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# José Malhoa Museum
The **Museu de José Malhoa** (José Malhoa Museum), Caldas da Rainha, is a regional museum in the portuguese Estremadura province, that hosts the finest collection of the Portuguese naturalist painter José Malhoa. The museum building, the first purpose-built museum in Portugal, was constructed in 1940 and enlarged in 1950 and 1957. The museum\'s collection includes paintings, sculptures, medals, drawings and ceramics from the 19th and 20th centuries.
## Localization
The museum is located in the city of Caldas da Rainha, Leiria, Portugal, in the middle of the D. Carlos I park
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# When I'm a Rock 'n' Roll Star
***When I\'m a Rock \'n\' Roll Star*** is an album by David Cassidy. Released on Razor and Tie Records in 1996 as RE 2117--2, it is a compilation of songs drawn from his three RCA Records albums recorded in 1975 and 1976: *The Higher They Climb The Harder They Fall* (1975), *Home Is Where the Heart Is* (1976), and *Gettin\' It in the Streets* (1976).
The opening dozen tracks feature a mix of material from the 1975 and 1976 albums, the final three tracks are drawn from *Gettin\' It in the Street*. Most of the material is self-composed, mainly with others. Singers, musicians and co-composers include; Beach Boy Carl Wilson. Gerry Beckley and Dewey Bunnell of the band America and noted West Coast session players of the period including guitarist Bill House and bassist Brian Garofalo.
\"Tomorrow\" is a cover of Paul McCartney, a track from the 1971 Wings LP *Wild Life*. Cassidy\'s version became a Top 10 hit in South Africa in 1976.
The title track was used in the film Bronson, where it\'s performed by the titular character as portrayed by Tom Hardy.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Get It Up for Love\"
2. \"Damned If This Ain\'t Love\"
3. \"January\"
4. \"Darlin\'\"
5. \"When I\'m a Rock \'n\' Roll Star\"
6. \"I Write the Songs\"
7. \"Common Thief\"
8. \"On Fire\"
9. \"Tomorrow\"
10. \"Fix of Your Love\"
11. \"Breakin\' Down Again\"
12. \"Take This Heart\"
13. \"Gettin\' It in the Street\"
14. \"Cruise to Harlem\"
15
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# Mersey Ambulance Service
The **Mersey Ambulance Service** was an NHS ambulance services trust until 1 July 2006. It merged into the North West Ambulance Service.
Albert Guinney, who died in 2003 at the age of 79, from West Derby, was Merseyside\'s ambulance chief most of his career and was awarded the OBE by the Queen in 1986. He was one of the youngest ambulance bosses in the country when he took up the job in 1960 aged 36.
David Todhunter, chief executive of the service, resigned in 2001 after allegations that \"deep personal antipathy\" between Mr Todhunter and a key member of North West Aero Medical Services had contributed to fatal delays in transferring patients
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# Adenomera
***Adenomera*** is a genus of leptodactylid frogs, sometimes known as **tropical bullfrogs**, found in South America east of the Andes. The genus was until recently considered a synonym of *Leptodactylus*.
## Species
The following species are recognised in the genus *Adenomera*: `{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Adenomera ajurauna]]'' <small>(Berneck, Costa, and Garcia, 2008)</small>
*''[[Adenomera albarena]]''<small> (Martins, Mônico, Mendonça, Dantas, Souza, Hanken, Lima & Ferrão, 2024)</small>
*''[[Adenomera amicorum]]'' <small>(Carvalho et al., 2020)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera andreae]]'' <small>(Müller, 1923)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera araucaria]]'' <small>(Kwet and Angulo, 2002)</small>
*''[[Adenomera aurantiaca]]'' <small>(Carvalho et al., 2020)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera bokermanni]]'' <small>(Heyer, 1973)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera chicomendesi]]'' <small>(Carvalho, Angulo, Kokubum, Barrera, Souza, Haddad, and Giaretta, 2019)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera coca]]'' <small>(Angulo and Reichle, 2008)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera cotuba]]'' <small>(Carvalho and Giaretta, 2013)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera diptyx]]'' <small>(Boettger, 1885)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera engelsi]]'' <small>(Kwet, Steiner, and Zillikens, 2009)</small>
*''[[Adenomera glauciae]]'' <small>(Carvalho, Simões, Gagliardi-Urrutia, Rojas-Runjaic, Haddad & Castroviejo-Fisher, 2020)</small>
*''[[Adenomera gridipappi]]'' <small>(Carvalho et al., 2020)</small>
*''[[Adenomera guarani]]'' <small>(Zaracho, Lavilla, Carvalho, Motte & Basso, 2023)</small>
*''[[Adenomera guarayo]]''<small>(Carvalho, Angulo, Barrera, Aguilar-Puntriano & Haddad, 2020)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera heyeri]]'' <small>(Boistel, Massary, and Angulo, 2006)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera hylaedactyla]]'' <small>(Cope, 1868)</small>
*''[[Adenomera inopinata]]'' <small>(Carvalho et al., 2020)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera juikitam]]'' <small>(Carvalho and Giaretta, 2013)</small>
*''[[Adenomera kayapo]]'' <small>(Carvalho et al., 2020)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera kweti]]'' <small>(Carvalho, Cassini, Taucce, and Haddad, 2019)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera lutzi]]'' <small>(Heyer, 1975)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera marmorata]]'' <small>(Steindachner, 1867)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera martinezi]]'' <small>(Bokermann, 1956)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera nana]]'' <small>(Müller, 1922)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera phonotriccus]]'' <small>(Carvalho, Giaretta, Angulo, Haddad, and Peloso, 2019)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera saci]]'' <small>(Carvalho and Giaretta, 2013)</small>
* ''[[Adenomera simonstuarti]]'' <small>(Angulo and Icochea, 2010)</small>
*''[[Adenomera tapajonica]]'' <small>(Carvalho et al
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# Roses in the Snow
***Roses in the Snow*** is the seventh studio album by country music artist Emmylou Harris, released in 1980. While Harris\' previous release, 1979\'s *Blue Kentucky Girl*, featured traditional, straight-ahead country (as opposed to the country-rock of her prior efforts), *Roses in the Snow* found Harris performing bluegrass-inspired music, with material by Flatt and Scruggs, Paul Simon, The Carter Family, and Johnny Cash. Cash, Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt, The Whites, Ricky Skaggs, Willie Nelson and Tony Rice made guest appearances. \"Wayfaring Stranger\" was released as the first single in 1980 and went to #7 on the Billboard Country charts. The second single, a remake of a Simon & Garfunkel song, \"The Boxer\", reached #13. Backing musicians included Albert Lee and Jerry Douglas.
At the 23rd Annual Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for Best Female Country Vocal Performance but the award went to Anne Murray for Could I Have This Dance.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
- Brian Ahern -- 12-string guitar, Adamas guitar, Archtop guitar, gut-string guitar, bass, percussion
- Bryan Bowers -- autoharp
- Johnny Cash -- backing vocals
- Hank DeVito -- pedal steel guitar
- Jerry Douglas -- dobro
- Steve Fishell -- pedal steel guitar
- Emory Gordy Jr. -- bass
- Emmylou Harris -- vocals, acoustic guitar
- Albert Lee -- electric guitar, Mandolin
- Willie Nelson -- gut-string guitar
- Dolly Parton -- backing vocals
- Tony Rice -- acoustic guitar, backing vocals
- Linda Ronstadt -- duet vocals, backing vocals
- Ricky Skaggs -- acoustic guitar, banjo, fiddle, mandolin, duet vocals, backing vocals
- John Ware -- percussion
- Buck White -- piano, backing vocals
- Cheryl White -- backing vocals
- Sharon White -- backing vocals
**Technical**
- Brian Ahern -- producer, engineer
- Donivan Cowart -- engineer
- Stuart Taylor -- engineer
## Charts
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (1980) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+=====================================+==========+
| U.S. *Billboard* Top Country Albums | 2 |
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| U.S. *Billboard* 200 | 26 |
+-------------------------------------+----------+
| Canadian *RPM* Country Albums | 2 |
+-------------------------------------+----------+
## Release history {#release_history}
Region Date Format Label Ref.
--------------- ---------------- -------- ---------------------- ------
North America April 30, 1980 Warner Bros
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# Sharp MZ
The **Sharp MZ** is a series of personal computers sold in Japan and Europe (particularly Germany and Great Britain) by Sharp beginning in 1978.
## History
Although commonly believed to stand for \"Microcomputer Z80\", the term MZ actually has its roots in the MZ-40K, a home computer kit produced by Sharp in 1978 which was based on Fujitsu\'s 4-bit MB8843 processor and provided a simple hexadecimal keypad for input. This was soon followed by the MZ-80K, K2, C, and K2E, all of which were based on 8-bit LH0080A Sharp CPU (compatible to Zilog Z80A) with an alphanumeric keyboard.
From the first Z80 processor-based model to the MZ-2200 in 1983, the MZ computers included the PC, monitor, keyboard, and tape-based recorder in a single unit, similar to Commodore\'s PET series. It was also notable for not including a programming language or operating system in ROM. This invited a host of third-party companies, starting with Hudson Soft, to produce many languages and OSes for the system. In an era when floppy disk drives were too expensive for most home users, the MZ\'s built-in cassette tape drive was faster and more reliable than the cassette storage on some competing computers;`{{dub|reason=not in cited source|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki} however, this meant that the MZ series was relatively slow to adopt floppy drives as a standard accessory.
In 1983, after the most popular home computers appeared in the UK, the Sharp MZ-700 was briefly the 10th best selling machine out of 20 considered, beating the Apple IIe, Atari 800 and TI-99/4A.
In May 2012, Sharp\'s Japanese Twitter account announced that they had found a copy of an MZ manual in a warehouse, and were hoping to digitize it in the future. On 21 December 2012, Sharp\'s Japanese Twitter account announced that they had published digital copies of manuals for the MZ-80 on their official website. It was promoted as a \"Christmas present\" to fans.
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# Sharp MZ
## Products
The MZ series is divided into several lines, including the text-based MZ-80K series, the graphics-based MZ-80B series, and the MZ-3500/5500 series, based on a completely different architecture.
In 1982, Sharp\'s television division released the X1, a completely new computer. The X series proved to outsell Sharp\'s own MZ series, and in response, Sharp released the MZ-1500/2500 machines, which featured powered-up graphics and sound capabilities. However, this series saw little marketplace success, and eventually the company abandoned the line in favor of the X68000 series.
### MZ-80K group {#mz_80k_group}
The Sharp MZ-80K was one of the popular early consumer-level microcomputers, with an architecture based on the Zilog Z80 8-bit microprocessor. It was introduced into Europe in 1979. The machine had 48KB of RAM, 32KB of which was available for user programs (the actual figure was dependent on the memory configuration and the system languages being used). It could run a variety of high-level languages including BASIC, Pascal and FORTRAN, which had to be loaded into RAM before any programming could be undertaken. It could also be programmed directly in assembly code or machine code. The machine had an inbuilt monochrome display and a cassette tape drive. The display, keyboard and cassette drive lifted on hinges to expose the motherboard and circuitry underneath. Graphics capability was primitive, with only preset shapes and icons being available and no native hi-res capability. This was not unusual for a late-1970s vintage microcomputer. The main drawback, however, of the MZ-80K was the non-standard keyboard, which was difficult to use.
The MZ-80K sold well in Europe despite its high price (it retailed at over £500 in 1980), and a large range of software was available, including some Japanese arcade games. It was superseded in 1982 by the MZ-80A machine.
- MZ-80K series
- MZ-80K (1978): An all-in-one kit with keyboard.
- MZ-80C: Featured an improved keyboard and 48KB of memory.
- MZ-80K2: The assembled version of the 80K.
- MZ-80K2E: A low-price version of the 80K2.
- MZ-80A (1982)/MZ-1200: An upgraded version of the 80K with improved keyboard, more VRAM and a green-screen VDU.
- MZ-700 series (MZ-80K machines with color graphics)
- MZ-700 (1982): The first MZ without a built-in monitor; an optional data recorder and plotter could also be installed to the machine. More-or-less fully compatible with the MZ-80K. MZ-711 was the basic model without any peripherals, 721 had a builtin cassette tape drive, 731 had the tape drive and integrated four-color plotter.
- MZ-800 (1983): The first MZ with a 640×200-pixel graphics mode, a Texas Instruments SN76489 sound chip. The model numbers were similar as with the 700 series: 811, 821, and 831. In some markets like Europe instead of a tape drive the 821 and 831 models had a Quick Disk drive. There were also more optional peripherals available, like RAM disks and floppy drives.
- MZ-1500 (1984): Available in Japan only. Features 320×200-pixel graphics and built-in sound capability using two Texas Instruments SN76489 sound chips. The tape recorder has been replaced with a drive that reads 2.8-inch Quick Disks.
### MZ-80B group {#mz_80b_group}
This offshoot of the MZ-80K line was primarily marketed for business use.
- MZ-80B series
- MZ-80B (1981): 320×200-pixel graphics. (Extra VRAM optional)
- MZ-80B2: An 80B with extra VRAM installed. Sold alongside the MZ-2000 for most of the lineup\'s lifetime.
- MZ-2000 (1982): 640×200-pixel monochrome monitor built-in; color optional. BASIC-level compatible with the MZ-80B.
- MZ-2200 (1983): The only monitorless, standalone unit in the series.
- MZ-2500 (SuperMZ) series: Launched in 1985, the computers in this series all used a Z80B processor running at 6 MHz. They included a data recorder and at least one 3.5 internal floppy disk drive, as well as a YM2203 sound chip, hardware scrolling, and a palette of 256 colors (upgradable to 4096). This makes them among the most powerful 8-bit machines ever released for home use. Some models are also compatible with the MZ-80B and MZ-2000.
- MZ-2511
- MZ-2520: The 2511 without a data recorder and the MZ-80B/2000 compatibility modes.
- MZ-2521
- MZ-2531(MZ-2500V2) (1986)
- MZ-2800 series
- (1987): A hybrid 16-bit machine running on an Intel 80286 and a Z80 for MZ-2500 compatibility. It could run MS-DOS in 16-bit mode, as well as a PC98 emulator.
### MZ-3500/5500/6500 group {#mz_350055006500_group}
A line of business PCs shoehorned into the MZ lineup. All of them feature 5.25-inch floppy disk drives.
- MZ-3500 series (1982): Runs on two Z80A processors.
- MZ-3541: FDOS and EOS (CP/M compatible)
- MZ-5500 series (1983): An MS-DOS-based machine running on an Intel 8086 processor.
- MZ-6500 series (1984): A high-speed version of the MZ-5500 marketed as a CAD workstation.
- MZ-6500
- MZ-6550: A vertically mounted machine with an 80286 processor and a 3.5-inch floppy drive.
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# Sharp MZ
## Products
### Other
- MZ-100: notebook / laptop with Intel 8088 processor and two 720KB DS/DD 3.5\" floppy disk drives.
- MZ-8000 series: A line of PC/AT-compatible machines running on 80286 and 80386 processors
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# Peter Barnhart
**Peter Ashton Barnhart** (October 8, 1857 `{{En dash}}`{=mediawiki} February 27, 1941) was the conductor on the first Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) transcontinental train in 1886. Barnhartvale, British Columbia, Canada is named after him.
## Barnhart Vale Post Office {#barnhart_vale_post_office}
In 1905 Barnhart purchased property in what was then known as Campbell Creek and in 1906 opened a post office there. Initially naming his post office \"Campbell Creek (South) Post Office\", he changed the name to \"Barnhart Vale Post Office\" in 1909 because of confusions with \"Campbell Creek Post Office\" established by Lew Campbell at the Campbell Creek Ranch in 1905.
In 1978, the spelling was officially changed to \"Barnhartvale\"
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# Heineken Jammin' Festival
**Heineken Jammin\' Festival** is a large live rock festival in Milan, Italy featuring international and Italian rock acts.
It started in mid-June 1998 at the Imola Autodrome and has attracted attendances of more than 100,000 over the course of the three-day event. For the tenth anniversary of the festival in 2007, the location changed to Venice, Parco San Giuliano.
Some of the featured acts have included Vasco Rossi, Depeche Mode, R.E.M., Robbie Williams, Thirty Seconds to Mars, Lacuna Coil, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Garbage, Bon Jovi, Metallica, Iron Maiden, Marilyn Manson, Santana, Oasis, Green Day, Pixies, Lenny Kravitz, The Cure, and Chemical Brothers.
## 2011
Headlining acts: Coldplay, Negramaro, Vasco Rossi, Noemi, Beady Eye, Cesare Cremonini, The Pretty Reckless and others.
## 2010 {#section_1}
Headlining acts: Aerosmith, Thirty Seconds to Mars, Pearl Jam. Green Day\'s performance was cancelled because of a heavy storm that caused damage to the stage and flooded the area. The band stayed long after to see if they could get out and play for their fans but the local authorities said that it wasn\'t safe.
## 2008 {#section_2}
Headlining acts were Linkin Park, Sex Pistols, Vasco Rossi and the Police
## 2007 wind
In the afternoon of 15 June 2007, while Le Mani were playing, a strong downburst hit the park. Six steel towers supporting the PA system collapsed and 25 people were injured, and a young woman was crushed to death. The festival stages and equipment were also damaged, and the organizers were forced to cancel the performances of My Chemical Romance, Linkin Park, The Killers and Pearl Jam. The police took control of the festival area and the festival was cancelled
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# Chalicotherium
***Chalicotherium***, from Ancient Greek `{{wikt-lang|grc|χάλιξ}}`{=mediawiki} (*khálix*), meaning \"gravel\", and `{{wikt-lang|grc|θηρίον}}`{=mediawiki} (*theríon*), meaning \"beast\", is a genus of extinct odd-toed ungulates of the order Perissodactyla and family Chalicotheriidae. The genus is known from Europe and Asia, from the Middle Miocene to Late Miocene, 15.9\~5.3 million years ago.
This animal would look much like other chalicotheriid species: an odd-looking herbivore with long clawed forelimbs and stouter weight-bearing hindlimbs.
The type species, *Chalicotherium goldfussi*, from Late Miocene Europe, was described by Johann Jakob Kaup in 1833. When the French naturalist George Cuvier first received a cleft claw from Eppelheim, Germany, he identified it as the toe bone of a gigantic pangolin.
## Description
*Chalicotherium*, like many members of Perissodactyla, was adapted to browsing, though the chalicotheres were uniquely adapted to do so among ungulates. Its arms were long and heavily clawed, allowing them to walk on their knuckles only. The arms were used to reach for the branches of large trees and bring them close to its long head to strip them clean of leaves. The horse-like head itself shows adaptation to a diet of soft vegetation, since, as the animal reached sexual maturity, the incisors and upper canines were shed, suggesting that its muscular lips and the resulting gum pads were enough to crop fodder which was then processed by squarish, low-crowned molars.
Callosities on the ischium imply that these animals would sit on their haunches for extended periods of time, probably while feeding. Pad-supporting bony growth on the dorsal side of the manual phalanges is interpreted as evidence of knuckle-walking, which would probably be useful to avoid wearing down the claws, preserving them for use as either as a forage-collecting rake or as formidable defensive weapons, or both.
All of these characteristics show some convergence with such other creatures as ground sloths, great apes, bears (especially giant pandas), and a group of theropod dinosaurs known as therizinosaurs.
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# Chalicotherium
## Classification
### Taxonomic history {#taxonomic_history}
The type specimens for *Chalicotherium goldfussi* were found in the Upper Miocene strata of the *Dinotherien-sande* beds near Eppelsheim, in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, Germany. Johann Jakob Kaup, when describing this new animal in 1833, found the teeth to be pebble-like and named the creature accordingly. Later on, limbs found in strata located at Sansan in the department of Gers, Southwestern France, were first described as *Macrotherium* by Édouard Lartet in 1837. Further study of these fossil remains and subsequent finds by Filhol warranted a referral of the material described as *Macrotherium* to *Chalicotherium*.
Referral history for each species is detailed in the species list below along with morphological and geographical data where available.
### Species
**Valid:**
- *Chalicotherium goldfussi* J. J. Kaup, 1833.
: The type species, it was found in Upper Miocene beds located in Germany. It weighed around 1500 kg and was 2.6 m high at the shoulder.
- *Chalicotherium brevirostris* Colbert, 1934
: First described as *Macrotherium brevirostris*, this species hails from the Upper Miocene Tung Gur Formation, Inner Mongolia, China.
- *Chalicotherium salinum* Pickford, 1982
: First described as *Macrotherium salinum* by Forster Cooper, this species was first discovered at the Lower Pliocene Lower Siwaliks beds in India; its chronological and geographic range was later extended to the Middle and Upper Miocene, and to Pakistan and China, respectively.
**Invalid:**
- *Chalicotherium antiquum* J. J. Kaup, 1833.
: Found at the same locality as the type species, it was later found wanting of diagnostic features and sunk into the type species.
**Misassigned specimens:**
- *Chalicotherium* cf. *C. brevirostris* Wang *et al.*, 2001.
: Hailing for the Tsaidam Basin, northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China.
- \"Chalicotherium modicum\" Stehlin, 1905.
: A *nomen nudum*, actually a *Schizotherium priscum* tooth.
- \"*Chalicotherium*\" *bilobatum* Cope.
: Hailing from the Oligocene of Saskatchewan, this very fragmentary specimen was the type on which Russel erected the genus *Oreinotherium*.
- *Chalicotherium* spp.
: Specimens found in two Tajikistan localities, thought to pertain to at least two different species
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# Lasse J. Laine
**Lasse Juhani Laine** (6 February 1946 -- 26 August 2023) was a Finnish birdwatcher, biologist, and author. He is the author of *Suomalainen lintuopas* (1996), *Suomen luonto-opas* (2000) and *Lintuharrastajan opas* (2004). He died on 26 August 2023, at the age of 77.
## Works
- *Suomalainen lintuopas*, 1996. `{{ISBN|9789511276500}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Suomen luonto-opas*, 2000. `{{ISBN|978-951-0-23942-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Lintuharrastajan opas*, 2004.
- *Sudenpentujen lintukäsikirja*, 2005.
- *Lasten oma lintukirja*, 2007.
- *Luonnon lumoissa*, 2008.
- *Suomen lasten luontokirja* (made with Iiris Kalliola), 2010
- *Suomen luontovuoden opas*, 2010.
- *Suomen luonto. Tunnistusopas*, 2013. `{{ISBN|978-951-1-26260-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Suomen lasten retkeilyopas* (made with Iiris Kalliola), 2014. `{{ISBN|978-951-1-27425-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Suomen linnut -- Tunnistusopas*, 2015
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# Marc Coma
**Marc Coma i Camps** (born 7 October 1976) is a Spanish rally racing motorcycle rider. He won the Dakar Rally in 2006, 2009, 2011, 2014, and 2015 riding a KTM motorcycle, and is also a six-time winner of the FIM Cross-Country Rallies World Championship. He was the race director of the Dakar Rally from 2016 to 2018.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was born on 7 October 1976 in Avià, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. He started to be interested in motorcycling since childhood. His father, Ricard, became fifth in the Spanish Motocross Championship in the senior category. The first motorcycle he climbed was A Montesa Cota 348 when he was 8 years old. When he got his own motorcycle, he began taking part in regional, provincial and national championships.
## Sport career {#sport_career}
Coma started off his professional career as an enduro rider, tasting his first success in the Spanish Junior championships in 1995. The following year, he joined the Spanish national enduro team, which took silver in the World Cup for Nations, before Coma added the under-23 world championship crown to his résumé in 1998. The same year, he helped Spain to win the World Cup for Nations, also contributing to third-place finishes in 2000 and 2001.
2002 marked Coma\'s first Dakar Rally participation, aboard an unproven Suzuki-CSV backed by compatriot Carlos Sotelo. Coma climbed as high as seventh in the overall classification before retiring halfway through the rally, but his performance caught the eye of the factory Repsol-backed KTM team, which he joined in 2003. He finished third in four stages, but could finish no higher than 18th overall, and would retire from the rally in 2004 after suffering head injuries in a crash. The same year, he won the Baja España Aragón en route to seventh place in the Cross-Country Rallies World Championship.
2005 saw Coma take his first stage win in the Dakar and finish a close runner-up to KTM teammate Cyril Despres by a margin of under 10 minutes. He also contested four of that year\'s World Championships rounds, and victory in the Argentina-based Rally Por Las Pampas and Egyptian Rallye des Pharaons was enough for him to clinch the title. Despite failing to win any stages, Coma took his first overall Dakar victory in 2006, after which he successfully defended his Cross-Country Rallies title with five successive victories.
Coma dominated the 2007 Dakar Rally, winning three stages to build up a lead of almost an hour over his closest rival, Despres, before a navigational error and a crash with two stages remaining forced him to retire. He nonetheless was able to take a third Cross-Country Rallies title with another five victories that year. The Dakar was cancelled in 2008, Coma retiring early on from its replacement, the 2008 Central Europe Rally, after fracturing his knee in the second stage. That year, he finished third in the PAX Rally, the second Dakar Series event, and won the Baja España Aragón for a second time.
The Dakar moved to South America in 2009, Coma winning three of the first four stages and securing a comfortable second victory in the event, nearly 90 minutes clear of runner-up Despres. His 2010 challenge was ruined early on by a six-hour penalty for an illegal tyre change, although he still won five stage wins, but he made amends by winning all five Cross-Country Rallies Championship rounds that year to take an emphatic fourth title. This was followed by a third Dakar victory in 2011, during which Coma took another five stage wins to beat Despres by only 15 minutes. The following year\'s contest was even closer, with Coma and Despres separated by less than two minutes before Coma was forced to concede defeat when he lost 45 minutes due to an engine change penalty.
After winning the FIM Cross-Country Rallies World Championship in 2012, Coma was forced to withdraw from the 2013 Dakar Rally owing to a shoulder injury sustained in the Moroccan Rally. He recovered from this to finish runner-up in the World Championship with three wins, before taking a fourth Dakar victory on his return to the event in 2014 with a further two stage wins. He clinched a sixth world title the same year with victory in Morocco.
In 2015, Coma took the position of the Dakar's Sporting Director, which he got by Etienne Lavigne. He commented upon it that: *\"My first reaction was 'wow'... I was in shock! Winning the Dakar 5 times was already a dream for me, but now I realise just how lucky I am: being part of the organising team, with this level of responsibility is an opportunity for me to put back into the rally everything that the Dakar has given me\".*
For the 2020 Dakar Rally, Coma participated in the car category as the co-driver of Fernando Alonso, finishing in 13th place
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# Hydrolaetare
***Hydrolaetare*** is a genus of leptodactylid frogs. These frogs are found in Colombia, French Guiana, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil.
## Species
There are three species in this genus
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# Woodbridge Town F.C.
**Woodbridge Town Football Club** is a football club based in Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. They are currently members of the `{{English football updater|WoodbriT}}`{=mediawiki} and play at Notcutts Park.
## History
The club was formed at a meeting held on 23 July 1885. Their first match was against St Helens of Ipswich on 7 November, which resulted in a 10--0 win. The Suffolk County Football Association was formed in the same year and the club were a founder member. They entered the inaugural Suffolk Senior Cup in 1885--86 and went on to reach the final against Ipswich Town. The first two matches ended in 2--2 and 0--0 draws, with Woodbridge winning the second replay 3--1. After becoming Woodbridge Old St Mary\'s, the club were founder members of the Ipswich & District League in 1896, joining Division Two. The 1896--97 season saw them win the Suffolk Junior Cup and finish as runners-up in Division Two, earning promotion to Division One. The club went on to win the Division One title in 1898--99, after which they were renamed Woodbridge Town.
Although Woodbridge withdrew from the league in 1901, the club rejoined a year later and were placed in Division Two. They were Division Two champions in 1903--04 and were promoted to Division One. The 1905--06 season saw the club finish bottom of Division One, after which they withdrew from the league again. Returning to Division Two in 1907--08, the club were runners-up in the division in their first season back. The following season saw them win three competitions; the club entered a team into the new Woodbridge & District League and were its inaugural champions. In the Suffolk Junior Cup, they reached the final and defeated RFA Ipswich 2--1 to win the competition, while in Division Two the club won all fifteen league matches, securing the title and earning promotion to Division One. Although they finished bottom of Division One in 1909--10, they were not relegated as Brantham Athletic withdrew from the league. They finished bottom of Division One again in 1911--12, but again avoided being relegated after several other clubs left the league to form a breakaway version. Woodbridge went on to win the Division One title in 1912--13. However, after winning the title, the club switched to the breakaway league for the 1913--14 season. The league was reunited for the 1914--15 season, with Woodbridge placed in Division One. However, the outbreak of World War I led to the league being abandoned in September 1914.
Following the war the club were renamed Woodbridge Comrades. After missing its first season, the club returned to the Ipswich & District League in 1920 and were placed in Division Two A. They were runners-up in the division in 1920--21, after which the club were transferred to Division Two B. They were Division Two B champions in 1921--22, losing the subsequent sectional final against Division Two A champions St Mary Elms Old Boys 4--2. After retaining the Division Two B title the following season, the club lost the sectional final against Manganese Bronze 2--1. In 1923 they reverted to the Woodbridge Town name. The club were runners-up in Division Two B in 1923--24, and again the following season. They were Division Two B champions in 1925--26, remaining unbeaten in the league, and after defeating Manningtree 2--0 in the sectional final, were promoted to Division One. The club won the Junior Cup again in 1926--27, beating Southwold Town 4--2. The following season saw them finish as runners-up in Division One. The club finished bottom of Division One in 1929--30 but were not relegated as the division was expanded by two clubs. They finished bottom again in 1931--32, but avoided relegation as the division was expanded again. However, after finishing bottom of Division One again in 1933--34, the club opted to return to junior football and were placed in Division Two B. were relegated to Division Two B. Another rename saw them become Woodbridge United in 1936.
