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# FC Wacker Innsbruck
**FC Wacker Innsbruck** was an Austrian association football club from Innsbruck, Tyrol.
## History
The *Fußball-Club Wacker* (\"Valiant\") *Innsbruck* was established in 1915 by Jakob Hanspeter, Benedikt Hosp, Josef Leitner, Josef Albrecht and other now unknown football enthusiasts and adopted club colours of black and green. After a few years playing friendlies against other Innsbruck sides, the club was put on hiatus until 1918 because of the interruption of the First World War. In 1964 the club participated the first time in Austria\'s A-Liga, today\'s Bundesliga, winning its first championship in 1971.
On 20 July 1971, FC Wacker Innsbruck and SV Wattens, also playing in Austrian first division, merged to form a single team called *SpG Swarovski Wattens-Innsbruck* (SSW Innsbruck) in order to focus the football power of Tyrol better. The union applied only to the professional footballers -- the junior sides of both teams carried on as part of their original clubs. SSW Innsbruck won the Austrian Championship five times and reached the quarterfinals in the 1977--78 European Cup.
In 1981 SSW Innsbruck was relegated the first time and in 1986 the club was renamed FC Wacker Innsbruck. After the new club FC Swarovski Tirol took over the license of the club, FC Wacker Innsbruck was forced to play in the eighth division, quickly managing to reach the fourth division in 1992. In the same year the FC Swarovski was dissolved and Wacker regained the Bundesliga license and access to the 1992--93 UEFA Cup. They nevertheless played in the Bundesliga only for one season, as in 1993 the FC Tirol Innsbruck was formed, to which FC Wacker again lost its license. In 1999 the club, meanwhile playing in the seventh division, finally folded
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# Interstitial nephritis
**Interstitial nephritis**, also known as **tubulointerstitial nephritis**, is inflammation of the area of the kidney known as the renal interstitium, which consists of a collection of cells, extracellular matrix, and fluid surrounding the renal tubules. It is also known as intestinal nephritis because the clinical picture may in some cases of acute pyelonephritis include mesenteric lymphadenitis (mostly due to use of NSAIDs). More specifically, in case of recurrent urinary tract infection, secondary infection can spread to adjacent intestine. In addition to providing a scaffolding support for the tubular architecture, the interstitium has been shown to participate in the fluid and electrolyte exchange as well as endocrine functions of the kidney.
There are a variety of known factors that can provoke the inflammatory process within the renal interstitium, including pharmacologic, environmental, infectious and systemic disease contributors. The spectrum of disease presentation can range from an acute process to a chronic condition with progressive tubular cell damage and renal dysfunction.
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
Interstitial nephritis may present with a variety of signs and symptoms, many of these nonspecific. Fever is the most common, occurring in 30-50% of patients, particularly those with drug-induced interstitial nephritis. Other general symptoms that occur with variable frequency include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, lack of appetite, and weight loss. More specific symptoms, such as flank pain, pain with urination, and visible blood in the urine, as well as signs like hypertension can be helpful in increasing suspicion for the diagnosis. The \"classic\" triad of symptoms reported in early documented cases consisted of rash, joint pain, and increased eosinophils in the blood; however, more recent epidemiology suggests that this grouping of symptoms only occurs in a small minority (5-10%) of patients. With modern drugs causing between 70 and 90% of current cases, the possibility of a change in presentation exists.
## Causes
Common causes include infection, or reaction to medication such as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, or antibiotics such as methicillin (meticillin). Reaction to medications causes 71% to 92% of cases.
### Drugs
\
{\| class=\"wikitable\" \|+Examples of Drugs Associated With Interstitial Nephritis !Class !Examples \|- \|Antibiotic \|β-lactams (e.g. penicillins, cephalosporins), sulfonamides (e.g. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), fluoroquinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin), macrolides (e.g. erythromycin), anti-tuberculins (e.g. rifampin, ethambutol), chloramphenicol \|- \|Anti-inflammatory \|Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (e.g. ibuprofen, naproxen), selective COX-2 inhibitors (e.g. celecoxib) \|- \|Antiviral \|Acyclovir, atazanavir, abacavir, indinavir \|- \|Analgesic \|Aspirin, acetaminophen \|- \|Gastrointestinal \|Proton pump inhibitors (e.g. omeprazole, lansoprazole), H2-receptor blockers (e.g. cimetidine), 5-aminosalicylates (e.g. mesalamine) \|- \|Antiseizure \|Phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital \|- \|Diuretic \|Hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, triamterene, chlorthalidone \|- \|Chemotherapy \|Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. sunitinib), checkpoint inhibitors (e.g. ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab) \|- \|Contrast agent \|Gadolininum based contrast agent \|- \|Other \|Allopurinol, Chinese herbs \|} This disease is also caused by other diseases and toxins that damage the kidney. Both acute and chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis can be caused by a bacterial infection in the kidneys known as pyelonephritis, but the most common cause is by an adverse reaction to a medication. The medications that are known to cause this sort of reaction are β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalexin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin less frequently than others), as well as proton-pump inhibitors, rifampicin, sulfa medications, fluoroquinolones, diuretics, allopurinol, mesalamine, and phenytoin. The time between exposure to the drug and the development of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis can be anywhere from 5 days to 5 months (fenoprofen-induced).
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# Interstitial nephritis
## Diagnosis
The condition can appear without symptoms. When present they may appear widely varied and can occur rapidly or gradually.
When caused by an allergic reaction, the symptoms of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis are fever (27% of patients), rash (15% of patients), and enlarged kidneys. Some people experience dysuria, and lower back pain.
In chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis the patient can experience symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and weight loss. Other conditions that may develop include a high concentration of potassium in the blood, metabolic acidosis, and kidney failure.
### Blood tests {#blood_tests}
About 23% of patients have a high level of eosinophils in the blood.
### Urinary findings {#urinary_findings}
Urinary findings include:
- Eosinophiluria: Original studies with Methicillin-induced AIN showed sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 83%. The sensitivity is higher in patients with interstitial nephritis induced by methicillin or when the Hansel\'s stain is used. However, a 2013 study showed that the sensitivity and specificity of urine eosinophil testing are 35.6% and 68% respectively.
- Isosthenuria
- Blood in the urine and occasional RBC casts
- Sterile pyuria: white blood cells and no bacteria. About 50% of patients with AIN have pyuria.Frank B. Cortazar, Zoe A. Kibbelaar, Ilya G. Glezerman, Ala Abudayyeh, Omar Mamlouk, Shveta S. Motwani, Naoka Murakami, Sandra M. Herrmann, Sandhya Manohar, Anushree C. Shirali, Abhijat Kitchlu, Shayan Shirazian, Amer Assal, Anitha Vijayan, Amanda DeMauro Renaghan, David I. Ortiz-Melo, Sunil Rangarajan, A. Bilal Malik, Jonathan J. Hogan, Alex R. Dinh, Daniel Sanghoon Shin, Kristen A. Marrone, Zain Mithani, Douglas B. Johnson, Afrooz Hosseini, Deekchha Uprety, Shreyak Sharma, Shruti Gupta, Kerry L. Reynolds, Meghan E. Sise, David E. Leaf
JASN Feb 2020, 31 (2) 435--446; DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2019070676
- Nephrotic-range amount of protein in the urine may be seen with NSAID-associated AIN. Low grade proteinuria may be seen in a majority of other causes of AIN.
- White blood cell (WBC) casts: Fewer than one in five patients with AIN have WBC casts in urine.Urinary Sediment Findings in Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Fogazzi, Giovanni B. et al. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Volume 60, Issue 2, 330 - 332
### Pathology
While non-invasive patient evaluation (physical examination, blood and urine testing, imaging studies) can be suggestive, the only way to definitively diagnosis interstitial nephritis is with a tissue diagnosis obtained by kidney biopsy. Pathologic examination will reveal the presence of interstitial edema and inflammatory infiltration with various white blood cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. Generally, blood vessels and glomeruli are not affected. Electron microscopy shows mitochondrial damage in the tubular epithelial cells, vacuoles in the cytoplasm, and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum.
### Gallium scan {#gallium_scan}
The sensitivity of an abnormal gallium scan has been reported to range from 60% to 100%. A study of Gallium scan in 76 patients \[23 with AIN, 8 with biopsy-proven AIN\] showed an AUC of 0.75.
### Novel biomarkers {#novel_biomarkers}
Given the challenges with clinical diagnosis of AIN due to lack of clinical features and lack of accuracy of existing tests, there has been significant interest in identifying non-invasive biomarkers for this disease. One study showed that monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (chemokine CCL-2) and neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) were higher in patients with AIN than in controls (in this case healthy participants). A more recent study, showed that urine cytokines interleukin-9 and tumor necrosis factor-α were higher in patients with AIN than in controls without AIN who underwent a biopsy for evaluation of acute kidney injury and showed an AUC of 0.79. This study also showed that the biomarkers had higher AUC than the clinician\'s pre-biopsy impression of AIN and, when added to a model of clinical variables, showed an AUC of 0.84. In a subsequent study, interleukin-9 was also shown to identify patients most likely to respond to corticosteroid therapy.
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# Interstitial nephritis
## Treatment
Treatment consists of addressing the cause, such as by removing an offending drug. There is no clear evidence that corticosteroids help. Nutrition therapy consists of adequate fluid intake, which can require several liters of extra fluid.
## Prognosis
The kidneys are the only body system that are directly affected by tubulointerstitial nephritis. Kidney function is usually reduced; the kidneys can be just slightly dysfunctional, or fail completely.
In chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, the most serious long-term effect is kidney failure. When the proximal tubule is injured, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, uric acid, and phosphate reabsorption may be reduced or changed, resulting in low bicarbonate, known as metabolic acidosis, low potassium, low uric acid known as hypouricemia, and low phosphate known as hypophosphatemia. Damage to the distal tubule may cause loss of urine-concentrating ability and polyuria.
In most cases of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, the function of the kidneys will return after the harmful drug is discontinued, or when the underlying disease is cured by treatment.
If the illness is caused by an allergic reaction, a corticosteroid may speed the recovery kidney function; however, this is often not the case.
Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis has no cure. Some patients may require dialysis. Eventually, a kidney transplant may be needed.
## Epidemiology
Interstitial nephritis is uncommon (\<1% incidence) in patients without any symptoms but occurs in about 10-15% of hospitalized patients with acute kidney injury of unknown cause. While it can occur in patients of all ages, it is more common in elderly patients, perhaps due to increased exposure to drugs and other triggering causes
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# Codsall Community High School
**Codsall Community High School** is a coeducational upper school and sixth form located in Codsall, Staffordshire, England.
It is located near to Wolverhampton. A total of 1017 pupils (including more than 300 sixth formers) attend the school.
## History
Codsall High School was opened in May 1940, taking 126 pupils aged 11 and over from the village\'s school by St Nicholas Church. The school also took pupils from the neighbouring village of Bilbrook. After the war, the school expanded; by 1954, there were 728 children on the roll. An extension was opened in 1957, including the school\'s present Main Hall. A small swimming pool was constructed in the school\'s quadrangle in 1964, a roof was added in the 1970s.
The school became an 11-18 Comprehensive in 1969; at the same time, headteacher George Gibbs retired and was replaced by Ron Mitson. A further extension was built in the early 1970s, and the school\'s catchment area expanded to include the village of Pattingham.
Geoff Bate succeeded as headmaster in September 1972, at the same time that the school\'s capacity was reduced due to the entry age being increased from 11 to 13 as part of the introduction of three-tier education in the area.
Original plans for a high school in Perton were cancelled, and pupils travelled to Codsall upon completing middle school, leading to a growth in pupil numbers. A community sports centre opened during the mid-1970s, refurbished using National Lottery money from 2003.
Mr Bate retired in 1994, replaced by Mr E. Liddy. A further extension was built around this time. The school\'s head until the end of the 2014-2015 academic year was Mrs Tunnicliffe, appointed in 2005. Mr Harding was appointed in 2015 and was the headteacher up until the end of the 2020-2021 academic year, and Mr. Maxfield was appointed in September 2022. The school is joined up with two local middle schools (Bilbrook and Perton) making it part of a federation of schools.
In September 2004 it became the first to achieve specialist school status in Maths and Computing and in 2013 was rated good by Ofsted.
In 2006, the school was found to contain asbestos in some classrooms. In 2014, the school's minibus was involved in a crash that resulted in four children injured and three adults were hurt.
In 2018, the yearly cost for Perton students travelling by bus trebled to more than £600 resulting in protests.
## Curriculum
Following the recognition of the school as a specialist in mathematics and computing, the school\'s focus shifted in the 2000s to the delivery of more ICT and computing courses, as well as vocational qualifications. However, Codsall Community High School offers a wide range of courses, and was the last comprehensive school in South Staffordshire still to offer classical subjects, including Classical Civilisation and Latin, however, these stopped being taught after the year of 2010.
Academic attainment peaked in 2008 when the school achieved record results in GCSE exams with 72% of candidates receiving the top four grades, A\*-C. Since then results have fallen steadily, In 2012, 62% of all pupils attained five GCSEs grade A\* to C including English and mathematics. This is a decrease of six percentage points since 2011.
A room for the Sixth Form was opened by Sir Patrick Cormack in September 2008, named in memory of former headmaster Geoff Bate. Rock band The Hoosiers visited the community project in October 2008 to support the students and the hard work that they had undertaken.
In 2009, Codsall Community High School extended their curriculum provision by becoming the first state school in the country to run a post-16 Football Academy. The scheme offers students, aged 16--18 years, the opportunity to study for nationally recognised qualifications whilst receiving high quality football coaching daily.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Paul Tucker (banker), Former Deputy Governor of the Bank of England
- Jim Lea - member of Slade, perfected his electronic violin skills under the tutelage of Ron Williams
- Emma Reynolds Labour Member of Parliament for Wolverhampton North East and for Wycombe & Economic Secretary to the Treasury
- William Regal - WWE Wrestler
- Gareth Morgan - Daily Star Sunday editor
- Christopher Sadler - award-winning Animator Director for Aardman Animations who has worked on Wallace and Gromit, Chicken Run, Cracking Contraptions, Creature Comforts and Shaun the Sheep
- Peter Baker - Golfer, and member of 1993 Ryder Cup team
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# Route 4 (Hong Kong)
**Route 4** (Chinese: 四號幹綫) is an east-west road artery along the Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. Formerly divided into routes 7 (Causeway Bay - Aberdeen) and 8 (Utilisation of Island Eastern Corridor), it was absorbed into Route 4 in 2004.
## Route
The current Route 4 could be divided into two sections:
From Chai Wan the route travels west towards Central via Island Eastern Corridor, Central--Wan Chai Bypass. Part two of the roadway extension, which took Route 4 from Connaught Road Central to Kennedy Town via `{{clarify|text=the [[Connaught Road West]] Flyover (a.k.a. Rumsey Street Flyover),|date=October 2021}}`{=mediawiki} was completed in 1997.
The areas covered by the route include Kennedy Town, Shek Tong Tsui, Sai Ying Pun, Sheung Wan, Central, Wan Chai, Causeway Bay, Quarry Bay, Taikoo Shing, Shau Kei Wan, A Kung Ngam, Heng Fa Chuen and Chai Wan.
The section of Route 4 from Kennedy Town to Aberdeen was included in the proposal when construction commenced, but this section has yet to be built.
## Exits and Interchanges {#exits_and_interchanges}
District Location Road Name km mi Exit Destinations Notes
--------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------- ----------- ---------- ------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Eastern Chai Wan Island Eastern Corridor 0.0 0.0 --- Chai Wan Road / Wan Tsui Road -- Siu Sai Wan, Hing Wah Estate, Shau Kei Wan Roundabout
0.2 0.12 1A Ning Foo Street to Lee Chung Street Route 4 westbound exit only
0.6 0.37 2 Shun Tai Road To Route 4 eastbound only
0.7 0.43 Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital From Route 4 westbound only
Island Eastern Corridor 1.0 0.62 Wing Tai Road -- Heng Fa Chuen, Siu Sai Wan To/from Route 4 westbound
Heng Fa Chuen 1.9 1.2 --- Shing Tai Road To Route 4 westbound only
Shau Kei Wan 2.1 1.3 2A Tung Hei Road -- Aldrich Bay, A Kung Ngam Northbound entrance only, southbound exit and entrance
2.9 1.8 2B Tung Hei Road -- Shau Kei Wan From Route 4 westbound only
3.3-3.4 2.1-2.1 3A Chai Wan Road -- Shek O, Tai Tam and Stanley To/from Route 4 westbound only
3.4 2.1 3B Tung Hei Road -- Shau Kei Wan, Aldrich Bay
Sai Wan Ho 4.2-4.5 2.6-2.8 3C Oi Shun Road / Tai Hong Street -- Sai Wan Ho, Tai Koo Shing
Hong On Street -- Kornhill
Quarry Bay 4.6--5.5 2.9--3.4 4 Taikoo Wan Road -- Tai Koo Shing Directional-T interchange
4.9--5.5 3.0--3.4 5
North Point 5.8 3.6 6 Man Hong Street / Java Road -- North Point To/from Route 4 eastbound only
6.5 4.0 Java Road / King\'s Road -- Quarry Bay King\'s Road westbound to Route 4 westbound; Route 4 eastbound to Java Road
7.2 4.5 6A Tong Shui Road -- North Point To/from Route 4 westbound only
Fortress Hill 7.5 4.7 6B Island Eastern Corridor to `{{Jct|country=HKG|Route|1}}`{=mediawiki} -- Causeway Bay To/from Route 4 eastbound only; Formerly part of Route 4
Wan Chai Causeway Bay Central--Wan Chai Bypass 9.2 5.7 --- Victoria Park Road To Route 4 westbound only
Wan Chai 9.9 6.2 7 Lung Wo Road -- Wan Chai North and Causeway Bay To/from Route 4 eastbound only
Central and Western Central 11.6 7.2 8 Man Kat Street / Finance Street -- Central From Route 4 westbound only
Man Chiu Street / Man Po Street To/from Route 4 eastbound only
Sheung Wan 12.6 7.8 8A Connaught Road West -- Sai Ying Pun, Pok Fu Lam To/from Route 4 eastbound only
Sai Ying Pun Connaught Road West Flyover 12.9-13.8 8.0--8.6 9 Directional-T interchange
13.8 8.6 --- Hill Road Flyover To Route 4 eastbound only
Shek Tong Tsui 14.4 8
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# Pompeo Posar
**Pompeo Posar** (`{{IPA|it|pomˈpeːo}}`{=mediawiki}; February 21, 1921 -- April 5, 2004) was a *Playboy* magazine staff photographer who photographed many centerfold features and accompanying pictures of women featured as playmate of the month. Notably, he was responsible for the December 1968 centerfold of Cynthia Myers and the November 1975 centerfold of Janet Lupo.
He was born in Trieste, Italy. He spent his career working out of an office in Chicago, Illinois, US
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# Jim Murray (sportswriter)
**James Patrick Murray** (December 29, 1919 -- August 16, 1998 ) was an American `{{nowrap|[[sportswriter]].<ref name=nytobi/><ref name=scmdi/><ref name=joinspok>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l0FYAAAAIBAJ&pg=4307%2C1181346 |work=Spokane Chronicle |location=(Washington) |agency=(Los Angeles Times) |title=Jim Murray joining Chronicle sports section |date=December 3, 1981 |page=37}}</ref><ref name=wmstrpb>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QrJOAAAAIBAJ&pg=6135%2C816084 |work=Wilmington Morning Star |location=(North Carolina) |last=Bowker |first=Paul |title=Murray: The man, the words |date=August 18, 1998 |page=1C}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} He worked at the *Los Angeles Times* from 1961 until his death in 1998, and his column was nationally syndicated.
Among his many achievements was winning the NSSA\'s Sportswriter of the Year award 14 times (12 of those consecutively). In 1990, he won a Pulitzer Prize for Commentary for his 1989 columns, and the Baseball Writers\' Association of America awarded him the J. G. Taylor Spink Award in 1987. Cited as an influence by countless sports journalists, Murray was a fixture at the `{{nowrap|''L.A. Times''}}`{=mediawiki} for 37 years.
After he won the Pulitzer in 1990, Murray modestly said he thought the prize winner should have had \"to bring down a government or expose major graft or give advice to prime ministers. Correctly quoting Los Angeles Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda shouldn\'t merit a Pulitzer Prize.\" He was offered \$1 million to join *The National Sports Daily*, but declined.
## Career
Prior to his tenure with the *Los Angeles Times*, Murray was a writer and columnist for *Sports Illustrated* from 1953 to 1961 and *Time* magazine from 1948 to 1955. He was also a reporter for the *Los Angeles Examiner* from 1944 to 1948, the *New Haven (CT) Register* and *The Hartford Times*. A native of Hartford, Connecticut, Murray graduated from that city\'s Trinity College `{{nowrap|in 1943.<ref name=joinspok/><ref>[http://espn.go.com/classic/s/2001/0405/1167972.html Jim Murray biography at espn.com]</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
Murray was noted for his great, albeit occasionally caustic, sense of humor and ability to turn a phrase, including the following: he wrote of the Indianapolis 500 automobile race, \"Gentlemen, start your coffins\"; that baseball player Rickey Henderson \"has a strike zone the size of Hitler\'s heart\"; and that UCLA basketball coach John Wooden was \"so square he was divisible by four.\"
Although eventually afflicted with blindness, Murray continued covering and writing about sports as long as he was able. He wrote a column from the Del Mar racetrack for the L.A. Times on the day before he died.
The Jim Murray Memorial Foundation, created in 1999 by Murray\'s widow, Linda McCoy-Murray, raises money for journalism scholarships for college journalists. Currently 31 universities participate annually in a national essay competition in which the winners receive \$5,000.00 scholarships.
In 1964, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
He was inducted in the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association Hall of Fame in 1978.
In 1982, Murray was honored by the Associated Press Sports Editors, who awarded him the Red Smith Award, which is America\'s most prestigious sports writing honor. For his contribution to sports in Los Angeles, he was honored with a Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum \"Court of Honor\" plaque by the Coliseum commissioners. A testimonial dinner in Beverly Hills was held for Murray after he won his Pulitzer Prize in 1990, at which the guests included many show-business and sports luminaries, as well as Nancy and Ronald Reagan.
Murray\'s funeral, at St. Martin of Tours Catholic Church in Brentwood, was attended by a variety of notable sports figures including Marcus Allen, Elgin Baylor, Al Davis, Rafer Johnson, Chris McCarron, Peter O\'Malley, Luc Robitaille, Bill Russell, Donald Sterling, Danny Sullivan, and Mike Tyson. The tribute was delivered by his longtime friend, sportscaster `{{nowrap|[[Jack Whitaker]].<ref name=lattribjw>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-aug-22-ss-15552-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |last=Whitaker |first=Jack |author-link=Jack Whitaker |title={{nnbsp}}'My, what a grand man you were'{{nnbsp}} |date=August 22, 1998 |accessdate=March 11, 2019}}</ref><ref name=latfwtaf>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-aug-22-ss-15546-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times |last=Malnic |first=Eric |title=Farewell to a friend |date=August 22, 1998 |access-date=March 11, 2019}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
Murray is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City; a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated posthumously to him in 2008
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# Route 5 (Hong Kong)
**Route 5** (Chinese: 五號幹綫) is a strategic route in Hong Kong from eastern to western Kowloon and New Kowloon, and ends in Tsuen Wan in the New Territories where it connects to Route 9. It is one of the most seriously congested routes in Kowloon, especially during peak hours, as it serves as an interchange to the Hung Hom Cross-Harbour Tunnel.
Route 5 begins in the east from Kowloon Bay westwards via central Kowloon to Yau Ma Tei. From Yau Ma Tei, the road heads north to Tsuen Wan and meets Route 9. In the Tai Kok Tsui section of Route 5, where the route runs in south-north direction, the northbound and southbound lanes are separated, with the northbound and southbound flyovers running over two parallel roads (Tai Kok Tsui Road and Tong Mi Road respectively). It passes through Ngau Tau Kok, Kowloon Bay, Ma Tau Chung, Hung Hom, Yau Ma Tei, Lai Chi Kok, Kwai Chung and Tsuen Wan.
## Constituent roads {#constituent_roads}
The following roads comprise route 5 (from east to west):
-
- Kai Tak Tunnel
- East Kowloon Corridor
- Chatham Road North
- Chatham Road South
- Gascoigne Road Flyover
- West Kowloon Corridor
-
- Tong Mi Road Flyover
- (West Kowloon Corridor West)
-
- Lai Chi Kok Road
- Kwai Chung Road
- Lai Chi Kok Bridge
- Tsuen Wan Road
## Observed roads and exits {#observed_roads_and_exits}
District Location km mi Exit Name Destinations Notes
------------------------ ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------- --------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------
Kwun Tong District Ngau Tau Kok Joins `{{Jct|route|7|country=HKG}}`{=mediawiki} (Kwun Tong Road)
Kowloon Bay 0.7 0.4 1A Wai Yip Street - Kwun Tong Business Area Eastbound exit only
1.3 0.8 1B Sheung Yee Road - Cruise Terminal
1.4 0.9 1C (Kwun Tong Bypass ) - Tseung Kwan O, Hong Kong (East)
1.5 0.9 1D Wang Kwong Road - Kowloon Bay
Kowloon City District Kai Tak 1.8 1.1 2 Kai Tak Interchange Kai Cheung Road - Kowloon Bay Westbound exit
2.1 1.3 Kai Cheung Road - Sha Tin, Kowloon Bay Eastbound exit
2.1--3.4 1.3--2.1 Kai Tak Tunnel
Ma Tau Kok 3.2 2.0 2A San Shan Interchange Sung Wong Toi Road - Kowloon City Eastbound exit only
3.4 2.1 3 Kowloon City Road - To Kwa Wan Westbound exit
3.6 2.2 San Shan Road - To Kwa Wan Eastbound exit
Hung Hom 4.8 3.0 3A Chatham Road North (Non-route part) - Kowloon City Eastbound exit only
4.9 3.0 4 Ping Chi Street - Ho Man Tin Westbound exit
Yan Fung Street - Ho Man Tin Eastbound exit
5.0 3.1 5 Wuhu Street - Hung Hom Westbound exit
Yan Fung Street - Ho Man Tin Eastbound exit
5.3 3.3 6 (Hong Chong Road) - Hong Kong (Central), East Tsim Sha Tsui, Hung Hom Station ---
5.6 3.5 6A Chatham Road South (Non-route part) - Hong Kong Coliseum, Hung Hom, Tsim Sha Tsui Westbound exit only
Yau Tsim Mong District King\'s Park 5.7 3.5 6B Gascoigne Road - Lantau Island, Hong Kong (West), Ho Man Tin, Yau Ma Tei
5.9 3.7 6C Gascoigne Road - Yau Ma Tei
Yau Ma Tei 6.8 4.2 6D Ferry Street, Ngo Cheung Road - Yau Ma Tei, Mong Kok (West), Hong Kong (West)
Ferry Point 7.2 4.5 6E Ferry Street - Tsim Sha Tsui, Airport Express, Hong Kong (West) Eastbound exit only
7.6 4.7 7A Ferry Street - Mong Kok, Tai Kok Tsui, Sham Shui Po Westbound exit only
Tai Kok Tsui 8.4 5.2 7B Tong Mi Road - Yau Ma Tei Eastbound exit only
8.7 5.4 7C Prince Edward Road West, Sycamore Street - Mong Kok
Sham Shui Po District Cheung Sha Wan 10.8 6.7 8B Lai Chi Kok Road - Cheung Sha Wan
Lai Chi Kok 11.3 7.0 8C Cheung Sha Wan Road
11.1 6.9 9 Yuet Lun Street, Lai Chi Kok Road - Mei Foo, Sha Tin Westbound exit
11.7 7.3 Mei Lai Road, Cheung Sha Wan Road - Mei Foo, Sha Tin Eastbound exit
11.4--12.2 7.1--7.6 Lai Chi Kok Bridge
Kwai Tsing District Kwai Chung 12.1 7.5 9A Container Port Road South - Container Terminals Westbound exit only
Lai King Hill Road - Lai King, Princess Margaret Hospital (Hong Kong)
13.1 8.1 9B (Ching Cheung Road) - Sha Tin, Kwun Tong Eastbound exit only
Container Port Road South - Container Terminals, Lai King, Princess Margaret Hospital (Hong Kong)
13.8 8.6 9C Container Port Road South, Kwai Chung Road- Kwai Chung, Sha Tin Westbound exit only
13.9 8.6 9D (Tsing Kwai Highway ) - Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong (West), Lantau Island Eastbound exit only
14.2 8.8 10 Kwai Tsing Road, Hing Fong Road - Tsing Yi (South) Westbound exit
15.0 9.3 Kwai Hei Street - Kwai Chung Eastbound exit
Kwai Tsing Road, Hing Fong Road - Tsing Yi, Airport
15.5 9.6 11 Texaco Road, Tsing Tsuen Road - Airport Express Westbound exit
Tsuen Wan District Tsuen Wan 16.1 10.0 Texaco Road, Tsing Tsuen Road - Tsuen Wan (East), Sha Tin, Tsing Yi, Airport Express, Airport Eastbound exit
15.9 9.9 11A Texaco Road - Tsuen Wan (East), Sha Tin, Shek Kong Westbound exit only
16.8 10.4 12 Tai Chung Road, Hoi Hing Road - Tsuen Wan (West), Tsuen Wan West Station Westbound exit
17.3 10
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# Arnold Cassola
**Arnold Cassola** (born November 21, 1953) is a Maltese and Italian independent politician, professor, author and editor of various books and academic papers. Cassola is a professor in Comparative Literature at the University of Malta. He has held elective office and political posts in Malta, Italy and at a European level. Cassola served as leader of Democratic Alternative from 2013 until 2017.
## Maltese politics {#maltese_politics}
Cassola was one of the co-founders in 1989 of Democratic Alternative, the green party in Malta. Between 1990 and 1997, he was the Party\'s delegate to the European Green Party (EGP). He unsuccessfully contested all national elections with the Party since 1992. Between 1994 and 1997, he served as local councillor in Swieqi. His best result in Maltese politics was in the 2004 election for the European Parliament when he obtained 9.33% (or 23,000 votes) of the first-preference votes, just failing to be elected one of Malta\'s five MEPs.
In July 2008, Cassola was elected Chairperson of the Party after the resignation of Harry Vassallo. In the second elections held in Malta for the European Parliament in 2009, Cassola stood as candidate once more together with another candidate for the Party, Yvonne Ebejer Arqueros. This time the Party polled only 2.34% of the vote. In view of the result, Cassola resigned as Party Chairperson.
However, he remained active in the Party a spokesperson and unsuccessfully contested the 2013 general election. Party Chairperson Michael Briguglio resigned after this election and Cassola was voted again as party Chairperson until he resigned in 2017.
Cassola resigned from the party in February 2019 due to differences between himself and the Executive Committee on the issue of abortion.
Arnold Cassola contested the 2024 European Parliament Elections as an independent candidate. His campaign which only started in the last 21 days of the electoral campaign was titled \"Issa ċ-ċans / Now\'s the chance\". Cassola managed to earn 12,706 First Preference votes, and earned 22,941 votes in total. Despite falling short by around 2,000 votes from the Labour MEP Thomas Bajada, he celebrated the result as the best result of an independent candidate in 103 years, and started the process of forming a \'centre-left-green coalition\' after seeing the enthusiasm of the people who helped in his campaign.
On 17th January 2025 Arnold Cassola launched a new centrist political party called Momentum. The party aims to tackle issues including corruption and the environment.
## European Green Party {#european_green_party}
Cassola was elected member of the Executive Committee of the European Green Party in 1997, eventually being elected Secretary General of the Executive Committee of the (EGP). In the latter post, he served between 1999 and 2006. Between 2001 and 2006, he was one of the three European representatives on the Global Greens Coordination. He has been a European Union electoral observer in various countries in Africa and South America, and editor of the official organ of the European Greens \"Green Update\" (since 1998).
## Italian politics {#italian_politics}
In Italy, Cassola was a deputy in the Italian Chamber of Deputies elected by Italian expatriates in the Europe constituency with the left-right-centre coalition L\'Unione between 2006 and 2008.
## Honours
Cassola was made Knight of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 2003 by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
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# Johann Paul Schor
**Johann Paul Schor** (1615 -- 1674), known in Rome as **Giovanni Paolo Tedesco** (`{{IPA|it|teˈdɛsko|}}`{=mediawiki} *Tedesco* literally means *German* in Italian), was an Austrian artist. He was the preeminent designer of decorative arts in Baroque Rome, providing drawings for state beds, fireworks, coaches, silver, textiles and even banquet setpieces executed in sugar. His numerous drawings have often been attributed in the past to Bernini.
## Biography
Born in Innsbruck, he was a member of an extended Tyrolese artistic family, who received his training in the active studio of his father, Hans Schor. In 1640 he established himself in Rome. There, in 1654, he became a member of the Accademia di San Luca, the artists\' academy.
Influenced by Bernini and Pietro da Cortona, the originality of his designs and his versatility gained him a prominent position among artists, patrons and craftsmen in Rome: \"he united in his work the highly expressive artistic legacies of Cortona and Bernini with a calligraphic freedom, apparently stemming from Callot and Stefano della Bella, which at times seems to foreshadow the rococo\" (Hibbard 1958:205.) Under Cortona he helped decorate the Palazzo del Quirinale for Pope Alexander VII Chigi. In 1659, the pope also commissioned Schor to execute Bernini\'s designs for rebuilding of the Chigi family chapel (*Capella della Madonna del Voto* in the Duomo di Siena. In Rome, Schor assisted Bernini, in the gilt-bronze encasing of the Chair of Saint Peter (Lanciani 1892), and other projects in the late 1650s and 1660s. (Hibbar 1958:205 note 10). Perhaps his most prominent undertaking was the *baldacchino* in Santo Spirito in Sassia.
Schor also helped decorate rooms of the Vatican and in Palazzo Borghese, where he collaborated with Carlo Rainaldi on the fountain for the *nymphaeum* in the courtyard, depicting *Venus at the Bath*. He supplied illusionistic *quadratura* suggesting sculptural enframements for ceilings at Palazzo Colonna, (1665-1668), where the painted subjects were provided by Giovanni Coli and Filippo Gherardi.
