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# River Chelt
The **River Chelt** is a tributary of England\'s largest river, the Severn. The Chelt flows through the western edge of the Cotswolds and the town of Cheltenham, from which it derives its name, before its confluence with the River Severn at Wainlodes Hill.
There were a number of mills along the length of the river, the highest being in Charlton Kings and the lowest at Norton where the river passes under the present A38.
The river caused significant flooding in 1979 and 2007
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# National Board of Review Awards 2005
**77th NBR Awards**\
January 10, 2006
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Film:\
**Good Night, and Good Luck.**
The **77th National Board of Review Awards**, honoring the best in film for 2005, were given on 10 January 2006.
## Top 10 films {#top_10_films}
1. *Good Night, and Good Luck.*
2. *Brokeback Mountain*
3. *Capote*
4. *Crash*
5. *A History of Violence*
6. *Match Point*
7. *Memoirs of a Geisha*
8. *Munich*
9. *Syriana*
10. *Walk the Line*
## Top Foreign Films {#top_foreign_films}
1. *Paradise Now*
2. *2046*
3. *Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress*
4. *Downfall (Der Untergang)*
5. *Walk on Water*
## Top Five Documentaries {#top_five_documentaries}
1. *March of the Penguins*
2. *Ballets Russes*
3. *Grizzly Man*
4. *Mad Hot Ballroom*
5. *Murderball*
## Winners
- Best Film:
- *Good Night, and Good Luck.*
- Best Foreign Language Film:
- *Paradise Now*
- Best Actor:
- Philip Seymour Hoffman - *Capote*
- Best Actress:
- Felicity Huffman - *Transamerica*
- Best Supporting Actor:
- Jake Gyllenhaal - *Brokeback Mountain*
- Best Supporting Actress:
- Gong Li - *Memoirs of a Geisha*
- Best Acting by an Ensemble:
- *Mrs Henderson Presents*
- Breakthrough Performance Actor:
- Terrence Howard - *Crash*, *Get Rich or Die Tryin\'* and *Hustle & Flow*
- Breakthrough Performance Actress:
- Q\'Orianka Kilcher, *The New World*
- Best Director:
- Ang Lee - *Brokeback Mountain*
- Best Directorial Debut:
- Julian Fellowes, *Separate Lies*
- Best Documentary Feature:
- *March of the Penguins*
- Best Animated Feature:
- *Corpse Bride*
- Best Screenplay - Adapted:
- *Syriana* - Stephen Gaghan
- Best Screenplay - Original:
- *The Squid and the Whale* - Noah Baumbach
- Best Film or Mini-Series Made for Cable TV:
- *Lackawanna Blues*
- Career Achievement Award:
- Jane Fonda
- Billy Wilder Award for Excellence in Directing:
- David Cronenberg
- Career Achievement - Music Composition:
- Howard Shore
- Outstanding Achievement in Special Effects:
- *King Kong*
- William K
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# Litcham School
**Litcham School** is a mixed all-through school located in the village of Litcham in the English county of Norfolk. It has around 640 pupils aged 4--16 (Years R-11), and the current headteacher is Stuart Wilson.
Litcham School is coeducational and pupils are admitted without regard to ability.
In September 2012 the school governing bodies of Litcham High School and Litcham Primary School merged, creating a school catering for pupils from ages 4 to 16. Operationally the two schools maintain their current primary and secondary structure on their existing sites.
Litcham is part of the Synergy Multi-academy Trust, which is centred on Reepham High School
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# Selden A. McMeans
**Selden Allen McMeans** (July 1806 -- July 31, 1876) was an American physician and politician.
Born near Knoxville, Tennessee, McMeans first began practicing medicine in the 1840s in Greenville, South Carolina. In 1846, he volunteered for service in the Mexican--American War. After the war ended, he moved to El Dorado County, California, where he was a member of the California State Assembly for the 12th District (1852--54) and served as the second California State Treasurer (1854--56).
In the fall of 1859, McMeans moved to Virginia City, Nevada after the Comstock Lode silver strike. When the news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Virginia City in 1861, McMeans announced that he would capture Fort Churchill for the Confederacy, but was quickly disabused of this notion by news of a detachment of Union soldiers heading from Fort Churchill to Virginia City. After the Civil War, he organized the Democratic Party in Nevada and became its first chairman. He eventually moved to Reno, where he died at age 70 in 1876
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# James L. English
**James Lawrence English** (June 5, 1813 -- May 29, 1889) was an American lawyer and Democratic politician.
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, English lived in Pettis County, Missouri, prior to moving to Sacramento, California, in 1853. Shortly after his arrival, he became associated with Philip Leget Edwards in the Sacramento law firm of Edwards and English.
English was Mayor of Sacramento in 1855. From 1857 to 1858, he was California State Treasurer. He also served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1876.
James L. English died at age 76 in Sacramento. He is interred in the Sacramento Historic City Cemetery
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# Karen Foss
**Karen Foss**, born **Karen Colleen Graham** in Kansas City, Kansas in 1944, is an American journalist and businesswoman. She was an anchorwoman on KSDK in St. Louis, Missouri from 1979 until December 28, 2006. Foss won six Emmys, two for best anchor, named media personality of the year, and acquired the highest "Q" rating as the best-known news reader in the local market. In 2005, she was inducted into the Silver Circle by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for her 25 years of journalistic excellence by the NATAS Mid-America Chapter. Before her work at KSDK, she began her television career at KCMO-TV (now KCTV), in Kansas City, Missouri.
Foss was named vice president for public relations for the utility company Ameren on February 21, 2007.
## Retirement from broadcasting {#retirement_from_broadcasting}
On Monday, December 18, 2006, Karen Foss announced her retirement from KSDK. Her last day on-air aired on Thursday, December 28, 2006. She has served St. Louis anchoring the news for 27 years. Foss says her own research indicates that she has been the oldest woman anchoring the 10 p.m. news at any TV station in the country. \"I\'m very proud of that,\" she said. Mayor Francis Slay officially made December 28, 2006, as \"Karen Foss Day\" in St. Louis
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# A. C. Reynolds High School
**A. C. Reynolds High School** is a public secondary school located in Asheville, North Carolina. The school accommodates grades 9-12 and is a part of the Buncombe County Schools System.
## History
The school was named after Alonzo Carlton Reynolds (1870--1953), or \"A.C.\" as he was better known, who had a 53 year career in education.
## Honors
A. C. Reynolds High School was honored as a National Blue Ribbon School in 2002.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Eric Ager, US Navy Commander (retired) and member of North Carolina General Assembly
- Karl Anderson, professional wrestler
- Luke Combs, country music singer-songwriter
- Rico Dowdle, NFL running back
- Ben Johnson, NFL head coach of the Chicago Bears
- Maria Fletcher, 1962 Miss America
- D. Bruce Goforth, former member of the North Carolina General Assembly
- J
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# Philip Pearlstein
**Philip Martin Pearlstein** (May 24, 1924 -- December 17, 2022) was an American painter best known for Modernist Realist nudes. Cited by critics as the preeminent figure painter of the 1960s to 2000s, he led a revival in realist art.
## Biography
Pearlstein was born on May 24, 1924, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to David and Libby Kalser Pearlstein. During the Great Depression, his parents sold chickens and eggs to support the family. As a child his parents supported his interest in art, sending him to Saturday morning classes at Pittsburgh\'s Carnegie Museum of Art. In 1942, when he was 18, two of his paintings won a national competition sponsored by Scholastic Magazine, and were reproduced in color in *Life* magazine. He graduated from Taylor Allderdice High School in 1942.
In 1942, he enrolled at Carnegie Institute of Technology\'s art school, in Pittsburgh, where he painted two portraits of his parents now held by the Carnegie Museum of Art, but after one year he was drafted in 1943 by the U.S. Army to serve during World War II. He was initially assigned to the Training Aids Unit at Camp Blanding, Florida, where he produced charts, weapon assembly diagrams, and signs. In this role, he learned printmaking and the screenprinting process, and subsequently was stationed in Italy making road signs. While in Italy, he took in as much renaissance art as was accessible in Rome, Florence, Venice, and Milan, and also produced over 100 drawings and watercolors depicting life in the Army.
In 1946, sponsored by the G.I. Bill, he returned to Carnegie Institute where one of his fellow students was the artist\'s future wife, Dorothy Cantor. Another fellow student was Andy Warhol, who was attracted to Pearlstein because of his notoriety in the school, his high school paintings having been featured in *Life* magazine. During the summer of 1947, the three rented a barn as a summer studio. Immediately after graduating in June 1949 with a BFA, Pearlstein and Warhol moved to New York City, at first sharing an eighth-floor walkup tenement apartment on St. Mark\'s Place at Avenue A. He was eventually hired by Czech designer Ladislav Sutnar, mainly doing industrial catalog work, while Warhol immediately found work illustrating department store catalogs. In April 1950, they moved to 323 W. 21st Street, into an apartment rented by Franziska Marie Boas, who ran a dance class on the other side of the room. During this time, Pearlstein painted a portrait of Warhol, now held by the Whitney Museum of American Art.
In 1950, Philip Pearlstein married Dorothy Cantor, with Andy Warhol in the wedding party. The Pearlsteins moved to East 4th Street, taking over an apartment from fellow figure painter Lester Johnson, and Philip enrolled in the Masters in Art History program at New York University Institute of Fine Arts. His thesis was on artist Francis Picabia, evaluating Cubism, Abstract art, Dada and Surrealism, graduating in 1955.
After graduation, he was hired by *Life* magazine to do page layouts, and was then awarded a Fulbright Hays fellowship, enabling him to return to Italy for a year, where he painted a series of landscapes. From 1959 to 1963, he was an instructor at Pratt Institute, in Brooklyn, New York , and subsequently spent a year as a Visiting Critic at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Finally, from 1963 to 1988, he was professor, and then Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Brooklyn College, in Brooklyn, New York.
## Career
During the 1950s Pearlstein exhibited abstract expressionist landscape paintings. Around 1958 he began to attend weekly figure drawing sessions at the studio of Mercedes Matter. In 1961 Pearlstein began to make paintings of nude couples based upon his drawings, and in 1962 he began painting directly from the model in a less painterly and more realistic style. In an article published in *Arts Magazine* in April 1963, Sidney Tillim wrote that \"\[Pearlstein\] has not only regained the figure for painting; he has put it *behind* the plane and in deep space without recourse to nostalgia (history) or fashion (new images of man) \... He paints the nude not as a symbol of beauty and pure form but as a human *fact*---implicitly imperfect\". In 1971, Pearlstein was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for Fine Arts.
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# Philip Pearlstein
## Collections
Pearlstein\'s work is in many museums collections in the United States, including:
- the Art Institute of Chicago,
- the Cleveland Museum of Art,
- the Corcoran Gallery of Art,
- the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden,
- the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art,
- the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
- the Museum of Modern Art and
- the Whitney Museum of American Art.
His personal papers are held in the Smithsonian Institution\'s Archives of American Art.
## Awards
Pearlstein received numerous awards including the National Council of Arts Administrators Visual Artist Award; The Benjamin West Clinedinst Memorial Medal, The Artists Fellowship, Inc., New York, NY; and honorary doctorate degrees from Brooklyn College, NY, Center for Creative Studies; the College of Art & Design, Detroit, MI; and the New York Academy of Arts, New York, NY.
Pearlstein was a former president of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1988 he was elected into the National Academy of Design. He was represented by the Betty Cuningham Gallery.
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
The Pearlsteins had three children, of which two daughters were the subjects of several paintings he made in the 1960s, including one that was featured in *New York* magazine in 1968. The couple lived on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City , New York . Dorothy Cantor Pearlstein died in 2018 at the age of 90.
Pearlstein died at a hospital in Manhattan on December 17, 2022, at the age of 98
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# Rientrodolce
**Rientrodolce** is an Italian association linked to Radicali Italiani, which concerns itself with overpopulation, natural environment and energy.
Its name comes from Marco Pannella\'s idea of a \"mild return\" (\"rientro dolce\" in Italian) to a world with 2 billion human beings. The association considers overpopulation the primary cause of the humanitarian, environmental and energetic crisis of our planet. It aims to inform and convince the society, the mass media, the intellectuals and the politicians of the necessity, along with the other environmental measures, of a reduction of the world population, in full respect of human rights and individual liberties.
The association has a discussion group, which is not limited to the association\'s members but it is open to everybody
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# Lety concentration camp
**Lety concentration camp** was a World War II internment camp for Romani people from Bohemia and Moravia during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. It was located in Lety.
## Background
On 2 March 1939 (two weeks before the German occupation), the Czecho-Slovak government ordered that a correctional facility in the form of labor camp be set up for \"people avoiding work and living off crime\" (at the time labor duty was mandatory).
The construction of a camp in the municipality of Lety (in South Bohemian Region) started on 17 July during the Nazi-German occupation. The location was picked because nearby forests, owned by the House of Schwarzenberg, had been devastated by a storm. The first twelve prisoners arrived on 17 July 1940. The camp consisted of several large and small wooden barracks surrounded by a wooden fence. Josef Janovský was named commandant. Czech gendarmes guarded the places (service in such camps was considered a disciplinary punishment). Similar forced labor camps existed in Planá, Mirošov, Hradištko and other places; (mostly Czech) prisoners were typically used for hard labour such as road construction. In total, around 50,000 people went through such labour camps during the war. The total number of prisons and camps of all kinds established by Nazis within the boundaries of modern-day Czech Republic was 2,125.
## As labor camps {#as_labor_camps}
During 1940, 233 persons were sent to Lety, of whom 197 had previous criminal records. During 1941, the numbers were: 537 persons, 498 with previous criminal records, and 45 persons labeled as Gypsies. There were 27 escape attempts with 25 escapees caught. The prisoners were forced to do hard work in a quarry, were treated harshly and the sick lacked medicine. Many guards, including commander Janovský, regularly stole food from the camp stores, further reducing meager rations for the prisoners.
## Situation of Romani people during German occupation {#situation_of_romani_people_during_german_occupation}
Starting in 1940, Romanis were forbidden to travel. In 1942, the measures already in force in Germany were applied in the Protectorate as well and, as an immediate result, a few hundred people deemed \"asocial\" were deported to Auschwitz. On 24 June 1942, the Protectorate Minister of the Interior, Richard Bienert, ordered the collection of statistics about \"Gypsies, mixed Gypsies and people with gypsy style of life\". Around 6,500 people were recorded in these statistics (based on older records and often on skin color).
On July 10, SS-*Oberführer* Horst Böhme, Chief of German Security Police, ordered Romanis to be moved into two camps: Lety for Romanis from Bohemia, Hodonín for those from Moravia.
## As \"Gypsy\" camps {#as_gypsy_camps}
All pre-existing prisoners at Lety were released or transferred, except for 19 Romani already imprisoned. On 2 October 1942, the first new internees arrived. The capacity of the camp was soon exhausted. Even though new buildings were constructed, the site continued to be overcrowded. Some internees were able to secure their release by bribing officials in Prague.
Internees worked on logging trees, road building and on neighbouring farms. The food was meagre and the rations decreased over time. During winter, internees were not provided sufficient clothing. Brutality on behalf of the guards was common. A typhoid epidemic started in December 1942 and did not recede until the camp was closed in May 1943. Commander Janovský was recalled for inability to deal with the epidemic and replaced by Commander Blahynka.
The first transport with 94 people to Auschwitz left on 4 December 1942, and a second followed with 417 people on 14 May 1943. Most of the remaining prisoners were sent to the camp in Hodonín.
### Overall numbers {#overall_numbers}
The records are generally considered incomplete and all figures can be considered minimums:
- Compilation of existing data gives a total of 1309 prisoners interned in the camp
- 326 deaths (estimate), including all c. 30 children born in the camp
- Over 500 deported to Auschwitz
## Postwar investigations {#postwar_investigations}
After the war, several trials of Lety camp personnel began. Commander Janovský was jailed and charged in 1945. The investigation was stopped in 1946 but restarted in 1948. Both guards and former prisoners gave testimony about his brutality and theft, but Janovský was acquitted.
Guard Josef Hejduk was accused of torture, and former prisoners accused him of several murders. He was acquitted in 1947; the witnesses were not deemed trustworthy due to their criminal records. Harsh treatment was explained by the \"need to deal with dangerous criminals.\" Guard Josef Luňáček, also accused of torture, was found guilty of a minor offense and punished with an official warning.
The Chief of Police in the Protectorate, Friedrich Sowa, was sentenced to 10 years for crimes that included extermination of Romani. The decision was later overturned, since he was acting on Himmler\'s orders, and he was expelled from the country.
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# Lety concentration camp
## Forgotten and rediscovered history {#forgotten_and_rediscovered_history}
After the war, the existence of Romani Nazi camps was practically forgotten outside the Romani community, except by specialized historians. The whole community of Czech Romani was annihilated and the new ones, who came from Slovakia and Romania, had no knowledge of this tragedy. During the 1970s, a large factory pig farm was constructed near the site of the Lety camp. A tourist hotel has been built on the site of the Hodonín camp.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Czech historians, notably Ctibor Nečas, researched and described the persecution of Roma during the Nazi occupation, including the camps in Lety and Hodonín.
The late 1990s saw heated discussions in the Czech Republic about Czech relations to the Romani and their history, partly caused by two books published during that time. In 1998 the book *Black Silence* by Paul Polansky compiled historical records and testimonials of survivors. Meanwhile, 1997\'s *And No One Will Believe You* by Markus Pape caused one reviewer to note:
> Previous studies of the Romani Holocaust in Czechoslovakia have, as Pape suggests, rejected survivors' memories of extermination, executions, murders and rape carried out by the commandant and his guards, and have claimed that the camp did not function as an extermination camp. Such claims are joined to the assertion that survivors have, with the passing of time, confused what they saw with their own eyes in the camp. At the same time, previous studies have concluded that state documents exclude the possibility of such crimes having been committed. Pape succeeds, with this volume, in demonstrating that the state documents themselves not only support, but actually go further than, the eye-witness accounts; the idea that Lety really was an extermination camp is the first of the two main theses of the book\... The second thesis of the book is that the camp at Lety operated with a certain independence from the Reich and erratic control from Prague.
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# Lety concentration camp
## Political symbolism {#political_symbolism}
The existence of the camps (or, more precisely, that they were guarded by protectorate policemen and the existence of the privately owned pig farm near Lety) quickly became a very powerful symbol in Czech politics. The issue started to attract minor political groups seeking to receive media attention.
Romani activists picked the pig farm as a symbol of the Czech stance toward the Romani, insisting it is a source of shame for the country internationally. They have repeatedly asked the government to relocate the farm. Their efforts gained further attention by a resolution of the European Parliament in 2005 asking the Czech Government to remove the farm. Opponents have criticized the massive cost of the farm\'s relocation, and insisted it has no impact on the actual life of the Romani people. They claim that the real intention of the activists is to extort money from the state and that the farm\'s removal would lead to a worsening of already tense relations between ethnic Czechs and Roma. In both 2005 and 2006, the Czech government announced its intention to buy and liquidate the farm, but later decided against it.
In 2005, an exhibition of historical photographs and documentation entitled \"Lety Detention Camp: History of Unmentioned Genocide\" was held in the European Parliament and toured cities in Europe.
More recently, organizations in the Czech Republic such as the Committee for the Redress of the Romani Holocaust, Dzeno Association, and Romea are working to keep the issue alive and defend the site from right-wing extremist political demonstrations.
In 2017, the Czech government finally decided to buy the pig farm from company AGPI for 450 million Czech crowns (around 17.5 million EUR). The government will also pay 100 million Czech crowns for demolition of the farm. In the area it will build a heritage site managed by the Museum of Romani Culture. As 2020, the demolition was postponed because of the coronavirus pandemic. In early 2021, a winner of the architectonic competition was announced.
Demolition of the farm began on 22 July 2022.
## Lety Stone {#lety_stone}
A commemorative stone, with a plaque, was erected by the small far right party the National Party at the site of the former Lety concentration camp to reflect its opinion that it was a labour camp. The stone and plaque were immediately removed by the local authorities
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# Divina Trace
***Divina Trace*** (1991) is an experimental novel by Robert Antoni. It won the 1992 Commonwealth Writers Prize for best first novel. It also won a National Endowment for the Arts Grant.
The novel tells the story of the fictional island-nation of Corpus Christi coming into its own identity. The central narrator, Johnny Domingo, relays the story of the mysterious Magdalena and her frog child, as he hears it from seven different narrators, each speaking their own distinctly Caribbean dialect. It utilizes drawings, pictures, and even a mirror
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# Misungwi District
**Misungwi District** is one of the seven districts of the Mwanza Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by Nyamagana District and Magu District, to the east by Kwimba District, to the south by Shinyanga Rural District and to the west by Nyang\'hwale District and Lake Victoria. Misungwi is often spelled with an extra \'s\' to make it Missungwi. The administrative centre is in the town of Misungwi.
As of 2012, the population of the Misungwi District was 351,607, of which 30,728 are living in an urban area (Misungwi town).
## Transport
Paved trunk road T8 from Shinyanga to Mwanza passes through Misungwi district from south to north.
The Central Line railway from Tabora to Mwanza passes through the district from east to west and there is one train station within the district\'s boundaries at the village of Fella.
## Administrative subdivisions {#administrative_subdivisions}
As of 2012, Misungwi District was divided into four divisions and 27 wards
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# Desiring-production
**Desiring-production** (*production désirante*) is a concept developed by the French thinkers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their book *Anti-Oedipus* (1972).
## Overview
In opposition to the perceived idealism and repressive tendencies of Freudian theory, Deleuze and Guattari set out to describe a renewed framework of desire, incorporating both philosophical and psychoanalytic perspectives towards forming a \"materialist psychiatry.\"
Deleuze and Guattari write, \"\[p\]roduction as process overtakes all idealistic categories and constitutes a cycle whose relationship to desire is that of an immanent principle. That is why desiring-production is the principal concern of a materialist psychiatry, which conceives of and deals with the schizo as Homo natura.\"
Deleuze and Guattari explain the concept of process and its involvement in desire. \"\[E\]verything is production: production of productions, of actions and of passions; productions of recording processes, of distributions and of co-ordinates that serve as points of reference; productions of consumptions, of sensual pleasures, of anxieties, and of pain. Everything is production, since the recording processes are immediately consumed, immediately consummated, and these consumptions directly reproduced. This is the first meaning of process as we use the term: incorporating recording and consumption within production itself, thus making them the productions of one and the same process.\"
The concept of desiring-production is linked to the theory of desiring-machines and their processes (cf. Process ontology). Deleuze and Guattari portray the concept of desiring-machines through the example of Lenz\'s stroll, a narrative exemplifying schizophrenic experience.
\"Everywhere it is machines --- real ones, not figurative ones: machines driving other machines, machines being driven by other machines, with all the necessary couplings and connections. \[\...\] A schizophrenic out for a walk is a better model than a neurotic lying on the analyst\'s couch \[\...\] This walk outdoors is different from the moments when Lenz finds himself closeted with his pastor, who forces him to situate himself socially, in relationship to the God of established religion, in relationship to his father, to his mother. While taking a stroll outdoors, on the other hand, he is in the mountains, amid falling snowflakes, with other gods or without any gods at all, without a family, without a father or a mother, with nature. \"What does my father want? Can he offer me more than that? Impossible. Leave me in peace.\" Everything is a machine. Celestial machines, the stars or rainbows in the sky, alpine machines --- all of them connected to those of his body.\"
For Deleuze and Guattari, schizophrenic experience exemplifies an encounter with the immanent and productive reality of the universe. Schizophrenic experience is also detailed to emerge prior to the distinction of the universe into separate systems or structures of production: such as nature, man, industry, consumption, &c. Therefore, schizophrenic encounter reveals \"the real truth of the matter --- the glaring, sober truth that resides in delirium --- \[\...\] that there is no such thing as relatively independent spheres or circuits: production is immediately consumption and a recording process without any sort of mediation. \[\...\] What the schizophrenic experiences, both as an individual and as a member of the human species, is not at all any one specific aspect of nature, but nature as a process of production. \[\...\] Even within society, this characteristic man-nature, industry-nature, society-nature relationship is responsible for the distinction of relatively autonomous spheres that are called production, distribution, consumption.\"
Desiring production is also linked to a denial of the \"man-nature\" distinction. \"\[W\]e make no distinction between man and nature: the human essence of nature and the natural essence of man become one within nature in the form of production or industry, just as they do within the life of man as a species. Industry is then no longer considered from the extrinsic point of view of utility, but rather from the point of view of its fundamental identity with nature as production of man and by man. \[\...\] This is the second meaning of process as we use the term: man and nature are not like two opposite terms confronting each other \[\...\] rather, they are one and the same essential reality, the producer-product.\" Desire is prior to conscious representations, operating at the level of the unconscious, \"\[t\]he power of the machine, is that one cannot ultimately distinguish the unconscious subject of desire from the order of the machine itself.\"
Philosophically, desiring-production is a granular and fuzzy concept. In Deleuze and Guattari\'s work, the \"machine\" is linked to many descriptive terms. For example: celibate-machine(s), house-machine(s), organ-machine(s), celestial machine(s), alpine machine(s), photosynthesis-machine(s), &c., appear in their work. These descriptive terms qualify the underlying thematic focus of process ontology and desiring-prodution. As Deleuze and Guattari write, \"Something is produced: the effects of a machine, not mere metaphors.\"
Desiring-production is also a component of Deleuze and Guattari\'s more general appropriation of pluralism and the will to power doctrine. In both frameworks, a force of appropriation of external functionalities or entities --- \"partial objects\" --- acts with a corresponding internal multiplicity, serving to characterise the process of life and reality against [molar](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1284889/) structures of representation and castration. Deleuze and Guattari write, \"\[p\]artial objects are what make up the parts of the desiring-machines; partial objects define the working machine or the working parts, but in a state of dispersion such that one part is continually referring to a part from an entirely different machine, \[\...\] Let\'s not rush to introduce a term that would be like a phallus structuring the whole and personifying the parts, unifying and totalizing everything. Everywhere there is libido as machine energy, and neither the horn nor the bumble bee have the privilege of being a phallus: the phallus intervenes only in the structural organization and the personal relations deriving from it, where everyone, like the worker called to war, abandons his machines and sets to fighting for a war trophy that is nothing but a great absence, with one and the same penalty, one and the same ridiculous wound for all --- castration. This entire struggle for the phallus, this poorly understood will to power, this anthropomorphic representation of sex, this whole conception of sexuality that horrifies Lawrence precisely because it is no more than a conception, because it is an idea that \"reason\" imposes on the unconscious and introduces into the passional sphere, and is not by any means a formation of this sphere --- here is where desire finds itself trapped, specifically limited to human sex, unified and identified in the molar constellation.\"
While interested in Wilhelm Reich\'s fundamental question --- *why did the masses desire fascism?* --- Deleuze and Guattari also maintain criticism of his dualist theory, which implies a rational social reality on one side, and an irrational libidinal reality on another. *Anti Oedipus* therefore attempts to think beyond the Freudo-Marxist framework.Hardt has suggested that Desiring-production is a social or cosmological ontology. Foucault, however, has suggested against using such a model for general and systematic claims. Also published in the same year as *Anti Oedipus*, Guy Hocquenghem\'s *Homosexual Desire* re-articulated the theory of desiring-production within the emergent field of queer theory
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# Amelia Edith Huddleston Barr
**Amelia Edith Huddleston Barr** (March 29, 1831 -- March 10, 1919) was an English novelist and teacher. Many of the plots of her stories are laid in Scotland and England. The scenes are from her girlhood recollection of surroundings. Her works include, *Jan Vedder\'s Wife*, *A Border Shepherdess*, *Feet of Clay*, *Friend Olivia*, *The Bow of Orange Ribbon*, *Remember the Alamo*, *She Loved a Sailor*, *A Daughter of Fife*, *The Squire of Sanddal Side*, *Paul and Christina*, *Master of His Fate*, *The Household of McNeil*, *The Last of the Macallisters*, *Between Two Loves*, *A Sister to Esau*, *A Rose of a Hundred Leaves*, *A Singer from the Sea*,*The Beads of Tasmer*, *The Hallam Succession*, *The Lone House*, *Christopher and Other Stories*, *The Lost Silver of Briffault*.
## Early years and education {#early_years_and_education}
She was born on March 29, 1831 (1832 is also reported), in Ulverston, Lancashire, England, as Amelia Edith Huddleston. Her father was Reverend William Huddleston, a Wesleyan minister. She was brought up in an atmosphere of culture and refinement, and early turned to books for recreation and instruction. When only nine years of age she became her father\'s companion and reader. Thus it was she read books far beyond her comprehension, but they tended to develop her mental qualities. A brief return to her father\'s financial stability allowed Barr to return to the Normal School in Glasgow where she learned the Stowe teaching method. Its principles are based on morality and lifelong learning, rather than learning by rote.
## Career
On 11 July 1850, she and a prosperous local wool merchant, Robert Barr, married. The couple emigrated to the U.S. in September 1853, landing in New York City. In Chicago, Illinois, Barr tutored at home, and established a school for girls, though she was not involved for long as her husband\'s business prospects fell through and they traveled west, settled in Austin, Texas. They remained there until after the American Civil War when they moved to Galveston, where Mr. Barr became an auditor for the state, before he and four sons were stricken with yellow fever and died. Of their 12 children, several died young.
With her three remaining daughters, Mrs. Barr moved to Ridgewood, New Jersey, in 1868. She came there to tutor the three sons of a prominent citizen, William Libby, in ancient and modern literature, music, and drawing; and opened a school in a small house. This structure still stands at the southwest corner of Van Dien and Linwood Avenues. Barr did not like Ridgewood and did not remain there for very long. She left shortly after selling a story to a magazine. Barr asked advice of Henry Ward Beecher, then editor of the *Christian Union*, in regard to contributions to magazines. He encouraged her to write for his paper. Through the Bouchers or Dr. Lyman Abbott, she met the Harpers and wrote for them many years. After an accident confined her to a chair, unable to employ herself otherwise, she wrote her first novel, *Jan Vedder\'s Wife*. Thereafter, she wrote a great deal. In 1869, she moved to New York City, where she began to write for religious periodicals and to publish a series of semi-historical tales and novels. By 1891, when she achieved greater success, she and her daughters moved up the Hudson River to Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York, where they renovated a house on the slopes of Storm King Mountain and named it Cherry Croft. The name has been applied to that period of her career, the most productive and successful. She remained there until moving in with her daughter Lilly in White Plains in her last years.
Barr had a sunstroke in July 1918 and never fully recovered. She died on March 10, 1919, in Richmond Hill, Queens, New York, where she had moved in 1914. She was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Tarrytown, New York, near her friend, Louis Klopsch. Her daughter Mary Barr Munroe became a noted clubwoman and conservationist in Florida
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# Fan heater
A **fan heater**, also called a **blow heater**, is a heater that works by using a fan to pass air over a heat source (e.g. a heating element). This heats up the air, which then leaves the heater, warming up the surrounding room. They can heat an enclosed space such as a room faster than a heater without a fan, but like any fan, create a degree of noise.
## Cost and efficiency {#cost_and_efficiency}
Electric fan heaters can be cheaper than other heaters due to simple construction. The fan carries heat away from the device, which can be made smaller without overheating. The relatively small amount of electricity used to operate the fan is converted to additional heat, so that efficiency remains at 100%.
Electric fan heaters can be more expensive to run than fuel powered heaters due to the cost of electricity. This makes them best suited to occasional use rather than as regularly used heat sources.
Residential electric fan heaters are limited in capacity by the voltage of the electrical system. In 110/120`{{spaces}}`{=mediawiki}V countries, 15`{{spaces}}`{=mediawiki}A is a typical maximum, which results in many models being 1.5 kW. In 220/230`{{spaces}}`{=mediawiki}V countries, 3 kW is a maximum, however 2 kW is commonly used as it is adequate for most cases. Industrial fan heaters can draw more power than smaller commercial models.
## Control
Most modern fan heaters have a power setting to determine power output. Some also have a thermostat which switches off heating when the desired ambient temperature is reached. They do not maintain perfect room temperature control, since:
- the thermostat is usually attached to the body of the heater, and senses temperature there.
- the basic bimetal thermostats usually have significant hysteresis.
- Remote sensors and thermostats with less hysteresis are available but are less common, as they are more expensive and the basic fan heater is satisfactory for most purposes.
## Safety
Electric fan heaters are unsealed appliances with live electric parts inside, so they are not safe to use in wet environments because of the risk of electrical injury if moisture provides a conductive path to electrically live parts. Electric fan heaters usually have a thermal fuse close to the heating element(s) to prevent overheating damage in the event of fan failure or air intakes becoming blocked, and a tip-over switch to shut the heater off when the fan outlet is not in the required orientation. Metal-cased heaters may perform better in the case of possible fire-causing faults than plastic-cased ones, since the case will stay intact and is not flammable, but the metal case presents a higher risk of electric shock if a heater malfunctions.
Portable fuel-powered fan heaters release all the fumes of combustion into the room, creating a risk of poisoning by carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Most installed fuel fan heaters in the first world use a heat exchanger and external ventilation, avoiding that risk by venting the combustion gases to the outdoors.
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# Fan heater
## Internal parts {#internal_parts}
### Residential model {#residential_model}
thumb\|Typical fan heater\'s internal parts The picture immediately to the right (the top on the mobile site) shows most of the component parts of a typical plug-in electric fan heater.
- The heating element is the coiled wire frame located behind the fan blades.
- The thermostat is at the top left.
- The heat (wattage) selector switch is at the top right.
- The switch at the bottom is a normally open switch that serves as a \"tipover switch\" safety device: as long as the heater is standing upright, the switch is engaged and the circuit is closed.
- The grip for the power cord is at the bottom right.
thumb\|Overheat cutouts The next picture shows the two overheat cutouts. The bimetal cutout (left) operates if the device overheats because the intake is blocked or the fan fails, and resets automatically or manually depending on specification, once the heater cools after the operational fault is corrected. The thermal fuse (right) is a fail-safe backup device that will blow and disconnect the heating element permanently should the bimetal cutout fail to operate (e.g. due to its contacts welding together) and in so doing prevent extreme overheating which could result in a fire.
