **2003--2013**\ | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | | rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | rowspan=2 nowrap \| January 3, 2009 --\ | | Elected in 2008.\ | | **John C. Fleming**\ | | | January 3, 2017 | | Re-elected in 2010.\ | | `{{Small|([[Minden, Louisiana|Minden]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 2012.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2014.\ | | | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. Senator. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | | **2013--2023**\ | | | | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | \ | | rowspan=3 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | rowspan=3 nowrap \| January 3, 2017 --\ | | Elected in 2016.\ | | **Mike Johnson**\ | | | present | | Re-elected in 2018.\ | | `{{Small|([[Benton, Louisiana|Benton]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | Re-elected in 2020.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2022.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2024

2,041

Louisiana's 4th congressional district

1

3,732,387

# Party of Labour of Burkina The **Party of Labour of Burkina** (*Parti du Travail du Burkina, PTB*) was a political party in Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta). The PTB was a Marxist-Leninist party founded in 1990 as a split from the Organization for Popular Democracy - Labour Movement (ODP-MT) mainly by former members of the Union of Burkinabè Communists. It merged with the Party for Democracy and Progress in February 1996. The secretary general of the PTB Oumarou Clément Ouédraogo was killed in 1991

85

Party of Labour of Burkina

0

3,732,391

# Living Still Life ***Living Still Life**\'\' (French:***Nature Morte Vivante**\'\') is a 1956 painting by the artist Salvador Dalí. Dali painted this piece during a period that he called \"Nuclear Mysticism\". Nuclear Mysticism is composed of different theories that try to show the relationships between quantum physics and the conscious mind. The different theories are composed of elements that range from \"Catalan philosophers" to \"classicism, pop art, and nuclear physics\". The painting, done in 1956, currently resides at the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida. The name *Nature Morte Vivante* translates in English to \"living still life\". It comes from the French *nature morte* which literally translates to \"dead nature\". By appending \"vivante\", which implies \"fast moving action and a certain lively quality\", Dali was essentially naming this piece \"dead nature in movement\". This plays into his theme of Nuclear Mysticism which combined elements of art, physics, and science. The theory, as well as the term, \"Nuclear Mysticism\" was coined by Dali himself. In the late 1940s and early 1950s Dali started to \"return to his Catholic roots following World War II\". Nuclear mysticism is composed of different theories by Dali that combine science, physics, maths, and art. Post WWII, Dali became fascinated by the atom. Dali stated that after the U.S. dropped the first atomic bomb in Japan that it \"shook me \[Dali\] seismically" and that the atom was his \"favorite food for thought\".Dali saw the beauty of the atom and was interested in how the atom makes up everything. In this painting, Dali wanted to show the motion that all objects have, that although an object is still, it is always full of millions of atoms that are constantly in motion. He portrays this thought throughout his painting. Every object in the painting is moving in some direction, one that an object of that type normally does not do. Dali was also obsessed with the spiral, which he thought to be \"the most important feature in nature\", and used it as \"a symbol of cosmic order\". Dali portrayed this idea by adding a spiral in the top right corner of his painting. Not only does Dali portray his objects flying around the scene, he shows them twisted in usual ways. For example, the silver bowl is not only shown mid-air, but also twisted in an unnatural way for silver to bend. Dali also infused religious elements of Nuclear Mysticism into this painting. On the table with the white tablecloth, the objects placed closest to the table and that appear to be the least in motion are a glass of wine, two grapes, a pear, a glass bottle with water pouring out, and what appears to be a fig leaf. The fig leaf has long been a religious symbol associated with Christianity. In the Bible, Adam and Eve use fig leaves to cover themselves after their deception in the Garden of Eden. The placement of the fig leaf in Dali\'s painting could allude to his reemergence back into Catholicism. Dali took inspiration from Dutch painter Floris van Schooten and his painting *Table with Food* for his own painting *Nature Morte Vivante*. Van Schooten\'s painting, which was a very common type of painting for its time, was a very typical still life that depicted food and drinks on a table with a crisp white tablecloth. Dali wanted to give his own take on it, and give it his surrealist signature by showing all of the objects in motion. He also added the tablecloth, which looks very similar to tablecloths that Schooten had used throughout his own paintings. Even though most of the objects Dali portrays are ordinary things, he puts a spin, literally and figuratively, on the motion and placement of the objects. The disarray of the objects alludes to his interest in nuclear mysticism. He believed that \"all matter was not at all like it seemed, but instead had attributes that even he was only able to guess\". He wanted to enforce that \"that all objects are made of atomic particles in constant motion\", which he portrays through the scattered items. He painted the still life objects to move in a life of his own, without the complacency of a typical still life. ## Related paintings {#related_paintings} - Dali, Salvador. *Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory*. 1952--54. Oil on canvas. 10 in. x 13 in. The Salvador Dalí Museum, St. Petersburg, Florida. - Schooten, Floris van. *A Dutch Breakfast*, 1612--1655. Oil on panel. 24.8 in. x 32.7. The Louvre, Paris. Category:Paintings by Salvador Dalí Category:1956 paintings Category:Still life paintings Category:Water in art Category:Food and drink paintings Category:Paintings in St

771

Living Still Life

0

3,732,408

# Maud Cunnington **Maud Edith Cunnington** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{née}}`{=mediawiki} Pegge; 24 September 1869 -- 28 February 1951) was a Welsh archaeologist, best known for her pioneering work on some of the most important prehistoric sites of Salisbury Plain. ## Early life, education, and marriage {#early_life_education_and_marriage} Maud Pegge was born at Briton Ferry in Glamorgan, to Catherine Milton Leach and her husband Charles Pegge, a doctor who ran Vernon House, the last privately owned asylum in Wales. She was one of seven children. Her older brother Edward Pegge followed their father into medicine as a doctor; he was also a notable rugby player and Welsh international. Pegge was educated briefly at Cheltenham Ladies\' College. In 1889, she married Ben Cunnington. An archaeologist, he served for years as a volunteer, honorary curator of Devizes Museum. They had a son, Edward, who was killed in the First World War. ## Career From 1897, Maud Cunnington carried out early rescue archaeology work during development in Wiltshire, England. Together with her husband Ben, an archaeologist, she participated in conducting full excavations in that county at some of the most important sites in British archaeology. These included the first known Neolithic causewayed enclosure at Knap Hill, the Iron Age village at All Cannings Cross, West Kennet Long Barrow, Figsbury Ring, Woodhenge (near Stonehenge), and The Sanctuary. This last monument she rediscovered, as it had been lost since William Stukeley saw it in the eighteenth century. The Cunningtons bought the sites of Woodhenge and The Sanctuary, and gave these properties to the nation. In 1912, near Avebury, she excavated and re-erected one of the two surviving stones (the Longstones) in the Beckhampton Avenue, and one of the stones in the West Kennet Avenue. In 1931, Cunnington was elected president of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, the first woman to hold that position. In addition to technical reports, she published a short handbook, *Avebury: A Guide* (1931). She also wrote and published a children\'s guide to Devizes Museum. ### Excavations thumb\|upright=1.5\|Woodhenge In 1912, Cunnington worked with her husband Ben to supervise the re-erection of the last standing stone at Beckhampton Cove at Avebury, which had fallen the previous year. While working at the Beckhamptom Cove site, she discovered the skeleton of a \"middle-aged man\" buried with a pottery beaker, dating from 2385 to 2230 BC. The same year she and her husband, working with a team, re-erected a fallen stone on West Kennet Avenue. Cunnington excavated Woodhenge between 1926 and 1928, after a set of concentric rings darker than the surrounding turf was first observed through aerial photography in 1925. The site is approximately 60 meters south of Durrington Walls and 3 km north east of Stonehenge. The excavation revealed six concentric rings of post-holes. The entire post-hole structure is approximately 40 meters in diameter, and the surrounding henge, barely visible today due to farming, was originally approximately 85 meters across, with a single entrance that faced Durrington Walls. Cunnington completely excavated the ditch structure of the henge, discovering large amounts of Grooved ware pottery, animal and human bones, charcoal and a stone axe that was carved from polished greenstone originating from Cornwall, approximately 290 km away. A few shards of Beaker ware were also discovered along with antler picks, marine shells and the remnants of a flint-knapping industry. Following the excavation of Woodhenge, in 1930 Cunnington discovered and worked on The Sanctuary site on Overton Hill at the terminus of Beckhampton Avenue near Avebury Henge. Like Woodhenge, The Sanctuary has six concentric post hole rings, although no surrounding bank and ditch structure. Cunnington discovered that the innermost ring was the oldest, based on pottery shards found in that area that were from about 2000 BC; she called this *Phase I*. Later, a double ring structure was built surrounding the inner ring, which she named *Phase II*. During the *Phase III* period, a larger ring 20.1 meters in diameter was constructed to replace the earlier rings. Grooved ware pottery was found during this aspect of the excavation, and a northwest-facing entrance to the ring was discovered. During *Phase IV*, the most recent phase, a 40.2 meter standing stone ring was built as well as in interior concentric stone circle. She found evidence that The Sanctuary was connected to Avebury Henge via the row of standing stones along West Kennet Avenue. Beaker ware pottery dating from 1600 BC was found, marked with \"barbed wire\" type patterning.^\[Wainwright,\ pg.\ 108\]^ ## Personal life and honours {#personal_life_and_honours} Cunnington was named a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1948 Birthday Honours for services to archaeology, the first woman archaeologist to receive the honour. However, she had limited mobility since 1947, and had developed Alzheimer\'s disease, so she never knew of the accolade. When she died at home a few years later, she left almost all her property (worth £14,000) to Devizes Museum (now Wiltshire Museum). This provided for a salaried curator to be appointed for the first time. Her husband had died in 1950

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Maud Cunnington

0

3,732,410

# Highland Radio **Highland Radio** is the local radio service for the County Donegal (North) franchise, operating under a licence from the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI). The station began broadcasting on 15 March 1990, and is franchised until 2024.`{{fact|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Headquartered at the Mountain Top in Letterkenny, Highland broadcasts throughout large parts of Ulster (especially West Ulster), with it being received in the nearby city of Derry and in much of the rest of County Londonderry, as well as in large parts of County Tyrone and County Fermanagh, and in parts of County Antrim. It has the highest market share of any local station within the Republic of Ireland.`{{fact|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} ## History Highland began broadcasting on 15 March 1990. On 31 May 2005, it was announced that the station was to be purchased by Scottish Radio Holdings for €7 million. However, SRH itself was acquired by Emap 21 days later. The deal was cleared by both the BCI and the Irish Competition Authority. Emap\'s sole changes to the station were increasing the bandwidth of their web streams from 20 kbit/s to 128 kbit/s, with no format or presenter changes. Denis O\'Brien\'s Communicorp was the highest bidder for Emap\'s Irish operations when that company decided to sell its radio stations, buying FM104, Highland Radio and Today FM on 14 July 2007. In October 2007, the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland (BCI) approved Communicorp\'s proposed takeover of Today FM and Highland Radio, but not FM104. The deal was completed by January 2008. Due to a Competition Authority decision, Communicorp was required to sell-on FM104, which it did (to UTV Media) immediately upon its acquisition. O\'Brien offloaded Highland Radio in mid-2008. Orangold, a company owned by the Rabbitt family, completed the purchase of Highland Radio from Denis O\'Brien\'s Communicorp Group in July 2008. Gerry Rabbitt is a founder shareholder of Galway Bay FM and was managing director of Galway Bay FM for 10 years. On 12 August 2012, Highland Radio received an international exclusive interview with Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt live on air from the Summer Olympics in Stratford in London. Charlie Collins quit as general manager in June 2013. Collins had also been \"head of sport\". Oisin Kelly succeeded Collins as \"head of sport\" the next day. Pio McCann, who died in October 2020, was recognised for his interviews with American country music figures, including Johnny Cash, Dolly Parton, Kris Kristofferson, Charley Pride and Garth Brooks, and, notably, gave Daniel O\'Donnell his first interview. He was part of the evening schedule at the station. ## News and sport {#news_and_sport} Highland Radio News airs their own bulletins Mondays to Fridays on the hour from 7.00am until 7.00pm. The news service gives coverage of local news and events from across the city of Derry and counties Donegal, Londonderry and Tyrone. There are three main extended news bulletins Mondays to Fridays at 8.30am, 1.00pm and 5.00pm. From 8.00pm until 12-midnight, Highland Radio airs hourly live news bulletins provided by Newstalk in Dublin.`{{fact|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Highland Radio News has a limited provision of local news over the weekend. Saturdays have local bulletins on the hour from 10.00am until 2.00pm. Newstalk provides news bulletins at 8.00am, 9.00am and then on the hour from 3.00pm until 12-midnight. On Sundays, Highland Radio provides local news from 1.00pm -6.00pm. Newstalk provides the rest of Sundays news output on the station on the hour from 8.00am until 12-midnight.`{{fact|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} The station covers the main sporting events held in County Donegal, County Londonderry, and County Tyrone, as well as in the city of Derry.`{{fact|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} The station broadcasts the results of all major Irish League fixtures played in Northern Ireland, in addition to broadcasting the results of League of Ireland fixtures played in the Republic of Ireland.`{{fact|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki} During Christmas, Easter and Bank Holidays, Newstalk provide the only news bulletins on the hour

640

Highland Radio

0

3,732,413

# Georgia State Route 317 **State Route 317** (**SR 317**; Lawrenceville--Suwanee Road) is a state highway in the Atlanta metropolitan area of the U.S. state of Georgia. ## Route description {#route_description} SR 317 begins at an interchange with Interstate 85 in Suwanee. The route continues northwest to its northern terminus with US 23/SR 13 (Buford Highway) in Suwanee. ## History State Route 317 was created originally as a temporary end to I-85

72

Georgia State Route 317

0

3,732,427

# Lesotho Defence Force The **Lesotho Defence Force** (**LDF**) is the military of the Southern African Kingdom of Lesotho, which consists of about 2,000 personnel and is tasked with maintaining internal security, territorial integrity, and defending the constitution of Lesotho. Since the mountainous kingdom is completely landlocked by South Africa, in practice the country\'s external defence is guaranteed by its larger neighbour, so the armed forces are mainly used for internal security. The LDF is an army with a small air wing. ## History The military was established in 1978. The Lesotho Defence Force participated in the military coup in 1986, internal conflicts in 1994 and 1998, and unrest in 2007. Following the 1993 Lesotho general election, in August 1994, King Letsie III dissolved the newly elected parliament in a coup d\'état that was supported by the military. On 30 August 2014, an alleged military coup took place, forcing then-Prime Minister Tom Thabane to flee to South Africa for three days. A brief crisis occurred in September 2017 when Lieutenant General Khoantle Motsomotso (then-commander of the LDF) was assassinated by some junior officers, leading to an intervention by the Southern African Development Community (SADC). In 2021, a LDF contingent was sent to Mozambique as part of the Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique (SAMIM) to assist the Mozambican government during the insurgency in Cabo Delgado. The contingent consequently took part in pro-government offensives from August 2021. ## Army The army of Lesotho began in the 1960s initially as a paramilitary police force, established separately from the Lesotho Mounted Police Service on 1 April 1978. It was recognised as an army in August 1979 and was expanded in the 1980s in response to Basutoland Congress Party insurgent activities. After the January 1986 military coup that brought General Justin Lekhanya to power, the army was renamed the **Royal Lesotho Defence Force**. As of 1990, it was estimated to have about 2,000 personnel divided into one recon company, one artillery battery, seven companies, one special forces platoon, and a support company.

339

Lesotho Defence Force

0

3,732,427

# Lesotho Defence Force ## Equipment ### Small arms {#small_arms} +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Name | Image | Caliber | Type | Origin | Notes | +====================================+=======+==============+=============================+========+===================+ | Submachine guns | | | | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Sterling | | 9×19mm | Submachine gun | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Uzi | | 9×19mm | Submachine gun | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Rifles | | | | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | AKM | | 7.62×39mm | Assault rifle | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | AK-74 | | 5.45×39mm | Assault rifle | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Type 56 | | 7.62×39mm | Assault rifle | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | IMI Galil | | 5.56×45mm | Assault rifle | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Vektor R4 | | 5.56×45mm | Assault rifle | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | M16 | | 5.56×45mm | Assault rifle | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Beretta AR70/90 | | 5.56×45mm | Assault rifle | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | FN FAL | | 7.62×51mm | Battle rifle | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Lee-Enfield | | .303 British | Bolt-action rifle | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Sniper rifles | | | | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | SVD | | 7.62×54mmR | Designated marksman rifle\ | | | | | | | Sniper rifle | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Machine guns | | | | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Bren | | 7.62×51mm | Light machine gun | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | RPD | | 7.62×39mm | Squad automatic weapon | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | RPK | | 7.62×39mm | Squad automatic weapon | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | FN MAG | | 7.62×51mm | General-purpose machine gun | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Browning M2 | | .50 BMG | Heavy machine gun | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | Rocket propelled grenade launchers | | | | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ | RPG-7 | | 40mm | Rocket-propelled grenade | | | +------------------------------------+-------+--------------+-----------------------------+--------+-------------------+ ### Anti-tank weapons {#anti_tank_weapons} +----------+--------------+------------------+--------+---------+-----------------+ | Name | Image | Type | Origin | Caliber | Notes | +==========+==============+==================+========+=========+=================+ | M40A1 | | Recoilless rifle | | 106mm | 6 in service. | +----------+--------------+------------------+--------+---------+-----------------+ ### Tanks +---------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ | Name | Image | Type | Origin | Quantity | Status | Notes | +=========+=============+=============+========+==========+========+================+ | T-55 | | Medium tank | | 1 | | | +---------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ ### Scout cars {#scout_cars} +---------+-------------+------------------------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ | Name | Image | Type | Origin | Quantity | Status | Notes | +=========+=============+==============================+========+==========+========+================+ | BRDM-2 | | Amphibious armored scout car | | 2 | | | +---------+-------------+------------------------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ ### Reconnaissance +--------------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ | Name | Image | Type | Origin | Quantity | Status | Notes | +==============+=============+=============+========+==========+========+================+ | Panhard AML | | Armored car | | 6 | | | +--------------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ | RAM MK3 | | Armored Car | | 6 | | | +--------------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ | RBY Mk 1 | | Armored Car | | 10 | | | +--------------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+ | Shorland S52 | | Armored car | | 8 | | | +--------------+-------------+-------------+--------+----------+--------+----------------+

494

Lesotho Defence Force

1

3,732,427

# Lesotho Defence Force ## Air Wing {#air_wing} The **Lesotho Defence Force Air Wing** was originally a 1978-offshoot of the paramilitary police mobile unit and began operations with two Short Skyvan twin turboprop STOL transports, a leased Cessna A152 Aerobat, two MBB Bo 105 helicopters, and a Bell 47G helicopter converted to turboshaft power. Two Mil Mi-2 twin-turbine helicopters were donated by Libya in 1983 but were retired by 1986. Deliveries of four Bell 412 helicopters were delayed in 1983 to 1986 because of South Africa\'s influence. This changed when a 1986 military coup resulted in new security agreements with South Africa being signed. In the mid-1980s the air wing was merged into the Lesotho Defence Force. In 1989, the Skyvans were replaced by two CASA C-212 Aviocar light turboprop transports; one immediately crashed, requiring a third to be delivered in 1992. A fifth Bell 412 (an EP model) was delivered in May 1998 to replace the one written off the previous January. ### Aircraft Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes ------------------ --------------- --------------- --------- ------------ ------- Transport CASA C-212 Spain Transport 2 GippsAero GA8 Australia Utility 1 Helicopters Bell 412 United States Utility 3 Eurocopter AS350 France Light utility 3 ### Accidents and incidents {#accidents_and_incidents} 13 April 2017, a Eurocopter EC135 T2+ crashed in the area of Thaba Putsoa, killing all four people on board. The helicopter was carrying three soldiers and an official from the Ministry of Finance who was delivering pensions to outlying districts. Officials reported it hit power lines and crashed in mountainous terrain near Thaba Putsoa, killing two of the soldiers and critically injuring the other two passengers, both of whom later died in hospital from their injuries