Limitations as a graphic artist might be suggested by the frontispiece that he provided for Athanasius Kircher\'s *Musurgia Universalis*, 1650, but there, doubtless the composition was overloaded by the allegorical program provided by Kircher himself. When working on his own, his surviving drawings show more proficiency.
In his workshop during the 1670s he employed a young Austrian draughtsman named Johann Bernhard Fischer, who returned to Vienna and a career in which he was ennobled as Fischer von Erlach, the pre-eminent Viennese practitioner of High Baroque architecture.
Johann Paul Schor died at Rome in 1674.
Schor\'s sons Filippo Schor (born Rome, 1646) and Cristoforo Schor (born Rome, 1655; died Rome, 1701) were architects and continued their father\'s studio after his death. Both of them were among the Roman artisans taken to Naples by the new viceroy, Gaspar Méndez de Haro, 7th Marquis of Carpio, in 1683. Del Carpio himself had met all these artists through prince Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna, grand constable of Naples, while del Carpio was Spanish ambassador to the Holy See. In 1690 Cristoforo Schor made minor modifications to Martino Longhi\'s facade of Sant\'Antonio dei Portoghesi.
Johann Ferdinand Schor was a studio assistant of Carlo Maratta
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# Route 7 (Hong Kong)
**Route 7** (`{{zh|t=七號幹線}}`{=mediawiki}) is a major road linking Tseung Kwan O and Kwai Chung, through the northern part of Kowloon in Hong Kong.
The route was constructed in the 1960s, and consisted of sections of Lung Cheung Road and Ching Cheung Road. It was built as a five lane dual carriageway to connect the factories in Kwun Tong with the Container Terminals, bypassing the built-up areas in Kowloon. The route was previously known as Route 4 and has been renamed in 2004. Following the opening of the Tseung Kwan O Tunnel in 1990, Route 7 was extended to Tseung Kwan O. Route 7 is also the only route without Expressway.
## Route description {#route_description}
Route 7 begins at Wan Po Road in Tseung Kwan O and travels west to Kwun Tong via the Tseung Kwan O Tunnel. It follows Sau Mau Ping Road and meets Route 2 at Kwun Tong Bypass, then branches off into Kwun Tong Road. The road becomes a viaduct until it descends onto the ground level and joining Prince Edward Road East. The viaduct continues as Route 5 along the shore.
After Kowloon Bay, the road makes a few sharp bends before entering Lung Cheung Road. The route continues heading west and passes through the suburbs of Diamond Hill, Wong Tai Sin and Wang Tau Hom. The road becomes considerably steeper near the exit for Lion Rock Tunnel, and follows the foothills of northern Kowloon. At Tai Wo Ping, the route interchanges with Tai Po Road and continues as Ching Cheung Road, bypassing Sham Shui Po and Cheung Sha Wan before terminating at Kwai Chung and joins Route 5 again
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# Sonny Ramadhin
**Sonny Ramadhin**, CM (1 May 1929 -- 27 February 2022) was a West Indian cricketer, and was a dominant bowler of the 1950s. He was the first of many West Indian cricketers of Indian origin, and was one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1951. He is most famous for his performance in the West Indies\' 1950 tour of England, which was immortalised in the song \"Victory Calypso\". He was also well known for his ability to turn the ball both ways and he was also largely known for using three short-legs along with close in fielders on the off-side during his playing days in order to exert more pressure on the batsmen. He was referred to as \"a small neat man whose shirt-sleeves were always buttoned at the wrist\". He was the last surviving member of the 1950 West Indies team that secured the West Indies\' first-ever Test series win in England.
## Biography
Ramadhin was born in Esperance Village, near San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, in 1929. He had no first name on his birth certificate; instead he was referred as \"boy\" in the birth certificate, and he later adapted his nickname \"Sonny\" as his first name. He was introduced to cricket at the Canadian Mission School in Duncan Village, but did not bowl while in school. Under the captaincy and coaching of Oscar Roach, who was also born in Esperance Village, he later played for the Palmiste Club and the Trinidad Leaseholds team. It is also believed that Ramadhin developed his spin bowling under Oscar Roach.
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# Sonny Ramadhin
## Career
### Breakthrough 1950 England tour {#breakthrough_1950_england_tour}
His trials for the West Indian team were two first-class matches bowling for Trinidad versus Jamaica, where he took 12 wickets at an average of 19.25. This performance led to his selection for the 1950 tour to England at the age of 21.
He made his test debut, along with Alf Valentine, in the first Test of that same Test series against England which started on 8 June 1950. He thus became the first cricketer of East Indian origin to play for the West Indies in international cricket. Ramadhin was named as KT Ramadhin in the English newspapers, to his surprise: \"The kids at school had called me Sonny so I adopted that. But when I got to England they insisted that nobody could go through life without initials. The next time I picked up the paper I\'d become K T Ramadhin. I never did find out what my new English names were supposed to be.\" The inclusion of both Valentine and Ramadhin for the test series was initially deemed as a surprise call in cricketing circles, especially someone like Ramadhin who received his maiden test call-up after having featured in only two first-class matches.
England won the first match of the series at Old Trafford, but in the second Test, at Lord\'s, the West Indies recorded a 326-run victory, thanks to Clyde Walcott\'s 168 not out in the second innings, and to the bowling of Ramadhin (11 for 152) and Valentine (7 for 127).
This was West Indies\' first ever Test victory in England, and it was commemorated in the famous \"Victory Calypso\":
The 1950 win by the West Indies led Lord Beginner to write the first in a deluge of calypsos celebrating West Indian cricketers, giving rise to calypso cricket. Ramadhin bowled the leg-break and off-break without a discernible change in his action.
He and fellow spinner Alf Valentine continued to dominate and wreaking havoc on the English batting in the 1950 series, taking 59 wickets between them. They also bowled in tandem for several overs in their debut series (Ramadhin bowled 377.5 overs while Valentine ended up bowling 422.3 overs). West Indies won the series by three matches to one, which was their first series victory in England. West Indies also notably secured historic win at Lord\'s for the first time during the series. The Wisden heaped praise on his bowling performance in England by stating \"No blame could be attached to pitch\... Ramadhin bowled with the guile of a veteran. He pitched a tantalizing length, bowled straight at the wicket and spun enough to beat the bat.\" He also received praise from former English player Denis Compton who described Ramadhin as \"the best match winning bowler in the world\".
### Post 1950 series {#post_1950_series}
When England returned to the West Indies in early 1954, Ramadhin took 13 wickets in the first two Tests and was instrumental in West Indies\' victory. He was the first bowler to take two five-wicket hauls in his first two Test matches, against England. In the 1957 tour of England Ramadhin still exerted his hold over batsmen, taking 7/49 to dismiss England for 186 in the first innings of the First Test at Edgbaston. The West Indies made 474 in its first innings. Then Colin Cowdrey joined Peter May at 113/3 in the second innings, still 175 runs behind. May and Cowdrey padded away any ball from Ramadhin outside off stump, where they could not be given out leg before wicket. May made 285 not out and Cowdrey 154 and together added 411 runs in 511 minutes, the third highest stand in Test cricket at the time, the highest for the fourth wicket until 2009, the highest stand ever made for England and the highest stand against the West Indies by any team. Ramadhin was forced to bowl 98--35--179--2, the most overs by a bowler in a first class innings. England won the series 3--0.
## Later years {#later_years}
He decided to play in Lancashire League as a professional and then decided to play first-class cricket for Lancashire after ending a prolific international career which spanned for a decade. His international career came to a close in 1960 when Lance Gibbs started to make an impact as the lead spinner for West Indies especially taking over the reins from Ramadhin in historic test series against Australia in 1960-61.
He ended up his international career having taken 158 test wickets in 43 appearances.
In 1964/65 he played for Lancashire, terminating his contract abruptly when he lost form. From 1968 until 1972, he represented Lincolnshire in the Minor Counties Championship.
In June 1988, Ramadhin was celebrated on the 75c Trinidad and Tobago stamp alongside the Barbados Cricket Buckle.
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# Sonny Ramadhin
## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death}
He settled in England after his retirement from international cricket. He lived in Delph in his final stages of his life for around nearly 12 years. He served as President of Friarmere Cricket Club for a considerable number of years. His son Craig Ramadhin eventually played for Friarmere Cricket Club for about 50 years.
Ramadhin died on 27 February 2022, at the age of 92. His grandson, Kyle Hogg was a fast bowler who played for Lancashire between 2001 and 2014. His son-in-law Willie Hogg also played first-class cricket for Lancashire
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# Route 6 (Hong Kong)
**Route 6** (Chinese: 香港六號幹綫) is a partially open trunk route in Hong Kong, planned to be completed in its entirety in 2026. It is the newest trunk route to be numbered under the Strategic Route Number System. The section between Tseung Kwan O and Lam Tin consisting of the new Cross Bay Link and Tseung Kwan O--Lam Tin Tunnel opened to traffic on the 11th of December, 2022. This is the first and so far the only portion of Route 6 which is open. Its eastern terminus is at the Tseung Kwan O Interchange of the Cross Bay Link. Although not officially part of Route 6, the Cross Bay Link carries traffic further to its two eastern termini, one at Po Shun Road in Tseung Kwan O and the other at Wan O Road in LOHAS Park. The western terminus is the unfinished Lam Tin Interchange with the Eastern Harbour Crossing of Route 2 at Lam Tin.
When completed, it will continue from its current terminus at the Lam Tin Interchange through new underground tunnels. First, it will continue in an unnamed submarine tunnel towards the Kai Tak Development Area, intersecting with Route 5 on the way. It will then burrow across Kowloon as part of a new set of underground tunnels forming the Central Kowloon Route till a planned interchange with Route 3 at the West Kowloon Highway near Yau Ma Tei. It was marked as a high-priority trunk route in the Third Comprehensive Transport Study.
The route, when completed, is expected to relieve the congestion problem in Kowloon. It has already fulfilled its secondary purpose to serve as an alternative route for the existing Tseung Kwan O Tunnel.
## Exits and Junctions {#exits_and_junctions}
Location Road Name km mi Exit Destinations Notes
--------------- ----------------------- ----------- ----------- ------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------
Tseung Kwan O Tseung Lam Highway 0.0 0.0 1A Tseung Kwan O Town Centre and Tiu Keng Leng
0.5 - 2.7 0.3 - 1.7 Tseung Kwan O--Lam Tin Tunnel
Lam Tin 1.4 0.9 1B Eastern Harbour Crossing (southbound) -- Hong Kong (East)
2.8 1
| 349 |
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| 0 |
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# Moonlight Bay Trilogy
The ***Moonlight Bay Trilogy*** is an unfinished trilogy of three novels by Dean Koontz. They revolve around the mysterious events in Moonlight Bay, a fictitious Southern California town, that are investigated by the main character Christopher Snow, who suffers from the genetic disorder Xeroderma pigmentosum.
Only the first two books have been released; no release date is scheduled for the third novel. The books in the trilogy are:
- *Fear Nothing*,(1998), `{{ISBN|0-7472-5832-5}}`{=mediawiki} (Paperback), `{{ISBN|0-553-10664-3}}`{=mediawiki} (Hardback)
- *Seize the Night*,(1999), `{{ISBN|0-7472-5833-3}}`{=mediawiki} (Paperback), `{{ISBN|0-553-10665-1}}`{=mediawiki} (Hardback)
- *Ride the Storm* (Tentative title), (TBA)
According to a January 14, 2000 interview with Bookreporter.com, Dean Koontz was quoted as saying \"I\'m half way through *Ride the Storm*, the third Christopher Snow story, but another book will appear between *Fear Nothing* and *Ride*.\"
As of 2003, Koontz was still reportedly \"halfway through\" *Ride the Storm.*
In an interview at the end of 2017, Koontz says that he intends to finish Ride the Storm once he finishes the 7th book in his Jane Hawk series. The fifth and final book in the Jane Hawk series - *The Night Window* - was published on May 14, 2019 but there is still no definitive word on if or when *Ride the Storm* will be released
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# Ubungo District, Dar es Salaam
**Ubungo District**, officially the, **Ubungo Municipal Council** (*Halimashauri ya Manispaa ya Ubungo*, in Swahili) is one of five districts of the Dar es Salaam Region of Tanzania. The Kinondoni District and Kibaha of the Pwani Region border the district to the north; the Kisarawe District of Pwani Region borders it to the west; and the Ilala District borders the it to the south and east. The district covers an area of 269.4 km2. The district is comparable in size to the land area of St. Kitts and Nevis. The administrative seat is Kwembe. The district is home to the University of Dar es Salaam, The Magufuli Bus Terminal, the largest in the country, and Pande Game Reserve the largest protected land area in Dar es Salaam Region. In addition, the district is home to the largest natural gas powered power station, the Ubungo Thermal Power Station and the headquarters of the Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (TANESCO). The 2022 census states the population of the district as 1,086,912.
## History
The Zaramo, a Bantu-speaking tribe, have lived in the area that is now Ubungo for thousands of years. Similar to the Zaramo, the Kaguru from Morogoro Region, are a matrilineal community and cousins. The Kaguru word *Lubungo*, which refers to a strong, malleable form of wood and is frequently used to describe a tough, resilient woman---the ideal sort of woman, may be the source of the Ubungo\'s derivation. Most likely the district got its name from the Lubungo River, which a tributary of the Msimbazi River.
## Wards
The fourteen (14) wards that make up the Ubungo Municipal Council are further subdivided into sub-wards known as Mtaa (single) or Mitaa (plural). It takes 91 Mitaa. Additionally, the Municipality includes two electoral districts: Ubungo and Kibamba. The Full Council, which is the entity in charge of municipal affairs, is made up of 14 Councillors, two of whom are elected MPs from specific constituencies. The wards are listed below: `{{col-begin|width=50%}}`{=mediawiki} `{{col-break}}`{=mediawiki}
1. Goba
2. Kibamba
3. Kimara
4. Kwembe
5. Mabibo
6. Makuburi
7. Makurumla
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
1. Manzese
2. Mbezi
3. Mburahati
4. Msigani
5. Saranga
6. Sinza
7. Ubungo
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# Ubungo District, Dar es Salaam
## Economy
### Infrastructure
#### Transport
A total of 386.3 km of roads in the Ubungo District Council are maintained by the council, with 23 km of asphalt, 245.25 km of gravel, 118.05 km of earth roads, and 78 bridges and box culverts. Ubungo Interchange was launched in February 2021, and was named to honor the late Chief Secretary, John Kijazi. The bus terminal that was formerly called Ubungo Bus Terminal has been relocated to Magufuli Bus Terminal in Mbezi. The old Ubungo Bus Terminal has been converted to a new UDART bus service station as of November 2021.
### Water and Sanitation {#water_and_sanitation}
Residents of Ubungo get their water primarily from the Lower and Upper Ruvu, which are run by the Dar es Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority (DAWASA). 68% of the water used each day comes from DAWASA systems, with the remaining portion coming from shallow and deep wells that are both privately and communally held. Only 68% of the estimated 1,031349 residents in Kinondoni Municipality have direct access to clean and safe water, and the remaining 32% do not have easy access.
### Labor force {#labor_force}
Ubungo is thought to have a population of 1,031,349 in 2016, of whom 701,317 are of working age. The remaining population is made up of elderly people and children, who total 20,626 and 309,404, respectively. where 61% of the workforce works in the private sector, 35% is self-employed, and 4% is working in government. Private businesses, institutions, businesses, petty traders, fishing, livestock rearing, and agricultural pursuits are among the activities involved.
### Trade and services {#trade_and_services}
Small-scale industry is primarily centered in residential areas and is concentrated in home production sectors dispersed throughout the Municipal. Tanzanians working individually or in groups produce a wide variety of commodities in this industry. The authorized industrial regions of Ubungo, Mabibo, and Makuburi are home to large-scale businesses. Ubungo hosts the country\'s second-largest indoor shopping mall, the Mlimani City Shopping Mall.
The National Bank of Commerce (NBC), National Micro Finance Bank (NMB), Tanzania Postal Bank, Akiba Commercial Bank, Access Bank, Azania Bank, and Efatha Bank Ltd. are the main financial institutions with services in the Municipality. Some loan facilities established by the Kinondoni Municipal Council are geared toward women and young people. These include the Kinondoni Youth Employment Network for Urban Renewal (K-YEN-UR), the Women Development Funds (WDF), and the Village Community Bank (VICOBA) through the Kinondoni Women and Youth Development Funds (KWYDF).
## Population
The Zaramo and Ndengereko minorities were the district\'s original residents, but subsequent urbanization has made Ubungo one of Tanzania\'s most ethnically diverse districts, some wards have ethnic majorities for example Kimara ward is home to one of the largest Chagga communities outside Kilimanjaro Region.
The municipality had a population of 1,086,912 in 2022, with 519,925 males and 566,987 females. According to the census, there are 317,087 households in the city, with an average of 3.4 people per home.
## Health and Education {#health_and_education}
### Education
There are 113 pre-primary schools in the Ubungo Municipal Council, of which 60 are owned by the government and 53 by the private sector. Additionally, the District Council has 118 primary schools, of which 64 are owned by the government and 54 by the private sector. 76,346 students in STD I through STD VII are enrolled in all 64 primary schools, together with 2,434 teachers.
There are 113 pre-primary schools in the Ubungo Municipal Council, of which 60 are owned by the government and 53 by the private sector. Additionally, the District Council has 118 primary schools, of which 64 are owned by the government and 54 by the private sector. 76,346 students in STD I through STD VII are enrolled in all 64 primary schools, together with 2,434 teachers.
For higher learning institutions, Ubungu is home to The University of Dar es Salaam, and St.Joseph University in Kwembe.
### Health
In cooperation with service providers from the commercial sector, the Ubungo District Council is in charge of delivering health services to its residents. The council currently has 68 health facilities in total, 17 of which are held by the government and the remaining 51 by private organizations. The sole government-owned hospital in the Municipality that offers medical services is Sinza Hospital. This hospital, which provides services for 1,000 to 1,500 in-and-out patients daily, is known as a district hospital.
## Sports and culture {#sports_and_culture}
The municipality already has certain sports organizations, such as the Ubungo Football Association (UFA), but Ubungo Municipal is also working to start organizations for boxing, handball, volleyball, table tennis, and netball. The primary sports venues are Makurumla Sports Field, owned by CCM, Baraza Sports Field in Mburahati, Manzese Roman Catholic Church, where netball courts are located, Sahala Sports Ground in Mburahati, Kiluvya, Kwembe, Kibamba, Ubungo Nation Housing, and Kines Football Group. Municipality facilities also include play areas for educational and public institutions, including the University of Dar es Salaam.
Musical legends like Wazee wa Ngwasuma (i.FM Academy), Acudo Impact, Diamond Music Entertainment, Twanga Pepeta Entertainment, Bwagamoyo Sound, Mapacha Watatu, Utalii Band, Vijana Bendi, and Malaika Band are all based in Ubungo
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# Powerslam
A **Powerslam** or simply **Slam** is a professional wrestling body slam move in which the wrestler performing the slam falls face-down on top of the opponent. The use of the term \"powerslam\" usually refers to the front powerslam or the scoop powerslam.
## Variations
### Fallaway slam {#fallaway_slam}
Also known as the S.O.S. or table-top suplex. The wrestler lifts the opponent up so the opponent is horizontal across the wrestler\'s body then falls backwards, throwing their opponent over their head down to the mat back-first. This slam can be either bridged into a pin, or the wrestler can float over into another fallaway slam. This move can be sometimes used as a continuation move from catching an opponent\'s high-cross body, to emphasize the wrestler\'s strength. Randy Orton, Titus O\'Neil, Madcap Moss, John \"Bradshaw/JBL\" Layfield and Razor Ramon are its notable examples of users.
#### Fallaway moonsault slam {#fallaway_moonsault_slam}
This move shows the wrestler grab an opponent like a fallaway slam but instead of just throwing them backwards the wrestler, while hanging onto the opponent, does a backflip slamming the opponent back-first into the mat while landing on top of them chest-first. The attacker may also choose to maintain their hold on the opponent after landing in an attempt to score a pinfall. This move was innovated by Scott Steiner and is currently used by Cameron Grimes primarily as a signature counter for a charging opponent performing a running crossbody. Grimes calls it *Collision Course*. This move requires a great deal of lower body strength and agility to perform as it can be dangerous to the wrestler performing the backflip as he/she/they can land head-first and risk serious injury from failing to rotate properly. \"Hangman\" Adam Page, Logan Paul, and Mandy Rose also use this move.
### Falling powerslam {#falling_powerslam}
This move is also known as a falling slam or a reverse fallaway slam. Facing the opponent, the wrestler reaches between the opponent\'s legs with one arm and reaches around their back from the same side with the other arm. The wrestler lifts the opponent up so they are horizontal across the wrestler\'s body, then falls forward to slam the opponent against the mat back-first. Although not usually used as a finishing maneuver by most other competitors, Mark Henry uses the falling powerslam as his ending maneuver and refers to it as the *World\'s Strongest Slam*, playing off his claim to be the world\'s strongest man. An elevated version of this move is also possible. An inverted version exists, where the opponent is lifted from behind and slammed in a manner similar to a falling slam, only on their face/abdomen. The Boogeyman uses the inverted version as a finisher.
### Fireman\'s carry powerslam {#firemans_carry_powerslam}
The wrestler lifts the opponent across their shoulders in a fireman\'s carry, grabs their right leg and pushes it up, and positions their torso across the wrestler\'s abdomen. The wrestler then falls forward, slamming the opponent down on their back in a front powerslam. It is used by Keith Lee as the *Big Bang Catastrophe*.
### Front powerslam {#front_powerslam}
The most common powerslam variation, it is also often referred to simply as a \"powerslam\". The attacking wrestler reaches between an opponent\'s legs with their stronger arm and reaches around their back from the same side with their weaker arm before then lifting the opponent up over their shoulder. From this position, the wrestler falls forward to slam the opponent against the mat back-first. An inverted variation of this maneuver also exists. Wrestlers often run forward as they slam, a move popularized by The British Bulldog who used it as his finishing move. Braun Strowman and Davey Boy Smith Jr. are modern examples of wrestlers using the running powerslam as a finisher.
### Gorilla press powerslam {#gorilla_press_powerslam}
The move, also known as a military press powerslam or falling press slam, is similar to a gorilla press slam. The wrestler lifts the opponent up over their head with arms fully extended (as in the military press used in weight lifting), drops the opponent into an over-the shoulder-position, then runs and falls forward to slam the opponent against the mat back-first. Currently being used by WWE wrestler Bron Breakker.
### Inverted sitout side powerslam {#inverted_sitout_side_powerslam}
The attacking wrestler grabs the opponent\'s waist, as in a gutwrench, then hoist the opponent up onto one of their shoulders in an overhead gutwrench backbreaker rack. From this position, the attacking wrestler then sits down and simultaneously flips the opponent forwards and downwards, slamming them down to the ground face-first to one side. It was popularized by Yujiro Takahashi as *Tokyo Pimps*.
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# Powerslam
## Variations
### Oklahoma Stampede {#oklahoma_stampede}
It is simply known as The Oklahoma slam in which the wrestler reaches between the opponent\'s legs with their stronger arm and around the opponent\'s back from the same side with their weaker arm. The wrestler then lifts the opponent up over their shoulder, and runs towards the ring corner, slamming the opponent back-first on the turnbuckles. The wrestler keeps the hold and slams the opponent to the opposite corner as well. The wrestler then runs to the middle of the ring and falls down forward, driving the opponent back-first into the mat. This move was invented and named by Bill Watts. It was popularized by \"Dr. Death\" Steve Williams.
### Scoop powerslam {#scoop_powerslam}
This move is the second most common version of a powerslam and is often referred to as simply a \"powerslam\". The attacking wrestler places their stronger arm between an opponent\'s legs, and reach over the opponent\'s shoulder with their weaker arm. Then, the opponent is spun over onto their back while keeping the opponent horizontal across the wrestler\'s body at all times. As the opponent falls to the mat, the attacking wrestler will continue to fall face-down on top of them in a lateral press pinning position. This powerslam is usually performed on a charging opponent, using the opponent\'s own momentum to power the throw. Notable users of this move are Buzz Sawyer, Road Warrior Animal, Randy Orton, Samoa Joe, Cody and Dustin Rhodes and Braun Strowman. This move is called \"Snap scoop powerslam\" when performed very fast. It also has a spinning variation, where the user scoops their opponent, spins them and falls forward, slamming the opponent on the mat. Brock Lesnar used this move during his first run with WWE. An inverted version exists, where the opponent is lifted from behind, and slammed in a manner similar to a scoop powerslam, only onto their face/abdomen. Jeff Cobb uses a variation, where he spins him and his opponents a 360°, before executing the powerslam, dubbed as the *Tour of the Islands*. Former NXT rookie and Nexus member Michael Tarver also used a reverse spin scoop powerslam, similar to the \"Tour of the Islands\", but he calls it \"Tarver\'s Lightning\".
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# Powerslam
## Variations
### Side slam {#side_slam}
This move is commonly referred to as an ura-nage slam, or simply ura-nage. This name is an incorrect Americanization of the name for ura-nage, which, translated directly from Japanese, means \"throw to behind\". It has erroneously been translated as \"reverse side throw\". To perform it, the wrestler begins standing face to face with the opponent slightly to their side. Then, the wrestler tucks their own head under the opponent\'s near arm, reaches across the opponent\'s chest and around their neck with their near arm, and places the other arm against their back. The wrestler then falls forward, either flat on their chest or into a kneeling position, and forces the opponent back-first onto the mat. In another variation, the wrestler can also stay standing and body slam the opponent onto the mat, this is typically called a standing side slam. This standing version is used by Bray Wyatt, Roman Reigns, and also by Samoa Joe. The original version was innovated and popularized by Hiroshi Hase. The fall-forward variation was popularized by The Rock, who called it the *Rock Bottom*. The kneeling variation was performed by Booker T who calls it the *Book End*. Matt Hardy performs a sitout variation of it, called the *Side Effect*. The sitout side slam was also performed by former WWE star Mason Ryan. Becky Lynch uses this move calling it the *Manhandle Slam*.
#### Belly-to-back side slam {#belly_to_back_side_slam}
This move sees the wrestler stand behind the opponent, put their head under one of the opponent\'s arms, and lift the opponent into a belly-to-back suplex. The wrestler then pushes the opponent upwards before turning and transitioning into a side slam, so the opponent is dropped from an elevated position. The move is used as a finishing manoeuvre by Clark Connors, which he names the *Trophy Kill*. This move was also the finisher of former WCW/, WWF/E, and CMLL wrestler Mark Jindrak, which he dubbed *Mark of Excellence*.
#### Spinning side slam {#spinning_side_slam}
This move is also referred to as a scrapbuster or a sidewalk slam. To perform it, the wrestler stands in front of the opponent with the opponent facing the same direction. The wrestler lift the opponent in front of them in a side powerslam position. The wrestler swings the opponent\'s legs to the opposite side before sitting down and slamming the opponent\'s back to the mat. Used by Abyss as the *Black Hole Slam*. Jon Moxley and Wade Barrett use this as their signature maneuver calling it the *Moxicity* (Moxley) and the *Winds of Change* (Barrett). This version was also used by the late Brodie Lee as \"Truckstop\". A kneeling version was also used by the Big Boss Man.
#### Standing moonsault side slam {#standing_moonsault_side_slam}
This move is often erroneously described as a moonsault ura-nage slam. To perform it, an attacking wrestler stands slightly behind and facing the side of a standing opponent. The wrestler then reaches under the near arm of the opponent, across the chest of the opponent and under their far arm, while placing their other hand on the back of the opponent to hold them in place. The wrestler then performs a backwards somersault (moonsault) while holding the victim, driving the opponent into the mat back-first. This move can also be performed off the top rope and is known as a moonsault side slam or *solo Spanish fly* in reference to the Spanish fly double team move. The move was used by Paul Burchill and John Morrison, both of whom called the move *C-4*. A famous user of the Move is Will Ospreay, calling it the *Rainham Maker*. Current WWE wrestler Charlotte Flair also uses this move.\'\'
#### Swinging side slam {#swinging_side_slam}
This move is also known as a wind-up slam. To perform it, the wrestler faces the opponent and reaches between the opponent\'s legs with one arm and around the back from the same side with the other arm. The wrestler then lifts the opponent up so they are horizontal across the wrestler\'s body. Next, the wrestler spins in a circle while swinging the lower half of the opponent\'s body out and around until one arm is across the opponent\'s chest and under one or both arms. The wrestler then falls forward, slamming the opponent into the mat back-first. In some variations of the move, the wrestler can hold the opponent up over their shoulder and throw the opponent round from that position, or hang the opponent across both their shoulders and throw out their legs behind them so the opponent swings back round to drop in a position. A sitout variant is used by CaZXL as the *East River Crossing*.
#### Uranage
This move is also known as a sambo suplex or side suplex. To perform it, the wrestler stands face-to-face with the opponent, slightly to their side. The wrestler tucks their head under the opponent\'s near arm, and reaches across the opponent\'s chest and around their neck with their near arm. The wrestler then simultaneously lifts the opponent up, turns 180° and falls forward, slamming the opponent back-first on the mat. As mentioned below, the move was popularized by Hiroshi Hase and more recently used by Jay White. The Spinning Variation also known as *Spinning Solo* used by Solo Sikoa.
The name *uranage* (or *ura-nage*) comes from a Judo throw which, translated directly from Japanese, means \"throw to behind/back\" and is commonly (albeit incorrectly) used to refer to a regular side slam in pro wrestling. The Judo *uranage* throw more closely resembles a saito suplex in execution.
#### Vertical suplex side slam {#vertical_suplex_side_slam}
In this elevated side slam variation, the wrestler grabs a front facelock on the opponent and wraps their arm over the opponent\'s neck. The wrestler then lifts the opponent upside down, as in a vertical suplex. The wrestler moves their arm from around the opponent\'s neck, and as the opponent falls back down, they are placed into a side slam position and dropped on the mat. This was formerly used by Hirooki Goto as *Shouten*, before using a sitout version called the *Shouten Kai*. He also invented the inverted variation called the *Ura-Shouten.* Former professional wrestler Matt Morgan used this move as a finisher during his tenure in TNA, calling it the *Hellevator.*
#### Waist-lift side slam {#waist_lift_side_slam}
In this variation, an opponent lifts up an opponent by the waist and then slams them down back onto the mat like a powerslam. Lars Sullivan used this as a finisher during his time in the WWE, calling it the \"Freak Accident\". Erick Rowan also used this move as a finisher for short while in the WWE as well.
### Sidewalk slam {#sidewalk_slam}
Also known as side suplex. To perform this move, the wrestler stands side-to-side and slightly behind, with the opponent facing in the same direction. The wrestler then reaches around the opponent\'s torso with their near arm across the opponent\'s chest and under both arms and the other arm under the opponent\'s legs. The wrestler then lifts the opponent, bringing their legs off the ground, and falls down to the mat in a sitting position, slamming the opponent into the mat back-first. A one-armed variation is also possible, usually performed on smaller wrestlers.
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# Powerslam
## Variations
### Sitout side powerslam {#sitout_side_powerslam}
The users lifts their opponent up on their right shoulder, as in a front powerslam. Then, the left arm is wrapped around the opponent\'s neck and the right arm is wrapped around the opponent\'s torso. The user then sits down while dropping the opponent vertically to the right side, driving the opponent neck-and-shoulder first into the mat. This move was invented by Mitsuharu Misawa, calling it *Emerald Flowsion*. Another variation is the elevated position: the user puts the opponent into a front powerslam, then jumps off either the second or third turnbuckle, driving the opponent into a typical sitout side powerslam position. Samoa Joe used this move calling it *Island Driver*. Tetsuya Naito innovated a variation of the move, where the sitout side powerslam is preceded by a lifting hammerlock cradle hold, dubbed as *Gloriá*. Naomichi Marufuji invented a butterfly variation, called *Tiger Flowsion*. Gunther uses a variation of the move that slams the opponent flat on their back as his finisher called *The Last Symphony*.
### Suplex powerslam {#suplex_powerslam}
The wrestler applies a front facelock, throws the opponent\'s near arm over the wrestler\'s shoulder, and then grabs the opponent\'s tights to lift them up straight in the air (as in a standard vertical suplex). When the wrestler begins to drop the opponent to the mat, the wrestler will twist to fall face-down on top of the opponent, hooking the leg for a pin. The move was innovated by Jaguar Yokota in the 1980s, but was popularized by Bill Goldberg in WCW, who called it the *Jackhammer*. Nia Jax also uses this move.
Another variation of the maneuver involves the wrestler applying the front facelock, and throwing the opponent\'s near arm over the wrestler\'s shoulder, and then lifting the opponent into a suplex position, before placing the opponent on one shoulder in a front powerslam position, then falling forward to slam the opponent against the mat back-first
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# New Hampshire Circuit Court District Division
The **New Hampshire Circuit Court District Division** is the \"community court\" of the U.S. state of New Hampshire, made up of one circuit for each County and is located in 36 cities and towns. The District Division has jurisdiction over all juvenile matters, domestic violence cases, violation and misdemeanor level offenses, small claims, landlord-tenant issues and other civil cases. Upon the creation of the District Court in 1963, the state Municipal Courts were effectively abolished. On July 1, 2011, the New Hampshire Circuit Court was created and consolidated the *District Courts* with the *Probate Court* and *Family Division.*
## Jurisdiction
The District Division has jurisdiction in the following matters:
- Misdemeanor and criminal offenses
- Civil cases in which the damages claimed, excluding real estate titles, not exceeding \$1,500
- The court shares jurisdiction with the Superior Court over civil actions for damages in which the damages claimed, excluding real estate titles, do not exceed \$25,000 (this ceiling can be increased to \$50,000 as permitted by the state Supreme Court).
- The court shares jurisdiction over domestic violence cases with the Superior Court.
## Organization
The District Division has 36 courts located in 34 districts. The locations of the court were devised by the legislature so that each District Court would be within 20 miles of the inhabitants of each district. The District Division has 19 full-time judges and 50 part-time judges.