### Industrial model {#industrial_model}
Industrial fan heaters use high-output finned heating elements in front of a fan to provide a larger airflow and higher kilowatt rating than many smaller residential fan heaters. Industrial fan heaters can be used in warehouses, shipping containers, clean rooms, shops and other general purpose heating applications. They can also be used as dryers or dehumidifiers with modified attachments or mountings. Portable industrial fan heaters tend to range from around 1.5 kW up to about 45 kW with either axial or centrifugal fans and various staged controls and over-temperature safety limit controls
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# Maria van Oosterwijck
**Maria van Oosterwijck**, also spelled **Oosterwyck**, (1630--1693) was a Dutch Golden Age painter, specialising in richly detailed flower paintings and other still lifes.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
Maria van Oosterwijck was born in 1630 in Nootdorp, a town located near Delft in South Holland, the Netherlands. Her date of birth is generally listed as 20 August, but some sources state that it was 27 August. Her father was a Dutch Reformed Church minister, as was her grandfather. When she was quite young, her father took her to the studio of the masterful still life painter Jan Davidsz. de Heem. Under de Heem\'s influence, van Oosterwijck developed her interest in floral painting. She became his student, and showed herself to have a talent for vividly painting realistic creations.
Van Oosterwijck initially worked in Delft and later moved to Utrecht. She worked with de Heem, and years later she produced her first professional piece which had been created independently. When de Heem moved to Antwerp, van Oosterwijck had ample opportunity for independent painting.
Sometime in the early to mid-1670s, she moved to Amsterdam, where her studio was opposite the workshop of fellow flower painter Willem van Aelst. Van Aelst courted her, but she refused his hand, and he reportedly stopped pursuing her because her devotion to painting was more important to her. Van Oosterwijck remained single throughout her life, but raised her nephew, who had been orphaned.
In addition to being a talented painter, she was also a successful businesswoman; she obtained the services of an agent in Amsterdam to market her pieces to Germans. Among her patrons were Louis XIV of France, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I, Augustus II the Strong, and William III of England. She sold three pieces to the King of Poland. Despite the fact that her skillfully executed paintings of flowers were sought out by Dutch and other collectors, she was denied membership in the painters\' guild, because women were not allowed to join.
Very few women were professional artists during the 1600s. In a 2004 book on Dutch Golden Age paintings by art historian Christopher Lloyd, van Oosterwijck was the only woman whose work was included. Early writers tended to depict female artists by correlating virtues which were traditionally held by women with similar values gleaned from interpretation of their paintings. Van Oosterwijck, who devoted her life to her painting rather than being a wife and mother, proved a challenging subject for these writers, and their accounts may not portray her as a fully formed personality. The more personal aspects of her paintings were also largely unexplored. This is in contrast to Rachel Ruysch (1664--1750), who was married and had ten children, and was written about in very personable and glowing terms.
As an homage to van Oosterwijck\'s skill as a floral painter -- considered an acceptable vocation for a woman of the time -- Wallerant Vaillant painted a portrait of her holding a palette. This 1671 portrait, held in Amsterdam\'s Rijksmuseum, shows her holding a Bible in her other hand. Another portrait of her, attributed to Gerard de Lairesse, features her posing with poet Dirk Schelte. In 1673, Schelte had written a poem in tribute to the beauty of van Oosterwijck\'s paintings, as well as that of her character. The portrait appears to reference the poem, picturing van Oosterwijck, with palette and brushes, as a painter-muse, serving as an inspiration to Schelte the poet.
She taught her servant Geertgen Wyntges, also known as Geertje Pieters, to mix her paints, and trained her as a painter too. After van Oosterwijck died, Wyntges lived independently, supporting herself as a painter.
In 1689, van Oosterwijck created her last known painting, a still life which is in the Collection of Her Majesty the Queen at London\'s Kensington Palace. This painting, *Still Life with Flowers, Insects and a Shell*, was acquired by the Royal Collection during Queen Anne\'s reign, as was another van Oosterwijck work.
Maria van Oosterwijck died at her home in Uitdam, North Holland, about 12 km northeast of Amsterdam, in 1693. The date of her death is often reported as 12 November, but some sources claim it was in December.
Arnold Houbraken, a contemporary biographer of Dutch Golden Age artists, eulogized van Oosterwijck, but did not consider her to be a professional artist, despite the very large sums paid for her paintings by such high-profile collectors as various members of European royalty.
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# Maria van Oosterwijck
## Art
Van Oosterwijck created floral paintings and still lifes with allegorical themes during a period in which such works were much sought after in Central Europe. She and Ruysch were judged to be the most eminent still life painters of the Low Countries. Van Oosterwijck\'s work, using luminous colours, is very richly detailed, sometimes demonstrating chiaroscuro techniques in her use of light and shadow. She frequently painted dark backgrounds, which resulted in increased brilliance of the foregrounds. She helped to transform the genre of the floral still life, painting realistically in a manner similar to the 16th-century Dutch trompe-l\'œil tradition. There are very few existing pieces that have been identified as being by van Oosterwijck, most of which are florals, but Houbraken determined that she had created many other still lifes. She is thought to have produced 30 paintings in her career. Many of her paintings were small-format. This was often the case for artists of the time, as large pieces tended to restrict sales opportunities to wealthier clients such as churches or the state.
Through the use of symbolic elements, her paintings reflect themes commonly found in Dutch still life of the 17th-century, such as vanity, impermanence, and the obligation to devote oneself to God. Her vanitas paintings incorporate objects intended to symbolize the ephemeral nature of life; such objects may include skulls, hourglasses, books, globes, partially eaten food, bags of money, insects, wilted leaves, and flowers. She also included symbols of resurrection, giving her work a subtle bitter-sweet quality which is in contrast to some other artists of the time who sometimes, for example, would depict a large pile of skulls in order to deliver the moral message in their vanitas paintings.
Van Oosterwijck was very religious, and she often symbolically represented her deeply held beliefs in her paintings. The sunflower is symbolic of turning to God. Grapes take on a symbolic religious meaning because of their use to make eucharistic wine. Even colours are used symbolically, with white denoting innocence, yellow indicating divinity, and red symbolizing martyrdom.
Van Oosterwijck painted a recurring poetic embellishment into her still lifes. The red admiral butterfly (*Vanessa atalanta*) appears in various locations within most of her substantial paintings, sometimes resting on a flower stem, or on the edge of a table with a flower vase, or on a book. The butterfly was used as a device to draw the viewer\'s attention into the painting and into van Oosterwijck\'s artistic vision. The butterflies are also symbolic of Christ\'s resurrection.
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# Maria van Oosterwijck
## Collections
- Cincinnati Art Museum
- Crocker Art Museum (Sacramento, California)
- Denver Art Museum
- Fitzwilliam Museum (Cambridge)
- Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna)
- Mauritshuis (The Hague)
- Palatine Gallery in Palazzo Pitti (Florence)
- Royal Collection (London)
- Statens Museum for Kunst (Copenhagen)
- The Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam acquired *Vanitas Still Life* (ca. 1690) in 2023 for €1.3 million. After a period of research and conservation, it went on display in March 2025. This is only one of only two paintings by van Oosterwijck held by a Dutch institution.
## Gallery
<File:Maria> van Oosterwijk A vase of flowers.jpg\|*A Vase of Flowers*, Fitzwilliam Museum
<File:Maria> van Oosterwijk Still Life with Flowers after.jpg\|*Roses and Butterfly*, Crocker Art Museum
<File:Maria> van Oosterwijk Vanitas-Stilleben.jpg\|*Vanitas with Sunflower and Jewelry Box*, c. 1665, Rijksmuseum
<File:Maria> van Oosterwijk - Flowers and Fruit - WGA16657.jpg\|*Flowers, Fruit and Insects*, c. 1670, Palatine Gallery in Palazzo Pitti
<File:Maria> van Oosterwyck - Bouquet of Flowers in a Vase - Google Art Project.jpg\|*Bouquet of Flowers in a Vase*, c. 1670, Denver Art Museum
<File:MARIA> VAN OOSTERWIJCK NOOTDORP 1630 - 1693 UITDAM A FLORAL STILL LIFE.jpg\|*A Floral Still Life \...*, 1675
<File:Bouquet> of Flowers in a Glass, Oosterwijck.jpg\|*Bouquet of Flowers in a Glass*, 1685, Statens Museum for Kunst
<File:Still> Life with Flowers and Butterflies, Oosterwijck
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# Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky
**Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky** (pronounced skĕr-ĕs-kūs\'kĭ `{{zh|c=施約瑟|myr=''Shi Yuese''}}`{=mediawiki}; 6 May 1831 -- 15 October 1906), also known as **Joseph Schereschewsky**, was the Anglican Bishop of Shanghai, China, from 1877 to 1884. He founded St. John\'s University, Shanghai, in 1879.
## Early years {#early_years}
Schereschewsky was born in Tauroggen, Russian Lithuania, on 6 May 1831. He appears to have been named for his father. His mother was Rosa Salvatha. Orphaned as a young boy, it is speculated he was raised by a half-brother who was a timber merchant in good circumstance. Having shown himself to be a promising student, he was given the best education available and it was his family\'s intention that he become a rabbi. From the time he left his brother\'s house at 15, he was obliged to support himself as a tutor and as a glazier. It was at the rabbinical school in Zhytomyr that he was given a copy of the New Testament in Hebrew which had been produced by the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews. The study of that gradually convinced him that in Jesus the Messianic prophecies of the Old Testament and the age-long hopes of his people had been fulfilled. At the age of 19 years, he went to Germany where he studied for a year or more at Frankfurt and for two years at the University of Breslau. To his fluency in Yiddish, Polish and Russian he added German, which he spoke like a native for the rest of his life.
## Road to China {#road_to_china}
In 1854, he decided to emigrate to the United States, particularly New York City, where he connected with Messianic Jews but did not enter the church until 1855 when he was baptized by immersion and associated with a Baptist congregation. For reasons unknown, he then became a Presbyterian and went to the Western Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church at Allegheny, Pennsylvania. (Western Theological Seminary is now Pittsburgh Theological Seminary. He matriculated as Samuel Isaac Joseph, ostensibly to avoid anti-Semitism.) After more than two years, he left to enter the Episcopal Church and the General Theological Seminary, where he found a mentor in the professor of Hebrew, Samuel H. Turner. His plan to complete his remaining two years of study was interrupted when he offered himself for work in China. On 3 May 1859, the Foreign Committee voted that he be appointed missionary to China as soon as he was ordained. He was ordained as a deacon on 17 July 1859 at St. George\'s Church, New York by Bishop William Jones Boone.
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# Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky
## Career in China {#career_in_china}
Schereschewsky arrived in Shanghai on 21 December 1859 on the ship *Golden Rule* with Bishop Boone. On 28 October 1860 Bishop Boone ordained him to the priesthood in the mission school chapel, later known as the Church of our Savior, Hongkew. He served in Peking from 1862, including on the Peking Translation Committee.
By 1861, Schereschewsky had begun his Bible translations into Chinese. The first was of the Psalms into the Shanghai dialect. He later translated the Book of Common Prayer into Mandarin with English missionary John Shaw Burdon.
He returned to the United States for health reasons in 1875, and refused a call to become missionary bishop of Shanghai, since bishop Channing Moore Williams had requested division of his huge episcopate (including both China and Japan). However, two years later, Schereschewsky accepted the call to that bishopric from the Episcopal House of Bishops, after receiving assurances of financial support for his dream of building a college to educate Chinese in Shanghai. Schereschewsky was consecrated Bishop in Grace Church, New York, on October 31, 1877 and two years later founded St. John\'s College (later renamed St. John\'s University). He served as Bishop of Shanghai until 1883, when he resigned his bishopric for health reasons (having become increasingly incapacitated after suffering a sun stroke in 1881).
He returned to the United States with the understanding that he could return to China as translator as his health permitted. That he did in 1895, although he became \"paralysed in every limb, and with his powers of speech partly gone, sitting for nearly twenty-five years in the same chair, slowly and painfully typing out with two fingers his Mandarin translation of the Old Testament and Easy Wen-li translation of the whole Bible\" His new translations of the New Testament and the Hebrew Bible into Mandarin were published in 1898--1899. However, Schereschewsky yearned to complete a new translation of the Bible into Wenli, China\'s classical language, finding the previous five attempts inaccurate and some even lapsing into paganism (1902).
He continued his translation work, with the assistance of an amanuensis in Chinese and later Japanese, when he moved to Tokyo, Japan during his final decade. A contemporary called him, \"\[p\]robably the greatest Bible translator China ever had\".
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Schereschewsky died on 15 October 1906 and is buried in Tokyo, Japan. St. John\'s University, which Schereschewsky began with 39 students, mostly taught in Chinese. In 1891, it changed to teaching in English and the courses began to focus on science and natural philosophy.
## Veneration
Schereschewsky is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on 14 October
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# Agapetus (deacon)
**Agapetus** (*Ἀγαπητός*) was a deacon of the church of Hagia Sophia at Constantinople (about 500). He was a reputed tutor of Justinian, and author of a series of exhortations in seventy-two short chapters addressed around 527 to Justinian (*Patrologia Graecae,* LXXXVI, 1153--86).
The first letters of each chapter form an acrostic of dedication that reads: \"The very humble Deacon Agapetus to the sacred and venerable Emperor Justinian\" (*ἔκθεσις κεφαλαίων παραινετικῶν σχεδιασθεῖσα*). The repute in which this work was held appears from its common title, viz. the *Royal Sections* (*σχέδη βασιλικὰ*). The book deals in general terms with the moral, religious, and political duties of a ruler. In form it is quite sententious and rhetorical, and resembles closely a similar work in the romance of Barlaam and Josaphat. Both of these seem to be based on Isocrates, and on Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus.
The work of Agapetus was eminently fitted for the use of medieval teachers by reason of its content, the purity of its Greek diction, and its skillful construction. It was widely current in Russia providing the formulations of monarchical ideology. It was translated into Latin, French and German and was highly commended by the humanists of the Renaissance. Some twenty editions of it appeared in the sixteenth century
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# Wave cloud
A **wave cloud** is a cloud form created by atmospheric internal waves.
## Formation
The atmospheric internal waves that form wave clouds are created as stable air flows over a raised land feature such as a mountain range, and can form either directly above or in the lee of the feature. As an air mass travels through the wave, it undergoes repeated uplift and descent. If there is enough moisture in the atmosphere, clouds will form at the cooled crests of these waves. In the descending part of the wave, those clouds will evaporate due to adiabatic heating, leading to the characteristic clouded and clear bands. The cloud base on the leeward side is higher than on the windward side, because precipitation on the windward side removes water from the air.
It is possible that simple convection from mountain summits can also form wave clouds. This occurs as the convection forces a wave or lenticular wave cloud into the more stable air above.
## Importance
### Climate modelling {#climate_modelling}
Wave clouds are typically mid- to upper-tropospheric ice clouds. They are relatively easy to study, because they are quite consistent. As a result, they are being analyzed to increase our understanding of how these upper-level ice clouds influence the Earth\'s radiation budget. Understanding this can improve climate models.
### Recreation
The streamlines in these clouds have the steepest slope a few kilometers downwind of the lee slope of a mountain. It is in these regions of highest vertical velocity that sailplanes can reach record-breaking altitudes.
## Structure
In an ideal model, a wave cloud consists of supercooled liquid water at the lower part, a mixed phase of frozen and liquid water near the ridge, and ice beginning slightly below the ridge and extending downstream. However, this doesn\'t always occur. Wave cloud structure ranges from smooth and simple, to jumbled phases occurring randomly. Often, ice crystals can be found downwind of the waves. Whether this happens depends on the saturation of the air. The composition of the ice is currently an active topic of study. The main mechanism for ice formation is homogeneous nucleation. The ice crystals are mostly small spheroidal and irregular-shaped particles. Ice columns make up less than 1%, and plates are virtually nonexistent. Multi-level mountain wave clouds form when the moisture in the air above the mountain is located in distinct layers, and vertical mixing is inhibited
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# Online Film Critics Society
The **Online Film Critics Society** (**OFCS**) is an international professional association of online film journalists, historians and scholars who publish their work on the World Wide Web. The organization was founded in January 1997 by Harvey S. Karten, an early online critic who discovered that membership in the New York Film Critics Circle was open only to journalists working for newspapers and magazines. Online critics have generally found it difficult to gain acceptance for their work, and one role of the OFCS is to provide professional recognition to the most prolific and successful online critics.
Since 1997, the OFCS has given out annual awards that recognize the best films in about seventeen categories. These awards are noted in the established print media such as *Variety* and *The Hollywood Reporter*, and are included in their annual speculation about the ultimate winners of the Academy Awards.
## Membership
Critics whose primary media affiliation is a print publication, or radio or television, are excluded; this criterion distinguishes the OFCS from associations, such as the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, which is responsible for the annual, widely televised Golden Globe Awards. Applicants for membership in the OFCS must have published at least 100 film reviews over at least two years, and are subject to a peer review process to establish the quality of their work. Of hundreds of applications that are received, only a \"tiny number\" are accepted. As of January 2020, there were 284 members worldwide.
Its membership includes writers for such film-related websites as *Apollo Movie Guide*, *DVDTalk*, *eFilmCritic.com*, *The Moving Arts Film Journal*, *FilmCritic.com* (now defunct), *FilmFocus*, *Film Threat*, *The Internet Movie Database*, and *Slant Magazine*
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# Fabian Månsson
**Karl Fabian Månsson** (1872--1938) was a Swedish politician. In his youth, Månsson used the pseudonym ***Dacke***, a name he borrowed from the 16th century peasant rebel Nils Dacke.
Fabian Månsson was born in a poor family in Hasslö, an island in the Blekinge archipelago. His father was a fisherman.
From around 1900 Månsson was in a relationship with the activist Maria Qvist and they married in 1925.
Fabian Månsson worked as a navvy and became active as a radical in the Social Democratic Party, for which he also worked as an agitator, a journalist, and a poet. In 1912 he was elected to the lower house of the Riksdag where he was reelected until his death.
When the Social Democratic Party was split in 1917, Månsson who always opposed centralistic rule joined the radical, revolutionary group which formed the *Social Democratic Left Party*. However, Månsson opposed communism and left the new party when its leader, Zeth Höglund, moved the party into joining the Communist International. Fabian Månsson decided to rejoin the Social Democratic Party, but continued to scrutinize it from a radical angle.
Månsson wrote several historical works, including a three-volume work on Nils Dacke. He was made honorary Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Uppsala in 1932. His younger comrade Fredrik Ström wrote a biography about him, simply called *Fabian* (1948).
Today there is a statue of Fabian Månsson erected at his birthplace of Hasslö, and a bust outside Stockholm City Library
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# Red Prowling Devil
is a Japanese manga series created by Toshimitsu Shimizu, published in Japan by Shōnen Gahousha and spanning eight volumes (or *tankōbon*). An English translation of the series, covering all eight volumes in flipped format, was published in the United States by the (now apparently defunct) ComicsOne corporation, starting in October 2002.
## Plot
The story of *Red Prowling Devil* centers on Naomi, a pilot who ends up working as an operative for a secretive world power as a way out of a life sentence for accidentally shooting down a plane full of civilians. Naomi feels deeply guilty about her crime and probably would have accepted imprisonment if it were not for an ill loved one depending on the money she earns from flying missions in her red-painted MiG-29.
Naomi\'s assignments take her to locales around the globe, and the ace MiG pilot becomes world-famous (or infamous) as the \"Red Prowling Devil,\" targeted by rival pilots from world air forces and terrorist organizations
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# William Seth Agar
**William Seth Agar** (25 December 1815 -- 23 August 1872) was an English Catholic canon.
## Life
Agar was born in York. His father, grandfather and great-grandfather were all also called William Seth Agar, and were of the Agar family of Stockton-on-the-Forest. Three members of this family, all called Thomas Agar, were Lord Mayors of York, in 1618, 1724 and 1744.
He was educated at Prior Park College, Bath, and was ordained priest there, and appointed in 1845 to Lyme Regis, Dorset. Ill health obliged him to leave Lyme twice, and in 1852 he was appointed chaplain to the canonesses of St. Augustine at Abbotsleigh, where he lived uninterruptedly to his death. In 1856 he was installed as Canon of the Plymouth Chapter.
He is considered by Roman Catholics to have been \"one of the most deeply versed priests in England in ascetical and mystical theology, and in the operations of grace in souls\".
He was more a profound thinker than a great reader, although he studied many theological and philosophical works, especially the published writings of his favorite author, Antonio Rosmini-Serbati, which he carefully annotated. Agar also translated Rosmini\'s *Catholic Catechism* into English
| 198 |
William Seth Agar
| 0 |
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# Länsiväylä
**Länsiväylä** (the **Western Highway**, Swedish: **Västerleden**) is a motorway in the Greater Helsinki area of Finland, mainly at the Helsinki conurbation. It is part of the Finnish national road 51. The road begins in Ruoholahti in western Helsinki and continues west through the island of Lauttasaari and then across the city border to Espoo. The Länsiväylä road continues all the way throughout the southern part of Espoo. It continues as a motorway until finally crossing the border west to Kirkkonummi.
At the start of Länsiväylä is the Lapinlahti bridge built in 1965, which was the longest bridge in Finland for a long time. In September 2013 the average daily traffic over the bridge was 56,710 cars, according to calculations by the city of Helsinki.
Länsiväylä is perhaps the most important connection between the cities of Helsinki and Espoo. Almost all bus and private car traffic between central Helsinki and southern Espoo (such as the Tapiola and Otaniemi districts) passes along Länsiväylä. Along with the beltways Ring I and Ring III, it is one of the roads with heaviest traffic in the country. It was constructed as a motorway and compared to the beltways, has been much better suited to heavy traffic. An extensive bus rapid transit network utilizes Länsiväylä, using special bus lanes. However, the Länsimetro extension of the Helsinki Metro, which was completed in autumn 2017, replaced most bus routes on Länsiväylä.
A similar road, the Itäväylä (Eastern Highway, Swedish: Österleden) begins at Sörnäinen and continues eastwards towards Sipoo.
## History
Building the highway started in 1961. The part between Ruoholahti and Gräsa (connection to Haukilahti in Espoo) was opened on 1 October 1965, and in the next year it was extended to Suomenoja. The highway reached Espoonlahti in 1969. The newest part from Kivenlahti to Kirkkonummi was opened for traffic on 29 October 2013. The highway was originally supposed to reach over Porkkalankatu over Hietalahdenranta and the former Helsinki harbour rail to Lönnrotinkatu and Uudenmaankatu. The Mallaskatu tunnel cutting underneath the Sinebrychoff park is a remnanet of this plan. The tunnel was supposed to become the western entrance ramp to the centre of Helsinki. Another remnant is the correction to the highway route in Salmisaari, where the highway originally branched off in order to continue straight over Porkkalankatu. Originally also Mechelininkatu had a direct connection to Länsiväylä from the northern side. Removing the connection has caused massive traffic problems, even though the greatest problems are caused by the pedestrian crossing with traffic lights and difficult public transport solutions in front of the ramp south of Mechelininkatu.
The predecessor of Länsiväylä from 1933 to 1938 was Jorvaksentie, a two-lane highway leading from Helsinki to Jorvas in Kirkkonummi. Parts of the highway on the Helsinki end acting as parts of the same connection were a causeway leading from Ruoholahti to Salmisaari, as well as the original Lauttasaari bridge leading to Lauttasaari and the Lauttasaarentie street going through the entire island of Lauttasaari, which got its current name already in 1938. Jorvaksentie proper began from the western end of Lauttasaarentie, which went over bridges and causeways via the islands of Koivusaari and Hanasaari to Karhusaari in Espoo, where it continued through southern Espoo to Espoonlahti, which it went over on the Muulo bridge, and further onto Kirkkonummi up to Jorvas. There it joined the old King\'s Road going through Muurala and Kauklahti.
When the new highway numbering system was taken into use in 1938, Jorvaksentie became part of Finnish national road 51. Its westernmost part was left in the Porkkala Naval Base in 1944, so the national road had to be rerouted via Kauklahti and Siuntio. Jorvaksentie later lost its status as a national road, but in 1972 Länsiväylä became a part of the national road 51 again.
As southern Espoo grew in population, Jorvaksentie became hopelessly insufficient, so a motor highway was built to replace it. The part of the highway from the western part of Lauttasaari to the Kivenlahti connection, also known as Martinsilta, was built in place of the original Jorvaksentie by widening it and converting the intersections into interchanges, whereas the parts from Ruoholahti to Lauttasaari and from Martinsilta to the Espoonlahti bridge were built as new roads.
The part of the highway in Helsinki was named Länsiväylä already in the planning stage in 1961. In Espoo the road was still named Jorvaksentie when the highway was built, but the name Länsiväylä was later also taken into use in Espoo. The road is still sometimes referred to as Jorvaksentie, but this name officially only refers to the part of national road 51 in Kirkkonummi.
### Construction of parallel roads {#construction_of_parallel_roads}
At the same time as the highway was built, a parallel street was built to the north of it, leading from Tapiola to Martinsilta. It is named Merituulentie from Tapiola to Ring II, Kuitinmäentie from Ring II to the Suomenoja roundabout and Martinsillantie to the west of Suomenoja. The parallel roads to the west of Martinsilta are Kivenlahdentie and its continuation Vanha Jorvaksentie, which are parts of the original Jorvaksentie. There is no parallel road on Länsiväylä between Lauttasaari and Tapiola, so slow vehicles such as heavy machinery, which cannot travel on the motor highway or the light traffic way along it, have to circumvent the highway via Töölö, Munkkiniemi, Kuusisaari and Lehtisaari.
There have been new connections built to the beltways and Tapiola from time to time, and on its widest part between Tapiola and Westend the highway has 12 lanes. A new connection was built at the Iso Omena shopping centre between Matinkylä and Olari in the early 2000s.
There has been a parallel street to the south of Länsiväylä planned right from the start, but the connection to Haukilahti over Gräsanoja was only built in the early 2000s, and the parallel street Suomenlahdentie to Suomenoja was only built in 2016. There are separate ways for light traffic along Länsiväylä.
## Images
Image:Länsiväylä_Nöykkiö.jpg\|Länsiväylä besides of Nöykkiö, time of evening rush hour, behind intersection of Suomenoja Image:Länsiväylä.jpg\|Länsiväylä, view from Koivusaari to the center of Helsinki Image:LänsiväyläLautta.jpg\|Länsiväylä, section of Lauttasaari Image:LänsiväyläWestend.jpg\|Länsiväylä next to Westend Image:LänsiväyläWestend2.jpg\|Länsiväylä next to Westend, view to Keilaniemi Image:LänsiväyläWestend3.jpg\|Länsiväylä and the towers of Keilaniemi Image:LänsiväyläWestend4.jpg\|Länsiväylä next to Westend, behind headquarters of Kone and Microsoft
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# Länsiväylä
## Other uses {#other_uses}
is the name of a Finnish language free newspaper distributed in Espoo, Kauniainen and Kirkkonummi
| 21 |
Länsiväylä
| 1 |
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# Anthesphoria
The **Anthesphoria** was one of the religious festivals held in Ancient Greece in honor of Persephone\'s return from the Underworld. According to mythological tradition, Persephone\'s husband, Hades, tricked her into eating four pomegranate seeds when Zeus ordered him to let her return to her mother after he had kidnapped her. Because she ate the seeds, Persephone was then forced to spend one-third of the year in the Underworld and only allotted two-thirds of the year aboveground. This festival was held in Sicily and several other regions throughout the ancient world, with each one having distinct customs and rituals
| 100 |
Anthesphoria
| 0 |
3,731,692 |
# Patella pellucida
**Patella pellucida**, common name the **blue-rayed limpet**, is a species of small saltwater limpet, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Patellidae, the true limpets.
## Range of distribution {#range_of_distribution}
This limpet occurs off the eastern Atlantic coasts from Iceland and Norway, to Portugal. It is absent from the Baltic Sea, East Denmark, Belgium and the Netherlands.
## Shell description {#shell_description}
Up to 15 mm long when fully grown, this species is easily identified by its translucent amber shell with brilliant blue spots running in lines across the top of the shell.
## Habitat
The blue-rayed limpet lives primarily on *Laminaria* (kelp) in strong flowing water but also on *Fucus serratus* on the lower shore, down to about 30 m.
## Life habits {#life_habits}
The larvae of this limpet species settle and metamorphose on the algal frond. Here it feeds on its host's tissue using its radula, leaving small depressions in the frond.
As the limpets grow larger, they move down the stipe of the seaweed towards the holdfast, where they establish themselves by excavating a depression. This can weaken the holdfast, eventually resulting in the seaweed being dislodged by storms. The seaweed is often washed ashore, with the blue-rayed limpets still in place
| 207 |
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| 0 |
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# Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
**Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre** (October 24, 1701 - September 8, 1755) was a Canadian colonial military commander and explorer who held posts throughout North America in the 18th century, just before and during the French and Indian War.
## Family life {#family_life}
He traced his lineage to a number of New France\'s prominent families. He was a grandson of Jean-Baptiste Legardeur de Repentigny (who had been elected the first mayor of Quebec City on October 17, 1663, and founded Repentigny, Quebec in 1670) and a great-grandson of explorer Jean Nicollet de Belleborne. Most immediately however, his father Jean-Paul was an adventurer and had founded a post at Chagouamigon in what is now Wisconsin in 1718. It is believed that Jacques spent a number of years there with his father where he obtained an excellent knowledge of the Indian languages and the business conducted in the trading posts.
## Military life {#military_life}
In 1724 he began military service as a second ensign with the colonial regular troops. Because of his skills as an interpreter, his early active duty involved building loyalty and support among the Ojibwa, Cree, and Sioux to assist the French in future campaigns against other Indian tribes. From 1734 to 1737, he was commandant at Fort Beauharnois (on Lake Pepin, along the present day Wisconsin-Minnesota border) and caught in the middle of tribal rivalries. Fearing for himself and his garrison, he abandoned and burned the fort in May 1737.
From 1737 to 1740 he campaigned against the Chickasaws and drew praise for his skills in dealing with the Indians. In 1741 he made lieutenant and was commandant of the Miami post near what is now known as Fort Wayne, Indiana for a short while. From 1745--1747 he was stationed at Montreal and carried out many military assignments, including a raid on the British colonial settlement of Saratoga, New York. In 1747 he and Louis de la Corne fought the British and their Indian allies in the Lachine area.
From 1748--1750 he served at Fort Michilimackinac during which time he was promoted to captain. The whole period was spent negotiating a fragile peace between the warring Indian nations. In 1750 Governor La Jonquière appointed him Western commander to lead in the search for the western sea, a project that had been headed by Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye who had died in 1749 while planning a new expedition. He was soon involved in a dispute with two of the La Vérendrye sons, Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye and Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye, who had been actively involved in this project with their father. To his credit, Saint-Pierre recognized their past role and apologized. During his tenure, he was quite active. He travelled several times to the area of the Red and Winnipeg rivers and Fort St. Charles on Lake of the Woods. He no doubt headquartered at Fort La Reine. At least one important post was established under his command; that being Fort La Jonquière on the Saskatchewan River (probably in the Nipawin, Saskatchewan area). The western sea explorations were not expanded much beyond that point. The story goes that when Fort La Reine was invaded by a group of Assiniboines he saved the fort by standing at the door of the powder magazine with a blazing brand and threatening to blow everyone up if they did not leave.
thumb\|upright=1.1\|George Washington (left) meeting with French military commander Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre in 1753 Returning from the western forts in 1753, Saint-Pierre was assigned to the Ohio Country, where the French and Canadians were building a strong presence in order to deal with the economic threat posed by British fur traders. Paul Marin de la Malgue constructed two forts, the main one being Fort Le Boeuf. After Marin\'s death, Legardeur took over Marin\'s command. The French occupation drew attention from the Virginia Colony, and its lieutenant governor, Robert Dinwiddie, sent a young George Washington with a written demand that the French leave the disputed territory. Much has been made of this event because of the later fame of the messenger; history records that Washington was impressed by Saint-Pierre in this encounter. After Washington in 1754 led an expedition that ambushed a Canadian party, Saint-Pierre was in the party sent from Fort Duquesne that defeated Washington at Fort Necessity. In 1755 Jacques led a large contingent of militia and Indians from Montreal into a battle at Lac du Saint-Sacrement (as Lake George, New York was then known) and was immediately killed. These actions contributed to beginning of the French and Indian War with the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756.
Pierre\'s service to France in North America was valuable and extensive. He was a logical successor to La Vérendrye in the western forts and fur trade. He was awarded the cross of Saint Louis for his endeavors in military action. He was married but had no children. His widow remarried in 1757, to Luc de la Corne
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# Georgia State Route 92
**State Route 92** (**SR 92**) is a 97.81 mi state highway in the U.S. state of Georgia. Its southern terminus is an intersection with US 19 Bus./US 41 Bus./SR 16 in Griffin. Its northern terminus is an intersection with SR 9/SR 120/SR 140 in Roswell. The highway connects Griffin to Roswell, via Fayetteville, Fairburn, Douglasville, Hiram, Acworth, and Woodstock. Primarily signed from south to north, SR 92 is a rural highway that travels through three county seats. It can be seen as a western bypass of the city of Atlanta.
## Route description {#route_description}
The highway begins at the intersection between West McIntosh Road and North Expressway, the latter carrying US 19/US 41/SR 3, on the north side of Griffin. SR 92 runs westward away from the intersection in the middle of a commercial area of the city. The highway is a divided as it passes through residential subdivisions to exit town. Turning northwesterly on Fayetteville Road, SR 92 follows a two-lane roadway through rural Spalding County, running through a combination of woods and farm fields. The highway rounds the northern end of Heads Creek Reservoir before crossing the Flint River and into Fayette County. Past the river, the highway turns northward, running next to Lake Horton before entering the town of Woolsey. Continuing northward, the landscape transitions to residential subdivisions again as the highway enters the outskirts of Fayetteville. SR 92 follows Jimmie Mayfield Boulevard north before turning west onto Helen Sams Parkway, a divided highway. SR 92 turns back northward when it merges with SR 85; the two routes run concurrently northward on Glenn Street into downtown.
In downtown Fayetteville, SR 85/SR 92 meets a pair of one-way streets that carry the two directions of SR 54. Further north, SR 92 separates from SR 85 when it turns northwesterly along Forest Avenue to exit downtown. It meanders north and northwesterly through subdivisions to exit the city near a pair of small airports, Coleman Field and McLendon Airport. SR 92 crosses into the southwestern corner of Fulton County near Fairburn, and it runs through a mixture of industrial parks and commercial zones. The highway passes over I-85, without an interchange, and crosses rail lines owned by CSX Transportation. SR 92 follows Campbellton Street through downtown, intersecting US 29/SR 14 in the middle of town. The highway then follows Campbellton--Fairburn Road north of town through an intersection with US 29 Alt./SR 14 Alt. (Fulton Parkway). At Campbellton, SR 92 merges with SR 154 to cross the Chattahoochee River and enter Douglas County.