Woodbridge did not return for the 1945--46 season, the first after World War II. They entered Division Three for the 1946--47 season, having been renamed Woodbridge Athletic that year. Amid a significant expansion of the league, the club were placed in Division Two B for the 1947--48 season, during which they reverted to the Town name. However, the Woodbridge Athletic name was restored in 1948. Despite having finished fifth in Division Two B in 1947--48, the club were elected to an expanded Division One. Division One was renamed the Premier Division in 1950. Woodbridge finished bottom of the Premier Division in 1955--56 but were re-elected to the division. However, after finishing bottom of the division again the following season, conceding an average of more than five goals a game, the club were due to be relegated to Division One, but instead withdrew from the league. They returned to the league in 1961 and were allowed to re-enter Division One, but went on to finish bottom of the division, and were relegated to Division Two A. The club were Division Two A runners-up in 1968--69 and were promoted to Division One, after which they returned to the Woodbridge Town name.
Woodbridge won the Division One title in 1970--71 without losing a match, earning promotion to the Premier Division. The season also saw them win the Suffolk Junior Cup, beating Lake Lothing 2--1 in the final. They won the Suffolk Senior Cup in 1977--78, beating Crane Sports 2--1 in the final. In 1978 the league was renamed the Suffolk & Ipswich League and the Premier Division became the Senior Division. The club were relegated from the Senior Division in 1982--83 after finishing second-from-bottom of the division, but returned to the Senior Division after winning the Division One title and Suffolk Junior Cup in 1986--87. They won the Senior Division title in 1988--89, earning promotion to Division One of the Eastern Counties League.
Woodbridge won the Suffolk Senior Cup for a third time in 1992--93, beating Stonham Aspal 5--2 in the final. They retained the cup the following year with a 4--0 win over Saxmundham Sports, and were also runners-up in Division One, resulting in promotion to the Premier Division. After finishing bottom of the Premier Division in 2013--14 the club were relegated to Division One. They won the Suffolk Senior Cup again in 2017--18 with a 3--0 win over Bungay Town in the final. The club were Division One champions in 2017--18 and were promoted back to the Premier Division. The following season saw them finish second in the Premier Division.
## Ground
Woodbridge initially played on a pitch at Farlingaye Hall. After changing their name from Woodbridge Old St Marys to Woodbridge Town in 1899, the club were forced to leave their Barrack Farm ground. They became a nomadic club, playing at five different grounds during the 1950s and 1960s. By the late 1980s the club were playing at Kingston Field. In September 1990 they moved to Notcutts Park, which was opened with a friendly match against Arsenal
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# Sam Shing Hui
**Sam Shing Hui** (`{{zh|t=三聖墟}}`{=mediawiki}; lit. Three Saints market) is an area and a former fishing village in Tuen Mun, Tuen Mun District, Hong Kong. It is located on the southeast coast of Castle Peak Bay, between Tseng Tau Village (井頭村) and So Kwun Wat Village (掃管笏村). The Sam Shing Hui Seafood Market (三聖墟海鮮市場) there is one of the famous seafood markets in Hong Kong.
## History
The original name of Sam Shing Hui was Castle Peak Bay, and later it was named after the Sam Shing Temple, which was built on the hillside next to the village and dedicated to three local saints. Next to the temple stands a huge stone with an inscription in front of it that reads, \"Before reclamation, the coastline was marked by this stone.\" This is the symbol of Tuen Mun's coastline in the past. The residents in the village are mainly Tanka (疍家) people and Hakka (客家) people. By the early 1950s, due to the increasing number of immigrants from the China, many huts had been built on the hillside and Sam Shing Village (三聖村) was formed. Residents built shacks on the beach and the coastal areas gradually developed into markets called Sam Shing Hui.
In 1976, the Hong Kong government developed the new town of Tuen Mun. Many shacks in Sam Shing Village were demolished and Sam Shing Estate (三聖邨) was built after land reclamation.。Many private residences were also built nearby from the 1980s to the early 1990s
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# Vancouver Volcanoes
The **Vancouver Volcanoes** are a professional basketball team based in Vancouver, Washington that plays in The Basketball League (TBL). Previously, the team competed in the International Basketball League The team has played at several arenas throughout their existence, and currently play in Hudson\'s Bay High School.
## History
### International Basketball League (2005--2014) {#international_basketball_league_20052014}
The team\'s 2005 inaugural season was a huge disappointment. The team started 0--7, and went on to go 4--18. The Volcanoes were led in scoring by Charles McKinney (20.7 ppg). Despite high hopes in 2006, the Volcanoes were mediocre again, posting a 4--21 record. Brad Lechtenberg led the team in scoring at 25.0 ppg. He and Kevin \"Pip\" Bloodsaw (19.6 ppg) were IBL All-Stars in 2006.
During the 2011 season, the Vancouver Volcanoes began to show signs of success both on and off the court for team owner Bryan Hunter. The team won its first IBL title, defeating Edmonton. The franchise were runners-up in the 2013 and 2014 seasons before the IBL ceased operations in 2014. The Volcanoes played in the 2015 Portland Pro-Am before also ceasing operations.
### Rebirth (2021--present) {#rebirth_2021present}
On November 2, 2020, The Basketball League (TBL) announced the **Portland Storm** was approved as expansion franchise for the 2021 season owned by Curtis Hill. The team decided to sit out for the season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to the 2022 season, former team owner of the **Vancouver Volcanoes**, Bryan Hunter sold the team\'s image and rights to Curtis Hill, who relocated his Portland Storm to Vancouver.
In 2022 the team was coached by Head Coach Jeff Perrault and Assistant Coach Curtis Hill. The team finished 7-17. Guard Jaylyn Richardson made All TBL Western Conference 1st team while Guard Andre McCowan made 2nd team.
In 2023 the Volcanoes were coached by Associate Head Coaches Curtis Hill and Calvin Hampton. The team finished with a 8--15 record and was eliminated by the Salem Capitals in the play in game. Guard Jaylyn Richardson made All TBL 2nd Team and made 1st Team All Western Conference.
In 2024 the Volcanoes finished the regular season 1st in the Pacific North West Division with a 16--4 record. The Volcanoes were eliminated by The Seattle Super Hawks in the Pacific Northwest Finals. Guard Markus Golder made the TBL All Star Game. Markus Golder made 2nd team All TBL and 1st team All TBL Western Conference. Forward Tyshon Pickett was named to 2nd team All Western Conference
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# Leptodactylus
***Leptodactylus*** is a genus of leptodactylid frogs. It includes the species commonly called **ditch frogs** or **white-lipped frogs**. It is very similar to *Physalaemus*, a close relative, and indeed the 2005 described *Leptodactylus lauramiriamae* is in some aspects intermediate between them.
## Etymology
The name means 'slender finger', from *leptos* ('thin, delicate') and the Greek *`{{transliteration|grc|daktylos}}`{=mediawiki}* (*δάκτυλος\]\]*, 'finger, toe').
## Taxonomy
The genus *Leptodactylus*\'s sister taxon is the genus *Hydrolaetare*.
The genus is composed of 4 species groups. However, 3 species have not been assigned to a species group (*L. hylodes*, *L. lauramiriamae*, *L. ochraceus*).
Species Group Species included Image
------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------
*Leptodactylus fuscus* group *L. apepyta*, *L. barrioi*, *L. albilabris*, *L. bufonius*, *L. caatingae*, *L. camaquara*, *L. cunicularius*, *L. cupreus*, *L. didymus*, *L. elenae*, *L. fragilis*, *L. furnarius*, *L. fuscus*, *L. gracilis*, *L. jolyi*, *L. kilombo*, *L. labrosus*, *L. laticeps*, *L. latinasus*, *L. longirostris*, *L. marambaiae*, *L. mystaceus*, *L. mystacinus*, *L. notoaktites*, *L. oreomantis*, *L. plaumanni*, *L. poecilochilus*, *L. sertanejo*, *L. spixi*, *L. syphax*, *L. tapiti*, *L. troglodytes*, *L. ventrimaculatus*, *L. watu* *L. fuscus* (whistling grass frog)
*Leptodactylus melanonotus* group *L. brevipes, L. colombiensis, L. discodactylus, L. diedrus, L. fremitus*, *L. grisegularis, L. intermedius, L. leptodactyloides, L. magistris, L. melanonotus, L. natalensis, L. nesiotus, L. pascoensis, L. petersii, L. podicipinus, L. pustulatus, L. riveroi, L. sabanensis, L. validus, L. wagneri* *L. melanonotus* (Sabinal frog)
*Leptodactylus latrans* group *L. bolivianus, L. guianensis, L. insularum, L. latrans, L. luctator,* *L. macrosternum, L. paranaru, L. payaya, L. silvanimbus, L. viridis* *L. latrans* (butter frog)
*Leptodactylus pentadactylus* group *L. fallax*, *L. flavopictus*, *L. knudseni*, *L. labyrinthicus, L. laticeps*, *L. lithonaetes, L. myersi, L. paraensis, L. pentadactylus, L. peritoaktites, L. rhodomerus, L. rhodomystax, L. rhodonotus, L. rugosus, L. savagei*, *L. stenodema*, *L. turimiquensis*, *L. vastus* *L
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# Castle Peak Bay
**Castle Peak Bay** (Chinese: 青山灣) is a bay outside Tuen Mun. Tuen Mun River empties into the bay. In the past, many Tanka fishermen harboured at the bay.
In 1513, explorer Jorge Álvares arrived in the Pearl River Delta and started a Portuguese settlement, Tamão. One source specifically states that it was located at the \"bay of Tunmen \... now called Castle Peak\".
There are several barbecue sites and recreation facilities near the bay including the Castle Peak Beach and other beaches. Castle Peak Bay is served by MTR Bus routes K51, K58, Kowloon Motor Bus 52X and 53
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# Carole Malone
**Carole Anne Malone** (born 14 October 1954) is an English TV presenter, journalist, newspaper columnist and broadcaster. She appears regularly on television and radio, and writes a column for the Daily Express.
## Career
Malone was born on 14 October 1954 in the mining village of West Allotment, near Newcastle upon Tyne. She started her career as a journalist before moving into television. She hosted her own light-hearted court show, *Guilty!*, on Sky One from 1997 to 1999. Starting in 1994 and finishing in 1996, she hosted a weekly talkshow on BBC Radio 5Live.
In 2002 and 2005, Malone was a guest panellist on *Loose Women*, later returned as a guest anchor covering Jackie Brambles\' maternity in 2007.
Between 2006 and 2010, Malone was a regular panellist on *The Wright Stuff*, and again from 2013 to 2018 on Channel 5. She appears regularly on *Jeremy Vine* on Wednesdays, its successor in the same slot.
In 2006, she appeared on the ITV reality show *Celebrity Fit Club*. She was made team captain of Bobby George, Sharon Marshall and Micky Quinn, and lost three stone.
In 2007, Malone was the seventh celebrity housemate to enter *Celebrity Big Brother* in January 2007 and was second to be evicted from the Big Brother House on 12 January 2007. Malone had often been critical of *Big Brother* and on her entering the house, host Davina McCall read out many of Malone\'s criticisms, to jeers from the live crowd. After spending 10 years at the *Sunday Mirror*, she then wrote for the *News of the World* until its closure in July 2011. In an article earlier in 2011 Malone had written of how proud she\'d always been of the *News of the World*, despite spending ten years working with its fiercest rival at the *Sunday Mirror*.
From September 2007 to April 2011, she appeared as a regular discussion contributor on *The Alan Titchmarsh Show* and, since 2009, has regularly reviewed the newspapers on *This Morning*.
From 2017 to 2021, Malone appeared weekly as a presenter on Sky News\' *The Pledge*. Since 2021, she has appeared regularly on GB News and every Wednesday, on Jeremy Vine.
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# Carole Malone
## Controversy
In 2009, a complaint was made to the Press Complaints Commission about a Malone column in the *News of the World*, which claimed that illegal immigrants receive \"free cars\", leading to the newspaper being forced to issue a clarification that \"illegal immigrants do not receive such a benefit and apologise for the error\".
Celia Larkin, writing on 12 February 2012 in the Irish *Sunday Independent*, said of Heather Mills \"Is it any wonder she was reduced to tears in the October 2007 GMTV interview? Did we feel sympathy for her then? No. \'Heather Mills has Melt Down\' screamed the headlines, so now she had lost her marbles to boot. And if that wasn\'t enough, Carole Malone of the *Sunday Mirror*, one of the papers that were relentless in their attacks on Mills, accused her of staging an act on live TV in order to further her cause in the upcoming divorce hearing. How cruel can you get?\"
On 14 May 2012, while on ITV\'s *This Morning*, her comments implied a family were partly to blame for the deaths of six children in an arson attack in Derbyshire as they received significant state benefits which she felt drew resentment from the local community, describing the events as \"an accident waiting to happen\". The tenants of the house, Mick and Maired Philpott, were later convicted of manslaughter over the fatal fire, along with their friend Paul Moseley, after it was established that they had set fire to the house in an attempt to gain a larger property.
ITV apologised for the comments about the Derbyshire tragedy.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Malone is married to Emir Mulabegovic, who is Bosnian. They live in London
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# Pleurodema
***Pleurodema*** is a genus of frogs in the family Leptodactylidae. The genus is endemic to South America. Species in the genus *Pleurodema* are sometimes known under the common name **four-eyed frogs**, although this common name can also refer to a particular species, *Pleurodema bibroni*. The common name is a reference to two inguinal poison glands that resemble eyes. When threatened, the frog lowers its head and raises its rear. When the frog adopts this posture, the poison glands are also raised toward the predator. The predator may also confuse the frog\'s raised posterior for the head of a larger animal.
## Species
The genus contains the following 15 species:
- *Pleurodema alium* Maciel & Nunes, 2010
- *Pleurodema bibroni* Tschudi, 1838
- *Pleurodema borellii* (Peracca, 1895)
- *Pleurodema brachyops* (Cope, 1869)
- *Pleurodema bufoninum* Bell, 1843
- *Pleurodema cinereum* Cope, 1878
- *Pleurodema cordobae* Valetti, Salas & Martino, 2009
- *Pleurodema diplolister* (W. Peters, 1870)
- *Pleurodema guayapae* Barrio, 1964
- *Pleurodema kriegi* (L. Müller, 1926)
- *Pleurodema marmoratum* (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1841)
- *Pleurodema nebulosum* (Burmeister, 1861)
- *Pleurodema somuncurense* (Cei, 1969)
- *Pleurodema thaul* (Lesson, 1827)
- *Pleurodema tucumanum* H
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# DZEC-AM
**DZEC** (1062 AM) **Radyo Agila** is a radio station owned and operated by the Eagle Broadcasting Corporation in the Philippines. The station\'s studio is located at EBC Bldg., 25 Central Ave., Diliman, Quezon City, and its transmitter is located at Brgy. Paliwas, Obando, Bulacan. The station operates daily from 4:00 AM to 12:00 MN.
## History
DZEC was established on April 26, 1968, in Manila under Eagle Broadcasting Corporation. The station was then broadcasting on the frequency of 1050 kHz AM featuring news, public affairs, public service, entertainment, educational, music, and religious programs.
On November 23, 1978, DZEC reassigned to the present frequency of 1062 kHz in response to the adoption of the 9 kHz spacing on AM radio stations implemented by the Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975.
Since then, DZEC began expanding into other parts of Luzon, with DZEL in Lucena City (1973) and DWIN in Dagupan, Northern Luzon (1976).
During August 1987, however, DZEC was one of the AM stations in the Metropolis ordered by the National Telecommunications Commission to cease broadcasts for a few months, after getting notoriety for airing controversial right-wing propaganda and commentary programs that were critical of the Corazon Aquino administration. The station returned on air on January 1, 1988, as DZEC Radyo ng Pamilya.
In 1988, it further expanded and acquired local radio stations in Visayas and Mindanao, with DYFX in Cebu and DXED in Davao, covering the 4 said key cities in the Philippines.
on April 30, 2001, DZEC was the only station airing live coverage of the Pro-Estrada Rally (also known as EDSA III). That rally ended in a failed siege of the Malacañang Palace on May 1, 2001. When Net 25 became known for blow-by-blow accounts of Philippine Events, as \"DZEC Radyo Agila 1062\" (the station began using the Radyo Agila brand since the 1990s) as several of its programs such as \"Agila Reports\", \"Liwanagin Natin\", and \"Con Todos Recados\" began to be aired on the channel, one of the first to pioneer the \"TeleRadyo\" concept.
on September 4, 2006, EBC dropped the \"Radyo Agila\" brand and re-introduced its old slogan, \"Ang Radyo ng Pamilya\". In 2008, DZEC adopted the slogan \"Ang Himpilan ng Maligayang Tahanan\".
DZEC holds the distinction for being the first KBP Golden Dove Awards People\'s Choice for AM Station winning by a landslide margin over its nearest competitor. DZEC was the overwhelming choice of radio listeners reigning as the most listened to AM Station for two consecutive years (2009 / 2010).
It was in 2011 when DZEC halted transmission after the wake of Typhoon \"Pedring\" (Nesat). Despite this, The station\'s programs continued to air on its relay stations. After a year and a half of hibernation, DZEC went back on air returned as a test broadcast using the station\'s feed that only airs until 10 pm. On February 12, 2013, Along with Net 25 and Pinas FM 95.5 (now Eagle FM 95.5), its studios moved from Maligaya Building 2 in EDSA to newly built EBC Building along Central Ave. in Diliman. Followed by the reinstatement of the legendary \"Radyo Agila\" brand, it formally resumed full operations on April 26, 2013, during the 45th anniversary of Eagle Broadcasting Corporation.
Livestreaming features of Net 25 (and its radio station DZEC) returned last January 2, 2014, after a 5-year break.
In January 2023, DZEC became the number 1 AM radio station in Metro Manila on weekday afternoon as well as on weekends, based on the latest Nielsen survey
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# Shooglenifty
**Shooglenifty** are a Scottish, Edinburgh-based six-piece Celtic fusion band that tours internationally. The band blends Scottish traditional music with influences ranging from electronica to alternative rock. They contributed to Afro Celt Sound System\'s 1996 album *Volume 1: Sound Magic*. The band have performed in countries including Australia, Austria, Cuba, Belgium, France, Norway, Ireland, Italy, Denmark, New Zealand, Indonesia, South Africa, Lebanon, Spain, the US, Canada, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, India, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, Russia, Luxembourg, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Poland, Switzerland, Portugal, Mexico and the UK. They have performed for a number of notable fans, including Charles III, Tony Blair, Nelson Mandela, and Emperor Akihito of Japan.
Several of the band members had previously played together in Swamptrash.
Angus R. Grant, the band\'s fiddler and frontman, died in October 2016 at the age 49. Eilidh Shaw joined the band on fiddle after Grant\'s death.
## Albums
- *Venus in Tweeds* (Greentrax) -- 1994
- *A Whisky Kiss* (Greentrax) -- 1996
- *Live at Selwyn Hall* (Womad) -- 1996
- *Solar Shears* (Compass/Vertical) -- 2001
- *The Arms Dealer\'s Daughter* (Compass) -- 2003
- *Radical Mestizo* (Compass) -- 2005
- *Troots* (Shoogle) -- 2007
- *Murmichan* (Shoogle) -- 2009
- *The Untied Knot* (Shoogle) -- 2015
- *Written in Water* with Dhun Dhora (Shoogle) -- 2018
- *Acid Croft Vol 9* (Shoogle) -- 2020
## Current members {#current_members}
- Eilidh Shaw -- fiddle
- Garry Finlayson -- banjo and banjax
- James Mackintosh -- drums, drum machines and darabuka
- Ewan MacPherson -- mandolin and tenor banjo
- Quee MacArthur -- bass and percussion
- Malcolm Crosbie -- acoustic and electric guitars
- Kaela Rowan -- vocals
## Former members {#former_members}
- Angus R
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# Whitton United F.C.
**Whitton United Football Club** is a football club based in the Whitton area of Ipswich, Suffolk, England. Affiliated to the Suffolk County FA, they are currently members of the `{{English football updater|WhittonU}}`{=mediawiki} and play at the King George V Playing Fields.
## History
Although a Whitton United existed in the late 19th century, the modern club was established in 1926 and initially played on a pitch behind the Whitton Crown pub. They won the Suffolk Minor Cup 2--0 in their first season. After two seasons they moved to another ground behind the Whitton Maypole pub, and later to the King George V Playing Fields.
The club won the Senior Division of the Ipswich & District League in 1946--47 and again in 1947--48, when they also reached the final of the Suffolk Senior Cup, but lost the final at Portman Road 3--1 to Lowestoft Town in front of over 8,000 supporters. In 1959 they won the cup, beating Bungay Town 3--0, and retained it the following season, again beating Bungay 3--0.
They won the Senior Division again in 1965--66 and 1967--68, but then switched to the Essex & Suffolk Border League. After struggling during the 1970s, they were relegated and dropped into Division Two of the Ipswich & District League. In the late 1980s and early 1990s the club won Division Two and Division One to return to the Senior Division. In 1992 they won the Suffolk Senior Cup for a third time, beating Long Melford 2--0, and the following season won the Senior Division. After winning it again in 1994--95 the club were promoted to Division One of the Eastern Counties League.
Former Plymouth player Ronnie Mauge joined the club as manager in 2005, but resigned in 2007. In 2007--08 they finished third in the league and were promoted to the Premier Division. However, in early January 2009 the club that they would be unable to fulfil their first team fixtures and would be withdrawing from the league. Despite their withdrawal, the club rejoined the league in Division One the following season, with Ian Brown appointed manager. In 2010--11 they won the Senior Cup again, defeating Lakenheath 1--0 in the final. They also finished second in the league, but were not promoted due to ground grading issues. The following season the club retained the Senior Cup with a 2--1 win over Long Melford. In 2013--14 they were promoted to the Premier Division after winning the Division One title. However, they were relegated back to Division One after finishing bottom of the division in 2015--16
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3,730,781 |
# Tuen Mun River
The **Tuen Mun River** is a river in Tuen Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong. It has many tributaries, with major ones coming from Lam Tei, Kau Keng Shan, Hung Shui Hang and Nai Wai. It flows south, bisecting Tuen Mun New Town. It eventually feeds into the Tuen Mun Typhoon Shelter, which is part of Castle Peak Bay
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# Pseudopaludicola
***Pseudopaludicola*** is a genus of leptodactylid frogs from lowland northern and central South America. They are known under the common name **dwarf swamp frogs** or **swamp frogs**.
## Systematics
*Pseudopaludicola* are small frogs, growing maximally to 22 mm in snout--vent length. The synapomorphy defining this genus is the greatly enlarged tubercle on the outer edge of the forearm (i.e., hypertrophied antebrachial tubercle). Genetic analyses have recovered this genus as monophyletic, in accordance with earlier studies using morphological characters. Genetic data suggest four major clades within the genus.
## Species
Following the Amphibian Species of the World, there are currently 25 species in this genus: `{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola ameghini]]'' <small>(Cope, 1887)</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola atragula]]'' <small>Pansonato, Mudrek, Veiga-Menoncello, Rossa-Feres, Martins, and Strüssmann, 2014</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola boliviana]]'' <small>Parker, 1927</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola canga]]'' <small>Giaretta and Kokubum, 2003</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola ceratophyes]]'' <small>Rivero and Serna, 1985</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola facureae]]'' <small>Andrade and Carvalho, 2013</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola falcipes]]'' <small>(Hensel, 1867)</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola florencei]]'' <small>Andrade, Haga, Lyra, Leite, Kwet, Haddad, Toledo, and Giaretta, 2018</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola giarettai]]'' <small>Carvalho, 2012</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola hyleaustralis]]'' <small>Pansonato, Morais, Ávila, Kawashita-Ribeiro, Strussmann, and Martins, 2012</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola ibisoroca]]'' <small>Pansonato, Veiga-Menoncello, Mudrek, Jansen, Recco-Pimentel, Martins, and Strüssmann, 2016</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola jaredi]]'' <small>Andrade, Magalhães, Nunes-de-Almeida, Veiga-Menoncello, Santana, Garda, Loebmann, Recco-Pimentel, Giaretta, and Toledo, 2016</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola jazmynmcdonaldae]]'' <small>Andrade, Silva, Koroiva, Fadel, and Santana, 2019</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola llanera]]'' <small>Lynch, 1989</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola matuta]]'' <small>Andrade, Haga, Lyra, Carvalho, Haddad, Giaretta, and Toledo, 2018</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola mineira]]'' <small>Lobo, 1994</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola motorzinho]]'' <small>Pansonato, Veiga-Menoncello, Mudrek, Jansen, Recco-Pimentel, Martins, and Strüssmann, 2016</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola murundu]]'' <small>Toledo, Siqueira, Duarte, Veiga-Menoncello, Recco-Pimentel, and Haddad, 2010</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola mystacalis]]'' <small>(Cope, 1887)</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola parnaiba]]'' <small>Robert, Cardozo, and Ávila, 2013</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola pocoto]]'' <small>Magalhães, Loebmann, Kokubum, Haddad, and Garda, 2014</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola pusilla]]'' <small>(Ruthven, 1916)</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola restinga]]'' <small>Cardozo, Baldo, Pupin, Gasparini, and Haddad, 2018</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola saltica]]'' <small>(Cope, 1887)</small>
* ''[[Pseudopaludicola ternetzi]]'' <small>Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937</small>
}}`{=mediawiki}
AmphibiaWeb also lists *Pseudopaludicola serrana*, whereas the Amphibian Species of the World considers it synonym of *Pseudopaludicola murundu*
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# Breaker! Breaker!
***Breaker! Breaker!*** is a 1977 American action film directed by Don Hulette and starring Chuck Norris in his first lead role. The co-stars include George Murdock, Don Gentry and Michael Augenstein.
J.D. (Norris), a trucker from California, learns that his old friend was assaulted and paralyzed by Sergeant Strode (Gentry), a policeman in Texas City, California. J.D. discovers that Strode has a history of \"trapping\" truckers for a corrupt judge named Trimmings (Murdock), who is running various rackets. Eventually J.D.\'s younger brother (Augenstein), who is starting a trucking career, is deceived by Strode and goes missing. J.D. sets out to find him.
The film was a box-office success, grossing \$12 million at the box office, but received generally negative reviews from critics.
## Plot
J.D. (Chuck Norris), a trucker from California, returns from the road to learn that an old friend was assaulted and paralyzed by Sergeant Strode (Don Gentry), a policeman in Texas City, California. He makes inquiries into Texas City and learns that its policemen Strode and Deputy Boles (Ron Cedillos) have a history of \"trapping\" truckers for a corrupt judge named Trimmings who is running various rackets in the so-called \"City\".
When his younger brother Billy (Michael Augenstein) begins working as a trucker, J.D. warns him to stay away from Texas City. But Billy is easily fooled by an officer (Strode) on a CB radio, who pretends he is a fellow trucker.
After Billy disappears, J.D. sets out in search of him. He goes to Texas City and barges in on a city council meeting, wherein Trimmings\' stooges boast of their speed traps. He befriends a waitress named Arlene, a single mother, working at a diner which overcharges outsiders. After getting into a fight with the owner of the local wrecking yard and accidentally killing him, J.D. is arrested and sentenced to death by Judge Trimmings.
Arlene escapes from Trimmings\' corrupt lawmen on a motorcycle and contacts J.D.\'s fellow truckers about what has happened via CB radio. They come to rescue J.D. and Billy, knocking Strode into a ditch before tearing the town down with their big rigs. J.D. finds Billy in a local barn, and then fights Deputy Boles in a horse corral, knocking him out. One of the truckers drives his rig into Judge Trimmings\' house while he is in bed with his wife, as the rest of the corrupt town burns.
## Cast
- Chuck Norris as John David \"J.D.\" Dawes
- George Murdock as Judge Joshua Trimmings
- Terry O\'Connor as Arlene Trimmings
- Don Gentry as Sergeant Strode
- John DiFusco as Arney
- Ron Cedillos as Deputy Boles
- Michael Augenstein as Billy Dawes
- Dan Vandegrift as Wilfred
- Douglas Stevenson as Drake
- Paul Kawecki as Wade
- Larry Feder as George
- Jack Nance as Burton
## Production
Norris said he was paid \$5,000 to do the film. \"I didn\'t know anything when I made that movie\", said Norris. \"We shot it in just 11 days. But it was amazing, people loved it anyway. It\'s a down-home kind of movie. It\'s still my dad\'s favorite.\"
\"I want to become as big in the movie industry as I\'ve been in the karate industry\", said Norris in 1977. \"I know I can do it because I have the faith to do it.\"
## Reception
### Critical response {#critical_response}
Norris was not particularly proud of the film but in 1981 said it was his father\'s favorite of his movies and \"made a lot of money\".
The *New York Times* called it \"shoddy\" with \"wooden direction\" and a \"sophmoric cast\". The *Los Angeles Times* called it \"a talky, melodramatic exploitation hybrid.\"
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# Breaker! Breaker!
## Other media {#other_media}
### In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
The film was referenced on the May 24, 2007 episode of *Late Night with Conan O\'Brien*, when O\'Brien used a *Breaker! Breaker!* lever to showcase random scenes from *Walker, Texas Ranger*.