284

Lesotho Defence Force

2

3,732,447

# Louisiana's 7th congressional district **Louisiana\'s 7th congressional district** was a congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana located in the southwestern part of the state. It last contained the cities of Crowley, Eunice, Jennings, Lafayette, Lake Charles, Opelousas, Sulphur and Ville Platte. The district became obsolete for the 113th Congress in 2013 as Louisiana had lost a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives redistricting based upon results from the 2010 census post Hurricane Katrina population losses in the state. Most of the territory in this district became the 3rd district. ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Member | Party | Years | Cong\ | Electoral history | | | | | ress | | +====================================================================+===============+==================================+=======+===========================================================+ | District created following the 1900 census -- March 4, 1903 | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1903 --\ | | Elected in 1902.\ | | **Arsène Paulin Pujó**\ | | March 3, 1913 | | Re-elected in 1904.\ | | `{{Small|([[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1906.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1908.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1910.\ | | | | | | Retired. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1913 --\ | | Elected in 1912.\ | | **Ladislas Lazaro**\ | | March 30, 1927 | | Re-elected in 1914.\ | | `{{Small|([[Washington, Louisiana|Washington]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1916.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1918.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1920.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1922.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1924.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1926.\ | | | | | | Died. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 30, 1927 --\ | | | | | | August 23, 1927 | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| August 23, 1927 --\ | | Elected to finish Lazaro\'s term.\ | | **René Louis De Rouen**\ | | January 3, 1941 | | Re-elected in 1928.\ | | `{{Small|([[Ville Platte, Louisiana|Ville Platte]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1930.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1932.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1934.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1936.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1938.\ | | | | | | Retired. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1941 --\ | | Elected in 1940.\ | | **Vance Plauché**\ | | January 3, 1943 | | Retired. | | `{{Small|([[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1943 --\ | | Elected in 1942.\ | | **Henry D. Larcade Jr.**\ | | January 3, 1953 | | Re-elected in 1944.\ | | `{{Small|([[Opelousas, Louisiana|Opelousas]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1946.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1948.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1950.\ | | | | | | Retired. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1953 --\ | | Elected in 1952.\ | | **T. Ashton Thompson**\ | | July 1, 1965 | | Re-elected in 1954.\ | | `{{Small|([[Ville Platte, Louisiana|Ville Platte]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1956.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1958.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1960.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1962.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1964.\ | | | | | | Died. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| July 1, 1965 --\ | | | | | | October 2, 1965 | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| October 2, 1965 --\ | | Elected to finish Thompson\'s term.\ | | **Edwin Edwards**\ | | May 9, 1972 | | Re-elected in 1966.\ | | `{{Small|([[Crowley, Louisiana|Crowley]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1968.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1970.\ | | | | | | Resigned when elected governor. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| May 9, 1972 --\ | | | | | | September 30, 1972 | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| September 30, 1972 --\ | | Elected to finish Edwards\'s term.\ | | **John Breaux**\ | | January 3, 1987 | | Re-elected in 1972.\ | | `{{Small|([[Crowley, Louisiana|Crowley]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1974.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1976.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1978.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1980.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1982.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1984.\ | | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1987 --\ | | Elected in 1986.\ | | **Jimmy Hayes**\ | | December 1, 1995 | | Re-elected in 1988.\ | | `{{Small|([[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1990.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1992.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1994.\ | | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | | \| Republican | nowrap \| December 1, 1995 --\ | | | | | | January 3, 1997 | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1997 --\ | | Elected in 1996.\ | | **Chris John**\ | | January 3, 2005 | | Re-elected in 1998.\ | | `{{Small|([[Crowley, Louisiana|Crowley]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 2000.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 2002.\ | | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 2005 --\ | | Elected in 2004.\ | | **Charles Boustany**\ | | January 3, 2013 | | Re-elected in 2006.\ | | `{{Small|([[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 2008.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 2010.\ | | | | | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|Louisiana|3|C}}`{=mediawiki}

1,063

Louisiana's 7th congressional district

0

3,732,449

# Cantons of the Eure-et-Loir department The following is a list of the 15 **cantons of the Eure-et-Loir department**, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015: `{{div col|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki} - Anet - Auneau - Brou - Chartres-1 - Chartres-2 - Chartres-3 - Châteaudun - Dreux-1 - Dreux-2 - Épernon - Illiers-Combray - Lucé - Nogent-le-Rotrou - Saint-Lubin-des-Joncherets - Les Villages Vovéens

67

Cantons of the Eure-et-Loir department

0

3,732,467

# Louisiana's 8th congressional district **Louisiana\'s 8th congressional district** was a congressional district which was created in 1913 and eliminated in 1993 after Louisiana lost its eighth congressional seat in the 1990 U. S. census. For its entire existence, it was based in Alexandria and included much of the north-central part of the state. Beginning in 1972, the district was redrawn at the direction of Governor Edwin Edwards to take in liberal precincts in northern Baton Rouge, the northern Florida Parishes, and the Mississippi River corridor between Baton Rouge and New Orleans\--making Alexandria the district\'s northern boundary\--in order to aid the return to Congress of Gillis Long. It also moved LaSalle Parish, the home of conservative incumbent Speedy Long, who defeated Gillis Long in 1964, into the 5th district. The last representative for the 8th district was Clyde Holloway, a Republican from Forest Hill in rural Rapides Parish first elected in 1986. In each of his three elections, he defeated a Black Democratic challenger, the last being future Representative Cleo Fields. In 1992, Holloway\'s home was drawn into the 6th district when Louisiana lost a House seat following the 1990 census, and he was defeated by fellow Republican Richard Baker, who was first elected to the House at the same time as Holloway. ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Member\ | Party | Years | Cong\ | Electoral history | | `{{Small|(Residence)}}`{=mediawiki} | | | ress | | +====================================================================+===============+================================+=======+===============================================================================+ | District created following 1910 census -- March 4, 1913 | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1913 --\ | | Elected in 1912.\ | | **James Benjamin Aswell**\ | | March 16, 1931 | | Re-elected in 1914.\ | | `{{Small|([[Natchitoches, Louisiana|Natchitoches]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1916.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1918.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1920.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1922.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1924.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1926.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1928.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1930.\ | | | | | | Died. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 16, 1931 --\ | | | | | | May 12, 1931 | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| May 12, 1931 --\ | | Elected to finish Aswell\'s term.\ | | **John H. Overton**\ | | March 3, 1933 | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. | | `{{Small|([[Alexandria, Louisiana|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1933 --\ | | Elected in 1932.\ | | **Cleveland Dear**\ | | January 3, 1937 | | Re-elected in 1934.\ | | `{{Small|([[Alexandria, Louisiana|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired to run for governor. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1937 --\ | | Elected in 1936.\ | | **A. Leonard Allen**\ | | January 3, 1953 | | Re-elected in 1938.\ | | `{{Small|([[Winnfield, Louisiana|Winnfield]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1940.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1942.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1944.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1946.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1948.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1950.\ | | | | | | Retired. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1953 --\ | | Elected in 1952.\ | | **George S. Long**\ | | March 22, 1958 | | Re-elected in 1954.\ | | `{{Small|([[Pineville, Louisiana|Pineville]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1956.\ | | | | | | Died. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 22, 1958 --\ | | | | | | January 3, 1959 | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1959 --\ | | Elected in 1958.\ | | **Harold B. McSween**\ | | January 3, 1963 | | Re-elected in 1960.\ | | `{{Small|([[Alexandria, Louisiana|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Lost renomination. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1963 --\ | | Elected in 1962.\ | | **Gillis William Long**\ | | January 3, 1965 | | Lost renomination. | | `{{Small|([[Winnfield, Louisiana|Winnfield]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1965 --\ | | Elected in 1964.\ | | **Speedy O. Long**\ | | January 3, 1973 | | Re-elected in 1966.\ | | `{{Small|([[Jena, Louisiana|Jena]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1968.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1970.\ | | | | | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|LA|5|C}}`{=mediawiki} and retired. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1973 --\ | | Elected in 1972.\ | | **Gillis William Long**\ | | January 20, 1985 | | Re-elected in 1974.\ | | `{{Small|([[Alexandria, Louisiana|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1976.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1978.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1980.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1982.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1984.\ | | | | | | Died. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| January 20, 1985 --\ | | | | | | March 30, 1985 | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 30, 1985 --\ | | Elected to finish her husband\'s term.\ | | **Catherine Small Long**\ | | January 3, 1987 | | Retired. | | `{{Small|([[Alexandria, Louisiana|Alexandria]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 1987 --\ | | Elected in 1986.\ | | **Clyde C. Holloway**\ | | January 3, 1993 | | Re-elected in 1988.\ | | `{{Small|([[Forest Hill, Louisiana|Forest Hill]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1990.\ | | | | | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|LA|6|C}}`{=mediawiki} and lost re-election there

1,026

Louisiana's 8th congressional district

0

3,732,473

# 501 (number) **501** (**five hundred \[and\] one**) is the natural number following 500 and preceding 502. 501 is the sum of the first eighteen primes. There are 501 degree-8 polynomials with integer coefficients, all of whose roots are in the unit disk. There are 501 ways of partitioning the digits from 0 to 9 into two sets, each of which contains at least two digits, and 501 ways of partitioning a set of five elements into any number of ordered sequences. 501 is also a figurate number based on the 5-orthoplex or 5-dimensional cross polytope. In the gematria of Eleazar of Worms, the Hebrew words \"temunah\" (image) and \"parsuf \'adam\" (human face) both had the numerological value of 501. Eleazar used this equivalence to argue that, in several Biblical passages, God appeared to His prophets in the form of a human face. ## Other uses {#other_uses} *501* is commonly used to refer to people deported from Australia under section 501 of the 1958 Migration Act

166

501 (number)

0

3,732,474

# Endocast An **endocast** is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible space, or they may occur naturally through fossilization. ## Cranial endocasts {#cranial_endocasts} ### Artificial casts {#artificial_casts} Endocasts of the inside of the neurocranium (braincase) are often made in paleoanthropology to study brain structures and hemispheric specialization in extinct human ancestors. While an endocast can not directly reveal brain structure, it can allow scientists to gauge the size of areas of the brain situated close to the surface, notably Wernicke\'s and Broca\'s areas, responsible for interpreting and producing speech. Traditionally, the casting material is some form of rubber or rubber-like material. The openings to the brain cavity, except for the *foramen magnum*, are closed, and the liquid rubber is slushed around in the empty cranial vault and then left to set. The resulting hollow sphere can then be drained of air like a balloon and pulled out through the *foramen magnum*. Rubber endocasts like these were the standard practice until the end of the 20th century and are still used in some fields. However, scientists are increasingly utilizing computerized tomography scanning technology to create digital endocasts in order to avoid risking damage to valuable specimens. ### Natural endocasts {#natural_endocasts} Natural cranial endocasts are also known. The famous Taung Child, the first *Australopithecus* found, consists of a natural endocast connected to the facial portion of the skull. It was the shape of the brain that allowed Raymond Dart to conclude that the fossil was that of a human relative rather than an extinct ape. Mammal endocasts are particularly useful, as they resemble the fresh brain with the dura mater in place. Such \"fossil brains\" are known from several hundred different mammal species. More than a hundred natural casts of the cranial vault of *Bathygenys* (a small oreodont) alone are known, some having identifiable features down to the major gyri. Several hundred casts of various dinosaurs are known, among them a *Tyrannosaurus* brain vault, showing the animal had limited intelligence and a well-developed sense of smell. The oldest known natural cranial endocast is a fossil fish brain from a Holocephalan, some 300 million years old. ## Endocasts of other hollows {#endocasts_of_other_hollows} Endocast fossils from animals with shells that easily disintegrate or dissolve can often be encountered free from their mold fossil, like the aragonite shells of certain molluscs and the tests of sea urchins. A frequently occurring form is the internal mold of brachiopods and bivalves. In the quite symmetrical genus brachiopod *Pentamerus*, the endocast resembles a vulva, giving these fossils the name *Schamstein* or *Mutterstein* (\"shame stone\" or \"mother stone\") in German, while some bivalve endocasts are traditionally known as heart-of-stone or bull hearts in Britain. The \"Venus of Svinesund\", an early Mesolithic Venus figurine from Norway, is a re-worked Ordovician bivalve endocast. Endocasts are also known to develop from snail shells and sea urchins, and even from the stomach hollow of jellyfish, a group that rarely leaves fossil traces. Artificial endocasts are sometimes made from blood vessels for medical or anatomical reasons. The blood vessel of an organ (e.g. brain or liver) is injected with a resin. When it is set, the organ itself is dissolved, leaving a three-dimensional image of the blood supply to the organ

568

Endocast

0

3,732,486

# Quantum mirage In physics, a **quantum mirage** is a peculiar result in quantum chaos. Every system of quantum dynamical billiards will exhibit an effect called *scarring*, where the quantum probability density shows traces of the paths a classical billiard ball would take. For an elliptical arena, the scarring is particularly pronounced at the foci, as this is the region where many classical trajectories converge. The scars at the foci are colloquially referred to as the \"quantum mirage\". The quantum mirage was first experimentally observed by Hari Manoharan, Christopher Lutz and Donald Eigler at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California in 2000. The effect is quite remarkable but in general agreement with prior work on the quantum mechanics of dynamical billiards in elliptical arenas. ## Quantum corral {#quantum_corral} The mirage occurs at the foci of a **quantum corral**, a ring of atoms arranged in an arbitrary shape on a substrate. The quantum corral was demonstrated in 1993 by Lutz, Eigler, and Crommie using an elliptical ring of iron atoms on a copper surface using the tip of a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope to manipulate individual atoms. The ferromagnetic iron atoms reflected the surface electrons of the copper inside the ring into a wave pattern, as predicted by the theory of quantum mechanics. Quantum corrals can be viewed as artificial atoms that even show similar chemical bonding properties as real atoms. The size and shape of the corral determine its quantum states, including the energy and distribution of the electrons. To make conditions suitable for the mirage the team at Almaden chose a configuration of the corral which concentrated the electrons at the foci of the ellipse. When scientists placed a magnetic cobalt atom at one focus of the corral, a mirage of the atom appeared at the other focus. Specifically the same electronic properties were present in the electrons surrounding both foci, even though the cobalt atom was only present at one focus. In scanning tunneling microscopy, an atomically sharp metal tip is advanced towards the atomically flat sample surface until electron tunneling out of the atom and into the advancing tip becomes effective. Using the sharp tip we can also arrange atoms adsorbed on the surface into unique shapes; for example, 48 adsorbed iron atoms on Cu(111) arranged into a 14.26 nm diameter circle. The electrons on the copper surface are trapped inside the circle formed by the iron atoms. A standing wave pattern emerges with a large peak at the center due to the constructive interference of electrons on the copper surface as they scatter off the adsorbed iron atoms. ## Applications IBM scientists are hoping to use quantum mirages to construct atomic scale processors in the future

453

Quantum mirage

0

3,732,508

# Louisiana's 5th congressional district **Louisiana\'s 5th congressional district** is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The 5th district encompasses rural northeastern Louisiana and much of central Louisiana, as well as the northern part of Louisiana\'s Florida parishes in southeastern Louisiana, taking in Monroe, Alexandria, Amite and Bogalusa. In 2013, six-term Representative Rodney Alexander resigned to take a state cabinet post; in the special election, Republican newcomer Vance McAllister, a businessman from Swartz, Louisiana, handily defeated fellow Republican State Senator Neil Riser of Columbia in Caldwell Parish to claim the seat in a special election. McAllister beat Riser, 54,449 (59.7) to 36,837 (40.3 percent). Analysts considered McAllister\'s victory as a rejection of Governor Bobby Jindal\'s efforts to have the seat vacated and to replace Alexander with his hand-picked candidate in a low-turnout special election. The runoff turnout was less than 19%, three percent less than in the primary. In 2014, Ralph Abraham defeated Monroe Mayor Jamie Mayo for the 113th United States Congress, replacing McAllister, who was defeated in the Louisiana primary. On February 26, 2020, Abraham announced he would not be seeking re-election for a fourth term, honoring his pledge to only serve three terms in Congress. The district is currently represented by Republican Julia Letlow, who was elected in a 2021 special election to replace her husband, representative-elect Luke, who died of COVID-19 days before he was set to be sworn in. As part of the 2024 map redistricting, the 5th loses Lincoln, Jackson, Winn, Grant, Rapides, and half of Ouachita Parishes to the 4th district, and also Pointe Coupee and half of Avoyelles Parish to the new 6th; in exchange, 5th gains parts of East Baton Rouge, Tangipahoa and Livingston Parishes. The new territory includes two of the state\'s largest universities, Louisiana State (LSU) in Baton Rouge and Southeastern Louisiana (SLU) in Hammond. ## Parishes and communities {#parishes_and_communities} For the 119th and successive Congresses (based on the districts drawn following a 2023 court order), the district contains all or portions of the following parishes and communities. **Ascension Parish** **(1)** : Prairieville (part; also 2nd) **Avoyelles Parish** **(6)** : Bordelonville, Center Point, Fifth Ward, Hessmer, Mansura (part; also 6th), Marksville **Caldwell Parish** **(4)** : All four communities **Catahoula Parish** **(4)** : All four communities **Concordia Parish** **(7)** : All seven communities **East Baton Rouge Parish** **(9)** : Baton Rouge (part; also 6th), Central, Inniswold, Oak Hills Place, Old Jefferson, Shenandoah, Village St. George, Westminster, Zachary (part; also 6th) **East Carroll Parish** **(1)** : Lake Providence **East Feliciana Parish** **(5)** : All five communities **Franklin** **Parish** **(4)** : All four communities **LaSalle Parish** **(7)** : All seven communities **Livingston Parish** **(7)** : Albany, Denham Springs, French Settlement, Livingston, Port Vincent, Walker, Watson **Madison Parish** **(4)** : All four communities **Morehouse Parish** **(5)** : All five communities **Ouachita Parish** **(8)** : Bawcomville, Brownsville, Calhoun, Lakeshore, Monroe (part; also 4th), Richwood, Swartz, West Monroe (part; also 4th) **Richland Parish** **(4)** : All four communities **St. Helena Parish** **(2)** : Greensburg, Montpelier **Tangipahoa Parish** **(8)** : Amite City, Hammond (part; also 1st), Independence, Kentwood, Natalbany, Roseland, Tangipahoa, Tickfaw **Tensas Parish** **(3)** : All three communities **Washington Parish** **(5)** : All five communities **West Carroll Parish** **(5)** : All five communities **West Feliciana Parish** **(1)** : St. Francisville ## Recent election results from statewide races {#recent_election_results_from_statewide_races} Year Office Results ------ ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2008 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|McCain 66% - 32% 2012 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Romney 66% - 34% 2014 Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Cassidy 64% - 36% 2015 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Democratic}}`{=mediawiki}\|Bel Edwards 53% - 47% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Nungesser 56% - 44% 2016 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Trump 66% - 31% Senate align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Kennedy 69% - 31% 2019 Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Rispone 54% - 46% Lt. Governor align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Nungesser 74% - 26% Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Landry 73% - 27% 2020 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Trump 66% - 32% 2023 Attorney General align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Murrill 73% - 27% 2024 President align=\"right\" `{{party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki}\|Trump 67% - 31%