On the north bank of the Chattahoochee, SR 166 joins the concurrency, and the merged highway continues northward away from the river. SR 154 and SR 166 separate to turn to the southeast, and SR 92 continues its northward course along Fairburn Road into Douglasville. On the south side of town, the highway arcs westward and crosses I-20 at that freeway\'s exit 37. SR 92 passes into downtown and merges with to run westward with US 78/Georgia State Route 5 /SR 8 for several blocks before turn northward again. North of town, the highway crosses into Paulding County for the first time. There it follows Hiram--Douglasville Highway north into Hiram where it crosses a line of the Norfolk Southern Railway and intersects US 278/SR 6 (Jimmy Lee Smith Parkway).
North of Hiram, SR 92 meets SR 360 and SR 120 in a pair of intersections while running northward through residential subdivisions on the western edge of the Atlanta metropolitan area. The roadway follows the county line and then crosses into Cobb County. It then returns to Paulding County again near the Pickett\'s Mill Battlefield. The state route follows Dallas--Acworth Highway back into Cobb County and past Allatoona High School before meeting US 41/SR 3 (Cobb Parkway). SR 92 turns southeasterly onto Cobb Parkway to cross one arm of Lake Allatoona. SR 92 leaves the parkway to turn northward across the dividing line between Lake Allatoona, and Lake Acworth, entering Acworth. The highway follows Lake Acworth Drive through town and parallel to I-75 before crossing that freeway and entering Cherokee County, Georgia.
In Cherokee County, SR 92 turns eastward along Alabama Road. The highway crosses I-575 in Woodstock. As passing through exit 7 of that freeway, SR 92 then arcs to the southeast, crossing the extreme northeastern corner of Cobb County to enter Fulton County near Mountain Park. The highway continues southeasterly into Roswell where it terminates at an intersection with SR 9/SR 120 (Alpharetta Highway) and SR 140 (Holcomb Bridge Road).
The following portions of SR 92 are part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation\'s economy, mobility, and defense:
- From its southern terminus in the central part of Griffin to the northern end of the US 19/US 41/SR 3 in the northern part of the city
- From SR 138 in Fairburn to the northern end of the US 41/SR 3 concurrency in Acworth
- From I-75 in Acworth to its northern terminus
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# Georgia State Route 92
## History
### 1920s
The roadway that would eventually become SR 92 was established at least as early as 1919 as part of SR 42 from Fayetteville to Fairburn. By the end of 1921, SR 42\'s path was shifted to the east. Its former path was redesignated as part of SR 54.
### 1930s {#s_1}
By the end of 1931, the southern half of this segment of SR 54 had a \"sand clay or top soil\" surface. In January 1932, SR 92 was established from US 78/SR 8 in Douglasville to SR 6 in Hiram. In December 1933, SR 92 was extended south-southeast to Fairburn with a ferry over the Chattahoochee River. The next year, SR 54\'s segment from Fayetteville to Fairburn was shifted southward. SR 92 was extended from Fairburn to Griffin, absorbing this segment. By the end of the year, the portion in Griffin had a completed hard surface. A portion northwest of Griffin, as well as the Fulton County portion of the Fairburn--Douglasville segment, was under construction. Early in 1935, the northern half of the Douglas County portion of the Fairburn--Douglasville segment was under construction. By the middle of the year, the southern half of this portion was also under construction. About a year later, a portion northwest of Griffin had a sand clay or top soil surface. A few months later, nearly the entire Douglas County portion of the Fairburn--Douglasville segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. In 1938, a portion north of the Douglas--Paulding county line was under construction. By the middle of 1939, the northern half of the Fulton County portion of the Fairburn--Douglasville segment was under construction. Also, the southern part of the Douglas County portion of this segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Around the middle of the year, SR 92 was established from US 278/SR 6 in Dallas to US 41/SR 3 in Acworth. However, there is no indication if the highway was concurrent with SR 6 from Hiram to Dallas or if this was a completely separate segment. The crossing of the Chattahoochee River was indicated to have \"no bridge or ferry\". The northern half of the Fulton County portion of the Fairburn--Douglasville segment, as well as a portion from Douglasville to just south of Hiram, had completed grading, but was not surfaced. At the end of the year, a portion northeast of Dallas was under construction.
### 1940s {#s_2}
In the early part of 1940, this segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Later that year, a portion south of Hiram had a completed hard surface. The entire Dallas--Acworth segment was under construction. Before the year ended, SR 92 was extended northeast and east to SR 5 in Woodstock. A portion of the highway northeast of Dallas had a completed hard surface. In early 1941, the crossing of the Chattahoochee River was indicated to have a ferry again. The entire Paulding County portion of the Douglasville--Hiram segment had a completed hard surface. A few months later, the Douglas County portion of the Douglasville--Hiram segment was under construction. In 1944, a small portion north-northwest of Fayetteville had a sand clay or top soil surface. By the end of 1946, the Acworth--Woodstock segment was shifted to a more northerly winding course. The Douglas County portion of the Fairburn--Douglasville segment had completed grading, but was not surfaced. Also, a portion in the vicinity of New Hope was hard surfaced. By the end of 1948, nearly the entire Griffin--Fayetteville segment, the entire Fayette County portion of the Fayetteville--Fairburn segment, and the entire Cobb County portion of the highway, had a sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth surface. A portion from the northern end of the SR 166 concurrency to Douglasville, and then to the Douglas--Paulding county line, as well as the entire Paulding County portion of the Dallas--Acworth segment, was hard surfaced. The next year, the entire segment of the highway from Griffin to Fayetteville was hard surfaced.
### 1950s {#s_3}
By the end of 1951, the Fulton County portion of Fayetteville--Fairburn segment was hard surfaced. By the middle of 1955, the western half of the Acworth--Woodstock segment was hard surfaced. About two years later, the entire length of SR 92 from Griffin to the SR 154 intersection just southeast of the Fulton--Douglas county line, and from the northern SR 166 intersection southeast of Douglasville to the SR 205 intersection west-northwest of Woodstock, was paved. At the end of the decade, the ferry was removed from the crossing of the Chattahoochee River. SR 92 from the SR 154 intersection just southeast of the Fulton--Douglas county line to the northern SR 166 intersection southeast of Douglasville was paved. From the Cobb--Cherokee county line to just west of the SR 205 intersection, SR 92 had completed grading, but was not surfaced.
### 1960s {#s_4}
By the end of 1963, SR 92 was extended east and southeast to a point just southeast of the second crossing of the Cherokee--Cobb county line. This entire extension was paved. Between 1963 and 1966, the segment of SR 92 from the SR 205 intersection to Woodstock was shifted south, which removed the concurrency with SR 5. Also, an unnumbered road was built from Hiram to New Hope. The next year, the segment of SR 92 from Dallas to New Hope was shifted to the southeast, onto this unnumbered road, which connected it more directly to the rest of the highway. The old alignment was redesignated as SR 92 Spur.
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# Georgia State Route 92
## History
### 1970s and 1980s {#s_and_1980s}
In 1970, an unnumbered road was built from US 278/SR 6 and SR 92 in Hiram to SR 92 in Cross Roads. In 1972, the Hiram--New Hope segment was shifted east to travel between Hiram and Cross Roads on the previously unnumbered road. SR 92\'s old alignment was redesignated as a northeast extension of SR 92 Spur. In 1988, SR 92 was extended southeast to Roswell.
| 78 |
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# Georgia State Route 92
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
## Special routes {#special_routes}
### Hiram--New Hope connector route {#hiramnew_hope_connector_route}
**State Route 92 Connector** (**SR 92 Conn.**) was a connector route that existed between Hiram and New Hope. The highway that would eventually become SR 92 Conn. was established at the end of 1940 as SR 176 from SR 6 in Hiram to SR 92 in New Hope. A portion of SR 176 just west of Lost Mountain had a \"sand clay, top soil, or stabilized earth\" surface. By the middle of 1950, a portion just west of Lost Mountain was hard surfaced. In 1953, a portion west of Lost Mountain had completed grading, but was not surfaced. By the middle of 1955, this entire segment of SR 176 had a sand clay, topsoil, or stabilized earth surface. About two years later, it was indicated to have a \"topsoil or gravel, unpaved\" surface. Between 1957 and 1960, it was paved. About a decade later, the segment of SR 176 between Lost Mountain and New Hope was shifted to the northeast. Its former alignment was redesignated as SR 92 Conn. In 1979, SR 92 Conn. was redesignated as SR 120 Conn.
### Dallas connector route {#dallas_connector_route}
**State Route 92 Connector** (**SR 92 Conn.**) was a connector route of SR 92 in Dallas. Between 1945 and the end of 1946, it was established from SR 6/SR 120 and SR 61 in the eastern part of the city to SR 92 in the northeast part of the city. Its entire length was hard surfaced. By the middle of 1950, it was decommissioned.
### Dallas spur route {#dallas_spur_route}
**State Route 92 Spur** (**SR 92 Spur**) was a spur route of SR 92 in Dallas. In 1952, it was established from SR 6/SR 120 and SR 61 in the eastern part of the city to SR 92 in the northeastern part. The next year, it was decommissioned.
### Dallas--Cross Roads spur {#dallascross_roads_spur}
**State Route 92 Spur** (**SR 92 Spur**) was a spur route of SR 92 that existed from Dallas to Cross Roads. The roadway that would eventually become SR 92 Spur was built in 1939, when SR 92 was extended from Hiram to Acworth. By the end of 1948, the entire length of SR 92 that would become the spur route was hard surfaced. In 1966, the Dallas--New Hope segment of SR 92 was shifted to the southeast. Its old alignment became SR 92 Spur. In 1972, the Hiram--New Hope segment of SR 92 was shifted east. Its old alignment between New Hope and Cross Roads became a northeast extension of SR 92 Spur. In 1979, SR 92 Spur was redesignated as SR 381.
On April 4, 1977, Southern Airways Flight 242 attempted a landing on the stretch of highway near New Hope after hail and heavy rain shattered its windshields and destroyed its engines. The DC-9 crashed, killing the flight crew, 60 passengers, and eight people on the ground. It also destroyed a gas station, grocery store, and other structures
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# List of programmes broadcast by TVNZ
This is an incomplete list of television programmes, past and present, screened on Television New Zealand that were made in New Zealand.
## Programmes
### Local
### Regular shows (screened throughout the year) {#regular_shows_screened_throughout_the_year}
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Show | Release date | Channel | Notes \|-z | *1News* | 3 November 1969 | TVNZ 1 | News service, regular updates live from 6am weekdays; the main bulletin is at 6:00 pm everyday, with lunchtime and late night bulletins also broadcast on weekdays. |
+====================+=================+============================================+===========================================================================================================================================================================================================+=========+=================+========+=====================================================================================================================================================================+
| *20/20* | 2005 | TVNZ 2 (2005--2016)\ | Current affairs documentary show, hosted by Carolyn Robinson. Reporters are: Emma Keeling, Erin Conroy and Hannah Ockelford. | | | | |
| | | TVNZ 1 (2016-present) | | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Breakfast* | 1997 | TVNZ 1 | Morning talkshow. Currently hosted by Jenny-May Clarkson and Chris Chang. | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Country Calendar* | 6 March 1966 | TVNZ 1 | New Zealand farming show; the longest-running show on New Zealand television. Produced by Frank Torley. Some reporters include Vivienne Jeffs, Tony Benny and Jerome Cvitanovich. | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Fair Go* | 7 April 1977 | TVNZ 1 | Long running consumer watchdog show. Hosted by Haydn Jones and Pippa Wetzell. Current reporters are Hannah Wallis, Mark Crysell, Amy Kelley and Libby Middlebrook. | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Go Show* | 31 October 2005 | TVNZ+ (formerly on TVNZ6, TV2 and KidZone) | Weekday toddler show. Similar to *Hi-5*. | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Lotto* | 1 August 1987 | TVNZ 2 (1987--2015) TVNZ 1 (2015--present) | Live Lotto New Zealand draw at 8:00 pm on Saturdays and 8:20pm on Wednesdays. | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Marae* | | TVNZ 1 | Māori affairs show. Presented By Shane Taurima. Political reports by Arana Taumata. | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *One Sport* | | TVNZ 1 | Live sports coverage of sports shows screened on TVNZ 1 | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Q+A* | 2009 | TVNZ 1 | Presented by Jack Tame, who interviews politicians on current political issues. | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Rural Delivery* | | TVNZ 1 | Farming affairs show. Presented By Roger Bourne. | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Seven Sharp* | 2013 | TVNZ 1 | Weeknight current affairs and human interest show presented by Hilary Barry and Jeremy Wells. This show replaced the long running 7pm current affairs show *Close Up* and the show\'s predecessor Holmes. | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Shortland Street* | 25 May 1992 | TVNZ 2 | Long running New Zealand soap opera based at fictional hospital Shortland Street. | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Sunday* | 2002 | TVNZ 1 | Sunday evening current affairs show. Presented by Miriama Kamo. | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Tagata Pasifika* | | TVNZ 1 | Pacific Islander affairs show; hosted by Tom Natoealofa and Marama T-Pole; also screened on Māori Television | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Te Karere* | 1983? | TVNZ 1 | Māori language current affairs show hosted by Scotty Morrison. Former host: Tini Molyneux | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Ten 7 Aotearoa* | 2002 | TVNZ 2 | Reality police/criminal series hosted by Rob Lemoto and Sam Wallace; 29 seasons as of February 2023. | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Waka Huia* | 1987 | | Māori culture and current affairs | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *What Now?* | 1981 | TVNZ 2 (1989--present)\ | The longest-running children\'s show on New Zealand television; hosted by Erin Wells, Stella Maris and Joseph Coughlan | | | | |
| | | TVNZ 1 (1981--1989) | | | | | |
+--------------------+-----------------+--------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+-----------------+--------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 650 |
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| 0 |
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# List of programmes broadcast by TVNZ
## Programmes
### Seasonal shows {#seasonal_shows}
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Show | Release date | Channel | Notes |
+===================================+==============================+===================+=======================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| *The Bad Seed* | 14 April 2019 | TVNZ 1 | Drama series, 5 episodes aired during the week beginning 14 April 2019. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Best Bits* | 2014 | TVNZ 1 | Comedy shows that looks at the best TV clips from the past week. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Border Patrol* | 2005 | TVNZ 1 | Reality show, narrated by Tim Balme. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Coast* | 2018 | TVNZ 1 | Documentary series where the story of coastal locations around New Zealand is told. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Coastwatch* | 2005 | TVNZ 1 | Similar to *Border Patrol*. Narrated by Jason Hoyte. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Descent From Disaster* | 2019 | TVNZ 1 | Factual series, New Zealand celebrities tell the story of New Zealand\'s most famous disasters. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Dog Squad* | | TVNZ 1 | Reality series which follows police dogs. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Dog Squad Puppy School* | 2020 | TVNZ 1 | Spin off to Dog Squad series, this series focuses on the pups being trained for New Zealand\'s most elite organisations. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Eat Well For Less New Zealand* | 2020 | TVNZ 1 | New Zealand version of British series Eat Well For Less. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Educators* | 8 May 2019 | TVNZ+ | Comedy series. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| First Dates New Zealand | 2020 | TVNZ 2 | Reality series based on the British series of First Dates. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Fresh Eggs* | 2019 | TVNZ 2 | Comedy series |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Goodnight Kiwi | 2019 | TVNZ+ | Various New Zealand celebrities read children\'s bed time stories, with the first episode featuring Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern. The title is a reference to the TVNZ closedown sequence used in the 1980s and 1990s featuring the Goodnight Kiwi or TV Kiwi as the character was known. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Go Girls* | 2009 | TVNZ 2 | Drama series |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Have You Been Paying Attention?* | 2019 | TVNZ 2 | Celebrity quiz show where celebrity contestants are asked questions on news events and TV events that have occurred in the past week. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Highway Cops* | 2012 | TVNZ 1 | Show that follows highway patrol police. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| I Am | 2018 | TVNZ 1 | Factual Documentary series where a New Zealander tells his or her story. Each episode a New Zealander will tell a story about living with a certain health condition or surviving a certain event. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| I Date Rejects | 2019 | TVNZ+ | Comedy Series |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Last Chance Dogs* | 2012 | TVNZ 2 | Show about dogs who are at risk of being confiscated from their owners. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Late Night Big Breakfast* | 2014, 2020 | TVNZ 1, TVNZ Duke | Comedy parody show of a late night talk show. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Let\'s Get Inventin\'* | 2006 | TVNZ 2 | Children\'s invention show |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Living with the Boss* | 2020 | TVNZ 1 | Reality series where the CEO or owner of a New Zealand business lives with an employee for a week. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Motorway Patrol* | 2001 | TVNZ 2 | Reality series following the New Zealand Police Highway Patrol in action showing footage of people being stopped for traffic offences or accidents on the Auckland motorways. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mucking In* | 2003 | TVNZ 1 | Lifestyle/makeover series hosted by presenter Jim Mora and gardener Tony Murrell. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *My Kitchen Rules New Zealand* | 2014 | TVNZ 1 | New Zealand version of *My Kitchen Rules* |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Nabbed* | 2014 | TVNZ 2 | Reality series following NZ police. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Neighbours at War* | 2006 | TVNZ 2 | Reality series |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *New Zealand Surf League* | | | Sports show showcasing the New Zealand Ironman finals. Hosted by Cory Hutchings. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *New Zealand\'s Got Talent* | 8 September 2008 | TVNZ 1 | New Zealand version of the *Got Talent series*. Original season screened on Prime in 2008; series 2 began on TV One in 2012. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Piha Rescue* | 2005 | TVNZ 1 | Reality show about lifeguards at Auckland\'s Piha Beach. Narrated By John Sumner. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Rapid Response* | 2010 | TVNZ 1 | Reality show following the New Zealand ambulance service, |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Renters* | 2003, 2005 and 2011--present | TVNZ 2 | This reality show follows several rental property managers showing houses badly treated by tenants and dealing with tenants who are late in paying their rent. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Snack Masters* | 2022 | TVNZ 2 | This reality cooking show, hosted by Kim Crossman and Tom Sainsbury, challenges chefs to replicate well-known snacks. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Brokenwood Mysteries* | 2014 | TVNZ 1, Prime | With the assistance of Detective Kristin Sims, Detective Inspector Mike Shepherd investigates a wide range of murder mysteries in Brokenwood, a small town in the countryside of New Zealand. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Casketeers* | 2018 | TVNZ 1 | Documentary and reality series that goes behind the scenes of a New Zealand funeral director Tipene Funerals. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Great Kiwi Bake Off* | 2019 | TVNZ 2 | Reality cooking/baking series. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Year That Was* | 2012 | TVNZ 2 | A standup comedian talks about a particular year to a live audience; the show features clips from that year. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *This Is Your Life* | 1984 | TVNZ 1 | New Zealand version of the show where the host surprises guests with a show documenting their lives, with audience participation from their friends and family. Usually screened once a year or every few years; in the early series the show screened more often. Originally presented by Bob Parker, later shows have been presented by Paul Holmes and for a few years Paul Henry. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *This Town* | 2013 | TVNZ 1 | Show that looks at small towns in Heartland New Zealand focusing mostly on the people that live in these towns. Each week it looks at small towns in a different area of New Zealand. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Treasure Island* | 2000--2008, 2019 | TVNZ 2 | Reality television show; *Survivor*-like, only mainly with celebrities. |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1,101 |
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| 1 |
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# List of programmes broadcast by TVNZ
## Programmes
### One-off series {#one_off_series}
Shows that screened intentionally for just one season or for just a few weeks.
+---------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Show | Release date | Channel | Notes |
+=============================================+===============+================+=================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| *From the Archives* | 1 June 2010 | TVNZ Heartland | A series looking back at television in New Zealand, presented by Andrew Shaw. Each show featured highlights or an entire show from a particular decade. The series is shown on TVNZ Heartland and was the very show to feature on the channel. Later episodes contained older shows with a theme such as gardening shows, cooking shows and an episode dedicated to *Top Town*. |
+---------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Frontier of Dreams* | 2005 | One | Series about the history of New Zealand. |
+---------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Funny As: The Story of New Zealand Comedy* | 2019 | TVNZ 1 | 5 part documentary series that looked at the past of New Zealand comedy. |
+---------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Karaoke High* | 2006 | TV2 | New Zealand drama show screened during the summertime as a replacement for *Shortland Street*. Featured New Zealand actress Miriama Smith. |
+---------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *North* | 2011 | One | Presented by Marcus Lush, this successor to the series *South* looks at the northern part of New Zealand. |
+---------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Off the Rails* | 2005 | One | Presented by Marcus Lush, this series follows the New Zealand rail network from Bluff to the most Northern railway line in New Zealand visiting local people and attractions along the way. |
+---------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Police College* | 11 April 2006 | TV2 | Reality show following the recruits of the New Zealand Police |
+---------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Scarfie Days* | 2007 | TV2 | A look at the lives of students studying at the University of Otago. |
+---------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Snotties* | 2006 | TV2 | A look at aspiring naval officers. |
+---------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *South* | 2009 | One | Presented by Marcus Lush, this series looks at the southernmost part of New Zealand. |
+---------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Eggplant* | 2020 | TVNZ+ | A series designed to help young Kiwis navigate one of the greatest mysteries of the 21st century -- the internet. |
+---------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 376 |
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| 2 |
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# List of programmes broadcast by TVNZ
## Programmes
### Cancelled/ended programmes {#cancelledended_programmes}
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Show | Release date | Channel | Notes |
+===============================================+=============================================================+=============================+==================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| *2 Tube* | 2008 | TV2 | Show where viewers send in their own home movies. Similar to *America\'s Funniest Home Videos*. Hosted by Millen Baird. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *10 Years Younger* | 2005--2009 | One | Hosted by Fiona MacDonald, the New Zealand version of the British show. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *10AM* | 1990 | | Arts and lifestyle magazine programme |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *14 Days on Trial* | 1989/90 | | Documentary about New Zealand pioneers |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *3.45 Live* | 1989--1990 | TV2 | Older children\'s and teenagers\' after-school show hosted by Ricky Morris and Fenella Bathfield in 1989 and Phil Keoghan and Hine Elder in 1990. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *5.30 with Jude* | | One | Talk show hosted by Jude Dobson |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *60 Minutes* | 1993--2001 | TV2 moved to One | Current affairs show. Rights bought by TV3. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *AA Torque Show* | 2005 | One | Picked up by Prime in 2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Adam and Eve Show* | 2015--2017 | TV2 | Children\'s afternoon show hosted by Adam Percival and Eve Palmer aired 4.30 in 2015 and 2016 and 3.30 pm in 2017. Replaced 4.30 show and Erin Simpson Show. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *After 2* | 1989--1991 | TV2 | Children\'s show aimed at preschoolers and younger school children; replaced the earlier part of *After School* while *3.45 Live* replaced the later part. Hosted by Jason Gunn and Thingee. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *After School* | 1983--1988 | One from 1987, moved to TV2 | Children\'s after-school show originally hosted by Olly Ohlson and in 1988 Jason Gunn and Thingee. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Animal House* | 9 March 2005 -- 2011 | TVNZ 1 | Series highlighting the New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Apprentice New Zealand* | 2010 | TV2 | New Zealand version of *The Apprentice*, hosted by Terry Serepisos |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *April\'s Angels* | 1998 | TV2 | Hosted by April Ieremia; the team every week takes part in a community project. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Are You Smarter Than a 10 Year Old?* | 2007 | TV2 | |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Asia Down Under* | 22 February 2001 | One | A magazine series reflecting the life, concerns and interests of the Asian community in New Zealand. Spin-off of *Asia Dynamic*. Presented By Melissa Lee. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Artsville* | 2005--2011 | TVNZ 1 | Documentary arts series |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Auction House* | 30 April 2006 -- ? | TVNZ 1 | Reality show about auctioneers and real estate. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Back Benches* | 2008--2012 | TVNZ 7 | Political talk show. Ended when TVNZ 7 was closed down in 2012. Picked up by Prime in 2013. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Billy T. James Show* | 1983--1985 | | Comedy show starring Billy T. James. Show later screened on TV3 in 1990, a year before his death. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Blind Date* | 1989--1991 | TV2 | Dating match show, hosted by Dave Jamieson and Suzy Aitken |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Breakfast Business* | 1997 | One | Weekday morning business show, hosted by Corin Dann. Reports from Owen Poland, Justine Turner, Michelle King, Lisa Davies and Pushpa Jabin. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Bugs Bunny Show*\ | 1991--1994 | TV2 | Looney Tunes cartoon show hosted by Fenella Bathfield and then Fiona Anderson |
| *The Cartoon Company* | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Bumble* | 1999--2002 | TV2 | Toddler show featuring Bumble the Bee and his friends, the show also aired in Australia. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Business Weekend* | | One | Weekend version of the weekday morning show. Hosted by Corin Dann. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Carters DIY Dads* | | | Reality show |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Changing Rooms* | 1998--2002 | One | New Zealand version of the TV show where two households redecorate each other\'s houses. Hosted by Kerry Smith and Andy Dye. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Chic Chat* | | | Children\'s programme hosted by Chic Littlewood and Alma Woods. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Close to Home* | 1975--1987 | One | New Zealand drama series |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Close Up* | 198? | One | Weekly current affairs show screened Thursday nights on TV1. This show has no connection to the show of the same name that screened weeknights on TV1 between 2004 and 2012. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Close Up* | 2004--2012 | One | Weeknightly current affairs show hosted by Mark Sainsbury. Originally hosted by Susan Wood. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Compass* | 1960s | AKTV2, WNTV1, CHTV3, DNTV2 | News and documentary style show. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Country GP* | | | Period soap which succeeded *Close to Home*. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Crash Course* | 2010 | TV2 | Road safety show presented by race car driver Greg Murphy |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Crime Scene* | 1997--1998 | TV2 | |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Crimewatch* | 1987--1996 | One | Show presented by the New Zealand Police, showing reconstructions, security footage and other details of recent unsolved crimes. Based on the British series of the same name. Superseded by *Crime Scene* and *Ten 7 Aotearoa*. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Cult* | 2009--2010 | TV2 | A serial drama television series in which a group of people try to rescue their loved ones from a mysterious cult called Two Gardens. Produced by Great Southern Television. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Dancing with the Stars* | 2005--2009 | One | Reality television show where celebrities compete in a dance competition with a professional dancer as their partner. Hosted by Jason Gunn and Candy Lane. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Dig This* | 1972--1986 | One | Gardening show hosted by Eion Scarrow. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *DIY Rescue* | 2001--2003 | TV2 | Reality show where the team come and fix DIY disasters or unfinished DIY work. Presented by Lisa Manning. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *A Dog Show* | 1980s | One | Rural New Zealand show where South Island farmers compete against North Island farmers to round up sheep with their dog only using a dog whistle. The winner received a trophy. Show presented by John Gordon. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Eating Media Lunch* | 2003--2008 | TV2 | Hosted by Jeremy Wells |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Erin Simpson Show* | 2009--2013 | TV2 | Daily teen affair/entertainment show, hosted by Erin Simpson. The show was produced in Christchurch by Whitebait Studios. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Eye to Eye with Willie Jackson* | 2006 | One | Current affairs debate talk show, hosted by Willie Jackson |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Face the Music* | 1992--1994 | TV2 | Quiz show about music, hosted by Simon Barnett |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Facelift* | 2005--2007 | One | Comedy show that made fun of current events, politics and anything else on New Zealand television using characters dressed with sculpted faces to resemble various politicians and TV stars. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Filthy Rich* | 2016 | TV2 | Drama series |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Finding J. Smith* | 2003 | TV2 | Game show where teams had to find a certain J. Smith (the most common name) in New Zealand. Had the largest game show prize in New Zealand, NZ\$250,000, and was used to heavily promote the then new Vodafone Live! service. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *FlipSide* | 2002--2004 | TV2 | Youth news and entertainment talk show, hosted by Mike Puru. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Foreign Correspondent* | 1980s -- 1990s | One | Current affairs show featuring overseas stories presented by TVNZ foreign correspondents. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Free Time* | 1983--1988 | One from 1987 moved to TV2 | School holiday replacement, screened in place of *After School* during school holidays. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Fresh and Fancy Fare*\ | 1985--1986 | | Cooking series narrated by Gordon Jackson. |
| *Country Fare* | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Friday Night* | 1988 | | Friday night programme featuring overseas material (including Red Dwarf), live bands, comedy, a viewer participation game and information on upcoming events. Hosted by Alasdair Kincaid and others. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Frontline* | 1988--1994 | One | News and current affairs show screened Sunday nights on TV1. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Frontseat* | 2005--2009 | One | Arts show hosted by Oliver Driver |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Fun Factory* | 1979 | | Children\'s programme hosted by Mike Wilson. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Game of Two Halves* | 2005--2008 | One | Sports quiz show hosted by Martin Devlin, with Matthew Ridge and Marc Ellis as team \"captains\". The show was previously hosted by Tony Veitch until he was suspended pending investigation after allegations of serious assault, which he confessed to on national TV. He later resigned from his positions at TVNZ. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Ghost Hunt* | | | Reality show hunting famous New Zealand ghosts |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Give It a Whirl* | 2005--2006 | | Documentary music show. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Gliding On* | 1980s | One | Adapted from Roger Hall\'s *Glide Time* play, a sitcom about workers in a government department. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Gloss* | 1987--1990 | TV2, or TV One | Soap set in the world of fashion publishing, starring Ilona Rodgers. Also featured notable New Zealand actors Danielle Cormack and Geeling Ng. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Guess Who\'s Coming to Dinner?* | 1998 | TV2 | Reality show hosted by Suzanne Paul |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Havoc and Newsboy\'s Sellout Tour* | 1998--2000 | TV2 | Presented by Mikey Havoc and Jeremy Wells; the show travelled around New Zealand with the presenters reviewing events and local places of interest in a humorous way. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Headliners* | 2004--2005 | One | Entertainment news show hosted by Jason Reeves and Renee Wright. Cancelled at the end of 2005 for a *ONE News* revamp. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Heartland* | 1993--1995 | One | Presented by Gary McCormick. Each week Gary followed the locals in a different community in New Zealand. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *High Life* | 1990--1995 | One | New Zealand version of the 1984-1994 television show *Kids Incorporated*. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Holmes* | 1989--2004 | One | Moved to Prime Television New Zealand; current affairs show hosted by Paul Holmes |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *How Clean Is Your House?* | 2005--2007 | One | Hosted by Carolyn Jones and Evon Blackwell-Chin. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Hudson and Halls* | 1976--1985 | One | Cooking and entertainment show. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Hunter\'s Gold* | 1977 | | Scott Hunter tries to track down his father in New Zealand\'s gold-prospecting country in 1860. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *I Like That One Two* | 1986 | 2 | Viewers\' choice show, featuring clips from TV shows that viewers had requested by postal mail. A similar show was also screened in 1989 called *Your Choice*. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Insider\'s Guide To Love* | 2004 | TV2 | Drama series |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Internet Island* | 2001 | TV2 | Reality show where a group of people were placed in a house and had to survive with nothing but an Internet connected computer. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Intrepid Journeys* | 2001 | One | Reality/travel show where celebrities travel to foreign countries and do \"as the Romans do\" |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Island Wars* | 2009 | TV2 | Reality show where a group of people were placed on an island in a battle against New Zealanders and Aussies. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *It\'s in the Bag* | 1970s--1990 | One | Originally on radio and hosted by Selwyn Toogood, the show moved to TV during the 1970s and was hosted by John Hawkesby during the 1980s. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Jackson\'s Wharf* | 1999--2000 | TV2 | Drama series set in the fictional town of Jackson\'s Wharf |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Jandals Away* | 11 March 2006 | | Sitcom, starring David Fane. Season 1 ended May 2006. Moved to the afternoon, and Season 2 began July 2006. Featured *Dancing with the Stars* singer Bella Kololo. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Jeopardy!* | 1992--1993 | TV2 | Quiz show where contestants are given the answer and have to match the question; hosted by Mark Leishman |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Just Kidding* | 1995--1996 | TV2 | Hosted by Marcus Lush; a show similar to *Candid Camera*. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Kiwi Living* | 2015--2016 | One | New Zealand lifestyle series |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Kiwi Video Show* | 1995--1998 | TV2 | The successor to *New Zealand\'s Funniest Home Videos*. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Kiwifruit* | | | Gay magazine show starring Amanda Rees, Kevin Alexander and Matu Ngaporo; replacement of *QueerNation* |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Krypton Factor* | 1987--1991 | TV2 | Challenge between four contestants having to compete in mental agility, observation, physical ability, intelligence and general knowledge tests. Hosted by Dougal Stevenson. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Last Man Standing* | 2005 | | Jointly made Australian--New Zealand drama series. Cancelled after one season. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Learner Drivers* | 1998 | One | Reality show following the trials of people getting their driver\'s licenses. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Living the Dream* | 2004 | | Licensed version of *Joe Schmo*. A reality TV show featuring several actors pretending to be contestants in a game show and one man who thinks it\'s all real. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *M2* | 2001--2003 | TV2 | Music show that ran from midnight until 6 a.m. Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays; hosted by Dominic Bowden, Jacquie Brown and Joe Cotton. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mai Time* | 1996 | TV2 | |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Mainland Touch* | 1983--1990 | One (Canterbury) | Regional news show screened exclusively in the upper South Island broadcast from TVNZ studios in Christchurch. Originally screened during a time period where each region screened a regional news show during the network news, later moved to before the network news. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Making Italy Home* | 2005 | | Reality show about the Waters family, who relocate from Havelock North to Italy. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Marc & Matthew\'s Rocky Road* | 2005--2006 | TV2 | Hosted by Marc Ellis and Matthew Ridge |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Market Forces* | | | Sequel to *Gliding On*; covered the change from government department to state-owned enterprise. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Marlin Bay* | 1992 | TV2 | Drama series, starring Ilona Rodgers and Andy Anderson. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Masterchef New Zealand* | 2010--2014 | One | Cooking competition show. Moved to TV3 in 2015. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *MasterMind* | 1980s, 2016 | TVNZ 1 | New Zealand version of British quiz show Mastermind. Originally screened in the 1980s and presented by Peter Sinclair the show was revived in 2016 now presented by Peter Williams |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *McDonald\'s Young Entertainers* | | TV2 | Children\'s variety show hosted by Jason Gunn |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *McPhail and Gadsby* | 1980s | One | Satirical sketch show, centring on politics, starring David McPhail and Jon Gadsby, and written by the pair with A. K. Grant. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Media 7* | 2008--2012 | TVNZ 7 | Weekly talk show screening on TVNZ 7, this show contains discussions with politicians and other media personalities from New Zealand. Moved to TV3 after TVNZ went off the air, rebranded as Media 3. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Meet the Locals* | 2007--2012 | TVNZ 6 (2007--2011)\ | |