The film was a subject of good-natured ridicule in a March 21, 2013 video-on-demand release by Rifftrax
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# Crossodactylodes
***Crossodactylodes*** (common name: **bromeliad frogs**) is a genus of leptodactylid frogs from the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil.
Most *Crossodactylodes* are Atlantic Forest species closely associated with epiphytic bromeliads where they complete their entire life cycle, including the larval development. However, *Crossodactylodes itambe* inhabits rupicolous (rock-dwelling) bromeliads in open field habitats at higher altitudes
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| 0 |
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# Jon Sim
**Jonathan Sim** (born September 29, 1977) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger who played in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the Dallas Stars in the third round (70th overall) of the 1996 NHL Entry Draft.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
As a veteran journeyman of the National Hockey League, Sim moved to play his first full professional season in Europe in 2011--12. After an unsuccessful stint in the Czech Extraliga, Sim was signed by Eisbären Berlin of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga, where he helped contribute to the team\'s 6th league championship.
On his return to North America and the 2012--13 NHL lockout negating his chance of an NHL contract, Sim was signed to a professional try-out deal with the San Antonio Rampage of the AHL on December 7, 2012. Over the course of his try-out, Sim contributed with 13 points in 22 games, before opting not to renew with the Rampage to be mutually released on January 28, 2013. On January 31, 2013, Sim was signed to a professional try-out deal with the Adirondack Phantoms of the AHL. On November 4, 2013, Sim signed a professional tryout with the Bridgeport Sound Tigers. He ended up playing 14 games with the Sound Tigers, scoring 2 goals and adding 2 assists.
## Awards and honours {#awards_and_honours}
Award Year
---------------------- ------
OHL
Second All-Star Team 1998
AHL
Calder Cup 2005
NHL
Stanley Cup 1999
DEL
DEL Champion 2012
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Sim is the father of London Knights forward Landon Sim and Charlottetown Islanders forward Lane Sim
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# Cha-seung Baek
**Cha Seung Baek** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|tʃ|aʊ|_|ˌ|s|ʌ|ŋ|_|'|b|ɛ|k}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{ko-hhrm|hangul=백차승|hanja=白蹉承}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|ko|pɛ̝k.tɕʰa.sɯŋ|}}`{=mediawiki}; born May 29, 1980) is a former Korean American professional baseball pitcher.
Baek graduated from Busan High School, Busan, South Korea in 1998. He was signed by the Seattle Mariners as an amateur free agent on September 25, 1998.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Seattle Mariners {#seattle_mariners}
He made his professional debut with the Peoria Mariners in `{{mlby|1999}}`{=mediawiki}. In his first start he struck out 8 batters over 5.0 innings on July 18.
Was 4--1 with a 3.86 ERA in 9 home starts with Wisconsin Timber Rattlers in `{{mlby|2000}}`{=mediawiki}. He was placed on the disabled list on June 2 with a right arm flexor strain. Baek went 5-3 after coming off the DL June 15. At the end of the season he was listed among Baseball America\'s top-20 Midwest League prospects at the end of the season.
Spent most season on the San Bernardino Stampede\'s disabled list. He made 2 starts before being placed on the DL from April 13 to May 14 with soreness in his right elbow. He pitched in 3 games, 2 starts in May before suffering a strained right elbow in his final start of the season in May. Placed on the DL again in June through the end of the `{{mlby|2001}}`{=mediawiki} season.
Baek missed the entire `{{mlby|2002}}`{=mediawiki} season after undergoing right elbow surgery. He participated in the Mariners Fall Instructional League.
He split the `{{mlby|2003}}`{=mediawiki} season between the Inland Empire 66ers and the San Antonio Missions. He started the season with Inland Empire appearing in 13 games, 10 starts. From April 19 to the 24 he pitched 10 scoreless innings in two starts. Baek won three consecutive starts from April 19 to the 30. Placed on the disabled list from May 8 to June 10 with a right elbow inflammation. On July 17 he was transferred to San Antonio. He carried a no-hitter into the eighth inning, retiring 21 of the first 22 batters faced, before allowing a single, on July 23.
He made his MLB debut on August 8, `{{mlby|2004}}`{=mediawiki} against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. In the 2004 season, he pitched in seven games (starting five), winning two and losing four, and had a 5.52 ERA overall. He was one of 15 players to make their Major League debuts for Seattle this season.
Baek was non-tendered by the Mariners in December `{{Baseball year|2005}}`{=mediawiki} following a disappointing year in Triple-A with the Tacoma Rainiers. Baek returned to the Rainiers for the `{{Baseball year|2006}}`{=mediawiki} season. He posted an 11--4 record with a 2.80 ERA, which earned him a recall to the Mariners in August 2006, following their trade of Jamie Moyer to the Philadelphia Phillies. After that, he was moved to being a relief pitcher and spot starter for the Mariners.
### San Diego Padres {#san_diego_padres}
In May `{{Baseball year|2007}}`{=mediawiki}, Baek was designated for assignment by the Mariners. Later in the month, he was traded to the San Diego Padres for Jared Wells. Baek hit his first career home run on July 20, 2008, off Jaime Garcia.
On October 8, `{{mlby|2009}}`{=mediawiki}, the Padres released Baek.
### Orix Buffaloes {#orix_buffaloes}
On November 14, 2011, he signed with the Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball. However, he didn\'t play any games on the main team but appeared in 9 games on the farm throwing 29.2 innings going 2-4 with a 4.25 ERA and 21 strikeouts.
He was released by the Buffaloes on October 5, 2012.
### Chiba Lotte Marines {#chiba_lotte_marines}
Baek signed with the Chiba Lotte Marines of Nippon Professional Baseball for the 2015 season. He only appeared on the farm team appearing in 4 games 13.2 innings going 1-0 with a 3.95 ERA and 8 strikeouts
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# Mason's Island
**Mason\'s Island** (Algonquin: *Chippachaug - meaning: a separated place*) is an inhabited island at the mouth of the Mystic River, in Stonington, Connecticut. The island was named after Major John Mason who was granted the island in recognition for his military services in the 1637 Pequot War in nearby Mystic. This island remained in the Mason family for over 250 years, from 1651 to 1913. Since then the Allyn family have been stewards of it, and most of the island is owned by the Mason\'s Island Company and regulated by property deeds under the Mason\'s Island Property Owners Association (MIPOA). The Mason\'s Island Marina and the Mystic River Marina are located on the north end of the island. Mason\'s Island is connected to the mainland by a causeway.
## Geography
The island is approximately 600 acres in area overall, being 1.2 mi in length north-south and 0.8 mi in width east-west and is formed by solid granite bedrock. A quarry supplying rough granite for breakwaters (e.g. at Newport, Rhode Island) was located at Pine Hill on the northwestern side of the island.
There is a 47 acre nature preserve located in about the middle of the island. This nature preserve features a large salt marsh with surrounding woods that can be accessed by multiple trails. In the southern end of the island there is a large fresh water pond that was formerly used for harvesting ice.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
- Beonne Boronda (1911--2012), sculptor, educator
- Lester D
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# Victor Goodhew
**Sir Victor Henry Goodhew** (30 November 1919 -- 11 October 2006) was a British Conservative politician. He served as Member of Parliament (MP) for St Albans for 24 years, from 1959 to 1983, and was an early member of the Conservative Monday Club. Although he held right-wing views---he supported hanging, supported Enoch Powell\'s views on immigration, and supported closer links with the white regimes in Rhodesia and South Africa---he served as a government whip under Edward Heath in the early 1970s. His later career was blighted by ill health.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in London, he was educated at Rokeby School and King\'s College School, and then articled to a chartered accountant, and joined the RAF Volunteer Reserve in 1938, before he qualified. He was called up to serve in the Royal Air Force from the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. After serving as an operations room controller and radar controller, he became commander of the Airborne Radar Unit attached to the 6th Airborne Division, and was promoted to Squadron Leader in 1945. He was demobilised in 1946, and became a director of the family company.
## In politics {#in_politics}
Goodhew served as a councillor on the Westminster City Council from 1953 to 1959, and for Cities of London and Westminster on the London County Council from 1958 to 1961. He contested the parliamentary seat of Paddington North for the Conservative Party in the 1955 general election, but was unable to unseat the Labour incumbent, Ben Parkin. He was shortlisted in 1957 as a prospective candidate for Warwick and Leamington, the seat vacated by the retirement of Prime Minister Anthony Eden, but Sir John Hobson was selected ahead of him. He finally beat William Rees-Mogg to secure selection for the safer seat in St Albans in Hertfordshire, where he was elected Member of Parliament at the general election in October 1959.
In Parliament, Goodhew served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Ian Orr-Ewing, Civil Lord of the Admiralty, from 1962 to 1963, and then as PPS to Tam Galbraith, Joint Parliamentary Secretary for the Ministry of Transport, from 1963 to 1964. The Conservatives were in opposition from 1964 to 1970. Edward Heath became leader of the Conservatives in 1965. Heath and Goodhew held opposite views on Africa, and it seemed that Goodhew\'s career had little prospect of advancement.
Goodhew was an early member (1962) of the Conservative Monday Club, formed to combat the influence of the Bow Group on the Government\'s African policies. He took part, with four other MPs, in a Club public meeting in January 1962 which affirmed support for Sir Roy Welensky and the Central African Federation, and Rhodesia, and criticised the policies of the then Colonial Secretary, Iain Macleod. In 1970, the Club held a \'Law and Liberty\' May Day rally in Trafalgar Square in answer to the \"Stop the Seventy Tour\" campaign designed to stop the all-white South African cricket tour. Several of the club\'s MPs spoke, including Victor Goodhew.
When the Conservatives returned to power in 1970, Heath appointed Goodhew as an Assistant Government Whip in June 1970, and he was promoted to a full government whip, as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, in October 1970. He suffered a heart attack in October 1973 and had coronary bypass surgery; he resigned his post as a whip on medical advice. However, he went on to serve as a Member of the Speaker\'s Panel of Chairmen from 1975 to 1983, and on the Select committee for House of Commons Services from 1978 to 1983. He was a House of Commons Commissioner from 1979 to 1983, Joint Secretary to the 1922 Committee from 1979 to 1983, and was Vice-Chairman of the Conservative Defence Committee from 1974 to 1983. He was made a Knight Bachelor in 1982. He steered a Private Member\'s Bill to the statute book, to allow \"death-bed\" marriages to take place outside licensed premises. After another heart attack and further coronary bypass surgery in 1981, he stood down at the 1983 general election.
## Family
He was the son of Rudolph Goodhew of Mannings Heath, Sussex. His family owed a chain of restaurants. He was married and divorced three times. He first married Sylvia Johnson in 1940, but divorced. He then married Suzanne Gordon-Burge in 1951, but divorced again in 1972. Later that year he married Eva Rittinghausen, a Canadian and former girlfriend of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, but was divorced a third time in 1981. He was survived by his son, from his first marriage; his daughter, also from his first marriage, pre-deceased him.
He died in Ascot
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# Iowa Electronic Markets
The **Iowa Electronic Markets (IEM)** are a group of real-money prediction markets/futures markets operated by the University of Iowa Tippie College of Business. Unlike normal futures markets, the IEM is not-for-profit; the markets are run for educational and research purposes.
## Overview
The IEM allows traders to buy and sell contracts based on, among other things, political election results and economic indicators. Some markets are only available to academic traders. The IEM also trades futures based on financial markets, such as predicting whether the Fed Funds rate will be increased at the next meeting.
The IEM has often been used to predict the results of political elections with a greater accuracy than traditional polls.
A precursor to the IEM was the Iowa Political Stock Market (IPSM), invented by George Neumann, and developed by Robert E. Forsythe, Forrest Nelson, and George Neumann.
### Rules and limits {#rules_and_limits}
The IEM is neither regulated by the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) nor by any other agency due to its academic focus and the small sums that are involved. Indeed, the IEM has received two no-action letters that extend no‑action relief. A speculator may put at risk in the IEM only between \$5 and \$500. In contrast, other future markets like Nadex are regulated by the CFTC and allow speculators to take on or financially offset significant amounts of risk regarding economic events or the prices of commodities
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| 0 |
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# NIS building
The **NIS building** (`{{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Зграда НИС-а|Zgrada NIS-a}}`{=mediawiki}) is the headquarters building of Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS), located in Novi Sad, Serbia.
## History
Construction started in 1989 and finished in 1998. The building is one of the landmarks of Novi Sad. It is located in the city quarter known as Liman III, across from Liman Park, on *Narodnog Fronta* Street and *Bulevar oslobođenja*
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3,730,862 |
# Consularis
***Consularis*** is a Latin adjective indicating something pertaining to the position or rank of consul. In Ancient Rome it was also used as a noun (plural *consulares*) to designate those senators who had held the office of consul or attained consular rank as a special honour. In Late Antiquity, the title became also a gubernatorial rank for provincial governors.
## History
In the Roman Republic, the term *vir consularis* (rendered in Greek as *ὑπατικός*, *hypatikos*) or *consularis* designated any senator who had served as consul. The distinction was accompanied by specific privileges and honours, and was normally a necessary qualification for a number of magistracies: the posts of *dictator* and his deputy, the *magister equitum* (although some cases seem to refute that), the post of *censor* as well as the governance of certain provinces as proconsuls. The distinction was attached to their wives as well (*consularis femina*, in Greek ὑπατική or ὑπάτισσα). Under the Principate, the status of *consularis* could be gained, without holding the consulship, by the gift of the emperor, either through admission to the senate (*adlectio inter consulares*) or (more rarely) through the award of the consular insignia (*ornamenta/insignia consularia*).
Under the Principate, a number of senior magistracies were created for *consulares*:
- The position of *praefectus urbi*, governor of Rome and its environs.
- Under Hadrian (r. 117--138), Italy was divided into four judicial jurisdictions, each with a *consularis* at its head. This institution was abolished soon after Hadrian\'s death, however.
- Under Alexander Severus (r. 222--235), a council of fourteen *consulares*, the *consulares sacrae urbis*, was created to assist the *praefectus urbi*, with each one representing one of the fourteen regions of Rome.
- The *consulares operum publicorum, alvei Tiberis et cloacarum*, public officials (*curatores*) responsible for public works, the regulation of the Tiber and the maintenance of Rome\'s sanitation system.
### Provincial governors {#provincial_governors}
Already during the Republic, certain provinces were reserved for ex-consuls. This tradition carried into the Principate following the grant of an enormous provincial command to Augustus in 27 BC effectively dividing the empire between so-called Imperial and Senatorial provinces. Of the latter, two were specifically reserved for *consulares*, the proconsular provinces of Asia and Africa proconsularis. *Consulares* could also hold office in Imperial provinces as the Emperor\'s legates (*legatus Augusti pro praetore*), alongside legates who held the rank of *praetor* and officials from the equestrian order styled *procuratores*.
As the formal title of *legatus Augusti* did not otherwise distinguish rank, those of consular standing occasionally attached the form *consularis* to their title, a practice which became commonplace in the 3rd century. As a result, the latter, simpler title began to replace the formal title, and to acquire a generic meaning of \"provincial governor\". This evolution was formalized in the reforms of Diocletian (r. 284--305) and Constantine the Great (r. 306--337). Aside from its traditional meaning, designating holders of consular rank, the term *consularis* now came to designate a class of provincial governors. Its holders outranked the *correctores* and *praesides*, but were still at the very bottom of the senatorial hierarchy, with the senatorial rank of *vir clarissimus*, while a holder of consular rank was styled *vir illustris*. In a handful of cases, serving *consulares* were raised to proconsular rank, while Valentinian I (r. 364--375) and Valens (r. 364--378) gave the *consulares* of Numidia the exceptional right to be preceded by six instead of five *fasces*-bearing *lictores*.
According to the *Notitia Dignitatum* (circa 400), the following provinces were administered by a *consularis*:
in fifteen provinces in the Eastern Roman Empire
- five in the Diocese of the East: Palaestina Prima, Phoenice, Syria Prima, Cilicia Prima and Cyprus
- three in the Diocese of Asia: Pamphylia, Hellespontus and Lydia
- two in the Diocese of Pontus: Galatia and Bithynia
- two in the Diocese of Thrace: Europa and Thracia
- three in the Diocese of Illyricum: Creta (Crete), Macedonia and Dacia Mediterranea
- the Diocese of Egypt---*sui generis* as the imperial crown domain---is explicitly said to have none
in twenty-one provinces in the Western Roman Empire
- one in the Diocese of Pannonia: Pannonia Secunda
- eight in the two Italian dioceses: Venetia et Histria, Aemilia, Liguria, Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium, Tuscia et Umbria, Picenum Suburbicarium, Campania and Sicilia
- two in the Diocese of Africa: Byzacena and Numidia
- three in the Diocese of Spain: Baetica, Lusitania, Gallaecia
- six in the Diocese of Gaul: Viennensis, Lugdunensis Prima, Germania Prima, Germania Secunda, Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda
- two in the Diocese of Britain: Maxima Caesariensis and Valentia
The *Notitia* gives the following staff (*officium*) for a *consularis* of the West: *princeps officii* (detached from the praetorian prefecture), a *cornicularius*, two *tabularii*, an *adiutor*, a *commentariensis*, an *ab actis*, a *subadiuva*, and various *exceptores* and *cohortalini*, i.e. menial staff. For the East, the *officium* was slightly different: *princeps officii*, *cornicularius*, *commentariensis*, *adiutor*, *numerarius*, *ab actis*, *a libellis*, and the usual *exceptores* and *cohortalini*.
The *Synecdemus*, written some time shortly before 535, lists the following provinces under *consulares*: Europa, Thracia, Macedonia Prima, Creta, Epirus Nova, Dacia Mediterranea, Hellespontus, Phrygia Pacatiana and Phrygia Salutaris, Lydia, Pisidia, Lycaonia, Pamphylia, Lycia, Caria, Pontica Prima (Bithynia), Galatia, Cappadocia Prima, Helenopontus, Cilicia Prima, Cyprus, Syria Prima, Phoenice, Palaestina Prima, Arabia, and one whose name is illegible.
Following the reconquest of North Africa, in 534, Tripolitania was given a *consularis*, while Numidia was downgraded to a mere *praeses*. However, in 535 Emperor Justinian I (r. 527--565) carried out a wide-ranging administrative reorganization. The provinces of Palaestina Secunda, Syria Secunda, Theodorias, Osrhoene, Armenia Secunda, Armenia Magna, Cappadocia Secunda, Rhodope, Haemimontus and Augustamnica (this is possibly an error) were placed under *consulares*, while Epirus Nova, Dacia Mediterranea, Phrygia Pacatiana, Galatia, Syria Prima and Arabia were placed under governors of other ranks
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# John Brockman (soldier)
**John Brockman, Jr.** (May 8, 1735 -- January 31, 1801) provided sundries and cash for North Carolina militia during the American Revolutionary War.
## Early years {#early_years}
Brockman was born on May 8, 1735, in King and Queen County, Province of Virginia, to John and Mary (Collins) Brockman, who later moved to Orange County, Virginia. His mother was the daughter of Captain Joseph Collins and Susannah Robertson. John Jr. was the grandson of Samuel Brockman and the great-grandson of Henry Brockman who was a primary founder of the English Brockman family in the United States. John Brockman, Jr., was orphaned when his father died; the court appointed a guardian, Kelly Jennings (second husband of Mary Collins), for Brockman\'s younger siblings, but excluded John as he was over the age of 14.
John Brockman, Jr., married Amelia Martin, the daughter of Robert and Ann (Eason) Martin. They lived at \"Thornhill\" in Orange County, Virginia.
## American Revolution {#american_revolution}
During the American Revolutionary War, Brockman has been reputed to be the colonel and leader of \"John Brockman\'s Regiment\" in the North Carolina militia. There is a record of Brockman\'s supplying the Patriot militia with 2500 pounds currency. The Daughters of the American Revolution have recorded Brockman as a veteran and participated in unveiling a headstone in his honor.
## Death
He died on January 31, 1801, in Laurens District, South Carolina. He is buried at the Clear Spring Baptist Church Cemetery, Simpsonville, Greenville County, South Carolina
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3,730,889 |
# Ken Croswell
**Ken Croswell** is an American astronomer and writer. His first degree, from Washington University in St. Louis, mixed science and wider interests, majoring in physics and minoring in English literature. He also got a PhD in astronomy from Harvard University for studying the Milky Way\'s halo.
He is primarily known as a writer on astronomy and space topics. He has written regularly the *New Scientist*, *New York Times* and various magazines in the popular science press. He is also the author of six books on astronomy, including *The Alchemy of the Heavens* and *Planet Quest,* and often reports on the radio program the John Batchelor Show
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# John Lyons (linguist)
**Sir John Lyons** FBA (23 May 1932 `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} 12 March 2020) was a British linguist, working on semantics.
## Education
John Lyons was born and brought up in Stretford, Lancashire (now in Trafford). He was initially educated at St Ann\'s RC School, Stretford, before he won a scholarship to St Bede\'s College, Manchester, joining in September 1943. In July 1950, Lyons progressed to Christ\'s College, Cambridge, where he took a degree in Classics in 1953 and a Diploma in Education in 1954.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
After doing his national service in the navy for two years, studying Russian as a coder (special), and commissioned as a midshipman, he returned to Cambridge as a PhD student in 1956. His supervisor was W. Sidney Allen. The following year he was made a lecturer at the School of Oriental and African Studies. He was also awarded a one-year Rockefeller Scholarship to Yale, but declined for the more opportunistic academic position in linguistics that was rare in those days in Britain. Lyons moved from Cambridge to SOAS in London, where R. H. Robins was his PhD supervisor. In the summer of 1960, Lyons went to Indiana University to work in a machine translation project; he was chosen because of his expertise in Russian and linguistics. It was at Indiana, in a post-Bloomfieldean milieu, where Lyons gave courses on general linguistics.
In 1961, he returned to Christ\'s College, where he taught until 1964. Between 1965 and 1969, he was the founder editor of the *Journal of Linguistics*. From 1964 to 1984, he was professor of linguistics at the universities of Edinburgh and Sussex. He was master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge for 15 years, before retiring in 2000; he was an honorary fellow at the college.
Lyons\' introductory texts are *Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics*, *Chomsky*, *Semantics*, and *Linguistic Semantics*.
He was the creator of a constructed language called Bongo-Bongo, which he created as a teaching tool for his linguistics students.
Upon retirement in 2000 he moved to France. He died on 12 March 2020.
## Honours
He was knighted in 1987 \"for services to the study of linguistics\".
In 2016, he was awarded the Neil and Saras Smith Medal for Linguistics by the British Academy \"for his outstanding lifetime contribution to the field of linguistics\"
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# Destroy All Astromen!
***Destroy All Astromen!*** is a compilation album by the surf rock group Man or Astro-man?. Often cited as their second album, it is actually a compilation of tracks that appeared on 7\"s recorded the previous year (1993). The first pressing was a limited red vinyl pressing of 200 copies.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Reverb 10,000\"
2. \"Name of Numbers\"
3. \"Popcorn Crabula\"
4. \"A Mouthful of Exhaust\"
5. \"Of Sex and Demise\"
6. \"Joker\'s Wild\" (The Ventures)
7. \"Intoxica\" (The Revels)
8. \"Mystery Meat\"
9. \"The Heavies (Let\'s Surf the River of Blood)\" (The Ventures)
10. \"Madness in the Streets\"
11. \"Espanto del Futuro\"
12. \"Mystery Science Theater 3000 Love Theme\" (Hodgson, Weinstein, Erikson)
13. \"Landlocked\"
14. \"Bombora\" (The Surfaris)
15. \"Gargantua\'s Last Stand\"
16. \"You Can\'t Get Good Riblets in Space\"
17. \"Bermuda Triangle Shorts\"
18. \"Taco Wagon\" (Dick Dale)
19. \"The Vortex Beyond\"
20. \"Out of Limits\"\* (M. Gordon)
21. \"Destination Venus\" (The Rezillos)
22. \"Time Bomb\"
23
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# La Chapelle-Saint-Aubert
**La Chapelle-Saint-Aubert** (`{{IPA|fr|la ʃapɛl sɛ̃.t‿obɛʁ}}`{=mediawiki}; Gallo: *La Chapèll-Saent-Aubèrt*, *Chapel-Sant-Alverzh*) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.
## Geography
La Chapelle-Saint-Aubert is located at 39 km in the North-East of Rennes and at 43 km in the south of the Mont Saint-Michel.
The communes bordering are Saint-Sauveur-des-Landes, Romagné, Billé, Vendel, Saint-Jean-sur-Couesnon and Saint-Marc-sur-Couesnon
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# Siemens M65
The **Siemens M65** was a mobile phone by Siemens Mobile. It was announced in 2004 and released on the 1. of February, 2005 and sold in Germany at 379€.
The phone is 109 × 49 × 19 mm^3^ large and features a backlit number keypad, 132 × 176 pixel 16-bit color, TFT display, as well as a backside 0.3 MP video camera with VGA color. It is resistant to shock, water, and dust damage.
According to Siemens, the removable 750 mAh battery can last up to 300 hours in standby mode and 5 hours when actively in use.
The phone comes with several productivity applications, as well as a few games, and can connect to the internet via a cellular connection. It lacks any Wi-Fi functionality, but includes an infrared sensor.
The 11 MB internal storage can only accommodate 14 phone book and up to 300 call history entries
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# Mojtaba Saminejad
**Mojtaba (Madyar) Saminejad** (*مجتبی سمیع نژاد*, born 30 September 1980 in Tehran) is an Iranian blogger and writer. He studied journalism at the Central Tehran Branch of Islamic Azad University.
He is the president of Shahr-e Khorshid publications (*انتشارات شهر خورشید*) and editor of *Ferdowsi* magazine.
## Activities
As a student, Saminejad was a writer and blogger. In 2004 Reporters Without Borders listed his as one of the *Best blogs defending freedom of expression*.
Saminejad\'s initial arrest on November 1, 2004, followed the publication on his blog of the arrests of three other bloggers. He was released on bail on January 27, 2005, relaunched his blog at a new address. It was promptly re-arrested on February 12, 2005. His bail was doubled to \$125,000, which he could not pay.
He was charged with \"insulting the prophets\" (punishable by the death penalty under Article 512 of the Iranian Islamic penal code), \"endangering national security\", and \"insulting the Supreme Leader\" (the head of state of Iran).
On June 2, 2005, he was found guilty of \"insulting the Supreme Leader\", and sentenced to two years imprisonment by Judge Saadat of Revolutionary Court 13. On June 28, 2005, he was found not guilty of \"insulting the prophets\". One month later he was sentenced to an extra ten months in prison for incitement to \"immorality\".
During his arrest, Saminejad was allegedly held in solitary confinement for 88 days and subjected to beatings and torture.
He was taken in handcuffs to sit his exams at Tehran\'s Azad University on 21 January 2006.
After 21 months, on September 13, 2006 he was released from prison and started blogging again. He also works with an Iranian human-rights group, Human Rights Activists in Iran, which gathers information about how Iranians are repressed.
In 2009 he signed an open letter of apology posted to Iranian.com along with 266 other Iranian academics, writers, artists, journalists about the Iranian persecution of Baháʼís.
## Works
- **Fiction**
- 2004 *Ambiguous People* (*آدم های مبهم*), a short surreal story in Persian
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# 2002 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
The **28th Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards**, given by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association (LAFCA) on 15 December 2002, honored the best in film for 2002.
## Winners
- **Best Picture:**
- ***About Schmidt***
- Runner-up: *Far from Heaven*
- **Best Director:**
- Pedro Almodóvar -- *Talk to Her* (*Hable con ella*)
- Runner-up: Todd Haynes -- *Far from Heaven*
- **Best Actor (TIE):**
- Daniel Day-Lewis -- *Gangs of New York*
- Jack Nicholson -- *About Schmidt*
- **Best Actress:**
- Julianne Moore -- *Far from Heaven* and *The Hours*
- Runner-up: Isabelle Huppert -- *The Piano Teacher* (*La pianiste*)
- **Best Supporting Actor:**
- Chris Cooper -- *Adaptation.*
- Runner-up: Christopher Walken -- *Catch Me If You Can*
- **Best Supporting Actress:**
- Edie Falco -- *Sunshine State*
- Runner-up: Kathy Bates -- *About Schmidt*
- **Best Screenplay:**
- Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor -- *About Schmidt*
- Runner-up: Charlie Kaufman and Donald Kaufman -- *Adaptation.*
- **Best Cinematography:**
- Edward Lachman -- *Far from Heaven*
- Runner-up: Conrad L. Hall -- *Road to Perdition*
- **Best Production Design:**
- Dante Ferretti -- *Gangs of New York*
- Runner-up: Mark Friedberg -- *Far from Heaven*
- **Best Music Score:**
- Elmer Bernstein -- *Far from Heaven*
- Runner-up: Philip Glass -- *The Hours*
- **Best Foreign Language Film:**
- *Y Tu Mamá También* • Mexico
- Runner-up: *Talk to Her* (*Hable con ella*) • Spain
- **Best Non-Fiction Film:**
- *The Cockettes*
- Runner-up: *Bowling for Columbine*
- **Best Animation:**
- *Spirited Away* (*Sen to Chihiro no kamikakushi*)
- **The Douglas Edwards Experimental/Independent Film/Video Award:**
- Michael Snow -- *\*Corpus Callosum*
- Kenneth Anger (for his body of work)
- **New Generation Award:**
- Lynne Ramsay
- **Career Achievement Award:**
- Arthur Penn
- **Special Citation:**
- *Lilo & Stitch* for excellence in character design and animation
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# JamisonParker
**JamisonParker** was an American emo duo in the early to mid-2000s, consisting of singer/guitarist Jamison Covington and guitarist/bassist/drummer Parker Case. While active, they released an EP titled *Notes & Photographs* (2003) and an album titled *Sleepwalker* (2005), and played over 200 concerts across the United States.