### Appointment
Part II, Article 46 of the state constitution, states all judicial officers shall be nominated and appointed by the Governor and Executive Council. It also states that such nominations shall be made at least three days prior to such appointment and no such appointment shall take place unless a majority of the council agrees.
### Length of tenure {#length_of_tenure}
All judicial officers hold their offices during \"good behavior,\" according to Part II, Article 73 of the state constitution. Part II Article 78 of the state constitution requires Judges retire at the age of seventy years.
### Salary
The salaries of the District Division judges and other state judges are set by the General Court. In the District Court salaries are weighted based on the caseload of the court from the previous year. Associate judges also receive a weighted salary, but can make no more than 70% of a District Division judge.
## History
In 1963, district courts were created by the legislature to replace the existing municipal courts. [RSA 502-A:35](http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/LI/502-A/502-A-35.htm), effective July 1, 1964, abolished all Municipal Courts, unless cities and towns voted by ballot to \"continue to maintain its existing municipal court so long as its present judge remains in office.\" The law required that once there was a vacancy on the Municipal Court judge, it could not be filled and that court would be abolished and its jurisdiction transferred to the appropriate District Court
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# Château Pichon Longueville Baron
**Château Pichon Longueville Baron** or **Château Longueville au Baron de Pichon-Longueville** (commonly referred to as Pichon Baron) is a winery in the Pauillac appellation of the Bordeaux region of France. Château Pichon Longueville Baron is also the name of the red wine produced by this property. The wine produced here was classified as one of fifteen *Deuxièmes Crus* (Second Growths) in the original Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855.
## History
Château Pichon Baron was once part of a larger estate, owned by Pierre de Rauzan, along with Château Pichon Longueville Comtesse de Lalande. In 1850 the estate was divided into the two current Pichon estates. In 1987 the estate was purchased by French insurance company AXA, who immediately appointed Jean-Michel Cazes of Château Lynch-Bages as administrator. The property is currently managed by Englishman Christian Seely.
## Vineyard
Château Pichon Baron\'s 73 hectares are planted with Cabernet Sauvignon (60%), Merlot (35%), Cabernet Franc (4%) and Petit Verdot (1%). The planting density is 9 000 vines per hectare using a double Guyot training and the average age of the vines is 30 years. The yield is typically less than 40 hectoliters per hectare. The vineyard is situated at the southern end of the commune of Pauillac near border with the Saint-Julien-Beychevelle appellation.
## Wine
Grapes are harvested and sorted by hand, and then macerated for 20--30 days, and fermented at 28--32 °C in temperature controlled stainless steel vats of varying sizes. The wine is transferred into oak barrels for aging after finishing its malolactic fermentation. The estate also produces a second wine, Les Tourelles de Longueville
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# Yount-Lee Oil Company
The **Yount-Lee Oil Company**, founded in 1914, was the successor to the Yount-Rothwell Oil Company which had been formed earlier by Miles Franklin Yount and Talbot Frederick Rothwell. It was part of the Texas Oil Boom period.
## History
Yount headed up the new enterprise, and counted among his partners: Thomas Peter Lee, William Ellsworth Lee, Emerson Francis Woodward, Talbot Frederick Rothwell, John Henry Phelan, Beeman Ewell Strong, Frank E. Thomas, and Maximilian Theodore Schlicher.
With a new fusion of capital provided by T. P. Lee, Yount was confident that the Spindletop oil field in southeast Texas had not been tapped out, so he set about acquiring large tracts of land in the area.
In 1925, the company\'s No. 2 McFaddin well struck oil at about 2,500 feet, producing 1500 BOPD and sparking a second Spindletop oil boom. Subsequent successes made the company the largest Gulf Coast producer in 1927.
Yount went on to acquire mineral rights in several of the Gulf Coast\'s major fields. He also built the infrastructure necessary to ship his company\'s oil to destinations around the world from his headquarters in Beaumont, Texas.
Before his death in 1933, Yount, his business partners and associates, had built the company into one of the largest and most successful independent oil operators in the country. Within two years, on July 31, 1935, the stockholders sold Yount-Lee Oil Company for \$46.2 million to Houston attorney, Wright Francis Morrow, who immediately began to parcel off the assets. Stanolind Oil, later a part of Amoco, bought most of the oil inventory and oil-producing properties for over \$41 million, which at the time represented one of the largest financial transactions in American business history
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# The Lion of Comarre and Against the Fall of Night
***The Lion of Comarre & Against the Fall of Night*** are early stories by Arthur C. Clarke collected together for publication in 1968 by Harcourt Brace and by Gollancz in London in 1970, it has been reprinted several times. Both concern Earth in the far future, with a utopian but static human society.
*Against the Fall of Night* was later expanded and revised as *The City and the Stars*, one of Clarke\'s best-known works.
*The Lion of Comarre* has a similar theme: it is about a dissatisfied young man in search of \"something more\" in a future society that believes it has discovered everything and ceases to advance. It does not, however, exist in the same \'future history\' as *Against the Fall of Night*
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# The Ballad of Cable Hogue
***The Ballad of Cable Hogue*** is a 1970 American Technicolor Western comedy film directed by Sam Peckinpah and starring Jason Robards, Stella Stevens and David Warner. Set in the Arizona desert during a period when the frontier was closing, the film follows three years in the life of a failed prospector. While unmistakably a Western, the movie is unconventional for the genre and for the director. It contains only a few brief scenes of violence and gunplay, relying more on a subtly crafted story that could better be characterized as comedic in nature.
## Plot
Sometime around 1905, Cable Hogue is isolated in the desert awaiting his partners, Taggart and Bowen, who are scouting for water. The two plot to seize what little water remains to save themselves. Cable, who hesitates to defend himself, is disarmed and abandoned to almost certain death.
Confronted with sandstorms and other desert elements, Cable bargains with God. Four days later, about to perish, he stumbles upon a muddy pit. He digs and discovers an abundant supply of water.
After discovering that his well is the only source of water between two towns on a stagecoach route, he decides to live there and build a business. Cable\'s first paying customer is the Rev. Joshua Duncan Sloane, a wandering minister of a church of his own revelation. Joshua doubts the legitimacy of Cable\'s claim to the spring, prompting Cable to race into the town of Dead Dog to file at the land office.
Cable faces the mockery of everyone he tells about his discovery. That does not deter him from buying 2 acre surrounding his spring. He immediately goes to the stage office to drum up business but is thrown out by the skeptical owner. He pitches his business plan to a bank president, who is dubious about the claim. Cable impresses the banker with his attitude and he is staked to \$100.
Cable, who hasn't bathed since his desert wanderings, decides to treat himself to a night with Hildy, a prostitute in the town saloon. They quickly develop a jovial understanding but before they can consummate the transaction, Cable remembers that he has still not set up his boundary markers and rushes out, much to Hildy\'s chagrin. She chases him out of the saloon in a sequence that wreaks havoc on the town.
Back at the spring, Cable and Joshua get to work, dubbing the claim Cable Springs. The two decide to go into town and are drunk by the time they arrive. Cable makes up with Hildy and spends the night with her, leaving Joshua to pursue his passion: the seduction of emotionally vulnerable women.
Cable and Joshua continue to run the robust business, delighting in shocking the often genteel travelers with the realities of frontier life. In moments of solitude, Cable and Joshua philosophize on the nature of love and the passing of their era. Joshua decides that he must return to town. Hildy arrives at Cable Springs having been \"asked\" to leave by the modernizing townfolk, who can no longer abide open prostitution in their midst. She tells Cable that she will leave for San Francisco in the morning but winds up staying with him for three weeks. This time elapses during a tender, romantic montage.
Joshua eventually wanders back to Cable Springs, having gotten into trouble with a married woman in Dead Dog, but leaves a few days after Hildy decides to continue on way to San Francisco. Cable continues to run his establishment alone.
Then one day, Taggart and Bowen arrive on the stagecoach. Cable lets them believe that he bears them no ill will, and he alludes to a huge stash of cash that he has hoarded, knowing that the two men will return to steal it. When they do, Cable outwits them, by throwing rattlesnakes into the pit they have dug. When they surrender, he orders them to strip to their underwear to venture into the desert, just as he had been forced to do. Taggart, believing Cable will once again hesitate to defend himself, reaches for his gun but Hogue shoots him dead.
A motor car appears, driving right past Cable Springs with no need or interest in stopping for water. The drivers laugh at the archaic scene of western violence as they race past. \"Went right on by,\" says Cable in amazement. \"Well, that\'s gonna be the next fella\'s worry.\"
Cable takes mercy on the grovelling Bowen. He even gives him Cable Springs, having decided to go to San Francisco to find Hildy. The stagecoach arrives and Cable gets ready to pack up when suddenly another motorcar appears. This one does stop and Hildy emerges, opulently dressed. She has become prosperous (by marrying a rich man who \"died in bed of a stroke\") and, now on her way to New Orleans, has come to see if Cable is ready to join her. He agrees but while he loads the motorcar he accidentally trips its brake. The car runs over him as he pushes Bowen out of the way.
Joshua, who arrives by a black motorcycle with a sidecar, gives a eulogy for Cable as he dies. This segues into a funeral with the cast standing mournfully over Cable\'s grave. They are grieving not only the death of the man but the era he represents. The stagecoach and motorcar drive off in opposite directions. A coyote wanders into the abandoned Cable Springs. But the coyote has a collar -- possibly symbolising the taming of the wilderness.
## Cast
- Jason Robards as Cable Hogue
- Stella Stevens as Hildy
- David Warner as Rev. Joshua Duncan Sloan
- Strother Martin as Bowen
- Slim Pickens as Ben Fairchild
- L. Q. Jones as Taggart
- Peter Whitney as Cushing
- R. G. Armstrong as Quittner
- Gene Evans as Clete
- William Mims as Jensen
- Kathleen Freeman as Mrs. Jensen
- Susan O\'Connell as Claudia
- Vaughn Taylor as Powell
- Max Evans as Webb Seely
- James Anderson as Preacher
- Felix Nelson as William
- Darwin Lamb as The Stranger
- Mary Munday as Dot
- William D. Faralla as Lucius
- Matthew Peckinpah as Matthew
- Easy Pickens as \"Easy\"
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# The Ballad of Cable Hogue
## Production
Sam Peckinpah followed his violent, critically acclaimed 1969 film *The Wild Bunch* with this mostly non-violent Western. Utilizing many of the same cast (L.Q. Jones, Strother Martin) and crew members of *The Wild Bunch*, Peckinpah shot on location in the desert of Nevada and Apacheland Movie Ranch located in Apache Junction, Arizona. The film was originally budgeted at \$880,000.
The production was plagued by poor weather, Peckinpah\'s renewed alcohol consumption and his brusque firing of 36 crew members. When unable to shoot due to weather conditions, the cast and crew would go to a local bar, eventually running up a tab of \$70,000. The chaotic filming wrapped 19 days over schedule and \$3 million over budget, terminating his tenure with Warner Bros.-Seven Arts. In retrospect, it was a damaging career move. The critical and box office hits *Deliverance* (1972) and *Jeremiah Johnson* (1972) were in development at the time and Peckinpah was considered the first choice to direct them. His alienation of Warner Brothers left him with a limited number of directing jobs. Peckinpah was forced to do a 180-degree turn from *The Ballad of Cable Hogue* and traveled to England to direct *Straw Dogs* (1971), one of his darkest and most psychologically disturbing films.
## Soundtrack
*The Ballad of Cable Hogue* has an original score by Jerry Goldsmith and songs by Richard Gillis, whom Peckinpah supposedly hired after hearing him sing in a local bar. Each of the main characters has a theme: Hogue\'s \"Tomorrow is the Song I Sing\", Hildy\'s \"Butterfly Mornin\'s\", and Joshua\'s \"Wait for Me, Sunrise\". The soundtrack was eventually released in 2001 by Varèse Sarabande, in a limited edition album of 3000 copies.
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# The Ballad of Cable Hogue
## Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 94% based on reviews from 16 critics. Roger Ebert of the *Chicago Sun-Times* gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and called it \"a splendid example of the New Western. It\'s also a fine movie, a wonderfully comic tale we didn\'t quite expect from a director who seems more at home with violence than with humor.\" Roger Greenspun of *The New York Times* called it \"Peckinpah\'s gentlest, boldest, and perhaps most likable film to date. It is also thematically his most ambitious.\" Gene Siskel of the *Chicago Tribune* gave the film three stars out of four and wrote that there were \"many things to cherish in \'Cable Hogue,\' especially Jason Robards\' flawless performance. Robards is able to be both as tough and as compassionate as his character.\" Siskel\'s main complaints was during the second act when \"one of two things happened. Either my needs require a quicker-moving film or gunplay, or Peckinpah did not have enough of a story.\"
Arthur D. Murphy of *Variety* called it \"a Damon Runyon-esque oater\" that was \"\[l\]oaded with bawdy, lusty and gritty elements, plus genuine tenderness and feeling, as well as too much length \... This is a notable, but not substantial, flaw in an otherwise excellent film.\" Charles Champlin of the *Los Angeles Times* stated that the film \"gets away to a shocking and immensely cinematic start. The trail, I\'m afraid, winds down from there, but even at his most heavy-handed, simplistic and protracted, Peckinpah remains just about the most genuinely individualistic American director of his generation.\" Gary Arnold of *The Washington Post* called it \"a mood piece in which the right mood---a laconic fairy tale, rather like William Wyler\'s \'The Westerner\' with Gary Cooper and Walter Brennan---is only fitfully achieved and sustained. There are nice moments, nice feelings, but the film has a jerky rhythm and uneven tone. It feels rather absent-minded, as if Peckinpah were distracted during the shooting (as indeed, he was---by editing \'The Wild Bunch\') and never found a consistent style for this material.\"
Largely ignored upon its release, *The Ballad of Cable Hogue* has been rediscovered and is often held by critics as an example of the breadth of Peckinpah\'s talent. They claim that the film proves Peckinpah\'s ability to make unconventional and original work without resorting to explicit violence. Over the years, Peckinpah cited the film as a favorite. All the town scenes were filmed on location at Apacheland Movie Ranch in Apache Junction, Arizona. The desert scenes at Cable Springs and elsewhere were filmed in Nevada at Valley of Fire State Park.
Critics have called *The Ballad of Cable Hogue* a \"Death of the West\" film, depicting the transition from old to modern civilization. Other films of this category include *Once Upon a Time in the West* (1968), *Paint Your Wagon* (1969), *Monte Walsh* (1970), *McCabe & Mrs. Miller* (1971), *The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean* (1972), *The Shootist* (1976), *Unforgiven* (1992) and Peckinpah\'s *Ride the High Country* (1962), *The Wild Bunch* (1969) and *Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid* (1973).
## Popular culture {#popular_culture}
Welsh musician John Cale wrote and recorded a song titled \"Cable Hogue\" for his 1975 album *Helen of Troy.*
Tucson band Calexico wrote a song called \"Ballad Of Cable Hogue\" on their 2000 album Hot Rail, which shares similar lyrical themes to the plot of the film.
The 2007 bootleg album *Cable Hogue Soundtrack*, by the Japanese band Les Rallizes Dénudés, has no connection to the movie or its soundtrack.
Cable Hogue is the name chosen by the super-intelligent artificial intelligence that is a moon-sized star ship in Neal Asher\'s Polity series of books
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# Clark Material Handling Company
**Clark Material Handling Company** (**CMHC**), also known as **CLARK or CLARK the Forklift**, is an American manufacturer of forklift trucks based in Dallas, Texas. The company has manufacturing facilities in Changwon, South Korea, Lexington, Kentucky, Qingdao, China, and Hanoi, Vietnam. CLARK currently (2023) offers one of the broadest product lines in the industry, with products covering all five forklift classes, ranging from hand pallet jacks to 18,000 pound-capacity sit down forklifts.
According to the company, there are over 350,000 CLARK forklift trucks currently in operation around the world. CLARK is credited with having invented the world\'s first truck with a hydraulic lifting mechanism in 1924, an attachment to the Duat tow tractor. This internal combustion truck with hydraulic lifting mechanism became the forerunner to modern forklift trucks.
The company began as the George R. Rich Manufacturing Company, a manufacturer of steel products, which was purchased by the Illinois Steel Company in 1897. In 1904, they tasked Eugene Clark, a young engineer working for the Illinois Steel Company, with improving the product, facility, and prosperity of the George R. Rich Manufacturing Company. Eugene Clark refined the product, improved facility efficiency, and rearranged the staff to optimize productivity, and under his leadership, they renamed the company to the Celfor Tool Company in 1907, after their staple product, the Celfor Drill.
In 1916, after enjoying many years of success, growth, and expansion, they renamed the company the Clark Equipment Company, after Eugene Clark. In 1917, the Clark Equipment Company invented the Tructractor, the world\'s first internal combustion shop buggy. As interest in the Tructractor grew, Clark Equipment Company split into two branches: Clark Equipment and Clark Tructractor Company. The current CLARK Material Handling Company is a direct descendant of the Clark Tructractor Company division. Clark continued to innovate, introducing tow tractors, and, in 1924, the first forklift - a modified Duat tow tractor with a hydraulic lifting mechanism. As Clark continued to grow and diversify its product line, it became known for producing the highest quality, and durable trucks on the market. Clark has been the leader in safety, innovation, and quality for the material handling industry for over 100 years. In 2003, Clark was purchased by the Young An Hat Company of Korea, which owns the company to this day.
## History
In 1917, the Clark Tructractor Division began, from which the current Clark Material Handling Company is descended.
In 1953, the factory in Mülheim an der Ruhr was opened.
In 1997, Clark built its 1,000,000 (millionth) forklift.
In 2017, Clark celebrated its 100th year in business.
## Factories
The Clark company has factories in South Korea, China, Vietnam, and Lexington, Kentucky
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# Presses Universitaires de France
**Presses universitaires de France** (**PUF**; *University Press of France*), founded in 1921 by Paul Angoulvent (1899--1976), is a French publishing house.
## Recent company history {#recent_company_history}
The financial and legal structure of the Presses Universitaires de France was completely restructured in 2000, when the original cooperative structure was abandoned. Companies that then took stakes in PUF included Flammarion Publishing (17% in 2000, 18% currently) and insurer Maaf Assurances (9%, 8% currently). In 2006, another insurance giant Garantie Mutuelle des Fonctionnaires (GMF) injected capital into the PUF, taking a 16.4% stake in the publisher.
## *Que sais-je?* {#que_sais_je}
The paperback series *Que sais-je?* (\"What do I know?\", a quotation from Montaigne) was created by Paul Angoulvent in 1941. Specialists are invited to ruminate on specific themes in texts of up to 128 pages each. Today, there are close to 4,000 titles by 2,500 authors, constituting the world\'s largest paperback encyclopedia, covering a broad range of subjects. Many of the titles have been translated into up to forty-three languages. By 2004, the PUF had sold around 160 million copies of titles in the series. Its ISSN number is 0768-0066
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# Dispensing ball
A **dispensing ball** is a special plastic ball used to dispense liquid fabric softener in clothes washing machines that lack built-in softener dispensers. Liquid fabric softener has to be added at the correct time to a load of laundry (the rinse cycle) in order to work effectively. In top-loading machines, the ball accomplishes this with no user input, other than the initial loading, and filling of the ball.
## Operation
In a top-loading washing machine, the ball floats on the surface of the water during the mild forces of the washing process, and remains sealed. The stronger forces of the later spin cycle causes the seal on the ball to be broken, releasing the liquid softener.
These balls can not be used in front-loading tumbling washers, because the tumbling releases the fabric softener before the rinse cycle. They cannot be used at all in the dryer.
## Downy Ball {#downy_ball}
The Downy Ball is a variant sold by Procter & Gamble specifically designed for use with traditional agitator-based top-loading washing machines which lack built-in fabric softener dispensers, and it won\'t work correctly on front-loading machines. Liquid fabric softener is poured into the Downy Ball through a hole on the top side. The ball is then tossed into the washing machine with the clothes and detergent, where it floats in a vertical position, with an internal rubber weight floating inside and trapping the softener inside. In the spin cycle, between the wash and rinse cycles, the internal rubber weight moves aside due to Newton\'s first law of motion, allowing the fabric softener to spill out onto the clothes, just in time for the rinse cycle
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# Hung Shui Kiu
**Hung Shui Kiu** is an area between Ping Shan and Lam Tei, in the western part of the New Territories of Hong Kong. It covers parts of Yuen Long and Tuen Mun districts. It is a largely rural residential area. Several Housing Authority blocks are currently under construction on a 6.5-hectare site bounded by Tin Sam, Hung Tin, Hung Chi and Hung Yuen roads.
## New town {#new_town}
The \"Planning and Development Study on North West New Territories\", conducted from 1997 to 2003, identified Hung Shui Kiu and its vicinity as a potential site for a New Town which may accommodate up to 160,000 population in the future. This proposal has since been recommended for implementation and would involve construction of a new Hung Shui Kiu railway station along the existing West Rail line between Siu Hong and Tin Shui Wai stations.
The government is conducting public engagement on the plan. A public meeting took place on 8 August 2015 at Shung Tak Catholic English College in Hung Shui Kiu and the Planning Department accepted written comments by mail or email.
In 2015, the first public estate in Hung Shui Kiu, called Hung Fuk Estate, was completed. It comprises nine residential blocks with 4,900 flats as well as a shopping centre, a market, and a community building.
## Transport
Hung Shui Kiu is connected by Castle Peak Road. There is also a Light Rail stop, served by routes 610, 614, 615, and 751. There is a proposed MTR station on the Tuen Ma line for Hung Shui Kiu called Hung Shui Kiu station.
## Education
Hung Shui Kiu is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 72. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and one government school: Tin Shui Wai Government Primary School (天水圍官立小學)
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# Bed of Roses (1933 film)
***Bed of Roses*** is a 1933 pre-Code romantic comedy film co-written and directed by Gregory La Cava and starring Constance Bennett. The picture was released by RKO Radio Pictures with a supporting cast featuring Joel McCrea and Pert Kelton.
The film is preserved in the Library of Congress collection.
## Plot
Lorry and Minnie are prostitutes who occasionally get hapless male admirers drunk before robbing them. After being released from a Louisiana jail, they head down the Mississippi River on a steamboat. Lorry steals \$60 from a \"Mr. Smith\" she entertains in her room, and when she is confronted by the boat\'s captain, who accuses her of the theft, she escapes by jumping off the vessel into the river. She loses the \$60 as she is rescued by cotton-barge skipper Dan, so she robs him, too.
Once in New Orleans, Lorry disguises herself as a newspaper writer to meet publishing magnate Stephen Paige of whom she took notice on the steamboat. She then gets him drunk, takes him to his home, and the next morning blackmails him into supporting her, including renting a lavish apartment for her. She returns to the cotton barge and repays Dan his \"loan\" and they fall in love. Minnie now arrives at Lorry\'s apartment, soon followed by Stephen, who threatens to expose her sordid past, causing her to leave him, but not to return to Dan, whom she had agreed to marry. When Stephen cannot persuade her to return to him, he realizes that she really does love Dan, and he brings about their reunion with the help of the now-married Minnie.
## Cast
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# Bed of Roses (1933 film)
## Reception
The film in 1933 received generally mediocre reviews in leading newspapers and trade papers. The one consistent exception in the print media\'s rather lukewarm reaction to the production was Pert Kelton, whose performance was widely praised. In his review for *The New York Times*, critic Mordaunt Hall views the \"callous creature\" portrayed by Constance Bennett as initially \"disconcerting\", and he finds parts of the story unbelievable, noting that its \"characters do not always behave as if they were drawn from life.\" Hall, however, does recognize Kelton for doing \"remarkably well as the slangy Minnie\".
*The Film Daily* in its July 1, 1933, issue judges *Bed of Roses* as \"average entertainment\" and describes Bennett as moving \"through her part without any distinction.\" On the other hand, Kelton\'s performance also impressed the trade paper. \"She fits the hard-boiled part perfectly\", *The Film Daily* observes, \"and scores repeatedly with hearty laughs.\" Abel Green in his review for *Variety*, another widely read entertainment paper at the time, refers to the \"so-so flicker\" as \"tawdry and unwholesome in the main\". He too preferred to focus on Kelton:`{{blockquote|It's a short cast but Pert Kelton stands out head and shoulders above everything with a [[Mae West|Maywestish]] hip-rolling, nasal-twanging, get-your-man routine which is something of a surprise. It so eclipses the rest of it, including the star (in some of those scenes she makes a stooge out of Bennett) that it evidences an unsuspected magnanimity on the part of the star or a physical handicap which [[wikt:Special:Search/prevented|forfended]] any further editing. Miss Kelton...does not suggest the robust Miss West in build, other than in general demeanor. Hers is a more slinky vamp, wise cracking and ever-effective, with the choicest phrases handed to her
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# Lam Tei
`{{Chinese
|order=ts
|t=藍地
|s=蓝地
|j=laam4 dei6
|p=Lándì
|l=blue ground
}}`{=mediawiki} **Lam Tei** (`{{zh|t=藍地}}`{=mediawiki}) is an area in the Tuen Mun District of the New Territories, Hong Kong. The region lies at the north end of Tuen Mun city. It is highly rural, with Miu Fat Buddhist Monastery being a landmark of the region.
## History
Several villages of the Lam Tei area were established by the To (`{{zh|t=陶|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}) Clan. Originally from Poyang, Jiangxi (other sources mention Watlam in Guangxi), the To Clan moved to Ngau Tam Mei and then to Tuen Mun Tai Tsuen. Following the increase of the clan population, the village dispersed and developed into five villages in the Lam Tei area: Nai Wai, Tsing Chuen Wai, Tuen Tsz Wai, Lam Tei Tsuen and Tuen Mun San Tsuen, which were all fortified.
## Features
Features of the area include:
- Miu Fat Buddhist Monastery
- Several walled villages: Chung Uk Tsuen, Lam Tei Tsuen, Nai Wai, Sun Fung Wai, Tsing Chuen Wai, Tuen Tsz Wai, Tuen Mun San Tsuen
- Residential estates, including The Sherwood (`{{zh|t=豫豐花園|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki}) and Botania Villa (`{{zh|t=綠怡居|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki})
- Lam Tei Quarry (`{{zh|t=藍地石礦場|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki})
- Lam Tei Reservoir (`{{zh|t=藍地水塘|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki})
- Hung Shui Hang Reservoir (`{{zh|t=洪水坑水塘|labels=no}}`{=mediawiki})
- The Old To Ancestral Hall (陶氏宗祠) (pictured) in Tuen Tsz Wai was briefly used by the Japanese Army during the Second World War. The commander later moved the base elsewhere, after discovering the origins of the Clan tracing back to To Yuan Ming. The Old To Ancestral Hall later caught fire after the war, when the interior was rented out as a storage space for cargo. The To Clan later invested in a New Ancestral Hall, including a full sized statue of their ancestor, To Yuan Ming.
## Education
Lam Tei is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 70. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and the following government schools: Tuen Mun Government Primary School (屯門官立小學).
## Transportation
Lam Tei is reachable by Castle Peak Road. There is also a Light Rail stop, served by routes 610, 614, 615, and 751
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# Gosport and Fareham R.F.C.
**Gosport and Fareham R.F.C.** is a Rugby Union club located in Gosport in Hampshire, England, with home games and training taking place at Gosport Park on Dolphin Crescent. The men\'s first XV currently play in London 3 South West (a league at level 8 of the English rugby union system) following their relegation from London 2 South West at the end of the 2018--19 season. The men\'s second XV will play in Hampshire Premier (level 9) from the 2018--19 season.
## History / Background {#history_background}
Gosport and Fareham R.F.C. was founded in 1946. In 2004 the club built a new clubhouse at a cost £800,000 funded by Sport England and various Councils. While the 1st XV play in the London 2 South West, the 2nd XV play in the Hampshire Merit One league and the 3rd XV play in friendly matches but are looking to return to competitive rugby. The club is a community rugby club and has a very active mini youth section from U6 - U12 (School Year 7, along with youth teams U13 - U16 (School Year 11). There is also Colts team (U17-U18)
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# Laundry ball
A **laundry ball** or **washing ball** is a product made of solid, insoluble material promoted as a substitute for laundry detergent. Producers of laundry balls often make pseudoscientific claims about their mechanisms of action and exaggerate the extent of their benefits.
Washing with laundry balls is as effective or less effective than washing without detergent. Their observed cleaning effects can largely be attributed to the mechanical interactions with the laundry or to using hot water instead of cold. For mechanical agitation, no evidence exists that using a specialized laundry ball is superior to using a different, cheaper solid object, such as a golf ball.
The Federal Trade Commission has taken action against manufacturers for making misleading claims, while customer protection organizations have recommended against buying this type of product.
## Types
Laundry balls come in several shapes: disks, spheres and toruses (doughnut shapes). Some contain ceramic pieces, magnetic material, or coloured liquid claimed to be \"activated water\", none of which have been demonstrated to improve effectiveness. Some balls can be refilled with pellets of detergent or other ingredients.
In the United States, laundry balls have been sold on home shopping channels or by participants in multilevel marketing. They can also be found in retail stores with an ecological or environmental focus. During the initial marketing boom, balls were manufactured for other market niches, like washing cars. For the purpose of washing a car, a normal cloth or sponge will have the same effect of mechanical removal of dirt and grime.
## Claimed mechanisms of action {#claimed_mechanisms_of_action}
Manufacturers rarely agree on why their laundry balls work, which suggests that each manufacturer makes these claims up. Some claims are not backed by science, while others are an exaggeration of benefits. Balls that contain detergents may offer more cleaning power than water alone because their ingredients are comparable to normal washing powder, but in smaller quantities.
The effect of the laundry balls may be explained by simple mechanical action and by the usage of hotter water. Some manufacturers claim that their products reduce energy consumption, but their pamphlets recommend using hot water. Hot water will clean some types of spots better than cold water, and mechanical agitation by *any* solid object can assist in cleaning, leading some people to conclude that the balls worked.
Although laundry balls are marketed as economical, environmentally friendly alternatives that can reduce water and energy consumption, they have not been demonstrated to be more effective than washing without detergent. Their observed cleaning effects can largely be attributed to the mechanical interactions with the laundry or to using hot water instead of cold. The mechanical action of the laundry balls can help clean some types of spots, but a golf ball will achieve the same effect for much less money.
Apart from issues with effectiveness, there is also a risk of the balls breaking open during washing, which could damage the machinery of the washing machine.
### Infrared
Some manufacturers claim that the components inside their balls emit far infrared rays, which are claimed to reduce the surface tension of water and facilitate washing. All materials emit thermal radiation, and at room temperature or washing machine temperature, this is in the far infrared range. It is also true that heating reduces the surface tension of water, but this energy comes from the water heater; otherwise, it would violate the law of conservation of energy.
### Magnetic properties {#magnetic_properties}
Magnetic water softeners claim that their magnetic fields can help remove scale from the washing machine and pipes and prevent new limescale from adhering. Some companies claim to remove hardness ions from hard water or to precipitate the molecules in the water so they will not \"stick\" to the pipes or to reduce the surface tension of water. The claims are dubious, the scientific basis is unclear, the working mechanism is vaguely defined and understudied, and high-quality studies report negative results. The reputation of these products is further damaged by the pseudoscientific explanations that promoters keep putting forward.
A laundry ball containing magnets could be used in niche applications for the removal of magnetic material, such as iron filings on a steel worker\'s clothing, in which case the benefit would be clearly-visible in the form of collected iron filings. For the typical consumer, however, there would be no benefit, and such a device may get stuck on a washing machine with a steel drum, disrupting its engineered balance and increasing vibration, decreasing the machine\'s lifespan.
### Changes to water structure {#changes_to_water_structure}
Some magnetic products claim that they \"change the molecular structure of water\", a pseudoscientific claim with zero scientific basis. There is no such thing as \"magnetized water\". Water is not paramagnetic, so its water molecules do not align in the presence of a magnetic field. Water is weakly diamagnetic (so it is repelled by magnets), but only to an extent so small that it is undetectable to most instruments.
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# Laundry ball
## Claimed mechanisms of action {#claimed_mechanisms_of_action}
### Special detergent {#special_detergent}
Some balls are refillable with small pellets of detergent which are sold only by the manufacturer of the ball. Critics question whether the amount and type of detergent released by these balls is sufficient to generate significant cleaning effects.
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# Laundry ball
## Customer protection {#customer_protection}
In 1997, Amway offered a ceramic washing disk on its catalog but removed it after concluding that it had \"no measurable impact on overall cleaning.\"
In 1997, Trade-Net sold a laundry ball product (the Blue Laundry Ball) in various states. Trade-Net claimed that the blue liquid inside their balls was structured water \"that emits a negative charge through the walls of the container into your laundry water.\" \"This causes the water molecule cluster to disassociate, allowing much smaller individual water molecules to penetrate the innermost part of the fabric.\" Dennis Barnum, a professor of inorganic chemistry at Portland State University, said that the liquid was just water with a blue dye and could not possibly have the effect claimed by the manufacturer. Barnum also said that the claims were \"gibberish\" and used scientific terms in ways that sounded educated to the layman but did not make any real sense. *The Oregonian* tested the balls and found they washed marginally better than hot water with no detergent and worse than using detergent.
After complaints, Trade-Net\'s claims were investigated by customer protection departments in Utah, Oregon, and Florida, among others, and the company was prohibited from making certain claims, including that \"such product cleans as well as conventional laundry detergent\". Trade-Net offered a \'new\' laundry ball product after this, but were forced to pay fines, including \$190,000 to Oregon\'s Department of Justice, \$10,000 to Utah and then in April 1999, \$155,000 to the states of New York, Arizona, Arkansas, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, Oklahoma and the FTC. The company disappeared shortly thereafter. The Federal Trade Commission has levied fines against other companies for similar fraudulent claims. However, other companies kept selling similar products over the Internet.
The judge ruling against Trade-Net, issued in April 1999, said the manufacturers failed to substantiate their claims and hadn\'t informed consumers about reports showing that the claims were incorrect.