| | | TVNZ 7 (2011--2012) | |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mercy Peak* | 2001--2004 | One | Drama series. Featured actress Sara Wiseman. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mitre 10 DIY Rescue* | 2001--2003 | TV2 | Reality show where the DIY Rescue team repair unfinished DIY work done to a home or DIY work that has gone wrong. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mitre 10 Dream Home* | 1999--2009\ | TV2 | Reality show where two couples compete to build the house of their dreams with the winner taking away the house and the second place team given the option to buy the house. Hosted by Jayne Kiely until 2009 and Simon Barnett in 2013. |
| | 2013 | | |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mitre 10 Mega: The Fence* | | TV2 | Reality show |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Mole* | 2000 | TV2 | Reality show |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mortimer\'s Patch* | 1980--1984 | | Police drama, starring Terence Cooper. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *My House, My Castle* | 1999--2011 | TV2 | Hosted by Robert Harte; lifestyle housing show |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *New Zealand Idol* | 2004--2006 | TV2 | Hosted by Dominic Bowden; New Zealand version of *Pop Idol* or *American Idol* |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *New Zealand\'s Funniest Home Videos* | 1990--1995 | TV2 | Hosted by Ian Taylor (1990), Kerry Smith (1991--2), Jason Gunn (1993). Based on the format of *America\'s Funniest Home Videos*. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *New Zealand\'s Worst Driver* | 2005 | One | Based on the UK series; eight very bad drivers participate in various driving challenges with the most improved driver taking home a new car and the loser given the title of New Zealand\'s Worst Driver and having his vehicle crushed. Hosted by D\'Arcy Waldegrave. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *NewsNight* | 1994 | TV2 | Late night news show on TV2, presented by Marcus Lush, targeted towards a younger audience. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Nothing Trivial* | 2011--2014 | TVNZ 1 | Drama series |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *No Opportunity Wasted* | 12 November 2006 | TV2 | Created by Phil Keoghan & Louise Keoghan; 26 contestants are given 72 hours, \$3,000 and the opportunity to fulfill a long-held dream or desire. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *NZ Story* | 2013 | TVNZ 1 | Show where various New Zealanders tell their stories about a historic event in New Zealand. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *On the Mat* | | | Wrestling show |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Open Home* | 1992--1994 | One | Show that gave an open home tour of people\'s homes, usually luxury homes. The show usually featured a celebrity\'s home as well. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The OUTHouse* | 2005 | | Magazine show aimed at gays and lesbians. Ran for a trial ten episodes as a possible *QueerNation* replacement. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Palmers Garden Show / Maggie\'s Garden Show* | 1992--2003 | One | Gardening lifestyle show presented by Maggie Barry. Initially screened on Saturday mornings but later moved to Friday evenings. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Party Animals* | 2003--2004 | TV2 | A children\'s show with bears for toddlers, the show also aired in Australia |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Play Your Cards Right* | | | New Zealand version of U.S. game show *Card Sharks*; hosted by Kenny Cantor |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Popstars* | 1999 | TV2 | Created TrueBliss. Only ran for one season but the format was taken overseas and many more manufactured groups were created around the world. Returning in 2021. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Praise Be* | 1985--2016 | TVNZ 1 | Christian hymns show. Most recently hosted by Chris Nichol succeeding Graeme Thomson. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Press for Service* | 1980s | | The A. K. Grant-created successor to *Gliding On*. Lasted one season. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Price is Right* | 1992 | TV3 | A short-lived New Zealand version of the famed, long-running U.S. game show of the same name; hosted by Dave Jamieson. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Pulp Comedy* | | | Stand-up comedy show |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Queer Nation* | 1993--2005 | | Longest-running queer issues show in the world. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *A Question of Sport* | 1988--1991 | One | Sports quiz show where two teams of New Zealand sporting personalities competed against each other. The winning team each week had the choice of charity to donate prize money to. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Radio with Pictures* | | TV2 | Late-night music programme. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Raise My Kids* | 2005--2007 | One | Reality show seeing if couples who want children can raise someone else\'s children for a week. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Ready Steady Cook* | 1999 | TV2 | Cooking show where two teams of celebrities compete to cook the best meal in a certain time. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Redemption Hill* | 2006 | TV2 | Reality television show about delinquent children; Season 1 ended April 2006 |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Ready to Roll*\ | 1975--2006 | TV2 | Long running music show; ended 2006 |
| *RTR Countdown*\ | | | |
| *Video Hits* | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Risk* | 2001 | One | Game show and Lottery show hosted by Matthew Ridge and Marc Ellis; replaced *TeleBingo* in 2001 |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Roche* | 1985 | | Dramas in a family-owned trucking firm. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Romper Room* | 1977 | | Children\'s show which included Yvonne Moore as one of its hosts. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Rookie Vets* | | | Reality show that follows students at Massey University who are aspiring to become veterinarians |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Sale of the Century* | 1989--1993 | One | Quiz show hosted by Steve Parr and Jude Dobson. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Sensing Murder* | 2006--2010 | TV2 | Psychic crime investigations show hosted by Rebecca Gibney. Spans New Zealand and Australia. The psychics are Deb Webber, Sue Nicholson and Kelvin Cruickshank. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Seven Periods With Mr. Gormsby* | 2005--2006 | One | Satirical comedy series |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Shark in the Park* | 1989--1990 | One | Action--drama series set in a Wellington police station, starring Jeffrey Thomas and Nathaniel Lees. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Shock Treatment* | 2006--2008 | TV2 | Reality television show where celebrities are surprised and put through the wringer. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Showstoppers* | | | Variety show |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Singing Bee* | 2008--2009 | TV2 | New Zealand version of a show where the first few lines of a popular song is sung, then when the music stops the contestant must continue singing the lyrics. Hosted by Jordan Vandermade. The show was panned by the public. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *So You Wanna Be a Popstar?* | | TV2 | Celebrity music singing contest similar to *New Zealand Idol* |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Son of a Gunn* | 1992--1994 | TV2 | Children\'s show hosted by Jason Gunn and Thingee |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Soup* | 2002 | | Clay animation children\'s TV series |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The South Tonight* | 1983--1990 | One (Otago/Southland) | Regional news show screened exclusively in the Otago and Southland regions only, broadcast from TVNZ studios in Dunedin. Originally screened during a time period where each region screened a regional news show during the network news, later moved to before the network news. Presented by Hillary Muir-Clark. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *SportsCafe* | Original run 2003--2005 on TV2 and returned to air in 2008. | TV2 | Sports variety show; originally started on SKY Sport in 1995, moved to TV2 in 2003 and ended after the celebrity drug scandal of 2005. Returned to air in July 2008 for one season. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Spot On* | 1970s -- 1988 | One moved from 1987 to TV2 | Youth related news and entertainment show. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Squirt* | 1999--2007 | TV2 | Saturday morning children\'s show; hosted by Ryan Inglis; former hosts include Dominic Bowdenl originally on TV3 |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Step Dave* | 2014--2015 | TVNZ 2 | Drama series about a 24-year-old man Dave dating a 39-year-old solo mother. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Street Legal* | | TV2 | Law drama series starring Jay Laga\'aia |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Strip Search* | | | Reality show fronted by ManPower Australia founder Billy Cross in finding a male revue show in New Zealand. Created KiwiFire. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Studio 2 LIVE* | 22 March 2004 -- 2010 | TV2 | Weekday children\'s show hosted by Matt Gibb, Dayna Vawdrey and Jordan Vandermade. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Taonga* | 2006 | | *Taonga* is a New Zealand documentary series about New Zealand art and artists that debuted in 2006. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *A Taste of New Zealand* | | One | Cooking show hosted by Peta Mathias. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *TeleBingo* | 1996--2001 | One | Quiz and lottery show, rated well until 2001 when the show was shifted to a later time slot. Presented by Simon Barnett and Ingrid Mole. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Zoo* | 2005--2010 | TVNZ 1 | Reality show set in Auckland Zoo |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *To Catch a Thief* | 2005 | TV2 | Two ex-thieves, Abraham Pehi and Veronica Jacomb, find a house that is an easy target for thieves and teach the occupants a lesson by organising to break into the house and take as many possessions as possible. They then help to fix the security flaws in the house. This series was rescreened in January 2008. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Today Tonight* | 1983--1990 | One (Wellington) | Regional news show screened exclusively in the lower North Island (and originally the Upper South Island), broadcast from TVNZ studios in Wellington. Originally screened during a time period where each region screened a regional news show during the network news, later moved to before the network news. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Top Half* | 1983--1990 | One (Auckland) | Regional news show screened exclusively in the upper North Island broadcast from TVNZ studios in Auckland. Originally screened during a time period where each region screened a regional news show during the network news, later moved to before the network news. Presented by Judy Bailey and John Hawkesby. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Top of the Class* | 30 April 2006 | | Reality show putting famous New Zealanders back into school with a younger \"clone\" version of themselves. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Top of the Pops* | 2004--2006 | TV2 | Live music show hosted by Bede Skinner; ended in 2006 after 3 seasons. Picked up by C4 in May 2006. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Top Town* | 1976--1990 and returned in 2009 | TV2 | Show where locals from towns around New Zealand competed in various challenges against locals from other towns. The 2009 version was hosted by Marc Ellis and Hayley Holt. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Town and Around* | 1960s | AKTV2, WNTV1, CHTV3, DNTV2 | Magazine style show; presenters traveled around towns in New Zealand interviewing the locals and talking about issues in the region. As this show featured before TVNZ programming was networked, each area of the country had its own local version. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Trading Places* | 1998--1999 | TV2 | Reality show where two contestants must swap occupations for a day. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Treasure Hunt* | 1990 | TV2 | Hosted by Nick Tansleyl contestants in a studio had to guide Nick (who travelled between locations in a helicopter) to the hidden treasure using clues given before a certain time. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *TVNZ News at 8* | 2008 | TVNZ 7 | One hour news bulletin screened at 8pm. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *TVNZ News Now* | 2008 | TVNZ 7 | 5 minute news bulletin screened on the hour each hour. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Two on One* | 1980--1982 | One | Variety show, starring Ray Woolf. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *U Late* | 2013 | TVNZ U | Late night version of *U Live*, this version featured less music and more talk. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *U Live* | 2011--2013 | TVNZ U | Daily presenter based entertainment show featuring movie and music reviews and interviews. Ended when TVNZ U went off the air on 31 August 2013. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Unauthorised History of New Zealand* | 2005--2008 | One | Hosted by Jeremy Wells |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Under the Mountain* | 1981 | TV2 | The mini-series based on a novel by Maurice Gee. It was seen in the United States on *The Third Eye* on Nickelodeon. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *University Challenge* | 1976--1989 | One | Quiz show between teams of students representing universities around New Zealand |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *W3* | 1980s | One | Children\'s quiz show hosted by Selwyn Toogood and Lockwood Smith. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Weddings* | 1995--2000 | TV2 | Presented by Jayne Kieley, this reality series followed a couple\'s wedding and preparation for the wedding. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *A Week of It* | 1970s | | Satirical sketch show. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Wheel of Fortune* | Original run 1991--1996 and returned 2008--2009 | TV2, moved to One | Originally hosted in the 1990s by Phillip Leishman and with Lana Coc-kroft as the token blonde who turned around the letters. This show returned to New Zealand television in 2008 now hosted by Jason Gunn and Sonia Gray. Gray was temporarily replaced by Greer Robson when she went on maternity leave. However, in an unexpected move, the series was cancelled on 2 May 2009 due to local production budget cuts and the global recession. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *XSTV* | 2004--2009 | TV2 | Series highlighting the world of skateboarding, BMX racing and other extreme sports. |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Your Choice* | 1989 | TV2 | Viewers\' choice show, featuring clips from TV shows that viewers had requested by postal mail. A similar show was screened in 1986 called *I Like That One Two*
| 4,875 |
List of programmes broadcast by TVNZ
| 3 |
3,731,718 |
# Fault coverage
**Fault coverage** refers to the percentage of some type of fault that can be detected during the test of any engineered system. High fault coverage is particularly valuable during manufacturing test, and techniques such as Design For Test (DFT) and automatic test pattern generation are used to increase it.
## Applications
### Digital electronics {#digital_electronics}
In digital electronics, fault coverage refers to stuck-at fault coverage. It is measured by sticking each pin of the hardware model at logic \'0\' and logic \'1\', respectively, and running the test vectors. If at least one of the outputs differs from what is to be expected, the fault is said to be detected. Conceptually, the total number of simulation runs is twice the number of pins (since each pin is stuck in one of two ways, and both faults should be detected). However, there are many optimizations that can reduce the needed computation. In particular, often many non-interacting faults can be simulated in one run, and each simulation can be terminated as soon as a fault is detected.
A fault coverage test passes when at least a specified percentage of all possible faults can be detected. If it does not pass, at least three options are possible. First, the designer can augment or otherwise improve the vector set, perhaps by using a more effective automatic test pattern generation tool. Second, the circuit may be re-defined for better fault detectability (improved controllability and observability). Third, the designer may simply accept the lower coverage
| 251 |
Fault coverage
| 0 |
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# Iris latifolia
***Iris latifolia***, the **English iris**, also known as **I. xiphiodes** and **I. anglica**, is a hardy flowering bulbous species of the Iris genus, in the family Iridaceae. It is native to the Pyrenees of Southwestern France and Northwestern Spain. It is widely cultivated in temperate regions for its purple flowers which appear in early Summer.
*Iris latifolia* grows to a height of 50 cm. The plant produces two or three deep purple flowers with yellow marks in the center of the lower petals. Flowers have six tepals and are 12--13 cm in diameter. Leaves are stiff and sword-shaped, approximately 60 cm long, and dark green to teal in color. Leaves begin growth in early spring, before the snow has entirely melted. It is a bulbous iris, as opposed to a rhizomatous iris. The bulb has a thin, dark brown skin and grows 10--15 cm deep in the ground
| 151 |
Iris latifolia
| 0 |
3,731,724 |
# Imani Sanga
**Imani Sanga** is Professor of Music in the Department of Creative Arts, formerly called Department of Fine and Performing Arts, in the College of Humanities at the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. He teaches courses in Ethnomusicology, Philosophy of Music, Composition and Choral Music. And he conducts the university choir.
## Life
Born in 1972, Imani Sanga was educated at Chimala Primary School in Mbeya Region, Kidugala Lutheran Seminary, University of Dar es Salaam and the University of KwaZulu-Natal. He earned his BA in 1999 and MA in 2001, both from the University of Dar es Salaam. He earned his PhD degree from the University of KwaZulu-Natal in 2006. He wrote his PhD dissertation entitled *Muziki wa Injili: Temporal and Spatial Aesthetics of Popular Church Music in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (1980s--2005)* under the supervision of Professor Beverly Parker. He spent August to December 2007 as a research scholar at the University of Massachusetts Amherst and Mount Holyoke College, through the Five College African Scholars Program, working on the manuscript for a book based on his PhD dissertation. In 2009, he won a fellowship from the African Humanities Program (AHP) of the American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) to work on his book on post-colonial soundscapes. He is also a recipient of Kent R. Mulikin fellowship at the National Humanities Center (2019-2020).
## Works
Sanga\'s research and published works focus on the church music and popular music of Tanzania, in relation to the construction of gendered, religious and national identities within the context of globalisation as well as the use of music in Tanzanian Swahili literature. His work draws from a number of theoretical perspectives from African philosophy, aesthetics of music, post colonial theory, cultural theory and continental philosophy.
### Books
**2010**
- *Sounds of Muziki wa Injili: Temporal and Spatial Aesthetics of Contemporary Church Music in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania*. (Lambert Academic Publishing)
This book focuses on *Muziki wa Injili* (gospel music), one of the newer music genres in Tanzania. It explores the ways in which performances of this music and practices surrounding its creation and use are related to various concepts of time and space. Through ethnographic accounts and musical analyses, he examines various changes that have taken place in Muziki wa Injili since the 1980s to 2005 and he discusses the role this music genre has played in shaping people's experiences of events, identities and social relations (with particular reference to gendered, national and religious identities and relations) in Dar es Salaam.
**1996**
- *Nyimbo za Tanzania*. Published by the Finnish-Tanzanian Friendship Society, Helsinki
This book is a songbook collection of Sanga\'s earlier compositions and arrangements of traditional songs from various music cultures in Tanzania for church choirs.
| 455 |
Imani Sanga
| 0 |
3,731,724 |
# Imani Sanga
## Works
### Articles
**2020**
- \"Musical Figures of Enslavement and Resistance in Semzaba's Kiswahili Play Tendehogo\". *African Studies* 79(3): 323-338.
- \"Musical Figuring of Dar es Salaam Urban Marginality in Mbogo's Swahili Novel Watoto wa Maman'tilie\". *Journal of Literary Studies* 36(2): 67-84
**2019**
- \"Sonic Figures of Heroism and the 1891 Hehe-German War in Mulokozi's Novel Ngome ya Mianzi\". *Journal of Postcolonial Writing* 55(5): 698-709.
**2018**
- \"The Antinomies of Transgressive Gender Acts in Professor Jay's Rap Music Video "Zali la Mentali" in Tanzania\". *Journal of Literary Studies* 34(1): 104---117.
- \"Musical Figures and the Figuring of Tanzania's Social Life in the Poems of Kulikoyela K. Kahigi\". *Journal of Postcolonial Writing* 54(2): 214---225
**2017**
- \"Antinomies of African Aesthetics and the Impulses of Aesthetic Relativism: Reading Agawu, P'Bitek and Abiodun\". *African Identities* 15 (3): 310---323.
**2016**
- \"The Archiving of Siti Binti Saad and Her Engagement with the Music Industry in Shaaban Robert's *Wasifu wa Siti Binti Saad*\". *Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies* 2 (1-2): 34-44.
**2015**
- \"Marimba and the Musical Figuring of Desire and Postcolonial National Identity in Edwin Semzaba\'s Novel \"Marimba ya Majaliwa\"\". *IRASM: International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music* 46 (2): 401-421.
**2014**
- \"Postcolonial archival fever and the musical archiving of African identity in selected paintings by Elias Jengo\". *Journal of African Cultural Studies* 26, No. 2, 140--154
**2013**
- \"The Limits and Ambivalences of Postcolonial Consciousness in Mbunga\'s *Church Law and Bantu Music*\". *Yearbook for Traditional Music* 45: 125--141.
- \"The Figuring of Postcolonial Urban Segmentarity and Marginality in Selected \"Bongo Fleva\" Songs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania\". *IRASM: International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music* 44 (2): 385--405.
**2011**
- \"Music and the Regulatory Regimes of Gender and Sexuality in Tanzania\". *Popular Music and Society 34 (3)*: 351--368
- \"Mzungu Kichaa and the Figuring of Identity in *Bongo Fleva* Music in Tanzania\". *International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 42 (1)*: 189--208.
**2010**
- \"Dr. Remmy Ongala and the Traveling sounds: Postcolonial cosmopolitan music in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.\" *African Studies Review 53 (3)*: 61--76.
- \"The practice and politics of hybrid soundscapes in *Muziki wa Injili* in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania\". *Journal of African Cultural Studies 22 (2)*: 145--156
**2009**
- \"Teaching-Learning Processes in *Muziki wa Injili* in Dar es Salaam\". *African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music 8 (3)*: 132---143.
**2008**
- \"Music and nationalism in Tanzania: Dynamics of national space in *Muziki wa Injili* in Dar es Salaam\". *Ethnomusicology 52 (1)*: 52---84.
**2007**
- \"Gender in church music: Dynamics of gendered space in *Muziki wa Injili* in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania\". *Journal of Popular Music Studies 19 (1)*: 59---91
**2006**
- \"Composition processes in popular church music in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania\". *Ethnomusicology Forum 15 (2)*: 247---271.
- \"*Kumpolo*: Aesthetic appreciation and cultural appropriation of bird sounds in Tanzania\". *Folklore 117 (1)*: 97---102
### Music albums {#music_albums}
- *Ninakuja Bwana* (1999)
- *Anabisha Fungua* (2002, with The Patmos)
- *Haleluya Yesu Yu Hai* (2004, with The Patmos)
## Groups performed with {#groups_performed_with}
- University Choir at the University of Dar es Salaam, as conductor.
- The Patmos (a university-based gospel music group), as guitarist and keyboardist
- *Kwaya ya Uinjilisti Sayuni* (Sayuni Evangelical Choir), as guitarist, keyboardist and singer
- *Kwaya ya Uinjilisti Kijitonyama* (Kijitonyama Evangelical Choir), as guitarist, keyboardist and singer
- *Kwaya Kuu* (Main Choir) of CCT at the University of Dar es Salaam, as conductor/*mwalimu* and organist
- *Kwaya ya Watoto* (Children\'s Choir) of CCT at the University of Dar es Salaam, as conductor/*mwalimu* and organist
- Kidugala Lutheran Seminary Choir in Njombe, Iringa, as conductor
- In 2004--2005 he sang with the Durban Chamber Choir in South Africa as a tenor singer while studying at KwaZulu-Natal University.
- In 2007 (August--December) he sang with the Hampshire Choral Society in Massachusetts, USA
| 650 |
Imani Sanga
| 1 |
3,731,745 |
# Council of Agde
The **Council of Agde** was a regional synod of Western Rite Nicene bishops held in September 506 at Agatha or Agde, on the Mediterranean coast east of Narbonne, in the Septimania region of the Visigothic Kingdom, with the permission of the Visigothic King Alaric II, despite him being an Arian.
The Council met under the presidency of Bishop Caesarius of Arles. It was attended by 35 bishops: `{{div col|colwidth=18em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Caesarius of Arles
- Cyprianus of Bordeaux
- Clarus of Elusa
- Tetradius of Bourges
- Heraclianus of Toulouse
- Sophronius of Agde
- Sedatus of Nîmes
- Quintianus of Rodez
- Sabinus of Albi
- Boëtius of Cahors
- Gratianus of Aix
- Nicetius of Aux
- Suavis of Comminges
- Galactorius of Lescar
- Gratus of Oloron
- Vigilius of Lectoure
- Maternus of Lodève
- Petrus de Palatio`{{refn|Possibly a delegate from [[Alaric II]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Berndt |first1=Guido M. |title=Arianism: Roman Heresy and Barbarian Creed |date=15 April 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-17865-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RsGDAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
- Glycerius of Couserans
- Chronopius of Périgueux
- Probatius of Uzès
- Agroecius of Antibes
- Marcellus of Senez
- Pentadius of Digne
- Caprario of Narbonne‡
- Victorinus of Fréjus‡
- Aprus of Tarbes‡
- Euphrasius of Auvergne‡
- Julianus of Avignon‡
- Sextilius of Bazas‡
- Marcellus of Apt‡
- Pappolo‡
- Leonicus of Châlons-sur-Saône‡‡
- Verus of Tours‡‡
‡ represented by a priest.\
‡‡ represented by a deacon.
The Council of Agde promulgated 47 canons on ecclesiastical discipline. In general, its canons shed light on the moral conditions of the clergy and laity in the historical region of Septimania at the beginning of the transition from Roman social order within the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis to that of the Visigoth migrants. They are also of some importance for the study of certain early ecclesiastical institutions.
Its canon VII, forbidding ecclesiastics to sell or alienate the property of the church from which they drew their living, seems to be the earliest indication of the later system of benefices. In Canon IX, the Council ruled that if married deacons or priests wish to return to marital relations, they should be deprived of all of their ecclesiastical dignities and offices; those, however, who were unaware of the prohibition, could be allowed to retain their office if they abstain in the future. In Canon X, a cleric was forbidden to visit women to whom he was not related, and could have in his house only his mother, sister, daughter, or niece. A bishop was not to ordain anyone a deacon who was not yet twenty-five years old. In order to be ordained a priest or bishop, one had to be at least thirty years of age. If a young married man wished to be ordained, he required the consent of his wife (Canon XVI).
Marriage between cousins was also forbidden.
Also limitations on slavery were discussed.
## Books
-
-
-
-
- Mansi, J.-D. (ed.), *Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio* [editio novissima Tomus IX](http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/200_Mansi/1692-1769,_Mansi_JD,_Sacrorum_Conciliorum_Nova_Amplissima_Collectio_Vol_009,_LT.pdf) (Florence 1763)
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# Cedar Valley Jaguars
The **Cedar Valley Jaguars** were a minor league basketball team based in Waterloo, Iowa. The team competed in the International Basketball League (2005-06).
## History
Originally named the **Waterloo Kings**, the franchise was forced by the NBA\'s Sacramento Kings to change their name. The Jaguars were owned by Eddie Diaz.
The team played home games their first season at three arenas: UNI West Gym, Columbus High School, and Young Arena. All home games for the 2006 season were played at Young Arena.
The team\'s first IBL season was a disappointment on and off the court, finishing with a 3-14 record (ninth of the nine-team West Division). The Kings were led in scoring by Nelson Maisonet (21.4 ppg) and were coached by Anthony Thomas.
John Holmes coached the squad for the 2006 season guiding the Jaguars to a respectable 9-10 record (seventh of a 12-team East Division).
The team created a buzz when they signed Tim Hardaway in 2005 to play in several games. Dennis Rodman signed a two-game contract for the 2006 season. The news of this made national media outlets
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# Hazards of outdoor recreation
Outdoor recreation, such as hiking, camping, canoeing, cycling, or skiing, entails risks, even if participants do not recklessly place themselves in harm\'s way. In some circumstances, such as being in remote locations or in extreme weather conditions, even a minor accident may create a dangerous situation that requires survival skills. However, with correct precautions, even fairly adventurous outdoor recreation can be enjoyable and safe.
## General safety measures {#general_safety_measures}
Every hazard has its own safety measure, and every ailment a particular remedy. A standard precaution for all back country activities is carrying the \"ten essentials\", a collection of tools chosen for their utility in preventing or reacting to various emergencies.
The common practice of traveling in a group improves safety in all regards. If one person is injured, group members can administer first aid or seek help. A group can avoid poor decisions that a lone traveler might make. If an emergency occurs, a group can pool its muscle power, brain power, and body heat.
Another precaution is informing people outside of the group of the itinerary and expected return time (expected hiking time can be estimated using Naismith\'s rule). A communication device, such as a cell phone or a satellite phone, may help in the case of an emergency. However, with the exception of mountain tops that are in line-of-sight to populated areas, cell phone coverage in wilderness areas is often quite poor. In the wilderness one should always be prepared to hike out for help, if necessary.
## Dangerous circumstances {#dangerous_circumstances}
### Inclement weather {#inclement_weather}
Blizzards, flash floods, fog, dust or sandstorms, tornadoes, and other meteorological events may or may not be predictable, and may require immediate response for survival. Lightning is a frequent and serious threat in many regions.
### Hazardous terrain {#hazardous_terrain}
Backcountry avalanches are generally triggered by the immediate action of the party. Precautions include training, monitoring weather conditions to learn the history of the snow pack, digging hasty pits, modifying the route, passing one-by-one through dangerous areas, wearing avalanche beacons, and carrying avalanche probes and snow shovels. Other non-avalanche snow immersions can be similarly dangerous, including tree wells.
Other mass movements include icefalls, landslides, and rockfalls. When choosing a campsite care must be taken to avoid those along with dead trees, snags, trees with large dead branches, or trees that have previously been through a forest fire. Collectively, these are called \"widowmakers\" by experienced campers.
Slips may occur:
- On wet rocks or logs.
- When crossing streams, rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water, which can be dangerous due to poor visibility, uneven surfaces, smooth and algae or moss-covered rocks, and strong currents. The tops of waterfalls are especially dangerous because of fast moving water and smooth, slanted rocks. Rubber soles grip poorly on slime, compared to felt soles, crampons, or hob-nailed boots. Precautions include being aware of the danger, using hiking poles, loosening packs straps to lower gravity and in case of becoming submerged, and crossing with other people linked arm to arm or using a rope.
- Because of loose material. Loose gravel or scree on top of smooth rock acts like ball bearings. Precautions include spotting the situation ahead, keeping knees bent and weight forward, using hiking sticks, and brushing aside the gravel where possible.
- Ice
When travelling over glaciers, crevasses pose a grave danger. These giant cracks in the ice are not always visible, as snow can be blown and freeze over the top to make a snowbridge. At times snowbridges can be as thin as a few inches. Climbers and hikers use ropes to protect themselves from such hazards. Basic gear for glacier travel includes crampons and ice axes, and teams of two to five tie into a rope equally spaced. If someone begins to fall the other members of the team perform a self-arrest to stop the fall and then attempt a rescue.
Drownings are especially likely when accompanied by head injuries (which may render people unconscious), in very cold water (which can sap energy quickly), or in white water (which may be so frothy that it is impossible to float, or even swim, to the surface).
When walking beaches or crossing estuaries, it is essential to be aware of the tides.
### Losing the way {#losing_the_way}
Travelers may become lost, either if a group cannot find its way or if an individual becomes separated from the party and cannot find it again. Lost hikers who cannot find their way to their destination on time may run out of food and water, or experience a change in weather. The absence of clearly marked trails increases the risk of losing one\'s way.
If a group splits up into several subgroups moving at different speeds, one of the subgroups may take a wrong turn at a trail junction. A common procedure to avoid this is for the leaders to stop at junctions and wait for the others. Keeping the group together is important in the wilderness, especially when visibility is blocked due to weather, rocks, or trees.
Carrying a map and compass, and knowing how to use them, will decrease the risk of getting lost. Likewise, a Global Positioning System may prove invaluable, as it can pinpoint a traveler\'s location, revealing his exact position and the direction to roads, services, and inhabited areas. Most GPS devices can also be designed to mark one\'s path on a map, making it easy to backtrack. Family Radio Service, General Mobile Radio Service, and amateur radios operating on the \"2 meters\" band may help maintain communication. Flashing lights, signal mirrors, and whistles are low-tech emergency signals.
Without a distant focal point, such as a mountain top, or the sun or moon, people who are lost can sometimes wander in circles.
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# Hazards of outdoor recreation
## Specific accidents and ailments {#specific_accidents_and_ailments}
### Metabolic imbalances {#metabolic_imbalances}
Metabolic imbalances can affect general functioning and lead to other injuries.
- *Dehydration* can rapidly incapacitate an adventurer, especially in warm weather. In conditions of low humidity, sweat evaporates so quickly that a person may not notice the water loss. Carrying and drinking an adequate amount of water helps avoid dehydration. Depending on conditions, two liters of water may be enough for a day hike, but under hot conditions (such as hiking the Grand Canyon in summer), one liter *per hour* may be required. Naturally occurring water is often unfit to drink (see Potability of backcountry water).
- Sweating removes not only water, but also salt. This may result in a deficiency of sodium (*hyponatremia*). Eating salty snacks together with drinking water helps to avoid this problem.
- If deprived of food for several days, travelers may become *malnourished*. Malnutrition takes several weeks to kill a person, but because it impairs judgment, it can cause problems much sooner. *Low blood sugar* may have a similar effect, especially for those with diabetes. Carrying extra food will minimize risk to the hiker.
- *Hypothermia* is a potentially fatal drop in core body temperature. It occurs most easily in cold weather and when wet. Wet or damp clothing (due to rain, sweat, stream crossings, etc.) can bring it on even in relatively warm air, particularly at high elevation, windy conditions, or at low humidity. Even if hypothermia does not kill the victim directly it causes confusion, irrationality and impaired judgment, increasing the risk of other injuries. Sufficient clothing helps prevent hypothermia, but some materials (especially cotton) are discouraged because they absorb and hold water.
- *Heat exhaustion*, possibly developing into *heatstroke*, can occur in hot weather, particularly if one is dehydrated or dressed too warmly. The risk of heatstroke can be minimized by avoiding direct sun, and staying wet when possible. This is a life-threatening condition: a victim must be cooled off and transported to a hospital immediately.
- *Altitude sickness* results from climbing rapidly to elevations beyond 2,500 metres (approximately 8,000 feet). The process of acclimatization generally takes several days, but may be helped by drugs, such as Diamox. Acute mountain sickness (AMS) may develop into high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) or high altitude cerebral edema (HACE), both of which are life-threatening and require immediate transportation to a lower altitude.
- *Carbon monoxide poisoning* may occur in tents, igloos, cabins, or trailers due to faulty or misused equipment. It may also occur near the exhausts of motorboats, where the CO concentrations can be high enough to be quickly fatal.
### Common injuries {#common_injuries}
- Ankle *sprain* makes up 42% of all hiking injuries. Sprain risk can be reduced by wearing boots with ankle protection.
- *Frostbite* can occur when bare skin is exposed to very low temperatures. Frostbite can be prevented by adequate clothing.
- *Sunburn*, which may occur in hot or cold conditions, can be debilitating. Sunburn may be prevented by wearing adequate sunscreen.
- *Snow blindness*, a burning of the cornea, is caused by the intense ultraviolet solar radiation multiplied by sunlit snow. Snow blindness may be prevented by wearing dark sunglasses or goggles.
- *Burns* can occur when dealing with camp stoves. Boiling pots are overturned, clogged fuel lines explode, hot metal is touched with bare skin. Burns are also caused by campfires, cookfires and bonfires.
- *Lacerations* may be caused by careless use of knives or axes, or contact with sharp rocks or barbed wire. Tetanus and other infections can result.
- *Poisonous plants*, such as poison ivy or stinging nettle (see list), cause rashes.
- *Plant thorns* and *animal quills* can cause deep puncture wounds, and can be difficult to remove, often requiring pliers.
- Foot *blisters* are caused by friction and irritation of the skin. Wet socks and poorly fitting shoes precipitate the occurrence of blisters.
- Other injuries due to falls: cumbersome backpacks increase the risk of missteps and falls, particularly on difficult terrain.