## History
Growing up in the small town of Guthrie, Kentucky and working at a Piggly Wiggly supermarket, singer/guitarist Jamison Covington realized he would not be able to find his musical fulfillment within the boundaries of his hometown. In 2002, he moved to Orange County, California, but soon learned that building a career in the music industry from scratch can be a hard and frustrating thing to do. Being a fan of the Orange County based band Astoria, Covington was delighted when, a mere week before his return to Kentucky, he was introduced to their drummer Parker Case through mutual friends. Case and Covington kept in touch, exchanging song ideas via mail for about eight months, until Covington returned to California in early 2003.
On April 25, 2003, the duo went to Skate and Surf 2003 in Asbury Park, New Jersey, where they randomly performed so-called \"guerilla sets\" at merchandise booths and at a nearby hotel. The arising buzz around them was overheard by one of the festival\'s bookers, who immediately hired them to replace a band that had dropped out at the last minute. Having no time to think of a proper band name, the two combined their first names and played an all-acoustic set as JamisonParker. Their rudimentary but convincing performance quickly gained the attention of several record labels and finally landed them a recording contract with Interscope Records.
In August 2003, JamisonParker went into the studio to record a handful of songs for their debut EP titled *Notes & Photographs*, which was released on October 28, 2003. The release was supported by the band\'s first national tour with Straylight Run, followed by stints with Plain White T\'s, Motion City Soundtrack and Coheed and Cambria. The CD spawned a music video to the third track, \"Your Song\", which consisted of a collage of self-shot material, in analogy to the Polaroid pictures on the cover artwork for *Notes & Photographs*. In November, they support Hey Mercedes on their headlining US tour. While the buzz quieted down around the duo after January 2004, as they took most of the year off. In April 2004, the band performed at the Skate and Surf Festival. JamisonParker returned to the stage with newly written songs under their belt in February 2005. In the meantime, they had recorded their first full-length album.
In April and May 2005, they appeared at The Bamboozle and Flipside festivals. In June 2005, they appeared on the compilation album *Punk Goes 80s* with a cover version of Tears for Fears\' \"Everybody Wants to Rule the World\". However, due to their busy schedule, they did not have the time to rent a proper studio. Instead, they recorded the entire song while on tour -- a hotel room became their recording studio, their laptop served as their mixing console and a bathroom closet was turned into a vocal booth.`{{Ref|punkgoes80s}}`{=mediawiki}
They went on a two-week tour with the Forecast and Fire When Ready. On July 12, 2005, their album *Sleepwalker* finally hit music store shelves. It was promoted with a two-week West Coast tour supporting the Rocket Summer, and then a two-month headlining tour in August and September 2005. From late October to late November, the band toured with June, The Juliana Theory, We Are the Fury and For the World.
While the demand for JamisonParker was at an all time high, the band-internal chemistry decreased steadily, up to an incident where during a concert, Covington walked off the stage in the middle of the band\'s set, leaving Case behind. From there on, it all went downhill, with a continuous lack of enthusiasm until JamisonParker gave their final performance at Chain Reaction in Anaheim, California on November 5, 2005, and canceled the remainder of their scheduled tour dates with The Juliana Theory.
On November 8, 2005, Covington officially declared the disbandment of JamisonParker. In the announcement posted online, he made it clear that he and Case will not be collaborating again in the future. After the split, Covington formed the shoegazing band E for Explosion. His band\'s name was changed to Covington but again changed to E for Explosion. A debut EP titled *Paper Flowers*, was released on October 2, 2007. On May 20, 2008, E for Explosion released their debut album *Reinventing the Heartbeat*. Case announced that up until the release of his upcoming project I and the Universe\'s debut record, he will be touring as part of Say Anything. Case has ended up staying with the band since, though, and is counted as the second longest remaining member, behind original member Max Bemis
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# 1633 in art
Events from the year **1633 in art**.
## Events
## Works
- Pieter Brueghel the Younger
- *[Spring](https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/spring-121732/search/actor:brueghel-the-younger-pieter-1564156516371638/page/1/view_as/grid)*
- *Winter*
- Guercino - *Venus, Cupid and Mars*
- Jacob Jordaens -- *The Golden Apple of Discord at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis*
- Hubert Le Sueur -- Equestrian statue of Charles I (subsequently erected at Charing Cross, London)
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Claude Lorrain
- *Coast View*
- *Landscape with the Judgment of Paris*
- Rembrandt
- *Portrait of a Man Rising from His Chair*
- *Portrait of a Young Woman with a Fan*
- *The Shipbuilder and his Wife*
- *The Storm on the Sea of Galilee*
- Sebastian Stoskopff
- *The Five Senses, or Summer*
- Anthony van Dyck
- *Charles I with M. de St Antoine*
- *Self-portrait with a Sunflower*
- *Venetia Digby on her Death Bed*
## Births
- February 20 - Jan de Baen, Dutch portrait painter (died 1702)
- March 26 *(bapt.)* - Mary Beale, English portrait painter (died 1699)
- April - Willem Drost, Dutch painter and printmaker (died 1659)
- December - Willem van de Velde the Younger, painter (died 1707)
- *date unknown*
- Agostino Bonisoli, Italian painter, active mainly in Cremona (died 1700)
- Dirck Helmbreker, Dutch Golden Age painter and draughtsman (died 1696)
- Emilio Taruffi, Italian painter of canvases and altarpieces, assassinated (died 1696)
- Yun Shouping, Chinese painter of the Qing dynasty (died 1690)
- *probable*
- Hendrick Fromantiou, Dutch still life painter (died c.1693)
- Jacob Huysmans, Flemish portrait painter (died 1696)
## Deaths
- February - Roelant Savery, Flanders-born Dutch baroque painter of the Golden Age (died 1576)
- April - Pieter Lastman, Dutch painter (born 1583)
- October - Jean LeClerc, painter (born c
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# Haco
**Haco** is a Japanese singer, composer, multi-instrumentalist and sound artist, known for her work with After Dinner and Hoahio, among others.
Following formal studies in acoustics, electronic music and recording technology in 1980, Haco came to international attention fronting the group After Dinner (active between 1981--1991), helped by their association with the \"Rock in Opposition\"-related label Recommended Records. Haco would later appear in *Step Across the Border*, a 1990 documentary film on Henry Cow\'s Fred Frith, as well as contributing music to the soundtrack.
Haco released her first solo album in 1995, and embarked on her first solo European tour a year later. More recently, Haco has worked with the groups Happiness Proof, Hoahio and Ash in the Rainbow, and has recorded or performed with countless other artists, such as David Toop, Otomo Yoshihide, Nobukazu Takemura, Pierre Bastien, Anthony Moore and Carl Stone.
In addition to her more conventional album releases Haco has also worked in the fields of sound art; curating exhibitions and installations and establishing the sound art project View Masters (with focus on the environmental sounds of daily life), later beginning the production and curation of a four-year series of View Masters lectures, concerts and workshops in 2002.
## Discography (albums as leader or co-leader) {#discography_albums_as_leader_or_co_leader}
- 1995 *HACO* (MIDI Creative, Japan; ReR Megacorp, UK; Detector, USA)
- 1999 *Happiness Proof* (P-Vine, Japan; ReR Megacorp, UK; Detector, USA)
- 2004 *Stereo Bugscope 00* (Improvised Music from Japan, Japan) \[awarded Honorary Mention in digital music category at Prix Ars Electronica 2005, Austria\]
- 2007 *Riska* (Arcangelo/Disk Union, Japan)
- 2015 *Secret Garden* (Nuovo Immigrato, Japan)
- 2017 *Qoosui* (Someone Good/Room40, Australia)
- 2021 *Novo Naturo* (Someone Good/Room40, Australia)
- 2024 *HACO* (Remastered by Chihei Hatakeyama) (MIDI Creative, Japan)
- 2024 *Another Souvenir: Solo Live in 2002* (Ftarri, Japan)
**After Dinner**
- 1984 *After Dinner* (originally released as Glass Tube in Japan; reissued 1991 with Live Editions) (ReR Megacorp, UK)
- 1988 *Souvenir Cassette* (Recommended Records, UK)
- 1989 *Paradise of Replica* (RecRec Music, Switzerland) (reissued 2001 with Paradise of Remixes) (ReR Megacorp, UK)
- 2019 *The Souvenir Cassette and Further Live Adventures* (CD reissue) (ReR Megacorp, UK; Fish Prints, USA)
- 2021 *After Dinner: 1982-85* (vinyl reissue) (Soave Records, Italy)
- 2022 *Paradise of Replica* (vinyl reissue) (Aguirre Records, Belgium)
**Hoahio**
- 1997 *Happy Mail* (with Michiyo Yagi and Sachiko M) (Amoebic, Japan)
- 2000 *Ohayo! Hoahio!* (with Michiyo Yagi and Sachiko M) (Tzadik Records, US)
- 2003 *Peek-Ara-Boo* (with Michiyo Yagi and Mari Era) (Tzadik Records, US)
**Kam-pas-nel-la**
- 1998 *Kam-pas-nel-la* (with Kazuhisa Uchihashi, Zeena Parkins, and Samm Bennett) (Festival Beyond Innocence Live Performance Series Vol.1. FBI Works/Innocent, Japan)
**Ash in the Rainbow**
- 2003 *Ash in the Rainbow* (with Sakamoto Hiromichi) (ReR Megacorp, UK; Detector, USA)
**Yesterday\'s Heroes**
- 2004 *1979* (with Terre Thaemlitz) (La Louche, France)
**Synapse**
- 2005 *Raw* (with Ikue Mori and Aki Onda) (CD, Tzadik Record, US)
Diane Labrosse, Martin Tetreault, and Haco
- 2005 *Lunch in Nishinomiya* (Improvised Music from Japan, Japan)
Haco, Takako Minekawa, Dustin Wong, and Tarnovski
- 2019 *Kannazuki* (Warm Winters Ltd., UK/Slovakia)
## Vocal contributions {#vocal_contributions}
- 2000 Acid Mothers Temple & The Melting Paraiso U.F.O.: *Troubadours From Another Heavenly World* (Squealer, Japan)
- 2001 Acid Mothers Temple & The Melting Paraiso U.F.O.: *New Geocentric World of Acid Mothers Temple* (Squealer, Japan)
- 2005 Stefano Panunzi feat. Haco: *Web Of Memories* (A Rose CD) (Emerald Recordings, Italy)
- 2009 Fjieri feat
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# Honolulu (film)
***Honolulu*** is a 1939 American musical comedy film directed by Edward Buzzell and starring dancer Eleanor Powell, Robert Young, George Burns and Gracie Allen. The picture was produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Also appearing in the film are Rita Johnson, Eddie \"Rochester\" Anderson, Sig Rumann and Ruth Hussey.
## Plot
Brooks Mason, a top movie star, is tired of being in the public eye. He discovers that Hawaii-based businessman George Smith looks enough like him to be his twin. He arranges to switch places with Smith temporarily. When Mason steps into Smith\'s life, he finds himself in a tug-of-war between Smith\'s fiancée, and a dancer named Dorothy March, with whom he has fallen in love. Meanwhile, Smith discovers that being a movie star is not all that it is made out to be.
Joe Duffy, Mason\'s garrulous manager, has not been informed of the switch. So when Smith gets fed up with the impersonation and tries to go back to Hawaii; Duffy has him put in a strait jacket for his own good. Luckily, the hotel doctor (Sig Ruman) suggests humoring him by taking him to Hawaii.
Smith arrives minutes before Duffy is to marry Cecelia, and the switch is made without the bride knowing it.
Millie De Grasse then arrives with HER lookalike sister, causing Duffy to faint dead away.
## Cast
- Eleanor Powell as Miss Dorothy \'Dot\' March
- Robert Young as Brooks Mason / George Smith / David in the movie
- George Burns as Joe Duffy
- Gracie Allen as Millicent \'Millie\' De Grasse
- Rita Johnson as Cecelia Grayson
- Clarence Kolb as Mr. Horace Grayson
- Jo Ann Sayers as Nurse
- Ann Morriss as Gale Brewster
- Willie Fung as Wong, Mason\'s Hawaiian servant
- Cliff Clark as First Detective
- Edward Gargan as Second Detective
- Eddie Anderson as Washington, Mason\'s Hollywood servant
- Sig Rumann as Professor Timmer, psychiatrist
- Ruth Hussey as Eve, David\'s wife in the movie
- Russell Hicks as Clifford Jones
- Kealoha Holt as Native Dancing Girl
- Edward LeSaint as Minister
- Edgar Dearing as Jailer
- Tom Neal as Ambulance Intern
- Betty Jaynes as Singer
- Phillip Terry as Bandleader at Costume Party
- Roy Atwell as Bearded Man Aboard Ship(uncredited)
## Production
Eleanor Powell\'s dance routines were given a mostly Hawaiian flavor. One of her routines was performed in blackface in tribute to Powell\'s idol, Bill \'Bojangles\' Robinson. The comedy of Burns and Allen is also featured, although the two actors work separately for much of the movie, their characters only meeting in the final minutes. Powell and Gracie Allen sing and dance together in a sequence featuring the titular song. This was George Burns\' last film appearance until his Oscar-winning performance in *The Sunshine Boys* in 1975. The film is also notable for offering a somewhat rare cinematic look at pre-World War II Honolulu.
There is a musical sequence featuring Gracie Allen, accompanied by musicians made to look like the Marx Brothers (including two Grouchos), while several actors in the audience are costumed to look like such famous actors as Clark Gable, W.C. Fields and Oliver Hardy.
Footage of one of Powell\'s dance routines (done in a hula skirt to a tiki drum orchestra) would be reused in the later comedy, *I Dood It*, while another dance performance that was cut from the film appeared seven years later in the \"hodge-podge\" production *The Great Morgan*
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# Bolivian sol
The **sol** was the currency of Bolivia between 1827 and 1864. There were no subdivisions of the sol but 16 soles were equal to 1 escudo. The sol replaced the real at par and was replaced by the boliviano at a rate of 8 soles = 1 boliviano. Only coins were issued.
## Coins
In 1827, silver `{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}, 1, 2, 4 and 8 soles were introduced. These were followed by gold 1 and 8 scudos in 1831 and `{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}, 2 and 4 scudos in 1834. Silver `{{frac|1|4}}`{=mediawiki} sol coins were issued in 1852 and 1853
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# Richard Hale School
**Richard Hale School** is an 11--18 boys\' comprehensive school located in Hertford in the south east of England. In the 2014--2015 academic year, the school had over 1,000 pupils including students attending the sixth form, which is also open to girls.
## History
The school was founded as \"Richard Hale\'s School\" on 16 April 1617 by the affluent merchant Richard Hale, who wished to *\"erect a grammar school for the instruction of children in the Latin tongue and other literature in the town of Hertford\".* The original school building was in use for 313 years from 1617 to 1930, and still stands near to All Saints\' Church. For most of its life the school was known as the \"Hertford Grammar School\" until 1967, when it was renamed to coincide with the 350th anniversary. New buildings were built in 1977, the gym was built in 1978 and the Sixth form centre from 2009 to 2011. It became a science college in 2003, a foundation school in 2008, and converted to academy status on 1 July 2013. A new sports hall was also built, opened by former pupil Oliver Skipp in 2022.
## Overview
### Houses
Hale gave his name to one of the five original houses of the school. The remaining four were named after the school benefactors Francis Earl Cowper KG and Richard Benyon Croft; and former pupils Lieutenant-Colonel Frank Page, DSO and bar, and the evolutionary biologist Alfred Russel Wallace. These five houses remained for several decades until a sixth house called \"Kinman\" was added to the growing school, named after the headteacher Major George Kinman who organised the school\'s move in 1930. This house was for the boys who were previously in an overflow form, and not grouped together with their other house mates. House competition is an integral part of school life at Richard Hale, with competitions taking place not only on the sports fields, but on the stage in both music and drama.
### Music
Students learn instruments and play in its bands and choirs. The music department puts on concerts every year. In January 2017 the concert band and school choir performed at St. Paul\'s Cathedral in London as part of the school\'s 400th anniversary.
### Science
The school is a science academy. On 26 April, the school successfully sent a balloon up to the edge of space.
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# Richard Hale School
## Notable former pupils {#notable_former_pupils}
- Ant Anstead, television presenter and motor specialist
- Alex Davey ex-Chelsea now playing in the United States, footballer
- Josh Dean (politician), MP for Hertford and Stortford (UK Parliament constituency)
- Mike Fibbens, swimmer
- Rupert Grint, actor
- Billy Lunn and his brother Josh Morgan, musicians of *The Subways*
- Rob Playford, Drum & Bass DJ, record producer and label owner
- Oliver Skipp, Tottenham Hotspur and England U21, footballer
- Harry Toffolo, Norwich, Swindon, Lincoln Huddersfield Town, Nottingham Forest footballer
- Mark Williams, former Liberal Democrat MP for Ceredigion 2005-2017
### Hertford Grammar School {#hertford_grammar_school}
- Sir Roy Anderson, Rector of Imperial College London and a notable epidemiologist
- Sir Ernest Birch, colonial administrator
- Nicholas Bell, English-Australian actor
- Prof John Cannon CBE, Professor of Modern History at Newcastle University from 1976 to 1992
- Air Vice-Marshal Leslie William Cannon CB CBE, Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Pakistan Air Force from 1951 to 1955
- Rt Rev Richard Chartres, Bishop of London from 1995 to 2017
- Michael Dobbs, author and screenwriter
- Hugh F. Durrant-Whyte FRS, engineer and academic
- John Fincham FRS FRSE (1926--2005), botanist, geneticist, professor, author and editor
- John Flack, Bishop and Anglican representative to the Holy See, and Bishop of Huntingdon from 1997 to 2003
- David Gentleman, illustrator, and prolific designer of Royal Mail stamps
- John Gladwin, Bishop of Chelmsford since 2004
- Geoff Hamilton, television presenter and gardener
- Captain W. E. Johns, author of the Biggles series
- James Judd, conductor
- Andrew Karpati Kennedy, author and literary critic
- Air Vice-Marshal Alan Merriman CB CBE AFC, Station Commander of RAF Wittering from 1970 to 1972
- Des de Moor, singer, songwriter and performer
- Kenny Pickett, singer of 1960s band The Creation
- Stephen Pound, Labour MP for Ealing North 1997-2019
- Derek Savage, pacifist
- Rt Rev David Smith, Bishop of Maidstone from 1987 to 1992 and Bradford from 1992 to 2002
- John Tydeman OBE, radio producer and director
- Alfred Wallace, naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist
- Brian Wilde, actor
### Richard Hale\'s School {#richard_hales_school}
- Bernard Hale (d
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# Telit Cinterion
**Telit Cinterion** (known as **Telit** prior to January 1, 2023) is an Internet of Things (IoT) Enabler company headquartered in Irvine, California, United States. It is a privately held company with key operations in the US, Brazil, Italy, Israel, and Korea.
## Overview
Telit Cinterion is an IoT Enabler providing IoT modules, edge-to-cloud services including connectivity plans, IoT SIMs, IoT embedded software and PaaS IoT deployment managed services. On July 29 2022, Telit and Thales (Euronext Paris: HO), a global leader in Aerospace, Defense, Security & Digital Identity, jointly announced they entered into an agreement under which Telit would acquire Thales\' cellular IoT products. The transaction which was concluded on December 31, 2022, included Thales\' IoT services platform and portfolio of cellular wireless communication modules, gateways, and data (modem) cards, ranging from 4G LTE, LPWAN to 5G. On August 26 2022, Telit announced the acquisition of group assets from Mobilogix, a California-based startup company specializing in custom IoT solutions worldwide. The acquisition added device engineering expertise and resources that focus on optimizing specifications for handoff to electronic manufacturing services, original device manufacturing, and the attainment of regulatory approvals and carrier certifications. In 2021, the company launched Telit NeXT, a cloud-native core network to enhance its global IoT connectivity offering.
The company developed the ball-grid-array (BGA) module; the "Family" and "Unified-Form-Factor" concepts; the smallest GPS receiver module; a Gigabit LTE data card module; a 5G data card module; simWISE, integrated SIM technology with data subscription services; OneEdge, an IoT deployment management tool; deviceWISE® Industrial IoT Integration and Enablement Platform; Telit IoT Portal, a Cloud-Based Platform as a Service for IoT; and Telit secureWISE, a Secure IIoT Platform for Industrial Systems.
The company also provides cellular, short-range, and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) modules. The products are available in over 80 countries from 20 sales offices, supported regionally from 12 application engineering hubs.
Its module portfolio includes products in GSM/GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSPA, LTE (including NB-IoT, LTE-M, Categories 1, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13 Gigabit LTE Category 18), 5G (3GPP Rel 15 and 16) products as well as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and GPS/GNSS modules. Its module families feature a single form factor that is interchangeable across regional cellular networks, technologies and standards.
## History
In 2006, with the acquisition of Bellwave, a regional headquarters was opened in Seoul. In 2008, it further expanded with regional operations in São Paulo, Brazil; Johannesburg, South Africa and Ankara, Turkey.
In 2009 Telit acquired France-based One RF. It also launched Infinita Services to simplify M2M solution deployment and maintenance of device software, and a short-range GSM/GPRS module, the GE865-QUAD.
In March 2011, Telit acquired Motorola Solutions\' M2M modules business unit In January 2012 Telit acquired California-based Navman Wireless OEM Solutions.
In July 2012, Telit formed a new business unit, m2mAIR, to offer M2M services. m2mAIR offers module and subscription lifecycle management via a Software as a Service (SaaS) platform and global wireless coverage in partnership with Telefónica. It also includes the Jupiter SL869 multi-constellation GNSS receiver supporting GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and QZSS; followed by the 3D-SiP based SE880.
In 2013, the company acquired Florida-based ILS Technology LLC, a provider of industrial automation and IoT cloud platform. It also acquired Illinois-based CrossBridge Solutions and NXP B.V., NXP's ATOP business and a fully owned subsidiary of NXP Semiconductors N.V. (Nasdaq: NXPI) adding to the company\'s company's OEM automotive products unit. The OEM automotive product business unit was sold in 2019.
In 2017, Telit acquired GainSpan for US\$ 8 million.
In 2022, the company announced its acquisition of Thales Cinterion for a 25% stake in Telit. In 2022, the company also announced the acquisition of California-based Mobilogix Inc.
## Research and development (R&D) {#research_and_development_rd}
The company has R&D centers in Irvine - California, Boca Raton - Florida, Trieste - Italy, Seoul - Korea, and Bangalore - India. The Trieste R&D center is complemented with facilities in Cagliari. This center focuses on the advancement of 4G LTE Categories 4, 1, Mobile IoT standards LTE-M and NB-IoT and hardware design for short range wireless and Wi-Fi products. It is also the R&D base for the Telit simWISE integrated SIM (iUICC) product and Telit OneEdge, software suite and tools for IoT deployment management. The facility also houses the company\'s advanced RF lab.
The Florida center in Boca Raton, houses software engineering and R&D in charge of advancing cloud and platform technologies. It is the lead software development center for Telit Connectivity, Telit simWISE, Telit OneEdge and deviceWISE IoT/Industrial IoT platform. Boca Raton is also the Global Headquarters for Telit\'s secureWISE platform---the leading remote connection solution for the semiconductor industry.
The R&D center in Seoul (Korea) is the company's primary APAC hardware R&D center is located in Seoul, South Korea, and is the development site for the cellular broadband products in 5G, and in 4G LTE Categories 1 and above.
The Bangalore (India) software competence hub is for short-range wireless technologies. The Bangalore center develops system and application software for the company\'s cellular, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules.
The Irvine center is responsible for turnkey IoT solutions, engineering, and design
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# Beauport Harfangs
The **Beauport Harfangs** (Snow Owls) were a junior ice hockey team in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) from 1990 to 1997. The team played its home games at the Aréna Marcel-Bédard in the Quebec City suburb of Beauport. The team\'s first coach was Alain Chainey, who had previously been an assistant coach with the National Hockey League (NHL)\'s Quebec Nordiques. The Harfangs played for seven seasons before relocating to Quebec City in 1997 to become the second incarnation of the Quebec Remparts.
## Coaches
Jos Canale coached the Harfangs for two and a half seasons from 1993 to 1995. Alain Vigneault, who coached the Harfangs in the team\'s final two seasons, guided them to the QMJHL finals in 1995-96. Vigneault has since gone on to serve as a head coach in the NHL. Jocelyn \"Joe\" Hardy, who coached the Harfangs during part of the 1992--93 season, also played briefly in the NHL, and was a local sportsman.
## NHL alumni {#nhl_alumni}
Nineteen players graduated to play in the NHL
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# Minas Avetisyan
**Minas Avetisyan** (*Մինաս Ավետիսյան*, July 20, 1928 --- February 24, 1975) was an Armenian painter.
## Biography
Minas Avetisyan was born in the village of Jajur, Armenia. His mother, Sofo, was a daughter of the priest from Kars. His father, Karapet, was a smith from Mush. His wife was Gayane Mamajanyan.
The main theme of his works was Armenian nature, the nature of Jajur, the religion, people, mountains, fields etc.
Avetisyan emerged as an artist at the \"Exhibition of Five\" in Yerevan (1962). Numerous specialists and visitors to the exhibition appreciated greatly his work. Avetisian\'s method differs from the method of plein-air painting which was once widespread in Armenian art. For him working from nature was no more than a preliminary stage, and the main portion of the work on the canvas was done in his studio.
In 1967, he first appeared on film in the censored and suppressed documentary The Color of Armenian Land by his friend Mikhail Vartanov.
In 1975, Avetisyan died under the wheels of the car, which stopped off at the sidewalk. According to some sources, he was murdered by the KGB
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# Krylbo
**Krylbo** (`{{IPA|sv|ˈkry̌ːlbʊ}}`{=mediawiki}) is a part of the Swedish town Avesta in Avesta Municipality, Dalarna County. It was a market town until it merged with the city of Avesta in 1966.
Krylbo is mostly known for being an important railway hub called Avesta-Krylbo. On July 19, 1941, a German train of five cars transporting ammunition exploded while standing at the Krylbo railway station. 24 people were injured.
Krylbo is the birthplace of legendary Detroit Red Wings defenceman Nicklas Lidström and athlete Henry Eriksson
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# Is It ... Man or Astroman?
***Is It \... Man or Astroman?*** was the first album released by the surf rock group Man or Astro-man?. First pressing was on clear blue vinyl; all subsequent pressings were on black vinyl. In deference to \"vinyl junkies\", the vinyl release sports two additional tracks. \"Illudium Q-36\" references the Chuck Jones character, Marvin the Martian. The title refers to the weapon of choice of the hostile Looney Tunes alien. The cover art was painted by American science fiction and fantasy illustrator Richard Powers
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### CD release {#cd_release}
1. \"Taxidermist Surf\" -- 2:53
2. \"Invasion of the Dragonmen\" -- 2:15
3. \"Nitrous Burn Out\" -- 3:17
4. \"Clean up on Aisle #9 (Turn up the Monitors)\" -- 2:35
5. \"Journey to the Stars\" (The Ventures) -- 2:28
6. \"Cowboy Playing Dead\" -- 1:55
7. \"Sadie Hawkins Atom Bomb\" -- 2:46
8. \"The Human Calculator\" -- 2:56
9. \"Organ Smash\" -- 1:46
10. \"Cattle Drive\" -- 2:51
11. \"Escape Through the Air Vent\" -- 2:23
12. \"Mermaid Love\" -- 3:21
13. \"Eric Estrotica\" -- 3:23
14. \"Alien Visitors\" -- 6:54
### Vinyl release {#vinyl_release}
1. \"Taxidermist Surf\" -- 2:53
2. \"Invasion of the Dragonmen\" -- 2:15
3. \"Nitrous Burn Out\" -- 3:17
4. \"Clean up on Aisle #9 (Turn up the Monitors)\" -- 2:35
5. \"Journey to the Stars\" (The Ventures) -- 2:28
6. \"Cowboy Playing Dead\" -- 1:55
7. \"Illidium Q-36\" \[bonus track\] -- 1:08
8. \"Sadie Hawkins Atom Bomb\" -- 2:46
9. \"The Human Calculator\" -- 2:56
10. \"Organ Smash\" -- 1:46
11. \"Cattle Drive\" -- 2:51
12. \"Escape Through the Air Vent\" -- 2:23
13. \"Rudy\'s Lounge\" \[bonus track\] -- 2:24
14. \"Mermaid Love\" -- 3:21
15. \"Eric Estrotica\" -- 3:23
16. \"Alien Visitors\" -- 6:54
## Man or Astro-Man? could be {#man_or_astro_man_could_be}
- Star Crunch: guitar, laserguns, Q-Tips and rare obligatory vocals
- Dr. Deleto & His Invisible Vaportron: bass, sterilized rhythm guitar, malpractice suits, and the two-step
- Coco, The Electronic Monkey Wizard: alternate universe bass, percussion, banana consumption, sound bites of lower primate love, hand held view master, VCR ignition, bunny control, foreign language count-offs, and yelps of intense pain given to him, sometimes in punishment
- Birdstuff: hi-hat
- Grand Master Useless: imitation ivory ticklin\' on *Organ Smash*, bass on *Sadie Hawkins Atomic Bomb* and *Illidium Q-36*
This, in turn, translates to:
- Brian Causey: lead guitar, items, vocals (Mermaid Love)
- Jeff Goodwin: bass guitar, rhythm guitar, items
- Robert Del Bueno: bass guitar, percussion, items, sound effects
- Brian Teasley: drums
- Dave Strength: keyboards (Organ Smash), bass (Sadie Hawkins Atomic Bomb, Illidium Q-36)
## Also credited {#also_credited}
B-movie actor John Agar is credited \"because his name is in everything else\".