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# Louisiana's 5th congressional district ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | Member | Party | Years | Cong\ | Electoral history | Location | | | | | ress | | | +==========================================================================+====================================================================+====================================================================+========================================+=====================================================================================+=========================================+ | District created March 4, 1863 | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 4, 1863 --\ | | *Civil War and Reconstruction* | | | | | July 18, 1868 | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| July 18, 1868 --\ | | Elected to finish the vacant term.\ | | | **W. Jasper Blackburn**\ | | March 3, 1869 | | Retired to run for Lieutenant Governor. | | | `{{Small|([[Homer, Louisiana|Homer]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1869 --\ | | Elected in 1868.\ | | | **Frank Morey**\ | | June 8, 1876 | | Re-elected in 1870.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Monroe, Louisiana|Monroe]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1872.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1874.\ | | | | | | | Lost contested election. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| June 8, 1876 --\ | | Won contested election.\ | | | **William B. Spencer**\ | | January 8, 1877 | | Retired and resigned to become associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court. | | | `{{Small|([[Vidalia, Louisiana|Vidalia]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| January 8, 1877 --\ | | | | | | | March 3, 1877 | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1877 --\ | | Elected in 1876.\ | | | **John E. Leonard**\ | | March 15, 1878 | | Died. | | | `{{Small|([[Lake Providence, Louisiana|Lake Providence]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 15, 1878 --\ | | | | | | | November 5, 1878 | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| November 5, 1878 --\ | | Elected to finish Leonard\'s term.\ | | | **J. Smith Young**\ | | March 3, 1879 | | Retired. | | | `{{Small|([[Homer, Louisiana|Homer]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1879 --\ | | Elected in 1878.\ | | | **J. Floyd King**\ | | March 3, 1887 | | Re-elected in 1880.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Vidalia, Louisiana|Vidalia]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1882.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1884.\ | | | | | | | Lost renomination. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1887 --\ | | Elected in 1886.\ | | | **Cherubusco Newton**\ | | March 3, 1889 | | Lost renomination. | | | `{{Small|([[Bastrop, Louisiana|Bastrop]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1889 --\ | | Elected in 1888.\ | | | **Charles J. Boatner**\ | | March 20, 1896 | | Re-elected in 1890.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Monroe, Louisiana|Monroe]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1892.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1894.\ | | | | | | | House declared seat vacant after election was contested by Alexis Benoit. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 20, 1896 --\ | | | | | | | June 10, 1896 | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| June 10, 1896 --\ | | Elected to finish his own term.\ | | | **Charles J. Boatner**\ | | March 3, 1897 | | Retired. | | | `{{Small|([[Monroe, Louisiana|Monroe]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1897 --\ | | Elected in 1896.\ | | | **Samuel T. Baird**\ | | April 22, 1899 | | Re-elected in 1898.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Bastrop, Louisiana|Bastrop]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Died. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| April 22, 1899 --\ | | | | | | | August 29, 1899 | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| August 29, 1899 --\ | | Elected to finish Baird\'s term.\ | | | **Joseph E. Ransdell**\ | | March 3, 1913 | | Re-elected in 1900.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Lake Providence, Louisiana|Lake Providence]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1902.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1904.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1906.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1908.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1910.\ | | | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1913 --\ | | Elected in 1912.\ | | | **James Walter Elder**\ | | March 3, 1915 | | Lost renomination. | | | `{{Small|([[Monroe, Louisiana|Monroe]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1915 --\ | | Elected in 1914.\ | | | **Riley J. Wilson**\ | | January 3, 1937 | | Re-elected in 1916.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Ruston, Louisiana|Ruston]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1918.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1920.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1922.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1924.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1926.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1928.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1930.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1932.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1934.\ | | | | | | | Lost renomination. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1937 --\ | | Elected in 1936.\ | | | **Newt V. Mills**\ | | January 3, 1943 | | Re-elected in 1938.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Monroe, Louisiana|Monroe]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1940.\ | | | | | | | Lost renomination. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1943 --\ | | Elected in 1942.\ | | | **Charles E. McKenzie**\ | | January 3, 1947 | | Re-elected in 1944.\ | | | `{{Small|([[Monroe, Louisiana|Monroe]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Lost renomination. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1947 --\ | | Elected in 1946.\ | | | **Otto Passman**\ | | January 3, 1977 | | Re-elected in 1948.\ | | | (Monroe)\ | | | | Re-elected in 1950.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1952.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1954.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1956.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1958.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1960.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1962.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1964.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1966.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1968.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1970.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1972.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1974.\ | | | | | | | Lost renomination. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1977 --\ | | Elected in 1976.\ | | | **Jerry Huckaby**\ | | January 3, 1993 | | Re-elected in 1978.\ | | | (Ringgold)\ | | | | Re-elected in 1980.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1982.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1984.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1986.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1988.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 1990.\ | | | | | | | Lost re-election. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 1993 --\ | | Redistricted from the `{{Ushr|Louisiana|4|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1992.\ | | | **Jim McCrery**\ | | January 3, 1997 | | Re-elected in 1994.\ | | | (Shreveport)\ | | | | Redistricted to the `{{Ushr|Louisiana|4|C}}`{=mediawiki}. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 1997 --\ | | Elected in 1996.\ | | | **John Cooksey**\ | | January 3, 2003 | | Re-elected in 1998.\ | | | (Monroe)\ | | | | Re-elected in 2000.\ | | | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 2003 --\ | | Elected in 2002.\ | **2003--2013**\ | | **Rodney Alexander**\ | | August 9, 2004 | | Re-elected in 2004.\ | | | (Quitman)\ | | | | Re-elected in 2006.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2008.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2010.\ | | | | | | | Re-elected in 2012.\ | | | | | | | Resigned to become Secretary of the Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairs. | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | | rowspan=2 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | rowspan=2 nowrap \| August 9, 2004 --\ | | | | | | | September 26, 2013 | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | | **2013--2023**\ | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| September 26, 2013 --\ | | | | | | | November 16, 2013 | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | | \| Republican | | nowrap \| November 16, 2013 --\ | Elected to finish Alexander\'s term.\ | | **Vance McAllister**\ | | | | January 3, 2015 | Lost re-nomination. | | (Swartz)\ | | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 2015 --\ | | Elected in 2014.\ | | **Ralph Abraham**\ | | | January 3, 2021 | | Re-elected in 2016.\ | | (Alto)\ | | | | | Re-elected in 2018.\ | | | | | | | Retired. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| January 3, 2021 --\ | | Representative-elect Luke Letlow died December 29, 2020. | | | | | April 14, 2021 | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | \ | | rowspan=3 `{{Party shading/Republican}}`{=mediawiki} \| Republican | rowspan=3 nowrap \| April 14, 2021 --\ | | Elected to finish her husband\'s term.\ | | **Julia Letlow**\ | | | present | | Re-elected in 2022.\ | | (Start)\ | | | | | Re-elected in 2024. | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | | **2023--2025**\ | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | | **2025--present**\ | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+ ## Recent election results {#recent_election_results}

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# Louisiana's 5th congressional district ## Recent election results {#recent_election_results} ### 2002

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# Louisiana's 5th congressional district ## Recent election results {#recent_election_results} ### 2004 {#section_1} - NOTE: Rodney Alexander switched from the Democratic to the Republican Party

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Louisiana's 5th congressional district

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# Nebraska's 4th congressional district **Nebraska\'s 4th congressional district** is an obsolete district. It was created after the 1890 census and abolished after the 1960 census. ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Member | Party | Years of Service | Cong\ | Electoral history | | | | | ress | | +===========================================================+===============+===============================+=======+====================================================================================+ | District established March 4, 1893 | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1893 --\ | | Elected in 1892.\ | | **Eugene Jerome Hainer**\ | | March 3, 1897 | | Re-elected in 1894.\ | | `{{Small|([[Aurora, Nebraska|Aurora]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Lost re-election. | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Populist | nowrap \| March 4, 1897 --\ | | Elected in 1896.\ | | **William Ledyard Stark**\ | | March 3, 1903 | | Re-elected in 1898.\ | | `{{Small|([[Aurora, Nebraska|Aurora]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1900.\ | | | | | | Lost re-election. | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1903 --\ | | Elected in 1902.\ | | **Edmund H. Hinshaw**\ | | March 3, 1911 | | Re-elected in 1904.\ | | `{{Small|([[Fairbury, Nebraska|Fairbury]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1906.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1908.\ | | | | | | Retired. | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1911 --\ | | Elected in 1910.\ | | **Charles Henry Sloan**\ | | March 3, 1919 | | Re-elected in 1912.\ | | `{{Small|([[Geneva, Nebraska|Geneva]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1914.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1916.\ | | | | | | Retired. | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1919 --\ | | Elected in 1918.\ | | **Melvin O. McLaughlin**\ | | March 3, 1927 | | Re-elected in 1920.\ | | `{{Small|([[York, Nebraska|York]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1922.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1924.\ | | | | | | Lost re-election. | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1927 --\ | | Elected in 1926.\ | | **John N. Norton**\ | | March 3, 1929 | | Lost re-election. | | `{{Small|([[Polk, Nebraska|Polk]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1929 --\ | | Elected in 1928.\ | | **Charles Henry Sloan**\ | | March 3, 1931 | | Lost re-election. | | `{{Small|([[Geneva, Nebraska|Geneva]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1931 --\ | | Elected in 1930.\ | | **John N. Norton**\ | | March 3, 1933 | | Lost renomination. | | `{{Small|([[Polk, Nebraska|Polk]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1933 --\ | | Redistricted from the `{{ushr|Nebraska|5|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1932.\ | | **Ashton C. Shallenberger**\ | | January 3, 1935 | | Lost renomination. | | `{{Small|([[Alma, Nebraska|Alma]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1935 --\ | | Elected in 1934.\ | | **Charles Gustav Binderup**\ | | January 3, 1939 | | Re-elected in 1936.\ | | `{{Small|([[Minden, Nebraska|Minden]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Lost re-election. | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 1939 --\ | | Elected in 1938.\ | | **Carl Curtis**\ | | January 3, 1943 | | Re-elected in 1940.\ | | `{{Small|([[Minden, Nebraska|Minden]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|Nebraska|1|C}}`{=mediawiki}. | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 1943 --\ | | Elected in 1942.\ | | **Arthur L. Miller**\ | | January 3, 1959 | | Re-elected in 1944.\ | | `{{Small|([[Kimball, Nebraska|Kimball]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1946.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1948.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1950.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1952.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1954.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1956.\ | | | | | | Lost re-election. | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1959 --\ | | Elected in 1958.\ | | **Donald McGinley**\ | | January 3, 1961 | | Lost re-election. | | `{{Small|([[Ogallala, Nebraska|Ogallala]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| January 3, 1961 --\ | | Elected in 1960.\ | | **David Martin**\ | | January 3, 1963 | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|Nebraska|3|C}}`{=mediawiki}

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Nebraska's 4th congressional district

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3,732,527

# 1978 All-Africa Games The **3rd All-Africa Games** (*الألعاب الأفريقية الثالثة*; *3e Jeux africains*), alson known as **Algiers 1978** (*الجزائر 1978*) was a multi-sport event played from 13 to 28 July 1978, in Algiers, Algeria. 45 countries from 49 independent African countries participated in twelve sports. At the closing ceremonies the torch was passed to Nairobi, Kenya to begin preparations for the IVth All-Africa Games in 1987. After the games, Morocco boycotted the competition following the recognition of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic by the AU until 2019. ## The games {#the_games} ### Opening ceremony {#opening_ceremony} The opening ceremony officially began on July 13, 1978. It was organized by Mohamed Zerguini, president of the Algerian Olympic Committee and member of the International Olympic Committee. It was attended by Lord Killanin (president of the International Olympic Committee), Mohamed Mzali (vice-president of the IOC), Masaji Kiyokawa (Vice Chairman of the IOC), the French Count Jean de Beaumont, the IOC executive members Juan Antonio Samaranch, Mohamed Benjelloun, Lamine Keita, Mohamed Abel Halim and other members and 45 presidents or representatives of the African National Olympic Committees. And finally Ignaty Novikov president of the Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games accompanied with representatives of Organizing Committees of the 1979 Mediterranean Games in Split. ### Closing ceremony {#closing_ceremony} At the conclusion of the Games it was known where the next games would be held as Nairobi had come forth to offer to hold the Games in 1987. ### Stars of the games {#stars_of_the_games} Henry Rono, the Kenyan star who had already set four world records on the track in 1978 won the 10,000 meters and 3000 meters steeplechase. Filbert Bayi again took the 1500 meters gold medal. The Algeria national football team wins the gold medal of the games against Nigeria, Ghana wins the bronze medal. ## Participating nations {#participating_nations} The following is a list of nations that participated in the 1978 All-Africa Games: `{{div col|colwidth=22em}}`{=mediawiki} - - - - - - Egypt - Ethiopia - - - - - Libya - - - - - - - - - Tunisia - - - - Zambia Somalia participated in the games, but not mentioned.`{{Expand section|date=May 2019}}`{=mediawiki} ## Sports - - - - - - - - - - - - ## Medal table {#medal_table} ## Results ### Athletics Malian discus thrower Namakoro Niaré won his third title, being the only athlete to do so. Four athletes, two male and two female, won more than one event: - El Kashief Hassan, Sudan (200 metres and 400 metres) - Hannah Afriyie, Ghana (100 metres and 200 metres) - Charlton Ehizuelen, Nigeria (long jump and triple jump) - Modupe Oshikoya, Nigeria (high jump and long jump) - Nagui Asaad, Egypt, won his second Gold medal in Shot Put of the All Africa Games in 1978, Algeria, after his first in 1973, Nigeria. Some new events were added: Decathlon and pentathlon, for men and women respectively, as well as men\'s 20 km road walk. ### Football The football tournament was won by the host country Algeria. +-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+ | !align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"gold\"\|**Gold:** | !align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"silver\"\|**Silver:** | !align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#CC9966\"\|**Bronze:** | +-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+ | Algeria | Nigeria | Ghana | | | | | | Coach: | Coach: | Coach: | +-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+ | | | | +-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+ ## Concerns and controversies {#concerns_and_controversies} ### Egyptian incident {#egyptian_incident} The Egyptian team, which had topped the medals table in the previous two games was called home by its government midway through the games after a brawl marred the football tournament. A fight between Libyans and Egyptians began at the end of the match after a Libyan player struck his opponent. The field became a ring between the players and leaders on both sides. It was reported that Algerian police did stop the violence. Live television broadcast the melee to Egypt. Egypt decided, as a result of these incidents, to withdraw from the competition and the Egyptian Prime minister called the team home immediately. ### The meeting of Algiers {#the_meeting_of_algiers} The meeting gave those African nations associated with the Commonwealth a chance to address another brewing controversy; their proposed boycott of the 1978 Commonwealth Games which were to be held the following month in Edmonton, Canada. The discussions were fruitful and the boycott was not carried out

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1978 All-Africa Games

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# Newark Broad Street station **Newark Broad Street station** is a New Jersey Transit commuter rail and light rail station at 25 University Avenue in Newark, New Jersey. Built in 1903, the station\'s historic architecture includes an elegant clock tower and a brick and stone façade on the station\'s main building. In June 1984, the station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its historical significance. ## History The current station is the second on the site. The original station opened on November 19, 1836, at the east end of the opening segment of the Morris and Essex Railroad to Orange; for the first couple of decades trains east of Newark ran over the New Jersey Rail Road to Jersey City. The present station opened in 1903 after two years of construction, located on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad main line from Hoboken to Denville, Scranton and Buffalo The Newark Drawbridge connecting to the station and crossing the Passaic River to the east also opened in 1903. A number of western expansions were built, and Hoboken Terminal, the current eastern end of the line, opened in 1907. In 1945, the Morris and Essex Railroad officially merged into the Lackawanna Railroad, which had leased it since 1868 (though the Morris and Essex\' separate identity had been largely lost years before). DL&W merged with the Erie Railroad in 1960 to form the Erie Lackawanna Railroad, which was absorbed by Conrail in 1976; NJ Transit has operated all passenger service since 1983. The station had served several Lackawanna and then Erie Lackwanna passenger trains. These included the *Lake Cities,* *Owl*/*New York Mail,* *Twilight*/*Pocono Express* and the DLW flagship train, the *Phoebe Snow.* However, all intercity service ended by 1970. The station building has been listed in the state and federal registers of historic places since 1984 and is part of the Operating Passenger Railroad Stations Thematic Resource. ### Renovation From 2004 to 2008 the station was renovated. The station changed from having two outside low platforms, with walkways across one track to the middle track, to having two high platforms, one of them an island platform, to facilitate cross-platform transfers. The historic westbound shelter was removed in the project and new westbound waiting areas were built. ### Proposed Scranton--New York City line {#proposed_scrantonnew_york_city_line} In 2023, a new Amtrak line was proposed between Scranton and New York with an estimated half a million riders annually by 2030. It is planned to hit 110 mph. The closest station to the New York Penn Station on the line is Newark Broad Street. The next stop will be either Morristown station or Montclair station depending on the schedule it is running. ## Station layout and services {#station_layout_and_services} Broad Street Station is currently served by the Montclair--Boonton Line and both branches of the Morris and Essex Lines ---- the Morristown Line and Gladstone Branch. All three lines either proceed to Secaucus Junction en route to New York Penn Station or terminate in Hoboken. This station is also the northern terminus of the Newark Light Rail Broad Street Extension line from Newark Penn Station. Service on this line opened on July 17, 2006, although light rail service was unavailable from March through July 2008 due to a partial collapse of the former Westinghouse factory adjacent to the station during demolition. This allows passengers on the two commuter lines serving Broad Street to easily transfer to Newark Penn, and vice versa. Previously, passengers wishing to transfer in Newark had to make their own way (usually by bus or taxi) between the two stations. ## Gallery <File:Newark> Broad Street April 2009.jpg\|Station entrance on University Avenue <File:Newark> Broad Street.jpg\|Commuter rail platforms <File:BroadStreetNLRStop.jpg%7CLight> rail station <File:Newark> Broad St Station Waiting Rm during COVID pandemic.jpg\|Waiting room, during COVID-19 Pandemic <File:Newark> Broad Street Station during COVID 19 pandemic.jpg\|Platforms during the COVID-19 Pandemic <File:EL> Newark, Lackawanna Station, Newark, NJ, November 1978 (24091178996)

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# Raminator (truck) **Raminator**, **Rammunition** and **Hotsy** are monster trucks that race on the Monster Jam, Monster Nationals and ProMT tours. They are currently driven by Mark Hall and Kurt Kraehmer. The team is sponsored by Ram Trucks. Until recently, the team was, along with Team Bigfoot, one of the most high-profile teams to not run in Monster Jam, although since 2017, they have competed in several Monster Jam tours. ## History In 1986, Tim and Mark Hall of Thomasboro, Illinois officially formed \'Hall Brothers Racing\', and began campaigning their first creation: the \"Heavy Metal\" tracked monster truck. The team soon acquired sponsorship from remote control car manufacturer Kyosho. The Halls then created the \"Big Boss\", their first venture into the world of more traditional \"rubber tire trucks\", a.k.a. monster trucks as they are known today. \"Big Boss\" was the first monster truck to derive its paint scheme from that of an RC car, as opposed to the other way around. The \"Big Boss\" was destroyed during a race in 1991, around the time their first true tube-chassis race monster truck was completed. The truck debuted as \"USA-1\" as a partnership with Everett Jasmer (with Kyosho and True Value as sponsors), the truck did not run for long with that particular moniker because the Halls wanted to go back out on their own. \"Executioner\" would be the new name for the Halls\' truck, which went on to campaign very respectably in USHRA (1992-Feb 2002), Special Events\' PENDA Series (1992-96), USA Motorsports (1993-98), and ProMT (2000-01). Several custom race chassis built by Hall Brothers Racing carried the \"Executioner\" nameplate during these years, at first using GMC and Chevrolet bodies, and eventually switching to Dodge bodies just prior to the millennium. The truck featured a recognizable black & white (later changed to red & white) checkerboard paint scheme, designed and painted originally by Tim Hall and close friend and associate Darrell Wagner. The truck adopted a far more radical paint scheme in 2000, which featured flames, tribal pinstriping, and detailed airbrushing. This scheme appeared on the Dodge bodies only. Seeing the success the Halls were having as privateers in the monster truck industry, Dodge decided to return to corporate sponsorship of monster truck racing after a nearly six-year hiatus (having last sponsored Fred Shafer\'s Bear Foot team from 1992-96). After a year of scouting and preparations in 2001, the Dodge division of Daimler-Chrysler signed a three-year deal with the Halls. Hall Brothers Racing debuted the first Dodge Raminator truck at a USHRA event in the Pontiac Silverdome in January 2002. The truck ran one more weekend with USHRA, then ceased to compete at any more Monster Jam events. This would subsequently gain strong support from fans who disagree with their spectacle-oriented shows. The team would return to Monster Jam in 2007. With Mark Hall driving and brother Tim Hall serving as crew chief, the team won 4 of 7 ProMT races in 2002 en route to earning their first championship. With strong showings at Monster Nationals and Special Events races that year as well, along with the addition of the \"Rammunition\" race truck piloted by rookie Dale Benear, the team exceeded Dodge\'s expectations. In 2003, the Halls entered a streak of dominance that had not been seen since Team Bigfoot\'s 4-straight PENDA Series championships. That year, the team clinched the Monster Nationals and Special Events titles (the ProMT series took a hiatus). 2004 would see a repeat, as Hall and Raminator clinched yet another Monster Nationals championship and the combined ProMT/Special Events title as well. 2005 proved to be an even further extension of the team\'s dominance, as Hall would once again claim the Monster Nationals and Special Events championship honors. These feats on-track combined with the team\'s ever growing fleet of trucks and dealership appearances would incite Dodge to renew the team\'s sponsorship through 2007, with an option for further involvement after that. ## Hallmarks Raminator and Rammunition are both among the most feared opponents in racing. The factory backing has allowed for significant performance gains, especially concerning the engine. The team is especially notable for ending Bigfoot\'s dominance in ProMT and the Special Events series, where the Ford had previously been untouchable. The horsepower advantage has also translated into high-flying freestyles, although the drivers are markedly more conservative than their Monster Jam counterparts. However, as the Halls have often criticized the destructive nature of USHRA events, and are quick to point out how few rollovers they have had, their conservatism is a point of pride for the team. As a result, the team is tremendously popular with fans who dislike Monster Jam, particularly those who would like to see a racing-exclusive series