### Animals
In many areas, adventurers may encounter large predatory animals such as bears or cougars. These animals rarely seek out humans as food, but they will attack under some conditions. Some hazardous encounters occur when animals raid human property for food. Additionally, if travelers come upon an unsuspecting animal and surprise it, it may attack. Regularly making loud noise, such as by clapping or yelling, reduces the risk of surprising an animal. Some people use bear bells as noisemakers, but these are usually too quiet to be heard from far away. Any mammal infected with rabies may behave unexpectedly, even aggressively, and could infect a human with rabies by biting.
Venomous animals, including snakes, scorpions, spiders and bees, may cause harm either directly or through anaphylactic shock. Overall, the greatest danger is often from insects, such as mosquitoes, ticks and fleas, which carry communicable diseases.
### Digestive infections {#digestive_infections}
Surface water in the wilderness can contain viruses, bacteria or parasites. The latter two can cause dysentery or wilderness diarrhea in untreated water and can be spread person-to-person by poor hygiene in camp. The most common cause of wilderness diarrhea is the parasite Giardia
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# Magpie starling
The **magpie starling** (***Speculipastor bicolor***) is a member of the starling family from eastern Africa.
## Description
The magpie starling is about 16 -- in length. The white patches at base of primaries are obvious in flight. The male is a shiny blue-black on upperparts, head and upper breast, with mostly white below and bloodred eyes. The female is a dull blackish above with dark grey crown, and a dark grey throat is separated from white belly by a glossy black breast band. Her eyes are red or orange-red. The Juvenile is brown with a white belly; eyes brown, becoming orange-red in as the bird matures. Exceptional young birds are entirely white below, including chin and throat.
The call is a prolonged soft babbling *quereeeh quaaa kereek quak-quak, suaaaa, cherak-chik-chak*\...mixed higher harsh notes.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
It is a gregarious nomadic pied starling of dry brush and thorn-scrub in northern and eastern Kenya. It is also found in Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda
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# Chris Nielsen
**Chris Nielsen** (born February 16, 1980) is a Tanzanian-born Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. Nielsen was drafted in the 2nd round, 36th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft. He played parts of two seasons with the Columbus Blue Jackets.
Nielsen was born in Tanzania while his Canadian father was stationed there working for the Canadian International Development Agency. His family moved back to Canada when he was three, and he grew up on a farm near the small town of Goodlands, Manitoba.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Nielsen played junior hockey with the Calgary Hitmen of the Western Hockey League. He was a member of the 1998--99 team that won the President\'s Cup, and got within a game of winning the Memorial Cup. He won the Doug Wickenheiser Memorial Trophy in 1999--2000 as the WHL\'s Humanitarian of the Year.
Nielsen turned pro in 2000, playing three seasons with the Syracuse Crunch of the American Hockey League, earning two callups to the Blue Jackets during that time. He then bounced around between the Chicago Wolves, Manitoba Moose and San Antonio Rampage of the AHL and the Laredo Bucks of the Central Hockey League before heading to Europe to play in Germany in 2005--06. Nielsen retired from professional hockey in 2006.
After retiring from hockey, Nielsen went back to school at the University of Manitoba and was the colour commentator for the Manitoba Moose at their home games. He then completed undergraduate and postgraduate medical education at the University of Calgary, graduating from the Cumming School of Medicine in 2012 and completing his residency in Orthopaedic Surgery in 2017. Dr. Nielsen then moved to Toronto for fellowship, completing his training in complex spinal surgery at Toronto Western Hospital in 2018, at which time he transitioned into the role of Clinical Associate. He is now an Attending Surgeon at University Health Network and an Assistant Professor in the [Division of Orthopaedic Surgery](https://uoftorthopaedics.ca/) with the Temerty Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ----------------------- -------- ---- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1995--96 Calgary Hitmen WHL 6 0
1996--97 Calgary Hitmen WHL 62 11
1997--98 Calgary Hitmen WHL 68 22
1998--99 Calgary Hitmen WHL 70 22
1999--00 Calgary Hitmen WHL 62 38
2000--01 Syracuse Crunch AHL 47 10
2000--01 Columbus Blue Jackets NHL 29 4
2001--02 Syracuse Crunch AHL 47 12
2001--02 Columbus Blue Jackets NHL 23 2
2002--03 Syracuse Crunch AHL 19 1
2002--03 Chicago Wolves AHL 18 3
2002--03 Manitoba Moose AHL 33 3
2003--04 Manitoba Moose AHL 72 4
2004--05 Laredo Bucks CHL 7 0
2004--05 San Antonio Rampage AHL 54 8
2005--06 Kassel Huskies DEL 38 4
NHL totals 52 6
### International
Year Team Event Result GP G A Pts PIM
--------------- -------- ------- -------- --- ---- --- --- ----- -----
1999 Canada WJC 2 1 0 1 4
2000 Canada WJC 7 3 0 3 8
Junior totals 9 4 0 4 12
## Awards and honours {#awards_and_honours}
- 1999 - WHL Daryl K. (Doc) Seaman Trophy
- 2000 - WHL Daryl K. (Doc) Seaman Trophy.
- 2000 - WHL Humanitarian of the Year Award.
## Transactions
- June 27, 1998 - Drafted in the 2nd round, 36th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft.
- May 11, 2000 - Traded by the New York Islanders to the Columbus Blue Jackets for the Blue Jackets\' 4th round selection (Jonas Rönnqvist) and 9th round selection (Dmitri Altarev) in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft.
- December 2, 2002 - Traded by the Columbus Blue Jackets with Petteri Nummelin to the Atlanta Thrashers for Tomi Kallio and Pauli Levokari.
- January 20, 2003 - Traded by the Atlanta Thrashers with Chris Herperger to the Vancouver Canucks for Jeff Farkas
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# Sugar Magnolia
\"**Sugar Magnolia**\" is a song by the Grateful Dead. Written by Robert Hunter and Bob Weir, it is one of the most well-known songs by the band, alongside such hits as \"Truckin\'\", \"Casey Jones\", \"Uncle John\'s Band\", \"Touch of Grey\", and fellow sugar-adjacent tune \"Sugaree\".
First released on the 1970 album *American Beauty*, \"Sugar Magnolia\" made its live debut on June 7, 1970 at the Fillmore West in San Francisco. When performed live, the song was often divided into two different entities: \"Sugar Magnolia\" proper and the \"**Sunshine Daydream**\" coda. The break between the two could be a few beats, a set, or even a few concerts. On one memorable occasion, the week of long-time friend of the band Bill Graham\'s death, the coda was held off for an entire week.
A single edit of the live performance included on *Europe \'72* (1972) was the group\'s third *Billboard* Top 100 hit, peaking at #91 in 1973.
According to *Deadbase X*, \"Sugar Magnolia\" was the Dead\'s second-most played in concert song of their long career, with 596 performances, trailing only \"Me and My Uncle\".
It has been said that the song was written about Bob Weir\'s girlfriend, Frankie Weir (née Azzara), who lived with him for many years. In any case, the song\'s line \"she don\'t come and I won\'t follow\" echoes the folk song, \"Sourwood Mountain\", which includes the line \"she won\'t come and I won\'t call \'er.\" Aside from obvious references to several types of plants (magnolia), the line \"jump like a Willys in four wheel drive\" refers to the Willys Jeep, which was actually \"jumped\" off the ground by some drivers.
The semi-official 1972 Dead movie *Sunshine Daydream* has its title taken from the song\'s coda section as well as the popular St. Louis area \"Sunshine Daydream\" stores.
In Donna Tartt\'s novel, *The Secret History*, the hippies would only allow admission to the bunker to those who could recite the second verse of \"Sugar Magnolia\".
An interesting version with a slightly different melody line was played at Irvine Meadows on April 28, 1989.
A previously unreleased version of the song was included in Duane Allman\'s box set *Skydog: The Duane Allman Retrospective*. As Scott Schinder states in his liner notes, \"He (Duane Allman) also sat with the Grateful Dead on multiple occasions, an association that\'s represented here by an exhilarating, previously unreleased performance of the Dead\'s \'Sugar Magnolia\', on which Duane memorably trades licks with Jerry Garcia\".
## Appears on {#appears_on}
- *American Beauty* (1970)
- *Looney Tunes & Merrie Melodies* (Warner Bros. sampler) (1970)
- *Europe \'72* (1972)
- *Skeletons from the Closet: The Best of Grateful Dead* (1974)
- *Dick\'s Picks Volume 2* (1995)
- *Hundred Year Hall* (1995)
- *Dick\'s Picks Volume 6* (1996)
- *Dick\'s Picks Volume 10* (1998)
- *Dick\'s Picks Volume 12* (1998)
- *Dick\'s Picks Volume 14* (1999)
- *Dick\'s Picks Volume 20* (2000)
- *The Closing of Winterland* (2003)
- *Dick\'s Picks Volume 36* (2005)
- *Winterland 1973: The Complete Recordings* (2008)
- *Ladies and Gentlemen\..
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# Beef Shorthorn
The **Beef Shorthorn** breed of cattle was developed from the Shorthorn breed in England and Scotland around 1820. The Shorthorn was originally developed as a dual-purpose breed, suitable for both dairy and beef production. However, different breeders opted to concentrate on one purpose rather than the other, and in 1958, the beef breeders started their own section of the herdbook. Since then, the Beef Shorthorns have been developed as a separate breed to the Dairy Shorthorns.
By the early 1970s, the Beef Shorthorn breeders were concerned their cattle were too small and lacked muscle, especially when compared with the continental breeds of cattle, such as the Charolais or Limousin -- that were starting to be introduced to the UK. To help remedy this, in 1976, the Beef Shorthorn Cattle Society sanctioned the introduction of Maine-Anjou blood into the breed. The Maine-Anjou breed, developed in France, was descended from the same Durham cattle as the Shorthorn. The decision to introduce Maine-Anjou blood into the Beef Shorthorn breed was very controversial at the time, but most breeders now acknowledge it was a necessary step which saved the breed from irrelevance. The herd book was closed to Maine-Anjou blood lines in 2001, except by introduction through the Grading Register.
The Beef Shorthorn breed is not considered at risk by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust, since more than 1,500 registered breeding females are found in the United Kingdom
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# Jesús Manuel Santiago
**Jesús Manuel Santiago**, better known as **Jess Santiago**, is a Filipino poet, songwriter, singer-composer, protest musician and translator.
## Early life and family {#early_life_and_family}
He was born in Obando, Bulacan, Philippines. He was married to Lilia Quindoza Santiago, a professor in Filipino literature at the University of the Philippines, and also an accomplished poet and writer. They have four children: Haya Pagasa, Halina Mandala, Balagtas Himig Bayan, and Daniw.
## Career
### Literary work {#literary_work}
His poems had been published in both national and international magazines and anthologies including the *Caravan* magazine of the global group Alliance for the Responsible and United World. *Caravan* published his poem *There is a Village in the Making* which has also been translated from English into French. He was the Institute of Philippine Languages\'s Poet of the Year in 1978 and 1979. Santiago translated Lu Xun\'s \"Diary of a Madman\", Arthur Miller\'s *Death of a Salesman* into the Filipino language, as well as some songs and poems of Latin American and African-Asian writers.
### Musical work {#musical_work}
Among his music albums are *Halina* (1990) and *Obando* (1993). These albums include the songs *Huling Balita* (Last News), *Martsa ng Bayan* (March of the Nation), the lullaby *Meme Na* (Sleep Now) and *Pitong Libong Pulo* (Seven Thousand Islands). His themes and the Filipino lower-class characters in his songs evolved from the political and social realities during the decade of Marcos despotism in the 1970s.
Santiago was also awarded the Mother Country Award by the Polytechnic University of the Philippines because of his role as a figurehead in the people\'s music movement in the Philippines. He was a member of the Galian sa Arte at Tula, Cultural Action Program of the Asian Cultural Forum on Development (ACFOD), Asia-Pacific Regional Consultation on People\'s Culture, and National Union of Writers in the Philippines (PANULAT). He had been composing and performing for 15 years. He also has a column *Usapang Kanto* (Street Corner Talk) on the pages of the Pinoy Weekly newspaper in the Philippines
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# Bursa Atatürk Sport Hall
**Bursa Atatürk Sport Hall** (*Bursa Atatürk Spor Salonu*) is a multi-purpose indoor sport venue located in the district of Altıparmak, Osmangazi in Bursa, Turkey. The hall, with a capacity for 3,000 people, was built in 1972.
Home of four clubs Bursaspor Basketbol, Oyak Renault Basketball, Yeşim SK and Uludağ Üniversitesi SK, it is the biggest indoor sport hall in Bursa, where competitions of basketball, volleyball and handball are held.
Bursa Atatürk Sport Hall hosted 15 games of the Group A in the preliminary round of the Eurobasket 2005 Women between September 2 and 7 2005
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# Gogo people
The **Gogo**, also known as **Gongwe**(*Wagogo*, in Swahili), are a Bantu ethnic group based in the Dodoma Region of central Tanzania. In 1992 the Gogo population was estimated to number 1,300,000.[1](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=gog). Their origin is in Nubia, in present-day Sudan.
## History
Their name was invented sometime in the 19th century by the Nyamwezi caravans passing through the area while it was still frontier territory. Richard Francis Burton claimed a small population for it, saying only that a person could walk for two weeks and find only scattered Tembes. There was and remains the problem of inadequate rain for crops and humans, the rainy season being short and erratic with frequent drought. In the 18th century the Wagogo were mostly pioneer colonists from South Sudan then Unyamwezi and Uhehe, and are often confused with the Sandawe and the Kaguru. Half the ruling group came from Uhehe. They had a long tradition of hunting and gathering, allowing the Nyamwezi to carry the ivory to the coast, but had become agriculturalists with cattle by 1890. They continued, however, to have a low regard for working the land and are said to have treated their agricultural slaves badly.
The Wagogo experienced famine in 1881, 1885, and 1888--89 (just before Stokes\' caravan arrived) and then again in 1894--95, and 1913--14. The main reason for the exceptional series of famines in Ugogo was its unreliable rainfall and the ensuing series of droughts.
Kimbu and Nyamwezi colonists gradually colonized the dry plains west and east of Ugogo, which travelers on the principal road most feared. Central Tanganyika saw the growth of Nyamwezi towns, and numerous Gogo chiefs had Nyamwezi advisors.
More people learned Swahili than learned Islam through the caravan trade of the 19th century. It was commonly spoken by Sagara and Gogo in the 1850s, according to Burton, who also noted that \"almost every inland tribe has some vagrant man who can speak it.\"
### Colonial era {#colonial_era}
During the European exploration of Tanzania, Ugogo was used as a route west. During on such expedition, a second column marched up the central caravan route towards the western plateau as Wissmann worked in the northeast. Emin Pasha, an eccentric Austrian doctor, served as its leader. He was given orders to \"break or undermine Arab influence,\" build a German base on Lake Victoria, and be prepared to intervene in Burundi if necessary. Before he arrived, the Germans handed over control of Uganda to the British. Emin disregarded his orders and instead left \"everything in chaos from Mpwapwa to Karagwe.\" He crossed Ugogo after leaving Bagamoyo in April 1890, razing 19 villages and stealing about 2,000 animals after an askari was killed as a result of a chief\'s demand for tolls.
After the German invasion of the 1880s, missionary efforts increased. The Holy Ghost Fathers, the eldest of the five already existing societies, expanded their mission from Bagamoyo\'s hinterland to Kilimanjaro (1891), Usambara (1907), and Ugogo (1910). In the 1890s, the White Fathers occupied the Rukwa valley, Usumbwa, and Buhaya. The next decade saw their expansion to Ufipa, Buha, Mbulu, and in the direction of Lake Nyasa from their initial bases in Karema, Tabora, and Bukumbi. The pace of Protestant societies was slower. Between Bonde and Uzigua, the UMCA expanded its operations. The CMS prioritized Uganda, giving up its station atop Mount Kilimanjaro and keeping only a little area in Ukaguru and Ugogo. Eight teachers were dispatched to Uvidunda by the Roman Catholic community in Ilonga in 1910. They dispatched 39 Christians the following year to launch a mission in Kibakwe, and 14 more in 1912 to teach in Ugogo. Ugogo\'s proselytizing revealed the catechist\'s true worth. When the Roman Catholic mission there was established in 1909, catechists were chosen from all of the colony\'s more established mission locations. They opened 91 schools with 4,000 students in under five years.
One common memory of Tanzanians from the First World War is the starvation. Food was in low supply in towns early in the battle as imports were stopped, military needs increased, and prices went up. Requisitioning and drought in 1915 caused a limited famine in the Makonde plateau, the north-east, Ufiome, and parts of Ugogo and Ulanga. During 1916, the situation in these locations deteriorated. In the Masasi District near Luatala that year, 800 people died. Labor required to cultivate land reduced as the demand for porters increased.
By 1917, both sides were systematically taking animals and destroying any grain they couldn\'t eat. They may have taken nearly a fifth of Tanganyika\'s four million livestock reserve for famine. In 1917, Lettow-Vorbeck left famine behind as he departed the Rufiji Valley, Mahenge, and the south. But this was just the start of the disaster. It arrived in 1918 and was particularly bad in the famine-prone regions of Dodoma, Kondoa, and Singida. The British district officer in Dodoma reported in December 1916 that \"the entire District has been ransacked for cattle.\"
The British obtained an additional 5,659 animals in just five months, in addition to 24,000 porters and about 100 tonnes of grain, whereas the Germans had acquired 26,000 animals. Throughout 1917, requisitioning continued, although local officers denied any signs of calamity. It was explained that food was being forcedly collected because Gogo had no use for money, but people were \"merely resigned\" and famine was improbable. When the rains stopped in November 1917, the entire central region went through three years of *mutunya* the \"scramble for food,\" the worst famine in recorded history---as its supplies were depleted. According to one estimate, Dodoma district alone saw 30,000 deaths, or nearly one in every five people. Many people migrated. In the Dodoma market, others offered starving calves for sale for one shilling each.
The Central Province, particularly Ugogo and Uzigua, frequently suffered from starvation. In 1919--21, 1925--6, 1928--30, 1932--5, 1937, and 1939, Ugogo and Uzigua both had food shortages. Drought was the main factor in both regions, which was made worse by yearly infestations of locusts in the 1930s. Both Ugogo and Uzigua have a long history of hunger, extremely unpredictable rainfall, the ability to export grain in good years, and an inability or reluctance to grow crops that can withstand drought, such as manioc. While Ugogo was endangered by tsetse and purposefully cut off from territory matters by a conservative provincial commissioner, Uzigua had also lost its livestock reserve to the disease.
However, territorial hunger returned to Tanganyika in 1943. It started in Ugogo as normal and was mostly caused by drought; nevertheless, drought generates hunger when reserves are low, recuperative abilities are limited, outside assistance is difficult to obtain, and transportation and communications are broken. In each of these ways, the hunger was made more widespread, severe, and extended by the conflict. The government pushed the growing of drought-prone maize rather than drought-resistant millet and encouraged the export of food and animals for military use.
The Gogo endured more hardship in 1946. \"Morale is high and it is felt that now that the war is over, the period of famine is over until the next war,\" their district officer stated the following year.
| 1,186 |
Gogo people
| 0 |
3,731,854 |
# Gogo people
## Traditional society {#traditional_society}
### Social structure {#social_structure}
Wagogo clans moved around a good deal, dropping ties to older groupings, adopting new links and family, new clan names, things to avoid, affiliations, and new ritual functions. The Gogo, in short, became different from what they were before.
While early European writers emphasised the political chiefs of the Wagogo, calling them \'Sultans\' as was customary on the coast, and stressed their collection of the very profitable taxes (*hongo*), on scarce food and water, it was really the ritual leaders who influenced the entire country. They controlled rainmaking and fertility, medicines to protect against natural disasters or hazards, and prevented certain resources from being overly used. They were not to leave their \"country,\" they were to be rich in cattle, decided on circumcision and initiation ceremonies, give supernatural protection for all undertakings and be arbitrators in homicide, witchcraft accusations, and serious assault.
The Wagogo placed considerable value on neighbourliness. After having his physical needs met, a strange traveller would be accompanied many miles by the young men of a homestead in order to place him safely on his way. The homestead group was so fundamental to Gogo society that people who had died peculiarly, (struck down by lightning or a contagious disease) were thrown into the bush or the trunk of a baobab tree, for such a person had no homestead and could become an \"evil spirit\" who associated with sorcerers or witches.
### Family
Most brothers went to great lengths to assist their sisters, who often lived with their brothers in sickness until they recovered, for brothers have strong moral and legal obligations to fulfil these duties in cooperation with their sisters\' husbands. Even later in life, sisters and brothers continue to visit each other, a wife never being fully incorporated into her husband\'s group.
### Marriage
While the majority of Wagogo have only one wife at any given time, most found polygyny to be highly valued and carrying a high priority. It was the prerogative of older, well-established men. A reasonably prosperous man could hope to have two and sometimes three wives, and sometimes together.
Most marriages took place within a day\'s walking distance after agreement was reached on the number of livestock to be included in the bridewealth, only then is the transfer made. Even a hundred years later, bridewealth is still normally given entirely in livestock and a high proportion of court cases involve the payment or return of the brideprice. Even after divorce, all children born during the marriage belonged to the ex-husband, \"where the cattle came from.\" \"If you go somewhere and marry the child of others, then all your wife\'s relatives become your relatives, because you have married the child, and so you will love even them.*(\"From Rigby\'s book*Cattle and Kinship\")Lovers of married women could never, however, claim their offspring. If a husband had given the brideprice for his wife who was pregnant before he married her, he must still accept paternity of the child.\'\'
### Defense
Defence against the Kisongo, Maasai, and Wahehe was organized and based on age groups of warriors, much as the Maasai. This \"military\" organization was mostly used for local defence, although it could be used for cattle raids against others. When an alarm was sounded all able-bodied men were to take up arms and run towards the call.
| 562 |
Gogo people
| 1 |
3,731,854 |
# Gogo people
## Historical accounts {#historical_accounts}
- In 1878 Edward Hore described them as \"hongo squeezing Wagogo.\"
- The Germans greatly admired their physiques and cattle; otherwise they concurred with Emin Pasha, Henry Stanley, and Edward Hore. Thirty years later, the British also found the Wagogo to be \"uninterested in progress.\"
- In his book *In Darkest Africa* Henry M. Stanley, while \"rescuing\" Emin Pasha in order to bring him to the coast, writes,
:
## Notable Gogo people {#notable_gogo_people}
The Wagogo have produced some of the big names in Tanzanian Politics, Music and Society.
- Yohana Madinda, the first African bishop of Anglican Diocese of Central Tanganyika (1923--1989)
- Godfrey Mdimi Mhogolo, the longest-serving bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Central Tanganyika (1989--2014) He was the first Tanzanian bishop to ordain women and championed their development in the church
- Hukwe Zawose (1938--2003), Musician
- Mzee Mchoya Malogo, Musician, leader of the Nyati group from Nzali
- John Mtangoo, musician
- John S. Malecela, politician and former Prime Minister
- Job Lusinde, politician and ambassador
- William Jonathan Kusila (MP), Politician
- Hezekiah N. Chibulunje, former MP and former Deputy Minister
- John Chiligati, former MP and former Minister
- Fredrick Chiwanga, Lecturer, Diplomat, Editor, Translator and Interpreter (French, English, Swahili, Kigogo), Sokoine University of Agriculture
- Mzee Pancras M. Ndejembi, Politician
- Simon Chiwanga, retired bishop of Anglican Diocese of Mpwapwa and former Chair of the Anglican Consultative Council (ACC)
- Njamasi Chiwanga, an academician and conservationist working at a local environmental conservation NGO - LEAD Foundation based in Dodoma Tanzania.
- Patrick Balisidya, Musician
- Simon Chiwanga, Public Health - Tropical Disease Control Expert (Doctorate Degree).
Environmental Management Scientist, Water Sanitation and Hygiene Expert and Activist, Public Health and Toxicology Researcher; worked as Program Manager - Malaria and Child Health in PSI Tanzania; Theologian and Canon of the Anglican Church of Tanzania, Gospel Musician. Also worked with Amref Health Africa as WASH Expert and currently he is the C.E.O of Chiwanga Enterprises Ltd; an Executive Director of the Integrated Rural Development Organization (IRDO). He is also the current Chairman of the Songwe River Basin Commission.
- Kedmon Mapanha, Lecturer II, University of Dar es Salaam
- Ambassador Emmanuel Mbennah, is an accomplished academic, with two earned PhD degrees, former International Director for the Africa Region for TWR International. Professor Mbennah is former Vice Chancellor of St John\'s University of Tanzania, and a former Tanzania\'s Ambassador to Zimbabwe and Mauritius.
- Palamagamba John Aidan Mwaluko Kabudi, a professor of law and currently a Member of Parliament; he us a former Minister for Constitutional Affairs and Justice, and a former Minister g or Foreign Affairs and East African Co-operation.
- Christopher M. M. Nyamwanji, a holder of an MBA from Mzumbe University, Development facilitator, and Chairman for SUDESO based in Tabora.
- Emmanuel R. Chidong\'oi, Founder and Managing Director - Tanzania Organization for Agricultural Development (TOfAD), a First President - Ecosystem Based Adaptation for Food Security Assembly (EBAFOSA)Tanzania and Coordinator - Eastern Africa Agriculture Practitioner\'s Organization (EAAPO), A Managing Director of Tanzania Initiative for Development Effectiveness (TIDE) and a Member of Global CSOs Partnership for Development Effectiveness - Working Group on Conflict and Fragility (CPDE - WGCF)
- Prof. Siza D. Tumbo;Professor at Department of Crop science and Horticulture at Sokoine university of Agriculture
- Frank P Menda, Lecturer II, University of Dodoma.
- Bahati Richardson Chinyelle,Ophthalmologist, Accountant and Financial Analyst,English, Swahili and Gogo Translator, founder of YES I DO - Afrika (NGO) and Co-founder and Board Chair of LAUBRINS International Co.Ltd with extensive background experience locally and internationally with renowned organizations including the WHO, HKI, GSM,SALT Int\'nal, MoHSW-TZ etc
- Benard Michael Paul Mnyang\'anga, aka Ben Pol, musician
- Eng. Raphael Paschal Menda, Managing Director (MD) and Founder of COYESA Company Limited (www.coyesa.co.tz) He is Water Resources Engineer, COYESA offers the following services; Drilling Works & Borehole Services, Water Resources Infrastructures, Roadworks Construction Services, Telecom Infrastructures Services, Building Construction Services & Creativity, Petrol Station & Warehouse Construction Services, Engineering Hydrology, Electrical Works & Services, Mechanical Works & Services, Land Surveying & GIS and Environmental Consultancy Services.
- Prof Titus Alfred Makudali Msagati. Professor of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry at the College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, University of South Africa. URL: <https://scholar.google.co
| 715 |
Gogo people
| 2 |
3,731,884 |
# Arctic Cape
The **Arctic Cape** (*Мыс Арктический*, *Mys Arkticheskiy*) is a headland in Severnaya Zemlya, Russia.
With a distance of 990.8 km to the North Pole, the Arctic Cape is sometimes used as starting point for expeditions to the North Pole.
## Geography
Stretching out towards the Arctic Ocean by the Molotov Glacier, it is the northernmost point of Komsomolets Island, which in turn is the northernmost island of the archipelago. Under Joseph Stalin the cape was known as Cape Molotov.
The Arctic Cape is not the northernmost point of Russia. That distinction goes to Cape Fligely (Мыс Флигели, Mys Fligeli) on Rudolf Island (Остров Рудолфа, Ostrov Rudolfa), an island in the Franz Josef Land archipelago. The northernmost point of mainland Asia is Cape Chelyuskin.
This cape also marks the Kara Sea\'s northeastern limit, which is the eastern end of a line running from Cape Kohlsaat in Franz Josef Land to the Arctic Cape
| 155 |
Arctic Cape
| 0 |
3,731,896 |
# Nordseter
**Nordseter** is a mountain cross country skiing area located in Fåberg in Norway, not very far from Sjusjøen. The area is located at an altitude of approx. 850 meters above sea level, and offers skiing in the months from December through to the end of March. In the summers, the area is also popular for the locals and a growing number of tourists with many activities such as walking, kayaking, cycling, small game hunting and fishing.
The area has been used for centuries as summer farms, where local farmers take advantage of the thaw and bring their animals into the lush mountainside to feed. In the early 1900s, the first guest houses were built to entertain tourists and travellers
| 121 |
Nordseter
| 0 |
3,731,913 |
# Gurupi
**Gurupi, Tocantins** is a city and a municipality in the Brazilian state of Tocantins. The estimated population was 87,545 inhabitants in 2020, the third-largest in the state, and the total area of the municipality was 1,836 kmª. The elevation is around 287 meters in the city.
## Geography
It is located in the south of the state of Tocantins, between latitude 11 and 12, 240 km. from Palmas, the recently built capital of this state that was formed from the state of Goiás. It is 596 km. from Brasília. It lies between two great rivers that flow in the direction of the Amazon: the Araguaia and Tocantins rivers.
The soil is fertile, allowing agriculture and cattle raising. The climate is hot tropical, hot all year, with a rainy season between the months of October to April and a dry season between the months of May to September. The average annual temperature is around 35 °C.
## History
The history of the city is connected to the construction of the Belém-Brasília highway, reason for the appearance and development of many other cities along its extension in the former north of the state of Goiás.
## Etymology
The name Gurupi is a Tupi word meaning \"pure diamond\". It consists of two basic elements: \"guru\" (diamond) and \"pi\" (foot, way, base, pure origin).
## Economy, urban design, and infrastructure {#economy_urban_design_and_infrastructure}
Gurupi is a major agricultural producer of soybeans and sugar cane, while becoming an important cotton producer too.
The city is served by Gurupi Airport.
The avenues of the city have the names of Brazilian states, while the streets have the names of historical figures.
## Education
There is a campus of the Federal University of Tocantins with a course in agronomy. In addition, there is a municipal public college, Faculdade Unirg, which offers 14 courses.
## Sport
The local football team is Gurupi EC who play at the 3000 capacity Estádio Gilberto Resende. They compete in the Campeonato Tocantinense which they have won 6 times, but have made 3 Série C appearances; in 1995, 1996 and in 2004
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Gurupi
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3,731,924 |
# Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso
**Liga de Ascenso** (Promotion League) is the second division of Honduran football; it was founded on 17 December 1979 as *Segunda División* (Second Division) and renamed *Liga de Ascenso* (Promotion League) on 21 July 2002. The league is divided into 4 groups: *Zona Norte y Atlántica* (North and Atlantic Zone), *Zona Norte y Occidente* (North and West Zone), *Zona Centro y Sur* (Central and South Zone), *Zona Sur y Oriente* (South and East Zone). The top 2 teams of each group qualifies for the *liguilla* (play-offs). Each season is divided into two tournaments, *Apertura* (opening) and *Clausura* (closing). The champions of the opening and closing tournament compete for the promotion to Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Honduras in a two-legged match.
Two teams are relegated to Liga Mayor de Futbol de Honduras. The last team of each group face off in a playoff (North vs North and South vs South).
## History
From 1965 to 1979 the system of promotion to the Liga Nacional was ruled by the Extra-scholastic Sporting Federation of Honduras(*Federación Deportiva Extraescolar de Honduras*). It was played in amateur form and the champion of the Central, Southern, and Oriental zone would play against the champion of the North Western zone. The Winner was promoted to the Liga Nacional. In the first tournament of the Liga Nacional there wasn\'t any promoted or relegated since it was a draft tournament.
It was until 1980 when the second division was founded which nowadays it\'s called *Liga Nacional de Ascenso de Honduras* (National Promotion League of Honduras).
In that season, the league didn\'t have any relegated team since the players of the Honduras national football team needed to be in training at full-time. From the year on, the rules have been applied and there have been many promoted and relegated teams.
From 2004 on the league was split into two seasons, *apertura* (opening) and *clausura* (closing). Promotion is decided by a two-legged match between apertura and clausura champion. In the case of the same team being champion in both tournaments, promotion is automatic.
In 2006 Hispano was relegated from first division but they bought Valencia\'s category in the league; this situation has occurred with other teams. In 2002 Victoria were relegated but acquired Honduras Salzburg\'s spot.
In 2009 Atletico Gualala earned promotion but decided to merge with that year\'s relegated club, Real Juventud and kept their history. In 2003 Real Maya merged with Patepluma to form Real Patepluma.