## Audio samples {#audio_samples}
*Alien Visitors* contains dialogue audio samples from the b-movies *Earth vs. the Flying Saucers*, *Plan 9 from Outer Space*, and the television series The Outer Limits. *Nitrous Burn Out* contains dialogue from the movies *Viva Knievel!* and *Death Race 2000*
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# Chatsworth, Zimbabwe
**Chatsworth** is a small settlement in the Masvingo Province of Zimbabwe. It is located about 58 km north of Masvingo on the Masvingo-Gweru railway line. The settlement started in 1911 as a railway station. It administered under the Gutu Rural District Council.
## Name
The village was first called Makori, then Makowries and in 1919 renamed Chatsworth. Since independence in 1980, Chatsworth has grown from a rural settlement of 300 residents to one of over 1,000 residents (as of 2016). The most dramatic growth followed land reform in 2000.
## Location
Latitude 19.38S Longitude 030.51E Altitude 1365m /4478 ft (according to peg on railway line). It is located 280 km south of the capital Harare, 70 km North of the regional capital Masvingo by road and about 60 km by rail and 34 km west of the local authority location at Gutu.
## Transportation
A railway line passes from Masvingo to Gweru. The nearest airport is at Masvingo.
A public bus, commuter omnibuses, bicycle, ox-powered carts, but for distances less than 15 km, most people walk. The National Railways of Zimbabwe (NZR) stopped passing through Chatsworth around the year 2018.
The shops in the Makaure Township are built in a quadrangle, the middle of which serves as the local bus station. 5 minutes walk from that is the local railway station. The bus station also serves as the station for minibuses and lifts. Lifts are part and parcel of Zimbabwean means of travel. If you get a lift from any driver, expect to pay slightly higher than the bus rates. When in Zimbabwe, never, never travel alone in a car. It is not environmentally economic.
## Population
The hamlet itself has over 1000 residents. The areas around are sparsely populated mostly by subsistence farmers and semi-commercial farmers.
## Industry
The main industry around is farming. All other activities at Chatsworth are there mainly to support farming. The soil in the area is not good enough for growing crops but is more suitable for cattle ranching. Well-paid employees get on average US\$500 per month.
The main employer at Chatsworh is the Zimbabwe Republic Police. Chatsworth has an unusually large police station for a hamlet that size. The reason for that is the station serves a very wide sparsely populated rural area. Crime is traditionally very low.
## Health provision {#health_provision}
A well-staffed clinic was built at Chatsworth during the late 1980s to provide primary health care to Chatsworth and its surrounding areas. Of late it has suffered the same shortages of medicines as other clinics and hospitals in the country, but it continues to serve its community well. The main cause of death in the area is HIV, which has claimed the lives of many during the last decade.
## Education
- Two primary schools at Chatsworth (Chatsworth and Gert Nel). Chatsworth is too small to have two schools, they were built during the time when blacks and whites were not allowed to mix in schools. Now the two schools serve the new farmers settled round the growth point.
- Rufaro High School about 4g km to the north.
- Nyashenje Bath Primary & Secondary Schools; to the north
- Kanongovere High School
- Progressive College
- Serima Mission School about 20 km to the north east
- Makomba Secondary School about 15 km to the south
- Marongere Primary School sharing grounds with Makomba
- St Theresa Primary School about 12 km south west
- St Frances Secondary School about 15 km south-west.
- Chiriga Primary and Secondary School
- Gert Nel Primary School
- Chatsworth Primary School
- Chatsworth Secondary School sharing grounds with Chatsworth Primary
### Literacy rates {#literacy_rates}
Literacy rates remain high at over 90%. Most people speak at least two languages including English, so that a traveller is never lost. However, because the local language, Shona, is a fast language, people speak English just as fast and that may cause visitors some initial difficulty.
## Residential suburbs {#residential_suburbs}
The first residential village to be built at Chatsworth was probably the Railway worker\'s village. Because of the then segregation rules between blacks and whites, the village was built in two parts. The pre-fabricated corrugated tin two roomed shacks to the east of the railway line for black workers, and the large houses for white workers to the west of the railway line. The brick houses are still there, and still owned by the railways, but the shacks have been replaced by small two roomed houses, mostly owned by private residents.
Makaure Township: developed as more and more non-railway workers arrived to work in businesses serving the settlement. These included shops, the transport sector, the cattle farming sector, etc. Makaure Township later included the area formally belonging to the black railway workers. All of it comprised small houses, most of which did not have electricity till the early 1980s. They were all which meant for black people during the colonial era.
Chatsworth Suburb, formerly for whites only during colonial times, is situated about a mile out of town and those travelling through Chatsworth can easily miss it. The suburb has much bigger houses and the residents are generally much more affluent than those in Makaure Township.
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# Chatsworth, Zimbabwe
## Fauna
Hare, buck, snakes, monkeys, a wide variety of birds such as (doves, owls, brown eagles, king fishers, swallows, etc.), locusts, and others. Domestic animals are mainly cattle, donkeys, and some sheep. Goats do not thrive.
## Foods
Local diet consists of a variety of foodstuffs as listed below. The main difference between European food and Zimbabwean rural food is the amount of meat in the diet. Rural Zimbabwe consumes a lot less meat. They also eat more fresh foods and fruit. The main challenge in rural Zimbabwe is food preservation. Most food is produced during one or other season and needs to be preserved so that it is available throughout the year. New and cheap methods of increasing the efficiency of preservation are always welcome to locals.
- Sadza made from maize meal, rapocco meal or sorghum meal is the staple diet
- Vegetables such as can be grown in the garden. You will notice each family grows its own and they pick only when they need.
- Meat such as chicken, beef, lamb, and game. Most families keep their own chickens.
- Fruit: there is a wide variety of fruit such as mangoes, guavas, oranges, lemons, apples, etc., and some wild fruit which, like any other fruit are seasonal
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# Rosalie (musical)
***Rosalie*** is a musical with music by George Gershwin and Sigmund Romberg, lyrics by Ira Gershwin and P.G. Wodehouse, and book by William Anthony McGuire and Guy Bolton. The story tells of a princess from a faraway land who comes to the United States of America and falls in love with a West Point Lieutenant.
It was first produced on Broadway in 1928 at the New Amsterdam Theatre. It was adapted in 1937 as a musical film with songs by Cole Porter.
## Productions
### Broadway
The musical, produced by Florenz Ziegfeld, premiered on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theatre on January 10, 1928 and ran for 335 performances. Directed by William Anthony McGuire, the cast starred Marilyn Miller as the princess, Frank Morgan as her father, King Cyril, Bobbe Arnst (Mary), Margaret Dale (the Queen), and Jack Donahue. The set designer, Joseph Urban, and costume designer, John Harkrider \"devised elaborate stage pictures ranging from a public square\...to a West Point ballroom to a Paris nightclub.\" Michel Fokine choreographed the second act ballet, and there was a chorus of 64. The musical was a mixture of operetta and a 1920s musical.
### Subsequent productions {#subsequent_productions}
*Rosalie* was performed in many regional theatres, including the Paper Mill Playhouse, Millburn, New Jersey in 1946 and 1948, and the St. Louis Municipal Opera (The Muny) six times between 1938 and 1960. These productions frequently used some Cole Porter songs from the film.
There was a production of *Rosalie* in 1957 starring Mimi Benzell, David Brooks and Henny Youngman.
The New Amsterdam Theatre Company presented a staged concert in April 1983 at The Town Hall in New York City. The *New York Times* reviewer noted that, without its \"lavish spectacle\", the musical is \"the giddiest of period operetta confections, buoyed by half a dozen memorable tunes.\" He further wrote that two of Gershwins\' strongest songs, \" \'Yankee Doodle Rhythm\' and \'The Man I Love,\' were cut from the show before it opened on Broadway.\"
## Synopsis
**Setting:** Romanza, on board the S.S. Isle de France, West Point, and the Ex-Kings\' Club
In the fictional kingdom of Romanza, the crowd assembles to await the arrival of the West Point flyer Lieutenant Richard Fay, coming to visit a girl whom he met in Paris. Mary O\'Brien is waiting for her boyfriend, Bill, who she thinks is on the flight with Lt. Fay. When Dick and Rosalie meet, they realize they are in love (\"Say So!\"). Dick finds out that she is a Princess and he angrily leaves. King Cyril reluctantly goes to visit America to obtain a loan for his troubled country, accompanied by his daughter Princess Rosalie and the Queen.
Princess Rosalie visits West Point, but she is disguised. The cadets welcome the royal family (\"West Point March\"), and Dick and Rosalie continue their romantic relationship (\"Oh Gee-Oh Joy\"). However, Rosalie agrees to marry Captain Carl, whose father is a Prince, to keep Dick from being tried in court (\"Kingdom of Dreams\").
At a dance at West Point, Mary and Bill, who had been fighting, make up (\"Ev\'rybody Knows I Love Somebody\"). Rosalie attends the dance, disguised as a cadet (\"Follow the Drum\"). Mary wonders about the feelings she has for Bill (\"How Long Has This Been Going On?\"). Dick and Rosalie return to Romanza and start a revolution so that her royal duties will no longer keep them apart. Exiled to Paris, Rosalie and a group of dancers perform (\"The Ballet of the Flowers\"), and King Cyril happily announces the engagement of Rosalie and Dick.
## Musical numbers {#musical_numbers}
Act I
- Opening Chorus: Here They Are - Ensemble
- Show Me the Town (Gershwin) ±± - Mary and Ensemble
- Entrance of the Hussars (Romberg) - Hussars
- Hussar March (Romberg) - Rosalie and Hussars
- Say So! (Gershwin) - Rosalie and Dick
- Finaletto, Scene 1 - Rosalie, Dick, and Ensemble
- Let Me Be a Friend to You (Gershwin) - Rosalie and Delroy
- West Point Bugle (Romberg) - Dick and Boys
- West Point March (Romberg) - Ensemble
- Oh Gee! Oh Joy! - (Gershwin) - Rosalie and Bill
- Say So! (reprise) - Delroy
- Kingdom of Dreams - Rosalie
- Finale Act I - Ensemble
Act II
- Opening Valse - Ensemble
- New York Serenade (Gershwin) - Mary and Ensemble
- The King Can Do No Wrong - King and Ladies
- Everybody Knows (Gershwin) - Mary and Bill
- Follow the Drums (Gershwin) ±±± - Rosalie and Ensemble
- How Long Has This Been Going On? (Gershwin) ± - Mary
- Setting-Up Exercises - Rosalie and Delroy
- Oh Gee! Oh Joy! (Reprise and Dance) - Lyric Quartette and Bill
- (At) The Ex-Kings\' Club - Chancellor and Flunkeys
- Ballet - The Goddesses of Crystal
- The Ballet of the Flowers - Rosalie and Ensemble
- Finale - Abdication (Romberg) - Ensemble
± Originally used in *Funny Face* but was cut from that musical; ±± originally used in, and cut from, *Oh, Kay!*;±±± added after opening, revised version of \"Heaven on Earth\" from *Oh, Kay!*.
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# Rosalie (musical)
## Reception
Brooks Atkinson wrote that Marilyn Miller was \"engaging\", but *Rosalie* \"did not match her *Sunny* or the \'perfection\' of *Show Boat.* Alexander Woollcott commented \"The house holds its breath and in walks Marilyn Miller.\"
## Film adaptation {#film_adaptation}
MGM produced a film version of the musical in 1937. The film follows the story of the musical but replaces most of the score with new songs by Cole Porter. MGM\'s top tap dancer at the time, Eleanor Powell, was cast as the princess opposite Nelson Eddy as Dick Thorpe (Lieutenant Fay in the musical). Morgan reprised his Broadway role as King Fredrick (King Cyril in the stage version). Also appearing in the film were Ray Bolger (Bill), Edna May Oliver (the Queen), Ilona Massey (Brenda) and Reginald Owen (Chancellor). Marjorie Lane dubbed the singing voice for Powell. In order to capitalize upon Powell\'s renown as a dancer, the film was retooled to allow her several showcase musical numbers. Songs included \"In the Still of the Night\". The reviewer at *allmovie.com* called the film an \"overproduced musical extravaganza\", and noted that \"The flimsy plot all but collapses under the weight of Gibbons\' enormous sets and dance director David Gould\'s ditto choreography
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# Jackie Robinson Parkway
The **Jackie Robinson Parkway** (originally the **Interboro Parkway**) is a 4.95 mi controlled-access parkway in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. The western terminus of the parkway is at Jamaica Avenue in the Brooklyn neighborhood of East New York. It runs through Highland Park, along the north side of Ridgewood Reservoir, and through Forest Park. The eastern terminus is at the Kew Gardens Interchange in Kew Gardens, Queens, where the Jackie Robinson Parkway meets the Grand Central Parkway and Interstate 678 (I-678, the Van Wyck Expressway). It is designated **New York State Route 908B** (NY 908B), an unsigned reference route.
The Interboro Parkway was first proposed in 1901 as part of an extension of Eastern Parkway. There were multiple attempts to construct the parkway between the 1900s and the 1920s, which failed due to a lack of funding and various disagreements over land acquisition. The parkway\'s route was finalized in 1930, and work on the central section through Mount Carmel and Cypress Hills cemeteries began in 1931. Construction on the rest of the parkway did not begin until 1933. Most of the parkway opened to traffic in July 1935, but the westernmost section was not completed until that September. Over the years, the Interboro Parkway gained a reputation for being dangerous because of its sharp turns and narrow lanes. The Interboro Parkway was renamed for Major League Baseball player Jackie Robinson in 1997.
## Route description {#route_description}
The Jackie Robinson Parkway starts at an intersection with Jamaica, Pennsylvania, and Bushwick avenues in the East New York neighborhood in Brooklyn. The westernmost four exits are located within the Cemetery Belt, near Brooklyn\'s border with Queens. The parkway runs east from Bushwick Avenue to Highland Park, where it curves around the north side of the Ridgewood Reservoir. Exit 1, Highland Boulevard, is a westbound exit and eastbound entrance. The parkway passes Mount Judah Cemetery before exit 2 at Vermont Place and Cypress Avenue, which lead to Highland Park and the Hungarian Cemetery. The parkway then continues through Mount Carmel Cemetery and Cypress Hills Cemetery, where there are retaining walls on both sides of the highway. Exit 3, Cypress Hills Street, leads to Cypress Hills Cemetery, where Jackie Robinson is buried.
At exit 4, Forest Park Drive, the parkway enters Forest Park in Queens. Exit 5 is Myrtle Avenue. At exit 6, Metropolitan Avenue, Union Turnpike straddles the parkway, but there is no access to or from Union Turnpike. The parkway and Union Turnpike then exit Forest Park and go under Queens Boulevard (NY 25) and above the New York City Subway\'s IND Queens Boulevard Line. Union Turnpike shares a diamond interchange with Queens Boulevard, but there is no access from the parkway. Exits 7 and 8, both at the Kew Gardens Interchange at the Jackie Robinson Parkway\'s eastern end, are both eastbound-only. Exit 7 goes to the Van Wyck Expressway (I-678) northbound (there is no access southbound), while exits 8E and 8W lead to the Grand Central Parkway\'s eastbound and westbound lanes, respectively. There were originally 23 or 26 bridges carrying the parkway below and above roads or railroad tracks.
### Safety
The parkway has several sharp curves throughout its route, particularly within the cemeteries. The curves exist because, at the time of the parkway\'s construction, planners wished to disturb as few graves as possible. As designed, the curves limited the design speed of the Interboro Parkway to 35 mph. The curves are particularly hazardous; *The New York Times* wrote in 1997 that the parkway has been nicknamed \"Suicide Row\", \"Slaughter Parkway\" and \"Death Alley\" throughout the years.
A junction at the eastern end of the parkway was placed on the list of New York State\'s most dangerous roads in 2007, based on accident data from 2004--2006.
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# Jackie Robinson Parkway
## `{{Anchor|History}}`{=mediawiki}Planning
Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who designed Prospect Park, had suggested the construction of Eastern Parkway and Ocean Parkway in 1866; the two parkways extended east and south of Prospect Park, respectively. Eastern Parkway was completed in the mid-1870s and originally terminated at Ralph Avenue. In the early 1890s, Brooklyn officials proposed extending the parkway northeast to near Cemetery of the Evergreens, Highland Park, and the Ridgewood Reservoir along Brooklyn and Queens\' Cemetery Belt. Eastern Parkway itself was extended as far as Bushwick Avenue, and another road called Highland Boulevard continued eastward from Bushwick Avenue to Highland Park. Governor Levi P. Morton signed legislation to authorize the parkway\'s extension in 1896. The Eastern Parkway `{{Not a typo|Exten|sion<!--the road is formally called Eastern Parkway Extension-->}}`{=mediawiki}, along with Highland Boulevard, had been completed by 1897. What became Jackie Robinson Parkway originated from plans to extend Eastern Parkway even further.
### Early plans {#early_plans}
#### 1890s and 1900s proposals {#s_and_1900s_proposals}
After the consolidation of the City of Greater New York in 1898, there were proposals to extend Eastern Parkway further east to Forest Park in Queens. Brooklyn officials suggested a further extension as far east as Dry Harbor Road and then toward Hoffman Boulevard (now Queens Boulevard). An extension of Eastern Parkway following a similar route was suggested in 1899 by the Queens County Topographical Bureau, the extension running through Cypress Hills Cemetery and Forest Park to Dry Harbor Road. By 1901, Brooklyn surveyor Noyes F. Palmer had proposed extending Eastern Parkway another 2 mi eastward into Forest Park. The same year, state legislators proposed amending the Rural Cemetery Act to allow the construction of a road through the Cemetery Belt; this was the first bill to propose what would become the Interborough Parkway. Though nearby property owners supported the parkway\'s extension, the cemeteries\' owners opposed it. Opponents said the roadway would displace about 300 graves and that it would divide the cemeteries, and the Cypress Hills Cemetery Corporation later claimed that the bodies physically could not be removed. The bill passed both houses of the New York State Legislature, only to be vetoed by mayor Robert Anderson Van Wyck.
The legislation for a road through the Cemetery Belt was reintroduced in the state legislature in 1902 and in every year thereafter, but it failed to pass for most of the 1900s. Joseph Wagner, who had introduced the bill in the State Senate, proposed investigating the trustees of Cypress Hills Cemetery after the trustees opposed the legislation. When the bill was reintroduced in 1903, the *Brooklyn Citizen* wrote that the lands to be seized for the parkway were nearly empty; at the time, many local politicians, residents, and civic groups favored the bill. An opposing bill, passed in 1904, prohibited the construction of public roads through any cemetery in New York state unless a supermajority of the cemetery\'s trustees and lot owners supported the project. This effectively banned any further extension of Eastern Parkway through the Cemetery Belt to Forest Park.
Proponents of Eastern Parkway\'s extension continued to advocate their case. In 1906, a New York State Assembly member from Queens introduced a bill, which would allow a parkway to be built through Cypress Hills Cemetery with the New York City Board of Aldermen\'s consent, but it failed by a two-vote margin. A similar bill was introduced in the State Senate in 1907; it received less opposition than the previous bills for the road had. The legislation for the Cemetery Belt road was finally passed in 1908, permitting the construction of a 150 ft road through the cemeteries. The bill also authorized the Board of Estimate to survey the route\'s right-of-way. Supporters of the project said that the parkway\'s construction would not entail disturbing any graves at Cypress Hills Cemetery, since the Eastern Parkway extension would traverse the cemetery on three viaducts. Queens\'s deputy commissioner of public works, Alfred Denton, proposed extending the road as far east as Hoffman Boulevard without traveling through the Cemetery Belt. The city surveyed the route of the proposed Eastern Parkway extension, but work stopped due to a lack of money for construction.
#### 1910s proposals {#s_proposals}
Plans to construct a road through the Cemetery Belt were revived in 1911. *The New York Times* wrote that the proposed road would \"open up a most pleasant and easy way of getting to and from Queens by automobile by way of Brooklyn\". At the time, very few streets connected southern Brooklyn and Queens. The New York City Board of Estimate failed to allocate the required funds for the extension, though city officials held informal meetings about the roadway. By 1913, the plans called for about 2 mi of new roadway, and the parkway had been narrowed to 100 ft. The road would have split from Highland Boulevard, run to the north of Ridgewood Reservoir, then continued eastward to Union Turnpike. The city government discussed the plans with the operators of Cypress Hills and Mount Carmel cemeteries, from which it planned to acquire land. Though Cypress Hills Cemetery\'s trustees were willing to sell their land for 1 \$/ft2. more than what the city was willing to pay, Mount Carmel Cemetery\'s trustees were unwilling to sell their land at all. The city government agreed to acquire 11.2 acre from the two cemeteries, and the cemeteries\' presidents were ready to accept the plans for the parkway by late 1913. Cypress Hills Cemetery\'s trustees agreed to sell their land for 0.35 \$/ft2.
By February 1914, the New York City Board of Estimate was ready to consider plans for the parkway. At the time, the road was variously called the Cemetery Road, Interborough Parkway, or Eastern Parkway Extension. The Queens government appointed a committee of three men to determine what was needed for construction to begin, and the Queens Chamber of Commerce endorsed the parkway\'s construction. The Board of Estimate approved plans for the parkway that July; it also prepared a report on the parkway, which took more than a year to complete. After the parkway\'s route was approved, Queens\'s park department began growing 15,000 trees that were to be planted along the parkway, and the Queens Chamber of Commerce appointed a special committee to oversee the parkway\'s construction. The parkway was to be constructed in three sections: the westernmost portion in Highland Park, the central portion next to Cypress Avenue and the Ridgewood Reservoir, and the eastern section through Cypress Hills and Mount Carmel cemeteries.
The Board of Estimate also asked its Committee on Assessment to determine who should pay for the parkway, but this process had not been finalized by 1917. By then, the parkway\'s cost was estimated at \$500,000. One proposal called for the cost to be divided evenly between the New York City, Brooklyn, and Queens governments. Another proposal called for the city to pay half the cost and the Brooklyn and Queens governments to split the other half; the Committee of Assessments recommended using this cost breakdown. Work still had not started by 1919, when the Queens Chamber of Commerce and the Queens borough president asked the parkway\'s construction to be expedited. By then, the Cypress Hills Cemetery\'s trustees were selling burial plots right next to the path of the proposed parkway.
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# Jackie Robinson Parkway
## `{{Anchor|History}}`{=mediawiki}Planning
### 1920s plans {#s_plans}
#### Revised proposal and approval {#revised_proposal_and_approval}
Little progress on the Interborough Parkway\'s construction had occurred by 1921, in part because Mount Carmel Cemetery burial-plot owners opposed constructing the parkway through that cemetery. Rabbis also opposed the parkway\'s construction because it would require moving hundreds of corpses from Mount Carmel and Cypress Hills cemeteries, including the bodies of many Jews, whose disinterment would violate Jewish tradition. As the presence of motor vehicles was increasing, by 1923, local civic associations were pressuring the government to build the road. The associations requested that the city government build the Interborough Parkway all the way east to the New York City border, connecting with another parkway in Nassau County (later the Northern State Parkway). The Board of Estimate proposed to construct the road if local residents financed the construction. Later that year, Board of Estimate chief engineer Arthur S. Tuttle received a revised proposal for the parkway\'s routing in Brooklyn, which would follow the border between Mount Carmel and Cypress Hills cemeteries. As opposed to the routing approved in 1914, which would have included a gradual curve to the northeast of Cypress Hills Street, this proposal would introduce a sharp curve about 450 ft east of Cypress Hills Street.
In May 1924, Governor Al Smith signed a bill authorizing the city government to construct the parkway. The legislation required Tuttle to create a report on the parkway within one year. Tuttle recommended that 45% of the cost be covered by New York City, 35% by Brooklyn, 15% by Queens, and 5% by local residents. Amid continued opposition from religious groups, the Board of Estimate approved a revised plan for the parkway in May 1926, which would relocate 432 graves in Mount Carmel and Cypress Hills cemeteries. Tuttle sent the revised plan to Cypress Hills Cemetery\'s trustees for review that November. The trustees agreed to cede land for the parkway on the condition that work begin before January 1, 1928. Despite the Board of Estimate\'s claims that the project may delayed because of a lack of local interest, four civic groups asked the Board of Estimate to begin construction as soon as possible. Rabbis continued to oppose the project due to the disinterments, and Brooklyn\'s borough president James J. Byrne objected to the proposed cost breakdown for the parkway.
The Board of Estimate authorized the parkway\'s construction in February 1927. The next month, they convened to discuss the cost estimates for the parkway, which was projected to cost \$3.5 million. The Board of Estimate voted to adopt the cost breakdown that Tuttle had proposed, and it recommended that land condemnation begin before the end of the year. In July 1927, New York Supreme Court justice James Church Cropsey authorized the city government to begin acquiring land for the Interborough Parkway. Work was delayed further because the city government had to prepare a \"damage map\", indicating how much compensation each landowner should receive; this map was finished in late 1927. The Board of Estimate approved a routing for the Interborough Parkway in January 1928, though local rabbis continued to object to the parkway\'s routing through the Cemetery Belt. The last step required before the parkway\'s construction could start, an agreement over a sewer line near Cypress Hills Cemetery, was approved that April.
#### Land condemnation and further delays {#land_condemnation_and_further_delays}
In June 1928, the damage maps for the parkway were forwarded to the city\'s corporation counsel, which in turn petitioned the New York Supreme Court for permission to begin acquiring the land. The city government was authorized to condemn the land the next month, and officials published notices about the condemnation proceedings in *The City Record*. City officials were supposed to have obtained title to the right-of-way no later than September 15, and the city government acquired the land that month. However, the start of work was subsequently delayed to mid-1929 while the city determined how to route the parkway through the cemeteries, as well as miscommunications about the construction of a storm sewer under the parkway. The section between Cypress Hills Street and Forest Park was also delayed while the city government and Cypress Hills Cemetery\'s trustees resolved some legal issues over the routing. The Board of Estimate approved \$774,000 for preliminary work along the parkway\'s right-of-way in October 1928, and the Queens park commissioner requested \$289,000 for the parkway\'s Forest Park section the following January. A proposed state law, which would have implemented a gas tax to pay for the parkway\'s construction, was unsuccessful.
The city government approved plans for sewers on the right-of-way in March 1929, and Queens borough president George U. Harvey requested that July that the Board of Estimate authorize the grading of the parkway\'s right-of-way. At the time, the board was still awaiting a final report from Tuttle. Another public hearing had to be hosted for the parkway after Tuttle determined that the work would cost \$89,000 more than originally predicted. An overpass between the cemeteries had also been added to the plans, which required public review as well. In October 1929, the Board of Estimate approved the specifications for the parkway, which called for two 30 ft roadways, separated by a 18 ft median. City officials submitted a revised agreement on the proposed disinterments of bodies to Mount Carmel and Cypress Hills cemeteries\' officials the next month.
After cemetery officials agreed to the changes, the Board of Estimate approved final plans in June 1930, and a state judge authorized the disinterment of corpses within the cemeteries. The city ultimately paid Cypress Hills Cemetery \$1.5 million for land. The Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce requested that Mayor Jimmy Walker expedite the parkway\'s construction. Work had still not started by October because the bodies had to be removed from the cemeteries before any work on the parkway could begin. Though the state government tentatively offered to pay for the Interboro Parkway\'s construction if the right-of-way was increased to 190 ft, the city government declined the offer, especially since it would have required further land condemnation. As mapped out, the parkway\'s western end was at Highland Park, while its eastern end was at Union Turnpike; a connection between Eastern and Interboro parkways was made via Bushwick Avenue and Highland Boulevard. City officials anticipated that the parkway would help relieve congestion on Queens Boulevard and Hillside Avenue in conjunction with the Grand Central Parkway, which was to run from the Interboro\'s eastern end toward Nassau County, New York.
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# Jackie Robinson Parkway
## Construction
### Central section {#central_section}
In March 1931, Harvey began reviewing bids for the parkway\'s construction. The Welsh Brothers Construction Company submitted the lowest bid for grading the Interboro Parkway\'s right-of-way. Work on the parkway itself began April 6, 1931, after 365 corpses had been relocated. The first part of the parkway to be constructed was the central section through Cypress Hills and Mount Carmel cemeteries, which was the hardest to construct. By mid-1931, one of the three overpasses over the parkway\'s central section had been completed, having been built in one day, and grading of the parkway\'s central section was half-finished. The Brooklyn borough president\'s office had also received permission to begin grading the parkway\'s western section. Other aspects of the project were delayed by rainy weather and unusually muddy soil. Excavation and concrete work for the central section was nearly finished by October. The central section, costing \$463,000, was mostly completed that December, five months ahead of schedule. However, the parkway remained closed because it was not paved and because its eastern terminus was a dead end.
A temporary 250 ft road was constructed to connect the central section\'s eastern terminus with Forest Park Drive starting in January 1932. Workers leveled a hill in Forest Park, infilled a hollow, and built the road atop the hollow. The same month, the city government awarded a contract for the construction of a pumping plant on the Interboro Parkway to prevent the road from flooding. By March, the temporary road was nearly complete. In addition, the Queens borough president\'s office had solicited bids for the construction of concrete barriers along the parkway, and the New York Supreme Court had begun compensating burial-plot owners whose land had been seized for the parkway\'s construction. The central section was still unpaved by that June, and it remained unopened even in 1933.