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# Alfred Berg **Alfred Berg** is a Nordic asset manager with offices in Oslo and Stockholm with expertise in portfolio management and financial analysis. Alfred Berg is an independent part of BNP Paribas Asset Management. Alfred Berg was founded in Sweden in 1863, the same year that the Stockholm Stock Exchange opened, by Carl Gustaf Hierzéel and was a leading Nordic investment bank. The company was named after the banker Alfred Berg, who took over the company in 1901. During the major part of the 1900s the Alfred Berg was owned by the Kahm family. However, in the mid-1980s, the company was sold to Volvo and Alfred Berg started to expand by becoming the largest shareholder in the company Gunnar Bøhn & Co in Norway. This was the first step in building a Nordic company based on local expertise. Shortly after the Norwegian expansion, Alfred Berg also expanded its operations to Denmark, and took over Denmark\'s oldest brokerage firm Brødr. Trier, established in 1877. During the early 1990s Alfred Berg continued to expand and opened offices in Helsinki, London, New York and Moscow, and by that the company was present in the leading world markets. In 1995 Alfred Berg was acquired by ABN AMRO. The expansion continued, and the company became a strong Nordic asset manager within a wide global network. In 2004, Alfred Berg\'s asset management business was fully integrated into ABN AMRO Asset Management. In April 2010, the merger between Fortis Investments and BNP Paribas Investment Partners was completed, and Alfred Berg became a specialist Asset Manager within the network of asset management companies

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# Grand Rapids Flight The **Grand Rapids Flight** were a team in the International Basketball League based in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The Flight underwent an office change in 2007 when David Fox took over the roles of general manager and head coach from founder Tyler Whitcomb. The team was owned by the Grand Rapids Junior Jammers Youth Foundation from 2008 to 2010, a non-profit based in Grand Rapids, Michigan founded by David Fox. The team\'s head coach, David Fox, coached the team for three seasons, and in his third season was the longest running tenured head coach in the IBL. On the court, the team was a solid success in 2006, reaching the Final Four. The Grand Rapids Flight at one time held the record for most points scored in a single game, after a 179--146 drubbing of the Des Moines Heat. The Flight made international news in 2007 by signing 7 ft basketball player Sun Mingming, still known as the tallest athlete in the world. The Flight helped to set the record for single game attendance against the Elkhart Express in 2007 as over 5,200 attended the game, many to see Sun. For the 2008 season the Flight played their home games at the DeltaPlex Arena. The DeltaPlex seats up to 4,400 for basketball. The Flight cited an upturn in attendance for this move. The Grand Rapids Flight are unrelated to the former basketball team that played in Grand Rapids, the Grand Rapids Hoops

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# Ben Cunnington (archaeologist) **Edward Benjamin Howard Cunnington** (1861--1950), was a British archaeologist most famous for his work on prehistoric sites and features in Wiltshire, England. He was the great-grandson of the famous antiquarian William Cunnington, and the fourth generation of his family to work recording and preserving Wiltshire\'s past. The son of Henry Cunnington, a wine merchant, and his wife, Benjamin worked as a journalist before joining his father\'s business. For sixty years he served as the unpaid honorary curator of Devizes Museum. In 1889, he married Maud Pegge. They had one son, Edward, who was killed in the First World War. The couple devoted their lives to archaeology in Wiltshire, carrying out formal excavations at highly significant sites. The Cunningtons carried out excavations at some of the most important sites in British archaeology. These included the first known Neolithic causewayed enclosure at Knap Hill, the Iron Age village at All Cannings Cross, West Kennet Long Barrow, Woodhenge, (which they named) and The Sanctuary. This last monument they rediscovered, as it had been lost since William Stukeley saw it in the eighteenth century. The Cunningtons bought the properties underlying Woodhenge and The Sanctuary, and donated the sites and features to the nation. Cunnington died in 1950; his wife Maud died in 1951

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# Richard Sala **Richard Sala** (June 2, 1954 -- May 7, 2020) was an American cartoonist, illustrator, and comic book creator with a unique expressionistic style whose books often combined elements of mystery, horror and whimsy. ## Biography Richard Sala was born in Oakland, California in 1954. He spent his childhood in West Chicago, Illinois, and his teenage years in Scottsdale, Arizona. In interviews, Sala has mentioned the influence of his childhood years on his work, particularly his visits to museums and antique shops. He has stated that his love of reading and his interest in comic books and horror films helped him deal with real-life fears. He attended college as an art major, finally earning a Master of Fine Arts degree in painting from Mills College. He then worked as a freelance illustrator, something he had begun doing while in college, and a cartoonist, publishing his first comic book, *Night Drive*, in 1984. More of a reflection of his art school education than a typical comic book, *Night Drive* nevertheless ended up opening doors for Sala that would eventually lead to his rediscovering and embracing his childhood love of comics and monsters. The book came to the attention of several individuals who contacted Sala to request work. These included Art Spiegelman, Monte Beauchamp and Colossal Pictures and resulted in his appearances in two highly regarded comic anthologies -- Spiegelman\'s *RAW* and Beauchamp\'s *BLAB!*. Colossal Pictures hired Sala to animate one of the stories from *Night Drive* called \"Invisible Hands.\" This was eventually expanded by Sala and director Denis Morella into a 12-minute story about a psychic detective, a hooded criminal, taxidermy, a costume party, and a secret society of one-handed killers, all done in Sala\'s usual tongue-in-cheek style. Divided into two-minute chapters so it could be shown as a serial, *Invisible Hands* debuted on the first season of MTV\'s *Liquid Television* show, which also featured the television debuts of *Beavis and Butthead* and *Æon Flux*. Sala has continued to be a prolific illustrator and comic book artist. Two of his books, *The Chuckling Whatsit* and *Mad Night*, began as serials. They are epic thrillers with labyrinthine plots and black humor. *The Chuckling Whatsit* first appeared in the anthology *Zero Zero*. *Mad Night*, which features the girl detective Judy Drood, was initially serialized in Sala\'s 12-issue comic book series *Evil Eye*, published by Fantagraphics Books. *Evil Eye* also introduced Peculia, a mysterious black-haired waif whose fairy tale-inspired adventures include encounters with murderous children, necrophiles, cat-women, and zombies. *Evil Eye* ran for twelve issues, between 1998 and 2001. Sala has also worked on projects with Lemony Snicket, Steve Niles, and The Residents, and illustrated *Doctor Sax and The Great World Snake*, a script written in the 1960s by Jack Kerouac, which, like Sala\'s own work, makes use of pulp genre conventions such as vampires and shadowy avengers. In 2014, Sala began writing and drawing a webcomic entitled *Super-Enigmatix*, which follows the investigation into a sinister super-criminal. In 2016, Sala began a second webcomic, *The Bloody Cardinal*, also about a mystery-shrouded super-criminal. *The Bloody Cardinal* was published in print form by Fantagraphics in 2017. ## Death Sala died on May 7, 2020, at the age of 65 of a heart attack

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# Holland Dream The **Holland Dream** was a semi-professional basketball team in the Independent Basketball Association based in Holland, Michigan. The team began as the Holland Blast, and changed its name when the team entered the IBA. The team was last owned by Tom Moore. The Dream played at the Holland Civic Center, former home of Hope College, who moved into the new DeVos Fieldhouse. They were members of the International Basketball League from 2005 to 2011. ## History The Holland Blast produced two IBL Hall of Fame players: - Jared Bledsoe, a 6\'2\" guard originally from Memphis, averaged a league-best, 43 points per game in the 2006 IBL playoffs and is the Holland Blast all-time leading scorer. The 6'2" guard scored a career and IBL playoff high 49 points vs Elkhart Express in the IBL Semifinals Playoffs. He was twice an All-NSIC selection while playing at Moorhead State University, Bledsoe accepted the women\'s assistant coach position at Concordia College in 2012. - Dennis Springs from Toledo, Ohio. Ranked 3rd in the IBL in scoring at 27.9 points per game and 1st in the IBL in Assists with 10.9 assist per game. Both have enjoyed successful careers playing basketball overseas. Former assistant coach Terry Smith took over as head coach for the 2007 season after Mike Ahrens submitted his resignation. Coach Smith was Grand Valley State University's Men\'s Basketball Coach from 1997-2004 where he won 110 games. Smith has received many professional honors including the 1996 NABC Coach of the Year

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# Eric Newton **Eric Newton** is an American journalist, writer and media consultant. He is a consultant for the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, an organization created by one of the founding families behind the Knight Ridder newspaper group. From 2015 to 2020, Newton was Innovation Chief at Arizona State University\'s Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication. He held the rank of professor of practice and worked closely with the school's leadership to drive new innovative initiatives at Cronkite News, the school's multiplatform news operation. In 2001, Newton joined Knight Foundation as director of journalism initiatives. He oversaw grant development and expanded the journalism and media innovation program. In 2006, he was promoted to vice president/journalism. In 2011, he served as a senior adviser to Knight Foundation President Alberto Ibargüen, working on special projects and endowment grants, and after that became a consultant for the foundation. Newton earned a B.A. in journalism from San Francisco State University in 1979 and his master\'s degree in international studies from the University of Birmingham. He joined the *Oakland Tribune* as a copy boy in 1977. Turned down for a job as a reporter there in 1979, he edited newspapers in Mill Valley and Richmond before returning to the *Tribune* as a copy editor in 1984. Within six years he was running the Tribune newsroom. Newton was city editor, assistant managing editor or managing editor of the *Tribune* when it won more than 150 awards, including a Pulitzer Prize in news photography for coverage of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. He has since been a Pulitzer Prize juror four times and has written a book on Pulitzer Prize-winning photography. In 1992, Newton launched the Pacific Coast Center for the Freedom Forum. In 1994, he was founding managing editor for the Newseum, responsible for its story line and content. For four years, from the opening of the original Newseum in 1997 until 2000, he hosted programs in the Newseum\'s broadcast studio and created publications and traveling exhibits. Newton joined Knight Foundation in June 2001 as director of journalism initiatives. Later he became vice president of the foundation\'s journalism program. In 2011, he became Senior Adviser to the President. Newton was founding president of the First Amendment Project, a nonprofit law firm representing citizens seeking access to government records. He shared in a 2004 Peabody Award for *Mosaic: World News from the Middle East*, a television program created for LinkTV. He received the Reddick Award for distinguished contributions in communications from the University of Texas at Austin, and a special First Amendment Award from the Radio and Television Digital News Association for his role in creating Sunshine Week. In 2012 he won the Markoff Award for support of investigative reporting from the UC Berkeley Investigative Reporting Project. Newton became involved in the 2005 Seigenthaler incident after replacing a vandalized English Wikipedia biography of John Seigenthaler Sr. with a copyrighted official biography. After that was removed for violating English Wikipedia policy, Newton\'s subsequent edits explaining how he had tried to correct English Wikipedia also were rejected as a violation of English Wikipedia\'s verifiability policy

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# Nebraska's 5th congressional district **Nebraska\'s 5th congressional district** is an obsolete district. It was created after the 1890 United States census and eliminated after the 1940 United States census. +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Member | Party | Years of service | Cong\ | Electoral history | | | | | ress | | +===================================================================+===============+===============================+=======+====================================================================================+ | District established March 4, 1893 | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Populist | nowrap \| March 4, 1893 --\ | | Redistricted from the `{{ushr|Nebraska|2|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1892.\ | | **William A. McKeighan**\ | | March 3, 1895 | | Lost re-election. | | `{{Small|([[Red Cloud, Nebraska|Red Cloud]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1895 --\ | | Elected in 1894.\ | | **William E. Andrews**\ | | March 3, 1897 | | Lost re-election. | | `{{Small|([[Hastings, Nebraska|Hastings]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Populist | nowrap \| March 4, 1897 --\ | | Elected in 1896.\ | | **Roderick Dhu Sutherland**\ | | March 3, 1901 | | Re-elected in 1898.\ | | `{{Small|([[Nelson, Nebraska|Nelson]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1901 --\ | | Elected in 1900.\ | | **Ashton C. Shallenberger**\ | | March 3, 1903 | | Lost re-election. | | `{{Small|([[Alma, Nebraska|Alma]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1903 --\ | | Elected in 1902.\ | | **George W. Norris**\ | | March 3, 1913 | | Re-elected in 1904.\ | | `{{Small|([[McCook, Nebraska|McCook]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1906.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1908.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1910.\ | | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator. | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1913 --\ | | Elected in 1912.\ | | **Silas Reynolds Barton**\ | | March 3, 1915 | | Lost re-election. | | `{{Small|([[Grand Island, Nebraska|Grand Island]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1915 --\ | | Elected in 1914.\ | | **Ashton C. Shallenberger**\ | | March 3, 1919 | | Re-elected in 1916.\ | | `{{Small|([[Alma, Nebraska|Alma]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Lost re-election. | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1919 --\ | | Elected in 1918.\ | | **William E. Andrews**\ | | March 3, 1923 | | Re-elected in 1920.\ | | `{{Small|([[Hastings, Nebraska|Hastings]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Lost re-election. | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1923 --\ | | Elected in 1922.\ | | **Ashton C. Shallenberger**\ | | March 3, 1929 | | Re-elected in 1924.\ | | `{{Small|([[Alma, Nebraska|Alma]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1926.\ | | | | | | Lost re-election. | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1929 --\ | | Elected in 1928.\ | | **Fred Gustus Johnson**\ | | March 3, 1931 | | Lost re-election. | | `{{Small|([[Hastings, Nebraska|Hastings]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1931 --\ | | Elected in 1930.\ | | **Ashton C. Shallenberger**\ | | March 3, 1933 | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|Nebraska|4|C}}`{=mediawiki}. | | `{{Small|([[Alma, Nebraska|Alma]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| March 4, 1933 --\ | | Elected in 1932.\ | | **Terry Carpenter**\ | | January 3, 1935 | | Retired to run for governor. | | `{{Small|([[Scottsbluff, Nebraska|Scottsbluff]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+-------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Democratic | nowrap \| January 3, 1935 --\ | | Elected in 1934.\ | | **Harry B. Coffee**\ | | January 3, 1943 | | Re-elected in 1936.\ | | `{{Small|([[Chadron, Nebraska|Chadron]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1938.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1940.\ | | | | | | Retired to run for U.S. senator

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# 1987 All-Africa Games The **4th All-Africa Games** (*Michezo ya 4 ya Afrika Nzima*), also known as **Nairobi 1987**, were played from 1 to 12 August 1987, in Nairobi, Kenya. 42 countries participated in fourteen sports. From the beginning the intent had been to hold the African Games every four years. Economic difficulties and general civil unrest had never allowed this to happen. The fourth Games were no exception. Originally scheduled for 1982, a weak Kenyan economy slowed preparations. The Chinese helped provide the necessary funds and manpower to begin building Kasarani Stadium, but too late to hold the games on schedule. It was suggested at one time that Tunis, Tunisia arrange the fourth games in 1982 and Nairobi take its turn in the fifth games in 1986. This proposal was voted down, but the Nairobi games dates were pushed back to 1986. This was still not enough time for the Kenyans to ready themselves and the games finally opened in August 1987. The Games have kept to the four-year schedule since this edition. A torch was relayed from Nairobi to the Kenyan coast, the Kenyan highlands and back to Nairobi where World Champion John Ngugi carried it into the stadium in front of an enthusiastic crowd of 80,000. Organizational difficulties with housing and facilities, typical in events such as these, were evident in the Nairobi Games as well, but in the end the Games concluded without undue calamity. Egypt won the soccer final against the hosts Kenya on the final day, and again topped the medals table. At the closing ceremony, the torch was passed to Cairo, Egypt to begin preparations for the Vth All-Africa Games in 1991. ## Medal table {#medal_table}

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# 1987 All-Africa Games ## Sports ### Athletics Three athletes, two female and one male, won more than one event: - Selina Chirchir, Kenya (800 metres and 1500 metres) - Maria Usifo, Nigeria (100 m hurdles and 400 m hurdles) - Adewale Olukoju, Nigeria (shot put and discus throw) In addition, Nigeria won all four relay races; 4x100 metres and 4x400 metres for men and for women. Some new women\'s events were added: 3000 metres, 10000 metres, 400 metres hurdles and 5000 metres track walk. Additionally, the obsoleted pentathlon event was replaced by the heptathlon. ### Basketball - Men: 1. Angola, 2. Senegal - Women: 1. Zaire ### Boxing ### Field hockey {#field_hockey} Field hockey was part of the games for the first time. The venue was City Park Hockey Stadium. - Men: 1. Kenya, 2. Zimbabwe, 3. Egypt, 4. Ghana, 5. Tanzania, 7. Zambia ### Football The football tournament was won by Egypt. It was the first Games in which the host country did not win, although the host Kenya finished second. Malawi won their first All-Africa medal. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | !align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"gold\"\|**Gold:** | !align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"silver\"\|**Silver:** | !align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#CC9966\"\|**Bronze:** | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | | | | | Coach: | Coach: Reinhard Fabisch | Coach: Reuben Malola | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ ### Handball - Men: 1. Algeria, 2. Congo, 3. Egypt - Women: 1. Cote d\'Ivoire, 2. Congo, 3. Cameroon ### Table tennis {#table_tennis} ### Taekwondo The taekwondo competition took place at Desai Memorial Hall between August 1 and August 4, 1987. The men\'s winners were: Weight Winner Nationality --------- ----------------- ------------- Fin Anthony Mensah Ghana Fly John Kariuki Kenya Bantam John Phafoli Lesotho Feather Molise Tau Lesotho Light Dominic Kim Nigeria Welter Osborne Kunenei Swaziland Middle Anthony Ilukhor Nigeria Heavy Pius Ilukhor Nigeria ### Volleyball - Men: 1. Cameroon, 2. Algeria, 3. Nigeria - Women: 1. Egypt, 2. Kenya, 3

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# Xenin **Xenin** is a peptide hormone secreted from the chromogranin A-positive enteroendocrine cells called the K-cells in the mucous membrane of the duodenum and stomach of the upper gut. The peptide has been found in humans, dogs, pigs, rats, and rabbits. In humans, xenin circulates in the blood plasma. There is a relationship between peaks of xenin concentration in the plasma and the third phase of the Migrating Motor Complex. For example, infusion of synthetic xenin in fasting volunteers will cause phase III activity. After a meal (the \'postprandial state\'), infusion of xenin increases both frequency and the percentage of aborally propagated contractions. In higher concentrations xenin stimulates exocrine pancreatic secretion and inhibits the gastrin-stimulated secretion of acid in dogs. Xenin is also produced in neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenal mucosa. *In vitro*, xenin interacts with the neurotensin receptor 1. ## Structure and sequence {#structure_and_sequence} Xenin is a 25-amino acid polypeptide. The amino acid sequence of xenin is identical to the N-terminal end of cytoplasmic coatomer subunit alpha, from which xenin can be cleaved by aspartic proteases. Xenin is structurally related to the amphibian peptide xenopsin and to the neuropeptide neurotensin. Surpassed by insulin, xenin reflects the second highest degree of homology traced along the evolutionary tree among the regulatory peptides, indicating its prominent structural conservatism. ## Proxenin Proxenin is the precursor to xenin. It is a 35-amino acid polypeptide. Like xenin, its amino acid sequence exactly matches the N-terminus of coatomer subunit alpha. ## As a drug target {#as_a_drug_target} Xenin promotes beta-cell survival and xenin has been evaluated in animal models of obesity and diabetes where it has demonstrated an antidiabetic potential. In humans, co-administration of xenin-25 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) reduces postprandial glycemia by delaying gastric emptying

