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# Virgo Stellar Stream
The **Virgo Stellar Stream**, also known as **Virgo Overdensity**, is the proposed name for a stellar stream in the constellation of Virgo which was discovered in 2005. The stream is thought to be the remains of a dwarf spheroidal galaxy that is in the process of merging with the Milky Way. It is the largest galaxy visible from the Earth, in terms of the area of the night sky covered.
The stream was discovered from photometric data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, which was used to create a three-dimensional map of the Milky Way, using the colors and brightness of certain characteristic types of stars to estimate their distance (a method known as \"photometric parallax\"). The first suggestion of a new galaxy in Virgo was made in 2001 from data obtained as part of the QUEST survey, which used the one-metre Schmidt telescope at the Llano del Hato National Astronomical Observatory in Venezuela to search for RR Lyrae variable stars. Five were found in a clump with a right ascension near 12.4 hours, and the astronomers speculated that this clump was part of a small galaxy being \"cannibalised\" by the Milky Way.
The stream covers over one hundred square degrees and possibly as much as one thousand square degrees (approximately five percent of the hemisphere visible at any one time, or five thousand times the area of the full moon). Despite its proximity to the Solar System and the solid angle that it consequently covers, the stream contains only a few hundred thousand stars. The low surface brightness of the galaxy (possibly as low as 32.5 mag/arcmin^2^) may have militated against its detection in surveys before SDSS. The number of stars in the stream is not greatly in excess of a star cluster, and it has been described by a member of the team that discovered it as \"a rather pathetic galaxy\" in comparison to the Milky Way. Many of the stars have been known for centuries and thought of as normal Milky Way stars, although they have a lower metallicity than normal Population I stars in the Milky Way.
The stream lies within the Milky Way, approximately 10 kiloparsecs (30,000 light-years) from the Sun, and extending over a region of space at least 10 kpc across in three dimensions. It is close on the plane of the sky to the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, which was found in 1994 through a similar photometric analysis of a star survey. The Sagittarius Dwarf is another small galaxy which is also in the process of merging with the Milky Way; however, it is approximately 4 times further away than the stream, so the two are unlikely to be physically related, although it is possible that the Virgo Stellar Stream is a remnant left behind by the disruption of the Sagittarius Dwarf as it had orbited around the Milky Way. The Virgo Stellar Stream also resembles the Monoceros Ring, found in 2002, which has similarly been attributed to the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy merging with the Milky Way
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# Johannes Pfefferkorn
**Johannes Pfefferkorn** (original given name **Joseph**; 1469, Nuremberg -- Oktober 22, 1521, Cologne) was a German Catholic theologian and writer who converted from Judaism. Pfefferkorn actively preached against the Jews and attempted to destroy copies of the Talmud, and engaged in a long running pamphleteering battle with humanist Johann Reuchlin.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born a Jew, possibly in Nuremberg, Pfefferkorn lived in Nuremberg and moved to Cologne after many years of wandering. After committing a burglary, he was imprisoned and released in 1504. He converted to Catholic Christianity in 1505 and was baptized together with his family.
## Writings concerning the Jews {#writings_concerning_the_jews}
Pfefferkorn became an assistant to the prior of the Dominican friars at Cologne, Jacob van Hoogstraaten, and under the auspices of the Dominicans published several pamphlets in which he tried to demonstrate that Jewish religious writings were hostile to Christianity.
In *Der Judenspiegel* (Cologne, 1507), he demanded that the Jews should give up the practice of what the Church deemed usury (lending money against interest), work for their living, attend Christian sermons, and do away with the books of the Talmud. On the other hand, he condemned the persecution of the Jews as an obstacle to their conversion, and, in a pamphlet, *Warnungsspiegel*, defended them against charges of murdering Christian children for ritual purposes. In *Warnungsspiegel*, he professed to be a friend of the Jews, and desired to introduce Christianity among them for their own good. He urged them to convince the Christian world that the Jews do not need Christian blood for their religious rites and advocated seizing the Talmud by force from them. \"The causes which hinder the Jews from becoming Christians,\" he wrote, \"are three: first, usury; second, because they are not compelled to attend Christian churches to hear the sermons; and third, because they honor the Talmud.\"
Bitterly opposed by the Jews on account of this work, he virulently attacked them in *Wie die blinden Jüden ihr Ostern halten* (1508); *Judenbeicht* (1508); and *Judenfeind* (1509). In his third pamphlet he contradicted what he had written earlier and insisted that every Jew considers it a good deed to kill, or at least to mock, a Christian; therefore he deemed it the duty of all true Christians to expel the Jews from all Christian lands; if the law should forbid such a deed, they do not need to obey it: \"It is the duty of the people to ask permission of the rulers to take from the Jews all their books except the Bible\....\" He preached that Jewish children should be taken away from their parents and educated as Catholics. In conclusion, he wrote: \"Who afflicts the Jews is doing the will of God, and who seeks their benefit will incur damnation.\" In the fourth pamphlet, Pfefferkorn declared that the only way to get rid of the Jews was either to expel or enslave them; the first thing to be done was to collect all the copies of the Talmud found among the Jews and to burn them.