### Delays
Meanwhile, the Board of Estimate allocated \$27,000 for surveys and maps of the parkway\'s right-of-way in November 1931. The same month, Queens park commissioner Albert C. Benninger requested \$288,000 to grade the parkway\'s eastern section; though Benninger claimed that the city had failed to approve the funding request for several months, Walker said he had not been aware of the request. There were also plans to widen and pave part of Union Turnpike to provide a direct connection between Interboro and Grand Central parkways, and the city was acquiring a 140 ft strip of land from Queens Boulevard to Austin Street for that purpose. The connector included an underpass carrying the parkway under Queens Boulevard, which measured 80 ft wide and was built by New York City Subway contractors. The Queens borough president\'s office was to oversee the construction of the eastern section within Forest Park, which was to cost an estimated \$500,000. An overpass and two pedestrian underpasses would be built, and Forest Park\'s golf course was to be reconfigured. Engineers also wanted to build the western section near Ridgewood Reservoir by December 1931, but they had to wait for the city\'s water department to relocate water mains.
By May 1932, there were plans to extend the parkway from Highland Boulevard to Bushwick Avenue. One option called for the parkway to extend southwest to Pennsylvania Avenue, while another option would bring the parkway in a more westerly direction toward Eastern Parkway. Plans for the Interboro Parkway and two others in New York state were modified in July 1932 because they had gone over budget. That December, the Board of Estimate\'s chief engineer published a report estimating that it would cost \$2 million to complete the Interboro Parkway, though the board deferred a decision on the report following opposition from Manhattan\'s and Staten Island\'s borough presidents. At the time, the plans called for an additional 11 bridges and 5 pedestrian overpasses along the parkway. The project was further delayed by opposition from the city\'s controller.
When John P. O\'Brien was inaugurated as the city\'s new mayor at the beginning of 1933, civic groups asked him to approve the plans, but he also moved to delay the parkway\'s completion, citing a lack of money. Work on the Queens Boulevard underpass had also stalled due to a lack of money. That May, the Board of Estimate approved the acquisition of land for the parkway after Long Island State Park Commission (LISPC) chairman Robert Moses asked the board to reconsider the plans. As part of the board\'s approval, the LISPC agreed to hire only contractors from New York state, and it had to employ laborers from the city. The Board of Estimate also modified the parkway\'s funding breakdown so that the city government would pay 48% of the cost, Brooklyn would pay 35%, Queens would pay 15%, and Cypress Hills and Mount Carmel cemeteries would pay 1.5% each. The same month, the board approved the New York State Department of Public Works\' plans to construct the rest of the parkway. The state and U.S. federal governments promised to allocate \$4.7 million for the completion of the Interborough and Laurelton parkways if the city government acquired title to the land.
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# Jackie Robinson Parkway
## Construction
### Resumption of work {#resumption_of_work}
After the Board of Estimate approved the parkway\'s completion through Forest Park, 400 people were hired to clear the right-of-way, and two beer gardens there had to be demolished for the parkway. A 200-year-old homestead at the parkway\'s eastern end also had to be demolished. In June 1933, the board voted to approve the damage maps for the parkway\'s eastern section. The board also voted to acquire two strips of land along the parkway\'s eastern section, as the project could not receive federal and state funding if the city did not take title to the land. In addition, Queens officials asked the city government to repair streets that connected with the parkway, and workers subsequently repaved one of these streets, Cypress Avenue. To prevent congestion on Cypress Avenue, the Brooklyn--Manhattan Transit Corporation proposed replacing the streetcars on that avenue with buses.
After the city had formally acquired the parkway\'s route, it formally began soliciting bids for the construction of bridges on the parkway. The first contract for the eastern section was awarded in August 1933, when contractors began constructing three bridges to carry local traffic across the Interboro Parkway. This contract had to be completed within two months but was delayed due to inclement weather. The Board of Estimate reviewed and approved contracts for three additional segments of the Interboro Parkway\'s eastern section, between Woodhaven Boulevard and Metropolitan Avenue, that September. By November, contracts for 11 bridges along the Interboro Parkway\'s eastern section were being awarded; further contracts for bridges along the parkway were awarded the next month. In addition to the construction of bridges, the project required relocating utilities, rerouting Union Turnpike\'s eastbound lanes, and constructing a water-pumping station. Several houses along the right-of-way had to be cut back or even demolished entirely.
During the parkway\'s construction, several landowners claimed that workers were damaging their lawns. Residents and merchants in central Queens also complained that the project was disrupting businesses and causing hazardous conditions for pedestrians, prompting construction contractors to expedite the parkway\'s completion. Work on the eastern section was delayed in late 1933 and early 1934 due to snowy weather.
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# Jackie Robinson Parkway
## Construction
### Western extension and completion {#western_extension_and_completion}
Moses announced in December 1933 that the parkway was to be extended further west from Highland Boulevard to Bushwick Avenue. Under this plan, an additional mile of road was to be constructed, requiring the condemnation of 7.5 acre in the Cemetery of the Evergreens. Because the parkway would replace an existing roadway, this tract of land did not require disinterments, as had been the case with Cypress Hills and Mount Carmel cemeteries. State engineers rejected a proposal to construct a tunnel under the parkway, which would have avoided the need to disturb the cemetery. The LISPC also received bids for four bridges along the parkway\'s route in January 1934. The state legislature passed a law the next month, allowing the Cemetery of the Evergreens to transfer ownership of land for the parkway\'s right-of-way. Though Governor Herbert H. Lehman signed the bill, the Board of Estimate initially failed to approve the acquisition of the land because Manhattan borough president Samuel Levy opposed it. In addition, Moses initially claimed that local streets could adequately handle traffic to and from the parkway. The board finally agreed to buy the land in March 1934, over Levy\'s continued objections. The Cemetery of the Evergreens received \$245,000 for its land.
During the Interboro Parkway\'s construction, temporary roadways were built to carry Vermont Avenue, Cypress Hills Street, Woodhaven Boulevard, Myrtle Avenue, and Metropolitan Avenue across the parkway. The LISPC began receiving bids for the construction of a bridge above the parkway at Myrtle Avenue, as well as the replacement of a superintendent\'s house at Ridgewood Reservoir, in March 1934. Shortly afterward, State Supreme Court justice Charles C. Lockwood ruled that the city government was to give \$1,756,599 in compensation to 170 landowners; this was less than half the \$4 million that the landowners had requested. The city government also issued corporate stock to pay for the acquisition of land for the Interboro Parkway. Progress on the rest of the parkway was stalled by inclement weather, but several contracts for the eastern section were being completed by mid-1934, including bridges at Metropolitan Avenue and Woodhaven Boulevard. Moses presented plans for an entrance plaza at the intersection of Bushwick, Pennsylvania, and Jamaica avenues, where the parkway\'s western terminus was to be located, in June 1934. The Board of Estimate approved plans for the parkway\'s westward extension that month.
Cypress Hills Cemetery gave the Long Island State Park Commission an easement in mid-1934, allowing the commission to remove retaining walls and landscape the land next to the parkway. That September, the state\'s Department of Public Works solicited bids for the paving of parts of the parkway, as well as the removal of the Cypress Hills Cemetery retaining walls. The next month, the Board of Estimate voted to ban commercial buildings from being built within 100 ft of the parkway. In addition, the department awarded contracts for bridge-construction and land grading west of Vermont Avenue, and the construction of the western entrance plaza, that December. Workers began razing buildings for the parkway\'s extension that month. Ten of the twenty-one bridges on the parkway\'s route had been finished by late 1934.
Initial plans called for the section east of Metropolitan Avenue to open to traffic by early 1935, but the paving of this section was delayed due to poor weather. By that March, the opening of the section east of Metropolitan Avenue had been delayed to that summer, while the rest of the parkway was delayed until later that year. In addition, the site of the western entrance plaza was nearly fully cleared. Construction of the parkway\'s final bridge, at Highland Boulevard, began in April 1935 after that bridge had been redesigned. The easternmost section was slated to open to traffic first; the western entrance plaza would be the last section of the parkway to be completed. The paving and landscaping of the parkway\'s Cypress Hills Cemetery section was substantially completed by that May, and the section west of Vermont Avenue was being graded by the next month. In addition, the city government allocated funds for a drainage sewer near the parkway.
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# Jackie Robinson Parkway
## Operation
### 1930s to 1950s {#s_to_1950s}
The Interboro Parkway opened to traffic in July 1935, several months behind schedule. However, it remained unfinished until the completion of the Highland Boulevard-Bushwick Avenue extension in September 1935. The same month, the state government began soliciting bids for the paving of the parkway. A formal dedication ceremony for the parkway took place on November 12, 1935, at the Highland Boulevard overpass; a special exhibit about the parkway was displayed at the Brooklyn Automobile Show to celebrate the opening. The project\'s final cost was \$3.3 million. The parkway\'s construction was credited with influencing people to move from Brooklyn to Forest Hills and Kew Gardens, Queens.
Issues with the parkway designed plagued its usefulness, as declared by the New York City Planning Department in 1941. One issue was the presence of \"bad curves\" at two sections of the parkway. These curves, as viewed by the department, were a \"serious hazard\" to drivers, but rectifying the problem would prove difficult due to the parkway\'s location through cemeteries. Furthermore, the department criticized a lack of highway connections at the parkway\'s western terminus in Brooklyn. The department suggested that the proposed Cross Brooklyn Express Highway would connect to the Interboro Parkway, rectifying this problem. However, the proposed Cross Brooklyn Express Highway was never constructed as it was canceled by mayor John Lindsay in 1969.
### 1960s and 1970s {#s_and_1970s}
An extension to Jamaica Bay was proposed in 1963. This extension, proposed by Robert Moses, would run 3.4 miles through southern Brooklyn, specifically East New York, New Lots and Starrett City. Pennsylvania Avenue was presumed to serve as a service road for the extended parkway. Construction cost was estimated at \$30 million and scheduled for completion in 1976. However, the extension was cancelled in the late 1960s.
On September 12, 1972, Transportation Administrator Constantine Sidamon-Eristoff announced that the New York City Board of Estimate approved a contract for the design of a \$1,472,000 project to improve safety on the dangerous 3,700 ft-long curved section of the roadway between Cypress Hills Street and Forest Park Drive. Work was expected to begin in summer 1973. The project would realign the roadway where possible to ease S-curves, resurface pavement, install water-filled plastic buffers at accident-prone locations, create spaces along the road for disabled vehicles, and replace 16-inch high barriers in the median of the roadway with three-foot tall concrete barriers. Engineers would also look into the feasibility of widening the roadway, though the retaining walls for cemeteries abutting both sides of the S-curve section posed a challenge to doing so.
The city was also in the process of applying for federal funds for an overall project to modernize the roadway along its entire length, which was expected to cost between \$60 million and \$75 million. Additional safety hazards on the roadway included many small-radius curves, inadequate median separation barriers, and exits and entrances without acceleration or deceleration lanes. Simon-Eristoff also said that he wanted the roadway to be incorporated into either the federal highway or state arterial systems, which would require state legislation. This legislation was proposed and signed into law by Governor Malcolm Wilson in May 1973.
On November 4, 1974, the parkway was closed as work began on reconstruction of a 4,100 ft section of the highway between Cypress Hills Street and Forest Park Drive, where at least ten people were killed and many more were injured in this section over the previous five years. The one-year \$1.7 million project would install a reinforced center divider, smooth out asphalt, and bank the S-curves of the roadway. Water-filled plastic containers would be placed at the dangerous westbound exit to Cypress Hills Street to lessen the impact of crashes, and four parking spots would be completed along the roadway with police telephones for stranded drivers. State and city officials estimated it would cost over \$70 million to make the entire parkway safe.
Part of the original parkway contract included the construction of a pair of service stations just west of exit 6 (Metropolitan Avenue) in Forest Park. The stone-faced gas stations, which were located along the eastbound and westbound lanes of the parkway, were torn down in the late 1970s.
### 1980s to present {#s_to_present}
The New York State Department of Transportation began reconstructing parts of the parkway in 1987. Ramps along the parkway were rebuilt, converting the junction with Metropolitan Avenue at Exit 6 from a tight cloverleaf interchange to a four-ramp diamond interchange. The road was rebuilt as well, installing a concrete median and new lighting along the route. Speed limits were decreased at the swerving curve at the Cypress Hills Cemetery and at the curve beneath the Queens Boulevard underpass, problem spots noted earlier in the 1941 report by the New York City Planning Department. The project cost \$43.1 million and took place between 1989 and 1991.
In April 1997, mayor Rudy Giuliani announced that the parkway would be renamed in honor of the Brooklyn Dodgers player Jackie Robinson, who had broken the baseball color line fifty years prior. In addition to playing for the Dodgers, Robinson resided and owned property in the area along the parkway, and his gravesite is located in Cypress Hills Cemetery. State assemblyman Jeffrion L. Aubry sponsored legislation to rename the parkway, and Giuliani and governor George Pataki signed the legislation later that month. However, some street maps, such as the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission\'s official map, bore the older name for several years.
In early 2018, the New York City Department of Transportation installed new black-on-white route designation signs on the Jackie Robinson Parkway as part of a program to replace route-designation signs across New York City\'s parkways. The signs contain an image of Robinson at bat, wearing a jersey with the number 42. Twenty-five signs were installed, replacing the old white-on-green signs
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# Felixburg
**Felixburg** is a village in the Masvingo Province of Zimbabwe. It is located about 53 km north of Masvingo on the road that connects Gutu to Chivhu. It was named after Felix Posselt who visited the area in 1888 and later settled at Felixburg.
Felixburg is also a mining area, where the Zimbabwe government plans to develop a gold service centre
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# Water Cube
The **Water Cube** (水立方), fully a.k.a. the **National Aquatics Centre** (`{{zh|s=国家游泳中心|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}), is a swimming center at the Olympic Green in Chaoyang, Beijing, China.
The Water Cube was originally constructed to host the aquatics competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. During the 2008 Olympics---where it hosted diving, swimming and synchronized swimming events---25 world records were broken in this facility. In July 2010, a renovation of the facility was completed, which included the addition of a 12000 sqm public water park. After renovation and adaptive configuration, the Water Cube also hosted the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics.
## Architecture
In July 2003 the Water Cube design was chosen from 10 proposals in an international architectural competition for the aquatic center project. The Water Cube was specially designed and built by a consortium made up of PTW Architects (an Australian architecture firm), Arup international engineering group, CSCEC (China State Construction Engineering Corporation), and CCDI (China Construction Design International) of Shanghai. The Water Cube\'s design was initiated by a team effort: the Chinese partners felt a square was more symbolic to Chinese culture and its relationship to the Bird\'s Nest stadium while the Sydney-based partners came up with the idea of covering the \'cube\' with bubbles, symbolizing water. Contextually, the Cube symbolizes Earth, while the circle (represented by the elliptic stadium) represents heaven, a common motif in ancient Chinese art.
Comprising a steel space frame, it is the largest ETFE-clad structure in the world with over 100,000 m^2^ of ETFE pillows that are only 0.2 mm (1/125 of an inch) in total thickness. The ETFE cladding, supplied and installed by the firm Vector Foiltec, allows more light and heat penetration than traditional glass, resulting in a 30% decrease in energy costs. This choice was made in view of Beijing\'s goal of presenting a fully \"green\" Olympic Games, with zero net growth in total carbon emissions. Likewise, the venue was also designed to \"capture and recycle 80% of the water falling on the roof or lost from the pools.\"
The outer wall is based on the Weaire--Phelan structure, a structure devised from the natural pattern of bubbles in soap lather. In the true Weaire--Phelan structure the edge of each cell is curved in order to maintain 109.5 degree angles at each vertex (satisfying Plateau\'s rules), but of course as a structural support system each beam was required to be straight so as to better resist axial compression. The complex Weaire--Phelan pattern was developed by slicing through bubbles in soap foam, resulting in more irregular, organic patterns than foam bubble structures proposed earlier by the scientist Kelvin. Using the Weaire--Phelan geometry, the Water Cube\'s exterior cladding is made of 4,000 ETFE bubbles, some as large as 9.14 m across, with seven different sizes for the roof and 15 for the walls.
The structure had a capacity of 17,000 during the games. It also has a total land surface of 65,000 square meters and covers a total of 32000 m2. Although called the Water Cube, the aquatic center is really a rectangular box (cuboid) 178 m square and 31 m high. The building\'s popularity has spawned many copycat structures throughout China. For example, there is one-to-one copy of the facade near the ferry terminal in Macau -- the *Casino Oceanus* by Paul Steelman.
<File:National> Aquatics Center Construction.jpg\|The Beijing National Aquatics Center while under construction <File:Beijing_National_Aquatics_Centre_1.jpg%7CThe> National Aquatics Center under construction, with the Beijing National Stadium in the background <File:Cubeinside.jpg%7CInside> the Water Cube on August 14, 2008
## 2008 Summer Olympics {#summer_olympics}
The Aquatics Center hosted the swimming, diving, and synchronized swimming events during the Olympics. Water polo was originally planned to be hosted in the venue but was moved to the Ying Tung Natatorium.
Many people believed the Water Cube to be the fastest Olympic pool in the world. Over the course of the Games, 25 world records were broken by athletes at the Water Cube, although all but two of them were achieved by swimmers wearing the controversial LZR Racer bodyskin (which led to restrictions on the use of such suits being implemented by FINA in 2010).
<File:Water> Cube 2008.08-02.jpg\| <File:Water> Cube 2008.08-04.jpg\| <File:Water> Cube 2008.08-03.jpg\| <File:Water> Cube 2008.08-05.jpg\| <File:Water> Cube 2008.08-01.jpg\|
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# Water Cube
## Post-2008 Olympics usage and legacy {#post_2008_olympics_usage_and_legacy}
After the Olympics, the Water Cube was opened to the public on select days of the week beginning in June 2009, and was also used as the site for a production of *Swan Lake* among other shows. On 19 October 2009, the Water Cube was closed to the public to begin a renovation of a portion of the complex into a water park, led by Canadian design firm Forrec, promising \"seven-story water slides and a wave machine, as well as attractions for the more land inclined such as shopping centers, cafes, and performance stages.\"
The facility officially reopened on 28 July 2010, with the water park opening on 8 August 2010 (the second anniversary of the Games\' opening). The renovation divided the facility into three pool areas (a main pool, Olympic \"demonstration\" pool, and a training pool), as well as the 12000 sqm water park area.
In July 2013, the Water Cube introduced a new LED light show on its exterior, \"Nature and Man in Rhapsody of Light\", by artist Jennifer Wen Ma and lighting designer Zheng Jiawei. Its colors are determined by trending use of emoji on Sina Weibo, which is in turn used to calculate the \"mood\" of the Chinese public
In 2018, it was reported that the venue had achieved revenues of 124 million yuan (about US\$18 million), and has been breaking even for years.
## 2022 Winter Olympics {#winter_olympics}
The Water Cube hosted the curling events during the 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, a configuration nicknamed the \"Ice Cube\". After Beijing was awarded the Games, work began on renovations to the facility to allow it to be converted to a curling rink, including the addition of ice-making equipment and other necessary climate control and monitoring systems.
It hosted its first event in this configuration, the China Junior Curling Open, in December 2019
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# National Society of Film Critics
The **National Society of Film Critics** (**NSFC**) is an American film critic organization. The organization is known for its highbrow tastes, and its annual awards are one of the most prestigious film critics awards in the United States. In January 2024, the NSFC had approximately 60 members who wrote for a variety of weekly and daily newspapers along with major publications and media outlets.
## History
The society was founded in 1966 in the New York City apartment of the *Saturday Review* critic Hollis Alpert, one of several co-founding film critics who was refused membership to the New York Film Critics Circle because it preferred critics who worked for mainstream newspapers. His co-founders included Pauline Kael, a writer for *The New Yorker*, Joe Morgenstern, then a movie reviewer for *Newsweek* and Richard Schickel, a film critic for *Life* magazine. The society was founded to counteract the influence of *New York Times* critic Bosley Crowther, who dominated the New York City film critics scene for many years. The original founding film critics, who were overwhelmingly based in New York, called their new group a \"national\" organization because they wrote for a number of magazines and newspapers with a national circulation.
Past distinguished members include Richard Corliss, the late Roger Ebert, David Edelstein, Stanley Kauffmann and Dave Kehr. As of November 2023, the 61 current members include David Ansen, Richard Brody, Justin Chang, Steve Erickson, Emanuel Levy, Amy Nicholson, Gerald Peary, Jonathan Rosenbaum, David Sterritt, Peter Travers, Kenneth Turan and Stephanie Zacharek.
The organization is known for its highbrow tastes, and its annual awards are one of the more prestigious film critics awards in the United States. In past years, many of its Best Picture winners have been foreign films, and the choices rarely parallel the Academy Awards. It has agreed with the Oscar in nine instances since 1977: *Annie Hall* (1977), *Unforgiven* (1992), *Schindler\'s List* (1993), *Million Dollar Baby* (2004), *The Hurt Locker* (2009), *Spotlight* (2015), *Moonlight* (2016), *Parasite* (2019), and *Nomadland* (2020). Five other winners did receive the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film: *Z*, *The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie* (**Le Charme discret de la bourgeoisie**), *Day for Night* *(*La Nuit américaine**), *Get Out Your Handkerchiefs* (**Préparez vos mouchoirs**), and *Amour*.
The NSFC is also the American representative of the International Federation of Film Critics, which comprises the national organizations of professional film critics and film journalists from around the world.
## Books
The society has published an ongoing series of anthologies of articles, including:
- *The B List:The National Society of Film Critics on the Low-Budget Beauties, Genre-Bending Mavericks, and Cult Classics We Love*, edited by David Sterritt and John C. Anderson, 2008
- *The X List: A Guide to the Movies That Turn Us On*, edited by Jami Bernard, Da Capo Press, 2005
- *The A List: 100 Essential Films*, edited by Jay Carr, Da Capo Press, 2002
- *Flesh and Blood: On Sex, Violence, and Censorship*, edited by Peter Keough, Mercury House, 1995
- *They Went Thataway: Redefining Film Genres*, edited by Richard T
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# 301, 302
***301, 302*** or *301/302* is a 1995 South Korean film directed by Park Chul-soo. It tells the story of two South Korean women, neighbors in the same apartment building, who take very different approaches to the difficulties of modern life; one indulges in food, sex, and spending while the other lives in self-imposed austerity. The film was selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 68th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.
The film was inspired by poet Jang Jung Ill\'s poem \"The Cook and the Anorexic.\"
*Compulsion*, a 2013 Canadian psychological thriller directed by Egidio Coccimiglio, is based on this film.
## Plot
*301, 302* explores the relationship of Song-hee, a chef living in apartment 301, and Yoon-hee, an anorexic writer living in apartment 302. The film begins with a detective visiting Song-hee to investigate the disappearance of Yoon-hee. The detective questions Song-hee about Yoon-hee\'s personal life, Song-hee claims that Yoon-hee has no interest in food or sex. He then searches Yoon-hee\'s empty apartment. The film shows Yoon-hee in the spaces around her home that the detective explores. The detective finds her anorexia medicine and her written work on the subject of sex.
The film goes back to when Song-hee moved into apartment 301. Yoon-hee avoids interacting with her, preferring to be left alone. Song-hee begins construction on her new apartment and Yoon-hee experiences flashbacks of her experience of sexual abuse. There is a flashback to Song-hee packing her belongings after divorcing her husband. He criticizes Song-hee\'s weight gain and when the film moves back to her moving into apartment 301, she expresses her desire to lose weight.
Song-hee then visits Yoon-hee with a plate of the food she made. Yoon-hee does not eat the food and instead vomits into the toilet. Meanwhile, Song-hee celebrates her independence from her ex-husband and states her commitment to going on a diet. She brings Yoon-hee food a second time. She tries to make Yoon-hee eat sausage, which she refuses to do. Song-hee asks if she has been raped and then expresses her love for sex. Yoon-hee is visibly upset by the food and vomits again which offends Song-hee who presumes Yoon-hee thinks she is disgusting for liking sex. The film goes through a compilation of Song-hee cooking and delivering food to Yoon-hee who subsequently throws the food into the trash and vomits. Song-hee catches Yoon-hee taking out the trash and sees all the food she cooked in the trash bag. She digs the food out of the trash bag and puts it all on plates in front of Yoon-hee in an attempt to force her to eat but she vomits again. Song-hee brings Yoon-hee to her apartment and apologizes for her actions and then forces Yoon-hee to eat against her will.
The film shows a flashback to Yoon-hee\'s life living with her mother and step-father in their family-run butcher shop. Her step-father repeatedly sexually assaulted her. She resorts to hiding from her family in a freezer, a child of a customer sees her exit the freezer and decides to enter the freezer as well. The child freezes to death. The film then moves back to Song-hee and Yoon-hee in apartment 301 and Song-hee finally understands Yoon-hee\'s reasoning for not eating. She commits to making food that Yoon-hee can eat but Yoon-hee continues to vomit in response to the food.
The film moves back to Song-hee\'s conversation with the detective and it\'s revealed that she killed, cooked, and fed her pet dog to her husband, which caused their divorce. Another flashback shows Song-hee still married to her husband and living her life as a housewife. They are shown as a happy couple indulging in food and sex. Their relationship deteriorates and Song-hee\'s relationship with food changes as she begins overeating and gaining weight. She discovers that her husband is having an affair and gains resentment for their pet dog who receives more attention than her from her husband. She serves him a meal and reveals the skull of the dog in a pot. The film then jumps to their divorce and the official\'s decision that Song-hee\'s husband would have to pay for her alimony and work.
Song-hee talks to Yoon-hee about her desire to find new ingredients to cook with and the pleasure she got from cooking her dog. Later, Yoon-hee asks if the dog suffered and undresses in front of Song-hee. She asks if she looks \"tasteless\", Song-hee strangles her to death and cuts up her body. The next scene shows Song-hee having dinner and she daydreams about Yoon-hee in front of her eating as well. The fridge door swings open to reveal Yoon-hee\'s severed head. The screen fades to black and the sentence \"So, has their loneliness all ended?\" appears. The final scene shows Yoon-hee speaking to Song-hee who is lying naked on her bed.
## Cast
- Bang Eun-jin as Song-hee, the woman in apartment 301.
- Hwang Shin-hye as Yoon-hee, the woman in apartment 302.
- as the detective.
- as Song-hee\'s ex-husband.
- Chang Young-joo as Yoon-hee\'s mother.
- Choi Jae-young as Yoon-hee\'s step-father.
- Lee Ji-yeon as Yoon-hee\'s younger self.
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# 301, 302
## Accolades
Year Award Category Recipient(s) and Nominee(s) Result Reference
------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------------- -------- -----------
1995 The Blue Dragon Awards Best Actress Bang Eun-jin Won
1995 The Blue Dragon Awards Best Screenplay Lee Seo-gun Won
1995 Chunsa Film Art Awards Best Actress Bang Eun-jin Won
1996 The Critics Choice Awards (Korean Association of Film Critics Awards) Best Actress Bang Eun-jin Won
## Film festivals {#film_festivals}
*301, 302* was screened during the 18th Busan International Film Festival in 2013. The festival had 217,865 attendees. Director Park Cheol-soo had his own \"Special Program\" that featured his films *Farewell My Darling, Green Chair, Mother, Stray Dog,* and *301, 302.*
The film was also screened during the 46th Berlin International Film Festival in 1996 as part of the \"Panorama\" section.
## Canadian remake {#canadian_remake}
*301, 302* was remade in 2013 by director Egidio Coccimiglio with the title *Compulsion.* The plot is similar to the original film but has some differences. Song-hee is Amy (Heather Graham) and Yoon-hee is Saffron (Carrie-Anne Moss). Amy is a chef and Saffron is a former child star. Instead of Saffron\'s trauma being caused by sexual assault, it is instead caused by her mother
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# Neustadt an der Donau
`{{stack end}}`{=mediawiki}
**Neustadt an der Donau** (`{{IPA|de|ˈnɔʏʃtat ʔan deːɐ̯ ˈdoːnaʊ|-|LL-Q188 (deu)-Ionenlaser-Neustadt an der Donau.wav}}`{=mediawiki}; *Neistod an da Doana*; `{{small|both}}`{=mediawiki} `{{lit|New City on the [[Danube]]}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in Lower Bavaria on the Danube in Bavaria, Germany. Lying on the western border of Landkreis Kelheim, Neustadt is primarily known for the thermal spa Bad Gögging. Neustadt had a population of 12,753 as of December 31, 2003.
## Geography
The city is located halfway between Ingolstadt and Regensburg, on an approximately 5 km wide gravel plain of the Danube valley, which at this point is south of the wooded foothills of the tertiary Donau-Isar hill country of the Hallertau and bounded on the north by the limestone slope of the southern Franconian Alb. The rivers Ilm and Abens flow into the Danube in the city.
The township includes 22 districts Arresting, Bad Gögging, Deisenhofen, Eining, Geibenstetten, Haderfleck, Heiligenstadt, Hienheim, Irnsing, Irnsing-Steinbruch, Karpfenstein, Lina, Marching, Mauern, Mulhouse, Niederulrain, Oberulrain, Schwaig, Sittling, Umbertshausen and Wöhr. The area heavily dominated by agriculture; asparagus and in particular hops play a special role. Neighboring communities of Neustadt are Abensberg, Altmannstein, Biburg, Kelheim, Mindelstetten, Münchsmünster, Pförring and Siegenburg.