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# Oregon Route 39 **Oregon Route 39** is an Oregon state highway that runs between the city of Klamath Falls in Southern Oregon, and the California border between Merrill, Oregon, and Tulelake, California. ## Route description {#route_description} Oregon Route 39 begins at an interchange with U.S. Route 97, north of downtown Klamath Falls, and just west of the main campus of the Oregon Institute of Technology. For the first 5 mi of its existence, it is an urban expressway, known locally as either **Crater Lake Parkway**, the **Alameda Bypass**, or as the **East Side Bypass**, that skirts the eastern edge of Klamath Falls. The northernmost mile or so is shared with **U.S. Route 97 Business**, which departs from OR 39 and heads downtown via **Esplanade Street**. East of the junction with Main Street, OR 39 continues in a southeasterly direction, skirting the main business district. The East Side Bypass ends at an intersection with **South 6th Street**, in the eastern suburb of Altamont. OR 39 then heads east-southeast on South 6th street for several more miles, until an intersection with Oregon Route 140. From U.S. Route 97, including the concurrency with U.S. 97 Business, to its departure from OR 140, including the concurrency, OR 39 consists of concurrent parts of the **Klamath Falls-Malin Highway No. 50** (see Oregon highways and routes) and the Klamath Falls-Lakeview Highway No. 20. At that intersection, OR 39 then turns due south, and is now known as the Klamath Falls-Malin Highway. OR 39 shares an alignment with OR 140 for about two miles (3 km), until OR 140 west diverges once again as the **Southside Expressway**. OR 39 then leave the Klamath Falls metropolitan area, and heads south-southeast for about 12 mi, until it reaches the town of Merrill. The highway then turns due east, running parallel to the California border. About 2 mi east of Merrill, OR 39 and the Klamath Falls-Malin Highway depart; with the latter continuing east towards Malin, and OR 39 turning southeast. It runs southeast for 2 more miles as the **Hatfield Highway No. 426** ending at the California border. The highway continues into California as State Route 139, which continues on to Tulelake, Canby, California, and other points in Northern California. At the state line is an intersection with State Route 161. Via State Route 299 and U.S. Route 395, one may continue on to Reno, Nevada. ## History At one point in the past, OR 39 (or its predecessor) continued east into Malin, Oregon from the junction between Malin and Merrill; then headed southeast (reuniting with SR 139 south of Tulelake, CA). This stretch of road continues to be known as the Klamath Falls-Malin Highway within Oregon, and has an ODOT Highway number (*not* a route number) of 50. It is unclear whether or not this highway will ever be signed. Prior to the construction of the Eastside Bypass, OR 39 used to run through Klamath Falls via 6th Street, through downtown, exiting downtown via Oregon Avenue. (This also was a prior alignment for Oregon Route 140; Oregon Avenue continues west past US 97, until it ends at a junction with OR 140 west of town. Portions of this route are currently signed as *OR 39 Business*

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3,732,698

# Fernando María Guerrero **Fernando María Guerrero Ramírez** (May 30, 1873 -- June 12, 1929) was a Filipino, poet, journalist, lawyer, politician, and polyglot who became a significant figure during the Philippines\' golden period of Spanish literature, a period ranging from 1890 to the outbreak of World War II in 1940. ## Biography Guerrero was born to a highly educated family. His father was the painter and art teacher Lorenzo Guerrero, who was largely known for mentoring gifted artists like Juan Luna, Felix Hidalgo, and Juan Arellano in the art school Academia de Dibujo y Pintura. His mother was Clamencia Ramirez. His uncle is the famous botanist and pharmacist León María Guerrero, the brother of his father Lorenzo. They belong to the nation\'s most prominent families. He began writing literature at a young age. He excelled in the facility of language and obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and the Bachelor of Laws degree at the University of Santo Tomas and wrote journals during the years 1898 to 1900. He became a lawyer and he taught criminology and forensic oratory. He served as chairman of the board of study at the law school La Jurisprudencia (The Jurisprudence). He also became a councilor, secretary of the senate and secretary of the Philippine Independence commission. He was also a director of the Academia de Leyes (Academy of Regulation). Apart from Spanish, Guerrero spoke Tagalog, Latin, Greek, and English. During the revolution he was recruited by General Antonio Luna to serve as contributor and editor for the newspaper, *La Independencia*, together with Rafael Palma and Epifanio de los Santos. During the early years of the American occupation, he would be reunited with Rafael Palma at *El Renacimiento (The Rebirth),* a Spanish-language daily. In a few years, he would transition from the position of editor to director. Under Guerrero\'s leadership as its director, *El Renaciemento* would become the most influential and powerful paper in the Philippines---exposing and speaking against the oppression and brutality of the constabulary. After a brief stint in politics he became an editor at *La Vanguardia (The Outer works)* and *La Opinion (The Opinion)*. He was a member of the First Philippine Assembly representing Manila\'s 2nd district, the *Academia Filipina (Philippine Academy)* and also became a leader of the Municipal Board of Manila. He was also a correspondent to the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language in Madrid. His poetry book *Crisálidas* was published in 1914. Subsequently, he published another verse compilation called *Aves y Flores*. Guerrero died on June 12, 1929, coinciding with that year\'s anniversary of the *República Filipina (Philippine Republic)*. A school in Paco, Manila, was named after him in his honor. ## Poetry A 1913 poem written by Guerrero: ### Original in Spanish {#original_in_spanish} ### English translation {#english_translation} `{{cquote| '''To Spain''' O, Noble Spain! Today This song is for thee A song that comes from afar Like an old love Trembling, palpitating Fragrant with tradition Opening its candid wings Under the goldness of that sun of yours Which we've received into our souls With the fire of thy voice In whose brightness ride The stallions of hope. My race adored the glory Of the beauty of the Spanish tongue That is spoken by the Quixotes From this Malay region, Where new Sanchos would like that we instead spoke in Saxon tongue

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# Lake County Lakers The **Lake County Lakers** was a franchise in the International Basketball League, that played home games in Lake County, Illinois

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# Nebraska's 6th congressional district **Nebraska\'s 6th congressional district** is an obsolete district. It was created after the 1890 census and abolished after the 1930 census. ## List of members representing the district {#list_of_members_representing_the_district} +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Member | Party | Years of Service | Cong\ | Electoral history | | | | | ress | | +===================================================================+===============+================================+=======+====================================================================================+ | District established March 4, 1893 | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Populist | nowrap \| March 4, 1893 --\ | | Redistricted from the `{{ushr|Nebraska|3|C}}`{=mediawiki} and re-elected in 1892.\ | | **Omer M. Kem**\ | | March 3, 1897 | | Re-elected in 1894.\ | | `{{Small|([[Broken Bow, Nebraska|Broken Bow]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Populist | nowrap \| March 4, 1897 --\ | | Elected in 1896.\ | | **William L. Greene**\ | | March 11, 1899 | | Re-elected in 1898.\ | | `{{Small|([[Kearney, Nebraska|Kearney]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Died. | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| March 11, 1899 --\ | | | | | | November 7, 1899 | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Populist | nowrap \| November 7, 1899 --\ | | Elected to finish Greene\'s term.\ | | **William Neville**\ | | March 3, 1903 | | Re-elected in 1900.\ | | `{{Small|([[North Platte, Nebraska|North Platte]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Retired. | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1903 --\ | | Elected in 1902.\ | | **Moses P. Kinkaid**\ | | July 6, 1922 | | Re-elected in 1904.\ | | `{{Small|([[O'Neill, Nebraska|O'Neill]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1906.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1908.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1910.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1912.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1914.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1916.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1918.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1920.\ | | | | | | Died. | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | *Vacant* | | nowrap \| July 6, 1922 --\ | | | | | | November 7, 1922 | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| November 7, 1922 --\ | | Elected to finish Kinkaid\'s term.\ | | **Augustin R. Humphrey**\ | | March 3, 1923 | | Retired. | | `{{Small|([[Broken Bow, Nebraska|Broken Bow]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+-------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | \ | \| Republican | nowrap \| March 4, 1923 --\ | | Elected in 1922.\ | | **Robert G. Simmons**\ | | March 3, 1933 | | Re-elected in 1924.\ | | `{{Small|([[Scottsbluff, Nebraska|Scottsbluff]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | Re-elected in 1926.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1928.\ | | | | | | Re-elected in 1930.\ | | | | | | Redistricted to the `{{ushr|NE|5|C}}`{=mediawiki} and lost re-election

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# Lăzarea **Lăzarea** (*Gyergyószárhegy* or colloquially *Szárhegy*, Hungarian pronunciation: `{{convertIPA-hu|’|gy|e|r|gy|ó|sz|á|r|h|e|gy}}`{=mediawiki}, meaning *Bald Mountain in Gyergyó*) is a commune in Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania, and is composed of two villages, Ghiduț (*Güdüc*) and Lăzarea. The commune is one of the oldest settlements in the area, and is now a tourist and cultural centre. It has various local attractions, including the Lázár Castle (1450). It is located in the central-north part of the county, at the foot of the Căliman-Harghita Mountains, on the banks of the river Lăzarea. ## History The history of the village is closely interwoven with that of the Lázár family. Its first written mention is from 1482 when a certain Erzsébet Bíró of Kide warned a Székely named Lázár of *Zarhegh* and Péter Szilvási to beware of disposing of the estate of Kide to which she was entitled under the title of bride price and dower. In 1576, its name was recorded as *Szárhegy*, in 1888 as *Gyergyó-Szárhegy*. Its original Romanian name derived from the Hungarian Gyergyószárhegy as *Giugeu-Sarheghi* which was modified to the current official name after 1918. The commune belonged administratively to the Székely seat of Gyergyószék, subsequently absorbed into Csíkszék district, until the administrative reform of Transylvania in 1876, when it fell within Csík County in the Kingdom of Hungary. In the aftermath of World War I and the Hungarian--Romanian War of 1918--1919, the village passed under Romanian administration; after the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, like the rest of Transylvania, it became part of the Kingdom of Romania. During the interwar period it fell within Plasa Gheorgheni of Ciuc County. In 1940, the Second Vienna Award granted Northern Transylvania to Hungary and the village was held by Hungary until 1944. After Soviet occupation, the Romanian administration returned and the village became officially part of Romania in March 1945. Between 1952 and 1960, the commune belonged to the Ciuc raion of the Magyar Autonomous Region, and between 1960 and 1968 to the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region. In 1968, the province was abolished, and since then, the commune has been part of Harghita County. ## Demographics The commune has an absolute Székely (Hungarian) majority. According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 3,424, of which 96.38% are Hungarians and 1.14% are Romanians.

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# Lăzarea ## The Lázár Castle {#the_lázár_castle} The Lázár Castle was built between 1450 and 1532 in several stages. In the late 16th century, Druzsina, daughter of István Lázár married Farkas Bethlen de Iktár, and to this marriage was born the future Prince of Transylvania Gabriel Bethlen. He was brought up in the castle and his upstairs room in the gate tower can still be seen unto this day. In 1631, the castle was expanded and altered into a magnificent Renaissance manor house, towers and curtain walls were also built. It became one of the important military and administrative centers of the Székely Land. On September 6, 1658, a team of Szeklers led by a student named Gábor Székely defeated the invading Tatars and Moldavians. The dead were buried on a hill below the village, which is called until today *Tatarhill*. A plaque was put up in 1908 in memory of the battle. The Szekely Land was often hit by Ottoman invasions and on one occasion, the castle was seriously damaged. During the Hungarian War of Independence of Ferenc II Rákóczi, Ferenc Lázár supported the operations of the kuruc troops. In 1707, when the imperial army marched into Transylvania, Ferenc Lázár had to flee to the Csángós in Moldavia. Imperial general Acton set fire to the castle and only a bastion remained intact. After the Peace of Szatmár, Ferenc Lazár pledged allegiance to the Habsburg Emperor and thus was able to keep his estates. When the castle was burned down again in 1748, the family, was not able any more to restore all parts of it, and what was restored was made partly from donations of the villagers. Finally in 1842, it was almost completely destroyed by another fire. In the 19th century, the financial status of the Lázár family started to deteriorate and only the gate tower remained suitable for habitation. After the last Lázár heir, Zsigmond and his wife, left the castle in 1853, it fell even further into decay. Nowadays, much of the castle has been renovated. Renovation of the Renaissance murals started in 1987 with the help of UNESCO. ## Landmarks - The Lázár Castle - The Franciscan monastery in Lăzarea - The Roman Catholic in Lăzarea - The Saint Anthony chapel - The \"Sculpture Park\" ## Transportation The Lăzarea railway station serves the Căile Ferate Române Line 400, which runs from Brașov to Satu Mare. ## Notable people {#notable_people} - Johannes Caioni (1629--1687), Transylvanian Franciscan friar, architect, musician, and humanist who lived and worked in the village. - János Koós (1937--2019}, Hungarian singer and actor was born here

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Lăzarea

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# Moshe Atzmon **Moshe Atzmon** (*משה עצמון*; born 30 July 1931) is an Israeli conductor. He was born **Móse Grószberger** in Budapest, and at the age of thirteen he emigrated with his family to Tel Aviv, Israel. He started his musical career on the horn before going to London for further studies in conducting. He has won several conducting prizes and held many positions with major orchestras. He was chief conductor of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra from 1967 to 1971 and the Sinfonieorchester Basel from 1972 to 1986. He was chief conductor of orchestras in Tokyo, Nagoya, and Rennes and of the Dortmunder Philharmoniker

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# Secrets of a Successful Marriage \"**Secrets of a Successful Marriage**\" is the twenty-second and final episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series *The Simpsons*. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 19, 1994. In the episode, Homer fears he may be a little slow, so he goes to the adult education center. While there, he decides to teach a class of his own on the secrets of a successful marriage, since that is the only class he is qualified to teach. However, to keep his students interested, he is forced to tell personal secrets about his wife Marge, which she dislikes on learning of, leading up to Homer getting kicked out of the house. The episode was written by Greg Daniels and directed by Carlos Baeza. It features cultural references to the plays *Cat on a Hot Tin Roof* and *A Streetcar Named Desire*, and the films *\...And Justice for All*, *A Few Good Men*, *Patton*, and *Chinatown*. The episode has been analyzed in books such as *Leaving Springfield* and *Education in Popular Culture*. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 9.8, and was the second highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired. ## Plot Homer is disheartened to learn that all of his peers, including his family, believe he is \"slow\". Marge advises Homer to take an adult education course. While looking at available courses, Homer decides to teach a class himself, and is soon hired to teach a class about how to build a successful marriage. On the first day of class, Homer is unable to help his students with their relationship problems. As the students begin leaving, Homer mentions his conversation with Marge in bed and the students, eager to hear gossip, decide to stay. To the students\' delight, Homer begins telling them personal secrets about Marge. After hearing Homer\'s students mention her personal secrets, Marge confronts Homer. He promises to stop revealing personal secrets in class, but relents after realizing his students are not interested in his other teaching material. To impress his pupils, Homer invites them to his house to observe the family having dinner, but when Moe mentions another personal secret, a furious Marge chases the students away and evicts Homer from the house, as she is no longer able to trust him in any matter. With nowhere to go, Homer sleeps in Bart\'s treehouse. Bart and Lisa worry their parents will get divorced. Attempting to make amends, Homer returns to the house with flowers for Marge, but is disheartened to learn Moe has already given Marge flowers. As he turns to leave, Homer realizes he can only offer Marge one thing: complete and utter dependency. Marge is hesitant at first, but she and Homer reconcile when she realizes he makes her feel needed.

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# Secrets of a Successful Marriage ## Production The episode was written by Greg Daniels and directed by Carlos Baeza. It was the second script Daniels wrote for the show. He thought the staff had previously done many episodes where Homer \"wasn\'t good at anything\", so he tried to figure out something Homer was really good at, and he came up with the idea of Homer being a good husband. While Bart had been the star of the show during the early years, by Season 5, the focus had shifted to Homer. Writer/showrunner Al Jean stated that because Homer is an adult character, he has more depth to him and thus storyline possibilities. Showrunner David Mirkin commented: \"Bart, to write him accurately as a child, he can only have so much depth at a certain age. With Homer, we try to explore all levels of adulthood. There are just more places to go. Writing Homer properly is the trick, he\'s our main rock of the whole series. Homer\'s IQ is fairly flexible, he won\'t necessarily understand how to open a door at some point, but he can name the Supreme Court justices. Finding that balance is key to making the show work and making it surprising and making it believable and emotionally grounded.\" Mirkin was very fond of the fact that Homer and Marge have the biggest fight they have ever had on the show in the episode, and he thought it was a \"really great\" exploration of their marriage. He noticed that because Homer is thrown out of the house, the audience really worry about their relationship. Mirkin had been asked many times why Marge and Homer are still together, to which he replied that all people stay together even if they argue, \"there\'s some sort of connection\".

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# Secrets of a Successful Marriage ## Analysis It was revealed in a flashback in the episode that Smithers was briefly married to a woman, but the two split up when he devoted too much time to his boss Mr. Burns. Smithers\'s relationship with Mr. Burns has long been a running joke on *The Simpsons*. His sexual orientation has often come into question, with some fans claiming he is a \"Burns-sexual\" and only attracted to his boss, while others maintain that he is, without a doubt, gay. Matthew Henry wrote in the book *Leaving Springfield* that this episode is \"perhaps the best\" example of an attempt to portray an actual gay lifestyle on the show. Henry added that the flashback is a \"wonderfully rendered parody of scenes from two of Tennessee Williams\'s most famous plays, *Cat on a Hot Tin Roof* and *A Streetcar Named Desire*. To fully appreciate it, one must know something of not only the two plays cited but also of Williams himself, of his own struggles with both heterosexual and homosexual desires and the way in which these struggles were incorporated into his art. The creators of *The Simpsons* offer what I think is a perfect parallel for the relationship between Smithers and Mr. Burns by combining Williams\'s two most notable male characters and their defining characteristics: the suppressed homosexual desire of Brick and desperate dependence of Stanley.\" In their book *Education in Popular Culture*, Alma Harris, Roy Fisher, Ann Harris, and Christine Jarvis analyzes the adult education aspects of this episode that portrays adult learners as \"stupid and lazy\". The show initially makes it seem like adult education tutors have a relatively high status in society. \"However,\" the authors added, \"Homer\'s pride is undercut for the audience by the awareness of how he came to be appointed and by the subsequent representation of the adult education center\".

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# Secrets of a Successful Marriage ## Reception In its original American broadcast, \"Secrets of a Successful Marriage\" finished forty-third in the ratings for the week of May 16 to May 22, 1994, with a Nielsen rating of 9.8. The episode was the second highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, following *Melrose Place*. Since airing, the episode has received positive reviews from television critics. The authors of the book *I Can\'t Believe It\'s a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide*, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, thought it was a \"confident finale\" to the fifth season, which \"had seen the series become progressively more surreal and self-aware.\" DVD Movie Guide\'s Colin Jacobson wrote in December, 2004, that he thought the episode ended the season with a \"high note\", and that Homer's insensitive gossiping about his relationship \"presents lots of good bits. It completes this excellent year well.\" Jacobson\'s favorite line of the episode was \"This is a place of learning, not a house of hearing about things!\", which Homer tells his class after they demand him to reveal more secrets about him and Marge. Also reviewing the season in December 2004, Bill Gibron of DVD Talk gave the episode a score of 4 out of 5. In his review of the Season 5 box set in early 2005, Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a grade of A−, and commented that episodes focusing on the relationship between Homer and Marge can \"never fail\", and there are \"numerous opportunities for some classic Homer-isms\" in the episode. In an interview with *Entertainment Weekly* in March 2006, one-time *Simpsons* writer and comedian Ricky Gervais named \"Secrets of a Successful Marriage\" his fifth favorite episode of the show, and commented that Homer\'s line to Marge, \"I know now what I can offer you that no one else can. Complete and utter dependence,\" is \"so sweet, because he\'s right!\" It ranked seventh on *Today*\'s top ten *The Simpsons* episodes list in July, 2007. They felt the episode embodied Homer\'s qualities of being \"stupid, good-natured and mildly pathetic, \[\...\] from his conversations with his brain \[\...\] to his final proclamation that the one thing he can give Marge that no one else can is \'complete and utter dependence\'

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# Sensations of 1945 ***Sensations of 1945*** is a 1944 American musical-comedy film directed by Andrew Stone and starring Eleanor Powell. Released by United Artists, the film was an attempt to recapture the ensemble style of films such as *Broadway Melody of 1936* by showcasing a number of top musical and comedy acts of the day, in a film linked together by a loose storyline. *Sensations of 1945* stars dancer Powell and Dennis O\'Keefe as two rival publicists who fall in love, but the film\'s main purpose is to showcase a variety of different acts, ranging from tightrope walking to comedy to Powell\'s athletic tap dancing. The rollicking supporting cast features W.C. Fields in his final role the year before his death, C. Aubrey Smith, Eugene Pallette, dancer David Lichine, Lyle Talbot, Sophie Tucker, jazz pianist Dorothy Donegan, Cab Calloway, Woody Herman, jazz pianist/composer Gene Rodgers, and Les Paul. The picture is notable for several reasons. It was Powell\'s first and only film after leaving Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, where she became a star nearly a decade earlier; it was also her final starring role in a film, after which she would only make a cameo in MGM\'s *Duchess of Idaho* in 1950 and some unused footage of her would appear in a 1946 MGM compilation, *The Great Morgan*. Powell\'s dance inside a giant pinball machine (as part of the song, \"Spin Little Pinball\") has been cited by critics variously as both a highlight and as the nadir of her film career. Hubert Castle plays the role of Olaf, "The Great Gustafson"; the setting of Olaf's high-wire publicity stunt is the Royal Gorge in Colorado. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music Scoring. ## Plot ## Cast - Eleanor Powell as Ginny Walker - Dennis O\'Keefe as Junior Crane - C. Aubrey Smith as Dan Lindsey - Eugene Pallette as Gus Crane - Mimi Forsythe as Julia Westcott - Lyle Talbot as Randall - Hubert Castle as The Great Gustafson - W. C. Fields as himself - Sophie Tucker as herself - Dorothy Donegan as herself - The Christianis as Themselves - Pallenberg Bears as Themselves - Cab Calloway and His Band as Themselves - Woody Herman and His Band as Themselves - David Lichine as himself - Richard Hageman as Pendergast - Marie Blake as Miss Grear - Stanley Andrews as Mr