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# Johannes Pfefferkorn
## Criticism of Hebrew texts {#criticism_of_hebrew_texts}
Convinced that the principal source of the obduracy of the Jews lay in their books, he tried to have them seized and destroyed. He obtained from several Dominican convents recommendations to Kunigunde, the sister of the Emperor Maximilian, and through her influence to the emperor himself. On 19 August 1509, Maximilian, who already had expelled the Jews from his own domains of Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, ordered the Jews to deliver to Pfefferkorn all books opposing Christianity; or the destruction of any Hebrew book except the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). Pfefferkorn began the work of confiscation at Frankfort-on-the-Main, or possibly Magdeburg; thence he went to Worms, Mainz, Bingen, Lorch, Lahnstein, and Deutz.
Through the help of the Elector and Archbishop of Mainz, Uriel von Gemmingen, the Jews asked the emperor to appoint a commission to investigate Pfefferkorn\'s accusations. A new imperial mandate of 10 November 1509, gave the direction of the whole affair to Uriel von Gemmingen, with orders to secure opinions from the Universities of Mainz, Cologne, Erfurt, and Heidelberg, from the inquisitor Jacob van Hoogstraaten of Cologne, from the priest (and former rabbi) Victor von Carben, and from Johann Reuchlin. Pfefferkorn, in order to vindicate his action and to gain still further the good will of the emperor, wrote *In Lob und Eer dem allerdurchleuchtigsten grossmechtigsten Fürsten und Herrn Maximilian* (Cologne, 1510). In April he was again at Frankfort, and with the delegate of the Elector of Mainz and Professor Hermann Ortlieb, he undertook a new confiscation.
Van Hoogstraaten and the Universities of Mainz and Cologne decided in October 1510 against the Jewish books. Reuchlin declared that only those books obviously offensive (as the *Nizachon* and *Toldoth Jeschu*) would be destroyed. The elector sent all the answers received at the end of October to the emperor through Pfefferkorn. Reuchlin reported in favor of the Jews; on 23 May 1510 the emperor suspended his edict of 10 November 1509 and the books were returned to the Jews on 6 June.
## Battle of pamphlets {#battle_of_pamphlets}
The ensuing battle of pamphlets between Pfefferkorn and Reuchlin reflected the struggle between the Dominicans and the humanists. Thus informed of Reuchlin\'s vote Pfefferkorn was greatly excited, and answered with *Handspiegel* (Mainz, 1511), in which he attacked Reuchlin unmercifully. Reuchlin complained to Emperor Maximilian, and answered Pfefferkorn\'s attack with his *Augenspiegel*, against which Pfefferkorn published his *Brandspiegel*. In June 1513, both parties were silenced by the emperor. Pfefferkorn however published in 1514 a new polemic, *Sturmglock*, against both the Jews and Reuchlin. During the controversy between Reuchlin and the theologians of Cologne, Pfefferkorn was assailed in the *Epistolæ obscurorum virorum* by the young Humanists who espoused Reuchlin\'s cause. He replied with *Beschirmung*, or *Defensio J. Pepericorni contra famosas et criminales obscurorum virorum epistolas* (Cologne, 1516), *Streitbüchlein* (1517). In 1520, Pope Leo X declared Reuchlin guilty with a condemnation of *Augenspiegel*, and Pfefferkorn wrote as an expression of his triumph *Ein mitleidliche Klag* (Cologne, 1521). Diarmaid MacCulloch writes in his book *The Reformation: A History* (2003) that Desiderius Erasmus was another opponent of Pfefferkorn, on the grounds that he was a converted Jew and therefore could not be trusted.
## Works
- *Der Judenspiegel* (*Speculum Adhortationis Judaicæ ad Christum*), Nuremberg, 1507
- *Der Warnungsspiegel* (*The Mirror of Warning*), year?