## History
The oldest documented area of Neustadt was the village of Trephenau. Under the name *Seligenstadt* the town charter was granted in May 1273 by Duke Ludwig II. This town charter is the oldest in Bavaria. With the town survey and the consequent new investment and resettlement Duke Ludwig II secured the Danube Valley road and the river crossing. The town charter is one of many granted by early Wittelsbach dukes as part of a planned foundation of towns. Neustadt was first mentioned by that name in a document of Abbot Conrad of Weltenburg from 1277.
The settlement of Wöhr, just outside the city gate on the bank of the Danube, is actually older than Neustadt. The name derives from the Middle High German *Wert*, signifying an island of elevated dry land. Wöhr was incorporated in the late Middle Ages as part of the city of Neustadt and residents of Wöhr could be citizens of the city, but lived outside the fortification. Wöhr was also the seat of the noble family of the Lords of Wöhr and the ducal Urbar Office \"ze Werde\" that managed the natural and monetary levies from the ducal estates.
## Population
## Sport
The Anton Treffer Stadion is a multi-purpose stadium, on the intersection of Am Volksfestpl and Bad Gögginger Str. The stadium is used by the MSC Neustadt speedway team for motorcycle speedway and TSV Neustadt for football. The facility has hosted many important events, including qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Championship the Speedway World Pairs Championship and a qualifying round of the Speedway World Team Cup. In recent years due to noise complaints and legal disputes the stadium only hosts two motorsport events each year
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# Selena Live!
***Live!*** or ***Selena Live!*** is a live album by American Tejano pop singer Selena, which was released on May 4, 1993, by EMI Latin. The album was re-released on September 22, 2002, as being part of the *Selena: 20 Years of Music* collection; which included spoken liner notes by her family, friends and her former band members Selena y Los Dinos. *Live!* includes three cumbia-influenced studio tracks, while the rest of the album consists of live versions of previously released songs. The album was recorded during a free concert at the Memorial Coliseum in Corpus Christi, Texas, on February 7, 1993. It was certified gold (Latin type) by the Recording Industry Association of America in its first year, double platinum in 1995, and 8× platinum in 2017.
*Live!* led Selena to win a Grammy Award for Best Mexican-American Album at the 36th Grammy Awards, the first Tejano musician to do so. It had won two awards from the 1994 *Billboard* Latin Music Awards, and three awards at the 1994 Tejano Music Awards. *Live!* peaked at number one on the US Regional Mexican Albums, number two on the Top Latin Albums and number 79 on the *Billboard* 200. Soon after the release of *Live!*, the album received mostly positive reviews from music critics who claimed the album was \"foreshadowing\" *Amor Prohibido* (1994), and that Selena was the Mexican equivalent of Madonna. The album spawned three singles, which were simultaneously in the top five positions on the Hot Latin Tracks chart.
## Production and development {#production_and_development}
In early 1993, Abraham Quintanilla Jr.---band manager and father of Selena, A.B. Quintanilla, and Suzette Quintanilla---sent in a request for EMI Latin to release a live album. After the company accepted, Abraham rented out the Memorial Coliseum for February 7, 1993. It was advertised in local newspapers, while an unspecified number of tickets were given to radio programmers and deejays in South Texas for their giveaway promotions.
## Synopsis
The show featured Selena y Los Dinos; Selena as lead vocals along with backup vocalist Pete Astudillo, A.B. on bass, Suzette on drums, the singer\'s husband Chris Perez on electric guitar, Ricky Vela and Joe Ojeda on keyboards. There was no set list for the show, the band performed live in front of 3,000 and free-flowed with A.B. choosing the songs that the band would perform. The show began with the songs \"Como la Flor\" and \"Baila Esta Cumbia\", the singer asked Suzette\'s fiance Billy Arriaga on stage to perform with her.
According to Perez, the band performed an unspecified number of songs that night that were ultimately left out of the album. He explained in a 2002 interview how one of those songs included the original version of \"Bidi Bidi Bom Bom,\" which was later released on *Amor Prohibido* in 1994 .
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# Selena Live!
## Song structure and lyrical content {#song_structure_and_lyrical_content}
\"No Debes Jugar\", the lead single from *Live!*, was written and produced by A.B. Quintanilla, Selena\'s brother and the producer of her music, lead keyboardist for the band Ricky Vela, and Bebu Silvetti, an Argentine music producer. \"No Debes Jugar\" is a Mexican cumbia rock song that centers the organ as its musical instrument foundation. Ramiro Burr of the *Houston Chronicle* stated that Selena blended Mexican polka rhythms with melodic, synth-driven pop hooks in \"No Debes Jugar\" and \"La Llamada\". \"No Debes Jugar\" received a Song of the Year nomination at the 1994 Tejano Music Awards. \"No Debes Jugar\" is performed on F major with 89 beats per minute. Lyrically the song describes a woman whose life is centered on being unappreciated by her boyfriend. Tired and ready to do anything, she finally stands up for herself announcing that she is done playing around and threatens to leave. It peaked at number three on the US Hot Latin Tracks, Latin Regional Mexican Airplay and the Latin Pop Airplay charts simultaneously.
\"La Llamada\", the second promotional single released from *Live!*, was written and produced by Quintanilla III and Astudillo. Howard Blumenthal wrote in his book *The world music CD listener\'s guide* that \"La Llamada\" is an \"energetic\" song. It is set in A major with 90 beats per minute. \"La Llamada\" describes a woman telling her boyfriend over the phone that she saw him kissing another girl, while her boyfriend tries to persuade to her that it was not him. It peaked at number five on the Hot Latin Tracks, number six on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay and number eight on the Latin Pop Airplay chart. \"Tú Robaste Mi Corazón\" is a duet with \"The King of Tejano music\" singer Emilio Navaira. It was released as the second promotional single from *Live!* and was written and produced by Quintanilla III, Vela and Silvetti. Blumenthal wrote in his book that the song is a \"great love duet\". Paul Verna wrote that Selena\'s fans were \"not growing weary\" of \"Como Quisiera\" (*Preciosa*) and \"Tú Robaste Mi Corazón\". He also noted that the two songs were \"slow-paced love songs\" and were potential singles from the posthumous album *Siempre Selena* (1996). \"Tú Robaste Mi Corazón\" is composed in the key F major with 130 beats per minute. The song describes a woman and a man finding harmony and love in each other while also feeling emotions never felt before in their lives. \"Tú Robaste Mi Corazón\" peaked at number five on the Hot Latin Tracks, number eight on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay and number six on the Latin Pop Airplay charts.
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# Selena Live!
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Sarah M. Misemer wrote in her book *Secular saints: performing Frida Kahlo, Carlos Gardel, Eva Perón, and Selena* that *Live!* and *Amor Prohibido* (1994) were the two most successful albums of Selena\'s career. Joey Guerra of Amazon.com wrote that *Live!* is a \"sizzling reminder of \[Selena\'s\] electric stage charisma and blossoming talent as a performer\". Guerra also stated that the songs performed live had showcased Selena\'s \"uncanny ability to infuse a love song with both girlish innocence and a heated sexuality\". He noted that \"Como La Flor\", \"Baila Esta Cumbia\" and \"La Carcacha\" were examples of his claims. He also states that any listener can feel the \"heat seeping through your speakers\". Guerra ended his review stating that *Live!* \"foreshadows\" *Amor Prohibido* (1994). Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote that *Live!* had offered proof of Selena being an \"energetic \[and\] exciting performer\". Erlewine noted that Selena performed live versions of her \"most popular numbers\" in front of an \"enthusiastic audience\". Erlewine ended his review stating that *Live!* had \"capture\[d\] some of that energy and shows why she was so popular\". Shortly after the album\'s release music critics began calling Selena the Mexican equivalent of Madonna.
### Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
*Live!* was the first Tejano album to have won a Grammy Award. The album won the Best Mexican-American Album at the 1994 ceremony. EMI Latin\'s president believed Selena was ready to record and release a crossover album that would have catapulted her career into the English-language market. Selena was then signed with SBK Records in November 1993, however, recording for the album would not begin until a year later. In May 1994, *Live!* was named Album of the Year by the *Billboard* Latin Music Awards. The album also led Selena to win Regional Mexican Vocalist of the Year. At the 1994 Tejano Music Awards, Selena won Female Vocalist of the Year, Album of the Year -- Orchestra and was named Female Entertainer of The Year, while the album was nominated for Record of the Year. At the 1994 Lo Nuestro Awards, it was nominated Regional Mexican Album of the Year.
## Commercial performance {#commercial_performance}
*Live!* was released on May 4, 1993. It was certified gold (Latin type) by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 100,000 copies in the United States its first year. On April 22, 1995, the album debuted at number 146 on the US *Billboard* 200 chart following Selena\'s murder the month prior. The album peaked at number 79 on May 13, 1995, before it slipped off the chart on June 3, 1995. *Live!* debuted at number four on the Top Latin Albums chart, it then peaked at number three within three months of its release. The album remained on the chart, taking the top 20 spots. *Live!* temporarily slipped off the charts and re-entered at number 47 in January 1995, before it went off the chart again. The album took the third spot on the chart following Selena\'s murder. A week later, the album peaked at number two before it hovered the top ten spots and then slipped off the charts a year later. In 1995, *Live!* was then certified Gold for shipments of 500,000 copies. *Live!* debuted at number eight on the Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart, then slipped off the charts for nearly a month. It reentered and peaked at number one for seven consecutive weeks. The album remained in the top 10 for two years. The album went to number two following Selena\'s murder. *Live!* sold more than 250,000 copies in Mexico.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
- Track listing were adapted from Allmusic.
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# Selena Live!
## Personnel
Credits are taken from the album\'s liner notes.
Managerial
- A&R -- José Behar
- Producer -- A.B. Quintanilla III, Bebu Silvetti
- Executive producer -- Jorge Alberto Pino, Abraham Quintanilla Jr.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Marketing -- José Behar, Suzette Quintanilla
- Management -- José Behar
Performance credits
- Vocals -- Selena Quintanilla-Pérez
Visuals and imagery
- Art direction -- Lisette Lorenzo
- Clothing design -- Selena, Martin Gomez
- Hair stylist -- Rosa Sullivan, Mark Duncan
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Make-up -- Lisette Lorenzo
- Photography -- Maurice Rinaldi
- Stylist -- Martin Gomez
Instruments
- Drums -- Suzette Quintanilla
- Guitar- Chris Pérez, A.B. Quintanilla III, Henry Gomez
- Keyboards -- Joe Ojeda, Ricky Vela
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Accordion- Johnny Saenz
- Trumpet -- Rene Gasca
- Trombone -- Gilbert Garza
- Bajo Sexto -- A.B. Quintanilla III
Technical and production
- Arrangement -- Joe Ojeda, Chris Perez, Ricky Vela
- Songwriters -- A.B. Quintanilla III, Selena, Ricky Vela, Pete Astudillo, Chris Perez, Jorge Luis Borrego, Chrissie Hynde, Barrio Boyzz, K. C Porter, Miguel Flores, Suzette Quintanilla, Abraham Quintanilla Jr,
- Engineering -- Brian \"Red\" Moore, Malcolm Harper, Ron Morales, Mark Sadler
- Engineering assistants -- Suzette Quintanilla, Abraham Quintanilla Jr
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Executive producers -- Jorge Alberto Pino
- Mastering - Bob Ludwig
- Mixing -- Manny Guerra, Ron Morales, Mark Sadler
- Mixing assistants -- A.B. Quintanilla III
- Production -- A.B. Quintanilla III, José Behar, Jorge Alberto Pino, Guillermo Johnson Page, Gregg Vickers, Brain \"Red\" Moore
- Liner notes: Suzette Quintanilla, Nir Seroussi
- Concept: Gregg Vickers
- Reissue Producer: Guillermo J
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# Secretary of the Democrats of the Left
The **Secretary of the Democrats of the Left** is the leader of the Italian Democrats of the Left political party. The last Secretary since 2001 was Piero Fassino
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# Robert Z. Leonard
**Robert Zigler Leonard** (October 7, 1889 -- August 27, 1968) was an American film director, actor, producer, and screenwriter.
## Biography
He was born in Chicago, Illinois. At one time, he was married to silent star Mae Murray with the two forming Tiffany Pictures to film eight motion pictures that were released by MGM.
He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for *The Divorcee* and *The Great Ziegfeld*. Both were nominated for Best Picture, and the latter won. Known by his nickname Pop, Leonard was brought in late by MGM as a reliable director who could get its *Pride and Prejudice* (1940), starring Greer Garson and Laurence Olivier, onto the big screen. One of the more unusual credits in his filmography is the film noir thriller *The Bribe* (1949) with its sleazy settings, slippery characters, and steamy atmosphere.
Robert Leonard died in 1968 in Beverly Hills, California of an aneurysm. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, near his wife Gertrude Olmstead.
## Legacy
On February 8, 1960, Robert Leonard received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contribution to the motion picture industry, at 6370 Hollywood Blvd.
## Filmography
### Director
- *Sally Scraggs, Housemaid* (1913)
- *The Ruby Circle* (1914)
- *The Master Key* (1914)
- *Christmas Memories* (1915)
- *Judge Not* (1915)
- *The Crippled Hand* (1916)
- *The Plow Girl* (1916)
- *The Love Girl* (1916)
- *Little Eve Edgarton* (1916)
- *The Eagle\'s Wings* (1916)
- *Secret Love* (1916)
- *On Record* (1917)
- *A Mormon Maid* (1917)
- *The Primrose Ring* (1917)
- *At First Sight* (1917)
- *Princess Virtue* (1917)
- *The Bride\'s Awakening* (1918)
- *Danger, Go Slow* (1918)
- *Her Body in Bond* (1918)
- *Face Value* (1918)
- *Modern Love* (1918)
- *Big Little Person* (1919)
- *The Miracle of Love* (1919)
- *The Scarlet Shadow* (1919)
- *The Delicious Little Devil* (1919)
- *The Way of a Woman* (1919)
- *What Am I Bid?* (1919)
- *Stronger Than Death* (1920)
- *April Folly* (1920)
- *The Restless Sex* (1920)
- *Heedless Moths* (1921)
- *The Gilded Lily* (1921)
- *Peacock Alley* (1922)
- *Fascination* (1922)
- *Broadway Rose* (1922)
- *Jazzmania* (1923)
- *The French Doll* (1923)
- *Fashion Row* (1923)
- *Love\'s Wilderness* (1924)
- *Mademoiselle Midnight* (1924)
- *Circe, the Enchantress* (1924)
- *Cheaper to Marry* (1925)
- *Time, the Comedian* (1925)
- *Bright Lights* (1925)
- *Dance Madness* (1926)
- *Mademoiselle Modiste* (1926)
- *The Waning Sex* (1926)
- *A Little Journey* (1927)
- *The Demi-Bride* (1927)
- *Adam and Evil* (1927)
- *Tea for Three* (1927)
- *The Cardboard Lover* (1928)
- *A Lady of Chance* (1928)
- *Baby Mine* (1928)
- *Marianne* (1929, silent)
- *Marianne* (1929, musical)
- *In Gay Madrid* (1930)
- *Let Us Be Gay* (1930)
- *The Divorcee* (1930)
- *The Bachelor Father* (1931)
- *Five and Ten* (1931)
- *It\'s a Wise Child* (1931)
- *Susan Lenox (Her Fall and Rise)* (1931)
- *The Son-Daughter* (1932)
- *Strange Interlude* (1932)
- *Dancing Lady* (1933)
- *When Ladies Meet* (1933)
- *Peg o\' My Heart* (1933)
- *Outcast Lady* (1934)
- *After Office Hours* (1935)
- *Naughty Marietta* (1935)
- *Escapade* (1935)
- *A Tale of Two Cities* (1935) (Uncredited fill-in director)
- *The Great Ziegfeld* (1936)
- *Small Town Girl* (1936)
- *Piccadilly Jim* (1936)
- *The Firefly* (1937)
- *Maytime* (1937)
- *The Girl of the Golden West* (1938)
- *Broadway Serenade* (1939)
- *New Moon* (1940)
- *Pride and Prejudice* (1940)
- *Third Finger, Left Hand* (1940)
- *Ziegfeld Girl* (1941)
- *When Ladies Meet* (1941)
- *Stand by for Action* (1942)
- *We Were Dancing* (1942)
- *The Man from Down Under* (1943)
- *Marriage Is a Private Affair* (1944)
- *Week-End at the Waldorf* (1945)
- *The Secret Heart* (1946)
- *Cynthia* (1947)
- *B.F
| 652 |
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| 0 |
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# 2006 AFC Challenge Cup
The **2006 AFC Challenge Cup** was held between 1 and 16 April 2006 in Bangladesh. Sixteen teams were split into four groups, the top two in each group qualifying for the quarterfinals, and from then on a straight knockout contest. There was no qualification stage. The cup winner was Tajikistan. The fair play award was won by Sri Lanka and Tajik Ibrahim Rabimov won the most valuable player award.
## Selection of teams {#selection_of_teams}
The AFC classed seventeen nations as *emerging associations*, which need time to develop their football. They were selected in August 2005 to take part. Laos, Mongolia, and Timor-Leste were initially selected to participate, but were later replaced by Bangladesh and India of the *developing associations* class, reducing the number of participating teams to sixteen.
+------+---------------+---------------+
| - | - (Removed) | - |
| - | | |
| - | - | - |
| - | | |
| - | - (Removed) | - (Removed) |
| - | | |
| - | - | Replacements |
| | | |
| | - | - |
| | | - |
| | - | |
| | | |
| | - | |
+------+---------------+---------------+
## Host and stadiums {#host_and_stadiums}
The AFC decided at its annual meeting, that Bangladesh would host the opening ceremony and that Nepal would host the final unless Bangladesh makes it into the last two, in which case it would be held in Dhaka, its capital. It was originally planned that the teams in Groups A and B would play their games in Nepal and that teams in Groups C and D would play in Bangladesh, but due to the political unrest that shook Nepal, it was decided that only Bangladesh would host the tournament. The Challenge Cup was originally scheduled to take place between 26 March to 9 April 2006 but was changed to avoid clashes with Bangladesh\'s Independence Day on 26 March. The two stadia that were selected to be used during this tournament were: the Bangabandhu Stadium in Dhaka and the MA Aziz Stadium in Chittagong. However, the Bangladesh Army Stadium in Dhaka was later used to make-up the matches that were abandoned due to heavy rain.
## Venues
Dhaka
------------------------------ -------------------------
Bangabandhu National Stadium Bangladesh Army Stadium
Capacity: **36,000** Capacity: **20,000**
## Teams
Some teams did not take part with their \'main\' national squad, as noted below:
- India decided to field their under-20 team in preparation for the AFC Youth Championship they were later hosting.
- Kyrgyzstan took part with a young squad, made up mostly of players from their under-20 team which had qualified for the AFC Youth Championship.
## Squads
## Group stage {#group_stage}
All times are Bangladesh Standard Time (BST) -- UTC+6
Key to colours in group tables
----------------------------------------------------
Top two placed teams advance to the quarter-finals
### Tie-breaking criteria {#tie_breaking_criteria}
Where two or more teams end the group stage with the same number of points, their ranking is determined by the following criteria:
1. points earned in the matches between the teams concerned;
2. goal difference in the matches between the teams concerned;
3. number of goals scored in the group matches between the teams concerned;
4. goal difference in all group matches;
5. number of goals scored in all group matches;
6. kicks from the penalty mark (if only two teams are level and they are both on the field of play);
7. fewer yellow and red cards received in the group matches;
8. drawing of lots by the organising committee.
### Group A {#group_a}
{{#invoke:sports table \|main\|style=WDL \|section=Group A \|res_col_header=Q \|show_positions=n
\|team1=IND\|name_IND=`{{fbu|20|IND|name=India U20}}`{=mediawiki} \|team2=TPE\|name_TPE=`{{fb|TPE}}`{=mediawiki} \|team3=PHI\|name_PHI=`{{fb|PHI}}`{=mediawiki} \|team4=AFG\|name_AFG=`{{fb|AFG|2004}}`{=mediawiki} \|win_IND=1\|draw_IND=2\|loss_IND=0\|gf_IND=3\|ga_IND=1 \|win_TPE=1\|draw_TPE=2\|loss_TPE=0\|gf_TPE=3\|ga_TPE=2 \|win_PHI=0\|draw_PHI=2\|loss_PHI=1\|gf_PHI=2\|ga_PHI=3 \|win_AFG=0\|draw_AFG=2\|loss_AFG=1\|gf_AFG=3\|ga_AFG=5
\|col_A=#ccffcc\|text_A= \|result1=A\|result2=A \|update=complete\|source=[RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afc-emerging06.html) }}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Group B {#group_b}
{{#invoke:sports table \|main\|style=WDL \|section=Group B \|res_col_header=Q \|show_positions=n
\|team1=SRI\|name_SRI=`{{fb|SRI}}`{=mediawiki} \|team2=NEP\|name_NEP=`{{fb|NEP}}`{=mediawiki} \|team3=BRU\|name_BRU=`{{fb|BRU}}`{=mediawiki} \|team4=BHU\|name_BHU=`{{fb|BHU}}`{=mediawiki} \|win_SRI=2\|draw_SRI=1\|loss_SRI=0\|gf_SRI=3\|ga_SRI=1 \|win_NEP=1\|draw_NEP=1\|loss_NEP=1\|gf_NEP=4\|ga_NEP=3 \|win_BRU=1\|draw_BRU=1\|loss_BRU=1\|gf_BRU=2\|ga_BRU=2 \|win_BHU=0\|draw_BHU=1\|loss_BHU=2\|gf_BHU=0\|ga_BHU=3
\|col_A=#ccffcc\|text_A= \|result1=A\|result2=A \|update=complete\|source=[RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afc-emerging06.html) }}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Group C {#group_c}
{{#invoke:sports table \|main\|style=WDL \|section=Group C \|res_col_header=Q \|show_positions=n
\|team1=PLE\|name_PLE=`{{fb|PLE}}`{=mediawiki} \|team2=BAN\|name_BAN=`{{fb|BAN}}`{=mediawiki}\|status_BAN=H \|team3=CAM\|name_CAM=`{{fb|CAM}}`{=mediawiki} \|team4=GUM\|name_GUM=`{{fb|GUM}}`{=mediawiki} \|win_PLE=2\|draw_PLE=1\|loss_PLE=0\|gf_PLE=16\|ga_PLE=1 \|win_BAN=2\|draw_BAN=1\|loss_BAN=0\|gf_BAN=6\|ga_BAN=2 \|win_CAM=1\|draw_CAM=0\|loss_CAM=2\|gf_CAM=4\|ga_CAM=6 \|win_GUM=0\|draw_GUM=0\|loss_GUM=3\|gf_GUM=0\|ga_GUM=17
\|col_A=#ccffcc\|text_A= \|result1=A\|result2=A \|update=complete\|source=[RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afc-emerging06.html) }}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Group D {#group_d}
{{#invoke:sports table \|main\|style=WDL \|section=Group D \|res_col_header=Q \|show_positions=n
\|team1=TJK\|name_TJK=`{{fb|TJK}}`{=mediawiki} \|team2=KGZ\|name_KGZ=`{{fb|KGZ|1992}}`{=mediawiki} \|team3=PAK\|name_PAK=`{{fb|PAK}}`{=mediawiki} \|team4=MAC\|name_MAC=`{{fb|MAC}}`{=mediawiki} \|win_TJK=2\|draw_TJK=0\|loss_TJK=1\|gf_TJK=6\|ga_TJK=1 \|win_KGZ=2\|draw_KGZ=0\|loss_KGZ=1\|gf_KGZ=3\|ga_KGZ=1 \|win_PAK=1\|draw_PAK=1\|loss_PAK=1\|gf_PAK=3\|ga_PAK=4 \|win_MAC=0\|draw_MAC=1\|loss_MAC=2\|gf_MAC=2\|ga_MAC=8
\|col_A=#ccffcc\|text_A= \|result1=A\|result2=A \|update=complete\|source=[RSSSF](https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/afc-emerging06
| 698 |
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| 0 |
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# Paula Forrest
**Paula Forrest** (born 14 July, c. 1965) an Australian actress, best known for playing the role of Shelley Sutherland on the long-running Australian soap opera *Home and Away*
In *Home and Away* (1988), Forrest played the part of Shelley who was the wife of Rhys, played by Michael Beckley and mother to Dani, played by Tammin Sursok, Jade, played by Kate Garven and Kirsty, played by Christie Hayes who lived in the Caravan Park and worked as a social worker. Shelley was a loveable character who fought long and hard for her family and friends alike. Until late 2002 when her world was torn apart by the discovery of her husband\'s affair and later on in 2003 the fact that Jade was not her real daughter and had in fact been switched at birth. Paula featured in a Home and Away special, called Home and Away: Secrets and the City.
Her character made a brief return to Home and Away in 2009.
Note : Paula Forrest is the patronym of the novel The Little Lady of the Big House, by Jack London (1916).
## Filmography
+------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
+============+=======================================+======================+=================================================================+
| 1992 | *Police Rescue* | Katie Baldwin | Season 2, episode 4 |
+------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | *G.P.* | Gabrielle Henderson | Season 5, episode 13 |
+------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1995--96 | *Spellbinder* | Mrs. Gibson | Season 1 (recurring, 8 episodes) |
+------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1997 | *Murder Call* | Susan Frickberge | Season 1, episode 10 |
+------------+---------------------------------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1999 | *Water Rats* | Dr
| 265 |
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| 0 |
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# Gaths Mine
**Gaths Mine** is an asbestos mine in Mashava, Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe, and is located 40 km west of Masvingo city. Gaths Mine as it is now collectively known as is a combination of three mines: King Mine and the now-defunct Temeraire and Gaths. The mine once employed around 1,500 people but as it stands, production has been stopped due to operational challenges. A few employees are left at the mine doing general maintenance. As of November 2011, workers had been without a salary for three years.
The mine was first hit by the international drive against the use of asbestos. This saw the mine investing much money in marketing its type of asbestos white asbestos which is said to be kinder than the blue asbestos. Political interference then saw its major shareholder, Mutumwa Mawere, abandoning the mine and skipping the borders for South Africa where he is currently based. Effects of the Zimbabwean economic situation did not spare the struggling mine which led to mass exodus of its employees followed by the suspension of production
| 178 |
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| 0 |
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# List of secretaries of the Italian Communist Party
This is a list of national secretaries of the Italian Communist Party. Until 1926 though the office of secretary did not exist. Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci were members of the Executive Committee and Central Committee in the Communist Party of Italy (PCd\'I).
+----+---+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| | | Portrait | Name\ |
| | | | `{{small|(Birth–Death)}}`{=mediawiki} |
+====+===+===============================+=======================================+
| 1 | | | **Amadeo Bordiga**\ |
| | | | `{{small|(1889–1970)}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----+---+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2 | | | **Antonio Gramsci**\ |
| | | | `{{small|(1891–1937)}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----+---+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| -- | | | **Palmiro Togliatti**\ |
| | | | `{{small|(1893–1964)}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----+---+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3 | | | **Ruggero Grieco**\ |
| | | | `{{small|(1893–1955)}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----+---+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 4 | | | **Palmiro Togliatti**\ |
| | | | `{{small|(1893–1964)}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----+---+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 5 | | | **Luigi Longo**\ |
| | | | `{{small|(1900–1980)}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----+---+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 6 | | | **Enrico Berlinguer**\ |
| | | | `{{small|(1922–1984)}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----+---+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 7 | | | **Alessandro Natta**\ |
| | | | `{{small|(1918–2001)}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----+---+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 8 | | | **Achille Occhetto**\ |
| | | | `{{small|(1936–)}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----+---+-------------------------------+---------------------------------------+
## Timeline
ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:12 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:130 left:20 AlignBars = late
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1920 till:01/01/1992 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1920 Colors =
` id:pci value:rgb(0.850,0.09,0
| 238 |
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| 0 |
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# Evening at Pops
***Evening at Pops*** is an American concert television series produced by WGBH-TV. It is one of the longest-running programs on PBS, airing from 1970 to 2004. The program was a public television version of a variety show, featuring performances by the Boston Pops Orchestra. It was taped at Symphony Hall in Boston, Massachusetts.
## Format
Most shows featured a guest star, usually a well known singer or musician, most commonly within popular music or sometimes rock, folk, jazz or other musical genres. After one or two opening numbers by the Pops, the guest would be brought onstage. Usually the guest would sing several of their own hits or songs associated with them, with accompaniment by the Pops. After concluding their set, the guest artist would leave the stage, and the Pops would play one or two closing numbers. Three men served as conductor during the show\'s run -- Arthur Fiedler (1970--79), John Williams (1979--95) and Keith Lockhart (1996--2004). Gene Galusha provided narration and announced most of the pieces played.
*Evening at Symphony*, a companion series produced by WGBH and featuring performances of the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by Seiji Ozawa, aired on PBS from 1974 to 1979.
## Evening at Pops Theme {#evening_at_pops_theme}
John Williams composed a TV theme for the show in 1981.
During the funding credits in the 1990s, a version of Dmitri Shostakovich\'s Festive Overture, Op. 96 was heard, adapted by Williams and performed by the BPO.
## Demise
The long-running show ended after its 2004--2005 season because the Pops\' parent organization, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, did not want to continue funding the nearly \$1 million production cost of each episode
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# 2004 National Society of Film Critics Awards
**39th NSFC Awards**\
January 9, 2005
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Film:\
**Million Dollar Baby**
The **39th National Society of Film Critics Awards**, given on 9 January 2005, honored the best in film for 2004.