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# 1991 All-Africa Games The **5th All-Africa Games** (*الألعاب الإفريقية الخامس*), also known as **Cairo 1991** (*القاهرة 1991*), were held from September 20 to October 1, 1991, in Cairo, Egypt. Forty-three countries participated in eighteen sports. For the first time the Games were held on a four-year cycle as planned. Egypt had hoped to use the Games to showcase the city of Cairo for a possible Olympic bid. The plan fell through after organizational difficulties once again plagued the Games. A stampede of spectators trying to get in to see the Opening Ceremonies got the Games off to a bad start. Many IOC officials and dignitaries were unable to make it into the stadium in the confusion and returned to their hotels to watch the ceremony on television. African athletes had claimed seven world championships at the previous months World Athletics Championships. Only one, steeplechaser Moses Kiptanui, decided to participate in Cairo. Highly partisan crowds, which were granted free admission to the events by the Egyptian government, filled the stadiums throughout the games, cheering the home team to another placing at the top of the medals table. It was Namibia\'s first participation in the world arena. The team proudly returned with four gold medals, two silver medals and seven bronze medals. ## Participating sports {#participating_sports} - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ## Medal table {#medal_table} ## Athletics Three athletes, two female and one male, won more than one event: - Frankie Fredericks, Namibia (100 metres and 200 metres) - Susan Sirma, Kenya (1500 metres and 3000 metres) - Hanan Ahmed Khaled, Egypt (shot put and discus throw) In addition, Nigeria won three of the four relay races; 4x100 metres for men and women as well as women\'s 4x400 metres. No new events were added. ## Field hockey {#field_hockey} - Men: 1. Egypt, 2. Kenya, 3. Zimbabwe, 4. Ghana, 5. Nigeria ## Soccer The soccer tournament was transformed to a U-23 competition. It was won by Cameroon, and it was the first Games in which the host country did not win a medal. The final was played on 30 September 1991, where Cameroon won against Tunisia (1-0). Nigeria won the third-place match on the same day against Zimbabwe (3-0)

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# Web Woman ***Web Woman*** is a television series that originally aired as part of *Tarzan and the Super 7* by Filmation. Web Woman is the alias of Kelly Webster. Web Woman\'s voice was provided by actress Linda Gary. ## Series format {#series_format} Kelly is a NASA scientist turned farmer who saves the life of a tall, thin insectoid alien when he is swept into a raging river during a thunderstorm. In gratitude, the alien presents her with a special ring with a black widow \"hourglass\" design which grants her the powers of the entire insect kingdom. The alien proves to be an agent of the mysterious entity named Scarab, the guardian of the space station Citadel 7, who communicates with her via a huge crystal orb in the secret lair hidden in a cavern beneath her barn. Exactly how she came into contact with Scarab after receiving the ring was not specified in any of the cartoons, but she becomes Web Woman soon afterward. In the episode \"The Lady in The Lamp\", Scarab is implied to be immortal, or at least extremely long-lived as he had mentioned imprisoning the evil entity Ashta 10,000 years prior to meeting Kelly. Her transformation from Kelly Webster into Web Woman is brought on by a vocal command, combined with the power of the ring, that is spoken like this: *\"Insects of the world\...small creatures of the cosmos\...**lend me your powers\--NOW!\"*** Although the full range of her powers are never displayed completely, Web Woman\'s most common ability is the power to communicate mentally with insects. ### Clothing, allies, and equipment {#clothing_allies_and_equipment} Ordinarily she is seen with a white shirt and tan slacks. When Kelly turns into Web Woman, her outfit changes into a purple leotard with a W-shaped collar, a matching belt, matching boots, and a matching skullcap with an attached antennae-like W-shaped black mask. She has a variety of weapons, such as a rope-like \"web-line\" that unspools from her utility belt and obeys her commands, and the ring can produce sleeping gas, an energy beam that solidifies into a spider web for ensnaring enemies, and a force field of energized webbing. Web Woman is aided in her missions for Scarab by a cute plump and furry green alien with bat-like ears, big buck teeth and large black eyes who responds to the name of Spinner. While the shrilly-gibbering little space creature is often used for comic relief, he is also an expert mechanic and has the ability to curl up into a ball and roll at high speed so that he can bowl over the enemies Web Woman fights. Together they travel in a spider-shaped, eight-legged flying saucer she calls the Web-Trac. The Web-Trac can burrow through the ground as easily as it flies through space. ### Enemies Web Woman heeds the *Web Call* from Scarab to fight such enemies as Dr. Abyss, Madame Macabre, Dr. Jack Frankenstein, Rax, Dr. Despair, Mr. Perfect, and Tsetse. ## Episodes 1. \"The Rainmaker\" (written by Don Heckman) 2. \"The Eye of the Fly\" (written by Gerry Boudreau, Len Janson, Don Heckman, Buzz Dixon, and Chuck Menville) 3. \"The World Within\" (written by J. Michael Reaves) 4. \"Madame Macabre\'s Calamity Circus\" (written by Patrick Harmon) 5. \"Red Snails at Sunset\" (written by Kathleen Barnes and David Wise) 6. \"Send in the Clones\" (written by Gerry Boudreau) 7. \"The Sun Thief\" (written by William S. Lipsher) 8. \"Dr. Despair and the Mood Machine\" (written by Buzz Dixon) 9. \"The Perfect Crime\" (written by Gerry Boudreau) 10. \"The Lady in the Lamp\" (written by Buzz Dixon) ## Parallels to other comics characters {#parallels_to_other_comics_characters} ### DC Comics {#dc_comics} Web Woman\'s origin, that of a Terrestrial human saving the life of an alien whose reward to the human is a grant of super-human powers, usually through an alien artifact of some sort, is a parallel of that of the DC Comics character Lana Lang, during the Silver Age of Comics, becoming a crusader who used the primary alias of The Insect Queen and was featured in the pages of *Superboy,* a comic-book series that dealt with the adventures of Superman when he was a boy.`{{Issue needed|date=February 2017}}`{=mediawiki} It is also similar, though not identical, to that of Hal Jordan becoming the Green Lantern in the Silver Age Of Comics. (It is not identical because Jordan\'s benefactor, Abin Sur, died just after he had benefitted Jordan.)`{{Issue needed|date=February 2017}}`{=mediawiki} ### Marvel Web Woman\'s primary alias, real name, origin story, and list of abilities and equipment all had to be revised after Marvel Comics learned of Filmation Associates\'s plans. Marvel rather hastily created Spider-Woman, real name Jessica Drew, in the pages of *Marvel Spotlight* to seize ownership of the copyright

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# Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt **Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt** (5 May 1900`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}28 May 1973) was a German conductor and composer. After studying at several music academies, he worked in German opera houses between 1923 and 1945, first as a répétiteur and then in increasingly senior conducting posts, ending as Generalmusikdirektor of the Deutsche Oper Berlin. After the Second World War, Schmidt-Isserstedt was invited by the occupying British forces to form the Northwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra, of which he was musical director and chief conductor from 1945 to 1971. He was a frequent guest conductor for leading symphony orchestras around the world, and returned to opera from time to time, including appearances at Glyndebourne and Covent Garden as well as the Hamburg State Opera. Schmidt-Isserstedt was known for his transparent orchestral textures, strict rhythmic precision, and rejection of superfluous gestures and mannerisms on the rostrum. His extensive recorded legacy features the Austro-German classics with which he was widely associated, but also includes works by Czech, English, French, Italian and Russian composers. ## Life and career {#life_and_career} ### Early years {#early_years} Schmidt-Isserstedt was born in Berlin on 5 May 1900. He studied composition with Franz Schreker at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik, and was also a student at the universities of Heidelberg and Münster and Berlin. At the last of these he wrote a doctoral dissertation on the Italian influences on the instrumentation of Mozart\'s early operas. Early music influences on him included the conductors Arthur Nikisch and Felix Weingartner. In 1923, Schmidt-Isserstedt joined the Wuppertal Opera as a répétiteur. He held conducting positions at the Stadttheater Rostock (1928--1931), conducting the municipal orchestra, and of the Staatstheater Darmstadt (1931--1933). In 1935 he was appointed of first conductor at the Hamburg State Opera, a post he held until 1943. In that year moved to the Deutsche Oper Berlin as director of opera, and became Generalmusikdirektor there the following year. He managed to hold these senior posts -- and to be put on the Gottbegnadeten list of the Third Reich\'s élite artists -- despite avoiding joining the Nazi Party, and having a Jewish wife, whom he sent to England for safety, with their two sons, in 1936.

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# Hans Schmidt-Isserstedt ## Life and career {#life_and_career} ### Post-war {#post_war} In 1945, after the end of the Second World War, the occupying British forces set up a new radio station, the Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk, based in Hamburg. The director-general, Hugh Greene, appointed Schmidt-Isserstedt as director of music, and tasked him with assembling and training a symphony orchestra for the station. The conductor\'s biographer Hubert Rübsaat writes that he formed an orchestra \"out of nowhere\" (\"aus dem Nichts\"). He took as his models the BBC Symphony Orchestra in London and the NBC Symphony Orchestra in New York -- orchestras formed primarily for broadcasting, with the highest standards of playing. It took him six months to bring the new Northwest German Radio Symphony Orchestra (NWDR SO) to the standard he required, and in November 1945 he conducted its first public concert. In a survey of radio orchestras in 1955, *The Musical Times* commented that the NWDR SO had quickly been recognised as \"fit to challenge even the Berlin Philharmonic\". For the next 26 years, Schmidt-Isserstedt remained musical director of the NWDR SO. He invited many guest conductors to work with the orchestra, but its regular studio broadcasts were mostly under his direction. He introduced a public concert season, giving ten programmes a year. The repertoire was wide, including works by composers whose music had been banned by the Nazis, such as Bartók, Stravinsky and Hindemith and recent works by Tippett, Britten and other contemporary composers. Schmidt-Isserstedt and the orchestra toured abroad, playing in France, Britain, the USSR and the US. From 1955 to 1964, he combined his duties at Hamburg with those of principal conductor of the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra, and he appeared as a guest conductor with more than 120 orchestras in the principal musical centres around the world. Schmidt-Isserstedt returned to opera from time to time. His first post-war opera production was Purcell\'s *Dido and Aeneas* at the Hamburg State Opera, and in the late 1940s he gave the first German performances of Britten\'s version of *The Beggar\'s Opera*. For Glyndebourne Festival Opera, both at its base in Sussex and at the Edinburgh Festival, he conducted *Così fan tutte*, *Le Comte Ory*, *Ariadne auf Naxos* and *The Soldier\'s Tale*, and a celebrated series of performances of *The Marriage of Figaro* (1958), with a cast he considered near ideal, including Geraint Evans, Pilar Lorengar, Graziella Sciutti and Teresa Berganza. At the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, he conducted *Tristan und Isolde* with Wolfgang Windgassen and Birgit Nilsson in the title roles (1962) and *Der fliegende Holländer* with Donald McIntyre as the Dutchman (1972). Among Schmidt-Isserstedt\'s own compositions were songs, the opera *Hassan gewinnt* (Rostock, 1928), and works for orchestra. Schmidt-Isserstedt died in Holm, Pinneberg, near Hamburg, on 28 May 1973, aged 73. *The Times* summed up his achievements: `{{blockindent|Schmidt-Isserstedt aimed at a transparent orchestral texture and strict rhythmic precision, rejecting all superfluous gestures and mannerisms. After World War II he became an advocate of Bartók, Stravinsky and Hindemith, whose music had long been outlawed in Germany. But his chief love was Mozart, whose works he conducted in a remarkably relaxed and delicate way. This is shown particularly by his recordings of ''[[Idomeneo]]'' and ''[[La finta giardiniera]]''.<ref name=times/>|}}`{=mediawiki} ## Recordings Schmidt-Isserstedt was active in the recording studio from 1934 onwards. His early discs included a series of concerto performances with the violinist Georg Kulenkampff, described by *The Times* as \"wonderful\". They were made for Telefunken, and included the violin concertos of Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Schumann and Brahms. After the war, Schmidt-Isserstedt recorded for many companies, including Decca. *The Times* describes Schmidt-Isserstedt\'s 1953 recording of Dvořák\'s Seventh Symphony with the NWDR SO as \"a classic\". That recording was produced by John Culshaw. but Schmidt-Issersted\'s son Erik Smith later joined the company and produced many of his father\'s recordings. Among the major projects Schmidt-Isserstedt undertook for Decca was a cycle of the Beethoven piano concertos with Wilhelm Backhaus and the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra recorded in 1958--59, and a cycle of the nine Beethoven symphonies, with the same orchestra, recorded between 1965 and 1969. *The Times* said of them, \"they are typically sane, searching interpretations, quite free from personal mannerisms, and so highly recommendable for long acquaintance\". When Erik Smith left Decca to work for Philips Records, his father began to record for that company. His last recording, made shortly before his sudden death, was Brahms\'s First Piano Concerto with Alfred Brendel and the Concertgebouw Orchestra. Although he was associated with the Austro-German classics, his recorded repertoire included works by Czech, English, French, Italian and Russian composers

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# 1995 All-Africa Games The **6th All-Africa Games**, also known as **Harare 1995**, were played from 13 to 23 September 1995 in Harare, Zimbabwe. 46 countries participated in eighteen sports. South Africa, having previously been banned from competition by the other African nations, was invited to the games for the first time after the fall of the Apartheid regime. With a record 6,000 athletes participating in the games, the event were in danger of growing unmanageable. The then president of the International Olympic Committee, the Spaniard Juan Antonio Samaranch expressed concern over the dizzying growth of the event in just 4 years, asking the organizers of the next editions to avoid applying the same scale of the Summer Olympics. Petty controversy again entered the games. An Egyptian woman handball player was accused of being a man and the Egyptian team protested that the lace sleeves worn by the South African gymnasts were too \"sexy\". Mozambique\'s World Champion 800 meter runner Maria de Lurdes Mutola won her specialty in Harare. Of the 17 sports on the program, 8 were open to participation by women: athletics, basketball, gymnastics, handball, swimming, table tennis, tennis and volleyball. Women\'s diving and netball were to be included but were reduced to demonstration sports due to a lack of entries. At the closing ceremonies the torch was passed to Johannesburg, South Africa to begin preparations for the VIIth All-Africa Games in 1999. ## Medal table {#medal_table} ## Athletics Discus thrower Adewale Olukoju and sprinter Mary Onyali became the first athletes to win four All-Africa gold medals. Onyali won the 100 and 200 metres races, and together with Josphat Machuka, Kenya (5,000 metres and 10,000 metres) they became the only athletes to win more than one event. In addition, Nigeria won three of the four relay races; 4x400 metres for men and women as well as men\'s 4x100 metres. Some new women\'s events were added: 5000 metres, marathon and triple jump. ## Field hockey {#field_hockey} - Men: 1. South Africa, 2. Egypt, 3. Kenya, 4. Zimbabwe, 5. Nigeria, 6. Namibia - Women. 1. South Africa, 2. Zimbabwe, 3. Kenya, 4. Namibia, 5. Nigeria, 6. Ghana ## Football The football tournament was won by Egypt, who became the first team to win this tournament twice

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# Hanky Panky (Madonna song) *Pandoc failed*: ``` Error at (line 114, column 1): unexpected '{' {{single chart|Australia|6|artist=Madonna|song=Hanky Panky|rowheader=true|access-date=May 10, 2015|refname="aus"}} ^ ``

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# Macomb County Mustangs The **Macomb County Mustangs** are an International Basketball League (2005-) team who plays in Center Line, Michigan. Despite having three players in the top 25 scorers(Justin Hall 26.2 ppg, Frank Gjojac 21.0 ppg and Mike Manciel 20.8 ppg), and three all-stars (Hall, Gjojac and Cameron Nichols), the team was a dismal 4-16, seventh in the east. After the season, head coach Milton Douglas was replaced with former NBA player Terry Mills. The Mustangs played 2005 home games at L\'Anse Creuse North, but moved 2006 home games to St. Clement School in Center Line. The team is a rarity among IBL teams in that they broadcast their games online

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# Ntdetect.com **ntdetect.com** is a component of Microsoft Windows NT-based operating systems that operate on the x86 architecture. It is used during the Windows NT startup process, and is responsible for detecting basic hardware that will be required to start the operating system. ## Overview The bootstrap loader takes the control over the booting process and loads NTLDR. Ntdetect.com is invoked by NTLDR, and returns the information it gathers to NTLDR when finished, so that it can then be passed on to ntoskrnl.exe, the Windows NT kernel. Ntdetect.com is used on computers that use BIOS firmware. Computers with Extensible Firmware Interface, such as IA-64, use a method of device-detection that is not tied to the operating system. Hardware detection operates somewhat differently depending on whether or not Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) is supported by the hardware. It passes on the hardware details gathered from the BIOS onto the OS. If ACPI is supported, the list of found devices is handed to the kernel, Windows will take responsibility for assigning each device some resources. On older hardware, where ACPI is not supported, the BIOS takes responsibility for assigning resources, not the operating system, so this information is passed to the kernel as well. In addition, ntdetect.com will make a determination as to which *hardware profile* to use. Windows supports multiple distinct hardware profiles, which allows a single copy of Windows to work well in situations where the hardware changes between specific layouts on a regular basis. This is common with portable computers that connect to a docking station. In Windows Vista and later Windows operating systems, the HAL only supports ACPI, and ntdetect.com has been replaced by winload.exe, so that Windows will be able to control hardware resource allocation on every machine in the same way. Hardware profiles are also no longer supported in Windows Vista. The information gathered by ntdetect.com is stored in the `HKLM\HARDWARE\DESCRIPTION` key in the Windows Registry at a later stage in the boot process. ## Classes of hardware detected {#classes_of_hardware_detected} - Hardware identification - Hardware date & time - Bus and adapter types - SCSI adapters - Video adapters - Keyboard - Serial and parallel communication ports - Hard drives - Floppy disks - Mouse - Floating-point coprocessor - Industry Standard Architecture-based devices ## Troubleshooting To aid in troubleshooting, Microsoft has made available \"debug\" versions of ntdetect.com which will display detailed information about the hardware that was detected. Called ntdetect.chk, it is included in the Windows Support Tools

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# Pavel Hak **Pavel Hak** (born 1962 in Tábor) is a Czech author. He lives in France and writes in French. ## Career Exiled to France in 1986, he studied philosophy at the Sorbonne. He writes in French. He has published six books, *Safari*, *Sniper*, *Lutte à mort*, *Trans* (*Trans* won the Prix Wepler in 2006), *Warax* and *Vomito negro* though the second is the only one published in English translation. *Sniper* (2005) is a graphic account of genocide and torture in an unnamed country. It met with largely positive reviews on publication in the UK and the USA

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# Suicide (Durkheim book) ***Suicide: A Study in Sociology*** (*Le Suicide: Étude de sociologie*) is an 1897 book written by French sociologist Émile Durkheim. It was the second methodological study of a social fact in the context of society (it was preceded by a sociological study by a Czech author, later the president of Czechoslovakia: Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, *Der Selbstmord als soziale Massenerscheinung der Gegenwart*, 1881, Czech 1904). It is ostensibly a case study of suicide, a publication unique for its time that provided an example of what the sociological monograph should look like. According to Durkheim, ## Four types of Suicide {#four_types_of_suicide} In Durkheim\'s view, suicide comes in four types, which are based on the degrees of imbalance of two social forces: social integration and moral regulation. Durkheim noted the effects of various crises on social aggregates---war, for example, leading to an increase in altruism, economic boom or disaster contributing to anomie. **Egoistic suicide** reflects a prolonged sense of not belonging, of not being integrated in a community. It results from the suicidee\'s sense that they have no tether. This absence can give rise to meaninglessness, apathy, melancholy, and depression. Durkheim calls such detachment \"excessive individuation.\" Those individuals who were not sufficiently bound to social groups (and therefore well-defined values, traditions, norms, and goals) were left with little social support or guidance, and were therefore more likely to die by suicide. Durkheim found that suicide occurred more often among unmarried people, especially unmarried men, whom he found had less to bind and connect them to stable social norms and goals. **Altruistic suicide** is characterized by a sense of being overwhelmed by a group\'s goals and beliefs. It occurs in societies with high integration, where individual needs are seen as less important than the society\'s needs as a whole. They thus occur on the opposite integration scale as egoistic suicide. As individual interest would not be considered important, Durkheim stated that in an altruistic society there would be little reason for people to die by suicide. He described one exception: when the individual is expected to kill themself on behalf of society, for example in military service. **Anomic suicide** reflects an individual\'s moral confusion and lack of social direction, which is related to dramatic social and economic upheaval. It is the product of moral deregulation and a lack of definition of legitimate aspirations through a restraining social ethic, which could impose meaning and order on the individual conscience. This is symptomatic of a failure of economic development and division of labour to produce Durkheim\'s organic solidarity. People do not know where they fit within their societies. Durkheim explains that this is a state of moral disorder where people do not know the limits on their desires and are constantly in a state of disappointment. This can occur when they go through extreme changes in wealth; while this includes economic ruin, it can also include windfall gains---in both cases, previous expectations from life are brushed aside and new expectations are needed before they can judge their new situation in relation to the new limits. **Fatalistic suicide** occurs when a person is excessively regulated, when their futures are pitilessly blocked and passions violently choked by oppressive discipline. It is the opposite of anomic suicide, and occurs in societies so oppressive their inhabitants would rather die than live on. For example, some prisoners might prefer to die than live in a prison with constant abuse and excessive regulation. Unlike the other concepts he developed, Durkheim believed that fatalistic suicide was theoretical and probably did not exist in reality. However, recent empirical evidence demonstrates that fatalistic suicide exists in contemporary society.`{{excessive citations inline |date=August 2024}}`{=mediawiki} ## Findings Durkheim concluded that suicide rates are higher: - in men than women (although married women who remained childless for several years ended up with a high suicide rate). - for those who are single than those who are in a sexual relationship. - for people without children than people with children. - among Protestants than Catholics and Jews. - among soldiers than civilians. - in times of peace than in times of war. (For example, the suicide rate in France fell after the *coup d\'état* of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. War also reduced the suicide rate: after war broke out in 1866 between Austria and Italy, the suicide rate fell by 14 per cent in both countries.) - in Scandinavian countries. He also concluded that, the higher the education level, the more likely it was that an individual would choose suicide. However, Durkheim established that there is more correlation between an individual\'s religion and suicide rate than an individual\'s education level. Jewish people were generally highly educated but had a low suicide rate.