The Australian Consumers\' Association published a report in the April 1998 issue of its magazine *Choice*. It concluded that laundry balls were no better than cold water.
The US Federal Trade Commission published in 1999 about laundry balls, rings, and discs: \"Tests show that these gadgets do little more than clean out your wallet. At best, they're marginally better than washing clothes in hot water alone and not as effective as washing them with laundry detergent. At worst, the products are completely useless.\"
In 2000 the magazine *Good Housekeeping* tested several laundry balls sold in the US and concluded that \"these gizmos do little more than clean out your wallet.\"
In April 2009 the Italian consumer association Altroconsumo carried a small test and concluded that laundry balls didn\'t wash better than plain water.
In 2009 the Spanish customer protection organization OCU studied *ecobolas* (a type of laundry ball marketed in Spain). It compared the efficacy of the laundry ball, normal detergent, and no detergent at all. It concluded that laundry balls were no better than using just water, and it recommended that consumers simply use a minimum amount of detergent.
In November 2011, the Hong Kong Consumer Council published a report on the effect of using washing liquid, washing powder, and washing balls. The former two were effective in removing stains, while the washing balls were not more effective than plain water.
Some organizations recommending against their use are Consumers Union, International Fabricare Institute (now called Drycleaning and Laundry Institute), Maytag, Soap and Detergent Association, and Spanish OCU.
In February 2011, the Spanish National Institute of Consume (Instituto Nacional del Consumo INC) ordered 14 manufacturers to cease their deceptive advertising after testing the wash balls and concluding that they are only as effective, or even *less* effective, than washing with water alone.
In August 2012, the Portuguese Consumer Rights Council requested a ban on the washing balls because none of the advantages advertised were proven in tests.
The Australian customer advocacy group Choice Australia gave a \"Shonky Award\" to Nanosmart Laundry Balls in October 2015, stating that they \"don\'t work\" and that they should be renamed \"Nano-not-so-smart\" after testing the balls against plain water and finding they had no effect and that their scientific claims were simply untrue. Choice Australia states that they will refer the product to the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission for investigation over Nanosmart\'s misleading claims.
By making very vague claims, marketers can continue to sell laundry balls without running afoul of customer protection laws that require veracity in advertisement
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# Stonehenge replicas and derivatives
This is a list of **Stonehenge replicas and derivatives** that seeks to collect all the non-ephemeral examples together. The fame of the prehistoric monument of Stonehenge in England has led to many efforts to recreate it, using a variety of different materials, around the world. Some have been carefully built as astronomically aligned models whilst others have been examples of artistic expression or tourist attractions.
## Astronomically aligned replicas {#astronomically_aligned_replicas}
### Australia and New Zealand {#australia_and_new_zealand}
- The only astronomically aligned, full-scale, \"exact\" replica of (a pristine) Stonehenge in natural stone (granite) is Esperance Stonehenge at Esperance, Western Australia. It cost over A\$250,000 to build. Some of the blocks weigh more than 50 tonnes.
- Stonehenge Aotearoa, in the Wairarapa region of New Zealand, is a modern adaptation aligned with the astronomy seen from the Antipodes. It was built by the Phoenix Astronomical Society from wood and sprayed concrete.
- A full-scale replica in sandstone was started in the rural township of Buckland in Tasmania in the first years of the 21st century, but was demolished by order of the municipal authorities. It did not have the necessary planning approval from the local council.
### North America {#north_america}
- The Maryhill Stonehenge: A full-size concrete replica of Stonehenge, as it would have been originally built, saw construction commence and had its original dedication on 4 July 1918. Built in Maryhill, Washington by Sam Hill, it was the first monument in the United States to honour the dead of World War I, and specifically soldiers from Klickitat County, Washington who had died in the still on-going war. The altar stone is 3 degrees off the alignment of the sunrise on the Summer Solstice. The replica does not take into account the latitude difference between Stonehenge and Maryhill, throwing the alignments further off. Hill, a Quaker pacifist, was mistakenly informed that the original Stonehenge had been used as a sacrificial site, and thus constructed the replica as a reminder that \"humanity is still being sacrificed to the god of war\". The monument was originally located in the centre of Maryhill, which later burned down leaving only the Stonehenge replica. There was a second formal dedication of the monument upon its completion on 30 May 1929.
- There is a full-scale, limestone replica of Stonehenge on private property just northeast of Fortine, Montana, owned by inventor Jim Smith.
- A Stonehenge replica is located on the campus of the University of Texas of the Permian Basin in Odessa, Ector County, US. About twenty stone blocks, similar in size, shape, and appearance to the ancient Stonehenge, were unveiled in the summer of 2004.
- Foamhenge is a full-size, astronomically aligned Stonehenge made out of foam in Virginia, US.
- Bamahenge is a full-size, astronomically-aligned fiberglass replica of Stonehenge located in Baldwin County, Alabama, US.
- Missouri S&T has a half-scale replica built from solid granite located on campus.
### Other
- British Foamhenge, a full-size, correctly aligned replica made from carpet tubes and polystyrene, was constructed for a UK TV programme titled \"Stonehenge Live\", broadcast in June 2005. The positions of each stone were accurately plotted using RTK GPS, which has centimetric accuracy. The replica quickly became known as \"Foamhenge\". It was removed soon after filming, and the \"stones\" placed in storage.
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# Stonehenge replicas and derivatives
## Less accurate replicas {#less_accurate_replicas}
### Europe
- Bavarian Strawhenge; a full-size replica, was assembled in Kemnath in Bavaria in 2003 from 350 bales of straw and used as a music venue.
- In the late 1970s, in Glasgow, an astronomically aligned stone circle was built in Sighthill Park.
- Tankhenge existed in the border zone of Berlin in the early 1990s after the collapse of the Wall. It was constructed from three ex-Soviet armoured personnel carriers.
- At the 2007 Glastonbury Festival, England, graffiti artist Banksy constructed a \"Stonehenge\" made from portable toilets.
- Achill-henge is a 2011 concrete structure on Achill Island, off the northwest coast of Ireland.
- In 2012, British artist Jeremy Deller created a life-size inflatable bouncy castle-style replica of Stonehenge titled \'Sacrilege\' which first appeared in Greenwich Park, London and other parks in the capital; the interactive artwork has since toured nationally and internationally.
- *Bladehenge* is the name of a Charlotte Moreton sculpture located at Solstice Park, Amesbury, 2 miles from Stonehenge, England. The final piece of the \"Solstice Park Sculptures\", it is inspired by aeronautical forms of propellers and turbine, with three twisting steel monoliths designed to recall Stonehenge. It was installed in 2013.
- Steel Henge, which is in fact made using iron ingots, at Centenary Riverside Park, Rotherham, Yorkshire, England.
### North America {#north_america_1}
- Carhenge was constructed from vintage American cars near Alliance, Nebraska by the artist Jim Reinders in 1987.
- The Georgia Guidestones were sometimes referred to as an \"American Stonehenge\".
- Canadian Strawhenge is in Ontario.
- Phonehenge is made of old-fashioned British telephone booths and is located at Freestyle Music Park in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.
- Phonehenge West was an unrelated folk art construction in Los Angeles County, California, eventually demolished by authorities for building code violations.
- Mudhenge was erected for the 1996 Burning Man Festival.
- Munfordville Stonehenge, built by a local stonemason in Kentucky and set up along compass lines.
- Twinkiehenge, another Burning Man replica, constructed in 2001 out of Twinkies.
- Stonehenge II in Texas is a concrete sculpture inspired by the original.
- The Clarke Memorial Fountain, also nicknamed Stonehenge, is a war memorial on the campus of the University of Notre Dame.
- Stroudhenge: East Stroudsburg University, in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, has a small replica located on its campus called \"Stroudhenge\".
- Mystical Horizons, located near Carbury, North Dakota, consists of six granite walls of varying heights that are intended to represent a 21st-century design. It functions as a working solar calendar. It was built in 2005.
- Fridgehenge: another modern take on Stonehenge once existed outside of Santa Fe, New Mexico, constructed out of junked refrigerators, known as \'Fridgehenge\'. The structure was created by the artist Adam Jonas Horowitz. It no longer exists: all fridges have been removed after a complaint, confirmed on 5 August 2008.
- Truckhenge, \"an eclectic combination of farm, salvage & recycled art \..... consists of 6 antique trucks jutting out of the ground - reminiscent of England\'s Stonehenge\", Topeka, Kansas
### Other {#other_1}
- Stonehenge microstructure: in 2004, scientists from the National University of Singapore created the smallest 3D replica of Stonehenge. Measuring only 80 micrometres in diameter, the Stonehenge microstructure was created by a process called silicon micromachining which uses a high-energy proton beam writer to produce 3-D microshapes and structures of high structural accuracy on the surface of materials such as silicon.
- In 1995, Graeme Cairns of Hamilton, New Zealand, built a replica of Stonehenge out of 41 refrigerators at a farm in Gordonton.
- Hanazono Central Park (花園中央公園, south of Hanazono Rugby Stadium, 1 Chome-1-1 松原南 Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan, has a Stonehenge type pedestrian park feature.
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# Stonehenge replicas and derivatives
## Other replicas {#other_replicas}
The rock band Black Sabbath had a Stonehenge stage set for the 1983--1984 *Born Again* tour that ended up being too large to fit in most venues. This was parodied in the film *This is Spinal Tap*, when the band orders a Stonehenge set but it arrives in miniature due to a confusion between feet and inches.
In 1984, US artist Richard Fleischner constructed an abstract Stonehenge-like series of granite blocks at the University of California, San Diego as part of the Stuart Collection called The La Jolla Project. It is affectionately known as *Stonehenge* by students and faculty.
In 2005, the archaeological television programme *Time Team* created a replica of a timber circle located near Woodhenge as part of the Stonehenge Riverside Project.
In February 2010, Peter Salisbury, founder of the Michigan Druids, created a 1/3 scale replica of Stonehenge, made of snow, at the MacKay Jaycees Family Park in Grand Rapids, Michigan. It was named Snowhenge.`{{Self-published inline|date=December 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
Muchołapka, a 10 metres tall dodecagonal concrete ring structure with a diameter of 30 metres, which was built during World War II near Ludwikowice Kłodzkie, Lower Silesia, Poland, is nicknamed \"Hitler\'s Stonehenge\". It was presumably the base of a cooling tower, but some people claim it was built for testing advanced aircraft.
## Comparable archaeological sites {#comparable_archaeological_sites}
A henge near Stonehenge containing concentric rings of postholes for standing timbers, discovered in 1922, was named Woodhenge by its excavators because of similarities with Stonehenge. The name woodhenge is also used for a series of timber circles found at the Native American site of Cahokia (Cahokia Woodhenge). The timber Seahenge in Norfolk was named as such by journalists writing about its discovery in 1998.
In November 2004, a circle of postholes 7 m in diameter was found in Russia and publicised as the Russian Stonehenge. Other prehistoric sites elsewhere, often also with proposed astronomical alignments, are often described by journalists as being that region\'s \"answer to Stonehenge\".
In May 2006, reports emerged of an \"Amazon Stonehenge\" near Calçoene, 390 kilometres from Macapá, the capital of Amapá state, near Brazil\'s border with French Guiana. It comprises 127 stones, possibly forming astronomical observing points.
America\'s Stonehenge is an unrelated and controversial site in the U.S. state of New Hampshire.
## Gallery
<File:Maryhill-WA-Stonehenge.jpg%7CReplica> at Maryhill, Washington <File:Stonehenge-Aotearoa.jpg%7CDetail> of the Stonehenge Aotearoa exterior <File:Stonehenge> at Rolla
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# Didarganj Yakshi
The **Didarganj Yakshi** (or **Didarganj Chauri Bearer**; *दीदारगंज यक्षी*) is one of the finest examples of very early Indian stone statues. It used to be dated to the 3rd century BCE, as it has the fine Mauryan polish associated with Mauryan art, but another Yakshi is also found but without polish so it is also dated to approximately the 2nd century CE, based on the similarity of analysis of shape and ornamentation, or the 1st century CE. The treatment of the forelock in particular is said to be characteristically Kushan.
The sculpture is now in the Bihar Museum in Patna, Bihar, India, close to where it was found in 1917. Patna, as Pataliputra, was also the Mauryan capital.
The statue is 5 ft tall on a pedestal of 1 ft made of Chunar sandstone highly finished to a mirror-like polish. The life-size standing image is a tall, well-proportioned, free-standing sculpture made of sandstone with the well-polished surface associated with Mauryan polish, although this persisted for some time after the empire fell. The fly-whisk (chauri) is held in the right hand whereas the left hand is broken. The lower garment creates a somewhat transparent effect. Like many of the earliest large sculptures in Indian art, it represents a minor spiritual figure or deity, a yakshi, rather than one of the major deities.
## Context and style {#context_and_style}
Female yakshi or yakshini, and male yaksha, are very minor figures, on the borders of deity. Yakshi are often local spirits of water and trees. They are figures from Indian folk religion who were accepted into the pantheons of Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. In the earliest surviving Indian stone monumental sculptures, they, or at least figures identified by modern art historians as them, are very common subjects, preceding those of more significant deity figures. The Buddhist stupa sites of Sanchi and Bharhut both have many, those at Bharhut carrying inscriptions with their names.
The figure has the elements that would continue to be expected in female Indian religious statues \"an elaborate headdress and jewellery, heavy spherical breasts, narrow waist, ample hips and a graceful posture \... \[with\] only sketchy attempts to portray such details of physical anatomy as musculature; rather it is a quality of inwardly held breath that is conveyed. This breath (*prana*) is identified with the essence of life\...\". For another scholar, the statue shows \"for the first time the sculptural realization of a full and volumptuous form with a definite sense of its organic articulation\". In contrast to the front, the \"figure is flattened at the back with only a perfunctory indication of modelling\".
According to a recent study the Didarganj Yakshi may represent the goddess Indrakshi Durga.
## Modern history {#modern_history}
The Didarganj Yakshi was excavated on the banks of the Ganges River, at the hamlet of Didarganj Kadam Rasual, northeast of the Qadam-i-Rasul Mosque in Patna City, on 18 October 1917 by the villagers and by the noted archaeologist and historian, Professor J N Samaddar Professor Samaddar, with the help of the then president of Patna Museum Committee and member of Board of Revenue, Mr. E. H. C. Walsh and Dr. D. B. Spooner, the noted archaeologist, retrieved the figure in Patna Museum, Patna.
The statue\'s nose was damaged during a travelling exhibition, The Festival of India, en route to Smithsonian Institution and the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., leading to a decision not to send it abroad again.
To celebrate the centenary year of the excavation, Sunita Bharti, a theatre director from Patna, produced and directed a play, *Yakshini*, in 2017. It was staged by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR, Govt. of India) and the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA, Govt. of India), New Delhi.
<File:Yakshini.jpg%7CAnother> view, Bihar Museum. <File:Didarganj-Yakshi-3bc-Patna.jpg%7CAnother> view, Bihar Museum. <File:Patna> Museum Chauri bearer side.jpg\|Side view. <File:CunninghamBharhut.jpg%7CYakshi> with tree from Bharhut, perhaps 100 BCE. <File:Kushan> woman, head with jewellery.jpg\|An example of hairstyle with frontal bun, under the Kushans <File:Toilet> bearer, Kushan period (2nd century CE), Diyara (Faizabad) Benares Hindu University Museum.jpg\|An example of statue under the Kushans (2nd century CE), Diyara (Faizabad) Benares Hindu University Museum
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# Halumatha
**Halumatha** is a denomination of the Hindu religion mainly followed by Hatkar and Kuruba Gowda. The majority of members of Halumatha are followers of Advaita and Nature Worship.
*Halumatha* or *Palamatha* means beliefs of the protectors of the society. In Sanskrit *Pal* means protect, defend, rule, govern etc. *Matha* means group view, belief, doctrine etc
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# Merz & McLellan
**Merz and McLellan** was a leading British electrical engineering consultancy based in Newcastle.
## History
The firm was founded by Charles Merz and William McLellan in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1902 when McLellan joined Merz\'s existing firm established in 1899. The partnership was instrumental in designing the United Kingdom\'s first three-phase electrical supply network, on Tyneside, and for the next century continued to advise other Commonwealth countries on setting up their own networks.
In the early 1960s, Merz & McLellan started a scheme in the interest of reclaming land owned by the London Brick Company in Peterborough; James Price took up the position of senior resident engineer. This became known as the \"Peterborough Dust Disposal Scheme\".
In 1995 the partnership merged with the Parsons Brinckerhoff consultancy, and in 2000 the new owners announced that the Merz & McLellan name would be discontinued.
In 2010, Mott MacDonald consultancy announced that it had bought Merz and McLellan South Africa.
## Selected contracts {#selected_contracts}
- 1901: Neptune Bank Power Station
- 1904: Carville Power Station, Wallsend, UK
- 1908 & 1912: Electrification of Melbourne suburban railways in Victoria, Australia.
- 1911: Electrification of North Eastern Railway (UK)
- 1914-18: Mobile power stations for the battlefield
- 1921: North Tees Power Station
- 1925: Report on electrification of the New Zealand suburban systems in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin
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# St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art
The **St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art** is a museum of religion in Glasgow, Scotland. It has been described as the only public museum in the world devoted solely to this subject, although other notable museums of this kind are the State Museum of the History of Religion in St. Petersburg and the Catharijneconvent in Utrecht.
## Construction and history {#construction_and_history}
The museum is located in Cathedral Square, on the lands of Glasgow Cathedral at Castle Street. It was constructed in 1989 on the site of a medieval castle-complex, the former residence of the bishops of Glasgow, parts of which can be seen inside the cathedral and at the People\'s Palace, Glasgow. The museum building emulates the Scottish Baronial architectural style used for the former bishop\'s castle.
The museum opened in 1993.
Nearby are the Provand\'s Lordship (Glasgow\'s oldest house), the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, and Glasgow Necropolis.
## Collection
The museum houses exhibits relating to all the world\'s major religions, including a Zen garden and a sculpture showing Islamic calligraphy. It housed Salvador Dalí\'s painting *Christ of Saint John of the Cross* from its opening in 1993 until the reopening of Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum in 2006.
## Gallery
stainedglassglasgow.JPG\|Stained glass Museum sv Munga Shivu.jpg\|Sculpture of Shiva St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art - geograph.org.uk - 852400.jpg\|The museum from Cathedral Square St. Mungo Museum of Religious.jpg\|The rear of the museum St. Mungo\'s Museum and Provand\'s Lordship, Glasgow - geograph.org.uk - 1365844.jpg\|The museum and Provand\'s Lordship Zen Garden - geograph.org.uk - 1280842
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# Rick Emerson
**Rick Emerson** (born March 7, 1973), formerly known as **Rick Taylor**, is a radio personality most known for *The Rick Emerson Show*, which was broadcast from Portland, Oregon, in one form or another, from 1997 to 2012. Emerson also co-hosted *Drive-By Radio* as \"Rick Taylor\" in Salt Lake City. He hosted the public affairs television show *Outlook Portland*, and is the author of two books: *Zombie Economics: A Guide to Personal Finance* (2011, co-authored with Lisa Desjardins) and *Unmask Alice: LSD, Satanic Panic, and the Imposter Behind the World\'s Most Notorious Diaries* (2022). On January 2, 2012, Emerson announced his retirement from the broadcasting industry.
## Early life {#early_life}
Rick Emerson was born March 7, 1973, in Kennewick, Washington. He was interested in radio from a very young age. He used a RadioShack tape recorder to interview his friends. \"I was like a Larry King in short pants.\" At age 14 he began volunteering at a local radio station. After graduating fourth-to-last in his high school class, he moved to Spokane, Washington, where he landed his first radio talk show. He broadcast weeknights from midnight to 2 a.m from a bomb shelter in the basement of the station\'s building. \"It was just hours of me talking to NO ONE,\" he said. \"The only calls I got were wrong numbers.\" During this time, he managed to earn a small but loyal following. Listeners knew him by the stage name \"Rick Taylor\", the last name that he picked out of a phone-book. During this time, Emerson was arrested when pulled over for a broken tail-light; a bench warrant had been issued after he forgot to pay the last \$10 on a traffic ticket.
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# Rick Emerson
## Drive-By Radio {#drive_by_radio}
In January 1995, Emerson was hired by KCNR in Salt Lake City, where he co-hosted the afternoon drive show ***Drive-By Radio*** with Clyde Lewis. In Salt Lake City, as in Spokane, Emerson worked under the stage name \"Rick Taylor\". *Salt Lake City Weekly* described Rick Taylor as \"everything a talk radio fan under 50 could ask for: Confrontational, funny, smart, vaguely liberal, pop-culture obsessed and driven to Get Your Attention! like no one before or since on SLC\'s airwaves.\" He became program director of KCNR and helped create one of the most popular radio stations in Utah. Journalist Bill Frost later wrote: \"From January 1995 to November 1996, KCNR AM 1320 (later 860) brought the Salt Lake Valley the most in-your-face, vibrant, talk-radio format it had ever heard. Rick Taylor, Martin Davies, Todd Herman, and Clyde Lewis took back the airwaves from the old guard of creaky conspiratorialists and political pontificators and, at least in small part, introduced it to a younger, hipper audience. It was rock & roll radio without the music, and what they accomplished in such a short period of time is still talked about to this day.\"
In November 1996, KCNR was sold to Radio Disney, leaving Emerson without a microphone. According to his semi-biography *Bigger Than Jesus*, he found out about KCNR\'s new programming when he tuned in one morning while getting ready for work and found it playing music followed by Radio Disney liners. His former KCNR co-worker Todd Herman recalled the dire financial straits of this post-firing period: \"We were literally, swear to God, asking for credit at the convenience store.\" Emerson then moved to San Diego, where he worked as a convenience store clerk. In November 1997, Emerson was offered a job at KOTK in Portland, Oregon, and *The Rick Emerson Show* was born.
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# Rick Emerson
## The Rick Emerson Show {#the_rick_emerson_show}
***The Rick Emerson Show*** was a conversational style radio talk show broadcast from Portland, Oregon from 1997 to 2012. The show\'s most enduring lineup featured Rick, Sarah X Dylan and news reporter Tim Riley. They were joined by regulars Matt \"F Matt\" Peterson, Kyle the Intern, Jolie from Corporate Accounts Payable, and Kristin from Accounting, as well as frequent guests like Aaron Geek in the City, film reviewer Dawn Taylor, Jen Lane of Barfly Magazine, Scott Dally of *filmfever.org*, and *Ground Zero* host Clyde Lewis (Rick\'s former *Drive-By Radio* co-host). They would chat about (and skewer and dismantle) pop culture topics like music, movies, television, tech, celebrities, and news and politics. They would also talk about their own social lives and the local Portland scene. Emerson would at times launch into a rant against some particularly bothersome aspect of modern society; other times he would rant in favor of what he likes, as in his \"PDX Rant\" about why he loves the city of Portland. In December 2007, the show presented the live radio play *Ebenezer? I Barely Knew Her!*, a modern-day take-off on *A Christmas Carol*. The show hosted listener events such as a Halloween party where everyone dressed as a dead celebrity. House band The Tim Riley Factor performed at live events. The band included Emerson, Sarah X Dylan and Kristin from Accounting (but not Tim Riley). *The Rick Emerson Show* attracted a loyal audience that journalist (and show guest) Peter Ames Carlin called \"almost unnervingly enthusiastic.\" Kristi Turnquist of The Oregonian described Emerson\'s style as a \"distinctive blend of arcane references, multisyllabic vocabulary and mythic grasp of old TV shows.\" And Mark Baumgarten of *Willamette Week* described Emerson as \"brash, uncompromisingly geeky, smart, occasionally completely off the mark and funny.\"
### History
In November 1997, Bruce Agler, program director for KOTK 1080 AM, offered Emerson a job in Portland, Oregon. After Emerson was on-air in Portland for only a few months, he was offered national syndication with the NBG Radio Network. Emerson hosted his nationally syndicated show for three years until he was again fired. Emerson was rehired by KOTK in the summer of 2001, and was soon paired with news reporter Tim Riley. Mixed with a series of producers, Emerson was finally paired with Sarah X Dylan in December 2002, who served as producer and eventual co-host.
Emerson\'s program and cast were often subject to the fluctuations of the Portland radio market, and there were periods when the show was off the air. First was the \"unpleasantness\" that occurred between Emerson\'s syndicated show and his transition back to KOTK\'s Hot Talk 1080. A second gap occurred after the show moved to MAX 910 AM. The station, owned by Entercom, was switched without warning to an oldies music format. *Rick Emerson Show* fans launched the \"Coffee Cup Crusade.\" They deluged the Portland headquarters of Entercom with coffee cups, each with the message: \"I need my morning fix. Bring back Rick Emerson.\"
CBS Radio, reacting in part to the strength of support for Emerson throughout the Portland metro area, decided to give Emerson an opportunity to retool Johnson AM 970, an all-comedy radio station. Broadcasting from \"the plushly appointed but not overly ostentatious studios high atop the bottom of the KOIN tower,\" Emerson was back on the air with Tim Riley and producer Sarah X. Dylan. Within months, the station was retooled as \"AM 970, Solid State Radio\" and took on a lineup of syndicated broadcasts from around the country, including Tom Leykis and Phil Hendrie, both of those programs had been previously paired with Emerson on other stations. Emerson\'s fans were loyal, as evidenced by a May 2008 listener party where friends of his show and listeners held a roast in his honor. Under Emerson\'s leadership, KCMD 970 AM became a talk powerhouse, and changed its name to \"The Talker\" in mid-2008. After a seven-year run with the show, Tim Riley was laid off in December 2008 when CBS Portland went through a series of staff reductions. In order to continue featuring news on the show, Emerson invited many other laid-off Portland media personalities to fill in for Riley.
In March 2009, *The Rick Emerson Show* moved from AM 970\'s midday slot to sister station 101.1 FM KUFO\'s morning slot. Tim Riley returned as a news reporter, and Greg Nibler joined the show. As part of the move, Emerson would no longer be program director; that job instead went to KUFO program director Chris Patyk. The transition to KUFO was bumpy. \"We were like the boyfriend who\'s so appealing to his girlfriend until they move in together,\" Emerson said. \"Once they had us they realized everything about us had to be made over.\" In August 2009, CBS Radio sold KUFO to the Portland-based radio conglomerate Alpha Broadcasting. On October 23, 2009, Alpha Broadcasting canceled *The Rick Emerson Show* as well as the afternoon show *Cort and Fatboy*, and fired program director Chris Patyk. In a blog post to fans on his website, Emerson asked them to \"please forgo the gathering of coffee cups,\" alluding to the previous \"Coffee Cup Crusade.\"
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# Rick Emerson
## The Rick Emerson Show {#the_rick_emerson_show}
### Internet Broadcasting {#internet_broadcasting}
From 2010 to 2012, *The Rick Emerson Show* was broadcast as a subscription-based online program on RickEmerson.com. According to Emerson, this enabled the subscribers/listeners to be in control of the show, instead of corporations that didn\'t get the show and only saw it as a line item on a budget. He was also the host of *Legion of News* (LoN), available on Cascadia.fm (formerly PDX.FM) from noon to 1 pm. He was ably assisted on both online shows by his co-host Dawn Taylor, a Portland journalist and frequent guest of the radio show. In May 2010, Emerson began building the *Emerson News Network* along with Dawn Taylor and his old KOTK program director Bruce Agler. Emerson called on the expertise of members of his audience, many of whom had continued to support him through his unemployment, in order to build the new network. On June 14, 2010, Emerson was a guest on the *Cort and Fatboy Show* on Cascadia FM, where he announced the launch of the *Emerson News Network* and the two online shows. *Legion of News* was structured like the \'news hour\' of his previous shows, but without his many diatribes, and *The Rick Emerson Show* followed the format of the radio show and featured news stories, guests, observations, and audience interaction. *The Rick Emerson Show* was broadcast via Live365 from RickEmersonShow.com and required a \$6.99/month subscription. According to Emerson, both shows were widely listened to, including listeners from all over the world. Cascadia.fm was sold in December 2011, moving *Legion of News* under the *Emerson News Network* subscription service.
On January 2, 2012, Emerson announced his retirement from the broadcasting industry. The Internet station he started has continued under the moniker *Funemployment Radio Network* with on-air hosts (and station managers) Greg Nibler and Sarah X Dylan.
## Bigger Than Jesus: The Diary of a Rock and Roll Fan {#bigger_than_jesus_the_diary_of_a_rock_and_roll_fan}
***Bigger Than Jesus*** is a one-man stage show that Emerson performed in Portland, Oregon. *The Portland Mercury* wrote that *Bigger Than Jesus* is \"Emerson\'s deeply personal love letter to rock music\... a coming-of-age tribute to the music that shaped his life.\" The show debuted to a standing room only audience in 2003. The title is a reference to John Lennon\'s infamous statement that the Beatles were more popular than Jesus. The show was directed and filmed by Portland film director Joni DeRouchie. Emerson and DeRouchie produced a DVD of the show in 2005. The pair also collaborated on the short thriller film *Remote Control* (2004), the television pilot *Rock Roundtable* (2005), and the radio play *Ebenezer? I Barely Knew Her!* (2007).
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# Rick Emerson
## Zombie Economics: A Guide to Personal Finance {#zombie_economics_a_guide_to_personal_finance}
Emerson co-wrote ***Zombie Economics*** with Lisa Desjardins, who is currently political director at *PBS NewsHour*. Lara Gifford, who was married to Emerson at the time, was an uncredited third author. The book likens debt and financial problems to an invasion of zombies. Its premise is \"the theory that every skill needed to survive an economic downturn mirrors a skill needed to survive the zombie apocalypse.\" Emerson got the idea for the book while having a dinner conversation with his wife about friends losing their jobs. \"The zombie metaphor\" popped into his head as an ideal way to convey the terror of facing financial ruin. Chapters include \"A Basement Full of Ammo\" and \"They\'ll Eat the Fat Ones First\". The book was released on May 3, 2011.
## Television
Emerson hosted *Outlook Portland*, a public affairs show that aired Sundays at 6:30-7:00 am on NW 32 TV.
Emerson has appeared in two television series: *Leverage* and *Grimm*
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# Jack Wouterse
**Jack Wouterse** (born 17 June 1957 in Soest) is a Dutch actor. His career as a movie actor took off with his role in the 1992 film *The Northerners*, directed by Alex van Warmerdam. Wouterse made his international debut in an episode of the TV series *Band of Brothers*. He frequently worked with murdered Dutch director Theo van Gogh.
## Film
- *Redbad* (2018) - Willibrord.
- *Kapitein Rob en het Geheim van Professor Lupardi* (2007) - General.
- *For a few marbles more* (*Voor een paar knikkers meer*) (2006) -- Father of Sofie (voice)
- *Kameleon 2* (2005) -- Piet Haan
- *Too Fat Too Furious (*Vet Hard*)* (2005) - Bennie
- *06/05* (2004) - Van Dam
- *Tow Truck Pluck* (2004) - Father of Stamper
- *Pietje Bell 2: De Jacht op de Tsarenkroon* (2003) - Klok
- *The Tulse Luper Suitcases, Episode 3: Antwerp* (2003) - Erik van Hoyten
- *The Tulse Luper Suitcases: The Moab Story* (2003) - Erik van Hoyten
- *Het wonder van Maxima* (2003)
- *Julie en Herman* (2003) - Herman van Putten
- *Peter Bell* (*Pietje Bell*) (2002) - Klok
- *Miss Minoes* (2001) - Van Weezel
- *Magonia* (2001) - Ramsey Nasser
- *With great joy* (*Met grote blijdschap*) (2001)- Ad Sipkes
- *Baby Blue* (2001) - Fiducia
- *Zoenzucht* (2000)
- *Little Crumb* (*Kruimeltje*) (1999) - visitor of Mrs
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# Kay Dotrice
**Katherine Florence Dotrice** (née **Newman**; 9 May 1929 -- 2 August 2007), known professionally as **Kay Newman** and **Kay Dotrice**, was a British stage and screen actress, best known for her roles in the UK TV series *Crossroads*, the movie *Cheech & Chong\'s The Corsican Brothers*, and many repertory performances during the 1950s.
## Career
Dotrice began her career performing in revue and repertory theatre, particularly in the north of England. She played many lead roles, and consistently received positive notices. Reviewing J. Hartley Manners\' *Peg O\' My Heart*, one critic wrote \"the Chichester family .. members were vividly contrasted \[with\] \... Kay Newman, fresh from her success as Emmy in \"They Walk Alone\", as the resentful Ethel\", while another said, \"Kay Newman, as the slandered wife, gave an appealing performance\". Reviews of Mel Dinelli\'s *The Man* commented \"Kay Newman in particular gave an impressive performance. As the frightened and tormented woman who unwittingly hires the services of a homicidal maniac as a house-help, she had a firm grasp on the part\", and \"Kay Newman reveals strong dramatic powers as in rapid succession she conveys nervous tension ranging from surprise to panic.\" In John Van Druten\'s *Behold We Live*, she \"gives a delightful character study as a down-to-earth London housekeeper.\" In performances on Guernsey of *Johnny Belinda*, \"the leading part of Belinda \[was\] a personal triumph for Kay Newman, who played it with charm and restraint.\"\
In 1962, her six-year-old daughter Karen Dotrice was offered a five-year contract by Walt Disney, and Kay Dotrice spent all her time with her, supporting her and helping her learn her scripts. In 1977, she returned to performing under the name Kay Dotrice, playing the roles of Mrs Darling and Michael in a Decca recording of *Peter Pan*. The following year, she was cast as Mrs Crisp in the long-running ITV series Crossroads, and appeared in twenty-five episodes. In 1984, she appeared as the midwife in the film *Cheech & Chong\'s The Corsican Brothers*.