- *Die Judenbeicht* (*Libellus de Judaica Confessione sive Sabbate Afflictionis cum Figuris*), Cologne, 1508
- *Das Osterbuch* (*Narratio de Ratione Pascha Celebrandi Inter Judæos Recepta*), Cologne and Augsburg, 1509
- *Der Judenfeind* (*Hostis Judæorum*), ib. 1509
- *In Lib und Ehren dem Kaiser Maximilian* (*In Laudem et Honorem Illustrissimi Imperatoris Maximiliani*), Cologne, 1510
- *Handspiegel* (Mayence, 1511)
- *Der Brandspiegel* (Cologne, 1513)
- *Die Sturmglocke* (ib
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# Mount Rushmore (band)
**Mount Rushmore** was an American rock band in the late 1960s from San Francisco, California, United States, that played a heavy blues rock style with psychedelic elements. AllMusic described the outfit as \"also-rans of the San Francisco psychedelic era\". They were named after Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.
## History
The band formed in early 1967 at 1915 Oak Street, a large Victorian rooming house in the Haight-Ashbury district. The original members were Ed Levin (ex-Vipers), Warren Phillips (ex Blue House Basement), Thomas Dotzler, Mike Bolan and Danny Wei. Wei was soon replaced by Terry Kimble on bass guitar. In June and July 1967, they were featured on posters for shows at the Avalon Ballroom. In June 1967, Mount Rushmore played two sets at The KFRC Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival. In March 1968, Dotzler left to join local band Phoenix, and was soon followed by Phillips and Levin. Bolan and Kimble added Glenn Smith and Travis Fullerton to the line up and this line-up made two albums.
## Members on the recordings {#members_on_the_recordings}
- Mike Bolan --- \"Bull\" --- guitar
- Glenn Smith --- \"Smitty\" --- vocals, guitar
- Travis Fullerton --- drums, percussion
- Terry Kimble --- bass
Warren B. Phillips was the former lead singer of the band, and wrote a few songs that were recorded by the band after he left.
Fullerton and Bolan continued musical careers. Mike Bolan and Glenn Smith were previously members of The Fabulous Shadows, a band from Coeur d\'Alene, Idaho, between 1963 and 1968. Mike Bolan rejoined them later and they have been performing in Idaho on through 2005. Terry Kimble (deceased) was a member of the band Tony Vance and The Progress Hornsby 4 from Spokane, Washington, between 1967 and 1968.
## Albums
### *High on Mount Rushmore* {#high_on_mount_rushmore}
***High on Mount Rushmore***
------------------------------
Mount Rushmore
**Released**
**Recorded**
**Genre**
**Length**
**Label**
**Producer**
Reviews
:\* Produced by Ray Ruff, 1968, DOT Records DLP 25898 (there is a DJ only monophonic pressing, DOT 3898)
:# Stone Free (Jimi Hendrix) 3:57
:# Without No Smog (Glenn Smith, Mike Bolan) 5:27
:# Ocean (Warren B. Phillips) 4:07
:# I Don\'t Believe in Statues (Warren B. Phillips) 4:08
:# Looking Back (Glenn Smith, Mike Bolan, T. Fullerton, T. Kimball) 9:40
:# (\'Cause) She\'s So Good to Me (Bobby Womack) 3:35
:# Medley: 7:23
::\* Fannie Mae (B. Brown, M. Robinson)
::\* Dope Song (Glenn Smith)
:\* *Album dedicated to: \"The Love Burger Lady of Haight Street\" This album debuted at number 41 on the*Billboard\'\' national album chart.
### *Mount Rushmore \'69* {#mount_rushmore_69}
:\* Produced by Ray Ruff, 1969, DOT Records DLP 25934
:# It\'s Just the Way I Feel (Glenn Smith) 4:35
:# 10:09 Blues (Glenn Smith) 5:53
:# Toe Jam (Kimball, Fullerton, Bolan) 5:45
:# V-8 Ford Blues (Willie Lowe) 2:35
:# Love is the Reason (Dotzler, Phillips, Bolan, Levin, Esterlie) 3:55
:# I\'m Comin\' Home (Glenn Smith, Mike Bolan) 7:35
:# King of Earrings (Warren B. Phillips) 4:00
:# Somebody\'s Else\'s Games (Glenn Smith) 4:35
### *High On / \'69* {#high_on_69}
In 2002, a European CD was released by Lizard that combined the two albums, with the songs from the 1969 album included first
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# Mark Benson
**Mark Richard Benson** (born 6 July 1958) is an English former cricketer and umpire. A left-handed batsman, Benson played for Kent for 17 years and represented England in one Test match and one One Day International in 1986. He later took up umpiring and remained on the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires. In January 2016 he retired as an umpire.