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# Suicide (Durkheim book) ## Criticisms ### Ecological fallacy {#ecological_fallacy} Durkheim has been accused of committing an ecological fallacy since Durkheim\'s conclusions are apparently about individual behaviour (e.g. suicide), although they are derived from aggregate statistics (the suicide rate among Protestants and Catholics). This type of inference, which explains particular events (the \"micro\") in terms of statistical data (the \"macro\"), is often misleading, as Simpson\'s paradox shows. However, diverging views have contested whether Durkheim\'s work really contained an ecological fallacy. Van Poppel and Day (1996) argue that differences in reported suicide rates between Catholics and Protestants could be explained entirely in terms of how these two groups record deaths. Protestants would record \"sudden deaths\" and \"deaths from ill-defined or unspecified cause\" as suicides, while Catholics would not. If so, then Durkheim\'s error was empirical, not logical. Inkeles (1959), Johnson (1965), and Gibbs (1958) claimed that Durkheim only intended to explain suicide *sociologically,* within a holistic perspective, emphasizing that \"he intended his theory to explain variation among social environments in the incidence of suicide, not the suicides of particular individuals\". More recently, Berk (2006) questions the micro--macro relations underlying criticisms of Durkheim\'s work. He notices that ### Catholics and Protestants {#catholics_and_protestants} Durkheim explores the differing suicide rates among Protestants and Catholics, arguing that stronger social control among Catholics results in lower suicide rates. According to Durkheim, Catholic society has normal levels of integration while Protestant society has low levels. This interpretation has been contested. Durkheim may have over-generalized. He took most of his data from earlier researchers, notably Adolph Wagner and Henry Morselli, but they had been more careful in generalizing from their data. Indeed, later researchers found that the Protestant--Catholic differences in suicide seemed to be limited to German-speaking Europe, thus suggesting a need to account for other contributing factors. Despite its limitations, Durkheim\'s work on suicide has influenced proponents of control theory, and is often mentioned as a classic sociological study. Jean Baechler sharply critiques Durkheim\'s correlation between religion and suicide, asserting that the degree of cohesion within a religious community does not determine the protective value against suicide, as Durkheim suggests. Baechler states, \"there is no intelligible relationship possible between (the) various religions and suicide\". Furthermore, he argues that \"the differences in social cohesion determined by the various religions are a pure Durkheimian fantasy: assuming they exist, it is unclear what standard one could use to measure them\". Regarding to Baechler, the religious element plays a minimal role, and each concrete suicide results from a complex individual biography, in which religion is a minor factor. ## Selected editions {#selected_editions} - 1951\. *Suicide: A Study in Sociology*, translated by John A. Spaulding and George Simpson, edited with an introduction by George Simpson. New York: The Free Press. `{{ISBN|0-684-83632-7}}`{=mediawiki}. - 1967\. *[Le suicide. Étude de sociologie](http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Durkheim_emile/suicide/suicide.html)* (2nd ed.). Paris: Les Presses universitaires de France. `{{doi|10.1522/cla.due.sui2}}`{=mediawiki} - 2005\. *Suicide: A Study in Sociology*, translated by J. A. Spaulding and G. Simpson. London: Routledge. `{{ISBN|0-203-99432-9}}`{=mediawiki}

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# 1999 All-Africa Games The **7th All-Africa Games** (*imiDlalo yesi-7 yase-Afrika*; *7de Afrika-Spele*), also known as **Johannesburg 1999** (*eGoli 1999*), was a sport event held from 10 to 19 September 1999, in Greater Johannesburg, South Africa. 53 countries participated in eighteen sports. Netball was included as a demonstration sport. The South Africans hosted about 25,000 visitors including 6,000 athletes and 3,000 officials from throughout the continent. The opening ceremony included dancing, African parables and Zulu warriors. Due to the size of the used props, the ceremony was staged in an arena with less than 15,000 spectators South Africa, which had lost its bid to Greece for the 2004 Olympic Games, was hoping to impress FIFA in the hope of landing the 2006 World Cup. It eventually got the 2010 edition. Overall the games were a success, with hosts South Africa outdistancing Nigeria and Egypt in the medals race. Typical problems at the games included 600 children contracting food poisoning after being fed boxed lunches at the practice session for the Opening Ceremonies, striking laborers demonstrating outside games venues, displaying placards which read \"No Wages, No All Africa Games.\" Women\'s field hockey was demoted to a non-medal event after the Nigerian team dropped out of the tournament. A melee at the finish of the basketball game between Angola and Egypt forced police to escort the Egyptian team from the court. Haile Gebrselassie, the world record holder in the 5,000 and 10,000 meter runs opted out of the games for health reasons, depriving the games organizers of one of the biggest drawing cards of the games. Despite the difficulties experienced, IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch, praised South Africa\'s organization of the Games, saying \"this shows that you can organize big events.\" Olympic stars Maria de Lurdes Mutola (athletics-800 m), Penny Heyns (swimming), Gete Wami (athletics, 10000 m) all starred in the women\'s events. South African pole vaulter Okkert Brits won his second African Games gold medal. Assefa Mezgebu of Ethiopia won the men\'s 10000 m. Cameroon beat Zambia 4-3 on penalty kicks to win the football finale. ## Sports - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ```{=html}  ``` - demonstration sport: `{{GamesSport|Netball}}`{=mediawiki} ## Venues - Ellis Park Stadium - Ellis Park Aquatic Centre - Ellis Park Tennis Centre - Expo Auditorium - Expo Centre Hall - Expo Centre Rand Show Road - Johannesburg Stadium - Wits University Old Mutual Sports Hall - Orlando Stadium - Pimville Indoor Hall - Rand Stadium - Randburg Astro Stadium - Randburg Indoor Sports Hall - Randburg Precinct - Vista University - Wembly Indoor Hall ## Medal table {#medal_table} ## Athletics See Athletics at the 1999 All-Africa Games Maria de Lurdes Mutola of Mozambique won her third 800 metres title in a row. Nigeria won all four relay races; 4x100 metres and 4x400 metres for men and women. South African athletes won all four throwing events for men. Some new women\'s events were added: pole vault, hammer throw and 10 kilometres road walk. ## Field hockey {#field_hockey} - Men: 1. South Africa, 2. Egypt, 3. Kenya, 4. Zimbabwe, 5. Ghana, 6. Malawi - Women. 1. South Africa, 2. Zimbabwe, 3. Kenya, 4. Namibia ## Soccer The soccer tournament was won by Cameroon, who became the second team to win this tournament twice

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# Heartbeeps ***Heartbeeps*** is a 1981 American romantic-comedy and science fiction film about two robots who fall in love and decide to strike out on their own. The film was directed by Allan Arkush, written by John Hill, and stars Andy Kaufman and Bernadette Peters as the robots alongside Randy Quaid, Kenneth McMillan, Melanie Mayron, Christopher Guest, and the voice of Jerry Garcia in a rare film appearance. It was Kaufman\'s final performance in a theatrical film. Universal Pictures released the film in the United States on December 18, 1981. Stan Winston\'s make-up work for *Heartbeeps* made him one of the nominees for the inaugural Academy Award for Best Makeup in 1982, losing to Rick Baker for *An American Werewolf in London*. ## Plot ValCom 17485 (Kaufman), a robot designed to be a valet with a specialty in lumber commodities, meets AquaCom 89045 (Peters), a hostess companion robot whose primary function is to assist at poolside parties. At a factory awaiting repairs, they fall in love and decide to escape, stealing a van from the company to do so. They are joined by Catskil, a standup comic robot (which is seen sitting the entire film). His name is a reference to the Catskill resort. They embark on a quest to find a place to live, as well as satisfy their more immediate need for a fresh electrical supply. They assemble a small robot, Philco (also called Phil), built out of spare parts from the van they stole, whom they treat as their child. Phil speaks in a manner similar to R2-D2. A malfunctioning law-enforcement robot, the Crimebuster, overhears the orders of the repair workers to get the robots back and goes after the fugitives. With the help of humans who run a junkyard and use Catskil\'s battery pack, the robots are able to save Phil before running out of power and being returned to the factory. Brought back to the factory, the robots are repeatedly repaired, and their memories cleared. Because they continue to malfunction, they are junked. They are found by the humans who run the junk yard and reassembled. In the junkyard, they live happily and build a sister for Phil named Sophia. The film ends with Crimebuster, after only pretending to have his mind erased, continuing to malfunction and going on another mission to recover the fugitive robots. ## Cast ## Production ### Development Sigourney Weaver was offered a role and was interested in the film, as she wanted to work with Andy Kaufman, but Weaver\'s agent persuaded her to turn it down. Because of a strike by the Screen Actors Guild, filming was shut down in July 1980 (along with numerous other movies and television shows). The strike ended at the beginning of October 1980 (filming had started in June). In his 1999 book *Andy Kaufman: Revealed*, Bob Zmuda wrote that Kaufman and Zmuda had \"pitched\" the screenplay of Kaufman\'s *The Tony Clifton Story*, a movie about the life and times of his alter-ego Tony Clifton, to Universal Studios. The Universal executives were concerned that Kaufman had not acted in films except for a small role, and they arranged for him to star in *Heartbeeps* to test whether he could carry a movie. When it became \"a box office disaster\", plans for the Clifton movie were cancelled. John Hill adapted the screenplay into a novel, *Heartbeeps*, published in December 1981. The film was promoted in magazines such as *Starlog* and *Famous Monsters*. ## Reception ### Critical response {#critical_response} Reviews of the film were negative. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 0% based on reviews from 6 critics, with an average rating of 1.6/10. Vincent Canby wrote in *The New York Times* that it was \"unbearable\" and a \"dreadfully coy story.\" Gary Arnold from the *Washington Post* noted how the film\'s stars Kaufman and Peters were \"unlikely to face serious career setbacks from a minor fiasco only a handful of people will ever see,\" adding that he faulted the film for having \"so little inherent momentum that it seems to need rewinding every few minutes.\" Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert both gave the film a thumbs down, unfavorably comparing it to *Star Wars*, *The Wizard of Oz* and the 1967 Jean-Luc Godard film *Weekend*. Kaufman felt the movie was so bad that he personally apologized for it on *Late Night with David Letterman*, and as a joke, promised to refund the money of everyone who paid to see it. ### Accolades Award Category Recipient(s) Outcome -------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------ --------- Saturn Award Best Science Fiction Film Douglas Green Best Make-Up Stan Winston 54th Academy Awards Best Make-Up Stan Winston 1981 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards Worst Picture\* Universal Pictures Worst Screenplay Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy Worst Actor Andy Kaufman Most Annoying Fake Accent (Male) Worst On-Screen Couple Andy Kaufman and Bernadette Peters - Note: the film was nominated for Worst Picture both back when the original 1981 ballot was made and when it was revised in 2007. It lost both times.

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# Heartbeeps ## Home media {#home_media} The film was released on DVD on September 13, 2005 and on Blu-ray on February 4, 2020

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# Glendale Municipal Airport **Glendale Regional Airport** `{{airport codes||KGEU|GEU}}`{=mediawiki} is a city-owned, public-use airport located 7 mi west of the central business district of Glendale, a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011--2015, which categorized it as a general aviation *reliever airport*. Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned **GEU** by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA The airport\'s ICAO identifier is **KGEU**. ## Facilities and aircraft {#facilities_and_aircraft} Glendale Regional Airport covers an area of 514 acre at an elevation of 1071 ft above mean sea level. It has one runway: - 1/19 measuring 7150 x asphalt For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2008, the airport had 136,289 aircraft operations, an average of 373 per day: 98% general aviation, 1.% air taxi, and 1% military. At that time there were 220 aircraft based at this airport: 78% single-engine, 11% ultralight, 8% multi-engine, 2% jet, and 1% helicopter

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# Leela Naidu **Leela Naidu** (1940 -- 28 July 2009) was an Indian actress who starred in a small number of Hindi and English films, including *Yeh Raste Hain Pyar Ke* (1963), based on the real-life Nanavati case, and *The Householder*, Merchant Ivory Productions\' first film. She was Femina Miss India in 1954, and was featured in the *Vogue* along with Maharani Gayatri Devi in the list of \"World\'s Ten Most Beautiful Women\", a list she was continuously listed in from the 1950s to the 1960s in prominent fashion magazines worldwide. She is remembered for her stunning classical beauty and subtle acting style. ## Early life {#early_life} Leela Naidu was born in Bombay (now Mumbai), India. Her father, Dr. Pattipati Ramaiah Naidu, a well known nuclear physicist, hailed from Madanapalle, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, and had worked under the supervision of Nobel Laureate Marie Curie for his doctoral thesis in Paris. He ran one of Madame Curie\'s labs in Paris. He was Scientific Advisor to UNESCO for Southeast Asia, and later, an advisor to the Tata group. Her mother, journalist and Indologist, Dr. Marthe Mange Naidu, was of Swiss-French origin, from Pont d\'Avignon, South-France and earned her PhD from the Sorbonne. Naidu was the only surviving child out of eight pregnancies as Marthe had seven miscarriages. Naidu enjoyed the advantages of birth and the connections of her parents. She grew up in Europe, went to an elite school in Geneva, Switzerland, and in her teens, took acting lessons from Jean Renoir. Leela met Salvador Dalí in Grand-hotel Opera, Paris where she posed for a painting of the Madonna.

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# Leela Naidu ## Career Leela Naidu was crowned Femina Miss India in 1954, and the same year was featured in *Vogue* magazine\'s list of the world\'s ten most beautiful women. ### Film career {#film_career} Naidu made her film debut alongside Balraj Sahni in *Anuradha* (1962), directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee. Mukherjee cast Naidu in the role after he happened to see one of her pictures taken by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay. Though it was not successful at the box office, the film went on to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film, and garnered Naidu critical acclaim. The movie\'s music, including the songs \"Haye Re Woh Din Kewn Na Aaye\", \"Jaane Kaise Sapnon Mein Kho Gayin Ankhiyan\" and \"Kaise Din Beete Kaisi Beeti Raatein\", were composed by sitar maestro Ravi Shankar. Naidu\'s next film was Nitin Bose\'s *Umeed* (1962), alongside Ashok Kumar and Joy Mukherjee. She played an offbeat role as an adulterous wife in *Yeh Rastey Hain Pyar Ke* (1963), directed by R.K. Nayyar. The movie, which co-starred Sunil Dutt and Rehman, was based on the real life case K. M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra. Despite its topical nature and controversial theme, the movie flopped; however, some of its songs, notably \"Ye Khaamoshiyaan, Ye Tanahaaiyaan\", became quite popular. In 1963, Naidu played the lead role of a rebellious young bride in the first Merchant Ivory film *The Householder*, directed by James Ivory. According to Leela in her 2009 semi-biography, Ivory and Ismail Merchant had approached her about making their first ever feature movie with a story about an archaeologist, but this fell through as the backers did not like the film script. She then suggested to Merchant-Ivory, making a movie about a book called The Householder by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, which led to their introduction to Ruth and a fruitful lifelong partnership. Satyajit Ray lent his crew, got many of the actors he used in his movies to act in this movie, selected the music and musicians, re-cut and reedited the final version, thus guiding and teaching Merchant-Ivory in movie making technique which they successfully used in their award-winning movies and documentaries in the future. After watching her performance in the film, Satyajit Ray planned an English film, *The Journey*, with Marlon Brando, Shashi Kapoor and Naidu, but the film was never made. She was considered for the role of Rosie in Vijay Anand\'s *Guide* (1965), but the role required a trained dancer, and so Naidu lost out to Waheeda Rehman. Her last film in Hindi mainstream cinema was *Baghi* (1964), a costume extravaganza co-starring Pradeep Kumar, Vijaya Choudhury and Mumtaz. Later, Naidu made a guest appearance in the Merchant-Ivory film, *The Guru* (1969). She returned to cinema in 1985 to play a Goan matriarch in Shyam Benegal\'s period film *Trikaal*. Her appearance in *Electric Moon* (1992), directed by Pradip Krishen, turned out to be her last cinematic role. She turned down Raj Kapoor four times when he approached her for casting her in his films. David Lean wanted to cast her as Tonya in *Dr. Zhivago*, Satyajit Ray wanted to make a film with her and Marlon Brando. Leela Naidu produced a documentary on mentally challenged children *A Certain Childhood*, which was Kumar Shahni\'s first directorial project under the banner of Leela Naidu Films. Later, she registered under Unicorn Films to make another film *Houseless Bombay*, but it was never made. She briefly held a job as an editor at the Bombay-based magazine *Key Notes*. In September 2009, *Lila*, a documentary on Leela Naidu\'s life, by Bidisha Roy Das and Priyanjana Dutta was released. ## Personal life {#personal_life} In 1956, at the age of 17, she married Tilak Raj Oberoi, son of Mohan Singh Oberoi, the founder of the luxury Oberoi Hotels chain. Tilak Raj, known as \"Tikki\", was 33 years old at the time. Naidu and Oberoi had twin daughters, Maya and Priya. The brief marriage ended in divorce, and Oberoi won custody of the girls. Subsequently, Naidu met philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti while in London, and was deeply attracted to his teachings. In 1969, she was married for the second time, to Mumbai poet Dom Moraes. They lived in Hong Kong, New York City, New Delhi, and Mumbai for about 25 years. After the relationship ended, Naidu led a somewhat reclusive life in Colaba, Mumbai.

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# Leela Naidu ## Death Leela Naidu\'s separation from her second husband Moraes caused her to retire from public life. She lived alone, in an elegant and large old flat bequeathed to her father by the Tatas, at Sargent House, in old Bombay the by-lane of the Colaba Causeway, Mumbai. Naidu spent most of her last decade indoors but had a steady roster of visitors as she was an excellent conversationalist. She would call her friends and keep in touch with both her daughters and grandsons. Her daughter Priya died of a heart attack on 8 February 2008. Leela Naidu died in Mumbai on 28 July 2009, due to lung failure after a prolonged bout of influenza, at the age of 69. Her funeral was held on 29 July in Chandanwadi Crematorium attended by her daughter Maya, grandchildren and friends. ## Books - *Leela: A Patchwork Life* co-authored with Jerry Pinto. Penguin Group, 2009. ## Filmography ### Films - *Anuradha* (1962), aka *Love of Anuradha* (International: English title) \.... Anuradha Roy - *Umeed* (1962) - *Yeh Raste Hain Pyar Ke* (1963) \.... Neena - *The Householder* (1963), aka *Gharbar* \.... Indu - *Baghi* (1964) - *Aabroo* (1968) \.... Sharda - *The Guru* (1969) \.... Girl at the Party - *Trikaal* (Past, Present and Future) (1985) \.... Dona Maria Souzasoares - *Electric Moon* (1992) \.... Socks ### Television - *Man of the World* \.... Dr. Bahandi (1 episode -- \"The Frontier\", 1962) - *Channing* The Face in the Sun (1 episode -- \"The Young and the Bold\", 1964) \...