## 2024-25 clubs
### Clubs from Zona Litoral Atlántica {#clubs_from_zona_litoral_atlántica}
- Arsenal (Coxen Hole, Islas de la Bahia)
- Atlético Boca Junior (Tocoa, Colón)
- CARVA (Coyoles Central, Olanchito, Yoro)
- Discua Nicolás (El Progreso, Yoro)
- Tela F.C. (Tela, Atlántida)
- Trujillo FC (Trujillo, Colón)
- C.D.S. Vida (La Ceiba, Atlántida)
- Yoro FC (Yoro, Yoro)
### Clubs from Zona Occidental {#clubs_from_zona_occidental}
- Atlético Esperanzano (La Esperanza, Intibucá)
- Atlético Pinares (Nueva Ocotepeque, Ocotepeque)
- Deportes Savio (Santa Rosa de Copán, Copán)
- Lepaera FC (Lepaera, Lempira)
- Olimpia Occidental (La Entrada, Copán)
- Real Juventud (Santa Bárbara, Santa Bárbara)
- San Juan (Quimistán, Santa Bárbara)
- Trinidad FC (Trinidad, Santa Bárbara)
### Teams from Zona Norte y Valle de Sula {#teams_from_zona_norte_y_valle_de_sula}
- Atlético Choloma (Choloma, Cortés)
- Atlético Limeño (La Lima, Cortés)
- Atlético Independiente (Siguatepeque, Comayagua)
- Brasilia FC (Río Lindo, Cortés)
- Comayagua FC (Comayagua, Comayagua)
- Municipal Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz de Yojoa, Cortés)
- Parrillas One (San Pedro Sula, Cortés)
- Villanueva FC (Villanueva, Cortés)
### Teams from Zona Centro, Sur y Oriente {#teams_from_zona_centro_sur_y_oriente}
- Estrella Roja (Danlí, El Paraiso)
- Gimnástico (Tegucigalpa, Francisco Morazán)
- Lobos UPN (Tegucigalpa, Francisco Morazán)
- Olancho FC (Juticalpa, Olancho)
- Valencia (Tegucigalpa, Francisco Morazan)
- Valle FC (Nacaome, Valle)
- Atlético Olanchano from (Catacamas, Olancho) were excluded due to failing to register in time
| 640 |
Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso
| 0 |
3,731,924 |
# Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso
## Winners
- *From 1966 to present.*
- *Segunda División (1966--2002). Liga de Ascenso (2002--).*
- *Up until 2004, champions were awarded automatic promotion.*
- *Apertura and Clausura format established since 2004.*
Season Champion Runner-up Semifinalists
------------ --------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------
1966--67 Atlético Indio Victoria
1967--68 Victoria Federal
1968--69 Lempira Broncos
1969--70 Verdún San Pedro
1970--71 Troya Lenca
1971--72 Universidad Victoria
*1972--73* *Cancelled*
1973 Federal San Pedro
1974 Atlántida Salamar
1975 Campamento Lenca
1976 Victoria Curacao
1977 Tiburones Alianza
1978--79 Portuario Federal
1979 Atlético Fusep Juventud Ribereña
1980 Independiente Curacao
1981 Dandy Súper Estrella
1982 Platense Curacao
1983 Sula Independiente
1984 Tela Timsa Atlético Independiente
1985 Curacao Tela Timsa
1986 Universidad Lempira Hermacasa
1987--88 Súper Estrella Tela Timsa
1988 Broncos Modernic
1989--90 Tela Timsa Universidad
1990--91 E.A.C.I. Palestino
1991--92 Real Maya Sitra Acensa
1992--93 Deportes Progreseño Palestino
1993--94 Atlético Indio Universidad
1994--95 Independiente Nacional
1995--96 Universidad Atlético Independiente Atlético Nacional
1996--97 Atlético Indio Halcón Terrazos
1997--98 Alianza Real Sociedad
1998--99 Federal Atlético Melgar
1999--2000 Deportes Savio Palestino
2000--01 Real Maya Real Comayagua Atlético Independiente
2001--02 Honduras Salzburg Parrillas One Atlético Olanchano
2002--03 Atlético Olanchano Deportes Savio Social Sol
2003--04 Municipal Valencia Hispano Atlético Independiente
2004--05 A Deportes Savio Social Sol Arsenal
2004--05 C Hispano Deportes Savio
2005--06 A Atlético Olanchano Juticalpa Tulín
2005--06 C Lenca Real Juventud Olimpia B
2006--07 A Deportes Savio Arsenal Real Juventud
2006--07 C Arsenal Cruz Azul Atlético Esperanzano
2007--08 A Real Juventud Arsenal Unión Ájax
2007--08 C Real Juventud Social Sol Motagua B
2008--09 A Atlético Gualala Municipal Silca Unión Ájax
2008--09 C Necaxa Social Sol Olimpia Occidental
2009--10 A Necaxa Atlético Choloma Social Sol
2009--10 C Necaxa Atlético Independiente Atlético Choloma
2010--11 A Parrillas One Yoro Atlético Municipal
2010--11 C Atlético Choloma Real Sociedad Yoro
2011--12 A Real Sociedad Atlético Municipal Hispano
2011--12 C Parrillas One Real Sociedad Juticalpa
2012--13 A Juticalpa Atlético Municipal Yoro
2012--13 C Parrillas One Yoro Jaguares UPNFM
2013--14 A Honduras Progreso Atlético Choloma
2013--14 C Honduras Progreso Juticalpa
2014--15 A Juticalpa Jaguares UPNFM Atlético Municipal
2014--15 C Juticalpa Atlético Independiente Atlético Limeño
2015--16 A Social Sol Deportes Savio
2015--16 C Alianza Becerra Parrillas One Social Sol
2016--17 A Lepaera Yoro Gimnástico
2016--17 C UPNFM Villanueva Lepaera
2017--18 A Infop RNP Villanueva Social Sol
2017--18 C Infop RNP Villanueva Yoro
2018--19 A Real Sociedad San Juan Pinares
2018--19 C Olancho Santos Pinares
2019--20 A Pinares Santos San Juan
2019--20 C Delicias Santos Paris F.C.
| 409 |
Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso
| 1 |
3,731,924 |
# Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso
## Wins by club {#wins_by_club}
Club Winners Runners-up Winning years
--------------------------------- --------- ------------ ------------------------------------
Deportes Savio 3 3 1999--2000, 2004--05 A, 2006--07 A
Universidad 3 2 1971--72, 1986, 1995--96
Juticalpa Tulín / Juticalpa 3 2 2012--13 A, 2014--15 A, 2014--15 C
Parrillas One 3 2 2010--11 A, 2011--12 C, 2012--13 C
Atlético Indio 3 0 1966--67, 1990--91, 1996--97
Necaxa 3 0 2008--09 C, 2009--10 A, 2009--10 C
Campamento / Atlético Olanchano 3 0 1975, 2002--03, 2005--06 A
Real Sociedad 2 3 2011--12 A, 2018--19 A
Victoria 2 2 1967--68, 1976
Federal 2 2 1973, 1998--99
Independiente 2 1 1980, 1994--95
Tela Timsa 2 1 1984, 1989--90
Real Juventud 2 1 2007--08 A, 2007--08 C
Real Maya 2 0 1991--92, 2000--01
Honduras Progreso 2 0 2013--14 A, 2013--14 C
Infop RNP 2 0 2017--18 A, 2017--18 C
Alianza Becerra / Olancho 2 0 2015--16 C, 2018--19 C
Curacao 1 4 1987--88
Social Sol 1 3 2015--16 A
Lenca 1 2 2005--06 C
Arsenal 1 2 2006--07 C
Atlético Choloma 1 2 2010--11 C
Súper Estrella 1 1 1988
Broncos 1 1 1993--94
Alianza 1 1 1997--98
Hispano 1 1 2004--05 C
UPNFM 1 1 2016--17 C
Lempira 1 0 1968--69
Verdún 1 0 1969--70
Troya 1 0 1970--71
Atlántida 1 0 1974
Tiburones 1 0 1977
Portuario 1 0 1978--79
Atlético Fusep 1 0 1979
Dandy 1 0 1981
Platense 1 0 1982
Sula 1 0 1983
E.A.C.I. 1 0 1985
Deportes Progreseño 1 0 1992--93
Honduras Salzburg 1 0 2001--02
Municipal Valencia 1 0 2003--04
Atlético Gualala 1 0 2008--09 A
Lepaera 1 0 2016--17 A
Pinares 1 0 2019--20 A
Atlético Independiente 0 4 ---
Yoro 0 3 ---
Villanueva 0 3 ---
Palestino 0 2 ---
San Pedro 0 2 ---
Atlético Municipal 0 2 ---
Santos 0 2 ---
Salamar 0 1 ---
Juventud Ribereña 0 1 ---
Lempira Hermacasa 0 1 ---
Modernic 0 1 ---
Sitra Acensa 0 1 ---
Nacional 0 1 ---
Halcón Terrazos 0 1 ---
Atlético Melgar 0 1 ---
Real Comayagua 0 1 ---
Cruz Azul 0 1 ---
Municipal Silca 0 1 ---
San Juan 0 1 ---
Atlético INTUR 0 0 ---
## Promotion
In 2004 the league format was changed into short tournaments splitting the season into two separate tournaments, *apertura* (opening) and *clausura* (closing). Promotion was decided by a two-legged final until 2012, and is now contested in a single match between *apertura* champion and *clausura* champion. In the case that a same team is crowned champion both *apertura* and *clausura*, promotion is awarded automatically to said team.
Season Promoted team Opponent Observations
---------- -------------------- ------ ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2004--05 Hispano 0--0 Deportes Savio Hispano won 3--2 on penalty shootouts.
2005--06 Atlético Olanchano 3--2 Lenca
2006--07 Deportes Savio 1--0 Arsenal
2007--08 Real Juventud -- none Real Juventud automatically promoted as winners of both Apertura and Clausura.
2008--09 Atlético Gualala 2--1 Necaxa Real Juventud purchased Atlético Gualala\'s franchise.
2009--10 Necaxa -- none Necaxa automatically promoted as winners of both Apertura and Clausura.
2010--11 Atlético Choloma 2--1 Parrillas One
2011--12 Real Sociedad 2--0 Parrillas One
2012--13 Parrillas One 1--1 Juticalpa Parrillas One won 5--4 on penalty shootouts.
2013--14 Honduras Progreso -- none Honduras Progreso automatically promoted as winners of both Apertura and Clausura.
2014--15 Juticalpa -- none Juticalpa automatically promoted as winners of both Apertura and Clausura.
2015--16 Social Sol 1--1 Alianza Becerra Social Sol won 7--6 on penalty shootouts.
2016--17 UPNFM 1--0 Lepaera
2017--18 Infop RNP -- none Infop RNP automatically promoted as winners of both Apertura and Clausura.
2018--19 Real Sociedad 1--1 Olancho Real Sociedad won 4--3 on penalty shootouts.
## Relegation
In the current system, the last team of each group of the region play on a playoff
| 628 |
Honduran Liga Nacional de Ascenso
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# Ray St. Germain
**Ray St. Germain** `{{postnominals|country=CAN|size=100%|OM}}`{=mediawiki} (July 29, 1940 -- June 25, 2024) was a Canadian singer, author, and television host. He was the presenter for the 1969 Canadian variety television series *Time for Living* and the 2006 federal Liberal candidate for the Winnipeg Centre constituency. In 2005, he released his autobiography, *I Wanted to Be Elvis, So What Was I Doing in Moose Jaw?*.
St. Germain wrote, produced, and hosted the nationally syndicated and award-winning show *Big Sky Country* that aired for 13 years on the Global Television Network. He worked with the Aboriginal Peoples Television Network (APTN), producing and hosting the series *Rhythms of the Métis*. He was a voice actor for the children\'s series *Tipi Tales* that airs on the Treehouse Network and APTN. He was also a founding member of the Alberta Old Tyme Fiddlers\' Association, which started the Grand North American Old Time Fiddle Championship.
St. Germain hosted over 600 television shows on CBC Television, Global Television Network, and APTN. He was an on-air personality and program manager with NCI-FM Radio for seven years and hosted a program *Métis Hour X2* on Saturday mornings for the Manitoba Métis Federation. He entertained Canadian Forces stationed overseas with concerts in Germany, Israel, and Cyprus.
St. Germain received awards for his contributions to Canadian culture, including the Order of Manitoba, Aboriginal Order of Canada, the Order of the Sash -- Saskatoon and Prince Albert, and a spot on the Aboriginal Wall of Honour in the Winnipeg Friendship Centre. He was inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame in September 2010.
St. Germain died in Winnipeg on June 25, 2024, at the age of 83.
## Discography
### Albums
Year Album
------ ----------------------------------
1968 *Ray St. Germain*
1969 *Time for Livin*\'
1970 Everybody Has to Fall in Love
1978 *Ray St. Germain*
1983 *Ray St. Germain Live*
1985 *Thank God, I\'m Métis*
1990 *There\'s No Love Like Our Love*
1996 *Greatest Hits Vol. 1*
2003 *My Many Moods*
2005 *Family Christmas*
2007 *Show Me the Way to Jerusalem*
2008 *Life Ain\'t Hard*
### Singles
Year Single CAN Country Album
------ ----------------------------- ------------- -------------------
1978 \"Please Don\'t Hurt Me\" 28 *Ray St
| 366 |
Ray St. Germain
| 0 |
3,731,930 |
# Josh Kirby... Time Warrior!
***Josh Kirby\... Time Warrior!*** is a direct-to-video film series in six installments which formed one story arc, with the first five films ending with a cliffhanger.
The series produced by Charles Band\'s Moonbeam Entertainment in association with The Kushner-Locke Company and released by Paramount between 1995 and 1996, featuring the fictional character Josh Kirby played by Corbin Allred. The series was described as in the \"tradition of Buck Rogers, Flash Gordon and Captain Marvel\".
## Premise
In the 25th century, humans discover an alien device dubbed the \"Nullifier\". This device is said to be capable of controlling, or worse, destroying the universe. Irwin 1138 (Barrie Ingham), the second-greatest mind of his time splits the Nullifier into six pieces, which are subsequently dispersed through time. Dr. Zoetrope (Derek Webster), Irwin\'s rival and the greatest mind of his time, seeks to retrieve and reassemble the device with the help of his time traveling power armor, with Irwin following in his \"time pod\" to beat his rival to the pieces.
The chase leads them both to 1995, where they encounter 14-year-old Josh Kirby. After a brief conflict, Zoetrope flees into the time stream with a piece of the Nullifier that landed in Kirby\'s garden, and Irwin gives chase, only to bring Josh along for the ride by accident. Irwin explains the Nullifier is an indestructible weapon he scattered across time to prevent Zoetrope from using it to wipe out the universe. Unable to return to his home era, Josh accompanies Irwin, his alien companion Prism and later, half-human warrior Azabeth Siege (Jennifer Burns), in the race to collect the Nullifier pieces.
## Chapters
The story unfolds over the course of six films:
## VHS and DVD releases {#vhs_and_dvd_releases}
All six chapters have been released on VHS by Paramount Pictures and Moonbeam Entertainment in the United States and DVD by Tango Entertainment, under license from Kushner-Locke.
## Cast
- Corbin Allred as Josh Kirby, a 14-year-old boy from 1995 who is dragged into the chase for the Nullifier. He later discovers he\'s a Time Warrior, capable of superpowered feats, only once every 12 hours.
- Barrie Ingham as Irwin 1138, a scientist from the 25th century, and the \"second-greatest\" mind of his time period, Dr. Zoetrope being his better. Using his \"Time Pod\", he engages in a race to find the individual components of the Nullifier before Zoetrope. Along with the Time Pod, he also relies on a cane, which doubles as an energy weapon.
- Jennifer Burns as Azabeth Siege, a half-human warrior who is somehow displaced in time and subsequently joins.
- Derek Webster as Dr. Zoetrope, the greatest mind of his time, exceeding Irwin 1138. While he also seeks the Nullifier, his vehicle of choice is a set of powered armour.
- Steve Blum (credited as David Lucas) as the vocal effects of Prism, an extra-terrestrial creature capable of sensing the pieces of the Nullifier, shown by his glowing, colour-changing hair
| 495 |
Josh Kirby... Time Warrior!
| 0 |
3,731,958 |
# DinoSol
**Dinosol Supermercados S.L.**, trading as **DinoSol**, is a Spanish supermarket chain in the Canary Islands who is most known for its HiperDino supermarkets.
The current structure of the company dates back to 2012, when a group of Canary shareholders, which mainly consisted of AJA investments and the original founders, bought the company.
## History
In 1978, the Domínguez brothers established the brand HiperDino. In 1996, when the brand consisted of three stores, they sold it to Vista Capital, a venture in which Banco Santander participated. Vista Capital renamed the stores to Superdiplo. Subsequently, Dutch multinational Ahold bought the supermarkets and renamed it back to the HiperDino brand. However, Ahold suffered some serious losses and sold the business to English private equity firm Permira who renamed the wider group to Dinosol SL. In 2011, DinoSol\'s debt had mounted to more than 400 million euros, after which the company ended up in the hands of an extensive group of banks.
In 2012, a group of Canary shareholders, led by José Abraham Domínguez, Andrés Domínguez and Javier Puga, decided to buy DinoSol. In 2012, DinoSol agreed to sell the SuperSol chain to Agile Finance.
After taking control over the group, the Domínguez brothers and Javier Puga resumed the successful strategy from the past: low prices, alongside competitive and promotions focused on local products. Their company policy was focused on reaching an island society that suffered from high unemployment rates.
It didn't take long before this new approach bore fruit. Predatory pricing paved the way for growth and the group regained its lost market share. One year after the acquisition, DinoSol became a well-performing company that generated more than 1,000 jobs.
In 2015, consultancy firm Stiga awarded Hiperdino a national prize concerning customer satisfaction, based on valuations by supermarket customers.
## Stores and formats {#stores_and_formats}
As of 2024, Grupo DinoSol boasts more than 200 locations over the Canary Islands, and employs over 6,000 people
| 322 |
DinoSol
| 0 |
3,731,967 |
# Hill-Rom
**Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc.** is an American medical technology provider that is a subsidiary of Baxter International.
## History
Hillrom is a wholly owned subsidiary of Baxter and was formally part of Hill-Rom Holdings, Inc., which was formerly a part of Hillenbrand Industries until that company split its medical equipment division from their casket business in 2008. Their headquarters are in Chicago, Illinois.
John Groetelaars was the President and CEO. In 2019, Hill-Rom rebranded itself as Hillrom. The rebranding emphasized the company's transition from its history of developing hospital beds and medical devices to a focus on digital health products and software that support connected care across the healthcare continuum for the digital health market. Its primary products are Nurse Call Hospital Alert and Communications System, Hillrom HPL (high precision locating) Staff and Asset Tracking and they also offer Healthcare Furniture such as the smart connected Centrella Hospital beds.
In September 2015, Hillrom bought Welch Allyn Inc. Hillrom continued to use the Welch Allyn brand name for some of its patient monitoring and diagnostic equipment.
In 2018, Hillrom updated its hospital bed model to include EarlySense's vital-sign bed sensors to monitor patients' heart and respiratory rates. The built-in sensors sit under the mattress and are not attached to the patient. They check vital signs 100 times a minute and alert nurses to any possible issues.
In April 2019, Hillrom acquired Voalte. The acquisition gave Hillrom control of a connected care system that supplies voice, alarm, and text communications for 220,000 clinicians at different healthcare organizations. Voalte became a cornerstone of Hillrom's Care Communications product line. Before its rebranding, Hillrom also developed and produced medical equipment under the names of its previous acquisitions: Welch Allyn, Mortara Instrument, Trumpf Medical, Allen Medical, and Liko. Another acquisition, Aspen Surgical, was sold in 2019.
In January 2020, Hillrom acquired Excel Medical Electronics, a clinical communications software company. Excel Medical expanded Hillrom's digital health offerings with predictive analytics and software that assimilates real-time patient data.
Hillrom's Centrella bed won the 2017 Stanley Caplan User Centered Design Award. Hillrom developed the bed after studying patients in 29 hospital units. In June 2020, Hillrom released a remote vital signs monitoring product to help with COVID treatment. The Welch Allyn Spot Vital Signs 4400 device connects to the Hillrom Connex app to relay patient data securely to physicians through a phone.
Hillrom development teams practice contextual inquiry and an immersion process. This development process requires them to spend time in environments and situations in order to understand the reality of clinical practice, workflow, and patient experience.
In 2020, Hillrom adapted its respiratory health device MetaNeb to help treat COVID-19 patients. MetaNeb is typically used on patients with pneumonia. It attaches to a ventilator and helps to clear the lungs from mucus secretions. In April 2020, Atlanta's Emory University reported the successful use of MetaNeb with coronavirus patients on ventilators.
In 2022 Hillrom announced its new High Precision Locating (HPL) system for staff and asset tracking which integrates with its Nurse Call system. It uses Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology to provide real-time location in the system and on a visualized map.
In September 2021, Baxter International announced it would acquire Hillrom for \$12.4 billion. The acquisition was completed in December 2021.
## Services
Care Communications: Hillrom provides a secure communications platform that connects healthcare professionals with patients. The platform uses voice calls, alarm notifications, and text alerts.
Patient Support Systems: Hillrom offers different products to support patient care, such as smart beds and patient lifts.
Front Line Care: This includes a diverse range of products used by frontline care providers to diagnose and manage patient health issues, such as ventilators and vital signs monitoring systems.
Surgical Solutions: The company provides a line of surgical products, including surgical and examination lights, gyn/uro/pal products, surgical tables, and orthopedic and spine products
| 642 |
Hill-Rom
| 0 |
3,731,972 |
# Battle Creek Flight
The **Battle Creek Flight** are a team in the Independent Basketball Association (IBA) located in Battle Creek, Michigan. They previously played in the Premier Basketball League (PBL) and in the International Basketball League. The team was known as the **Battle Creek Knights** prior to the 2013--14 season.
## 2005 season
The Knights lived up to their nickname of \"The IBL\'s Power Team\", by beating opponents by an average of 128--114. The Knights were led in scoring by Mike Williams, at 22.4 ppg. The Knights were undefeated in the regular season, and won the championship game, beating the Dayton Jets 124--121, for a final record of 21--0.
In addition to being the IBL\'s power team on the court, the Knights also led the league in attendance. Playing at Kellogg Arena, crowds of 2,500+ were not uncommon, and the team drew 1,854 to the championship and All-Star game, which they hosted. Three Knights made the all-star team; Bobby Madison, Jamal Gooding, and Mike Williams.
## 2006 season {#season_1}
The 2006 Knights were a victim of the IBL\'s expansion. The team finished 11--10, respectable, yet a far cry from being undefeated. The team lost their only playoff game 144--139 to the Holland Blast, an expansion team. Again, three all-stars were named, Logan Vander Velden, Mike Williams, and Jay Youngblood. Youngblood was also in the top 25 scorers, averaging 22.0 ppg (he also played part of the season with the Cuyahoga Falls Cougars. After the season, coach Williams resigned and was replaced by former Knight Logan Vander Velden.
## 2007 season {#season_2}
With Vander Velden at the helm, the Knights began to regain their winning ways, and locked into the 5th seed for the IBL playoffs, where they were eliminated by the defending champion Elkhart Express in the East final.
## 2008 season {#season_3}
The Knights started off with a 1--4 record, but rebounded to eventually end the regular season with a record of 9--11. The Knights opened the playoffs with a win against the Elgin Racers 116--100, only to fall to the Elkhart Express in the Eastern Conference finals 130--147.
During the off season, the Knights announced a switch to the winter playing Premier Basketball League (PBL).
## 2009 season {#season_4}
In their first year in the PBL, the Knights reeled off 12 straight wins before falling on the road to the Wilmington Sea Dawgs. They would lose only one other game and finish with a regular season record of 18--2, taking first place in the PBL\'s Central Division. However, after controversy in the PBL championship series against the Rochester Razorsharks, the Knights left the PBL, first announcing they were taking a year off, but later changing that to playing in the IBL for 2010.
## Current roster {#current_roster}
**Head Coach:** Terry Sare
+-------+-------+---------+------------------+-------------+--------------------------+
| \# | Pos. | Ht. | Player | Acquired | College |
+=======+=======+=========+==================+=============+==========================+
| 34 | F | 6\'7\" | Antione Lundy | 2012 | South Alabama |
+-------+-------+---------+------------------+-------------+--------------------------+
| 23 | G | 6\'4\" | Tihon Johnson | 2012 | Mountain State |
+-------+-------+---------+------------------+-------------+--------------------------+
| 5 | G | 6\'4\" | Dave Boykin | 2012 | Bridgeport |
+-------+-------+---------+------------------+-------------+--------------------------+
| -- | PG | 5\'10\" | Ameer Watts | 2012 | Missouri Southern State |
+-------+-------+---------+------------------+-------------+--------------------------+
| 1 | PG | 5\'10\" | Marcus Lancaster | 2012 | Montevallo |
+-------+-------+---------+------------------+-------------+--------------------------+
| 7 | F | 6\'5\" | Corey Massey | 2011 | Alma |
+-------+-------+---------+------------------+-------------+--------------------------+
| 11 | PG | 6\'2\" | Ben Fuller | 2012 | Liberty |
+-------+-------+---------+------------------+-------------+--------------------------+
| 10 | SF | 6\'5\" | Randon Dyer | 2011 | *Did not attend college* |
+-------+-------+---------+------------------+-------------+--------------------------+
| 606 |
Battle Creek Flight
| 0 |
3,731,972 |
# Battle Creek Flight
## 2009 season schedule {#season_schedule}
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| Date | Opponent | Score | High points | High rebounds | High assists | Location (Att.) | Record |
+==================+============================+============+=====================================+====================================+======================================================================+==========================+========+
| January 2 | Chicago Throwbacks | W 120--113 | Rashi Johnson, Kenny Langhorne (19) | Florentino Valencia (11) | Rashi Johnson (11) | Kellogg Arena (1,257) | 1--0 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| January 8 | Wilmington Sea Dawgs | W 96--95 | Kenny Langhorne (24) | Chris Gaines (9) | Rashi Johnson (6) | Kellogg Arena | 2--0 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| January 10 | at Chicago Throwbacks | W 106--94 | Rashi Johnson (25) | Rashi Johnson, Chris Wesby (5) | Rashi Johnson (5) | Attack Athletics | 3--0 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| January 17 | Detroit Panthers | W 109--101 | Rashi Johnson (24) | Jason Arbet, Chris Wesby (7) | Rashi Johnson (10) | Kellogg Arena | 4--0 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| January 19 | Augusta Groove | W 107--98 | Florentino Valencia (18) | Florentino Valencia (11) | Rashi Johnson (10) | Kellogg Arena | 5--0 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| January 24 | at Mid-Michigan Destroyers | W 120--116 | Kenny Langhorne (29) | Kenny Langhorne (10) | Jeremy File, Deon Rose, Coleco Buie, Chris Gaines, Rashi Johnson (1) | Western High School | 6--0 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| January 31 | at Detroit Panthers | W 119--106 | Kenny Langhorne (23) | Jeremy File (6) | Jeremy File, Rashi Johnson (4) | Groves High School | 7--0 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| February 5 | Quebec Kebs | W 104--101 | Kenny Langhorne (20) | Coleco Buie, Rashi Johnson (6) | Rashi Johnson (5) | Kellogg Arena | 8--0 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| February 6 | Chicago Throwbacks | W 117--112 | Kenny Langhorne (19) | Jason Arbet (9) | Rashi Johnson (12) | Kellogg Arena | 9--0 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| February 13 | at Quebec Kebs | W 94--86 | Kenny Langhorne (23) | Florentino Valencia (14) | Allen White, Frank Phillips, Jason Arbet (1) | Pavillon de la Jeunesse | 10--0 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| February 19 | Mid-Michigan Destroyers | W 131--111 | Kenny Langhorne (19) | Kenny Langhorne (7) | Rashi Johnson (12) | Kellogg Arena | 11--0 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| February 20 | Detroit Panthers | W 143--133 | Coleco Buie (32) | Frank Phillips (7) | Rashi Johnson (15) | Kellogg Arena | 12--0 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| February 22 | at Wilmington Sea Dawgs | L 121--117 | Kenny Langhorne (21) | Rashi Johnson (7) | Frank Phillips, Rashi Johnson (5) | Schwartz Center | 12--1 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| February 27 | Buffalo Stampede | W 114--90 | Kenny Langhorne (24) | Frank Phillips (10) | Rashi Johnson (7) | Kellogg Arena | 13--1 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| March 1 | at Detroit Panthers | L 110--108 | Florentino Valencia (19) | Frank Phillips (9) | Jeremy File (5) | Groves High School | 13--2 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| March 8 | at Chicago Throwbacks | W 114--109 | Florentino Valencia (20) | Rashi Johnson (10) | Rashi Johnson (7) | Attack Athletics | 14--2 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| March 13 | Chicago Throwbacks | W 123--120 | Chris Gaines (21) | Deon Rose (10) | Rashi Johnson (7) | Kellogg Arena | 15--2 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| March 22 | at Augusta Groove | W 122--97 | Kenny Langhorne (24) | Frank Phillips (7) | Jason Arbet, Frank Phillips (3) | Richmond Academy | 16--2 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| March 27 | at Chicago Throwbacks | W 121--95 | Rashi Johnson (38) | Kenny Langhorne, Rashi Johnson (5) | Rashi Johnson (5) | Attack Athletics | 17--2 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| March 28 | at Buffalo Stampede | W 109--106 | Kenny Langhorne (23) | Florentino Valencia (10) | Rashi Johnson (8) | Koessler Athletic Center | 18--2 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| **Playoffs**\ | | | | | | | |
| Semifinal series | | | | | | | |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| April 3 | at Wilmington Sea Dawgs | L 112--108 | Rashi Johnson, Frank Phillips (22) | Frank Phillips (14) | Rashi Johnson (7) | Schwartz Center | 18--3 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| April 5 | Wilmington Sea Dawgs | W 111--90 | Kenny Langhorne (20) | Kenny Langhorne (7) | Rashi Johnson (8) | Kellogg Arena | 19--3 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| April 6 | Wilmington Sea Dawgs | W 119--112 | Rashi Johnson (24) | Frank Phillips (1) | Rashi Johnson (10) | Kellogg Arena | 20--3 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| PBL Finals | | | | | | | |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| April 19 | at Rochester Razor Sharks | L 152--115 | Coleco Buie (24) | Kenny Langhorne (8) | Rashi Johnson (6) | Blue Cross Arena | 20--4 |
+------------------+----------------------------+------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+--------+
| 794 |
Battle Creek Flight
| 1 |
3,731,972 |
# Battle Creek Flight
## Season results {#season_results}
Year Wins Losses Pct
| 12 |
Battle Creek Flight
| 2 |
3,731,995 |
# Roderick D. Sutherland
**Roderick Dhu Sutherland** (April 27, 1862 -- October 18, 1915) was an American Populist Party politician.
Sutherland was born in Scotch Grove, Iowa, and attended Amity College, in College Springs, Iowa. He taught school and studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1888. He set up practice in Nelson, Nebraska, becoming the prosecuting attorney of Nuckolls County 1890 until 1896.
Sutherland served as the chairman of the Populist state convention in Nebraska in 1899. He then was appointed by governor William A. Poynter as a delegate to the trust conference held in Chicago in September 1899. He was elected as a Populist to the Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth Congresses (March 4, 1897 -- March 3, 1901), but failed at being reelected to the Fifty-seventh Congress in November 1900. He was a delegate to the Populist National Convention and a delegate to the 1900 Democratic National Convention and the 1908 Democratic National Convention.
After his Congressional service, Sutherland resumed practice of law in Nelson, and died in Kansas City, Kansas, in 1915. His remains were interred in Nelson Cemetery, Nelson, Nebraska.
He was married to Ana Marie Laramor
| 191 |
Roderick D. Sutherland
| 0 |
3,732,007 |
# Matthew Brady (lawyer)
**Matthew A. Brady** (April 1, 1876 -- August 5, 1952) was an American lawyer and politician who served as district attorney of San Francisco from 1920 to 1944. He previously served on the San Francisco Civil Service Commission and as a police judge.
thumb\|left\|upright=0.8\|Brady as a police judge, 1915
Brady defeated previous district attorney Charles Fickert, who was responsible for the conviction of Tom Mooney and Warren Billings in the Preparedness Day bombing. By 1926, he was convinced that Mooney and Billings were unjustly convicted. In a letter to Governor Friend W. Richardson, Brady wrote \"If these matters that have developed during the trials could be called to the attention of a court that had jurisdiction to grant a new trial, undoubtedly a new trial would be granted. Furthermore, if a new trial were granted, there would be no possibility of convicting Mooney or Billings.\" In 1935, he empaneled a grand jury and hired private investigator Edwin Atherton to report on police corruption in the San Francisco Police Department.
Brady presided over numerous high-profile cases in the 1920s and 1930s, including the three Fatty Arbuckle murder trials, and the arrest and roundup of Communists.
In 1936, Brady was D.A. during the infamous sterilization plot charged by Ann Cooper Hewitt, 21-year-old heiress, and daughter of Peter Cooper Hewitt, against her mother, Marion Jeanne Andrews, accused of sterilizing her daughter, Ann, to thwart an inheritance dependent on the young woman having children, in a climate of California Eugenics law, and aided by Dr. Tilton E Tillman and Samuel G. Boyd.
He was defeated for reelection by Pat Brown in 1943, which was the second time the two had competed for the office
| 284 |
Matthew Brady (lawyer)
| 0 |
3,732,008 |
# Scott Munter
**Scott Michael Munter** (born March 7, 1980) is an American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher.
He attended St. James/Seton grade school and Creighton Preparatory School in Omaha, Nebraska. He then attended the University of Oklahoma, where he played first base, after which transferring to Butler County Community College in Kansas where he starting pitching.
Munter split the `{{mlby|2005}}`{=mediawiki} season between the San Francisco Giants and their Triple-A affiliate, the Fresno Grizzlies. With the Giants, he posted a 2--0 record with a 2.56 ERA in 45 appearances, all of them in relief.
Munter was not offered a new contract by the Giants and became a free agent on December 12, `{{mlby|2007}}`{=mediawiki}. On January 25, `{{baseball year|2008}}`{=mediawiki}, Munter was signed to a minor league contract by the Tampa Bay Rays and was invited to spring training. On June 3, 2008, Munter was re-signed by the Giants after being released from the Rays Triple-A affiliate. He became a free agent at the end of the season and signed a minor league contract with the Colorado Rockies. He then returned to the Giants organization, where he stayed through 2012.
Munter bats and throws right-handed. He throws a heavy sinker as hard as 95 MPH, dubbed by his former manager Felipe Alou as a \"bowling-ball sinker,\" and is very difficult to hit in the air. Munter lacks a breaking pitch, however, and, despite his velocity, does not strike out a lot of hitters. His nickname is \"Mad Dog\" because he is 6 ft 6 in and over 250 pounds
| 258 |
Scott Munter
| 0 |
3,732,017 |
# Motoyama, Nagoya
**Motoyama** (本山) is a district in Chikusa-ku (千種区), a ward in the east of Nagoya City. It is located between Higashiyama and Kakuozan, and is close to both Nagoya University and Higashiyama-Koen Park (東山公園).
## Transportation
At the heart of Motoyama is a traffic intersection, underneath which the Higashiyama and Meijo Lines of the Nagoya City Subway (地下鉄) cross each other.
There are six entrances/exits to the subway station at Motoyama station.
Motoyama Station (本山駅) has 4 floors; The Higashiyama Line is located on the third floor, and the Meijo Line is located on the fourth floor of the subway station.
## Culture
Motoyama features tourist attractions, English friendly cuisine, and foreigner-friendly temples.
### Sight Seeing {#sight_seeing}
Higashiyama Zoo is a Botanical Gardens and Zoo combined, within the heart of suburbia, located next to Motoyama and Hoshigaoka. Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens is a major attraction within Japan, as it is the only place in Japan that is home to Koalas.
### Temples
Togan-ji Temple is located one street from the main intersection of Motoyama. It is considered the \"hidden gem\" of nagoya. Togan-ji Temple boasts a 100 ft high Green statue of buddha, that is known as \"the great buddha.
In the Motoyama area there is a Matsuzakaya department store (松坂屋), various restaurants and fast food outlets, karaoke and an interesting and tourist-free Buddhist temple (Tōgan-ji), home to Nagoya\'s largest seated Buddha statue.