## Winners
### Best Picture {#best_picture}
1\. ***Million Dollar Baby*** (50)\
2. *Sideways* (44)\
3. *Before Sunset* (28)
### Best Director {#best_director}
1\. **Zhang Yimou -- *House of Flying Daggers* (*Shi mian mai fu*)** and ***Hero* (*Ying xiong*)** (33)\
2. Alexander Payne -- *Sideways* (31)\
3. Clint Eastwood -- *Million Dollar Baby* (30)
### Best Actor {#best_actor}
1\. **Jamie Foxx -- *Ray* and *Collateral*** (31)\
2. Paul Giamatti -- *Sideways* (29)\
3. Clint Eastwood -- *Million Dollar Baby* (26)
### Best Actress {#best_actress}
1\. **Imelda Staunton -- *Vera Drake* (TIE)** (52)\
1. **Hilary Swank -- *Million Dollar Baby* (TIE)** (52)\
3. Julie Delpy -- *Before Sunset* (40)
### Best Supporting Actor {#best_supporting_actor}
1\. **Thomas Haden Church -- *Sideways*** (55)\
2. Morgan Freeman -- *Million Dollar Baby* (54)\
3. Peter Sarsgaard -- *Kinsey* (19)
### Best Supporting Actress {#best_supporting_actress}
1\. **Virginia Madsen -- *Sideways*** (58)\
2. Cate Blanchett -- *The Aviator* and *Coffee and Cigarettes* (37)\
3. Laura Linney -- *Kinsey (18)*
### Best Screenplay {#best_screenplay}
1\. **Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor -- *Sideways*** (60)\
2. Charlie Kaufman -- *Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind* (55)\
3. Richard Linklater, Julie Delpy and Ethan Hawke -- *Before Sunset* (29)
### Best Cinematography {#best_cinematography}
1\. **Zhao Xiaoding -- *House of Flying Daggers* (*Shi mian mai fu*)** (39)\
2. Christopher Doyle -- *Hero* (*Ying xiong*) (31)\
3. Dion Beebe and Paul Cameron -- *Collateral* (18)
### Best Foreign Language Film {#best_foreign_language_film}
1\. ***Moolaadé*** (29)\
2. *House of Flying Daggers* (*Shi mian mai fu*) (27)\
3. *Notre musique* (15)
### Best Non-Fiction Film {#best_non_fiction_film}
1\. ***Tarnation*** (27)\
2. *The Story of the Weeping Camel* (*Die Geschichte vom weinenden Kamel*) (25)\
3. *Bright Leaves* (16)
### Special Citation {#special_citation}
- Richard Schickel, Brian Jamieson, and Warner Home Video for their reconstruction of Samuel Fuller\'s *The Big Red One*
- Turner Classic Movies for the breadth and intelligence of its film programming and its commitment to film history
### Film Heritage Awards (to new DVDs) {#film_heritage_awards_to_new_dvds}
1. *The Leopard* (The Criterion Collection) -- for assembling a stunning edition for the home video debut of Visconti\'s masterpiece.
2. John Cassavetes -- Five Films (Criterion) -- for bringing together a core collection of work from America\'s most influential independent filmmaker
3. Fritz Lang Epic Collection (Kino) and *M* (Criterion) -- for the ongoing, revelatory work of the German Film Archives and making it available to Kino and Criterion for excellent editions.
4. \"More Treasures from American Film Archives\" (National Film Preservation Foundation) -- for drawing much deserved attention to the excellent work of America\'s national and regional film archives
| 470 |
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| 0 |
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# KTPI-FM
**KTPI-FM** (97.7 FM, \"97-7 KTPI\") is a commercial radio station licensed to Mojave, California and serving the Antelope Valley region of Southern California. It is owned by RZ Radio LLC and broadcasts a country music format. It carries several syndicated shows: *The Big D and Bubba Show* in morning drive time, *Big Time with Whitney Allen* evenings and *After Midnite with Granger Smith* overnight.
KTPI-FM is a Class A FM station with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 3,000 watts. The transmitter tower is off Prospect Road at 20th Street in Mojave. The studios are on East Avenue K-4 at 6th Street East in Lancaster.
## History
### Early years (1967--1998) {#early_years_19671998}
The station signed on the air on `{{Start date and age|August 1, 1967}}`{=mediawiki}. The original call sign was KDOL-FM and the studios were in Mojave. It aired a Country music format as a simulcast of AM sister station KDOL. In 1984, the simulcast ended and 97.7 FM began operating an automated Top 40 format branded \"Hot 97\".
In July 1985, Chambers Broadcasting purchased KDOL-AM-FM for \$475,000. As Chambers also owned KTPI (then on 103.1 FM). The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) at the time limited radio station ownership to one AM and one FM station per market, so KDOL-FM was spun off to Antelope Broadcasting, which owned KAVL 610 AM. Antelope retained the top 40 format but changed the call letters to KAVS.
KAVS flipped to modern rock in September 1995. In February 1997, KAVS began simulcasting with KYHT (105.3 FM) in Yermo and both stations broadcast as \"High Desert Modern Rock 97.7 & 105.3\".
### Jacor/Clear Channel era (1998--2011) {#jacorclear_channel_era_19982011}
In September 1998, Antelope Broadcasting sold its three stations --- KAVS, KTPI, and KYHT --- to Jacor Communications for \$4 million. Jacor would be purchased by Clear Channel Communications the following year. KAVS and KYHT dropped their modern rock programming and began simulcasting the top 40 format of Clear Channel sister station KIIS-FM (102.7 FM) in Los Angeles. In the early days of Jacor/Clear Channel ownership, KAVS hosted many on-air events in the Antelope Valley and Barstow/Victor Valley areas.
Following the Jacor-Clear Channel merger, the new owners made drastic changes that produced a ripple effect across Southern California radio. The KAVS/KYHT simulcast was discontinued, and the latter\'s operations were transferred to Clear Channel\'s Victorville office. KYHT continued with the KIIS-FM format for two years, after which it began simulcasting KZXY-FM (Y102) in Victorville. KFMS in Las Vegas dropped its KIIS-FM simulcast and \"KISS-FM\" branding, introducing all-local programming and eventually changing formats altogether. Meanwhile, KAVS changed its call sign to KVVS in August 2000. Under Clear Channel ownership, the station gradually reduced its local airstaff and community activity. Eventually, the station dropped all local content except advertisements and simulcast KIIS-FM full-time; the website for KVVS simply redirected to that of KIIS-FM.
On December 21, 2007, the KVVS call letters and the simulcast of KIIS-FM were moved to 105.5 FM; that station was previously known as KOSS, \"105.5 The Oasis\". The KOSS call letters relocated to 97.7 FM, as did the country format from the then-KTPI-FM on 103.1 FM; that frequency then began simulcasting KYSR (Star 98.7) in Los Angeles. While the format of 97.7 FM was branded as \"97-7 KTPI\", the KTPI-FM call sign remained at 103.1 FM in Tehachapi temporarily. On January 2, 2008, KOSS and KTPI-FM swapped call signs, with 97.7 FM now becoming KTPI-FM. The station at 103.1 FM took on the KOSS call letters briefly, changing to KSRY on January 10, 2008.
### RZ Radio era (2011--present) {#rz_radio_era_2011present}
As a condition of approving a plan by Clear Channel to become a privately held corporation, the FCC required the company to divest 194 stations in markets where it exceeded ownership limits by placing them into a trust until they are sold. In January 2008, Clear Channel transferred KTPI-FM and sports radio outlet KAVL to the Aloha Stations Trust. In December 2011, RZ Media LLC, owned by Saul Rosenzweig, purchased KTPI-FM and KAVL from the trust, and KTPI (AM) from Clear Channel directly, for a total of \$800,000.
Weekday programming on KTPI-FM includes *Big D and Bubba* (syndicated from Nashville) in mornings. Justin Michael is in the weekday midday timeslot from 10am-2pm, which features \"The 90s At Noon,\" a full hour of 90s country. Program Director Shannon Smith is on-air during afternoon drive time, followed by the syndicated shows *Big Time with Whitney Allen* Monday---Saturday evenings and *CMT After Midnite with Granger Smith* overnight. Weekends feature *The Crook and Chase Countdown* and Ramblin\' Ray
| 759 |
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| 0 |
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# Body without organs
The **body without organs** (or **BwO**; French: *corps sans organes* or *CsO*) is a fuzzy concept used in the work of French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. The concept describes the unregulated potential of a body---not necessarily human---without organizational structures imposed on its constituent parts, operating freely. The term, first used by French writer Antonin Artaud, appeared in his 1947 play *To Have Done With the Judgment of God*. Deleuze later adapted it in his 1969 book *The Logic of Sense*, and ambiguously expanded upon it in collaboration with Guattari in both volumes of their work *Capitalism and Schizophrenia* (1972 and 1980).
Building on the general abstract notion of the body in metaphysics, and on the unconscious in psychoanalysis, Deleuze and Guattari theorized that since the conscious and unconscious fantasies in psychosis and schizophrenia express potential forms and functions of the body that demand it to be liberated, the reality of the homeostatic process of the body is that it is limited by its organization and more so by its organs. There are three types of the body without organs; the empty, the full, and the cancerous, according to what the body has achieved.
## Background
The phrase \"body without organs\" was first used by the French writer Antonin Artaud in his 1947 text for a play, *To Have Done With the Judgment of God*. Referring to his ideal for man as a philosophical subject, he wrote in its epilogue that \"When you will have made him a body without organs, then you will have delivered him from all his automatic reactions and restored him to his true freedom.\" Artaud is regarded as having viewed the body as an impermanent, composite image of actions inflicted upon a vulnerable and repressive physical structure; in a 1933 letter, he wrote that bodies should be understood only as \"provisional stratifications of states of life\".
Deleuze reinterpreted the term in *The Logic of Sense*, inspired both by Artaud\'s text and the work of psychotherapist Gisela Pankow; here, he conceptualized the body without organs in the context of psychoanalysis, observing that the practice as it existed refused the thorough creation of BwOs. In Deleuze\'s early formulations of the concept, the body without organs was based in the symptoms related to schizophrenia, such as glossolalia where syllables are formlessly uttered and intoned in sets as if they were words. For Deleuze, glossolalia transforms words from having instrumental value, where words have literal meaning, to \"*values which are exclusively tonic* \[relating to speech\] and not written\", creating---in the case of language---lingual and verbal bodies without organs.
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# Body without organs
## Usage
The concept of the body without organs was mainly defined by Deleuze and Guattari in the two volumes of their work *Capitalism and Schizophrenia*, *Anti-Oedipus* and *A Thousand Plateaus*. In both books, the abstract body is defined as a self-regulating process---created by the relation between an abstract machine and a machinic assemblage---that maintains itself through processes of homeostasis and simultaneously limits the possible activities of its constituent parts, or organs. The body without organs is the sum total intensive and affective activity of the full potential for the body and its constituent parts.
Deleuze and Guattari presume, in a continuation from Samuel Butler\'s radical departure from vitalism in \"Darwin among the Machines\", that since all organisms have some sort of abstract inclination or *desire*---in the case of nonhuman life such as plants and animals, their genetic instincts variably control what actions they take---the body without organs is the inevitable, unconstrained manifestation of those inclinations or desires that may take upon unprecedented forms. The concept of the body that the *body without organs* refers to inherits elements from both the concept of substance proposed by Baruch Spinoza and the concept of \"intensive magnitude\" in Immanuel Kant\'s *Critique of Pure Reason*, wherein it is defined not by closed and determinate activity but by cohesion through affective potential. A body without organs can consist of many different actions that approach an unattainable goal, many of which are the activities of assemblages that people unconsciously create and are always engaged in; to become a body without organs, one must dispose of stratification (the classification of constituent parts into groups), and instead give way to what Deleuze and Guattari described as an immanent \"becoming\" of pure intensity. The body without organs is not necessarily coupled with the eradication of stratification, but rather encourages the creation of a \"smooth space\", immanently transforming the body beyond its existing categorization.
The bodies---not merely physical but *intensive*---of schizophrenics, drug addicts, and hypochondriacs are examples they give of bodies without organs, but they caution against replicating their actions; people should not seek out their negative experiences, which are \"catatonicized\" and \"vitrified\". While these examples are said to have abandoned stratification, they never intensified, which makes their bodies without organs vulnerable to re-stratification. They classify bodies without organs into three categories: The empty BwO is chaotic and undifferentiated because it undergoes destratification without intensification; the full BwO is a \"plane of consistency\" because it is both destratified and intensified, which allows it to enter new relationships; meanwhile, the cancerous BwO is too stratified and becomes \"majoritarian\", having predetermined objectives that eliminate the body\'s potential.
Two important examples of the body without organs relate to eggs. As a bird egg develops, it is nothing but the dispersion of protein gradients, which have varying intensities and have no apparent structure; for Deleuze and Guattari, a bird egg is an instance of life \"before the formation of the strata\", since changes in the qualitative elements of the egg will emerge as a changed organism. Relatedly, in the Dogon culture, there is a belief in an egg that encompasses the universe, where the universe is an \"intensive *spatium*\" (an intensive interior), similar to a bird egg. According to Deleuze and Guattari, the Dogon egg is an intensive body, crossed with several zig-zagging lines of vibration, changing its shape as it develops without being compartmentalized through organs.
### Ambiguity
The body without organs remains one of Deleuze and Guattari\'s more ambiguous concepts and terms; over the course of their careers, the term changed in meaning and was used synonymously with others, such as the plane of immanence. Deleuze and Guattari were unsure whether they referred to the same concept when using the term; scholars of Deleuze and Guattari have also expressed \"little to no agreement\" on the term, according to philosopher Ian Buchanan.
## Interpretations
### Nick Land {#nick_land}
English philosopher Nick Land, who was reliant on the work of Deleuze and Guattari in his theoretical work of the 1990s, used the concept of the body without organs in relation to his \"cybergothic\" reinterpretation of continental philosophy. In his philosophy, the body without organs is defined by Land (alongside Deleuze and Guattari in *Anti-Oedipus*) as a model of death with an infinite capacity for dispersion of its elements. For instance, in the conclusion of his 1993 essay \"Art as Insurrection\", he writes:
> The body without organs is \[\...\] at once \[a\] material abstraction, and the concretely hypostasized differential terrain which is nothing other than what is instantaneously shared by difference. The body without organs is pure surface, because it is the mere coherence of differential web, but it is also the source of depth \[\...\]
Similarly, in his 1995 essay \"Cybergothic\", Land identified the body without organs as a concept in the lineage of representations of \"death as time-in-itself\"---or \"degree 0\" of an intensive continuum---within which experiential time is a profusion of indeterminate states, corresponding both to the schizophrenic consciousness and to the dissipation of matter through death; this lineage also includes Spinoza\'s substance, Kant\'s \"pure apperception\", Sigmund Freud\'s death drives, and most notably, American novelist William Gibson\'s notion of cyberspace
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# WNCK
**WNCK** (89.5 FM) is a radio station known as \"89.5 Quahog Country\". It is licensed to and serves Nantucket, Massachusetts. The station is owned by Nantucket Public Radio, Inc.
## History
The station signed on in 2002 and originally programmed an adult contemporary format. On April 1, 2003, the station entered into a ten-year programming and operational agreement with the WGBH Educational Foundation; despite this, WNCK remained separately-run from WCAI, WNAN, and WZAI, the WGBH-owned and operated Cape and Islands NPR stations.
Originally, WGBH programmed WNCK as a simulcast of its primary radio service, offering a mixed-format of classical, jazz, folk, blues, Celtic music, and news. Upon the completion of WGBH\'s acquisition of Boston classical music station WCRB on December 1, 2009, WNCK switched its programming source to that station in an effort to improve WCRB\'s signal. (Concurrent with the acquisition, WGBH\'s own classical music programming, as well as the folk and blues programming, were replaced with increased news programming, essentially rendering the simulcast on WNCK largely redundant to WCAI, specifically the WNAN transmitter.)
On June 19, 2014, WNCK dropped its simulcast with WCRB to become a local NPR station for Nantucket. The station\'s lineup included *Morning Edition* and *All Things Considered*, with classical music being aired the rest of the day and all weekend. On December 28, 2020, the station changed its format to country music, branded as \"89.5 Quahog Country\". By this point, WNCK was being operated under common management with commercial station WAZK
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# Ankara Atatürk Sport Hall
**Ankara Atatürk Sport Hall** (*Ankara Atatürk Spor Salonu*) is an indoor sport arena located in the district of Ulus in Ankara, Turkey. The hall with a seating capacity for 4,500 people and a parking lot for 500 cars was built in 1969.
Home of the clubs Büyük Kolej and Türk Telekom, it is the second biggest indoor sport hall in Ankara after ASKI Sport Hall, where competitions of basketball, volleyball and handball are held.
Following the preliminary round, which took place in Bursa and İzmir, Atatürk Sport Hall hosted 16
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# Turner Stevenson
**Turner Ladd Stevenson** (born May 18, 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger who played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Montreal Canadiens, New Jersey Devils, and Philadelphia Flyers. He won the Stanley Cup with New Jersey in 2003.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Drafted 12th overall in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft by the Montreal Canadiens, Stevenson played his first nine professional seasons with the Canadiens. Left exposed in the 2000 NHL Expansion Draft, he was claimed by the Columbus Blue Jackets, who then sent him to the New Jersey Devils to complete a previous trade involving Krzysztof Oliwa. He spent the next four seasons with New Jersey, winning the Stanley Cup in 2003. Following the 2003--04 season, he signed a three-year contract with the Philadelphia Flyers. Stevenson only played 31 games with the Flyers during a 2005--06 season in which he struggled due to hip problems and the Flyers bought him out following the season. He retired on April 13, 2007, and became an assistant coach with the Seattle Thunderbirds, the team he played for prior to his professional career.
## Personal Info {#personal_info}
Born and raised in the small northern community of Mackenzie, British Columbia, Stevenson began playing hockey at an early age on a small skating rink constructed next to his home in the Gantahaz Lake area.
As of 2019, Stevenson lives in Seattle, where he coaches for the Everett Silvertips junior hockey team
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# Early Lake Erie
**Early Lake Erie** was a prehistoric proglacial lake that existed at the end of the last ice age approximately 13,000 years ago. The early Erie fed waters to Glacial Lake Iroquois.
The ancient lake was similar in size to the current lake during glacial retreat, but for some period the eastern half of the lake was covered with ice.
Early-period Lake Erie was made up of smaller lakes (Lakes Warren, Wayne, Maumee and Lundy) with lower depths . Much of the ancient lake bed is now northern Ohio.
## Early (low) Stage {#early_low_stage}
12,000 years before present (YBP) the Laurentian ice sheet had melted to the east, creating an outlet for the Lake Erie basin at the Niagara Escarpment. Simultaneously, the ice sheet had opened a drainage between Lake Algonquin and Lake Ontario through the Kirkfield Outlet. This ended the outflow from Lake Algonquin into the Lake Erie Basin. Holocene history of Lake Erie began with a flood of water over the Niagara Escarpment. The flood created a channel in the moraines and bedrock lower water level in the Erie basin. The Niagara River Outlet, was over 50 m lower than the present level of Lake Erie creating a non-glacial lake, called Early Lake Erie. At this stage water elevation was 120 m above sea level. The lake consisted of two lobes, one in the eastern basin and a smaller lake in the central basin.
### Discharge from Lake Algonquin {#discharge_from_lake_algonquin}
About 10,400 YBP the ice sheet advanced southward, blocking the Kirkfield Outlet. Once again, the Lake Erie basin received water from Lake Algonquin, through the Port Huron Outlet and the new St. Clair River-Lake St. Clair-Detroit River system. The additional water created a marshy swamp in the western basin, then it created a river system through the Pelee Passage. The shallow central basin overflowed the Norfolk Moraine creating the Pennsylvania Channel into the eastern basin. The deeper eastern basin overflowed Niagara Escarpment by the Niagara River for a brief time. There is still a division of ideas about whether Early Lake Erie overflowed the Niagara River at this time or remained without an overflow.
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# Early Lake Erie
## Early (low) Stage {#early_low_stage}
### Second low stage {#second_low_stage}
By 10,300 YBP the North Bay Outlet opened between Lake Algonquin and the St. Lawrence River. The level of Lake Algonquin dropped, ending the outflow through the Port Huron outlet. For several thousand years Early Lake Erie did not receive water from the upper basins. This low water stage lasted for 5,000 years. The lake lost over 90 percent of its inflow, becoming stagnant. The lake became eutrophic, acerbated by lower precipitation and increased evaporation. A closed or endorheic lake basin was created Bathymetric data compiled by National Geographic Data Center in 1998 located a former shoreline submerged below Lake Erie. The Buffalo Ridge shoreline in the eastern basin is 10 to below the current river outlet. The central basin was separate from the eastern basin, but with isostatic rebound in the eastern end, the water topped the Norfolk Moraine, creating one lake with a deep channel called the Pennsylvania Channel. An alternative may have been a significant inflow of water from the south shore tributaries, raising the water level, while deepening the Pennsylvania Channel, until a single lake was created.
## Middle Stage {#middle_stage}
About 10,000 YBP the water levels began to level off. At 7,500 YBP the elevation was 145 m. It continued to rise, by slowing for the next 2,000 years. This period has been called the \"Middle Lake Erie\". This would be 25 m below the current lake level. An alternative level at 30 m has been proposed through radiocarbon dates. It is believed that decreased precipitation and increased evaporation of set the changes created by the isostatic uplift.) This Xerothermic or Hypsithermal Interval existed for approximately 5,000 years (10,300 to 5,300 YBP). As the uplift continued, the North Bay Outlet rose, and the upper basin entered the stage of Lake Nipissing. This was 5,400 YBP. Lake Erie remained isolated, but continued to rise. The Middle Stage ended around 5,300 YBP when drainage from Lake Nipissing was again diverted through the Port Huron outlet. The increase in water, the growing humidity in the climate, and increased water levels created a large delta in western basin at the mouth of the ancestral Detroit River. The remaining depositional features in Lake Erie (i.e. the Buffalo Ridge, Norfolk Moraine, Conneaut Bank, and Presque Isle Bank) were flooded. These underwater obstacles altered water circulation patterns, forming new surface features, including Long Point, Ontario, and Presque Isle, Pennsylvania. The Lake St. Clair delta was formed during this time, (5,000-3,600 YBP). The lacustrine clays under the delta have been radiocarbon dated at 7,300 YBP. Thus the delta began during Lake Nipissing time
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# Early Lake Erie
## Highstand
Shoreline features indicate Lake Erie rose to a highstand, 3 to above its present level about 4,700 YPB. The Niagara River Outlet eroded to its current level about 3,500 YBP.
## Transition to modern Lake Erie {#transition_to_modern_lake_erie}
When Lake Erie reached its present level 3,500 YBP, the southern tributary river that had created incised channels through the lacustrine sediment and glacial till during the low-water stages was flooded. This created the drowned estuarine river mouths common along the western shore. These drowned shores became the source of beach sand, forming the massive sand spits at Long Point and Presque Isle, and creating new spits at Point Pelee, Ontario, and Cedar Point, Ohio. At the same time barrier beaches were formed across the mouths of most of the estuarine tributaries
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# Difference (philosophy)
**Difference** is a key concept of philosophy, denoting the process or set of properties by which one entity is distinguished from another within a relational field or a given conceptual system. In the Western philosophical system, difference is traditionally viewed as being opposed to identity, following the Principles of Leibniz, and in particular, his Law of the identity of indiscernibles. In structuralist and poststructuralist accounts, however, difference is understood to be *constitutive* of both meaning and identity. In other words, because identity (particularly, personal identity) is viewed in non-essentialist terms as a construct, and because constructs only produce meaning through the interplay of differences (see below), it is the case that for both structuralism and poststructuralism, identity cannot be said to exist without difference.
## Difference in Leibniz\'s law {#difference_in_leibnizs_law}
Gottfried Leibniz\'s Principle of the identity of indiscernibles states that two things are identical if and only if they share the same and only the same properties. This is a principle which defines identity rather than difference, although it established the tradition in logic and analytical philosophy of conceiving of identity and difference as oppositional.
## Kant\'s critique {#kants_critique}
In his *Critique of Pure Reason*, Immanuel Kant argues that it is necessary to distinguish between the thing in itself and its appearance. Even if two objects have completely the same properties, if they are at two different places at the same time, they are numerically different: `{{Quote|''Identity and Difference''.— ... Thus, in the case of two drops of water, we may make complete abstraction of all internal difference (quality and quantity), and, the fact that they are intuited at the same time in different places, is sufficient to justify us in holding them to be numerically different. {{sic|[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibnitz]]}} regarded phaenomena as things in themselves, consequently as {{lang|la|intelligibilia}}, that is, objects of pure understanding ..., and in this case his principle of the indiscernible ({{lang|la|principium identatis indiscernibilium}}) is not to be impugned. But, as phaenomena are objects of sensibility, and, as the understanding, in respect of them, must be employed empirically and not purely or transcendentally, plurality and numerical difference are given by space itself as the condition of external phaenomena. For one part of space, although it may be perfectly similar and equal to another part, is still without it, and for this reason alone is different from the latter .... It follows that this must hold good of all things that are in the different parts of space at the same time, however similar and equal one may be to another.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kant |first=Immanuel |title=Critique of Pure Reason |orig-year=1781 |year=1855 |others=Trans. by [[John Meiklejohn]] |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/critiquepurerea01meikgoog/page/n237 191] |url=https://archive.org/details/critiquepurerea01meikgoog}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Difference (philosophy)
## Difference in structuralism {#difference_in_structuralism}
Structural linguistics, and subsequently structuralism proper, are founded on the idea that meaning can only be produced differentially in signifying systems (such as language). This concept first came to prominence in the structuralist writings of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and was developed for the analysis of social and mental structures by French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss. The former was concerned to question the prevailing view of meaning \"inhering\" in words, or the idea that language is a nomenclature bearing a one-to-one correspondence to the real. Instead, Saussure argues that meaning arises through differentiation of one sign from another, or even of one phoneme from another:
> In language there are only differences. Even more important: a difference generally implies positive terms between which the difference is set up; but in language there are only differences without positive terms. Whether we take the signified or the signifier, language has neither ideas nor sounds that existed before the linguistic system, but only conceptual and phonic differences that have issued from the system. The idea or phonic substance that a sign contains is of less importance than the other signs that surround it. \... A linguistic system is a series of differences of sound combined with a series of differences of ideas; but the pairing of a certain number of acoustical signs with as many cuts made from the mass thought engenders a system of values.
In his *Structural Anthropology*, Claude Lévi-Strauss applied this concept to the anthropological study of mental structures, kinship and belief systems, examining the way in which social meaning emerges through a series of structural oppositions between paired/opposed kinship groups, for example, or between basic oppositional categories (such as friend and enemy, life and death, or in a later volume, the raw and the cooked).
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# Difference (philosophy)
## Difference and *différance* in poststructuralism {#difference_and_in_poststructuralism}
The French philosopher Jacques Derrida both extended and profoundly critiqued structuralist thought on the processes by which meaning is produced through the interplay of difference in language, and in particular, writing. Whereas structuralist linguistics had recognized that meaning is differential, much structuralist thought, such as narratology, had become too focused on identifying and producing a typology of the fixed differential structures and binary oppositions at work in any given system. In his work, Derrida sought to show how the differences on which any signifying system depends are not fixed, but get caught up and entangled with each other. Writing itself becomes the prototype of this process of entanglement, and in *Of Grammatology* (1967) and \"*italic=no*\" (in *Margins of Philosophy*, 1972) Derrida shows how the concept of writing (as the paradoxical absence or de-presencing of the living voice) has been subordinated to the desired \"full presence\" of speech within the Western philosophical tradition. His early thought on the relationship between writing and difference is collected in his book of essays entitled *Writing and Difference* (1967).
Elsewhere, Derrida coined the term *\[\[différance\]\]* (a deliberate misspelling of *différence*) in order to provide a conceptual hook for his thinking on the meaning processes at work within writing/language. This neologism is a play on the two meanings of the French word *différer*: to differ and to defer. Derrida thereby argues that meaning does not arise out of fixed differences between static elements in a structure, but that the meanings produced in language and other signifying systems are always partial, provisional and infinitely deferred along a chain of differing/deferring signifiers. At the same time, the word *différance* itself *performs* this entanglement and confusion of differential meanings, for it depends on a minimal difference (the substitution of the letter \"a\" for the letter \"e\") which cannot be apprehended in oral speech, since the suffixes \"-ance\" and \"-ence\" have the same pronunciation in French. The \"phonemic\" (non-)difference between *différence* and *différance* can only be observed in writing, hence producing differential meaning only in a partial, deferred and entangled manner.
has been defined as \"the non-originary, constituting-disruption of presence\": spatially, it differs, creating spaces, ruptures, and differences and temporally, it defers, delaying presence from ever being fully attained. Derrida\'s criticism of essentialist ontology draws on the differential ontology of Friedrich Nietzsche (who introduced the concept of *Verschiedenheit*, \"difference\", in his unpublished manuscripts (*KSA* 11:35\[58\], p. 537)) and Emmanuel Levinas (who proposed an ethics of the Other).
In a similar vein, Gilles Deleuze\'s *Difference and Repetition* (1968) was an attempt to think difference as having an ontological privilege over identity, inverting the traditional relationship between those two concepts and implying that identities are only produced through processes of differentiation
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