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# 2003 All-Africa Games The **8th All Africa Games**, also known as **Abuja 2003**, were held from 5--17 October 2003 in Abuja, Nigeria. 53 countries participated in 23 sports. The main venue was the newly constructed Abuja Stadium. The organizing committee was headed by Nigerian Amos Adamu

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# Gumbo Millennium ***Gumbo Millennium*** is the second album by the American rock band 24-7 Spyz, released in 1990. The album peaked at No. 135 on the *Billboard* 200. ## Critical reception {#critical_reception} The *Chicago Tribune* wrote that \"Peter Fluid\`s elastic, soul-fired phrasing is comparable to Bob Marley\`s, and guitarist Jimi Hazel blends the fluidity of Wes Montgomery with flamethrower riffs worthy of Eddie Van Halen.\" The *Los Angeles Times* thought that \"some crushing metal cuts, inventive jazz-rock hybrids and touching soulfulness are obscured by uninspired filler and especially by plain ol\' goofing off that should never have been let out of the studio.\" *Trouser Press* wrote: \"Employing an uninhibited stylistic palette that seems to reflect whatever springs into the Spyz's collective consciousness at any given moment, *Gumbo Millennium* winds up retreating to opposite corners of relatively serious hard-rock (still with pungent political/personal lyrics, but now employing a thick, hardened metal-cum-hardcore sound) and flaky digressions that don't really add up to an album.\" *The New Yorker* called the album \" a definitive document of the \[Black Rock\] movement and a good definition of it.\" ## Track listing {#track_listing} 1. \"John Connelly\'s Theory\" 2. \"New Super Hero Worship\" 3. \"Deathstyle\" 4. \"Dude U Knew\" 5. \"Culo Posse\" 6. \"Don\'t Push Me\" 7. \"Spyz on Piano\" 8. \"Valdez 27 Million?\" 9. \"Don\'t Break My Heart!\" 10. \"We\'ll Have Power\" 11. \"Racism\" 12. \"Heaven and Hell\" 13. \"We Got a Date\" 14. \"Some Defenders\' Memories\" ## Personnel - P

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# Toccoa Airport **Toccoa Airport** `{{airport codes|TOC|KTOC|TOC}}`{=mediawiki}, also known as **R. G. LeTourneau Field**, is a public use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) northeast of the central business district of Toccoa, a city in Stephens County, Georgia, United States. It is owned by the Toccoa-Stephens County Authority. According to the FAA\'s National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009--2013, it is categorized as a *general aviation* airport. Local businessman and aviation buff R. G. LeTourneau created the airport in the late 1930s when he built two runways for his personal use. LeTourneau donated the runways to the city and county in 1961 and the airfield was named in his honor. ## Facilities and aircraft {#facilities_and_aircraft} The airport covers an area of 285 acre at an elevation of 996 feet (304 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 3/21 is 5,008 by 100 feet (1,526 x 30 m) and 9/27 is 2,951 by 50 feet (899 x 15 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2022, the airport had 20,000 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 55 per day. At that time there were 37 aircraft based at this airport: 31 single-engine, 5 multi-engine, and 1 jet

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# H. W. Timperley **Harold William Timperley** (1890--1964) was an English author of local history and topographical studies, the most notable of which was illustrated by L. S. Lowry. In later life he worked with his wife Edith Brill, who later published her own books on the Cotswolds. ## Early life {#early_life} Harold was born at Madeley, Shropshire in 1890 to Samuel Timperley---a picture framer--- and Sarah Chamberlain (née Ward). He was the second son, being just two years younger than his brother Horace. The family moved to Chorlton, a southern suburb of Manchester, where his sister Violet was born when he was aged 13 so she played little part in his childhood. ## Work Timperley\'s first book was a selection of natural history essays entitled *English Scenes and Birds*. It was published by Jonathan Cape in 1929. Cape commissioned L.S. Lowry to make twelve pencil drawings to illustrate *A Cotswold Book*, which was published in 1931. On the basis of this Noel Carrington asked Timperley to provide an introduction to the collection of articles that he published in April 1933 to promote the Lygon Arms hotel in Broadway, Worcestershire. Timperley\'s 1947 *Shropshire Hills* describing his walks was illustrated by Albert T. Pile with thirty line Drawings and sixteen plates in line and wash. *Vale of Pewsey* was published in 1954 as part of Robert Hale\'s Regional Books series. Timperley\'s work with his wife on the ancient trackways of Wessex made extensive use of earlier sources and proposed the existence of several previously unidentified routes. Some of these proposals, such as a North Hampshire Ridgeway, were not accepted by archaeologists because the routes were not associated with any ancient settlements and their theories are now discredited

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# Théobald Chartran **Théobald Chartran** (20 July 1849 -- 16 July 1907) was a French academic painter and portrait artist. ## Early life {#early_life} Chartran was born in Besançon, France on 20 July 1849. His father was Councilor at the Court of Appeals and he was the nephew of Gen. Chartran who was executed in the Restoration because of his imperialistic tendencies. Through his mother, he was descended from Count Théobald Dillon, who was murdered by his own troops in 1792. While his parents encouraged him to study law or enter the military, young Chartran was inclined towards art. He studied at the Lycée Victor-Hugo in Besançon before heading to Paris in order to devote himself entirely to the study of art under Alexandre Cabanel, later attending the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. ## Career In 1871, the body of Georges Darboy, the Archbishop of Paris, \"who had perished in the disorders of the commune\", was exhumed in order to receive the last honors, and Chartran made a portrait of the Archbishop in his official robes and on his catafalque. This painting was widely admired by the public and for it, he won the Grand Prix de Rome in 1877. As \"T\", he was one of the artists responsible for occasional caricatures of *Vanity Fair* magazine, specializing in French and Italian subjects. His work for *Vanity Fair* included Pope Leo XIII, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Umberto I of Italy, William Henry Waddington, all in 1878, Charles Gounod, Giuseppe Verdi, Ernest Renan, Jules Grévy, Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, Victor Hugo, Marshal MacMahon, Granier de Cassagnac, Louis Blanc, and Alexandre Dumas *fils*, all in 1879. Among Chartran\'s work is his portrait of René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec, the inventor of the stethoscope, Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren, Benoît-Constant Coquelin, the Maharaja of Kapurthala and the Countess of Maupeou. His individual-subject portraiture is often characterized by a rich background gradient, embodied in *Emma Calvé as Carmen* (1894). ### President Roosevelt {#president_roosevelt} In 1899, Henry Clay Frick commissioned Chartran to create a painting of the scene when the peace protocol at the close of the Spanish--American War was signed in the Cabinet Room. In October 1903, Frick gifted the picture, which had cost \$20,000, to the United States, which President Roosevelt accepted. In 1902, Chartran was commissioned to paint President Theodore Roosevelt\'s official portrait after successfully completing portraits of Mrs. Roosevelt in 1902 and Alice Roosevelt in 1901. In discussing his experience with painting the president to *Le Figaro*, he said that it \"was difficult to get the President to sit still. I never had a more restless or more charming sitter. He speaks French like a boulevardier, and wittily.\" Chartran \"did not try to depict the official Roosevelt, but rather the private man.\" When Roosevelt saw the final product he hated it and hid it in the darkest corner of the White House. When family members called it the \"Mewing Cat\" for making him look so harmless, he had it destroyed and hired John Singer Sargent to paint a more masculine portrait. ## Gallery <File:René> Laënnec.png\|René Laënnec -- National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA <File:Edith> Roosevelt Official Portrait.jpg\|Edith Roosevelt\'s official portrait as First Lady (1902) <File:Portrait> of President Roosevelt 1902.jpg\|T. Chartran.\--Portrait of Président Roosevelt. (1902) <File:Alice> Roosevelt Portrait.jpg\|Alice Roosevelt\'s portrait <File:Brooklyn> Museum - Portrait of Washington A. Roebling - Théobald Chartran.jpg\|Théobald Chartran -- Washington A. Roebling -- Brooklyn Museum <File:Chartran> Madame Collas and her Daughter Giselle 1903.JPG\|*Madame Collas et sa fille*, 1903, Paris, Musée d\'Orsay. <File:Sadi> Carnot - Théobald Chartran.jpg\|*Portrait de Sadi Carnot*. <File:Théobald> Chartran - Cardinal James Gibbons - NPG.91.196 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg\|Cardinal James Gibbons (1904), National Portrait Gallery ## Personal life {#personal_life} Chartran was married to a woman who \"descended from a famous family\" and was \"gifted with a voice of sweetness and considerable power and possessed of strong lyric ambition, which, however, she did not gratify by a career on the stage.\" Her portrait appeared in *The Pall Mall Magazine* in 1906. In September 1900, Chartran acquired the Île de Salagnon (also known as \"Swan Island\"), one of the five islands on Lake Geneva, located between Vevey and Montreux. On the island, he had a Florentine villa built by architect Louis Villard, as well as a small port. There, Chartran organized sumptuous evenings with illustrious characters and fireworks. When he died, the island was taken over by a Russian count, a Zurich merchant, and then an American, Mary Shillito. Today it is known as Villa Salagnon. His wife died just before his last visit to America in January 1906. Chartran died in Paris on 16 July 1907

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# Philippe Vasset **Philippe Vasset** (born 1972) is a French novelist and journalist. He is the editor in chief of the investigative newsletters *Africa Energy Intelligence* and *Intelligence Online*, published by Indigo Publications press group. Before his career in journalism, he worked as a corporate detective in the United States. In 1993, he was awarded the Best Young Writer prize by the French daily *Le Monde*. Following his debut *ScriptGenerator®™* (2004), he has already written a second novel. In 2023, Abu Dhabi Secrets revealed that Vasset, while serving as editor of Africa Intelligence, had \"regularly used information\" from Alp Services, a Swiss private investigation firm operated by Mario Brero, which engaged in offensive viral communication campaigns

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# George White's 1935 Scandals ***George White\'s 1935 Scandals*** is an American musical film, written by Jack Yellen, directed by George White and Harry Lachman, and produced in 1935 by Fox Film Corporation. It was a follow-up to (but not a sequel to) the 1934 release, *George White\'s Scandals*. ## Plot The film centers on real-life stage and screen producer George White as he gathers acts for his new Broadway revue. At the top of his list is blonde Alice Faye. Also appearing in the film was James Dunn and Cliff Edwards. *George White\'s 1935 Scandals* is best remembered as the major film debut of a young dancer named Eleanor Powell, here performing a \"specialty dance\". Powell, already a Broadway star, had played bit parts in a couple of films prior to this, but *Scandals* was her first major film role. According to her introduction to the book *Gotta Sing, Gotta Dance*, a mix-up in the make-up department resulted in her being made to look almost Egyptian and she left the production so disenchanted with movie-making, she initially rejected a contract offer by MGM that later in the year placed her in the popular *Broadway Melody of 1936*. Reportedly, Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson filmed a dance routine for this film, but it was cut. Actress Jane Wyman appeared in the film as an uncredited chorine

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# Wonosobo Regency **Wonosobo Regency** (*Kabupatèn Wanasaba*) is a regency (*kabupaten*) in Central Java province in Indonesia. The regency seat is located in the town of Wonosobo, located at -7.3684940 109.8983841,on the Dieng Plateau, about 120 km from Semarang City. Wonosobo Regency shares borders with Temanggung and Magelang Regencies to the east, Purworejo Regency to the south, Kebumen Regency and Banjarnegara Regency to the west, and Batang Regency and Kendal Regency to the north. The regency\'s area is 1,011.62 km^2^ and its population was 754,883 at the 2010 census and 879,124 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 920,506 (comprising 468,526 males and 451,980 females). ## Etymology The word \"Wonosobo\" is derived from Javanese *Wanasaba*, which in turn came from Sanskrit *Vanasabhā*. It literally means \'the gathering place in the forest\'. ## Administrative districts {#administrative_districts} Wonosobo Regency is divided into the following fifteen districts (*kecamatan*), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census and the 2020 census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2024. The table also includes the location of the district headquarters, the number of administrative villages in each district (totalling 236 rural *desa* and 29 urban *kelurahan*), and its post code. +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | Kode\ | Name of\ | Area\ | Pop\'n\ | Pop\'n\ | Pop\'n\ | Admin\ | No.\ | Post\ | | Wilayah | District\ | in\ | census\ | census\ | estimate\ | centre | of\ | code | | | (*kecamatan*) | km^2^ | 2010 | 2020 | mid 2024 | | villages | | +==========+=================+============+===========+===========+===========+===============+==========+=========+ | 33.07.01 | Wadaslintang | 133.28 | 51,402 | 60,502 | 63,599 | Wadaslintang | 17 ^(a)^ | 56365 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.02 | Kepil | 100.23 | 56,184 | 64,478 | 67,118 | Kepil | 21 ^(a)^ | 56374 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.03 | Sapuran | 74.92 | 53,845 | 61,209 | 63,481 | Sapuram | 17 ^(a)^ | 56375 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.15 | Kalibawang | 52.20 | 22,269 | 27,101 | 28,859 | Karangsambung | 8 | 56373 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.04 | Kaliwiro | 101.45 | 43,978 | 51,824 | 54,501 | Kaliwiro | 21 ^(a)^ | 56364 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.05 | Leksono | 45.10 | 39,159 | 46,186 | 48,589 | Leksono | 14 ^(a)^ | 56362 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.14 | Sukoharjo | 56.77 | 31,228 | 35,459 | 36,759 | Sukoharjo | 17 | 56363 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.06 | Selomerto | 41.44 | 44,849 | 53,516 | 56,554 | Selomerto | 24 ^(b)^ | 56361 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.07 | Kalikajar | 80.52 | 57,476 | 70,302 | 75,009 | Kalikajar | 19 ^(a)^ | 56372 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.08 | Kertek | 63.66 | 76,386 | 90,207 | 94,947 | Kertek | 21 ^(c)^ | 56371 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.09 | Wonosobo (town) | 29.28 | 82,488 | 91,909 | 94,584 | Jaraksari | 20 ^(d)^ | 56311\ | | | | | | | | | | - 56319 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.10 | Watumalang | 64.57 | 48,569 | 55,765 | 58,059 | Wonoroto | 16 ^(a)^ | 56352 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.11 | Mojotengah | 48.94 | 58,163 | 67,481 | 70,541 | Kalibeber | 19 ^(e)^ | 56351 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.12 | Garung | 53.89 | 47,954 | 56,988 | 60,128 | Garung | 15 ^(a)^ | 56353 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | 33.07.13 | Kejajar | 65.38 | 40,933 | 46,197 | 47,778 | Kejajar | 16 ^(a)^ | 56354 | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ | | ***Totals*** | *1,011.62* | *754,883* | *879,124* | *920,506* | *Wonosobo* | *265* | | +----------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+----------+---------+ Notes: (a) including one *kelurahan* (the district administrative centre). (b) including 2 *kelurahan* (Selomerto and Wonorejo). (c) includes 2 *kelurahan* (Kertek and Wringinanom).\ (d) comprises 13 *kelurahan* (Bumireso, Jaraksari, Jlamprang, Kalianget, Kejiwan, Kramatan, Mlipak, Pagerkukuh, Rojoimo, Sambek, Tawangsari, Wonosobo Barat and Wonosobo Timur) and 7 *desa*.\ (e) comprises 3 *kelurahan* (Andongsili, Kalibeber and Mudal) and 16 *desa*. The 29 *kelurahan* (urban villages) are thus split over 13 districts, with 13 in Wonosobo (town) District, 3 in Mojotengah District, 2 in Selomerto District, 2 in Kertek District, and 1 each in Wadaslintang, Kepil, Sapuran, Kaliwiro, Leksono, Kalikajar, Watumalang, Garung and Kejajar Districts (in the latter cases the sole *kelurahan* is the district administrative headquarters).

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# Wonosobo Regency ## Climate Wonosobo has an elevation moderated tropical rainforest climate (Af) with moderate rainfall from July to September and heavy to very heavy rainfall in the remaining months. The following climate data is for the town of Wonosobo. `{{Weather box |width = auto | location = Wonosobo | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan high C = 26.0 | Feb high C = 26.2 | Mar high C = 26.6 | Apr high C = 26.8 | May high C = 27.1 | Jun high C = 27.1 | Jul high C = 26.9 | Aug high C = 27.3 | Sep high C = 27.5 | Oct high C = 27.7 | Nov high C = 26.8 | Dec high C = 26.0 | Jan mean C = 22.0 | Feb mean C = 22.1 | Mar mean C = 22.4 | Apr mean C = 22.5 | May mean C = 22.8 | Jun mean C = 22.3 | Jul mean C = 21.8 | Aug mean C = 22.0 | Sep mean C = 22.4 | Oct mean C = 22.9 | Nov mean C = 22.4 | Dec mean C = 21.8 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 18.0 | Feb low C = 18.0 | Mar low C = 18.2 | Apr low C = 18.3 | May low C = 18.5 | Jun low C = 17.5 | Jul low C = 16.7 | Aug low C = 16.7 | Sep low C = 17.3 | Oct low C = 18.1 | Nov low C = 18.1 | Dec low C = 17.7 |rain colour=green |Jan rain mm=513 |Feb rain mm=443 |Mar rain mm=486 |Apr rain mm=339 |May rain mm=254 |Jun rain mm=136 |Jul rain mm=110 |Aug rain mm=93 |Sep rain mm=118 |Oct rain mm=237 |Nov rain mm=357 |Dec rain mm=486 |source 1 = Climate-Data.org<ref>{{cite web |url = https://en.climate-data.org/location/329020/ |title = Climate: Wonosobo |publisher=Climate-Data

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# Niven Govinden **Niven Govinden** (born 1973) is an English novelist. He was born in East Sussex and then educated at Goldsmiths College, University of London, where he studied film. To date he has written five novels and a number of short stories. His writing has appeared in the magazine *Bad Idea*, and his short story *My Cinephiliac Shame* appeared in the 2008 *Bad Idea Anthology*. He was appointed the Chair of Judges for the 2015 Green Carnation Prize

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# Wild Oats Markets **Wild Oats Marketplace** (registered as **Wild Oats Marketing, LLC**) is a producer of natural and organic food distributed through partnerships in the United States. Founded in 1987 in Boulder, Colorado, it was originally a chain of natural foods stores operating throughout the Western and Southwestern United States. In 2007, it was purchased by Whole Foods Market, Inc, but an FTC objection resulted in a reversal of the purchase. In 2010, the company was bought by Luberski Inc. (d.b.a. as Hidden Villa Ranch), a West Coast--based food distributor, who then sold it to The Yucaipa Companies in 2012. Wild Oats currently produces and distributes various food products, including cereal, beverages, condiments, frozen and fresh items through partnerships with Walmart stores nationally and formerly through Fresh & Easy stores in California, Nevada and Arizona (Fresh & Easy shut down in 2015). The company is headquartered in Addison, Texas. Wild Oats Markets acquired their local competitor, the 11-store Boulder-based Alfalfa\'s Markets chain, in July 1996. Three Capers Community Market natural foods stores, located in British Columbia, were part of the Alfalfa\'s acquisition and have maintained the Capers name. In 1999, Wild Oats acquired several other chains, including 11 San Diego--based Henry\'s Marketplace stores, the Nature\'s Northwest chain of stores in Portland, OR, and nine San Antonio--based Sun Harvest stores. Wild Oats announced that it would close all five Henry\'s Farmers Market stores in Arizona in December 2006, and would instead focus on the Wild Oats banner in that market. In 2001, Perry Odak who previously held executive positions at Ben & Jerry's, became President and Chief Executive Officer of Wild Oats Markets. Odak resigned in October 2006 after he and the company were unable to reach an agreement for a new employment contract. Gregory Mays, Chairman of the Board, was named interim chief executive officer. Mays is a former chief financial officer of Ralphs Grocery Co. ## Partnerships ### Pathmark stores {#pathmark_stores} Wild Oats Markets partnered with Pathmark Stores beginning in February 2007 when Pathmark added Wild Oats brand private-label goods to all of its 141 northeast US stores. About 150 different natural and organic products were included in the partnership, including specialty products such as imported Italian sodas, balsamic vinegar, organic fruit spreads and flatbread crackers. ### Walmart After a partnership agreement by Yucaipa Cos., the relaunch of the branch occurred in April 2014 as an expansion of the organic selections at Walmart stores nationwide.

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