Yotsuya-dori (四谷通) stretches from Motoyama station in the direction of the university, and houses a number of clothing outlets, as well as a large branch of Mujirushi Ryohin (Muji - 無印良品)
Motoyama is also famous for many so called zakka stores. On the Yotsuya-dori side of Motoyama are Plus and Mizuiro. On the opposite side around nekogahora-dori there are Hulot, Sahan, and the cafe Millou. Recently the zakka stores Moka, Ming Ming, and the zakka cafe Myshica have closed
| 316 |
Motoyama, Nagoya
| 0 |
3,732,032 |
# Georges Rodenbach
**Georges Raymond Constantin Rodenbach** (16 July 1855 -- 25 December 1898) was a Belgian Symbolist poet and novelist.
## Biography
Georges Rodenbach was born in Tournai to a French mother and a German father from the Rhineland (Andernach). He was related to the famous German poet Christoph Martin Wieland. He went to school in Ghent at the prestigious Sint-Barbaracollege, where he became friends with the poet Émile Verhaeren. Rodenbach worked as a lawyer and journalist. He was an early contributor to the literary review *La Jeune Belgique*, and spent the last ten years of his life in Paris as the correspondent of the *Journal de Bruxelles*, and was an intimate of Edmond de Goncourt.
He published eight collections of verse and four novels, as well as short stories, stage works and criticism. He produced some Parisian and purely imitative work; but a major part of his production is the outcome of a passionate idealisation of the quiet Flemish towns in which he had passed his childhood and early youth. In his best known work, *Bruges-la-Morte* (1892), he explains that his aim is to evoke the town as a living being, associated with the moods of the spirit, counselling, dissuading from and prompting action. *Bruges-la-Morte* was used by the composer Erich Wolfgang Korngold as the basis for his opera *Die tote Stadt*. Albrecht Rodenbach, his cousin, was a poet and novelist as well, and a leader in the revival of Flemish literature of the 19th century.
## Works
- *Le Foyer et les Champs* (1877), poetry
- *Les Tristesses* (1879), poetry
- *La Belgique 1830-1880* (1880), historic poem
- *La Mer élégante* (1881), poetry
- *L\'Hiver mondain* (1884)
- *Vers d\'amour* (1884)
- *La Jeunesse blanche* (1886), poetry
- *Du Silence* (1888)
- *L\'Art en exil* (1889)
- *Bruges-la-Morte* (1892)
- *Le Voyage dans les yeux* (1893)
- *Le Voile*, drama
- *L\'Agonie du soleil* (1894)
- *Musée de béguines* (1894)
- *Le Tombeau de Baudelaire* (1894)
- *La Vocation* (1895), translated as *Hans Cadzand\'s Vocation*
- *A propos de \"Manette Salomon\"
| 344 |
Georges Rodenbach
| 0 |
3,732,039 |
# Joe Murray (cyclist)
**Joe Murray** (born December 4, 1963) is an American pioneer in the mountain bike movement. Starting out as a professional mountain bike racer, he later moved into bicycle design. Murray was one of the original inductees (1988) into the Mountain Bike Hall of Fame. He was the first mountain biker inducted into the [United States Bicycling Hall of Fame](https://usbhof.org/?s=joe+murray) in 1999.
## Racing highlights {#racing_highlights}
- 1980 Zero\'s Notch Race, 11th overall, 1st novice, first race.
- 1984 NORBA National Champion
- 1984 8 straight wins
- 1985 NORBA National Champion
- 1985 12 straight wins (to date, unmatched by any male mountain bike)
- 1989 Winner NORBA National Points Series Crystal Mountain, WA
- 1989 6th overall NORBA National Points Series
## Other achievements {#other_achievements}
He has raced 400 races in over 10 years`{{when|date=February 2022}}`{=mediawiki} with over 73 victories. He is a five-time winner of the Rockhopper Race (the first popular mountain bike race) and three-time winner of the Whiskeytown Downhill (one of first \"classic\" mountain bike races). He was the first mountain bike cyclist to be inducted into the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame.
## Research & design achievements {#research_design_achievements}
- Designed ten tires for three different companies.
- Product designer for Marin, Kona, and VooDoo Cycles.
- Official product test rider for Shimano.
- Designed the first titanium mountain bike frame for Merlin.
- First to race extensively on off-road titanium frames.
- Designed the 1993 Mountain Bike Magazine \"Bike of the Year\"
- Designed titanium stems, seat posts, bottom brackets, bar ends, fork and other components
| 265 |
Joe Murray (cyclist)
| 0 |
3,732,040 |
# Thirteen (Emmylou Harris album)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
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{{album chart|BillboardCountry|9|artist=Emmylou Harris|album=Thirteen|access-date=8 May 2020}}
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# Melvin Frank
**Melvin Frank** (13 August 1913 -- 13 October 1988) was an American screenwriter, film producer and film director. He is known for his partnership with Norman Panama and their work on films such as *Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House* (1948), *White Christmas* (1954), and *The Court Jester* (1956). He also directed films such as *Buona Sera, Mrs. Campbell* (1968) and *A Touch of Class* (1973).
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Born to a Jewish family, Frank met his future collaborator Norman Panama in 1933 when they were both at the University of Chicago. After graduating, they formed a partnership in 1935 which endured for four decades; first writing for Milton Berle before becoming writers for Bob Hope\'s radio show. In 1941, they sold their first script to Paramount Pictures, *My Favorite Blonde* (1942), which starred Hope.
They worked for Paramount for five years where, among others, they wrote *Road to Utopia* (1946), starring Hope and Bing Crosby, for which they received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay. They moved to Columbia Pictures making *It Had to Be You* (1947) and *The Return of October* (1948) and also wrote *Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House* (1948) for RKO.
In 1950, they signed a writing, producing and directing deal with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and made films together as co-writers, co-directors and co-producers. They started with *The Reformer and the Redhead* (1950) and also made *Knock on Wood* (1954) and *The Court Jester* (1956), both with Danny Kaye, with the former earning them another Academy Award nomination. They also co-wrote *White Christmas* (1954) with Norman Krasna. They wrote a Broadway play together in 1956, later adapted into *Li\'l Abner* (1959), directed by Frank. They received another Academy Award nomination for *The Facts of Life* (1960) and also worked on *The Road to Hong Kong* (1962).
Frank went on to a successful solo career as a film director, most notably directing the acclaimed romantic comedy *A Touch of Class* (1973), starring George Segal and Glenda Jackson. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Factual Material or Material Not Previously Published or Produced (with Jack Rose) and Jackson won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role. Subsequent films directed by Frank include *The Duchess and the Dirtwater Fox* (1976) and *Lost and Found* (1979).
Over the course of his career, Frank was nominated for five Academy Awards. In 1984, he received the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement from the Writers Guild of America.
### Death
Frank had open heart surgery on October 12, 1988, and died the following day.
### Personal life {#personal_life}
Frank\'s first wife was Anne Ray, younger sister of actress Jigee Viertel. At the time of his death he was still married to his second wife, Juliet. He had three children, Pulitzer Prize-winning writer Elizabeth Frank and sons Andrew and James.
## Selected filmography {#selected_filmography}
Year Title Director Writer Producer
------ -------------------------------------------------- ---------- -------- ----------
1942 *My Favorite Blonde*
1946 *Road to Utopia*
*Monsieur Beaucaire*
1947 *It Had to Be You*
1948 *The Return of October*
*Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House*
1950 *The Reformer and the Redhead*
1951 *Strictly Dishonorable*
*Callaway Went Thataway*
1952 *Above and Beyond*
1954 *White Christmas*
*Knock on Wood*
1956 *The Court Jester*
*That Certain Feeling*
1959 *Li\'l Abner*
*The Trap*
*The Jayhawkers!*
1960 *The Facts of Life*
1962 *The Road to Hong Kong*
1965 *Strange Bedfellows*
1966 *Not with My Wife, You Don\'t!*
*A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum*
1968 *Buona Sera, Mrs
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# Stella Kowalski
**Stella Kowalski** (née **DuBois**) is one of the main characters in Tennessee Williams\' play *A Streetcar Named Desire*. She is the younger sister of central character Blanche DuBois and wife of Stanley Kowalski.
## In the play {#in_the_play}
The play begins when Blanche comes to visit Stella and Stanley in New Orleans after having lost their family home, Belle Reve, and her job as a teacher in Laurel, Mississippi.
We gather that Stella was a Southern belle who left her home town to find work after her family fell on hard times. In New Orleans, she met her soon-to-be husband Stanley Kowalski, who just has returned from World War II, complete with decorations. It is apparent that Stella has been in New Orleans for quite some time before Blanche arrives. Stella is portrayed as sensual and deferring to the will of her husband.
Stanley is prone to fits of rage in which he throws things and hits Stella, who often finds herself taking refuge with upstairs neighbor Eunice Hubbell (who is often abused by her own husband, Steve, as well), only to return to Stanley when he cries for her to take him back.
Williams neither condemns nor condones this sort of love; it is the way Stella yields to her marriage. Blanche, who has arrived for a \"visit,\" is horrified by her sister\'s situation and tries to convince Stella to divorce Stanley. Stella refuses, however, bound to Stanley by sexual attraction and her pregnancy with his child.
Stanley, who prides himself on luring Stella away from her privileged background, dislikes the influence Blanche has over his young wife. When Stanley discovers that Blanche has lost the family estate and been forced out of her home town for promiscuity, he gleefully tells Stella, who initially refuses to believe him. Stella is more down-to-earth and a lot less vain than her sister. She is accustomed to the slightly less wealthy conditions in New Orleans and the poor treatment from her husband.
The night Stella goes into labor, Stanley drunkenly happens upon Blanche and rapes her. This sends Blanche completely over the edge into a nervous breakdown. From what she says in the final scene, it is clear that Stella has chosen to believe that Blanche is lying about the rape. She acquiesces to his plan to send Blanche off to a mental institution. However, in the film adaptation, it is shown that Stella leaves him and takes their child (although it is ambiguous if she goes back to him). This, however, was required under the censorship code then in force. Later television versions restored the original stage version, which always has her staying with him.
## In other media {#in_other_media}
Stella was portrayed by Kim Hunter in the Broadway production as well as the 1951 film adaptation. Hunter won an Academy Award for her performance.
In the 1949 London production, Stella was played by Renée Asherson.
In the 1984 TV movie she was portrayed by Beverly D\'Angelo, and in the 1995 TV movie, she was portrayed by Diane Lane.
The name is used for a recurring character, portrayed by Anne Marie DeLuise, in the 1994--1999 television series *Due South*; the character is the ex-wife of character Detective Stanley Kowalski, named`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}in universe`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}in homage to Marlon Brando\'s portrayal of the character in the 1951 film adaptation
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# Oregon Route 38
**Oregon Route 38** is an Oregon state highway that runs between the city of Reedsport, on the Oregon Coast, and an interchange with Interstate 5 near the communities of Curtin and Anlauf. It is also known as most of the **Umpqua Highway No. 45** (see Oregon highways and routes), as the western portions of the highway run alongside the Umpqua River. The highway lies entirely within Douglas County.
## Route description {#route_description}
Oregon Route 38 begins (at its western terminus) at a junction with U.S. Route 101 in Reedsport. It heads due east from there, running alongside the Umpqua River and by the Dean Creek Wildlife Area, which provides overlooks for viewing regional wildlife. The route continues east after that, passing through the communities of Scottsburg and Green Acres.
In the city of Elkton, the highway intersects with Oregon Route 138, which continues to follow the Umpqua River, heading south. OR 38 continues east, passing through the Elk Creek Tunnel Forest State Scenic Corridor, as well as the highway tunnel the park is named after. The highway continues east through the mountains of southwestern Oregon, eventually reaching the community of Drain. In Drain, it intersects with Oregon Route 99; OR 38 continues northeast from Drain on an alignment shared with OR 99. Just south of Curtin, OR 38 ends at an interchange with Interstate 5. OR 99 continues north, sharing an alignment with I-5 (diverting from it once again when it the highway reaches the city of Cottage Grove).
For the majority of its length, OR 38 is a two-lane undivided highway, with occasional passing lanes.
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
: *Note: mileposts do not reflect actual mileage due to realignments
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# Washington and Sunderland West (UK Parliament constituency)
**Washington and Sunderland West** was a constituency{{#tag:ref\|A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)\|group= n}} in Tyne and Wear represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since its 2010 creation until its abolition for the 2024 general election by Sharon Hodgson, a member of the Labour Party.{{#tag:ref\|As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.\|group= n}}
Under the 2023 periodic review of Westminster constituencies, the seat was abolished. Subject to moderate boundary changes - including losing the St Anne\'s ward to Houghton and Sunderland South, and gaining the Borough of Gateshead wards of Birtley and Lamesley from the (abolished) constituency of Blaydon - it was reformed as **Washington and Gateshead South**.
## Constituency profile {#constituency_profile}
The town of Washington has a well-preserved historic centre with a museum dedicated to the first US president, on its outskirts, the family home of George Washington. Residents have lower levels of wealth and education than UK averages.
## Boundaries
The City of Sunderland wards of Castle, Redhill, St Anne\'s, Washington Central, Washington East, Washington North, Washington South, Washington West.
**Washington and Sunderland West** was created for the 2010 general election when the Boundary Commission reduced the number of seats in Tyne and Wear from 13 to 12, with the constituencies in the City of Sunderland, in particular, being reorganised. The constituency was formed from parts of four abolished constituencies:
- Castle and Redhill wards from Sunderland North;
- St Anne\'s ward from Sunderland South;
- Washington Central, East and North from Houghton and Washington East; and
- Washington South and West from Gateshead East and Washington West.
## Political history {#political_history}
All of the predecessor seats were held with majorities exceeding 5,000 votes and 5% of the vote before the 2010 election. Electoral calculus, an academic website, gave a provisional ranking as the 28th-safest Labour seat in the United Kingdom, and the 11th-safest Labour seat in England based on the results of 2005.
## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament}
Election Member
---------- ------ ----------------
2010 Sharon Hodgson
Selection of first MP
Following a ballot of members on 8 September 2007 Sharon Hodgson MP was selected as the Labour candidate, she represented 38% of the new seat which came from her previous seat of Gateshead East and Washington West which was abolished.
## Elections
### Elections in the 2010s {#elections_in_the_2010s}
For 2015, the British National Party announced Pauline Renwick as a candidate, but she failed to stand.
: \* *Served as an MP for Gateshead East and Washington West in the 2005--2010 Parliament*
2010 vote share changes and swing are based on notional results (a calculation of how the seat would have voted if it had existed at the previous election)
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# Make the Difference
***Make the Difference*** is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Tracie Spencer. It was released on August 27, 1990, by Capitol Records.
## Background
The album consists some of Spencer\'s most notable songs, including \"Tender Kisses\" which peaked at number 1 on the Hot R&B Singles chart and number 42 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 pop chart in 1991. Spencer\'s other single, \"This House\" reached number 3 on the *Billboard* Hot 100 in March 1991, and became her second consecutive top 10 hit on Billboard magazine\'s Hot R&B Singles chart, where it peaked at number 7 that same month.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"This House\" (Matt Sherrod, Paul Sherrod, Sir Spence) -- 5:07
2. \"Save Your Love\" (Kenny Harris) -- 5:05
3. \"Tender Kisses\" (Matt Sherrod, Paul Sherrod, Sir Spence, Tracie Spencer) -- 5:28
4. \"Too Much of Nothing\" (Matt Sherrod, Paul Sherrod) -- 5:14
5. \"Double O Rhythm\" (Kyle Hudnall, Sir Spence, Tracie Spencer) -- 4:49
6. \"You Make the Difference\" (Matt Sherrod, Paul Sherrod, Sir Spence) -- 5:05
7. \"This Time Make It Funky\" (Matt Sherrod, Paul Sherrod, Sir Spence) -- 5:25
8. \"I Like That\" (Kyle Hudnall) -- 5:05
9. \"I Have a Song to Sing\" (Matt Sherrod, Paul Sherrod, Sir Spence) -- 4:36
10. \"Sweeter Love\" (Matt Sherrod, Paul Sherrod, Sir Spence) -- 4:13
11. \"Love Me\" (Fil Brown, Tony Robinson) -- 5:03
12
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# Houghton and Sunderland South (UK Parliament constituency)
**Houghton and Sunderland South** (`{{IPAc-en|'|h|oː|t|ən}}`{=mediawiki}) is a constituency{{#tag:ref\|A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)\|group= n}} in Tyne and Wear represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Since its creation in 2010, the seat has been represented by Bridget Phillipson of the Labour Party,{{#tag:ref\|As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.\|group= n}} who currently serves as Secretary of State for Education under the government of Keir Starmer.
In the 2010 and 2015 general elections, it was the first constituency to declare its result, continuing the record of its predecessor seat, Sunderland South, in the four general elections from 1992 to 2005. However, in the 2017 and 2019 general elections, it was beaten by Newcastle upon Tyne Central. It regained the position as first constituency to declare in the 2024 election, while Newcastle ruled itself out of being the first prior to the polling date for various reasons.
## Constituency profile {#constituency_profile}
Houghton and Sunderland South is a medium density inland area,{{#tag:ref\|However it borders the coastal constituencies of Easington and Sunderland Central.\|group= n}} partly situated on the south banks of the River Wear, which is mostly populated by people of working age, and a minority of the population living in rural villages. The majority of the population historically relied on coal mining, steelworks and shipbuilding from the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries on Wearside, with Tyne and Wear at the forefront of some of the earliest Labour Party activity, and several of its earliest Members of Parliament.
## Boundaries
**Houghton and Sunderland South** was created for the 2010 general election when the Boundary Commission reduced the number of seats in Tyne and Wear from 13 to 12, with the constituencies in the City of Sunderland, in particular, being reorganised. The constituency was formed from the majority of the former Houghton and Washington East seat (Copt Hill, Doxford, Hetton, Houghton and Shiney Row wards) and parts of the former Sunderland South seat (St Chad\'s, Sandhill and Silksworth wards).
**2010--2024**: The City of Sunderland wards of Copt Hill, Doxford, Hetton, Houghton, St Chad\'s, Sandhill, Shiney Row, and Silksworth.
**2024--present**: The City of Sunderland wards of Copt Hill, Doxford, Hetton, Houghton, Sandhill, Shiney Row, Silksworth, St Anne\'s, and St. Chad\'s.
: *Expanded to bring the electorate within the permitted range, by adding the City of Sunderland ward of St Anne\'s, transferred from the abolished Washington and Sunderland West
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# Immanent evaluation
**Immanent evaluation** is a philosophical concept used by Gilles Deleuze in his essay \"Qu\'est-ce qu\'un dispositif ?\" (1989), where it is seen as the opposite of transcendent judgment.
Deleuze writes about Michel Foucault: \"Foucault \... makes allusion to \'aesthetic\' criteria, which are understood as criteria for life and replace on each occasion the claims of transcendental `{{sic}}`{=mediawiki} judgement \[*jugement transcendant*\] with an immanent evaluation \[*évaluation immanente*\]\"
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# Qiulong
**Qiulong** (`{{zh|s=虬龙|t=虯龍|p=qíulóng|w=ch'iu-lung|l=curling dragon}}`{=mediawiki}) or **qiu** was a Chinese dragon that is contradictorily defined as \"horned dragon\" and \"hornless dragon\".
## Name
This Chinese dragon name can be pronounced *qiu* or *jiu* and written *虯* or *虬*.
### Characters
The variant Chinese characters for the *qiu* or *jiu* dragon are `{{linktext|lang=zh|虯}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{linktext|lang=zh|虬}}`{=mediawiki}, which combine the \"insect radical\" `{{linktext|lang=zh|虫}}`{=mediawiki} with phonetics of `{{zhp|p=jiu|c={{linktext|丩}}|tr=connect}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{zhp|p=yin |c={{linktext|乚}}|tr=hidden}}`{=mediawiki}. This *虫* radical is typically used in Chinese characters for insects, worms, reptiles, and dragons (e.g., `{{zhp|p=[[shen (clam-monster)|shen]]|c=蜃}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{zhp|p=[[Jiaolong|jiao]]|c=蛟}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{zhp|p=[[hong (rainbow-dragon)|hong]]|c=虹}}`{=mediawiki}). Compare the word *jiu* (`{{linktext|lang=zh|糾}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{linktext|lang=zh|糺}}`{=mediawiki} \"twist; entangle; unite\") that is written with the \"silk radical\" `{{linktext|lang=zh|絲}}`{=mediawiki} and the same alternate phonetics as *qiu* *虯* or *虬*.
*Qiu* *虬* or *虯* is also an uncommon Chinese surname. For example, Qiuranke Zhuan *虯髯客傳* \"The Legend of the Curly-whiskered Guest\" is a story by the Tang dynasty writer Du Guangting *杜光庭* (850--933 CE), and Qiu Zhong *虬仲* was the courtesy name of the Qing dynasty painter Li Fangying.
In Japanese, the kanji \"Chinese characters\" *虬* or *虯* are sometimes used for the *mizuchi* *蛟* \"river dragon\".
### Etymologies
Sinological linguists have proposed several etymologies for the *qiu* or *jiu* *虯* dragon.
Bernhard Karlgren reconstructed Old Chinese pronunciations of *qiu* \< \**g\'yŏg* or *jiu* \< \**kyŏg* for `{{zhi|c=虯|tr=horned dragon}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{zhi|c=觓|tr=horn-shaped; long and curved}}`{=mediawiki}. This latter word combines the \"horn radical\" `{{linktext|lang=zh|角}}`{=mediawiki} and *虯*\'s *jiu* *丩* phonetic.
Carr follows Karlgren\'s reconstructions and suggests *qiu* \< \**g\'yŏg* or *jiu* \< \**kyŏg* *虯* is \"part of a \'twist; coil; wrap\' word family\" that includes:
- *qiu* \< \**g\'yôg* `{{linktext|lang=zh|觩}}`{=mediawiki} \"long and curved; curled up horn\"
- *jiu* \< \**klyŏg* `{{linktext|lang=zh|樛}}`{=mediawiki} \"curving branch; twist\"
- *miu* \< \**mlyŏg* or *jiu* \< \**klyŏg* `{{linktext|lang=zh|繆}}`{=mediawiki} \"bind; wind around; wrap; twist\"
- *liu* \< \**glyôg* or *lu* \< \**glyôk* `{{linktext|lang=zh|勠}}`{=mediawiki} \"join forces; unite\"
- *jiao* \< \**klôg* `{{linktext|lang=zh|膠}}`{=mediawiki} \"glue; unite\"
- *liao* \< \**glyôg* `{{linktext|lang=zh|摎}}`{=mediawiki} \"tie around; strangle\"
This \"twisting; coiling\" etymology can explain both the meanings \"horned dragon; twisted horns\" and \"curling; wriggling\" below.
Schuessler reconstructs Old Chinese *qiu* \< \**giu* or *jiu* \< \**kiu* for *觓* or *觩* \"horn-shaped; long and curved\" and `{{zhi|c=虯|tr=horned dragon}}`{=mediawiki}, and cites Coblin\'s comparison of \"horned dragon\" with Written Tibetan *klu* \"Nāga, serpent spirit\". Schuessler compares *jiu* \< \**kiuʔ* *糾* \"to twist, plait\" and concludes the \"most likely etymology is \'twisting, wriggling\'\".
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# Qiulong
## Meanings
Chinese dictionaries give three *qiu* *虯* or *虬* meanings: \"dragon without horns\", \"dragon with horns\", and \"curling; coiling\".
### Hornless dragon {#hornless_dragon}
Several Chinese classic texts and commentaries from the Han dynasty identified `{{zhp|p=qiu|c=虯}}`{=mediawiki} as a \"hornless dragon; dragon without horns\", which is interpreted as \"young dragon; immature dragon\".
The 2nd century BCE *Chuci* uses `{{zhp|p=qiu|c=虬}}`{=mediawiki} seven times, which is more frequently than any other classical text. The standard Sibu Beiyao *四部備要* edition gives the character as *虬* instead of *虯*. *Qiu* is a dragon name in four contexts. The first uses `{{zhp|p=yuqiu|c=玉虬|tr=jade hornless-dragon}}`{=mediawiki}; \"I yoked a team of jade dragons to a phoenix-figured car, And waited for the wind to come, to soar up on my journey.\" The second uses `{{zhp|p=qiulong|c=虬龍|tr=hornless dragon}}`{=mediawiki}; \"Where are the hornless dragons which carry bears on their backs for sport?\" In both contexts, commentary of Wang Yi *王逸* (d. 158 CE) says *qiu* means \"hornless dragon\" and *long* means \"horned dragon\". The third uses `{{zhp|p=qingqiu|c=青虬|tr=green dragon}}`{=mediawiki} referring to the legendary Shun as Chong Hua *重華*; \"With a team of azure dragons, white serpents in the traces, I rode with Chong Hua in the Garden of Jasper.\" Wang notes *qiu* and *chi* are types of *long* \"dragons\". The fourth uses `{{zhp|p=qiu|c=虬}}`{=mediawiki} alone; \"With team of dragons I mount the heavens, In ivory chariot borne aloft.\"
The 121 CE *Shuowen Jiezi* dictionary gives inconsistent definitions of `{{zhp|p=qiu|c=虯}}`{=mediawiki}. Some early editions define `{{zhi|out=c|c=龍無角者|tr=a dragon without horns}}`{=mediawiki}, while later editions define `{{zhi|out=c|c=龍子有角者|tr=a young dragon with horns}}`{=mediawiki}. Carr notes the discrepancy of three *Shuowen* definitions for \"hornless dragon\": `{{zhp|p=qiu|c=虯}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{zhp|p=jiao|c=蛟}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{zhp|p=chi|c={{linktext|螭}}}}`{=mediawiki}. The *Shuowen Jiezi* scholar Zhu Junsheng *朱駿聲* (1788--1834 CE) explains that male `{{zhp|p=long|c=龍}}`{=mediawiki} \"dragons\" have horns and female ones do not, and among young dragons, `{{zhp|p=jiao|c=蛟}}`{=mediawiki} has one horn, `{{zhp|p=qiu|c=虯}}`{=mediawiki} has two, and `{{zhp|p=chi|c=螭}}`{=mediawiki} is hornless.
A few later sources, such as the c. 1011 CE *Guangyun* rime dictionary, concur with early *Shuowen Jiezi* editions and define `{{zhp|p=qiu|c=虯}}`{=mediawiki} as \"hornless dragon\", but most dictionaries define a contrast set between `{{zhp|p=qiu|c=虯}}`{=mediawiki} \"horned dragon\" and `{{zhp|p=chi|c=螭}}`{=mediawiki} \"hornless dragon\".
### Horned dragon {#horned_dragon}
The c. 139 BCE *Huainanzi* \"Peering into the Obscure\" chapter (6) mentions `{{zhp|p=qingqiu|c=青虯|tr=green horned-dragon}}`{=mediawiki} twice. First, \"The Fable of the Dragons and the Mud-Eels\" uses it with `{{zhp|p=chichi|c=赤螭|tr=red hornless-dragon}}`{=mediawiki}; \"When the red hornless dragon and the green horned dragon roamed the land of Chi *冀*, the sky was limpid and the earth undisturbed.\" The commentary of Gao Yu *高淯* (fl. 205 CE) notes *qingqiu* and *chichi* are types of `{{zhp|p=long|c=龍|tr=dragons}}`{=mediawiki}, but without mentioning horns. Second, a description of Fu Xi and Nüwa, who are represented as having dragon tails, uses *qingqiu* with `{{zhp|p=[[yinglong]]|c=應龍|tr=winged dragon}}`{=mediawiki}; \"They rode the thunder chariot, using winged dragons as the inner pair and green dragons as the outer pair.\"
The c. 100 BCE *Shiji* \"Records of the Grand Historian\" biography of Sima Xiangru quotes his `{{zhp|p=[[Fu (poetry)|fu]]|c=賦}}`{=mediawiki} poem entitled `{{zhp|p=Zixu|c=子虛|tr=Sir Fantasy}}`{=mediawiki}. Like the *Huaiananzi*, it contrasts `{{zhp|p=qingqiu|c=青虯|tr=green horned-dragon}}`{=mediawiki} with `{{zhp|p=chichi|c=赤螭}|tr=red hornless-dragon}}`{=mediawiki}, which Watson translates \"horned dragon\" and \"hornless dragon\".
Ge Hong\'s 4th century CE `{{zhp|p=Baopuzi|c=抱朴子}}`{=mediawiki} has four references. It mentions: `{{zhp|p=jiu|c=虬}}`{=mediawiki} \"As to the flying to the sky of the *k\'iu* of the pools, this is his union with the clouds\", `{{zhp|p=shenjiu|c=神虬|tr=divine horned-dragon}}`{=mediawiki} \"If a pond inhabited by fishes and gavials is drained off, the divine *k\'iu* go away\", and `{{zhp|p=qingjiu|c=青虬|tr=green horned-dragon}}`{=mediawiki} \"The ts\'ui k\'iu (kingfisher-*k\'iu*) has no wings and yet flies upwards to the sky\", \"Place the shape (i.e. an image of this dragon) in a tray, and the kingfisher-*k\'iu* (shall) descend in a dark vapoury haze\".
The c. 230 CE *Guangya* dictionary defines `{{zhp|p=qiu|c=虯}}`{=mediawiki} (written with a rare `{{linktext|lang=zh|黽}}`{=mediawiki} \"frog\"-radical graphic variant) as \"horned dragon\" and `{{zhp|p=chi|c=螭}}`{=mediawiki} as \"hornless dragon\". This semantic contrast is repeated in later dictionaries such as the 997 CE *Longkan Shoujian* and the c. 1080 CE *Piya*, which says: \"If a dragon has scales, he is called *kiao-lung* (*蛟龍*); if wings, *ying-lung* (*應龍*); if a horn, *k\'iu-lung* (*虬龍*); and if he has no horn, he is called *ch\'i-lung* (*螭龍*).\"
In traditional Chinese art, dragons are commonly represented with two horns. According to the 2nd century CE *Qian fu lun*, the dragon\'s \"horns resemble those of a stag\". The 1578 CE *Bencao Gangmu* materia medica prescribes `{{zhp|p=longjue|c=龍角|tr=dragon horn}}`{=mediawiki}, \"For convulsions, fevers, diarrhea with fever and hardened belly. Taken continuously it lightens the body, enlightens the soul and prolongs life.\"
### Curling
*Qiu* can mean \"curling; twisting; coiling; wriggling; writhing\" in Chinese compounds. For instance:
-
-
-
-
Besides the four \"hornless dragon\" examples above, three *Chuci* contexts use *qiu* in words describing dragons \"coiling; wriggling; writhing\". Two use `{{zhp|p=youqiu|c=蚴虬}}`{=mediawiki} to describe the `{{zhp|p=canglong|c=蒼龍}}`{=mediawiki} Azure Dragon constellation: \"I rode in the ivory chariot of the Great Unity: The coiling Green Dragon ran in the left-hand traces; The White Tiger made the right hand of my team\"; \"To hang at my girdle the coiling Green Dragon, To wear at my belt the sinuous rainbow serpent.\" One uses `{{zhp|p=liuqiu|c=蟉虬}}`{=mediawiki} with `{{zhp|p=chi|c=螭|tr=hornless dragon}}`{=mediawiki}: \"They lined water monsters up to join them in the dance: How their bodies coiled and writhed in undulating motion!\"
## Mythic parallels {#mythic_parallels}
The ancient Chinese `{{zhp|p=jiu|c=虯|tr=horned dragon}}`{=mediawiki} is analogous with the Mountain Horned Dragon lizard and several legendary creatures in Comparative mythology.
Assuming trans-cultural diffusion, MacKenzie suggests that the Chinese \"horned-dragon, or horned-serpent\" derives from the Egyptian Osiris \"water-serpent\". The Chinese Hui people have a myth about a silver-horned dragon that controls rainfall.
In Babylonian mythology, the deity Marduk supposedly rode a horned dragon when he defeated Tiamat, and it became his emblem. In Persian mythology, the hero Garshasp killed an *Aži Sruvara* \"horned dragon\". In Greek mythology, the two-headed Amphisbaena dragon was represented with horns
| 944 |
Qiulong
| 1 |
3,732,140 |
# Murroe
**Murroe** `{{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|r|uː}}`{=mediawiki} (`{{Irish place name|Maigh Rua|red plain}}`{=mediawiki}), officially spelt **Moroe**, is a village in County Limerick, Ireland.
## Environs
Murroe is in the north-eastern part of County Limerick, surrounded by the Slieve Felim Mountains. It is around 15 km east of Limerick city and close to the County Tipperary border. Nearby towns include Cappamore and Newport. The village is on the R506 road.
## History
The first Roman Catholic church was erected in Murroe village around 1731. This was replaced by a second church on the main street in 1807. The parish priest in 1808 was Daniel O\'Brien. This second church was described as by Samuel Lewis in 1837 "a large and handsome building". The third and final church was erected in 1905. There were two fairs held in the village (in April and October) from at least 1825.
The village expanded in the late 1820s with the arrival of the Anglican Rev. Thomas P. Le Fanu (father of Sheridan Le Fanu) to the neighbouring parish of Abington and Sir Matthew Barrington (1788--1861), 2nd Barrington baronets of Limerick to Glenstal Castle. In 1828, Le Fanu and Matthew Barrington established a dispensary on the main street. In 1926, Glenstal Castle became Glenstal Abbey monastery and boarding school.
Murroe once had eight primary schools in the area. Each of the schools, called Murroe, Clonkeen, Eyon, and Kiskiquirk, were split into a boys\' and girls\' school.
John Canon Hayes, founder of Muintir na Tíre, was born in Murroe in 1882. He was a priest of the Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly, ordained at the Irish College, Paris in 1913 and died at Bansha, County Tipperary, where he was the parish priest, in 1957.
### Landmarks
The village contains the Murroe Memorial Cross, a War of Independence memorial in the form of a decorated modern Celtic high cross. It was erected in May 1923 to commemorate the men of the east Limerick and Mid Limerick brigades of the Irish Republican Army who lost their lives in the Irish War of Independence. It is believed to be one of the first such large-scale memorials erected in the State after the war.
Clonkeen Church was founded as a monastery c. AD 600, is located approximately 4.4 km west of the village
Murroe is also situated near an older monastic settlement of Abbey Owney and is home to a number of historical houses and buildings, such as Brittas Castle and Thomond Scout centre.