### Selected stage performances (as Kay Newman) {#selected_stage_performances_as_kay_newman}
Year Title Author Theatre Role Company
------ ---------------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
1952 *They Walk Alone* Max Catto Royal, Castleford Emmy Frank H. Fortescue Players
1952 *Peg O\' My Heart* J. Hartley Manners Royal, Castleford Ethel Frank H. Fortescue Players
1952 *Scandalmongers* Royal, Castleford Slandered wife Frank H. Fortescue Players
1953 *Gathering Storm* Gordon Glennon Hippodrome, Keighley Good-time girl Queen\'s Players
1953 *Life Begins At Fifty* Armitage Owen Hippodrome, Keighley Queen\'s Players
1953 *The Man* Mel Dinelli Hippodrome, Keighley Woman who hires homicidal maniac as home-help Queen\'s Players
1953 *Wuthering Heights* Hippodrome, Keighley Catherine Earnshaw Queen\'s Players
1953 *Behold We Live* John Van Druten Hippodrome, Keighley London housekeeper Queen\'s Players
1953 *Beggar My Neighbour* Arnold Ridley Hippodrome, Keighley Queen\'s Players
1953 *Desire in the Night* Hippodrome, Keighley Mother Queen\'s Players
1954 *Johnny Belinda* Elmer Blaney Harris The Little, Guernsey Belinda Charles Denville Players
1955 *Charley\'s Aunt* Brandon Thomas The Little, Guernsey Guernsey Repertory Company
1957 *Goldilocks and the Three Bears* (pantomime) The Little, Guernsey Goldilocks Guernsey Repertory Company
## Family
Dotrice was the wife of actor Roy Dotrice. They lived for many years in Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire. Their daughters, Karen, Michele and Yvette, have also been actresses
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# Duddell Street
**Duddell Street** (Chinese: 都爹利街) is a small street located near the Lan Kwai Fong district in Central, Hong Kong. Named after George and Frederick Duddell, it stretches from Ice House Street to Queen\'s Road Central. The street is noted for containing the city\'s last four gas lamps.
## History
This short street includes, at its southern end, a flight of granite steps that were built between 1875 and 1889; these lead up to Ice House Street. The street was named in honour of brothers George and Frederick Duddell, who were landowners in the early days of the colony, having emigrated from Macau after the British Empire annexed Hong Kong Island in 1841. George was an auctioneer and ultimately a significant property owner in the area around the present Duddell Street in the mid-19th century. When Frederick and his wife died, they were both buried back in Macau at the Old Protestant Cemetery.
## Gas lamps {#gas_lamps}
The street is famous for its four gas-powered street lamps, which are the only surviving and working examples of their kind in Hong Kong since the electrification of street lights in 1967. The four gas lamps, along with the flight of steps on the street, have been declared a monument since 1979.
The gas lamps are two-light Rochester models supplied by the London-based William Sugg and Company and were erected in the early-20th century. They are mounted in pairs at either end of the street\'s steps, and were designed with shorter posts so that they could be mounted on the newels.
The gas lamps were originally lit manually, but are now operated automatically. They are lit from 6 pm to 6 am everyday and are maintained by The Hong Kong and China Gas Company and the Highways Department.
On 16 September 2018 during Typhoon Mangkhut, the four lamps suffered varying degrees of damage, with one of the lamp posts snapping in two. The broken lamp and two others were removed, while one remained with a broken lampshade. Large sections of handrails and the balustrades on the steps were also damaged by falling trees. Repairs cost an estimated HK\$4 million and was completed after 15 months.
## Retail
In June 2009, Hong Kong retail design store G.O.D. collaborated with Starbucks and created a store with a \"Bing Sutt Corner\" at their store on Duddell Street. It is a concept that fuses the retro bing sutt, a Hong Kong teahouse style with the contemporary look of a coffeehouse.
In April 2012, the flagship store of clothing retailer Shanghai Tang was opened at 1 Duddell Street, known as the \'Shanghai Tang Mansion\'. It is close to 1400 m2 in size and is the largest branch in the world, designed by Shanghai-based design firm Design MVW.
## Photos
Image:HK Duddell Street TheStoneSteps.jpg\|Gas lamp and stairs on Duddell Street Image:Duddell Gas Lamp.JPG\|Gas lamp on Duddell Street Image:Duddell Gas Lamp Turned On.JPG\|Gas lamp on Duddell Street Image:Gas Pipe of Duddell Street Gas Lamp.JPG\|Pipeline supplying town gas to the street lamps Image:A_Tree_Grows_on_the_stone_wall_in_Dudell_Street
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# Fountain syndrome
**Fountain syndrome** is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder characterized by mental retardation, deafness, skeletal abnormalities and a coarse face with full lips. The abnormal swelling of the cheeks and lips are due to the excessive accumulation of body fluids under the skin. The deafness is due to malformation of the cochlea structure within the inner ear.
## Signs and symptoms {#signs_and_symptoms}
## Cause
The exact cause of the disorder is unknown, but it is believed to be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.
## Diagnosis
Fountain syndrome is usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood. It can be diagnosed by thorough clinical evaluation, characteristic physical findings, and specialized tests such as audiological tests and scans of the inner ear and brain.
## Treatment
Unfortunately, there is not one specific treatment option that can rid a person of this syndrome. However, there are many routes one can take to make living with this disease a lot easier. For example, there are many treatment programs that doctors can specialize for patients and their needs. Meeting with a doctor is very crucial and these specializations can be very useful. Also, one can seek help from pediatricians, EENT doctors, audiologists, and orthopedists. Brace fittings, hearing aids, and physical therapy can also be pushed by one\'s doctor, so that a patient can live normally. Additionally, anticonvulsant drugs can be used to stop seizures
| 231 |
Fountain syndrome
| 0 |
3,730,404 |
# Terranova (band)
**Terranova** is a German band based between Berlin and Paris made up of current members Fetisch and &me. Terranova are signed to Kompakt records. Terranova was formed in 1996 by Fetisch, Marco Meister and Kaos. They previously went under the moniker Turntable Terranova on the Compost label and sometimes as Edition Terranova. Their music is a fusion of punk rock, electronic, hip hop and House. They currently reside between Paris and Berlin and perform DJ sets worldwide. They have been constant collaborators with artists in the past, Cath Coffey, Nicolette Krebitz, Tricky, Ari Up, Mike Ladd, Khan, Snax, Billie Ray Martin e.a.
## History
Terranova began after previous member Shapemod left Los Angeles from studying guitar to Berlin where he met Fetisch at the Pogo Club when they began producing together. Their first release, in 1996, was a 12\" record entitled \"Fiasko\". The \"Antimatter EP\" was also released the same year. It wasn\'t until 1997 when they released the 12\" record \"Tokyo Tower\" that brought Terranova into the British press. On 19 January 1998, Terranova released their take on DJ mix album, DJ-Kicks which gained them further recognition and is regarded as one of the best and most loved in the highly respected series. Remixes for Fanatik, Jungle Brothers and Stereo MCs followed soon after, among many others. In 1999 Terranova released the singles \"Turn Around\" feat. Cath Coffey and \"Just Enough\" feat. Nicolette Krebitz. Photographer Juergen Teller made his first foray into film direction for the band\'s accompanying video for the track \"Just Enough\". Terranova released their debut LP *Close the Door* in the same year with Copasetik. *Close the Door* featured guest vocals from Stereo MCs member, Cath Coffey on tracks \"Turn Around\", \"Midnight Melodic (Chase the Blues)\" and \"Sweet Bitter Love\". From the same label Rasco featured on tracks \"X-Files\" and \"Midnight Melodic\". Bristol artist Tricky appeared on \"Bombing Bastards\". And Nicolette Krebitz sang on \"Never,\" \"Plastic Stress,\" and \"Just Enough\". She also features on the cover and in the sleeve of the same album.
Terranova left their Copasetik label to join !K7 Records (the same label DJ Kicks albums are released). They remained on this label and released their second LP *Hitchhiking Nonstop with no Particular Destination* in 2002. Cath Coffey returned for tracks \"Out of My Head\" and \"Breathe.\" Mike Ladd raps on \"Sublime\" and \"Heroes.\" And Ari Up of The Slits appears on \"Mongril\" and \"Equal Rights\". Soon after they released *Peace Is Tough,* a companion album for *Hitchhiking Nonstop with no Particular Destination* by remixing five new tracks with six new versions of previously released tracks which were only available on vinyl or in limited editions.
2004 saw a change of label for Terranova, this time to the popular Ministry of Sound. And a new album, *Digital Tenderness*. 2005 Terranova produced \"the Lotterboys\" (featuring Paris the black fu, Fetisch Terranova and shapemod). The Lotterboys album \"animalia\" was released the same year on Eskimo recs. In 2007 Fetisch teamed up with &me, a producer and dj from Berlin. They produced \'Terranova presents the Lottergirls together with Princess Superstar (Ministry of Sound 2008). 2007 Terranova produced \"the Lottergirls\" (featuring Princess Superstar, Fetisch Terranova, yoyo, &me). The Lottergirls album \"right on\" was released in 2008 on ministry of sound. 2008 Terranova produced \"Fetisch&me\". 2 singles were released the same year on Gigolo recs (\"black palms\" and \"the calling\").
Terranova have recently signed to Cologne-based label Kompakt. Their 2011 EP *I Want To Go Out/Take My Hand* was released on Kompakt. In February 2012, their fifth studio album \'Hotel Amour\' was released on Kompakt.
Fetisch has collaborated with the cosmetics brand to create a nail polish as part of their DJ line, and created a special music mix for this collaboration
| 627 |
Terranova (band)
| 0 |
3,730,427 |
# Mantare
**Mantare** is one of 18 wards of the Kwimba District of the Mwanza Region in Tanzania. It is located at 33° 13\' E, 2° 42\' S. Like many of its neighboring wards, Mantare is inhabited by the Wasukuma people who speak Kisukuma and Swahili, the national language of Tanzania.
The landscape is quite rural, and much of the farmland is used for growing rice, corn, cassava, and cotton. Most of the inhabitants are subsistence farmers, though a few work in the institutions found in the nearby village of Sumve.
## Railways
Mantare is the name of a train stop on the Tanzania Railways Corporation (TRC) line to Dar es Salaam, though the stop is actually found in the neighboring village of Ishingisha. The stop is approximately 53 km to the terminus of the line in Mwanza.
## Sport
Mantare, Sumve, and Ishingisha are all members of the Goat League, where each local soccer team competes against each other in a round robin tournament for the prize of a goat
| 171 |
Mantare
| 0 |
3,730,429 |
# Kenny Allen (racing driver)
**Kenneth Allen** (born November 22, 1956) is an American former professional stock car racing driver in the Craftsman Truck Series. He earned one top ten finish in 41 career starts. Allen also raced in the ARCA Racing Series, where he finished 10th in points in 1993. In both series, he mostly drove for his family team, AAG Racing.
## Racing career {#racing_career}
Allen made his series debut in 1995 running nine races, in his own No. 65 Chevrolet. His first start came at the Milwaukee Mile, where he qualified 27th, but came home with a solid 15th-place finish. In the other eight starts, he would take on three more top-20 finishes, the best being a 13th at Indianapolis Raceway Park.
His best season came in 1996, where he made twenty of twenty-four races. In his return to Milwaukee, he finished tenth, his only career top-10, but had seven other top-20 finishes. However, Allen\'s big problem was DNFs. In his twenty starts, he did not finish eight of them.
After sponsor ONSAT left, Allen only made ten starts in 1997. His best finish was only a 15th at Miami, but he also earned his first career top-10 start. He started the Texas race in 7th position.
Allen would only make one start in 1998, when he drove the No. 82 Ford for Core Motorsports at Texas, where he started 35th and finished 28th due to a crash. After not running any Truck races in 1999, Allen returned in 2000 and started the season with a DNQ at Daytona. Allen\'s only other race of the season came at Homestead-Miami Speedway, where he did qualify for the race but finished last on the field after transmission trouble. Both of these starts came in the No. 28 Chevrolet for Jim Rosenblum Racing, where he would also fail to qualify for Daytona with them the next two years. He never made another attempt in the series after that.
## Motorsports career results {#motorsports_career_results}
### NASCAR
#### Craftsman Truck Series {#craftsman_truck_series}
NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series results
---------------------------------------
Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
2000
2001
2002
### ARCA Bondo/Mar-Hyde Series {#arca_bondomar_hyde_series}
(key) (**Bold** -- Pole position awarded by qualifying time. *Italics* -- Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. \* -- Most laps led
| 384 |
Kenny Allen (racing driver)
| 0 |
3,730,437 |
# List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Richards Court through Fauteux Court)
This is a chronological **list of notable cases decided by the Supreme Court of Canada** from the formation of the Court in 1875 to the retirement of Gérald Fauteux in 1973.
Note that the Privy Council heard appeals for criminal cases until 1933 and for civil cases until 1949. Also between 1888 and 1926, no criminal appeals were allowed to the Privy Council.
## 1875--99
Case name Citation Date Subject
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------- ------ ---------------------------------------------
**April 8, 1875`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}Act of Parliament creates the Supreme Court of Canada**
*Kelly v Sulivan* \(1876\) First case heard by Supreme Court of Canada
## 1900`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1949 {#section_1}
Case name Citation Date Subject
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Quong Wing v R* (1914), 49 SCR 44 Constitutionality of provincial statute regulating \"Chinamen\"
*Bedard v Dawson* \[1923\] SCR 681 June 15, 1923 Federalism and criminal law
*R v Eastern Terminal Elevator Co* \[1925\] Trade and Commerce power.
*Lethbridge Northern Irrigation District v Maunsell* \[1926\] SCR 603 Appellant held responsible for flood damage due to underground seepage into non-adjacent property
*Edwards v Canada (AG)* \[1928\] SCR 276 \"Persons Case\"
**1933 -- Statute of Westminster, no more criminal appeals to Privy Council**
*Reference Re Companies\' Creditors Arrangement Act* \[1934\] SCR 659
*Reference Re Alberta Statutes* \[1938\] SCR 100
*Reference Re Eskimos* \[1939\] SCR 104 Constitutional status of Inuit
*Christie v York* (1939), \[1940\] SCR 139 racial discrimination
*Home Oil Distributors Ltd v British Columbia (AG)* \[1940\] SCR 444
*Provincial Secretary of Prince Edward Island v Egan* \[1941\] SCR 396 division of powers
*Reference Re Persons of Japanese Race* \[1946\] SCR 248 constitutionality of Japanese deportation order
*Margarine Reference* \[1949\] SCR 1 Defining criminal law under the constitution
**1949 -- no more civil appeals to the Privy Council**`{{why?|date=May 2017}}`{=mediawiki}
## 1950`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1959 {#section_2}
Case name Citation Date Subject
---------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- ------------------- -----------------------------------------------
*Frey v Fedoruk* \[1950\] SCR 517 Breach of the peace, peeping toms
*Noble v Alley* \[1951\] SCR 64 December 18, 1950
*R v Boucher* \[1951\] SCR 265 Seditious libel
*Johannesson v West St Paul (Rural Municipality of)* \[1952\] 1 SCR 292
*Azoulay v R* \[1952\] 2 SCR 495 Abortion
*Saumur v Quebec (City of)* \[1953\] 2 SCR 299
*Henry Birks & Sons (Montreal) Ltd v Montreal (City of)* \[1955\] SCR 799
*Reference Re Farm Products Marketing Act (Ontario)* \[1957\] SCR 198
*Switzman v Elbling* \[1957\] SCR 285 constitutional division of powers
*Beaver v R* \[1957\] SCR 531 June 26, 1957 subjective *mens rea* required for possession
*Priestman v Colangelo* \[1959\] SCR 615 Duty of Care in public service conduct.
*Roncarelli v Duplessis* \[1959\] SCR 121 constitution, arbitrary action by government.
## 1960`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1969 {#section_3}
Case name Citation Date Subject
------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- --------------- ------------------------------------------------------
**August 10, 1960 -- Canadian Bill of Rights was enacted.**
*O\'Grady v Sparling* \[1960\] SCR 804
*R v George* \[1960\] SCR 871 intoxication defence
*McKay v R* \[1965\] SCR 798 Election law
*Munro v National Capital Commission* \[1966\] SCR 663 powers of the NCC to expropriate and use land
*Peso Silver Mines Ltd v Cropper* \[1966\] SCR 673 June 20, 1966 director fiduciary duties
*Carnation Co v Quebec (Agricultural Marketing Board)* \[1968\] SCR 238 overlap of provincial law with federal commerce laws
*R v Whitfield* (1969), \[1970\] SCR 46 Definition of arrest
*Walter v Alberta (AG)* \[1969\] SCR 383 division of powers; law excluding hutterites
| 562 |
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Richards Court through Fauteux Court)
| 0 |
3,730,442 |
# Mani Damodara Chakyar
**Mani Damodara Chakyar** (Māni Dāmodara Chākyār; born 1946) is a Kutiyattam and Chakyar Koothu artist in Kerala state of south India. He is a nephew and disciple of legendary guru *Nātyāchārya Vidūshakaratnam Padma Shri* Māni Mādhava Chākyār. He belongs to the great Mani Chakyar tradition of Koodiyattam and Chakyar koothu.
He studied *Chakyar Koothu* and *Koodiyattam* in the traditional way for more than 30 years under the direct guidance of Māni Mādhava Chākyār. He has studied Sanskrit and Nātyasāstra in the traditional way. He holds a Master\'s degree in Sanskrit literature as well. He used to be high school Sanskrit teacher in Kozhikode.
He was a member of legendary guru Padma Shri Māni Mādhava Chākyār\'s Koodiyattam troupe which performed Koodiyattam outside Kerala for the first time. In that performance of *Thoranayudham Koodiyattam* (1962, Madras), he played the role of Vibhishana with his guru Mani Madhava Chakyar (as Ravana). He is an exponent of traditional devotional Koothus and Koodiyattams, such as *Anguliyanka*, *Mattavilasa Prahasana*, *Mantranka*, *Ezhamanka* (seventh act of *Ascharyachoodamani*).
He performs a huge number of Atiyantara koothu of the Mani family (the koothus which are assigned to the family from ancient times) consisting of all these devotional ritualistic koothu and Koodiyattam in famous temples in Kerala for decades. The famous temples include Karivellur Shiva Temple of Kannur district; Matayikkavu Bhagavathi Temple, Taliparamba Rajarajeshwara Temple, Kottiyoor Perumal Temple, Kanjirangad Shiva Temple, Thiruvangad Sree Ramaswami Temple of Thalassery and Cherukunnu Chiraykkal Bhagavathi Temple of Kannur district; Lokanarkavu Temple of Vatakara, Thali (Tali) Siva Temple, Sreethiruvilayanadukavu Bhagavathi Temple and Thiruvachhira Sree Krishna temple of Kozhikode district; Thirunavaya Navamukunda temple, Thrikkandiyur Shiva temple, Methrikkovil Siva temple, Pandamangalam Krishna temple of Kottakkal and Kotakkal Vishwambhara (Shiva) temple of Malappuram district; Panamanna Shankaranarayana temple, Kallekkulagara Emoor Siva temple, Thiruvegappura Siva temple and Killikkurussi Mahadeva Temple of Palakkad district and Triprayar Sri Rama temple and Peruvanam Shiva temple of Cherpu of Thrissur temple.
He was a member of Māni Mādhava Chākyār\'s troupe that performed Koodiyattams in places outside Kerala such as New Delhi, Banaras, Mumbai, Ujjain, Bhopal and Madras. He had the good fortune to perform in many important conferences and seminars such as World Sanskrit Conferences at Banaras, Bangalore and Thrissur.
He has performed both as *Nayaka* (hero) and *Vidushaka* (court jester) in Kudiyattams such as *Swapnavasavadattam*, *Naganandam*, *Subhadradhananjayam*, etc. When Māni Mādhava Chākyār choreographed and directed Kalidasa\'s *Mālavikāgnimitra* and *Vikramorvaśīya* for the first time in the history of Kudiyattam, it was Mani Damodara Chakyar to whom he gave the role of *Nayaka*. Mani Damodara Chakyar staged *Malavikagnimitram* and *Vikramorvasheeyam* at Kalidasa Academy, Ujjain under the guidance of his guru.
He was the first Koodiyattam student who received scholarship from MHRD New Delhi. Later, both junior and senior fellowships were awarded to him by the same department. He is the recipient of many prizes from temples and cultural organisations. Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi honoured him with Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award for his contributions to Chakyar Koothu and Koodiyattam (2001). He received the Kerala Kalamandalam V S Sharma endowment award for 2007. In 2017, he was honoured with Kalamandalam Award for Koodiyattam
| 520 |
Mani Damodara Chakyar
| 0 |
3,730,448 |
# Nikolai Shpanov
**Nikolai Shpanov** (*Никола́й Никола́евич Шпа́нов*; 1896--1961) was a Russian political writer, who wrote *Incendiaries*, 1949, in which he described the lead-up of the Second World War
| 29 |
Nikolai Shpanov
| 0 |
3,730,453 |
# ImgBurn
**ImgBurn** is an optical disc authoring program that allows the recording of many types of CD, DVD and Blu-ray images to recordable media (.cue files are supported as of version 2.4.0.0). Starting with version 2.0.0.0, ImgBurn can also burn files and data directly to CD or DVD. It is written in C++. It supports padding DVD-Video files so the layer break occurs on a proper cell boundary (where possible).
Prior to version 2.5.1.0, the program was freeware. From version 2.5.1.0 to 2.5.7.0, Ask.com adware was included in the installer. This was replaced in version 2.5.8.0 with OpenCandy adware. Only the version of the installer distributed directly from imgburn.com contains OpenCandy; the version distributed via the official mirror sites is adware-free. No notice is present on www.imgburn.com that the checksums/hashes provided now only match the OpenCandy version of the installer; however, the author of the program has provided the expected hash values for the adware-free version on the support forum.
## History
ImgBurn is an optical disc authoring software created by LIGHTNING UK, the author of DVD Decrypter, after he was forced to stop development of DVD Decrypter in response to a cease and desist order from Macrovision.
## Features
- Supported formats: BIN, CUE, DI (Atari Disk Image), DVD, GI, IMG, ISO, MDS, NRG, PDI and more.
- Ability to build DVD Video discs (from a VIDEO_TS folder), HD DVD Video discs (from a HVDVD_TS folder) and Blu-ray Video discs (from a BDAV / BDMV folder).
- Full unicode folder/file name support.
- Supported environments: Windows 95, 98, Me, NT4, 2000, XP, 2003, Vista, 2008, 7, 2008 R2, 8, 8.1, and 10 (including all the 64-bit versions). It also officially supports Wine.
- [Image queue](https://www.imgburn.com/index.php?act=screenshots#isowrite_queue) provides support for burning several images with minimum interaction.
- ImgBurn is relatively lightweight (compared to similar programs); under 1.8MB for all installed features.
- ImgBurn is based on the optical disc burning engine of DVD Decrypter; however, it does not have the ability to circumvent copy protections of encrypted DVDs. As of version 2.3.0.0, ImgBurn can create image files from unencrypted CDs/DVDs; however, it cannot remove Content Scramble System (CSS) encryption or any other copy protection. It is possible to use third-party software such as DVD43, an intermediate driver that operates between the hardware and software, for such purpose.
## Limits
- Does not support RAW disc ripping or burning
- Does not support multi-session discs`{{Clarify|reason=2.5.8.0 can copy and burn multi-session images (CDDA+DATA) using BIN+CUE format, therefore it does support such discs.|date=September 2014}}`{=mediawiki}
- Cannot write CD subchannel data
- Cannot copy discs directly, without first creating an image file
- Each session of the software can only burn to one drive at a time.
## Hardware interface support {#hardware_interface_support}
ImgBurn supports many low-level drive access interfaces. This allows it to operate on almost all Windows platforms. ImgBurn can use any of the following interfaces:
- Advanced SCSI Programming Interface (ASPI) -- WNASPI32.DLL (Adaptec)
- ASAPI -- ASAPI.DLL (VOB Computersysteme/Pinnacle Systems)
- SCSI Pass Through Interface (SPTI) -- Microsoft
- ElbyCDIO -- Elaborate Bytes
- Patin-Couffin -- VSO Software
## Inclusion of Adware {#inclusion_of_adware}
Version 2.5.8.0 of ImgBurn (current `{{As of|2022|lc=y}}`{=mediawiki}) includes OpenCandy, a potentially unwanted program/adware
| 535 |
ImgBurn
| 0 |
3,730,463 |
# List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court)
This is a chronological list of notable cases decided by the Supreme Court of Canada from the appointment of Beverley McLachlin as Chief Justice of Canada to her retirement in 2017.
## 2000--2004
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Case name | Citation | Date | Subject |
+============================================================================================================+====================================================================================================+====================+===========================================================================+
| **January 7, 2000 - Appointment of Beverley McLachlin as Chief Justice of Canada** | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Arsenault-Cameron v Prince Edward Island* | | January 13, 2000 | language rights |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Reference re Firearms Act* | | June 15, 2000 | Criminal law power |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Lovelace v Ontario* | | July 20, 2000 | Aboriginal gaming |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Oickle* | | September 29, 2000 | Common law rule of confessions |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Darrach* | | October 12, 2000 | Rape shield law |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Morrisey* | | September 29, 2000 | Cruel and unusual punishment |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Starr* | | September 29, 2000 | Hearsay exception |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Blencoe v British Columbia (Human Rights Commission)* | | October 5, 2000 | Human Rights Commission |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Free World Trust v Électro Santé Inc* | | December 15, 2000 | Patent claim construction |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada (Minister of Justice)* | | December 15, 2000 | Obscenity |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Latimer* | | January 18, 2001 | Euthanasia |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Sharpe* | | January 26, 2001 | Freedom of expression |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *United States v Burns* | | February 15, 2001 | Extradition, death penalty, section 7, section 12 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Ruzic* | | April 20, 2001 | Defence of duress |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Trinity Western University v British Columbia College of Teachers* | | May 17, 2001 | Religion in schools; judicial review |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mitchell v MNR* | | May 24, 2001 | Aboriginal rights |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Therrien (Re)* | | June 7, 2001 | Judicial independence |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Pan; R v Sawyer* | | June 29, 2001 | Section 7, juries, disclosure |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Law Society of British Columbia v Mangat* | | October 18, 2001 | Paramountcy doctrine; practice of law |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Advance Cutting & Coring Ltd* | [\[2001\] 3 SCR 209](https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1910/index.do), 2001 SCC 70 | October 19, 2001 | Labour relations, freedom of association |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Nette* | | November 15, 2001 | Criminal causation |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Cooper v Hobart* | | November 16, 2001 | Duty of care in torts |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Dunmore v Ontario (AG)* | | December 20, 2001 | Freedom of association |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Suresh v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)* | | January 11, 2002 | Constitutional challenge of deportation |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Ahani v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)* | | January 11, 2002 | Constitutional challenge of deportation |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, Local 558 v Pepsi-Cola Canada Beverages (West) Ltd* | | January 24, 2002 | Freedom of expression; secondary picketing |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Ward v Canada (AG)* | | February 22, 2002 | Division of powers |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Théberge v Galerie d\'Art du Petit Champlain Inc* | | March 28, 2002 | Copyright |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Handy* | | June 21, 2002 | Similar fact evidence rule |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Hall* | | October 10, 2002 | Bail, section 11(e) |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Sauvé v Canada (Chief Electoral Officer)* | | October 31, 2002 | Right to vote for prisoners |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Harvard College v Canada (Commissioner of Patents)* | | December 5, 2002 | Harvard mouse, patenting higher lifeforms |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Apotex Inc v Wellcome Foundation Ltd* | | December 5, 2002 | Patents |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Nova Scotia (AG) v Walsh* | | December 19, 2002 | Marital status and equality rights |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Gosselin v Quebec (AG)* | | December 19, 2002 | Constitutional entitlement to social assistance |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Chamberlain v Surrey School District No 36* | | December 20, 2002 | Religion in schools; school board book selections |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Siemens v Manitoba (AG)* | | January 30, 2003 | Criminal law power; constitutionality of ban on video lottery terminals |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Dr Q v College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia* | | April 3, 2003 | Judicial review |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Miglin v Miglin* | | April 17, 2003 | Separation agreements |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Buhay* | | June 5, 2003 | Exclusion of evidence, search and seizure |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Starson v Swayze* | | June 6, 2003 | Capacity to consent to medical treatment |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Trociuk v British Columbia (AG)* | | June 6, 2003 | Section 15 equality rights |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Figueroa v Canada (AG)* | | June 27, 2003 | Right to run for office |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Asante-Mensah* | | July 11, 2003 | Citizens\' powers of arrest |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Nova Scotia (Workers\' Compensation Board) v Martin; Nova Scotia (Workers\' Compensation Board) v Laseur* | | October 3, 2003 | Constitution and tribunals |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Doucet-Boudreau v Nova Scotia (Minister of Education)* | | November 6, 2003 | The scope of section 24(1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Beals v Saldanha* | | December 18, 2003 | Conflict of laws |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Malmo-Levine; R v Caine* | | December 23, 2003 | Possession of marijuana charter challenge |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Clay* | | December 23, 2003 | Possession of marijuana charter challenge (second) |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v Canada (AG)* | | January 30, 2004 | Spanking allowed under charter |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *CCH Canadian Ltd v Law Society of Upper Canada* | | March 4, 2004 | Copyright infringement, fair dealing |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Monsanto Canada Inc v Schmeiser* | | May 21, 2004 | Patents |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Harper v Canada (AG)* | | May 18, 2004 | Freedom of speech, federal elections |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v Canadian Assn of Internet Providers* | | June 30, 2004 | Internet service providers as common carriers. Status of caches. |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Syndicat Northcrest v Amselem* | | June 30, 2004 | Freedom of religion |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Mann* | | July 23, 2004 | Section 8 search and seizure |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Hodge v Canada (Minister of Human Resources Development)* | | October 28, 2004 | Equality rights and comparator groups |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Newfoundland (Treasury Board) v Newfoundland and Labrador Assn of Public and Private Employees* | | October 28, 2004 | Equality, gender discrimination |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Tessling* | | October 29, 2004 | Privacy rights, section 8, thermal imaging |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Peoples Department Stores Inc (Trustee of) v Wise* | | October 29, 2004 | Director liability |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Auton (Guardian ad litem of) v British Columbia (AG)* | | November 19, 2004 | Non-core services medical services not guaranteed under charter |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Reference Re Same-Sex Marriage* | | December 9, 2004 | Extension of civil marriage to same-sex couples |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1,257 |
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court)
| 0 |
3,730,463 |
# List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court)
## 2005--2009 {#section_1}
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Case name | Citation | Date | Subject |
+===========================================================================================+=======================================================================================================+====================+================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| *R v Krymowski* | | February 24, 2005 | Hate speech |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Gosselin (Tutor of) v Quebec (AG)* | | March 31, 2005 | Language rights |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Casimir v Quebec (AG)* | | March 31, 2005 | Language rights |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Canada (House of Commons) v Vaid* | | May 20, 2005 | Parliamentary privilege |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Chaoulli v Quebec (AG)* | | June 9, 2005 | Private health insurance; section 7 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mugesera v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)* | | June 28, 2005 | Crimes against humanity; removal; judicial review |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Marshall; R v Bernard* | | July 20, 2005 | Aboriginal logging rights |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Provincial Court Judges\' Assn of New Brunswick v New Brunswick (Minister of Justice)* | | July 22, 2005 | Judicial independence |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *British Columbia v Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd* | | September 29, 2005 | Gov\'t actions against tobacco companies |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Turcotte* | | September 30, 2005 | Right to silence |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *EB v Order of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate in the Province of British Columbia* | | October 28, 2005 | Vicarious liability |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Montréal (City of) v 2952-1366 Québec Inc* | | November 3, 2005 | Freedom of expression |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Kirkbi AG v Ritvik Holdings Inc* | | November 17, 2005 | Trade-marks |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Charlebois v Saint John (City of)* | | December 15, 2005 | Minority language rights in New Brunswick |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Labaye* | | December 21, 2005 | Defining \"indecent\" in criminal code |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Kouri* | | December 21, 2005 | Sister case to *R. v. Labaye* |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Multani v Commission scolaire Marguerite‑Bourgeoys* | | March 2, 2006 | Freedom of religion; banning kirpans in school |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Rodgers* | | April 27, 2006 | DNA collection |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Childs v Desormeaux* | | May 5, 2006 | Social host liability |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mattel Inc v 3894207 Canada Inc* | | June 2, 2006 | Registered trademark infringement |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Robertson v Thomson Corp* | | October 12, 2006 | Copyright in database content |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Pro Swing Inc v Elta Golf Inc* | | November 17, 2006 | Conflict of laws, enforcement of foreign judgment |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Khelawon* | | December 14, 2006 | Hearsay evidence |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Charkaoui v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration)* | | February 23, 2007 | Security certificates of terror suspect |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Canada (AG) v Hislop* | | March 1, 2007 | Charter; section 15 equality rights |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Bryan* | | March 15, 2007 | Publishing early election results |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Canadian Western Bank v Alberta* | | May 31, 2007 | Federalism and separation of powers |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Hape* | | June 7, 2007 | Extraterritoriality; cross-border crime; section 8 of the charter |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Health Services and Support -- Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. v British Columbia* | [\[2007\] 2 SCR 391](https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/2366/index.do), 2007 SCC 27 | June 8, 2007 | Freedom of association; collective bargaining |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Kerr v Danier Leather Inc* | | October 12, 2007 | Business judgment rule |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Dunsmuir v New Brunswick* | \[2008\] 1 SCR 190, [2008 SCC 9](http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2008/2008scc9/2008scc9.html) | March 7, 2008 | Standard of review |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Kang-Brown* | | April 25, 2008 | Section 8, constitutionality of sniffer dog, informational privacy |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v AM* | | April 25, 2008 | Section 8, constitutionality of sniffer dog, informational privacy |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v DB* | | May 16, 2008 | Section 7 of the charter; presumptive youth offences |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Honda Canada Inc v Keays* | | June 27, 2008 | Superseding *Wallace v United Grain Growers Ltd* in determining how damages for wrongful dismissal are assessed where there is bad faith in how the employer handles termination of employment |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Apotex Inc v Sanofi-Synthelabo Canada Inc* | | November 6, 2008 | Canadian patent law |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) v Khosa* | | March 6, 2009 | Standard of review in administrative law |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *BMP Global Distribution Inc v Bank of Nova Scotia* | | April 2, 2009 | Restitution and tracing |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Patrick* | | April 9, 2009 | Section 8 of the charter; search and seizure, reasonable expectation of privacy, informational privacy |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Grant* | | June 17, 2009 | Definition of detention; analytical framework for section 24(2) of the charter |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Harrison* | | June 17, 2009 | Application of section 24(2) of the charter to egregious police conduct |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Alberta v Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony* | | July 24, 2009 | Constitutionality of conflict between mandatory license photographs and freedom of religion |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Miazga v Kvello Estate* | | November 6, 2009 | Tort of malicious prosecution |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Basi* | | November 19, 2009 | Informer privilege |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Grant v Torstar Corp* | | December 22, 2009 | Tort of defamation, defence of responsible communication |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 929 |
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court)
| 1 |
3,730,463 |
# List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court)
## 2010--2017 {#section_2}
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Case name | Citation | Date | Subject |
+====================================================================================================+================================================================================================================================================+====================+===================================================================================================================================================================+
| *Tercon Construction Ltd v British Columbia (Transportation and Highways)* | [\[2010\]](http://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/7843/index.do) 1 S.C.R. 69, 2010 SCC 4 | February 10, 2010 | Striking down the doctrine of fundamental breach |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Bank of Montreal v Innovation Credit Union* | | November 5, 2010 | Application of the *Bank Act* |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Masterpiece Inc. v. Alavida Lifestyles Inc.* | | May 26, 2011 | Confusion in Canadian trademark law |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v JA* | | May 27, 2011 | Advance consent to perform sexual acts while unconscious |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Canada Trustco Mortgage Co v Canada* | | July 15, 2011 | Whether bank liable to make payments to tax debtor when receiving cheques payable to tax debtor for deposit in account held jointly by tax debtor and third party |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Canada (AG) v PHS Community Services Society* | | September 30, 2011 | Safe injection site, constitutional law, section 7 of the *Charter* |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Copthorne Holdings Ltd v Canada* | | December 16, 2011 | Income Tax Act, general anti-avoidance rule (GAAR), statutory interpretation |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Reference Re Securities Act* | | December 22, 2011 | Constitutionality of the Parliament of Canada being able to regulate the issue and trade of securities of publicly owned companies |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Doré v Barreau du Québec* | | March 22, 2012 | Application of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to administrative tribunals |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Tse* | | April 13, 2012 | Constitutionality of emergency wiretaps |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Entertainment Software Assn v Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada* | [\[2012\] 2 SCR 231](https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/9994/index.do), 2012 SCC 32 | July 12, 2012 | Copyright Act, meaning of the word *communicate* in \"communicate the work to the public by telecommunication\" |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Rogers v SOCAN* | [\[2012\] 2 SCR 283](https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/9995/index.do), 2012 SCC 35 | July 12, 2012 | Copyright Act, meaning of the terms \"to the public\" in \"communicate the work to the public by telecommunication\" |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Re:Sound v. MPTAC* | [\[2012\] 2 SCR 376](https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/9999/index.do), 2012 SCC 38 | July 12, 2012 | Copyright Act |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v Bell Canada* | [\[2012\] 2 SCR 326](https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/9996/index.do), 2012 SCC 36 | July 12, 2012 | Copyright Act, fair dealing for the purpose of research |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Alberta (Minister of Education) v Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright)* | [\[2012\] 2 SCR 345](https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/9997/index.do), 2012 SCC 37 | July 12, 2012 | Copyright Act, fair dealing for the purpose of private study |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Manitoba Métis Federation Inc v Canada (AG)* | | March 8, 2013 | Aboriginal law, civil procedure |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Canada (AG) v Bedford* | | Dec 20, 2013 | Constitutionality of prostitution laws |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Reference Re Supreme Court Act, ss 5 and 6* | | March 21, 2014 | Supreme Court Quebec slots, Supreme Court Act amendment process, Supreme Court appointments |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Peracomo Inc v TELUS Communications Co* | | April 23, 2014 | Maritime law, marine insurance |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Reference re Senate Reform* | | April 25, 2014 | Senate of Canada |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Spencer* | {{lexum-scc3\|2014\|43 | }} | June 13, 2014 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Fearon* | {{lexum-scc3\|2014\|77 | }} | December 11, 2014 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mounted Police Association of Ontario v Canada (Attorney General)* | [\[2015\] 1 S.C.R. 3](https://web.archive.org/web/20231027010313/https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/14577/index.do), 2015 SCC 1 | January 16, 2015 | Freedom of association, right to join a union |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan* | [\[2015\] S.C.R.](https://decisions.scc-csc.ca/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/14610/index.do), 2015 SCC 4 | January 30, 2015 | The right to strike under s. 2(d) of the *Charter* |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Carter v Canada (AG)* | {{lexum-scc3\|2015\|5 | }} | February 6, 2015 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Nur* | {{lexum-scc3\|2015\|15 | }} | April 14, 2015 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mouvement laïque québécois v Saguenay (City)* | {{lexum-scc3\|2015\|16 | }} | April 15, 2015 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Guindon v Canada* | {{lexum-scc3\|2015\|41 | }} | July 31, 2015 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Daniels v Canada (Indian Affairs and Northern Development)* | {{lexum-scc3\|2016\|12 | }} | April 14, 2016 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Jordan* | {{lexum-scc3\|2016\|27 | }} | July 8, 2016 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **December 15, 2017`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}retirement of Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin
| 758 |
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court)
| 2 |
3,730,469 |
# Mihály Zichy
**Mihály Zichy** (`{{IPA|hu|ˈmihaːj ˈzit͡ʃi}}`{=mediawiki}; *Michael von Zichy*; 15 October 1827 -- 28 February 1906) was a Hungarian painter and graphic artist. He is considered a notable representative of Hungarian romantic painting. He lived and worked primarily in St. Petersburg and Paris during his career.