## Early life {#early_life}
Benson was born in Shoreham-by-Sea, West Sussex, England. Benson\'s father Frank had played cricket for Ghana. The family settled in Kent and Mark was educated at Sutton Valence school, and worked for a time as a marketing assistant for Shell. He was a late starter in cricket, not taking up the game until the age of but he took up full-time cricket with Kent, \"with a fine reputation for facing fast bowling\" from his school days.
## Domestic playing career {#domestic_playing_career}
Benson made his first-class debut as a left-handed opening batsman in 1980 and was virtually an \"ever-present\" in the Kent side for the next fifteen seasons scoring over 18,000 runs (48 centuries) for the county. He was Kent\'s third highest aggregate run scorer in the post-war era and his batting average of 40.27 was the fourth highest for a major batsman in Kent\'s history (after Les Ames, Frank Woolley and Colin Cowdrey). He scored 1,000 runs in a season 12 times, with a best of 1,725 runs (average 44.23) in 1987. Benson played 268 One Day matches (5 centuries, 53 fifties, 6 \"man of the match\" awards) for Kent scoring 7814 runs at an average of 31.89. These included a man of the match-winning century as Kent won a NatWest Trophy semi final in 1984, although they lost in the final to Middlesex.
For the 1991 Benson was appointed captain of Kent and on his first day as captain he scored a career best 257 against Hampshire. Under his captaincy Kent were runners-up in the County Championship in 1992, Sunday League champions in 1995 (runners up in 1993) and Benson & Hedges Cup finalists in 1992 and 1995. At the end of the 1995 season Benson was forced to retire due to a knee injury.
Overall, Benson scored a century every 10.23 innings, the third highest rate for Kent, including a century in each innings v Warwickshire in 1993. Benson and Neil Taylor scored the highest opening partnership (300) for Kent v Derbyshire in 1991. Brian Luckhurst named Benson as Kent\'s greatest post war opening batsmen and referred to him as \"His generation\'s unsung hero.\"
## International playing career {#international_playing_career}
In 1986 Benson played one Test Match for England against India and one ODI against New Zealand. He was initially called up as a replacement after an injury to Wayne Larkins. He was plunged into a crisis at the start of his only Test match, being at the wicket as England lost two wickets without a run on the board, but helped England to a draw, ending a run of seven successive Test defeats.
In 1993, Benson captained an England XI in two limited-over matches against the Netherlands, top-scoring for his side in both matches with 61 and 58, his team winning the first match, and losing the second. These matches however were not accredited one-day internationals.
Huw Turbervill, editor of The Cricketer, wrote that he interviewed Benson, thinking that he had been harshly treated by the England selectors. \"Had he been badly treated, I asked him? "God no!" he told me. "There were some good openers about. Graham Gooch \... Chris Broad, Tim Robinson, Wayne Larkins, Martyn Moxon, Graeme Fowler, Kim Barnett and Gehan Mendis." I was taken aback by what I perceived to be his lack of ambition \... But then I figured\... Raised in Lagos, Ghana, Benson did not start playing cricket until he was 12/13. To then go on and represent his country (not to mention being a fantastic performer for Kent \... was a phenomenal achievement.\"
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# Mark Benson
## Umpiring career {#umpiring_career}
After retiring as a cricketer, Benson became an umpire, making his first-class umpiring debut in 1997 and standing in international matches for the first time in 2004. He stood in eight matches in the 2007 Cricket World Cup. In September 2007, he was nominated for the ICC Umpire of the Year Award after just one full season on the panel.
In April 2006, having stood in eight Tests and twenty-four one-day internationals, Benson became one of three umpires promoted from the Emirates International Panel of Umpires to the Emirates Elite Panel of Umpires. He also stood in the 2007 World Twenty 20 final in Johannesburg, South Africa.
Whilst umpiring the second Test between South Africa and India at Durban on 28 December 2006 Benson had to leave the field, after suffering from heart palpitations.
In the Sydney Test between Australia and India in January 2008, Benson umpired alongside Steve Bucknor in a match that featured contentious umpiring and allegations of poor player behaviour. Many of the controversial umpiring decisions in the match were reported to have gone against the Indians. India\'s team manager \"said his players were \"agitated and upset\" \[by the\] \"incompetent umpires here\"\... \[and hoped\] \"that they will not officiate again in the series.\"
Later in 2008, Benson made history in the 1st Test in Sri Lanka, being the first umpire to be asked to refer a decision. When Tillakaratne Dilshan asked for the umpire Mark Benson\'s decision to give him out caught behind to be reviewed, the English official changed his verdict when the television replay umpire Rudi Koertzen could not say conclusively that the ball had hit his bat or the ground on the way through to the Indian wicketkeeper.