## Amenities
The Slieve Felim Way, a 43 km long-distance trail through the Slieve Felim and Silvermine Mountains, has a trail-head in the village. It is designated as a National Waymarked Trail by the National Trails Office of the Irish Sports Council and is managed by Shannon Development and Coillte.
The gardens and lands of Glenstal monastery are accessible to the public.
The Clare Glens wooded area along the banks of the Clare River is located on the edge of the townland towards Newport.
Sporting and cultural organisations in Murroe include Murroe Boher Amateur Dramatic Society, the Marion Active Retirement Club, Mulcair Men\'s Shed, Glenstal walkers, Murroe AFC (situated in Tubber), Murroe/Boher GAA, and Murroe-Boher Scouts.
## Gallery
<File:Church> of the Holy Rosary, Murroe.jpg\|Church of the Holy Rosary <File:Muintir> na Tire Murroe.JPG\|Muintir na Tíre <File:Ryan> coat of arms at Valley Inn pub, Murroe, Co. Limerick 2009
| 554 |
Murroe
| 0 |
3,732,161 |
# Túró Rudi
**Túró Rudi** is the name of a curd snack which has been popular in Hungary since 1968. The bar is composed of a thin chocolate-flavored outer coating and an inner filling of túró (curd). The \"Rudi\" in the product name comes from the Hungarian \"rúd\", which translates to *rod* or *bar* (and is also a nickname for the name \"Rudolf\"). Túró Rudi can be made in several different flavours and sizes.
The basic (plain, \"natúr\") bar is cheaper and more popular and comes in two sizes: the classic 30 g bar and the large (\"óriás\", *giant*) 51 g bar. There are differently-flavoured varieties of the bar, like apricot, strawberry and raspberry as jams in the túró, but coconut and vanilla are flavorings. Nut and caramel flavours are also available. The plain bar can be found with both a dark chocolate and a milk chocolate outer coating.
The \"pöttyös\" (spotty or spotted with polka dots) theme is part of the marketing scheme of the bar, and the distinctive red polka-dots are readily associated with Túró Rudi by regular consumers. Friesland Hungária, Inc. (which claims to be the manufacturer of the \"original\" Túró Rudi) released its product in Slovakia, Romania, Spain and Italy under the name DOTS in 2003. The version sold in Western Europe is said to be sweeter and comes with a milk-chocolate coating to suit the taste of locals.
Its first public appearance was in a Hungarian family film, *Kismaszat és a Gézengúzok* (roughly translated to *Little Smear and the Rascals*) in the 1980s.
## Origin
The earliest form of Túró Rudi appeared in Russia under the name Cырок (*Syrok* meaning syr-cheese curd snack), a rectangular bar of curd, butter and fat mixed together, covered with dark chocolate coating. Its coating is thinner and the filling is sweeter. It is widely acknowledged that Túró Rudi was based on it, as design and production began after a study trip to the Soviet Union (presumably by Antal Deák). Sándor Klein, a teacher at the Budapest University of Technology, gave the product its name, which raised a bit of controversy as people thought the name was vulgar and had pornographic associations due to the fact that Rudi translates to bar or rod in Hungarian. Regardless, the name stayed, and throughout the 1970s the candy proved both popular and successful. Production moved from Budapest to Mátészalka and eventually grew to several additional factories throughout the 1980s.
## Different versions {#different_versions}
The original Túró Rudi has gone through many changes during the years, and many different manufacturer has its own Túró Rudi product. Opinions on which of them is the best usually vary a lot. Although the brand name is legally owned by Pöttyös, a few manufacturers claim that their product is much closer to the \"original\" Túró Rudi, mainly because it contains real túró (curd) and other unspecified \"dairy products\" or pickled vegetable fats.
## Health controversy {#health_controversy}
From the beginning of its production, Túró Rudi was marketed as a \"healthy dessert\", an opinion strongly supported by nutritional experts of the time. Later examinations however showed some less positive results. While the filling of several (but not all) Túró Rudi has genuine, good quality curd; the coating is not chocolate as many believe. It is a mixture of cocoa powder, hydrogenated vegetable fat, sugar and butter, containing several grams (0.2--0.3 oz) of trans fat which is believed to be one of the main causes of obesity and cardiovascular diseases .
## International versions {#international_versions}
### Austria
The Austrian company Landfrisch has also started selling its version of the bar, admittedly copied from the original Túró Rudi, under the name *Landfrisch Rudi*.
The \'Landfrisch Rudi\' is also coated with chocolate, like its Hungarian predecessor, and in addition to the \'plain\' version, it\'s also sold in vanilla and coconut flavors.
### China
In China, a copy of the product has been sold since October 2008 under the name *Túró Kiittyy* ([Image](http://m.blog.hu/ho/homar/image/200810/turokiittyy.jpg)).
### Poland
In Poland, Danone is distributing the product originally known as *Danone Túró Rudi* under the trademark *Danio Batonik*
| 679 |
Túró Rudi
| 0 |
3,732,184 |
# Georgia State Route 10
GA10}} `{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Overly detailed|date=August 2022}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox road
|state=GA
|type=SR
|route=10
|map={{maplink-road|from=Georgia State Route 10.map}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=State Route 10 highlighted in red
|length_mi=172.3
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|length_round=1
|established=1919<ref name="GDOT 1920"/>
|counties=[[Fulton County, Georgia|Fulton]], [[DeKalb County, Georgia|DeKalb]], [[Gwinnett County, Georgia|Gwinnett]], [[Walton County, Georgia|Walton]], [[Oconee County, Georgia|Oconee]], [[Clarke County, Georgia|Clarke]], [[Oglethorpe County, Georgia|Oglethorpe]], [[Wilkes County, Georgia|Wilkes]], [[McDuffie County, Georgia|McDuffie]], [[Columbia County, Georgia|Columbia]], [[Richmond County, Georgia|Richmond]]
|direction_a=West
|direction_b=East
|terminus_a={{jct|state=GA|I|75|I|85}} in [[Downtown Atlanta]]
|junction={{jct|state=GA|US|29|US|78|US|278|SR|8}} in [[Atlanta]]<br>{{jct|state=GA|US|23|US|29|US|78|SR|8}} in [[Druid Hills, Georgia|Druid Hills]]<br>{{jct|state=GA|I|285}} near [[Avondale Estates, Georgia|Avondale Estates]]<br>{{jct|state=GA|US|78|SR|410}} north of [[Stone Mountain, Georgia|Stone Mountain]]<br>{{jct|state=GA|US|29|US|78|US-Bus|78|dab3=Athens|US|129|US|441|SR-Loop|10|dab6=Athens|SR|15}} in [[Athens, Georgia|Athens]]<br>{{jct|state=GA|US-Bus|78|dab1=Washington|US|378|SR-Bus|10|dab3=Washington|SR|17|SR-Bus|17|dab5=Washington|SR|44|SR|47}} in [[Washington, Georgia|Washington]]<br>{{jct|state=GA|I|520|US|1|US|25|SR|4|SR|121}} in [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]]
|terminus_b={{jct|state=SC|US|1|US|25|US|78|US|278|SC|121}} at the [[South Carolina]] state line in Augusta
|previous_type=SR
|previous_route=9E
|next_type=US
|next_route=11
}}`{=mediawiki}
**State Route 10** (**SR 10**) is a 172.3 mi state highway in the U.S. state of Georgia. It travels from Downtown Atlanta to the South Carolina state line in Augusta. This highway, along with U.S. Route 78 (US 78), connect three of the biggest metro areas of the state together: Atlanta, Athens, and Augusta. It travels concurrently with US 78 in three sections: from Atlanta to Druid Hills; from near Stone Mountain to near Athens; and from Athens to its eastern terminus, for a total of 149.2 mi, or approximately 86.6 percent of its route.
## Route description {#route_description}
At its western end, SR 10 is the eastward extension of Andrew Young International Boulevard NE and Ellis Street NE and has an interchange with I-75/I-85 (Downtown Connector) on the eastern edge of Downtown Atlanta. It curves to the northeast and has an incomplete interchange with SR 42 Connector, which acts like an eastern spur of the Freedom Parkway. After that, SR 10 begins to curve to the north and passes to the west of the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum and the Carter Center; it curves to the north-northwest and has an intersection with US 29/US 78/US 278/SR 8 (Ponce de Leon Avenue NE).
The five highways travel concurrently to the east and meet US 23/SR 42. Here, US 23 joins the concurrency. The six highways travel together until they reach the southern edge of Deepdene Park, where US 278/SR 10 depart the concurrency to the southeast. US 278/SR 10 intersects SR 155 in Decatur. SR 155 joins the concurrency for about three blocks. At Mountain Drive, SR 10 departs from US 278 to the northeast. This intersection also marks the western end of SR 12. The short Mountain Drive segment of SR 10 passes north of the Kensington MARTA station. At the eastern end of Mountain Drive is an intersection with the eastern end of SR 154 (Memorial Drive). At this intersection, SR 10 turns onto Memorial Drive and has an interchange with I-285.
SR 10 skirts along the northwestern edge of Stone Mountain and has an interchange with East Ponce de Leon Avenue, just before meeting US 78/SR 410 (Stone Mountain Freeway). At this interchange, SR 410 ends and US 78/SR 10 travel concurrently. A short distance later, they have an interchange with the southern end of SR 236. The westbound and eastbound lanes diverge from each other. The eastbound lanes curve to the southeast and have an interchange with the main entrance of Stone Mountain Park.
In Mountain Park, they have an interchange with West Park Place Boulevard and Rockbridge Road; the latter is only listed on westbound signage. After this interchange, Stone Mountain Freeway ends and the numbered highways continue to the east-northeast. They intersect the northern end of SR 264 at the Cpl. Jonathan Ryan Ayers Memorial Interchange. The concurrency enters Snellville, where they intersect SR 124 (Scenic Highway) at the James D. Mason Memorial Interchange. Before exiting the city, they intersect SR 84.
In downtown Loganville, the concurrent highways intersect SR 20. They then intersect SR 81, which joins the concurrency. At Lee Byrd Road, SR 81 splits off to the south-southeast. US 78/SR 10 bypass the main part of Monroe on a freeway bypass. Their first exit is with SR 10 Business. Interchanges with SR 138 and SR 11 follow. Another interchange with the eastern end of SR 10 Business marks the end of the freeway bypass. US 78/SR 10 intersect SR 83 before leaving Monroe.
US 78/SR 10 continue to the northeast and intersect SR 53. They intersect Mars Hill Road, the former SR 209, just before an interchange with US 29/SR 8/SR 316, as well as the western end of US 78 Business. Here, SR 10 begins a concurrency with US 78 Business before entering Athens; while US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 316 travel to the east-southeast.
US 78 Business/SR 10 travel to the southeast of Bogart and turn east along Atlanta Highway. They meet an interchange with SR 10 Loop (Athens Perimeter Highway). and pass Evergreen Memorial Park; then, they curve to the northeast. After passing north of Timothy Road Elementary School, they have an incomplete interchange with the northern terminus of Epps Bridge Parkway. After that, they cross over the Middle Oconee River. Here, Atlanta Highway ends and US 78 Business/SR 10 take on the West Broad Street name. They pass north of St. Mary\'s Hospital, Clarke Middle School, Classic City High School, and Clarke Central High School. At Milledge Avenue, they intersect SR 15 Alternate. Just over five blocks later, they skirt along the northern edge of the University of Georgia and curve to the southeast, crossing over the North Oconee River. Just over 3000 ft later, the concurrent highways meet US 29/US 78/US 129/US 441/SR 8/SR 10 Loop/SR 15, as well as the unsigned SR 422 (a total of eight highways). At this interchange, US 78 Business ends, and US 78/SR 10 travel to the southeast. They curve to the east-southeast and pass to the south of the Athens Ben Epps Airport. At the intersection of Cherokee Road, they pass southwest of Satterfield Park. They skirt along the northeastern edge of the Southeast Clarke Park before crossing over Shoal Creek. Just prior to crossing over Big Creek, the concurrency begins to curve to the south-southeast. They curve to the east-southeast and then to the southeast before leaving the city limits of Athens and entering Oglethorpe County.
US 78/SR 10 continue to the southeast, crossing over Moss Creek. After a brief east-northeast section, they travel just south of the city limits of Arnoldsville, in an east-southeast direction. Just before entering Crawford, they cross over Barrow Creek. In town, they curve to the east-northeast, travel to the north of Crawford Cemetery, and curve to the northeast. On the northeastern edge of the city limits, the concurrency begins a gradual curve to the southeast, traveling north of Brooks Lake and the Brooks Lake Dam and southwest of a branch of the Oglethrope County Library. They also pass Oglethorpe County High School. Immediately after entering Lexington, US 78/SR 10 intersect SR 22 (Comer Road), which joins the currency. The three highways travel to the south-southeast to an intersection with SR 77 (Union Point Road), which also joins the concurrency. The four-highway concurrency curves to the southeast and passes the city\'s magistrate court. Approximately 1000 ft before leaving the city limits, SR 77 departs the concurrency to the north-northeast on Elberton Road. The three highways begin a curve to the east-southeast, and SR 22 departs the concurrency to the south-southeast on Crawfordville Road. US 78/SR 10 cross over Long Creek, before curving to the south-southeast and then to the east-southeast. They cross over Buffalo Creek, curve back to the southeast, and make an easterly jaunt. Southeast of the University of Georgia Farm Lake, the highways cross over Dry Fork Creek into Wilkes County.
| 1,299 |
Georgia State Route 10
| 0 |
3,732,184 |
# Georgia State Route 10
## Route description {#route_description}
Just after US 78/SR 10 begin a gradual curve to the southeast, they cross over Beaverdam Creek. They travel south of Rock Cemetery. Just over 1000 ft after intersecting the southern terminus of Centerville Road and the northern terminus of Richardson Road, they begin to travel through Rayle. In the center of town, they curve to the east. Just to the east of town, the highways curve to the east-northeast and curve back to the east-southeast and travel to the south of Washington--Wilkes Orchard Lake and the Washington--Wilkes Orchard Dam. They again curve to the east-northeast and bend to the southeast, passing the Washington--Wilkes County Airport. A little over 1 mi before entering the city limits of Washington, they intersect the western terminus of US 78 Business/SR 10 Business. In the city, just west of the intersection with the northern terminus of Campbell Street, the mainline routes begin to curve to the east-southeast. They intersect SR 44 (North Mercer Street), which joins the concurrency. The three highways travel with the honorary designation of the **Benjamin Wynn Fortson Jr Memorial Highway**, named for Benjamin W. Fortson, Jr., a former Secretary of State of Georgia. After crossing Threemile Creek and intersecting South Elijah Clark Drive, they curve to the east-northeast. At the intersection with Carey Street, they begin to curve back to the east-southeast. They intersect SR 17 Business (known locally as Poplar Drive to the south and Tignall Road to the north). Here, SR 44 departs the concurrency to the north. After this intersection, US 78/SR 10 begin to curve to the south-southeast. They curve to the east and intersect SR 17, where the concurrency turns right, and all three highways travel to the south-southeast. The concurrent routes skirt along the eastern city limits of Washington and travel to the west of Booth Lake and the Booth Lake Dam, before very briefly re-entering Washington proper. Just before the intersection with Ann Denard Drive, they begin to skirt the city limits again. On the southeastern edge of the city, they intersect the eastern terminus of US 78 Business/SR 10 Business and the southern terminus of SR 17 Business (all three carry the Robert Toombs Avenue name), as well as the western terminus of US 378 (Lincolnton Road). Both directions also carry SR 47. US 78/SR 10/SR 17 travel to the south-southeast, known as the **Sam McGill Memorial Parkway**. Almost immediately, they begin to curve to the east-southeast. They intersect the southern terminus of the unsigned SR 47 Connector (Thomson Road) and the eastern terminus of Denard Road. They curve to the south-southeast and travel through rural areas of the county and skirt along the northeastern edge of the Washington--Wilkes Country Club. On the southeastern corner of the golf course, the three highways intersect the northern terminus of SR 80 (Wrightsboro Road). They curve to the east-southeast and back to the southeast. They cross over the Little River into McDuffie County.
US 78/SR 10/SR 17 continue to the southeast and cross over Hart Creek and Big Creek. They curve to the south-southeast and intersect the southern terminus of SR 43 (Lincolnton Road). Approximately 500 ft later, they pass Pine Grove Cemetery. Just after they intersect Stagecoach Road, they skirt along the eastern edge of Belle Meade Country Club and then the Thomson--McDuffie County Airport. Just before they enter Thomson, they intersect the northern terminus of SR 17 Bypass (Thomson Bypass). At this intersection, US 78/SR 10 turn left and follow the bypass around the eastern side of the city, while SR 17 continues toward the main part of the city. The three highways curve to the south-southeast and cross over, but do not have an interchange with, I-20 (Carl Sanders Highway). The trio travels through the northeastern part of Thomson and intersect SR 150 (Cobbham Road). They leave the unmarked city limits and curve to the east, before coming back to the south-southeast and intersect SR 223 (White Oak Road). The concurrency curves to the south-southwest and crosses over a CSX rail line before intersecting US 278/SR 12 (Augusta Road). At this intersection, SR 12 meets its eastern terminus, and US 78/US 278/SR 10 travel to the southeast as **Augusta Highway**. SR 17 Bypass travels to the south-southwest, as well. The three highways stairstep their way to the southeast, crossing over Sweetwater Creek and traveling near Boneville. Southwest of Boneville, they cross over Boneville Stream. South of Boneville, they travel southwest of Boneville Pond. Just before the intersection with Wire Road and Ellington Airline Road, they curve to the east-northeast. Just to the west of Old Augusta Road, US 78/US 278/SR 10 curve to the east-southeast. They curve to the southeast and enter Dearing. In town, they curve to the east and intersect School Drive, which leads to Augusta Technical College\'s Adult Education Center and Dearing Elementary School. The concurrency curves to the northeast and then back to the east-southeast, before they cross over Boggy Gut Creek and enter Columbia County.
Approximately 600 ft after entering the county, US 78/US 278/SR 10 enter the western city limits of Harlem. Just to the southeast of West Boundary Street, they travel about two and a half blocks south of Harlem Middle School. In the main part of town, they intersect US 221/SR 47 (Louisville Street). At the southeastern edge of the city limits, the roadway becomes known as **Gordon Highway**, which is a major urban corridor farther to the east. The highways travel through Campania and Berzelia. A few thousand feet later, they curve to the northeast, entering Richmond County (and the city limits of Augusta), and begin paralleling the northern edge of Fort Eisenhower.
US 78/US 278/SR 10 serve as the access point for Gordon Park Speedway and Augusta State Medical Prison. A short distance later is Fort Eisenhower\'s Gate 3, a commercial vehicle gate for the Army base and Gate 2, a variable-hour gate. At the intersection for Gate 2, the highway also intersects the eastern terminus of SR 223 (East Robinson Avenue). Approximately 3.4 mi later is an intersection with the southern terminus of SR 383 (Jimmie Dyess Parkway) and the northern terminus of an access road to Fort Eisenhower\'s Gate 1, the 24-hour main gate for the base. About halfway between here and the interchange with I-520 (Bobby Jones Expressway), the three highways leave the edge of Fort Eisenhower and begin to transition into an urban corridor. After the interstate, the roadway enters the main part of Augusta, traveling south of Aquinas High School, and curves to the south-southeast, past the location of the now-closed Regency Mall. Immediately after a slight curve to the east is an intersection with US 1/SR 4 (Deans Bridge Road). US 1 joins the concurrency, while SR 4 continues to the northeast toward downtown. The four-highway concurrency curves slightly to the east-southeast to an interchange with US 25/SR 121 (Peach Orchard Road), which both join the concurrency. The six highways travel to the east-northeast and intersect the northern terminus of Doug Barnard Parkway (former SR 56 Spur) and the southern terminus of Molly Pond Road. The highways curve to the north-northeast and intersect Laney Walker Boulevard, thus effectively entering downtown. They travel just to the northwest of Magnolia Cemetery, Cedar Grove Cemetery, and May Park and southeast of James Brown Arena. A short distance later, they travel to the east of Old Medical College and the Old Government House, then they have an interchange with US 25 Business/SR 28 (Broad Street). Here, US 25 Bus. meets its southern terminus. Just after this interchange, the highways cross over the Savannah River into South Carolina. At the state line, SR 10 end, while US 1/US 25/US 78/US 278, concurrent with SC 121 curve to the northeast toward North Augusta.
### National Highway System {#national_highway_system}
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# Georgia State Route 10
## Route description {#route_description}
The following portions of SR 10 are part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation\'s economy, mobility, and defense:
- From its western terminus to the northern terminus of the Thomson Bypass
- The entire portion within Richmond County
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# Georgia State Route 10
## History
### 1920s
The roadway that would eventually be signed as SR 10 was established at least as far back as 1920 as part of SR 8 from downtown Atlanta to Decatur; SR 45 from Loganville to Monroe;; SR 8 from near Bogart to Athens; SR 10 from Athens to Washington; SR 17 from Washington to Thomson; and SR 12 from Thomson to Augusta. Also, SR 24 was established in Augusta, concurrent with SR 12. By the end of 1921, SR 45 was extended from Loganville west-southwest to Decatur and northeast from Monroe to the Bogart area. By the end of 1926, US 29 was designated along the portion of SR 8 between downtown Atlanta and Decatur; this portion was also paved. SR 45 between Decatur and Loganville was redesignated as part of US 78/SR 10, with the portion from Decatur to just north of Stone Mountain being paved. SR 45 between Loganville and Monroe was redesignated as part of SR 13 (and presumably US 78); SR 45 between Monroe and the Bogart area was redesignated as US 78/SR 10. US 29 (and presumably US 78/SR 10) were designated along the portion of SR 8 between the Bogart area and Athens; this portion was paved. US 78 was designated along SR 10 from Athens to Washington, SR 17 from Washington to Thomson, and SR 12 from Thomson to Augusta. A short segment of US 78/SR 10 was paved. A short segment of US 78/SR 10 northwest of Washington and a short segment of US 78/SR 17 southeast of Washington were paved. The entire concurrency of SR 12/SR 24 in Augusta was paved. Also, US 1 was designated along SR 24 and was made concurrent with US 78/SR 12 in Augusta. Prior to the beginning of 1932, the entire segment of SR 13 from Loganville to Monroe was paved. Nearly half of US 78/SR 10 between Athens and Lexington was paved. SR 10 was extended along US 78/SR 17 from Washington to Thomson and US 78/SR 12 from Thomson to Augusta. The entirety of US 78/SR 10/SR 12 (and US 1/SR 24) from Thomson to Augusta was paved.
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# Georgia State Route 10
## History
### 1930s to 1960s {#s_to_1960s}
In January 1932, SR 13 was redesignated as part of SR 20. Also, SR 24 was redesignated as SR 4. By May of the next year, all of US 78/SR 10 between Lexington and Washington was paved. In February 1934, all of US 78/SR 78/SR 10 between Athens and Lexington was paved. Near the end of the year, all of SR 20 between Loganville and Monroe was redesignated as part of SR 10 (and presumably US 78). By April 1937, all of US 78/SR 10 from downtown Atlanta to Snellville was paved. In August 1938, all of US 78/SR 10 from downtown Atlanta to the Walton--Oconee county line was paved. By July of the next year, the entire length of SR 10 at the time was paved. At the end of 1941, SR 42A was designated along Ponce de Leon Avenue in Atlanta. By the end of 1946, it was decommissioned. By the middle of 1960, US 278 was designated along US 78/SR 10 from downtown Atlanta to Decatur, and along US 78/SR 10/SR 12 from Harlem (or possibly Thomson) to Augusta. By 1966, I-485 was proposed from I-75/I-85 (Downtown Connector) to Boulevard. In Athens, US 29/US 78/SR 8/SR 10 traveled into the main part of town, with US 29 splitting off onto US 129/US 441 Temporary/SR 15 (Milledge Avenue; now SR 15 Alternate). SR 8 departed the concurrency on Pulaski Street. SR 15 Alternate traveled concurrent with US 78/SR 10 from South Hull Street to Thomas Street. Later that year, the I-485 proposal was extended east and north to end at I-85, along with an early proposed route for SR 410, with SR 400 being proposed to be routed both north and south of this extension. In Athens, US 29/SR 8 were designated along the northern part of the Athens Perimeter Highway, with US 78/SR 8 Bus./SR 10 traveling through the city. In the Monroe area, US 78/SR 10 were rerouted north of the main part of town. The former route became SR 10 Business. The next year, the north--south portion of the proposed I-485 no longer had SR 410 as a hidden concurrent route; SR 400\'s proposed routing was extended along this entire proposal. SR 410 was proposed to travel from the eastern end of the east--west segment of I-485 to where US 29/SR 8 split from US 78/US 278/SR 10 in Druid Hills. Also, it was proposed along its current routing. In 1969, a northern bypass of Washington was built, designated as SR 10 Bypass, while US 78/SR 10 continued to travel through the main part of town.
### 1970s to 1990s {#s_to_1990s}
In 1970, US 78/SR 10 were routed along SR 10 Loop in the northern part of Washington, with the former routing becoming US 78 Bus. (and presumably SR 10 Bus.). By 1975, the I-485 proposal was removed from SR 410 and SR 400. In 1976, the proposal for SR 400 south of I-85 and the western segment for SR 410 were dropped, with only a short freeway from I-75/I-85 to Boulevard left on the books. On the 1980-1981 GDOT map, it was revealed that this short freeway was designated as a western segment of SR 410. In 1980, SR 12 was truncated to end in Thomson, no longer concurrent with US 78/US 278/SR 10 from there to Augusta. In 1986, SR 10 Loop was decommissioned. In 1988, US 78 was routed along the Athens Perimeter Highway, but entering from the Atlanta Highway exit; the roadway inside the Perimeter was redesignated as US 78 Business, with SR 10 still designated along this stretch of highway. In 1991, SR 410\'s western segment was redesignated as part of SR 10, with a proposal to extend the freeway northeast to US 23/SR 42. In 1993, SR 10\'s eastward extension in Atlanta was completed to Ponce de Leon Avenue. Between 1994 and 1996, the portion of US 78 between the Bogart area and the northwest of Athens was redesignated as a westward extension of US 78 Business, with SR 10 still along this segment.
### Miscellaneous notes {#miscellaneous_notes}
The Freedom Parkway portion of SR 10 uses the right-of-way of a canceled inner-city Interstate highway project, I-485, which would have traveled eastward (and in a later routing, northward) from downtown Atlanta to an interchange with I-85. The original I-485 interchange with I-75/I-85 in downtown Atlanta is now used for access to Freedom Parkway, though the reduced number of lanes (compared to what was originally planned) makes the interchange look somewhat oversized for its current purpose. The eastern portion of I-485 was completed as the Stone Mountain Freeway, which also carries SR 10 (and also US 78/SR 410) out to the Stone Mountain.
The land that Freedom Parkway uses around the Carter Center, as well as the land the Carter Center sits on, was originally slated to be used for the I-485 interchange with I-475 (now known as SR 400 further north and I-675 further south), had those roadways been completed through the city of Atlanta proper. Community opposition ended plans for roadway construction in the 1970s when Jimmy Carter was governor of Georgia, but only after hundreds of homes has already been taken by eminent domain and demolished.
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# Georgia State Route 10
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
## Special routes {#special_routes}
### Monroe bypass route {#monroe_bypass_route}
**State Route 10 Bypass** (**SR 10 Byp.**) was a bypass route for SR 10 that partially existed in the city limits of Monroe. Between 1949 and 1961, a bypass of the main part of Monroe, designated SR 10 Byp., was proposed between two interchanges with US 78/SR 10 (one west of the city and the other in the northeastern part of the city. In 1966, US 78\'s path through the city was shifted onto this proposed path, with SR 10 Byp. designated on it. In 1985, the path of SR 10 in the city was redesignated as SR 10 Bus., which cut SR 10 into two parts. In 1988, SR 10 Byp. was redesignated as part of SR 10.
### Monroe business loop {#monroe_business_loop}
**State Route 10 Business** (**SR 10 Bus.**) is a 4.0 mi business route of SR 10 that exists almost entirely within the central city limits of Monroe, in Walton County. It is known as **Spring Street** for its entire length.
It begins just northwest of the main part of Monroe, at an incomplete interchange with US 78/SR 10. The highway travels southeast and has an intersection with SR 138 (Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard). It curves to the east-northeast and crosses over Mountain Creek. In the main part of town, it intersects SR 11 (Broad Street). The business route passes south of Rest Haven Cemetery and curves to the northeast to meet its eastern terminus, another incomplete interchange with US 78/SR 10.
SR 10 Bus. is not part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nation\'s economy, defense, and mobility.
SR 10 Bus. was designated in 1966 when US 78/SR 10 were rerouted north of the main part of town. The former route became the Business route.
### Athens loop {#athens_loop}
**State Route 10 Loop** (**SR 10 Loop**, also known as **Loop 10**, **Paul Broun Parkway**, or the **Athens Perimeter Highway**) is a 19.1 mi state highway in the form of a beltway around Athens in the U.S. state of Georgia. After a partial at-grade intersection within the inner lanes is upgraded to a partial-cloverleaf intersection, the entire route will be built to freeway standards. Much of the road is concurrent with other routes (such as U.S. Route 29 (US 29), US 78, US 129, US 441, SR 8, and SR 15) that travel through the Athens area. It also carries the unsigned **SR 422** designation. Only US 78 Bus./SR 10 and SR 15 Alt. travel through downtown Athens. Inner/outer directions are often used to sign the loop.
### Washington business loop {#washington_business_loop}
**State Route 10 Business** (**SR 10 Bus.**) is a 4.6 mi business route of SR 10 that exists almost entirely within the central city limits of Washington, in Wilkes County. It is known as **Lexington Avenue** and **Robert Toombs Avenue**. It is concurrent with US 78 Bus. for its entire length.
### Washington loop {#washington_loop}
**State Route 10 Loop** (**SR 10 Loop**) was a loop route of SR 10 that existed almost entirely within the central city limits of Washington, in Wilkes County. It was concurrent with US 78 (and presumably SR 10) for its entire length.
In 1970, US 78/SR 10 were rerouted from the central part of town along SR 10 Loop in the northern part of Washington, with the former routing becoming US 78 Bus. (and presumably SR 10 Bus.). Between 1984 and 1986, SR 10 Loop was decommissioned
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# Dayton Jets
The **Dayton Jets** were a team in the International Basketball League based in Dayton, Ohio. The team made the championship game their first year.
In the team\'s first season, the Jets were coached by former Ohio State University standout Mark Baker. Baker returned as coach for the 2006 season. Home games were played at Hara Arena, but at the end of the season, the league forced them to look for a smaller venue. The Jets settled on Colonel White High School. The Jets were undefeated at home.
None of the team\'s players made the league\'s top 25 in scoring. The Jets were led by Dubrey Black with 19.2 ppg. Black was an all-star, along with Brooks Hall, Carl Edwards, and Michael Brownlee. The Jets were 15-2, losing only to the Mahoning Valley Wildcats during the regular season. The Battle Creek Knights defeated the Jets 124-121.
The Jets did not play at the Hara Arena or Colonel White High School in 2006. The team played their first two home games at Trotwood-Madison High School, and were looking for other area venues for their second season.
In 2006, the Dayton Jets became a non-profit organization
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# Newton Martin Curtis
**Newton Martin Curtis** (May 21, 1835 -- January 8, 1910) was a Union officer during the American Civil War and a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York.
## Early life {#early_life}
Curtis was born in De Peyster, New York. Upon graduating from the Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary, Curtis became a teacher, lawyer, and postmaster of De Peyster. In the year prior to the Civil War, he was working as a farmer.
Curtis stood an impressive 6\' 7\" tall and weighed 225 pounds. His enormous size for the time period prompted even Abraham Lincoln to quip, \"Mr. Curtis, how do you know when your feet are cold?\" His stature became an issue of concern to his family when the Civil War began as they felt he would surely be an easy target for enemy bullets.
## Civil War {#civil_war}
On May 15, 1861, Curtis volunteered in the Union Army as a captain in Company G of the 16th New York Infantry. He fought in the Peninsula Campaign and was wounded in a minor engagement at West Point, Virginia. On October 23, 1862, he transferred to the 142nd New York Volunteer Infantry, serving as lieutenant colonel until his promotion to colonel on January 21, 1865. As commander of the 142nd New York Infantry, he fought in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign of May 1864. He took command of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, X Corps, during the Siege of Petersburg. Curtis received a brevet promotion to brigadier general on October 28, 1864, for his actions at the Battle of New Market Heights.
His brigade became part of the expedition against Fort Fisher in December 1864. Curtis\' brigade was among the few troops to go ashore yet the first attack against Fort Fisher was defeated. He took part in the second attack in January 1865, in which his brigade played a key role in the Union victory. During the fighting a suggestion of entrenching reached Curtis. He angrily grabbed a handful of shovels and threw them over the traverse shouting \"Dig Johnnies! I\'m coming for you!\" Curtis made good on his promise and continued the attack. He was wounded at the head of his brigade and received a full promotion to brigadier general of volunteers and was also received the Medal of Honor. He remained in the army until January 1866, receiving a brevet to major general of volunteers on March 13, 1865.
## Political career {#political_career}
After the war, Curtis was a collector of customs in the district of Oswegatchie, New York, in 1866 and then a Special Agent for the United States Treasury Department from 1867 until 1880. He was in the Department of Justice from 1880 until 1882. He was a member of the New York State Assembly (St. Lawrence Co., 1st D.) in 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889 and 1890.
Curtis was elected as a Republican to the 52nd Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Leslie W. Russell. He was re-elected to the 53rd and 54th Congresses, holding office from November 3, 1891, to March 3, 1897. He was Chairman of the House Committee on the Election of the President, Vice President and Representatives in Congress (54th Congress).
## Later life and legacy {#later_life_and_legacy}
He wrote a book titled *From Bull Run to Chancellorsville*, published in 1906. In 1910, he was the assistant inspector general of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers.
He was a companion of the New York Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.
He died in New York City and is buried at Ogdensburg Cemetery in Ogdensburg, New York, where a statue stands in his honor.
The General Newton Martin Curtis Camp #142 of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War was named for Curtis.
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# Newton Martin Curtis
## Medal of Honor citation {#medal_of_honor_citation}
> At the Second Battle of Fort Fisher: the first man to pass through the stockade, he personally led each assault on the traverses and was 4 times wounded
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