He is known for illustrating the Georgian epic poem *The Knight in the Panther\'s Skin* on an 1881 commission by the intelligentsia. By the time he had completed 35 pictures, he was so moved by the poem that he gave his works to the Georgian people as a gift.
## Biography
During his law studies in Pest from 1842, Zichy attended Jakab Marastoni\'s art school as well. He went to Vienna to study under Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller in 1844. *Lifeboat*, his first major work, was painted during this period.
On Waldmüller\'s recommendation, Zichy was hired as an art teacher in St. Petersburg. He swore allegiance to freedom in 1849 by painting the portrait of Lajos Batthyány, the first Hungarian prime minister. From 1850 onwards, he worked primarily as a retoucher. He also made pencil drawings, water colours, and portraits in oil.
His erotic drawings are noted for having a warm intensity, as both members of the couple seem equal partners. The series on the Gatchina hunting, ordered by the Russian tsar, gained Zichy standing as a court artist. He founded a society to support painters in need. He painted *Autodafé* (1868) to express the horrors of the Spanish Inquisition in earlier centuries. In 1871 he travelled through Europe, settling in Paris in 1874.
He painted *Queen Elisabeth Laying Flowers by the Coffin of Ferenc Deák* as a commission from Treffort. *Drinking Bout of Henry III* his next large-scale picture, came in 1875. *The Victory of the Genius of Destruction*, painted for the Paris Exhibition, was banned by French authorities because of its daring antimilitarist message.
Zichy left Paris in 1881 and returned to St. Petersburg, after short stays in Nice, Vienna and his native Zala.
That year he also visited Tbilisi, Caucasus Viceroyalty (today Georgia). He was commissioned to illustrate the Georgian epic poem, *The Knight in the Panther\'s Skin*, at the request of intelligentsia of the country. He painted 35 pictures in total. The publishing commission of the work of *The Knight in the Panther\'s Skin* chose 27 pictures to be included in the publication. The painter refused to take payment for the works, because he was so moved by the original poem. Instead, he gave his works to the Georgian people.
From this time onward, Zichy mostly engaged in illustration work. Examples of works he illustrated include *The Tragedy of Man* by Imre Madách, in 1887, and twenty-four ballads of János Arany, 1894--98.
Image:Mihaly_Zichy_Two_Lovers.jpg\|\"Lovers Embrace\", in ink by Mihály Zichy Image:Michael von Zichy-Liebe,1911-3.jpg\|\"Making love\" (1911) Image:Vepkhistkaosani zichy.jpg\|Shota Rustaveli presents his epic poem to Queen Tamar, 1880s Image:Zichy Mihály A démon fegyverei.jpg\|*The Triumph of the Genius of Destruction* Image:Mihály Zichy Lifeboat 1847
| 490 |
Mihály Zichy
| 0 |
3,730,473 |
# Silverbird (bird)
The **silverbird** (***Empidornis semipartitus***) is an Old World flycatcher native to Eastern Africa, from Sudan to Tanzania. The species is the only member of the genus ***Empidornis***, although it is sometimes placed in the genus *Melaenornis*.
## Description
The silverbird is a stunning flycatcher of open areas west of the Rift Valley, silvery grey above and tawny orange below. Juveniles have black-bordered tawny spots on upperparts, mottled buff and black on throats and breasts. The species is 18 cm long and weighs 22 -.
The call of the silverbird uses short phrases which are slightly thrush-like. Sometimes the terminal note is higher and thinner, *eee-sleeur-eeee* or *sweet siursur-eet-seet*; also a longer *eep-eep churEErip, eep-eep cherip chch chchch eee*, embellished with chattering and *seep* notes
| 127 |
Silverbird (bird)
| 0 |
3,730,478 |
# List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court)
This is a chronological **list of notable cases decided by the Supreme Court of Canada** from Brian Dickson\'s appointment as Chief Justice on April 18, 1984, to his retirement on June 30, 1990.
## 1984
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Case name | Citation | Date | Subject |
+===============================================================================================+====================+====================+=======================================================================================================+
| **April 18, 1984`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}appointment of Brian Dickson as Chief Justice** | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Law Society of Upper Canada v Skapinker* | \[1984\] 1 SCR 357 | May 3, 1984 | Mobility rights, practice of law |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Kamloops (City of) v Nielsen* | \[1984\] 2 SCR 2 | July 26, 1984 | Duty of care of municipality for operational decisions; recoverable economic loss; limitation periods |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Hunter v Southam Inc* | \[1984\] 2 SCR 145 | September 17, 1984 | Search and seizure, section 8 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Guerin* | \[1984\] 2 SCR 335 | November 1, 1984 | Aboriginal rights |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## 1985`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}1989 {#section_1}
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Case name | Citation | Date | Subject |
+==================================================================================+=====================+====================+==================================================================+
| *Singh v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)* | \[1985\] 1 SCR 177 | April 4, 1985 | Section 7 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **April 17, 1985 - Section 15 of the Charter came into effect** | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd* | \[1985\] 1 SCR 295 | April 24, 1985 | Freedom of religion, section 2(a) |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Operation Dismantle v R* | \[1985\] 1 SCR 441 | May 9, 1985 | Justiciability, section 7 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Sansregret* | \[1985\] 1 SCR 570 | May 9, 1985 | Elements of rape |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Therens* | \[1985\] 1 SCR 613 | May 23, 1985 | Right to instruct counsel |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Canadian Dredge & Dock Co* | \[1985\] 1 SCR 662 | May 23, 1985 | Corporate liability |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights* | \[1985\] 1 SCR 721 | June 13, 1985 | Language protection under s.52 of Constitution |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Reference Re BC Motor Vehicle Act* | \[1985\] 2 SCR 486 | December 17, 1985 | Criminal liability; *mens rea*; section 7 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Ontario (Human Rights Commission) v Simpsons-Sears Ltd* | \[1985\] 2 SCR 536 | December 17, 1985 | Workplace discrimination |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Valente* | \[1985\] 2 SCR 673 | December 19, 1985 | Judicial independence |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Oakes* | \[1986\] 1 SCR 103 | February 28, 1986 | Reverse onus; section 1 justification |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Clarkson v R* | \[1986\] 1 SCR 383 | April 24, 1986 | Right to retain and instruct counsel |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Société des Acadiens v Association of Parents* | \[1986\] 1 SCR 549 | May 1, 1986 | Minority language rights |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mills v R* | \[1986\] 1 SCR 863 | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Beauregard v Canada* | \[1986\] 2 SCR 56 | September 16, 1986 | Judicial independence |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Central Trust Co v Rafuse* | \[1986\] 2 SCR 147 | October 9, 1986 | Standard of care for lawyers; discoverability doctrine |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Scowby v Glendinning* | \[1986\] 2 SCR 226 | October 9, 1986 | Division of powers |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Mannion* | \[1986\] 2 SCR 272 | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Jones* | \[1986\] 2 SCR 284 | October 9, 1986 | Charter; freedom of religion; security of person; home schooling |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *E (Mrs) v Eve* | \[1986\] 2 SCR 388 | October 23, 1986 | Forced sterilization |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, Local 580 v Dolphin Delivery Ltd* | \[1986\] 2 SCR 573 | December 18, 1986 | Application of the Charter |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Edwards Books and Art Ltd* | \[1986\] 2 SCR 713 | December 18, 1986 | Sunday closing; freedom of religion; Oakes test |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Kosmopoulos v Constitution Insurance Co of Canada* | \[1987\] 1 SCR 2 | January 29, 1987 | Lifting the corporate veil |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Manitoba (AG) v Metropolitan Stores Ltd* | \[1987\] 1 SCR 110 | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Collins* | \[1987\] 1 SCR 265 | April 9, 1987 | Exclusion of evidence test |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Reference Re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alta)* | \[1987\] 1 SCR 313 | April 9, 1987 | Freedom of association |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Public Service Alliance of Canada v Canada* | \[1987\] 1 SCR 424 | | Freedom of association |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union v Saskatchewan* | \[1987\] 1 SCR 460 | | Freedom of association |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Canada v Schmidt* | \[1987\] 1 SCR 500 | May 14, 1987 | Extradition and fundamental justice |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Rahey* | \[1987\] 1 SCR 588 | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Smith* | \[1987\] 1 SCR 1045 | June 25, 1987 | Cruel and unusual punishment |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Action Travail des Femmes v Canadian National Railway Co* | \[1987\] 1 SCR 1114 | | Discrimination; class action |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Reference re Bill 30, An Act to Amend the Education Act (Ont)* | \[1987\] 1 SCR 1148 | | Division of powers; education |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Manninen* | \[1987\] 1 SCR 1233 | June 25, 1987 | Right to seek counsel on arrest |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Ontario Public Sector Employees\' Union v Ontario (AG)* | \[1987\] 2 SCR 2 | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Rio Hotel Ltd v New Brunswick (Liquor Licensing Board)* | \[1987\] 2 SCR 59 | July 29, 1987 | Criminal law power; federalism |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Robichaud v Canada (Treasury Board)* | \[1987\] 2 SCR 84 | July 29, 1987 | Secondary liability for discrimination |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Lyons* | \[1987\] 2 SCR 309 | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Béland* | \[1987\] 2 SCR 398 | October 15, 1987 | Admissibility of polygraph evidence. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Wigglesworth* | \[1987\] 2 SCR 541 | November 19, 1987 | Charter section 11(h); double jeopardy |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Vaillancourt* | \[1987\] 2 SCR 636 | December 3, 1987 | Mens rea; section 7 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Morgentaler* | \[1988\] 1 SCR 30 | January 28, 1988 | Abortion |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Crown Zellerbach Canada Ltd* | \[1988\] 1 SCR 401 | March 24, 1988 | Peace, order and good government |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Corbett* | \[1988\] 1 SCR 670 | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Stevens* | \[1988\] 1 SCR 1153 | June 30, 1988 | Retrospectivity of Charter, mens rea, fundamental justice |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Crocker v Sundance Northwest Resorts* | \[1988\] 1 SCR 1186 | | Exception to *Ogopogo* rule |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Forget v Quebec (AG)* | \[1988\] 2 SCR 90 | | Bill 101 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *British Columbia Government Employees\' Union v British Columbia (AG)* | \[1988\] 2 SCR 214 | October 20, 1988 | Freedom of expression |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Dyment* | \[1988\] 2 SCR 417 | December 8, 1988 | Collection of blood samples, section 8 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Ford v Quebec (AG)* | \[1988\] 2 SCR 712 | December 15, 1988 | Quebec\'s Charter of the French Language |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Devine v Quebec (AG)* | \[1988\] 2 SCR 790 | December 15, 1988 | Minority language rights |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Strachan* | \[1988\] 2 SCR 980 | December 15, 1988 | Exclusion of evidence |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Union des Employes de Service, Local 298 v Bibeault* | \[1988\] 2 SCR 1048 | December 22, 1988 | Labour law; judicial review |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Sobeys Stores Ltd v Yeomans* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 23 | March 2, 1989 | Jurisdiction |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Genest* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 59 | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Andrews v Law Society of British Columbia* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 143 | February 2, 1989 | Equality rights; section 15 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Borowski v Canada (AG)* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 342 | March 9, 1989 | Abortion |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Potvin* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 525 | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Black v Law Society of Alberta* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 591 | April 20, 1989 | Mobility rights and freedom of association; Charter |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *General Motors of Canada Ltd v City National Leasing* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 641 | April 20, 1989 | Federalism |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Irwin Toy Ltd v Quebec (AG)* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 927 | April 27, 1989 | Freedom of speech |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Slaight Communications Inc v Davidson* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 1038 | May 4, 1989 | Labour relations; freedom of expression |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Brooks v Safeway Canada Ltd* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 1219 | May 4, 1989 | Sex discrimination |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Janzen v Platy Enterprises Ltd* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 1252 | May 4, 1989 | Sexual harassment as discrimination based on sex |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Turpin* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 1296 | May 4, 1989 | Charter right to trial by jury |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Tutton* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 1392 | June 8, 1989 | Criminal negligence |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *United States v Cotroni*, | \[1989\] 1 SCR 1469 | June 8, 1989 | Mobility rights; Charter |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Moysa v Alberta (Labour Relations Board)* | \[1989\] 1 SCR 1572 | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Tremblay v Daigle* | \[1989\] 2 SCR 530 | November 16, 1989 | Foetus as a legal person in Canadian and Quebec law. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Lac Minerals Ltd v International Corona Resources Ltd* | \[1989\] 2 SCR 574 | August 11 | Creation of a constructive trust without a fiduciary duty |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mackeigan v Hickman* | \[1989\] 2 SCR 796 | October 5, 1989 | Judicial immunity |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Tétreault-Gadoury v Canada (Employment and Immigration Commission)* | \[1989\] 2 SCR 1110 | November 17, 1989 | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Edmonton Journal v Alberta (AG)* | \[1989\] 2 SCR 1326 | December 21, 1989 | Freedom of expression |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------+
## 1990 {#section_2}
| 1,729 |
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court)
| 0 |
3,730,478 |
# List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court)
## 1990 {#section_2}
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Case name | Citation | Date | Subject |
+==========================================================================================+======================+===================+=======================================================================================================+
| *R v Duarte* | \[1990\] 1 SCR 30 | January 25, 1990 | Surveillance, reasonable expectation of privacy |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Bank of Montreal v Hall* | \[1990\] 1 SCR 121 | February 1, 1990 | Paramountcy of *Bank Act* security interests in context of provincial property and civil rights power |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Brydges* | \[1990\] 1 SCR 190 | February 1, 1990 | Right to counsel |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Storrey* | \[1990\] 1 SCR 241 | February 15, 1990 | Arrest elements |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *International Woodworkers of America, Local 2-69 v Consolidated-Bathurst Packaging Ltd* | \[1990\] 1 SCR 282 | March 15, 1990 | Procedural Fairness and Natural justice |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Mahe v Alberta* | \[1990\] 1 SCR 342 | March 15, 1990 | Minority language rights |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Thomson Newspapers Ltd v Canada (DIRRTPC)* | \[1990\] 1 SCR 425 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Knight v Indian Head School Division No 19* | \[1990\] 1 SCR 653 | March 29, 1990 | Judicial Review Procedural Fairness requirements |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Starr v Houlden* | \[1990\] 1 SCR 1366 | April 5, 1990 | Scope of Judicial inquiries |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Lavallee* | \[1990\] 1 SCR 852 | May 3, 1990 | battered woman syndrome |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Ladouceur* | \[1990\] 1 SCR 957 | May 31, 1990 | Arbitrary detention, random spot-checks |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *R v Sparrow* | \[1990\] 1
| 271 |
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Dickson Court)
| 1 |
3,730,495 |
# Mikyla Dodd
**Mikyla Dodd** (born 1978) is an English actress and writer, who is most known for playing the role of Chloe Bruce in the Channel 4 soap opera *Hollyoaks* from 2000 until 2004. She is also an activist, raising awareness about eating disorders.
## Early life {#early_life}
Dodd was born in 1978 in Blackburn in Lancashire, and attended Billinge High School.
## Television career {#television_career}
Dodd played the character Chloe Bruce in the Channel 4 soap opera *Hollyoaks* from 2000 until 2004. She also performed in *Hollyoaks: Breaking Boundaries*, the show\'s first late night edition, in 2000 and in *Hollyoaks: Indecent Behaviour* in 2001. She was the first plus-size cast member to appear on the show.
In 2006, she appeared in the ITV Reality TV show *Celebrity Fit Club*.
## Memoir and activism {#memoir_and_activism}
On 28 June 2007, Dodd\'s memoir *The Fat Girl from Hollyoaks*, a record of her weight problems as a teenager and life as an actress in a British television soap opera, was published by *Hodder & Stoughton*. The paperback version was released under the title *Playing the Fat Girl*.
In 2009, Dodd explored the dangers of diet pills and extreme diets in the BBC Three documentary *When Diets Go Wrong*.
In 2024, Dodd featured in the documentary *A Day With An Eating Disorder*, produced by Lynn Crilly, to raise awareness of eating disorders. During Eating Disorders Awareness Week in 2025, she said that:
She has also spoken about body image and the media industry on radio broadcasts
| 253 |
Mikyla Dodd
| 0 |
3,730,502 |
# Santi Nereo e Achilleo
**Santi Nereo ed Achilleo** is a fourth-century basilica church in Rome, Italy, located in via delle Terme di Caracalla in the rione Celio facing the main entrance to the Baths of Caracalla. It has been the titular church of Cardinal Celestino Aós Braco since 28 November 2020. Unusually it is part of a detached portion of the parish of Chiesa Nuova rather than the local geographical parish of San Saba and is served by Oratorians as a satellite of the Roman Oratory.
The underground basilica church at the Catacombs of Domitilla on the Appian Way, virtually lost in the early Middle Ages and rediscovered in the 1870s by the archaeologist Giovanni Battista de Rossi, carries the same dedication to Nereo and Achilleo.
## History
A 337 epitaph inscription in the Basilica di San Paolo fuori le Mura celebrates the late Cinnamius Opas, *lector* of a church known as *Titulus Fasciolae*; the name has traditionally been explained as the place where St. Peter lost the foot bandage (*fasciola*) that wrapped the wounds caused by his chains, on his way to escape the Mamertine Prison. In the acts of the synod of Pope Symmachus, in 499, the *Titulus Fasciolae* is recorded as served by five priests. This same building is recorded as *titulus Sanctorum Nerei et Achillei* in 595; therefore the dedications to Saints Nereus and Achilleus, two soldiers and martyrs of the 4th century, must date to the sixth century.
In 814, Pope Leo III rebuilt the old titulus. In the 13th century the relics of the two martyrs were transferred from the Catacomb of Domitilla to the Sant\'Adriano, whence they were transferred to this church by Cardinal Baronius.
The church structure fell into near ruin over the centuries, and in 1320, according to the Catalogue of Turin, it was a presbyterial title with no priest serving. So Pope Sixtus IV restored the church in occasion of the Jubilee of 1475, while the Jubilee of 1600 was the occasion for the last major restoration, funded by the scholarly antiquarian Cardinal Cesare Baronio, who commissioned the frescoes.
| 350 |
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| 0 |
3,730,502 |
# Santi Nereo e Achilleo
## Interior
Behind its unassuming facade the church is built according to the typical basilica plan, with a single nave and two side aisles. The original columns were replaced in the 15th century by octagonal pillars, and the nave is characterized by the large fresco decorations commissioned by Cardinal Baronio.
The cardinal in his iconographic scheme timed for the 1600 Jubilee emphasized the role of the Roman martyrs during the early centuries of Christianity. The execution of the frescoes was entrusted to a minor painter, generally thought to be Niccolò Circignani, called \"Pomarancio\". The bright frescoes often depict violent martyrdom scenes.
The medieval ambo is set on a large, porphyry urn taken from the nearby Baths of Caracalla. The low screen separating the choir is faced with 13th-century Cosmatesque style inlays. A white marble candelabra has been brought here from San Paolo fuori le Mura. The ciborium, dating to the 16th century, is raised on African marble columns.
The spandrels of the arch at the end of the nave retains some of the former mosaics of the time of Leo III, with a central *Transfiguration* in a mandorla. The high altar, made of three Cosmatesque panels, houses the relics of Nereus, Achilleus, and of St Flavia Domitilla; all three of them were brought here from the Catacomb of Domitilla. Next to the altar there are two pagan stones depicting two winged spirits, taken from a nearby temple. In the apse behind the altar is the episcopal throne assembled under the direction of the antiquary Cardinal Baronius, reusing lions, in the Cosmatesque style that is associated with the Vassalletto school, which support the armrests; on the backrest is inscribed the opening and closing words of the twenty-eighth homily of St. Gregory the Great, inscribed under the mistaken tradition that he preached them here, in front of the relics of Sts. Nereus and Achilleus on their feast day. When Cardinal Baronio ordered the inscription, he did not know that the relics were originally buried in the underground basilica of the Catacomb of Domitilla, so thought that this was the place St Gregory preached.
The arch of the apse has mosaics of the 9th century with the *Annunciation*, the *Transfiguration*, and the *Theotokos* (Madonna and child).
| 378 |
Santi Nereo e Achilleo
| 1 |
3,730,502 |
# Santi Nereo e Achilleo
## List of the Cardinal Priests of Saints Nereus and Achilles {#list_of_the_cardinal_priests_of_saints_nereus_and_achilles}
The following Cardinals were Cardinal Priests of Santi Nereo ed Achillei:
- Berengar Fredol the Elder (1305--1309)
- Berengar Fredol the Younger (1312--1317)
- Pierre Roger de Beaufort-Turenne OSB (1338--1342), then Pope Clement VI.
- Thomas of Frignano OFM (1378--1381)
- Pierre de Murat de Cros OSB (1383--1388), Pseudocardinal of Antipope Clemens VII.
- Philip Repyngdon CRSA (1408--1434)
- Giovanni Berardi (1440--1444)
- Bernard de La Planche (Planca) (1440--1446), Pseudocardinal of Antipope Felix V.
- Jean d\'Arces (1449--1454), Pseudocardinal of Antipope Felix V.
- *vacant* (1454--1460)
- Burkhard von Weißpriach (1460--1462)
- *vacant* (1462--1467)
- Stephen Várdai (1467--1471)
- Giovanni Arcimboldo (1473--1476)
- Giovanni Battista Mellini (1476--1478)
- Cosma Orsini (1480--1481)
- Giovanni de Conti (1483--1489)
- Maffeo Gherardi OSBCam (1492) \[uncertain delivery\] (Cardinal Deacon)
- *vacant* (1489--1492 or 1489--1493)
- Giovanni Antonio Sangiorgio (1493--1503)
- Juan de Zúñiga y Pimentel (1503--1504)
- Francesco Alidosi (1505--1506)
- Francisco de Borja (1506--1511)
- *vacant* (1511--1517)
- Bonifacio Ferrero (1517--1533)
- Reginald Pole (1537--1540) (Cardinaldeacon)
- Enrique de Borja y Aragón (1540) (Cardinal Deacon)
- Roberto Pucci (1542--1544)
- Francesco Sfondrati (1545--1547)
- *vacant* (1547--1556)
- Juan Martínez Silíceo (1556--1557)
- Jean Bertrand (1557--1560)
- Luigi d\'Este (1562--1563) (Cardinal Deacon)
- Gabriele Paleotti (1565) (Cardinal Deacon)
- Giovanni Francesco Morosini (1588--1590)
- *vacant* (1590--1596)
- Cesare Baronio (1596--1607)
- Innocenzo del Bufalo (1607--1610)
- Pier Paolo Crescenzi (1611--1629)
- Antonio Santacroce (1630--1641)
- Marcantonio Bragadin (1642--1646)
- Cristoforo Vidman Cardinal-deacon (1647--1657)
- Baccio Aldobrandini (1658--1665)
- Neri Corsini senior (1666--1678)
- Flaminio Taja (1681--1682)
- *vacant* (1682--1686)
- Girolamo Casanate (1686--1689)
- Leandro Colloredo CO (1689--1705)
- Alessandro Caprara (1706--1711)
- Benedetto Odescalchi-Erba (1715--1725)
- Nicola Gaetano Spinola (1725--1735)
- *vacant* (1735--1739)
- Pierre Guérin de Tencin (1739--1758)
- Nicolò Maria Antonelli (1759--1767)
- Lazzaro Opizio Pallavicino (1768--1778)
- *vacant* (1778--1782)
- Franziskus Herzan von Harras (1782--1788)
- Luigi Valenti Gonzaga (1790--1795)
- Ippolito Antonio Vincenti Mareri (1795--1807)
- *vacant* (1807--1816)
- Carlo Andrea Pelagallo (1816--1822)
- Gianfrancesco Falzacappa (1823)
- *vacant* (1823--1829)
- Pietro Caprano (1829--1834)
- Giacomo Monico (1834--1851)
- François-Nicholas-Madeleine Morlot (1853--1862)
- Giuseppe Luigi Trevisanato (1864--1877)
- Inácio do Nascimento Morais Cardoso (1877--1883)
- Alfonso Capecelatro CO (1885--1886)
- Gaspard Mermillod (1890--1892)
- Luigi Galimberti (1893--1896)
- Antonio Agliardi (1896--1899)
- Agostino Gaetano Riboldi (1901--1902)
- Anton Hubert Fischer (1903--1912)
- *vacant* (1912--1916)
- Pietro La Fontaine (1916--1921)
- Dennis Joseph Dougherty (1921--1951)
- Celso Costantini (1953--1958)
- William Godfrey (1958--1963)
- Thomas Cooray OMI (1965--1988)
- Bernardino Echeverría Ruiz OFM (1994--2000)
- Theodore Edgar McCarrick (2001--2018)
- Celestino Aós Braco OFM
| 441 |
Santi Nereo e Achilleo
| 2 |
3,730,508 |
# Malaysian State Roads system
**Malaysian State Roads System** (*Sistem Laluan Negeri Malaysia*) are the secondary roads in Malaysia with a total length of 264,906.73 km (as of December 2023). The construction and maintenance works of state roads in Malaysia is managed by Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) of each state and funded by state governments. The standard of the state roads is similar with the federal roads except for the coding system, where the codes for state roads begin with state codes followed by route number, for example Johor State Route J32 is labeled as J32. If a state road crosses the state border, the state code will change, for example route B20 in Salak Tinggi, Selangor will change to N20 after crossing the border of Negeri Sembilan to Nilai.
## List of state codes in Malaysian State Roads system {#list_of_state_codes_in_malaysian_state_roads_system}
The codes assigned to each state is the same as those of the car number plates except for Sabah.
- A: `{{flag|Perak}}`{=mediawiki}
- B: `{{flag|Selangor}}`{=mediawiki}
- C: `{{flag|Pahang}}`{=mediawiki}
- D: `{{flag|Kelantan}}`{=mediawiki}
- J: `{{flag|Johor}}`{=mediawiki}
- K: `{{flag|Kedah}}`{=mediawiki}
- M: `{{flag|Malacca}}`{=mediawiki}
- N: `{{flag|Negeri Sembilan}}`{=mediawiki}
- P: `{{flag|Penang}}`{=mediawiki}
- R: `{{flag|Perlis}}`{=mediawiki}
- SA: `{{flag|Sabah}}`{=mediawiki}
- T: `{{flag|Terengganu}}`{=mediawiki}
- W : `{{flag|Federal Territory (Malaysia)|name=Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur}}`{=mediawiki} (not used)
- Q: `{{flag|Sarawak}}`{=mediawiki}
## Municipal roads {#municipal_roads}
Municipal roads are usually not given a route number, as they are maintained mainly by the local councils. An exception is some major roads in Shah Alam, the capital of Selangor. For example, Persiaran Raja Muda in Shah Alam was given route number BSA-3
| 260 |
Malaysian State Roads system
| 0 |
3,730,521 |
# Buxton F.C.
**Buxton Football Club** is a professional football club based in Buxton, Derbyshire, England. They are currently members of the `{{English football updater|Buxton}}`{=mediawiki} and play at the Silverlands.
## History
The club was established in autumn 1877 as an offshoot of the local cricket club, playing their first match on 27 October 1877. In 1891 they joined the Combination. They finished bottom of the league in 1895--96 and left at the end of the 1898--99 season, when they switched to the Manchester League. They were runners-up in 1904--05 but spent most of the next seven seasons in lower mid-table, finishing second-from-bottom on three occasions, before the league was disbanded in 1912.
Buxton rejoined the Manchester League when it was re-established in 1920, and considered applying to join the new Football League Third Division North when it was formed in 1921, although they did not submit a bid. They were Manchester League runners-up in 1928--29 and 1929--30 and League Cup winners in 1925--26 and 1926--27. After winning the league in 1931--32, they joined the Cheshire County League. After World War II they were runners-up in 1946--47, and in 1951--52 they reached the first round of the FA Cup for the first time. They beat Rawmarsh Welfare 4--1 in the first round and overcame Football League side Aldershot 4--3 at Silverlands in the second, before losing 2--0 at Second Division Doncaster Rovers in the third round.
In 1958--59 Buxton reached the first round of the FA Cup again, and after beating Crook Town 4--1 in the first round, they lost 6--1 at Accrington Stanley in the second. Another first-round appearance in 1962--63 resulted in a 3--1 defeat at Barrow in a replay. The season also saw them finish as runners-up in the Cheshire County League, and they went on to win the league title in 1972--73, earning promotion to the Northern Premier League. When the league gained a second division in 1987, Buxton were placed in the Premier Division, where they remained until finishing bottom in 1996--97, resulting in relegation to Division One. After finishing bottom of Division One the following season, they were relegated to the Premier Division of the Northern Counties East League.