Benson withdrew in the middle of the second Test match in November 2009 between Australia and the West Indies, amid speculation that he was upset with the referral system when one of his decisions was overturned. The ICC denied this, saying that Benson was ill.
On 5 February 2010 it was announced that Benson was retiring from international cricket umpiring, but would continue to umpire domestic cricket in England. In January 2016 he retired as an umpire, having suffered a back injury that required surgery
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# Lusatian Alliance
The **Lusatian Alliance** (*Lausitzer Allianz*, *Łužiska Alianca*, *Łužyska Alianca*), formerly the **Wendish People\'s Party** (Upper and Lower Sorbian: *Serbska Ludowa Strona*, SLS; *Wendische Volkspartei*) is a political party founded on 26 March 2005 in Cottbus to represent the Sorb/Wendish ethnic and linguistic minority (around 60,000 people) in the German states of Saxony and Brandenburg in the region of Lusatia. At its third party congress of 26 April 2010 in Cottbus, the party changed its name to the Lusatian Alliance. The party is a full member of the European Free Alliance.
## Historical background {#historical_background}
The party founders consider it a successor of the Lusatia People\'s Party founded in 1919 (renamed *Wendish People\'s Party* in 1924) which was dissolved by the Nazi regime.
## Electoral participation {#electoral_participation}
The party arose to take part in the 2008 municipal and district elections, the 2009 Land (state) elections in Brandenburg and the 2009 municipal and regional elections in Saxony. The Wendish Popular Party has been criticised by many Sorbs, for example the Domowina, as it is felt that the group could be better represented by Sorbs within the existing German parties.
### Threshold exemption {#threshold_exemption}
Another party representing ethnic minorities at state level, the South Schleswig Voter Federation of Danes and Frisians, has gained regional and local representation in the state of Schleswig-Holstein, where it enjoys an exemption from the electoral threshold of 5% thanks to a German-Danish treaty of 1955. A similar exemption is mentioned in the Brandenburg constitution for the Sorb/Wendish minority, but not in Saxony. Accordingly, the party leaders have said that they need 7,000 votes in Brandenburg to gain a seat in the Landtag of Brandenburg.
### 2008 Municipal and district elections in Brandenburg {#municipal_and_district_elections_in_brandenburg}
For the 28 September 2008 local elections in Brandenburg, the party took part in the Spree-Neiße Kreis (district) elections on a ticket with the Klinge Runde Citizens Initiative as «Bürger für die Lausitz -- Klinger Runde». The ticket gained two seats - out of 50 - at the district assembly. In several municipalities in the same district it had some candidates for the municipal elections
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# Gose (river)
The **Gose** is a small river in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Abzucht. The river is 7.1 km long with a drainage basin of 10 km2. Its source lies north of Auerhahn in the Harz Mountains, on the eastern slopes of Bocksberg. The river runs towards the northeast through a steep and narrow valley and meets the Abzucht on the western edge of Goslar, which is named after the river. Its water was once used in the brewing of the traditional Gose beer
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# Augustus Hooper
**Augustus Frederick Garland Hooper** (1814-December 30, 1866) was a merchant, timber dealer and political figure in Canada West.
He was born in Devonshire, England in 1814 and came to Quebec City with his family in 1819. In 1843, he moved to Newburgh and established the firm A & D Hooper with his brother, Douglas. In 1861, he was elected to the 7th Parliament of the Province of Canada, representing the Counties of Lennox & Addington. He had been reeve in Camden Township, and became warden for Lennox and Addington in 1866. He died in the same year while still in office.
His brother Edmund represented Lennox in the House of Commons of Canada
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# Kroaz Du
The ***Kroaz Du*** (Black Cross, *Croix Noire*) is a flag of Brittany, used as an emblem of the independent duchy in the late Middle Ages. In the Breton language, *kroaz* means cross and *du* means black.
## Origins
There is uncertainty about the chronology of its origins. It clearly evolved from the flags of the Crusaders and some evidence shows that the black and white colors were taken from the ermine spots that formed the coat of arms of the dukes of Brittany (adopted early in the 14th century and also used as a standard called the plain ermine flag).