In 2005--06 Buxton won the Northern Counties East League Premier Division, earning promotion back to Division One of the Northern Premier League. The following season saw them crowned champions again, resulting in promotion to the Northern Premier League\'s Premier Division. They finished fifth in their first season back in the division, qualifying for the promotion play-offs, in which they beat Witton Albion 6--5 on penalties after a 1--1 draw in the semi-finals, before losing the final 2--0 to Gateshead. In 2021--22 the club defeated York City 1--0 in the first round of the FA Cup before losing 1--0 at home to Morecambe of League One. They finished the league season as champions of the Premier Division of the Northern Premier League and were promoted to the National League North.
Buxton reached the second round of the FA Cup again the following season, beating Merthyr Town 2--0 in the first round, before losing 4--0 at Ipswich Town. They also won the Derbyshire Senior Cup, defeating Derby County Academy 2--1 in the final. The club turned fully professional ahead of the 2024--25 season.
## Ground
Buxton originally played at the Park, a ground shared with the cricket club, and later played at Cote Lane, London Road and Green Lane before moving to the Silverlands in 1884. The site was originally a field owned by the club\'s first captain, Frank Drewry. The opening match was held on 1 November 1884, a Derbyshire Cup match against Bakewell, which Buxton won 2--0.
Cover was provided for spectators in 1890 (proposals to build a separate pavilion for working-class supporters were not taken forward), at the same time as dressing rooms were built. A wooden stand was erected on one side of the pitch and replaced by the current main stand in 1965, which later had seats from Maine Road added to it. On the opposite side of the pitch is the Popular Side covered terrace. The end behind one goal has a covered terrace, with the other end empty. The ground currently has a capacity of 4,000, of which 490 is seated and 2,500 covered.
The Silverlands is the highest football ground in England, at 310 m above sea level
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| 0 |
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# Vieira Portuense
**Francisco Vieira** (13 May 1765 -- 2 May 1805), who chose the artistic name of **Vieira Portuense**, was a Portuguese painter, one of the introducers of Neoclassicism in Portuguese painting. He was, in the neoclassical style, one of the two great Portuguese painters of his generation, with Domingos Sequeira.
## Career
He first studied in Lisbon, later moving to Rome. He travelled through Italy, Germany, Austria and England, before returning to Portugal, in 1800. He met Swiss painter Angelica Kauffman, from whom he seems to have received influences. He seems to anticipate some motives of the romantic painting in several of his historical paintings, like *Dona Filipa de Vilhena knighting her sons* (1801).
He contracted tuberculosis, and moved to Madeira, where he died, aged only 39.
He is represented at the National Museum of Ancient Art, in Lisbon, and at the National Museum Soares dos Reis, in Porto.
Not to be confused with another Portuguese painter, Francisco Vieira de Matos, better known as Vieira Lusitano.
## Works
<File:Dona> Filipa de Vilhena.jpg\|\"D. Filipa de Vilhena arma os filhos cavaleiros em 1 de dezembro de 1640\" (colecção particular) <File:Portuense> pintura1a.jpg\|\"Alegoria à Pintura\" Queluz National Palace <File:Leda> e o Cisne (1798) - Vieira Portuense.png\|\"Leda e o Cisne\" Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga <File:Vieira> Portuense - Head of Goliath - Google Art Project.jpg\|\"Cabeça de Golias\" Fundação Dionísio Pinheiro e Alice Cardoso Pinheiro <File:Narciso> na Fonte (c. 1797) - Vieira Portuense
| 239 |
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| 0 |
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# Boris de Rachewiltz
**Boris de Rachewiltz** (born as **Luciano Baratti**) (1926--1997) was an Italian Egyptologist and writer on Africa and the ancient world.
## Biography
Boris de Rachewiltz, brother of the historian Igor de Rachewiltz, married Mary, the daughter of Ezra Pound and Olga Rudge, in 1946. He studied Egyptology at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome from 1951 to 1955, and at the Cairo University from 1955 to 1957. After archaeological and ethnographic fieldwork in Upper Egypt and the Sudan, he taught as a professor at the Pontifical Urban University.
Under the alias *Brando* he worked as an informant for the Italian domestic intelligence agency SISDE. Defendant in 1994 in a trial of extreme right-wing militants, he was later acquitted for not having committed the act.
## Works
- *Massime degli antichi egiziani* (1954) as *Maxims of the Ancient Egyptians* (1987) translated by Guy Davenport
- *Liriche amorose degli antichi egiziani* (1955)
- *Il libro dei morti degli antichi egiziani* (1958)
- *Incantesimi e scongiuri degli antichi egiziani* (1958)
- *The rock tomb of Irw-K3-Pth.* (1960)
- *Incontro con l\'arte Africana* (1959) as *Introduction to African Art* (1966) translated by Peter Whigham
- *An Introduction to Egyptian Art* (1960) translated by R. H. Boothroyd
- *Vita nell\'antico Egitto* (1962)
- *Black Eros: Sexual Customs of Africa from Prehistory to the Present Day* (1964)
- *La Valle dei Re e delle Regine* (Forma e colore: 37) (1965)
- *Processo in verso* (1973)
- *Sesso magico nell\'Africa nera* (1983)
- *Gli antichi Egizi. Immagini, scene e documenti di vita quotidiana* (1987)
- *L\'occhio del faraone.* (1990) with Valenti Gomez i Oliver
- *7 Greeks* (1995) with Guy Davenport
- *Roma Egizia
| 281 |
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| 0 |
3,730,530 |
# North Eastern Electric Supply Company
The **North Eastern Electric Supply Company** (commonly abbreviated to **NESCo**) was responsible for the supply of electricity to a large amount of North East England, prior to the nationalisation of the British electricity industry with the Electricity Act 1947. The company was established as the **Newcastle upon Tyne Electric Supply Company** (also abbreviated to NESCo) in 1889, but was renamed the North Eastern Electricity Supply company as it expanded to supply the North East region.
## History
The Newcastle upon Tyne Electric Supply Company was founded in Newcastle upon Tyne, North East England, in 1889 by the industrialist John Theodore Merz. The company was one of two that were founded in the Newcastle area that year, with the Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company (DisCo) founded by Charles Algernon Parsons. A line was roughly drawn down the city\'s Grainger Street, with NESCo supplying the area to the east and DisCo that to the west.
NESCo opened its first power station, Pandon Dene, in 1890. Merz\'s son, Charles Hesterman Merz worked at the Pandon Dene station and became the company\'s Chief Consultant Engineer. Charles Merz\'s design company, Merz & McLellan, which he founded with William McLellan, undertook much of NESCo\'s design work from 1898 onward. They designed the pioneering Neptune Bank Power Station, which opened in 1901. It was the first power station in the United Kingdom to generate three-phase electric power, and the first to supply electricity for industrial purposes rather than just lighting. This led to the rapid expansion of NESCo, and gave the Tyneside industries an advantage over those in other areas. For the 30 years following the opening of the Neptune Bank station, NESCo became one of the World\'s leading companies in power station development.
NESCo opened Carville Power Station in 1903 to supply power for the Tyneside Electrics. In 1905 NESCo expanded its territory by taking over the Walker and Wallsend Union Gas Company. After a series of parliamentary battles with DisCo, NESCo extended its supply and distribution area south of the River Tyne, and it opened Dunston Power Station in this new territory in 1910. By 1914 NESCo had expanded this area further by absorbing the County of Durham Electrical Power Distribution Company, the County of Durham Power Supply Company and the Houghton-le-Spring and District Electric Lighting Company. Carville B Power Station opened in 1916, the most economical power station in the World at the time. After the First World War it took over the Cleveland and Durham County Electric Power Company, the Northern Counties Electricity Supply Company, Durham County Electric Power Company, and Tees Power Station Company. It also took over the assets of the Durham Collieries Electric Power Company and the Hexham & District Supply Company following their liquidations. NESCo opened North Tees Power Station in 1921 and Dunston B Power Station in 1933.
In 1927, the company moved into their new headquarters at Carliol House in Newcastle\'s city centre. The building was designed by Robert Burns Dick. Carliol House Ltd. had been founded in 1924 to build and administer the building itself. It remained a separate company until 1974, after the nationalisation of the company.
The North Eastern Electric Supply Company was formed under the **`{{visible anchor|North-Eastern Electric Supply Act 1932}}`{=mediawiki}** (22 & 23 Geo. 5. c. xxxii), which brought the Newcastle upon Tyne Electric Supply Company and all its subsidiaries under one company. In June 1932 it bought the Durham Electrical Power Distribution Company.
The British electricity industry was nationalised in 1948 under the Electricity Act 1947. The industry was reorganised by region and the British Electricity Authority (NESCo) was set up for the North East region and was based upon the area covered by NESCo, but also included the areas covered by DisCo, the Askrigg and Reeth Supply Company and the Hawes Electric Lighting Company. The area covered stretched from York to the Scottish border. British Electricity Authority (NESCo) was later renamed the North Eastern Electricity Board
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# Fissured tongue
**Fissured tongue** is a benign condition characterized by deep grooves (fissures) in the dorsum of the tongue. Although these grooves may look unsettling, the condition is usually painless. Some individuals may complain of an associated burning sensation.
It is a relatively common condition, with a prevalence of between 6.8% and 11% found also in children. The prevalence of the condition increases significantly with age, occurring in 40% of the population after the age of 40.
## Presentation
The clinical appearance is considerably varied in both the orientation, number, depth and length of the fissure pattern. There are usually multiple grooves/furrows 2--6 mm in depth present. Sometimes there is a large central furrow, with smaller fissures branching perpendicularly. Other patterns may show a mostly dorsolateral position of the fissures (i.e. sideways running grooves on the tongue\'s upper surface). Some patients may experience burning or soreness.
### Associated conditions {#associated_conditions}
Fissured tongue is seen in Melkersson--Rosenthal syndrome (along with facial nerve paralysis and granulomatous cheilitis). It is also seen in most patients with Down syndrome, in association with geographic tongue, in patients with oral manifestations of psoriasis, and in healthy individuals. Fissured tongue is also sometimes a feature of Cowden\'s syndrome.
## Cause
The cause is unknown, but is most likely a genetic trait. Aging and environmental factors may also contribute to the appearance.
## Prevalence
It is a relatively common condition, with an estimated prevalence of 6.8%--11%. Males are more commonly affected. The condition may be seen at any age, but generally affects older people more frequently. The condition also generally becomes more accentuated with age. The prevalence of the condition increases significantly with age, occurring in 40% of the population after the age of 40
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# Robert and Henry Pratt
**Robert and Henry Pratt** were brothers who were the first settlers in central Barnhartvale, British Columbia, Canada. \'Pratt Road\', a main residential access, is named after them.
Robert Pratt (1870--1935) settled in Barnhartvale in 1890; in 1894 his brother (1863--1943) acquired adjoining crown land south of Robert\'s property.
Robert married Helena Todd, daughter of James Todd.
By the early 1900s Robert Pratt had a highly successful farm with a large apple orchard. Pratt was among the first in the Interior of British Columbia to sell apples commercially, winning a gold medal in 1911 at the International Agricultural Fair in England
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# Anthony McNamee
**Anthony McNamee** (born 13 July 1984) is an English former professional footballer who played as a left-sided midfielder, and current football manager.
## Career
### Watford
Born in Kennington, England, McNamee began his career at Watford. He quickly progressed through the ranks of Watford\'s youth system and then to the first team. McNamee then progressed through the reserve side. His performance in the reserve team led McNamee being called to the first team by Manager Gianluca Vialli. At some point of early--April, he signed a contract with the club. For the rest of the 2001--02 season, McNamee received a handful of first team football, resulting in him making seven appearances and scoring once for the side, which came against Gillingham in the last game of the season. His progress in the reserve earned praised from Manager Vialli. For his performance, McNamee was awarded 2001--02\'s Young Player of the Season.
In the 2002--03 season, McNamee appeared in the first team, mostly coming on as a substitute. He spent at the start of the season in and out at the first team. The club\'s manager Ray Lewington said about McNamee in September 2002, saying: \"I would agree with that and they did quite well. He is going to be the worst-kept secret. They showed him inside, which I would do if I was playing against him and that makes the crosses a little bit flatter. We have to work with him so that if he does come inside, he knows what to do then. That is part of his education.\" For the remaining 2002--03 season, McNamee continued to feature in and out of the first team. At the end of the 2002--03 season, he went on to make twenty--two appearances in all competitions.
McNamee made two appearances for Watford at the start of the 2003--04 season, both coming on as a substitute. After his loan spell at Barnet, McNamee spent the rest of the season, playing for the reserve side.
In the first half of the 2004--05 season, McNamee continued to sit out of the first team, remaining at the reserve side. It wasn\'t until on 28 December 2004 when he made his first appearance of the season, coming on as a substitute in the 66th minute, in a 0--0 draw against Cardiff City. In a follow--up match against Millwall, McNamee came on as a substitute in the 67th minute, and set up a goal for Heiðar Helguson eight minutes later, in a 1--0 win. McNamee made a number of appearances towards the end of the 2004--05 season, under both Lewington and new manager Aidy Boothroyd. After helping Watford avoid relegation, he signed a one--year contract extension with the club. At the end of the 2004--05 season, McNamee went on to make sixteen appearances in all competitions.
In the 2005--06 season, McNamee continued to regain his first team place for the side. For his performance, he extended his contract until 2008. It wasn\'t until on 1 November 2005 when McNamee scored his first Watford in over three years, in a 3--1 win over Queens Park Rangers. For the remaining 2005--06 season, McNamee continued to feature in and out of the first team, as Watford were promoted to the Premiership via play--offs. At the end of the 2005--06 season, he went on to make thirty--eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions for the side.
In the 2006--07 Premiership season, McNamee helped the side beat Accrington Stanley in the third round of the League Cup in a penalty-shootout after a tie 0--0 in the regular time and kept after extra-time. It wasn\'t until on 28 November 2006 when McNamee made his Premier League debut, making a start before being substituted in the 72nd minute, in a 1--0 loss against Sheffield United. He made seven appearances for Watford in the middle of, and also scored the only goal in their fourth round FA Cup victory at West Ham United. Watford would go on to reach the semi-finals of the competition, but McNamee played no further part, as the club was relegated back to the Championship.
Watford returned to the Championship for the 2007--08 season, but McNamee only featured in two League Cup games and once in the league. His first team opportunities at Watford this season has become more limited.
#### Loan Spells from Watford {#loan_spells_from_watford}
McNamee was loaned out to Barnet on a month loan in December 2003. He went on to make five appearances for the side before returning to Watford in mid--January 2004.
McNamee was sent on loan to League One side Crewe Alexandra in March 2007 for the remainder of the season. He made his Crewe Alexandra debut on 24 March 2007, starting the match before coming off in the 82nd minute, in a 1--0 loss against Rotherham United. He played five times for the Railwaymen.
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# Anthony McNamee
## Career
### Swindon Town {#swindon_town}
On 18 January 2008, was sold to League One side Swindon Town for an undisclosed fee.
McNamee made his debut for Swindon Town, starting the match before being substituted in the 62nd minute, in a 0--0 draw with Crewe Alexandra on 26 January 2008. Since making his debut for the club, he quickly became a first team regular for the side, establishing himself in the starting eleven for the side. On 12 February 2008 against Cheltenham Town, McNamee then set up a goal for Billy Paynter, as Swindon Town won 3--0. Then on 5 April 2008, he set up two goals, in a 3--0 win over Oldham Athletic. He scored his first goal for Swindon Town two weeks later on 19 April 2008 in a 6--0 win over Port Vale. In the last game of the season, McNamee scored his second goal of the season, in a 2--1 win over Millwall. At the end of the 2007--08 season, he went on to make nineteen appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.
Ahead of the 2008--09 season, during a pre-season friendly with Portsmouth, he impressed Harry Redknapp, who praised him, saying \"If he can produce that every week he won\'t be here long but can he do it regular?\". At the start of the 2008--09 season, McNamee continued to regain his first team place for the side. But the club\'s results were struggling, as well as, his own form, which resulted in him being dropped to the substitute bench for the number of matches. By mid--October, McNamee soon regained his place in the starting eleven. Under the new management of Danny Wilson, McNamee found himself on the substitute bench for several months. Manager Wilson explained his decision to drop McNamme on the substitute bench, citing low confidence. Towards the end of the season, McNamme returned to the starting eleven, playing in the left--wing position. At the end of the 2008--09 season, McNamme went on to make forty--seven appearances in all competitions.
At the start of the 2009--10 season, McNamee found himself competing with new signing Tope Obadeyi over the left--wing position, which resulted in him in the substitute bench in number of matches. But he soon regained his place in the starting eleven. His form continued into the start of the season, as rumours circulated that scouts across the country had their eyes on three Swindon Town players, Peter Brezovan, Simon Cox and Anthony McNamee. Among interested was Norwich City, but Manager Wilson refused to sell him, insisting that he\'s \"going nowhere\". Amid the transfer speculation, McNamee scored his first goal in seventeen months, in a 4--3 win over Exeter City in the Football League Trophy campaign on 6 October 2009. Then on 31 October 2009, he scored again, in a 4--1 win over Tranmere Rovers. On 26 November 2009, local newspaper Swindon Advertiser reported that McNamee was absent from training amid a loan move to Norwich City. By the time of his departure, he made twenty--two appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.
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# Anthony McNamee
## Career
### Norwich City {#norwich_city}
He later signed on an emergency loan to Norwich City with a view to a permanent transfer in the January transfer window. McNamee made his Norwich City debut on 5 December 2010, coming on as a late substitute, in a 2--0 win over Oldham Athletic. Then on 4 January 2010, he signed for Norwich City making his loan move to the club permanent. McNamee\'s first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 26 January 2010, coming on as a substitute during the second--half, as Norwich City won 2--1 against Walsall. By February, McNamee soon regained his first team place for the side. He played a role when he contributed three assists in three matches between 23 February 2010 and 6 March 2010, all the three matches were wins, as Norwich City were chasing promotion to the Championship. McNamee scored his debut goal for Norwich City to take the lead in a 2--1 home win against Stockport County on 5 April 2010. After Norwich City were champions of League One, he then set up two goals, in a 3--0 win over Bristol City. At the end of the 2009--10 season, McNamee went on to make seventeen appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.
At the start of the 2010--11 season, McNamee started the season, coming on as a substitute in a number of matches. He then set up two goals that contributed wins for Norwich City: the first assist occurred on 21 August 2010 against Swansea City and the second assist occurred on 11 September 2010 against Barnsley. In mid--October, McNamee received a handful of first team football, which saw him make four starts. During a 2--2 draw against Burnley on 6 November 2010, he came on as a substitute and his performance in the full--back position throughout the match was praised by team-mate Russell Martin. Later in the 2010--11 season, McNamee found his first team opportunities limited and spent the rest of the season on the substitute bench. At the end of the 2010--11 season, he went on to make twenty appearances in all competitions.
Following Norwich City\'s promotion to Premier League in 2011, McNamee found himself out of favour with manager Paul Lambert and was expected to leave the club.
### Milton Keynes Dons {#milton_keynes_dons}
On 31 August 2011, McNamee left Norwich on a free transfer, signing a one-year contract at League One club Milton Keynes Dons with the option of a further year.
He made his debut three days later, as a late substitute in a 3--1 win away at Carlisle United. However, he found his first team opportunities limited and was loaned out; then leading to an announcement on 31 January 2012 that McNamee left Milton Keynes Dons by mutual consent.
### Wycombe Wanderers {#wycombe_wanderers}
On 24 November 2011, in search of first team football, McNamee joined Wycombe Wanderers on a loan deal until 7 January 2012. The signing was manager Gary Waddock\'s second loan signing of the day after completing the deal for Marcello Trotta.
He made his debut for the \'Chairboys\' on 10 December 2011, scoring a volley against relegation rivals Chesterfield in a 3--2 win. For his performance, McNamee was named League Two\'s Team of the Week. In a follow--up match, McNamee scored his second goal for the club, in a 2--2 draw against Carlisle United. He became a regular for the side in the first team until his loan spell at Wycombe Wanderers ended in January.
After being released by Milton Keynes Dons, McNamee re--joined Wycombe Wanderers on a free transfer for the rest of the season. McNamee\'s first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came on 4 February 2012, coming on as a substitute in the 68th minute, in a 2--1 win over Tranmere Rovers. Having spent the rest of the 2011--12 season on the substitute bench, McNamee made fifteen appearances and scoring two times in all competitions. He was not offered a new deal by the club at the end of the season and was released.
### Macclesfield Town {#macclesfield_town}
On 31 August 2012, he signed for Football Conference side Macclesfield Town on a free transfer.
McNamee made his Macclesfield Town debut, coming on as a substitute for Chris Holroyd, who scored a hat--trick earlier in the game, and two minutes later, assisted a goal that James Tunnicliffe scoring an own goal, in a 4--3 win over Stockport County on 4 September 2012. Two weeks later, on 22 September 2012, he set up another goal to score the club\'s only goal of the game, as Macclesfield Town lost 2--1 against Forest Green Rovers. By the time of his Macclesfield United\'s departure, McNamee went on to make five appearances for the side.
### Aldershot Town {#aldershot_town}
On 10 January 2013, it was announced that McNamee joined Aldershot Town on a short--term contract.
He made his Aldershot Town debut on 22 January 2013, coming on as a substitute in the 75th minute, in a 2--1 loss against Northampton Town. This turns out to be his only appearance for the club, as the club were relegated from League Two.
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# Anthony McNamee
## Career
### Woking
After leaving Macclesfield Town, McNamee went on trial at Woking. After spending three weeks with the club at the trial, he signed for Woking on a free transfer.
McNamee made his Woking debut, coming on as a substitute in the 72nd minute, in a 0--0 draw against Lincoln City in the opening game of the season. He then assisted a goal for Joe McNerney to score the club\'s second goal of the game, in a 4--2 loss against Welling United on 24 August 2013. It wasn\'t until on 17 September 2013 when McNamee assisted a goal for Kevin Betsy, who scored twice, in a 2--0 win over Hyde. However, McNamee\'s first team was soon reduced, as he found himself on the substitute bench or dropped from the squad for the rest of the season. At the end of the 2013--14 season, McNamee went on to make nineteen appearances for the side and was released by the club afterwards.
### International career {#international_career}
McNamee was eligible to play for England and Jamaica.
In October 2002, McNamee was called up to the England U19 for the first time. He went on to make two appearances for England U19 side.
### Management career {#management_career}
In July 2021, McNamee was appointed manager of Combined Counties League Division One side Enfield Borough, with former Queens Park Rangers defender Patrick Kanyuka named his assistant.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
`{{Updated|21 April 2014}}`{=mediawiki}
Club Season League FA Cup
-------------------------- ---------- ---------------- ------ ------- -------- -------
Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
Watford 2001--02 Division One 7 1 0 0
2002--03 Division One 23 0 0 0
2003--04 Division One 2 0 0 0
2004--05 Championship 14 0 1 0
2005--06 Championship 38 1 1 0
2006--07 Premier League 7 0 2 1
2007--08 Championship 0 0 0 0
Barnet (loan) 2003--04 Conference 5 0 0 0
Crewe Alexandra (loan) 2006--07 League One 5 0 0 0
Watford Total 91 2 4 1
Swindon Town 2007--08 League One 19 2 0 0
2008--09 League One 43 0 1 0
2009--10 League One 17 1 1 0
Norwich City (loan) 2009--10 League One 2 0 0 0
Swindon Town Total 79 3 2 0
Norwich City 2009--10 League One 15 1 0 0
2010--11 Championship 17 0 1 0
Total 32 1 1 0
Milton Keynes Dons 2011--12 League One 7 0 0 0
Wycombe Wanderers (loan) 2011--12 League One 15 2 0 0
Milton Keynes Dons Total 7 0 0 0
Macclesfield Town 2012--13 Conference 4 0 1 0
Macclesfield Town Total 4 0 1 0
Aldershot Town 2012--13 League Two 1 0 0 0
Aldershot Town Total 1 0 0 0
Woking 2013--14 Conference 17 0 1 0
Woking Total 17 0 1 0
Career totals 258 8 9 1
: A. `{{note|Other}}`{=mediawiki} The \"Other\" column constitutes appearances (including substitutes) and goals in the Football League Trophy.
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# Anthony McNamee
## Personal life {#personal_life}
McNamee is of Jamaican descent through his parents, making him eligible to play for the national side. McNamee is cousin to Bobby Decordova-Reid, a fellow footballer whose clubs include Bristol City.
The club\'s manager Ray Lewington mentioned that McNamee has asthma in his questions and answers with the BBC. In October 2010, McNamee was in court, charged with a motoring offence. The following month, it was announced he had been found not guilty. In August 2011, McNamee provided bail to a teenager accused of taking part in the London riots.
After retiring from football, McNamee joined Chelsea\'s Futsal team and owns a football school
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# Cell cycle checkpoint
**Cell cycle checkpoints** are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint. Progression through these checkpoints is largely determined by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinases by regulatory protein subunits called cyclins, different forms of which are produced at each stage of the cell cycle to control the specific events that occur therein.
## Background
All living organisms are the products of repeated rounds of cell growth and division. During this process, known as the cell cycle, a cell duplicates its contents and then divides in two. The purpose of the cell cycle is to accurately duplicate each organism\'s DNA and then divide the cell and its contents evenly between the two resulting cells. In eukaryotes, the cell cycle consists of four main stages: G~1~, during which a cell is metabolically active and continuously grows; S phase, during which DNA replication takes place; G~2~, during which cell growth continues and the cell synthesizes various proteins in preparation for division; and the M (mitosis) phase, during which the duplicated chromosomes (known as the sister chromatids) separate into two daughter nuclei, and the cell divides into two daughter cells, each with a full copy of DNA. Compared to the eukaryotic cell cycle, the prokaryotic cell cycle (known as binary fission) is relatively simple and quick: the chromosome replicates from the origin of replication, a new membrane is assembled, and the cell wall forms a septum which divides the cell into two.
As the eukaryotic cell cycle is a complex process, eukaryotes have evolved a network of regulatory proteins, known as the **cell cycle control system**, which monitors and dictates the progression of the cell through the cell cycle. This system acts like a timer, or a clock, which sets a fixed amount of time for the cell to spend in each phase of the cell cycle, while at the same time it also responds to information received from the processes it controls. The cell cycle checkpoints play an important role in the control system by sensing defects that occur during essential processes such as DNA replication or chromosome segregation, and inducing a cell cycle arrest in response until the defects are repaired. The main mechanism of action of the cell cycle checkpoints is through the regulation of the activities of a family of protein kinases known as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), which bind to different classes of regulator proteins known as cyclins, with specific cyclin-CDK complexes being formed and activated at different phases of the cell cycle. Those complexes, in turn, activate different downstream targets to promote or prevent cell cycle progression.
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# Cell cycle checkpoint
## G1 (restriction) checkpoint {#g1_restriction_checkpoint}
The G1 checkpoint, also known as the restriction point in mammalian cells and the start point in yeast, is the point at which the cell becomes committed to entering the cell cycle. As the cell progresses through G1, depending on internal and external conditions, it can either delay G1, enter a quiescent state known as G0, or proceed past the restriction point. DNA damage is the main indication for a cell to \"restrict\" and not enter the cell cycle. The decision to commit to a new round of cell division occurs when the cell activates cyclin-CDK-dependent transcription which promotes entry into S phase. This check point ensures the further process.
During early G1, there are three transcriptional repressors, known as pocket proteins, that bind to E2F transcription factors. The E2F gene family is a group of transcription factors that target many genes that are important for control of the cell cycle, including cyclins, CDKs, checkpoint regulators, and DNA repair proteins. Misregulation of the E2F family is often found in cancer cases, providing evidence that the E2F family is essential for the tight regulation of DNA replication and division. The three pocket proteins are Retinoblastoma (Rb), p107, and p130, which bind to the E2F transcription factors to prevent progression past the G1 checkpoint.
The E2F gene family contains some proteins with activator mechanisms and some proteins with repressing mechanisms. P107 and p130 act as co-repressors for E2F 4 and E2F 5, which work to repress transcription of G1-to-S promoting factors. The third pocket protein, Rb, binds to and represses E2F 1, E2F 2, and E2F 3, which are the E2F proteins with activating abilities.
Positive feedback plays an essential role in regulating the progression from G1 to S phase, particularly involving the phosphorylation of Rb by a Cyclin/CDK protein complex. Rb without a phosphate, or unphosphorylated Rb, regulates G0 cell cycle exit and differentiation. During the beginning of the G1 phase, growth factors and DNA damage signal for the rise of cyclin D levels, which then binds to Cdk4 and Cdk6 to form the CyclinD:Cdk4/6 complex. This complex is known to inactivate Rb by phosphorylation. However, the details of Rb phosphorylation are quite complex and specific compared to previous knowledge about the G1checkpoint. CyclinD:Cdk4/6 places only one phosphate, or monophosphorylates, Rb at one of its fourteen accessible and unique phosphorylation sites. Each of the fourteen specific mono-phosphorylated isoforms has a differential binding preference to E2F family members, which likely adds to the diversity of cellular processes within the mammalian body.
E2F 4 and E2F 5 are dependent on p107 and p130 to maintain their nuclear localization. However, Cyclin D:Cdk 4/6 also phosphorylates p107 and p130, a process which releases their bind from E2F 4 and 5 (which then escape to the cytoplasm), and allowing for E2F 1--3 to bind to the DNA and initiate transcription of Cyclin E. Rb proteins maintain their mono-phosphorylated state during early G1 phase, while Cyclin E is accumulating and binding to Cdk2.
CyclinE:Cdk2 plays an additional important phosphorylation role in the G1-to-S transition. Particularly, CyclinE:Cdk2 promotes a positive feedback loop which creates an "all or nothing" switch. In many genetic control networks, positive feedback ensures that cells do not slip back and forth between cell cycle phases Cyclin E:Cdk2 proceeds to phosphorylate Rb at all of its phosphorylation sites, also termed "hyper-phosphorylate", which ensures complete inactivation of Rb. The hyper phosphorylation of Rb is considered the late G1 restriction point, after which the cell cannot go backwards in the cell cycle. At this point, E2F 1-3 proteins bind to DNA and transcribe Cyclin A and Cdc 6.
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B), also known as p27, binds to and prevents the activation of CyclinE:Cdk2 by inhibition. However, as Cyclin A accumulates and binds to Cdk2, they form a complex and inhibit p27. The G1 phase cyclin-dependent kinase works together with S phase cyclin-dependent kinase targeting p27 for degradation. In turn, this allows for full activation of Cyclin A:Cdk2, a complex which phosphorylates E2F 1-3 initiating their disassociation from the DNA promoter sites. This allows E2F 6--8 to bind to the DNA and inhibit transcription. The negative feedback loop used to successfully inhibit the inhibitor, p27, is another essential process used by cells to ensure mono-directional movement and no backtrack through the cell cycle.
When DNA damage occurs, or when the cell detects any defects which necessitate it to delay or halt the cell cycle in G1, arrest occurs through several mechanisms. The rapid response involves phosphorylation events that initiate with either kinase ATM (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated) or ATR (Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 related), which act as sensors, depending on the type of damage. These kinases phosphorylate and activate the effector kinases Chk2 and Chk1, respectively, which in turn phosphorylate the phosphatase Cdc25A, thus marking it for ubiquitination and degradation. As Cdc25A activates the previously mentioned cyclin E-CDK2 complex by removing inhibitory phosphates from CDK2, in the absence of Cdc25A, cyclin E-CDK2 remains inactive, and the cell remains in G1.
To maintain the arrest, another response is initiated, by which Chk2 or Chk1 phosphorylate p53, a tumor suppressor, and this stabilizes p53 by preventing it from binding Mdm2, a ubiquitin ligase which inhibits p53 by targeting it for degradation. The stable p53 then acts a transcriptional activator of several target genes, including p21, an inhibitor of the G1-to-S promoting complex cyclin E-CDK2. In addition, another mechanism by which p21 is activated is through the accumulation of p16 in response to DNA damage. p16 disrupts cyclin D-CDK4 complexes, thus causing the release of p21 from the complexes, which leads to the dephosphorylation and activation of Rb, which allows Rb to bind and inhibit E2F 1--3, thus keeping the cell from transitioning to S phase. Recently, some aspects of this model have been disputed.
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# Cell cycle checkpoint
## G2 checkpoint {#g2_checkpoint}
Following DNA replication in S phase, the cell undergoes a growth phase known as G2. During this time, necessary mitotic proteins are produced and the cell is once more subjected to regulatory mechanisms to ensure proper status for entry into the proliferative Mitotic (M) phase. Multiple mechanistic checkpoints are involved in this transition from G2 to M, with a common uniting factor of cyclin-Cdk activity.
Although variations in requisite cyclin-Cdk complexes exist across organisms, the necessity of the kinase activity is conserved and typically focuses on a single pairing. In fission yeast three different forms of mitotic cyclin exist, and six in budding yeast, yet the primary cyclin utilized is cyclin B. Cyclin B will serve as reference for discussion of the G2/M checkpoint transition.
Similar to S Phase, G2 experiences a DNA damage checkpoint. The cell is once more examined for sites of DNA damage or incomplete replication, and the kinases ATR and ATM are recruited to damage sites. Activation of Chk1 and Chk2 also transpire, as well as p53 activation, to induce cell cycle arrest and halt progression into mitosis. An additional component of S phase, the Pre-Replicative Complex, must be inactivated via cyclin B-Cdk1 phosphorylation.
As these previous checkpoints are assessed, G2 protein accumulation serves to activate cyclin B-Cdk1 activity via multiple mechanisms. CyclinA-Cdk2 activates Cdc25, an activator of cyclin B-Cdk1, which then deactivates the cyclin B-Cdk1 inhibitor, Wee1. This results in a positive feedback loop, significantly increasing cyclin B expression and Cdk1 activation. As the cell progresses through G2 and reaches the G2/M transition, the kinase Plk1 phosphorylates Wee1, which targets Wee1 for degradation via the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. An additional function of Plk1 is to activate Cdc25 through phosphorylation. The compound effect of Wee1 degradation and Cdc25 activation is the net removal of inhibitory phosphorylation from cdc2, which activates cdc2. Plk1 is activated at the G2/M transition by the Aurora A and Bora, which accumulate during G2 and form an activation complex. The Plk1-Cdc2-cdc25 complex then initiates a positive feedback loop which serves to further activate Cdc2, and in conjunction with an increase in cyclin B levels during G2, the resulting cdc2-cyclin B complexes then activate downstream targets which promote entry into mitosis. The resultant Cdk1 activity also activates expression of Mem1-Fkh, a G2/M transition gene. The rapid surge in cyclin B-Cdk1 activity is necessary, as M phase initiation is an all-or-nothing event engaging in hysteresis. Hysteresis of Cdk1 activity via cyclin B drives M phase entry by establishing a minimum threshold of cyclin B concentration. This exists at a level higher than the minimum needed for the continuation of M phase after entry, acting to safeguard the all-or-nothing event. This entry concentration is further increased in the case of incomplete DNA replication, adding another regulatory mechanism at the G2/M transition point. The presence of hysteresis allows for M phase entry to be highly regulated as a function of cyclin B-Cdk1 activity.
The mechanisms by which mitotic entry is prevented in response to DNA damage are similar to those in the G1/S checkpoint. DNA damage triggers the activation of the aforementioned ATM/ATR pathway, in which ATM/ATR phosphorylate and activate the Chk1/Chk2 checkpoint kinases. Chk1/2 phosphorylate cdc25 which, in addition to being inhibited, is also sequestered in the cytoplasm by the 14-3-3 proteins. 14-3-3 are upregulated by p53, which, as previously mentioned, is activated by Chk1 and ATM/ATR. p53 also transactivates p21, and both p21 and the 14-3-3 in turn inhibit cyclin B-cdc2 complexes through the phosphorylation and cytoplasmic sequestering of cdc2. In addition, the inactivation of cdc25 results in its inability to dephosphorylate and activate cdc2. Finally, another mechanism of damage response is through the negative regulation of Plk1 by ATM/ATR, which in turn results in the stabilization of Wee1 and Myt1, which can then phosphorylate and inhibit cdc2, thus keeping the cell arrested in G2 until the damage is fixed.
### G2--M transition in *Xenopus* oocytes {#g2m_transition_in_xenopus_oocytes}
At the end of G2, the cell transitions into mitosis, where the nucleus divides. The G2 to M transition is dramatic; there is an all-or-nothing effect, and the transition is irreversible. This is advantageous to the cell because entering mitosis is a critical step in the life cycle of a cell. If it does not fully commit, the cell would run into many issues with partially dividing, ultimately likely leading to the cell\'s death.
In frog oocytes, the signal cascade is induced when progesterone binds to a membrane bound receptor. Downstream, Mos is activated. Mos then phosphorylates MEK1, which phosphorylates MAPK. MAPK serves two roles: activating the Cyclin B-Cdk1 complex to initiate entrance into mitosis and activating Mos . The activation of Mos leads to a positive feedback loop and therefore acts as "toggle switch" to create the all-or-nothing entrance into mitosis.
This feedback loop was first found by showing that MAPK-P (phosphorylated MAPK) concentrations increased in response to increasing levels of progesterone. At the single cell level, each cell either had entirely phosphorylated MAPK or no phosphorylated MAPK, confirming that it acts as a switch-like mechanism in each cell. It was additionally shown that blocking Mos protein synthesis makes the MAPK-P responses more graded, showing that Mos protein synthesis is necessary for the all-or-none character of MAPK activation.
### Bistability
This process can be understood using unstability. Using the graph shown to the right, the Mos synthesis rate shifts as more progesterone is added. With each curve, there are stable fixed points and unstable fixed points. At the unstable fixed points, the system will push toward either one of the stable fixed points. So, the system can either be in the "on" state or the "off" state, not in between. When the progesterone level is high enough, the Mos curve is shifted higher and ultimately intersects the degradation line at only one point, so there is only one stable "on" state, indicating the entrance into mitosis.
The irreversibility we see in the Mitosis transition point comes from having high enough levels of progesterone in the cell. At high enough levels of progesterone, the system is monostable as a result of the positive feedback loop between Mapk and Mos. The point at which the system switches from bistable to monostable is called the saddle node bifurcation.
So, we can understand the all-or-nothing, irreversible response of the mitotic transition with a mathematical model of the molecular regulators as a bistable system that depends on the existence of positive feedback. The "off-state" is annihilated by a high enough level of progesterone and once the cell gets pushed past the off-state, it is then stuck in the on-state.
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# Cell cycle checkpoint
## G2 checkpoint {#g2_checkpoint}
### Hysteresis and the Novak--Tyson model {#hysteresis_and_the_novaktyson_model}
Coming from this bi-stable model, we can understand the mitotic transition as relying on hysteresis to drive it. Hysteresis is defined as the dependence of the state of a system on its history. The Novak--Tyson model is a mathematical model of cell cycle progression that predicts that irreversible transitions entering and exiting mitosis are driven by hysteresis. The model has three basic predictions that should hold true in cycling oocyte extracts whose cell cycle progression is dependent on hysteresis:
1. The concentration of cyclin B necessary to enter mitosis is higher than the concentration needed to hold a mitotic extract in mitosis.
2. Unreplicated DNA raises the level of cyclin necessary for Cdc2 activation and therefore entrance into mitosis.
3. There is a decrease in the rate of Cdc2 activation at concentrations of cyclin B just above the activation threshold.
Sha et al. did experiments in *Xenopus laevis* egg extracts in 2003 to demonstrate this hysteretic nature. Using cycling extracts, they observed that the activation threshold for Δcyclin B is between 32 and 42 nM whereas the inactivation threshold is between 16 and 24 nM Δcyclin B. Therefore, these experiments confirmed the bistability of this system and the importance of hysteresis in this cell cycle transition. At the intermediate cyclin B concentrations, either the interphase or mitotic state of the cell is possible.
### Replication stress response {#replication_stress_response}
Since entering mitosis is a large and costly commitment for the cell, it is logical that systems would be in place to prevent premature entrance into this step. It has been shown that mistakes in previous steps, such as having unreplicated sections of DNA blocks progression in the cell cycle. The Novak--Tyson model predicts this occurs via raising the level of cyclin B necessary for entrance into mitosis.
Sha et al. investigated whether this was true in *Xenopus* egg extracts. They used aphidicolin (APH) to inhibit DNA polymerase and prevent DNA replication. When treated with Cyclin B in interphase, the threshold of activation increased to between 80 and 100 nM, as predicted by the Novak--Tyson model. So, these experiments confirm that the stress of unreplicated DNA in the cell affect the hysteresis loop and result in a much higher cyclin B threshold to enter into mitosis.
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# Cell cycle checkpoint
## Metaphase checkpoint {#metaphase_checkpoint}
*Main article: Spindle checkpoint* The mitotic spindle checkpoint occurs at the point in metaphase where all the chromosomes should/have aligned at the mitotic plate and be under bipolar tension. The tension created by this bipolar attachment is what is sensed, which initiates the anaphase entry. To do this, the sensing mechanism ensures that the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C) is no longer inhibited, which is now free to degrade cyclin B, which harbors a D-box (destruction box), and to break down securin. The latter is a protein whose function is to inhibit separase, which in turn cuts the cohesins, the protein composite responsible for cohesion of sister chromatids. Once this inhibitory protein is degraded via ubiquitination and subsequent proteolysis, separase then causes sister chromatid separation. After the cell has split into its two daughter cells, the cell enters G~1~.
## Cancer
DNA repair processes and cell cycle checkpoints have been intimately linked with cancer due to their functions regulating genome stability and cell progression, respectively. The precise molecular mechanisms that connect dysfunctions in these pathways to the onset of particular cancers are not well understood in most cases. The loss of ATM has been shown to precede lymphoma development presumably due to excessive homologous recombination, leading to high genomic instability. Disruption of Chk1 in mice led significant misregulation of cell cycle checkpoints, an accumulation of DNA damage, and an increased incidence of tumorigenesis. Single mutant inheritance of BRCA1 or BRCA2 predisposes females toward breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 is known to be required for S and G2/M transitions, and is involved in the cellular response to DNA damage. BRCA2 is believed to be involved in homologous recombination and regulating the S-phase checkpoint, and mutations of deficiencies in BRCA2 are strongly linked to tumorigenesis
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# Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops
K.u.K. Seefliegerkorps}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops
| native_name = {{lang|de|Kaiserliche und Königliche Luftfahrtruppen}} or {{lang|de|K.u.K. Luftfahrtruppen}}<br>{{lang|hu|Császári és Királyi Légierő}} or {{lang|hu|Császári és Királyi Légjárócsapatok}}
| image = Cross-Pattee-Heraldry.svg
| image_size = 170
| caption =
| dates = 1893–1918
| country = {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type = [[Air force]]
| role =
| size = est. ~5,430 aircraft produced for the KuKLFT
| command_structure = [[Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces]]
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| motto =
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = [[World War I]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| notable_commanders = [[Emil Uzelac]]<br>[[Conrad von Hötzendorf]]
| identification_symbol = [[File:Austria-hungaryfighter.gif|KuKLFT National Markings]]
| identification_symbol_label = National Markings
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Leitwerk.gif|Austro-Hungarian tail marking]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = Tail Markings
| aircraft_attack =
| aircraft_bomber = [[Hansa-Brandenburg G.I]]
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter = [[Aviatik D.I]]<br>[[Phönix D.I]]
| aircraft_interceptor =
| aircraft_patrol =
| aircraft_recon = [[Hansa-Brandenburg C.I]]
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport =
}}`{=mediawiki}
The **Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops** or **Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops** (*Kaiserliche und Königliche Luftfahrtruppen* or *K.u.K. Luftfahrtruppen*, *Császári és Királyi Légjárócsapatok*) were the air force of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the empire\'s dissolution in 1918; it saw combat on both the Eastern Front and Italian Front during World War I.
## History
The Air Service began in 1893 as a balloon corps (*Militär-Aeronautische Anstalt*) and would later be re-organized in 1912 under the command of Major Emil Uzelac, an army engineering officer. The Air Service would remain under his command until the end of World War I in 1918. The first officers of the air force were private pilots with no military aviation training.
At the outbreak of war, the Air Service was composed of 10 observation balloons, 85 pilots and 39 operational aircraft. On 25 August 1914 (by the Old Style calendar still used in Russia)\[8 September 1914 New Style\], after trying various methods on previous occasions unsuccessfully, Pyotr Nesterov used his Morane-Saulnier Type G (s/n 281) to ram the Austrian Albatros B.II reconnaissance aircraft of observer Baron Friedrich von Rosenthal and pilot Franz Malina from FLIK 11. Both planes crashed and all three airmen died. By the end of 1914, there were 147 operational aircraft deployed in 14 units. Just as Austria-Hungary fielded a joint army and navy, they also had army and naval aviation arms. The latter operated seaplanes; Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield became an ace in one. The Adriatic Coast seaplane stations also hosted bombers. Lohners were the most common variant; the K Series heavy bombers mounted an offensive against the Italians that suffered few casualties.
Austro-Hungarian pilots and aircrew originally faced the air forces of Romania and Russia, while also fielding air units in Serbia, Albania, and Montenegro. Only the Imperial Russian Air Service (IRAS) posed a credible threat, although its wartime production of 4,700 air frames gave it no numerical advantage over the *Luftfahrtruppen* before the IRAS ceased operations in mid-1917. The Austro-Hungarians requested, and received, aerial reinforcements from their German allies, especially in Galicia.
On 30 September 1915, troops of the Serbian Army observed three Austro-Hungarian aircraft approaching Kragujevac. Soldiers shot at them with shotguns and machine-guns but failed to prevent them from dropping 45 bombs over the city, hitting military installations, the railway station and many other, mostly civilian, targets in the city. During the bombing raid, private Radoje Ljutovac fired at the enemy aircraft and shot one down. It crashed in the city and both pilots \[Captain Kurt von Schäfer and his assistant, trainee officer Otto Kirsch\] died from their injuries. The gun Ljutovac used was not an anti-aircraft gun but a slightly modified Turkish gun captured during the First Balkan War in 1912. This was the first occasion that a military aircraft was shot down with artillery ground-to-air fire. In late November 1915, Austrian aeroplanes bombarded columns of soldiers and refugees from Serbia, as they trekked across the snowy plain of Kosovo, in the first aerial bombardment of civilians.
Italy\'s entry into the war on 15 May 1915 opened another front and brought the Empire\'s greatest opponent into the air war. The new front was in the southern Alps, making for hazardous flying and near-certain death to any aviators crash-landing in the mountains. To remedy Italy\'s initial shortage of fighter planes, France posted a squadron to defend Venice from the Austro-Hungarians.
The 1916 Austro-Hungarian aviation program called for expansion to 48 squadrons by year\'s end but only 37 were established. Two-seater reconnaissance and bomber squadrons often had a number of single-seat fighters as escorts on missions. This reflected the army high command\'s emphasis on tying fighters to defensive duty.
During 1917, Austria-Hungary pushed its number of flying training schools to 14, with 1,134 trainees. The expansion program was stretched to 68 squadrons, and the Air Service managed to set up the 31 units needed. The *Luftfahrtruppen* began to lose its Italian campaign as Italian superior numbers began to tell. By 19 June 1917, the situation had deteriorated to the point where an Italian attack force of 61 bombers and 84 escorting planes was opposed by an Austro-Hungarian defense of only 3 fighters and 23 two-seaters. Within two months, the *Luftfahrtruppen* found itself facing over 200 enemy aircraft a day. Some of the disparity can be explained by the importation of four squadrons of the Royal Flying Corps to augment the Italian fighter force in the wake of the Battle of Caporetto. Then, when winter came on, shortages of coal and other crucial supplies further hampered production for the Empire\'s Air Service.
Austro-Hungarian plans for 1918 called for increasing its aerial force to 100 squadrons containing 1,000 pilots. Production climbed to 2,378 aircraft for the year. Withdrawal of German air units to fight in France worsened the Austro-Hungarians\' shortage of aircraft. By June 1918, the *Luftfahrtruppen*\'s strength peaked at 77 *Fliks* but only 16 were fighter squadrons. By 26 October, a fighter mass of some 400 Italian, British, and French airplanes attacked in the air as the Italian army conducted an offensive. The depleted Austro-Hungarians could send only 29 airplanes in opposition. The local armistice on 3 November 1918 was the effective end of the *Luftfahrtruppen*, as its parent nation passed into history.
strength had peaked at only 550 aircraft during the war, despite having four fronts to cover. Its wartime losses amounted to 20 percent of its naval fliers killed in action or accident, and 38 percent of its army aviators.
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# Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops
## Aircraft
The aircraft employed by the Air Service were a combination of Austro-Hungarian designs built within the empire, German models that were domestically manufactured by Austrian firms (often with modifications), and aircraft that were imported from Germany. These aircraft included: `{{div col}}`{=mediawiki}
- Etrich Taube
- Etrich Luft-Limousine
- Lohner Type AA
- Lohner L
- Lohner B.VII
- Lohner C.I
- Fokker A.III
- Fokker E.III
- Knoller C.II
- Hansa-Brandenburg B.I
- Hansa-Brandenburg C.I
- Hansa-Brandenburg D.I
- Hansa-Brandenburg G.I(U)
- Aviatik B.III
- Aviatik D.I
- Albatros B.I
- Albatros D.II
- Albatros D.III
- Phönix D.I
Although all of the European powers were unprepared for modern air warfare in the beginning of the conflict, Austria-Hungary was one of the most disadvantaged due to the empire\'s traditionalist military and civilian leadership combined with a relatively low degree of industrialisation. The Empire\'s agricultural economy militated against innovation. Such industry as it possessed was used to full extent for aircraft manufacture; instead of producing single types of aircraft from dedicated assembly lines, contracts were let to multiple factories, and individual factories were producing multiple types of aircraft. Shortage of unskilled labor also hampered production. Technological backwardness was not limited to the usage of handicraft construction instead of assembly lines. For instance, the most widely used Austro-Hungarian fighter, the Hansa-Brandenburg D.I, lacked the gun synchronization gear that would allow aiming the airplane\'s nose and firing its weaponry through the propeller.
Wartime production totaled 5,180 airplanes for four years of war; by comparison, Austria-Hungary\'s major foe, Italy, built about 18,000 in three years. Austro-Hungarian practice included inspection of completed aircraft by army officers before they left the factory.
Before the war, the army also operated four airships at Fischamend:
- *Militärluftschiff I* (1909--1914), also known as Parseval PL 4.
- *Militärluftschiff II* (1910--1913), also known as Lebaudy 6 *Autrichienne*
- *Militärluftschiff III* (1911--1914)
- *Militärluftschiff IV* (1912)
*Militärluftschiff III* was destroyed in a mid-air collision with a Farman HF.20 on 20 June 1914. This ended the airship program. During the war the military expressed interest in purchasing Zeppelins from Germany but failed to acquire any. The navy ordered four to be locally manufactured in 1917 but none were completed before the armistice. They were scrapped by the Allies after the war.
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# Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops
## Organization
The *K. u. K Luftfahrtruppen* was organized into a trilevel organization. At the top was the *Fliegerarsenal* (\"aviation arsenal\"), a complex bureaucracy working for a civilian Ministry of War. New airplanes were shipped from the factory to a *Flars* group for acceptance. These groups were located:
- No. I at Aspern, Austria
- No. II at Budapest, Hungary
- No. III at Wiener-Neustadt (later moved to the Anatra plant in Odessa)
- No. IV at Campoformido, Italy
- An unnumbered group in Berlin to accept German aircraft
In turn, the *Flars* forwarded aircraft received to *Fliegeretappenpark* (\"aviation parks\"). These *Fleps* were each responsible for supplying a combat sector of the Austro-Hungarian forces. They supplied hardware and supplies to the aviation units. They also served as repair depots for severely damaged aircraft; they would repair some airplanes that were damaged beyond a frontline unit\'s repair capabilities, and send the worst back to a factory. There were three *Flars* at war\'s beginning; there were eleven by war\'s end.
Other midlevel units in the *K. u. K Luftfahrtruppen* were the *Fliegerersatzkompanie* (\"spare flier company\"). These replacement depots served a dual purpose. They not only trained and supplied air crew and maintenance staff as replacements to frontline units; they also formed new units to be posted to the front. By war\'s end, there were 22 of these *Fleks*.
Finally, there were the line units of the *K. u. K Luftfahrtruppen*. These *Fliegerkompanies* were understaffed, seldom having more than eight pilots per unit. There were 77 *Fliks* in existence by war\'s end. By 1917, their unit numbers were extended by a letter suffix denoting the unit\'s mission. For instance:
- \'J\' denoted *Jagdfliegerkompanie*, a fighter squadron
- \'P\' meant *Photoeinsitzerkompanie*, or a single-seater photographic reconnaissance squadron. \'Rb\' designated a squadron capable of flying photo sequences and mosaics.
- \'D\' meant a squadron was a *Divisionsfliegerkompanie* flying short range reconnaissance for an army division.
- \'K\' showed that the *Korpsfliegerkompanie* was flying short range recon for a corps.
- \'F\' meant *Fernaufklärerkompagnie*, a long range recon unit.
- \'S\' meant a *Schlachtfliegerkompagnie* attached to ground support squadrons; they were often repurposed \'D\' squadrons.
- \'G\' meant *Grossflugzeugkompagnie*, a bomber squadron.
## Markings
At the outbreak of war, Austro-Hungarian aircraft were brightly painted in red and white bands all along the fuselage. These were swiftly discarded, but the red/white/red bands on the wingtips and tail remained. Aircraft supplied from Germany generally arrived with the familiar black cross marking already applied, and this was adopted officially from 1916, though individual aircraft occasionally kept some red-white-red bands.
Austria-Hungary produced 413 seaplanes during the war. These naval aircraft were more elaborately marked. Typically, a flying boat sported a black cross pattée on a box of white background for national insignia; the boxed crosses were found on top of upper wing surfaces both port and starboard, under both lower wing surfaces, and on the sides of the hull. Additionally, the rudder and elevators were blocked out in red and white; broad red and white bands were sometimes applied to the outboard ends of the wings also. There were also serial numbers on the hull
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# Jeff Jagodzinski
**Jeff Jagodzinski** (born October 12, 1963) is an American football coach and former player. He was previously the offensive coordinator at Georgia State University. Jagodzinski served as he head football coach at Boston College in 2007 and 2008, leading the Eagles to a record of 20--8 and consecutive appearances in the ACC Championship Game. In 2010, he was the head coach of the United Football League\'s Omaha Nighthawks.
## Playing career and family {#playing_career_and_family}
A graduate of the University of Wisconsin--Whitewater, Jagodzinski played college football there, starting three years at fullback. He was all-conference at West Allis Central High School in Wisconsin.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Early coaching experience {#early_coaching_experience}
Jagodzinski began his coaching career as the running back coach for the University of Wisconsin--Whitewater in 1985. He was the offensive line coach for Northern Illinois University in 1986. He held a Graduate Assistant position with LSU from 1987 through 1988. In 1989, he became the tight ends/assistant offensive line coach for East Carolina University and remained in that position until 1996. In 1997 and 1998 he served as the offensive coordinator/offensive line coach at Boston College.
### NFL experience {#nfl_experience}
Jagodzinski made the transition to the National Football League (NFL) in 1999, becoming the tight ends coach for the Green Bay Packers under head coach Ray Rhodes. Rhodes and most of his staff was fired after that season, but new head coach Mike Sherman kept Jagodzinski until 2003 when he was released. He was quickly picked up by the Atlanta Falcons to be the offensive line coach.
Jagodzinski was hired by Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy on January 15, 2006, to replace offensive coordinator Tom Rossley. He was the fifth individual to hold the title of Packers offensive coordinator. Jagodzinski joined Paul Roach (1975--76), Lindy Infante (1988--91), Sherman Lewis (1992--99), and Tom Rossley (2000--05). Bob Schnelker (1969--71), John Polonchek (1972--74), Lew Carpenter (1975--79), and Tom Coughlin (1986--87) served as passing game coordinators on staffs that didn\'t necessarily carry an offensive coordinator.
During his time with the Atlanta Falcons, Jagodzinski learned offensive zone blocking schemes from Alex Gibbs, the architect of successful NFL offensive lines such as the Denver Broncos that won Super Bowl XXXII.
### Boston College {#boston_college}
Jagodzinski was named head coach at Boston College in January 2007 to replace Tom O\'Brien. He inherited a talent laden BC team, which he led to an 11--3 record, a #10 finish in the polls and an ACC Atlantic Division Championship. At one point in the season, the Eagles were ranked second in the Bowl Championship Series standings. Along with Steve Logan, Jagodzinski brought a high flying offensive attack which was very different from Tom O\'Brien\'s short passing game style. He has been nicknamed \"Jags\" by BC fans and the media. After his first season at BC, Tom O\'Brien protegees Matt Ryan and Gosder Cherilus were selected in the first round of the NFL draft. In the 2008 season BC\'s record dropped to 9--5, including a loss at the Music City Bowl.
Following the 2008 season, Jagodzinski interviewed for the vacant New York Jets head coaching job, despite being warned not to do so by athletic director Gene DeFilippo. He interviewed for the position, and was fired the next day. He only completed two years of his five-year contract with Boston College. The Jets ultimately hired Rex Ryan, who was previously the defensive coordinator and assistant head coach for the Baltimore Ravens.
### Tampa Bay {#tampa_bay}
Jagodzinski was hired as the offensive coordinator of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on January 29, 2009, following the promotion of Raheem Morris, who had been elevated to head coach following Jon Gruden\'s departure. On September 3, 2009, the day before the team\'s final preseason game, the Buccaneers announced that they had dismissed Jagodzinski from his role and replaced him with quarterbacks coach Greg Olson. The firing came due to concerns about Jagodzinski\'s ability to communicate plays in a timely manner. He had been asked by the head coach to provide details to the team\'s offensive play calling, however he was unable to provide familiarity with the Tampa Bay playbook, (deferring to a subordinate to answer questions), thus exposing his over reliance on subordinates. Morris offered to let him stay on as quarterbacks coach, but Jagodzinski declined.
### Omaha Nighthawks {#omaha_nighthawks}
On April 15, 2010, when the United Football League announced the franchise which would be known as the Omaha Nighthawks, Jagodzinski was introduced as the team\'s first head coach. He was fired January 3, 2011, after posting a 3--5 record in his lone campaign with the team. The Nighthawks started 3--1, yet finished 0--4 in the final weeks of the 2010 UFL season. He was replaced by Joe Moglia.
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# Jeff Jagodzinski
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
### Return to college coaching {#return_to_college_coaching}
After serving a season as wide receiver coach at Ave Maria University, he took the position of offensive coordinator at Georgia State University under Trent Miles.
### XFL
On May 25, 2019, Bob Stoops hired Jagodzinski to be the offensive line coach for the Dallas Renegades.
On March 9, 2020, Jagodzinski was promoted to offensive coordinator after previous OC Hal Mumme suffered an injury in a collision with a player and accepted an advisor role with the team.
### Kentucky
On November 15, 2020, Jagodzinski was hired to coach Kentucky\'s offensive line for the remainder of the 2020 season after previous offensive line coach John Schlarman died
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# Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro
**Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro** (Almada, 21 November 1857 -- Lisbon, 6 November 1929), who is usually referred to as **Columbano**, was a Portuguese Realist painter. Usually considered the greatest Portuguese painter of the 19th century, he has been compared to the likes of Wilhelm Leibl and John Singer Sargent.
## Life and work {#life_and_work}
Columbano was born in Cacilhas, Portugal. He was the son of romantic painter, Manuel Maria Bordalo Pinheiro, and the younger brother of the great caricaturist, Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro. He became the leading painter of his generation and the master of realism in Portuguese painting, specializing in portraiture. He was disciple of his father, of the painter Miguel Ângelo Lupi and the sculptor Simões de Almeida. After attempting twice for a bursar to study abroad finally in 1881 the Countess of Edla, second wife of King Ferdinand II would finance his study in France. There he studied the work of French naturalist, realist and impressionist painters, like Courbet, Manet and Degas without losing his distinctive style which is often gloomy and intimist.
He was the co-founder of the \"Grupo do Leão\" (The Lion\'s Group), a usual meeting of artists, writers and intellectuals in a Lisbon downtown restaurant called \"Leão de Ouro\" (The Golden Lion) in order to discuss aesthetic issues and proclaim Naturalism against the academic art of the time. The group also included his brother Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro, Silva Porto, Marques de Oliveira and José Malhoa.
He painted portraits of some of the greatest names of Portuguese society and culture of his time like José Maria de Eça de Queiroz, Teófilo Braga, Raul Brandão and had great psychological accuracy in defining the personality of those depicted. His most famous portrait was that of the poet Antero de Quental in 1889. In this haunting work Columbano seems to have anticipated Antero\'s suicide.
Columbano was a well known Republican, so it wasn\'t surprising that after the Republic proclamation, in 1910, he was invited to design the flag of the new regime and was nominated director of the National Museum of Contemporary Art, currently the Chiado Museum, in Lisbon, of which he was in charge from 1914 to 1927.
The best collection of his paintings is in the Chiado Museum, in Lisbon. He\'s also represented in some of the finest Portuguese museums, like the National Museum Soares dos Reis, in Porto, which houses An Amateur Concert (1882).
## Selected portraits {#selected_portraits}
Image:Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro 005.jpg\|Antero de Quental (1889) Image:Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro_002.jpg\|Manuel Gustavo Bordalo Pinheiro (1884) Image:Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro 008.jpg\|Teófilo Braga (1917) <File:Os> Presidentes de Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro.jpg\|Manuel de Arriaga (c
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# Amy Lamé
**Amy Lamé** (née **Caddle**; born 3 January 1971) is an American-British performer, writer, and TV and radio presenter. She is known for her one-woman shows, her performance group Duckie, and LGBT-themed media works.
She was appointed by the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, as the city\'s first \"Night Czar\" in November 2016, with the responsibility of promoting London\'s varied nightlife both in the UK and internationally, including safeguarding venues across the city.
## Biography
Amy Lamé was born and raised in Keyport, New Jersey, and moved to London in 1992.
She is a lesbian and is married to Jennie (née Hogan), her partner since 1995.
## Career
### Radio
Lamé presented alongside Danny Baker on BBC London\'s afternoon show which aired 3--5pm from Monday to Friday. On 1 November 2012, it was reported by Danny Baker that the show had been axed and that Lamé earned £50 per episode.
She was the co-founder and co-presenter of HomoLab, a weekly queer cultural and current affairs podcast, which ran from December 2010 to June 2014.
Having sat in for a number of DJs on BBC Radio 6 Music (including Tom Ravenscroft, Lauren Laverne, Nemone, and Steve Lamacq), Lamé began hosting her own weekly Sunday show on the station from January 2018, replacing *Jarvis Cocker\'s Sunday Service*.
### TV
Lamé was a presenter on the BBC 2 show GaytimeTV for 3 series and then went on to create and host her own panel game-show, *The Staying in Show* for Channel 4. Lamé has appeared on ITV reality show *Celebrity Fit Club*. She was a panellist on *Loose Women* in 2004 and *CelebAir*, and on *Market Kitchen*. She was the mentor for LGBTQ teenagers on Channel 4\'s *My Big Gay Prom*.
In 2009, she appeared in a *Doctor Who* related documentary titled *Look 100 Years Younger*, included on the DVD release of The Twin Dilemma, in which she discussed with actor Colin Baker the various costumes worn by the character of the Doctor over the decades. In 2012 she appeared on Channel 4\'s live satirical comedy/news programme *10 O\'Clock Live* to discuss the current state of the National Health Service.
### Writing
Lamé has contributed short stories to the anthology *Typical Girls*. She also writes regular features on culture, travel, and food for *The Times*.
### Duckie and other works {#duckie_and_other_works}
In 1995, Lamé, with Simon Strange, co-founded the Olivier-award-winning queer performance-club-night and collective Duckie, which she hosts every Saturday night at the Royal Vauxhall Tavern, a historic gay venue in Vauxhall. In 1996 she curated, produced and hosted Keep The Faith at Tate Britain which explored the links between the gallery\'s permanent collection and faith. She commissioned new work to be shown in the gallery for one night only including an interactive performance installation tea party with 30 Anglican priests; Joshua Sofaer\'s tale of meeting his Jews for Jesus missionary namesake, Joshua Sofaer, in Namesake: The Story of a Name; Jonathan Allen/Tommy Angel\'s performance exploring evangelism and belief using magic and illusion; and a Buddhist tour of the gallery. The event had the highest ever recorded number of participants -- over 5,000 -- for a *Late at Tate*.
In 1996, her second one-woman show, *Cum Manifesto*, a show about safer sex for gay men, debuted on Hampstead Heath and toured to gay male cruising grounds around the UK and Scandinavia. Working with the Duckie collective in 1997, Lamé produced and hosted The World\'s First Lesbian Beauty Contest.
In 2006, Lamé created her third one-woman show *Amy Lamé\'s Mama Cass Family Singers*. The show debuted at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and was later performed at the Soho Theatre, London, toured the UK and performed at The Powerhouse, Brisbane, Australia
She made her stage debut in her first one-woman show *Gay Man Trapped in a Lesbian\'s Body* as part of ICA London\'s \'Spring Exhibitions\' programme.
She founded the social enterprise Pom Pom International and has held pom-pom-making parties at Duckie, London\'s Lesbian and Gay Festival 2008 and in Northern Ireland where she held the \'Pom-poms for Peace Project\'.
### London Night Czar {#london_night_czar}
On 4 November 2016, London Mayor Sadiq Khan announced that Lamé would become the first London night czar and would be tasked with ensuring that London continued to thrive as a 24-hour city. She was initially awarded a salary of £116,925 per year for the role and was given a 40% pay increase in 2023. Shortly after her appointment, she was praised by Khan for her role in negotiating the reopening of the Fabric nightclub. During her tenure, London was heavily impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic and its night time economy declined significantly. Data showed that between March 2020 and December 2023, 3,011 night economy businesses in and around the capital closed, the steepest fall for any English region.
Her role and the ability for the London Assembly to hold her to account was a source of confusion, given that she was classed as a GLA member of staff and therefore could not be scrutinised by the Liberal Democrats, Conservatives, or the Greens in the London Assembly. In October 2024, Lamé\'s resignation from the role of night czar was announced. The news came in the wake of heavy criticism of her perceived inaction in the role.
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# Amy Lamé
## Politics
Lamé is an active member of, and fundraiser for, the Labour Party.
She is mentioned in Sarah Brown\'s memoir *Behind the Black Door* (2011), where she details Lamé\'s hen night celebrations in Downing Street.
From May 2010 to May 2011, she held the ceremonial role of Mayoress of Camden alongside the Mayor, Councillor Jonathan Simpson.
In 2014, Lamé sought nomination to be the Labour candidate for the South London seat of Dulwich and West Norwood. She was unsuccessful, losing to Helen Hayes.
In October 2018, Lamé successfully managed to lobby Waitrose to change the name of its Gentleman\'s Smoked Chicken Caesar Roll, after arguing that it was sexist.
### Controversies
Shortly after her appointment in November 2016, Lamé was ordered to delete a number of offensive tweets about the Conservative Party, which included celebration of the death of Margaret Thatcher and fantasies of assaulting David Cameron and Sayeeda Warsi.
In July 2018, Lamé was criticised by prominent music industry figures such as Four Tet and Andy Peyton after Hackney Council voted to make new businesses close at 11pm under new licensing laws.
In March 2019, after live music venue The Social was saved from closing after a fundraising campaign, figures such as Andrew Boff called Amy Lamé\'s role as night czar into question, arguing that the position is an ineffective job and should be scrapped.
In February 2020, it emerged that Lamé was paid an extra £1,000 out of Mayor of London Sadiq Khan\'s culture budget to host a drag act at Walthamstow Assembly Hall, which charged a £15 entry fee.
In January 2025, Lamé was criticised for setting up a 'global consultancy' company called \"24hr Cities\". Critics alleged she was seeking to profit from her experience as London Czar despite nightlife eroding during her tenure "while taking home a substantial salary"
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