It is widely known that the warriors of the First Crusade used the emblem of the red cross (later known as the St George\'s Cross). Banners with crosses of distinct colors by nation were first used by Crusaders from about 1188. However, very few Breton barons joined that Third Crusade, so it is more probable that the earliest *Kroaz Du* was given to Peter I, Duke of Brittany by Pope Gregory IX in 1236 or 1237.
## Late medieval usage {#late_medieval_usage}
The black cross standard became widely used as the emblem of the Breton soldiers and as the flag for the ships from the end of the Hundred Years\' War in the 15th century. Belligerent armies then identified themselves with flags inherited from the Crusades: red cross on white for the English, white cross on blue or red for the French, black cross on white for the Bretons.
It was often combined with the ducal coat of arms, hence a flag with ermine spots in each quarter.
Some miniatures of the 15th century depict events of the previous century (at the beginning of the Hundred Years\' War) by representing Breton knights with the black cross, but it is not really known if the Bretons fought under this emblem during that century.
## Later use {#later_use}
The *Kroaz du* was the flag representing Brittany on nautical charts of the 16th century. After annexation of 1532, there was never any treaty of union, the admiralty of Brittany kept using the black cross flag for Breton ships (with a modified design).
It also remained the basis for the flags of Nantes and temporarily for those of Saint-Malo and Brest.
The black cross was largely forgotten after the French Revolution, but some Catholic groups and scouts used it again at the end of the 19th century.
This flag has been largely replaced by the *Gwenn ha du\]\]* during the 20th century. The latter is used by moderate nationalists and the general public, including the regional administration.
The *Kroaz du* has been revived since the late 1990s and was briefly regarded as an emblem of right-wing Breton nationalists (like Adsav), but it is now more and more popular. On the basis of medieval miniatures, a version of the flag was adopted as the emblem of the town of Guérande in 1999. It was also used to create the new flag of Saint-Nazaire in 2008.
## Similarity to other flags {#similarity_to_other_flags}
This flag is an exact negative of the flag of Cornwall, sometimes known as Saint Piran\'s Flag. The connections between Cornwall and Brittany are well documented but the historical links between the two flags, if any exist, are unknown.
The United Baltic Duchy flag is similar in appearance but is a Nordic Cross, rather than an equilateral cross
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# Gavarnie Falls
The **Gavarnie Falls** (French: **Grande Cascade de Gavarnie**) is a tiered waterfall in France. With its overall drop of 422 metres, it is the highest waterfall in mainland France. The falls are situated in the Cirque de Gavarnie, near the village Gavarnie in the Hautes-Pyrénées.
The waterfall is the beginning of the Gave de Pau stream. It is fed by a melting snow and a small glacier, located in Spain. This water seeps underground until it appears at the upper rim of waterfall. The average annual flow in the waterfall is 3 m^3^/s. In summer, when the snowmelt is most intense, it can reach up to 200 m^3^/s. In winter it sometimes freezes and stops flowing.
The waterfall has 2 - 3 steps; the height of the tallest drop is 281 m.
Image:Cirque et cascade de Gavarnie.JPG\|Cirque de Gavarnie, with the waterfall to the left <File:Gavarnie-Cirque.JPG%7CCentre> of the cirque in summer <File:Cirque_de_Gavarnie,_Haute-Pyrénées,_France
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# List of football clubs in Egypt
Football (soccer) clubs in Egypt Include:
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Name | 2020-2021 Division | City | Governorate | Number of years\ | Egyptian Premier\ | Egypt Cup titles | International Trophies |
| | | | | in Egyptian Premier League | League titles | | |
+============================+====================+======================+================+============================+===================+==================+========================+
| Al Ahly | Premier League | Cairo | Cairo | 59 | 43 | 39 | 25 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Zamalek | Premier League | Giza | Giza | 59 | 14 | 28 | 17 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Ismaily | Premier League | Ismailia | Ismailia | 55 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Tersana | 2nd Division | Giza | Giza | 44 | 1 | 6 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Ghazl El Mahalla | Premier League | El-Mahalla El-Kubra | El Gharbia | 44 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Mokawloon SC | Premier League | Cairo | Cairo | 29 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El-Olympi | 2nd Division | Alexandria | Alexandria | 39 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Ittihad El Sakndary | Premier League | Alexandria | Alexandria | 57 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al-Masry SC | Premier League | Port Said | Port Said | 57 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Haras El Hodood | 2nd Division | Alexandria | Alexandria | 11 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El-Teram | 3rd Division | Alexandria | Alexandria | 10 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| ENPPI | Premier League | Cairo | Cairo | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Mansoura SC | 2nd Division | Al Mansurah | Dakahlia | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Qanah FC | 2nd Division | Ismailia | Ismailia | 28 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Sekka El Hadid | 3rd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Suez SC | 2nd Division | Suez | Suez | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Minya FC | 2nd Division | El Minya | El Minya | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Tanta FC | 2nd Division | Tanta | Gharbia | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Aswan FC | Premier League | Aswan | Aswan | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El-Geish | Premier League | Cairo | Cairo | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Misr El Makasa | Premier League | Fayoum | Fayoum | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Smouha | Premier League | Alexandria | Alexandria | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Sharkia SC | 3rd Division | Zagazig | El-Sharqia | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Petrojet | 2nd Division | Suez | Suez | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Dakhleya | 2nd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El-Entag El-Harby | Premier League | Cairo | Cairo | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Wadi Degla | 2nd Division | Maadi | Cairo | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Gouna | Premier League | El-Gouna | Red Sea | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Telephonat Bani Sweif | 2nd Division | Beni Suef | Beni Suef | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Ittihad El-Shorta | 2nd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Damanhour | 2nd Division | Damanhur | Beheira | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Raja | 2nd Division | Marsa Matruh | Matrouh | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Pyramids | Premier League | Cairo | Cairo | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Nasr | 2nd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Nogoom | 2nd Division | Giza | Giza | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Petrol Asyut | 2nd Division | Asyut | Asyut | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Dessouk SC | 3rd Division | Dessouk | Kafr El Sheikh | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Asmant Suez | 2nd Division | Suez | Suez | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Sohag FC | 2nd Division | Sohag | Sohag | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Aluminium | 2nd Division | Nag Hammâdi | Qena | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El-Koroum | 2nd Division | Alexandria | Alexandria | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Nile Sohag | 2nd Division | Sohag | Sohag | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Grand Hotel | 3rd Division | Hurghada | Red Sea | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Maleyat Kafr El-Zayat Club | 2nd Division | Kafr El-Zayat | Gharbia | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Baladeyet El-Mahalla | 2nd Division | El-Mahalla El-Kubra | Gharbia | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Shams Club | 2nd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Menit El Naser | 3rd Division | Bani Ebeid | Dakahlia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Bani Ebeid SC | 2nd Division | Bani Ebeid | Dakahlia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Telecom Egypt SC | 2nd Division | El Hawamdeya | Giza | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Damietta SC | 3nd Division | Damietta | Damietta | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| BWADC SC | 3rd Division | Abu Hummus | Beheira | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El-Mareekh Club | 2nd Division | Port Said | Port Said | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Eastern Company | 3rd Division | Giza | Giza | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Gasco | 2nd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Ghazl El Suez | 3rd Division | Suez | Suez | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Fayoum FC | 2nd Division | Faiyum | Faiyum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Kafr El Sheikh FC | 2nd Division | Kafr El Sheikh | Kafr El Sheikh | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El-Plastic | 3rd Division | Shubra El Khema | Qalyubia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Marg SC | 3rd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Goldi SC | 3rd Division | Sadat City | Monufia | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El-Seid FC | 4th Division | Giza | Giza | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Beni Suef | 2nd Division | Beni Suef | Beni Suef | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Madinah | 3rd Division | Luxor | Luxor | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Port Said FC | 3rd Division | Port Said | Port Said | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Abu Qair Semad | 2nd Division | Alexandria | Alexandria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Sers Ellian FC | 2nd Division | Sers Ellian | Monufia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Luxor FC | 3rd Division | Luxor | Luxor | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Nasr Lel Taa\'den | 2nd Division | Edfu | Aswan | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Dekernes | 2nd Division | Dekernes | Gharbia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Dayrout | 2nd Division | Dayrout | Asyut | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Coca Cola | 2nd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Beila | 2nd Division | Biyala | Kafr El Sheikh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Media | 3rd Division | Giza | Giza | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Zarka | 2nd Division | Al Zarka | Damietta | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Tahta | 2nd Division | Tahta | Sohag | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Hammam | 2nd Division | Al Hammam | Mersa Matrouh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| National Bank Of Egypt | Premier League | Cairo | Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Ceramica Cleopatra | Premier League | Giza | Giza | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Salam | 2nd Division | Esna | Luxor | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Aluminium | 2nd Division | Nag Hammadi | Qena | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Badari | 2nd Division | Al Badari | Asyut | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Banha | 3rd Division | Banha | Qalyubia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Misr Insurance | 3rd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Shouban Qena | 2nd Division | Nag Hammadi | Qena | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Senbalawin | 3rd Division | Senbalawin | Gharbia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Olympic El Qanal | 3rd Division | Ismailia | Ismailia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Samanoud | 3rd Division | Samanoud | Gharbia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Wasta | 3rd Division | Beni Suef | Beni Suef | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Talkha Electricity | 3rd Division | Talkha | Dakahlia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Henawy | 3rd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Abou Sakal | 3rd Division | Arish | North Sinai | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Fanar | 3rd Division | Al Fanar | Port Said | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Jazeera | 2nd Division | Mersa Matruh | Matrouh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Rebat & Al Anwar | 3rd Division | Port Said | Port Said | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Walideya | 3rd Division | Asyut | Asyut | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Badr | 3rd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Belkas | 3rd Division | Belkas | Dakahlia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Beni Mazar | 3rd Division | Beni Mazar | Minya | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| BWADC | 3rd Division | Abu Hummus | Beheira | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Damietta | 3rd Division | Damietta | Damietta | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Dina Farms | 3rd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Horreya | 3rd Division | Mersa Matruh | Matruh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Tahrir | 3rd Division | El Tahrir | Aswan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Fayoum | 2nd Division | Faiyum | Faiyum | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Faqous | 3rd Division | Faqous | Sharkia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Gomhoriat Shebin | 2nd Division | Shebin El Koum | Monufia | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Ittihad Nabarouh | 3rd Division | Nabarouh | Dakahlia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Kahrabaa Ismailia | 3rd Division | Ismailia | Ismailia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| KIMA Aswan | 2nd Division | Aswan | Aswan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Manshiyat El Shohada | 3rd Division | Manshiyat El Shohada | Ismailia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Koum Hamada | 3rd Division | Koum Hamada | Beheira | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Minyat Samanoud | 3rd Division | Samanoud | Gharbia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| MS Naser Malawy | 3rd Division | Naser Malawy | Minya | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| MS Tala | 3rd Division | Tala | Monufia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| MS Talya | 3rd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Naser El Fekreia | 3rd Division | Naser El Fekreia | Minya | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Pharco | 2nd Division | Alexandria | Alexandria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Porto Suez | 3rd Division | Suez | Suez | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Said El Mahalla | 3rd Division | El Mahalla El Kubra | Gharbia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Sherbeen | 3rd Division | Sherbeen | Dakahlia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Maadi & Yacht | 3rd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| ZED | 2nd Division | Cairo | Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Wadi El Gedid | 3rd Division | New Valley | New Valley | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Quos | 3rd Division | Qus | Qena | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Aswan | 3rd Division | Aswan | Aswan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Al Gomhoreya Club Draw | 3rd Division | Aswan | Aswan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Abo Al Reesh | 3rd Division | Aswan | Aswan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| MS Edfu | 3rd Division | Edfu | Aswan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Esna Young Muslims | 3rd Division | Esna | Luxor | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| MS Al Radwaneya | 3rd Division | Al Radwaneya | Luxor | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Qeft | 3rd Division | Qena | Sohag | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| MS Al Minaa | 3rd Division | Red Sea | Red Sea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Maragha | 3rd Division | El Maragha | Sohag | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Akhmim | 3rd Division | Akhmim | Sohag | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| El Maragha Young Muslims | 3rd Division | El Maragha | Sohag | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Mecca | 3rd Division | Sohag | Sohag | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Ahli Al Monshaa | 3rd Division | Al Monshaa | Sohag | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Gerga | 3rd Division | Gerga | Sohag | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| MS El Belina | 3rd Division | El Belina | Sohag | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| MS Naga Mazen | 3rd Division | Naga Mazen | Sohag | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Heliopolis | 4th Division | Cairo | Cairo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| Sporting | 2nd Division | Alexandria | Alexandria | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+----------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+----------------+----------------------------+-------------------+------------------+------------------------+
| 2,982 |
List of football clubs in Egypt
| 0 |
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# Jacal
The **jacal** (`{{IPAc-en|h|ə|ˈ|k|ɑː|l}}`{=mediawiki}; Mexican Spanish from Nahuatl *xacalli* contraction of *xamitl calli*; literally \"hut\") is an adobe-style housing structure historically found throughout parts of the Southwestern United States and Mexico. This type of structure was employed by some aboriginal people of the Americas prior to European colonization and was later employed by both Hispanic and non-Hispanic settlers in Texas and elsewhere.
Typically, a jacal consisted of slim close-set poles tied together and filled out with mud, clay and grasses. More sophisticated structures, such as those constructed by the Ancestral Pueblo people, incorporated adobe bricks---sun-baked mud and sandstone.
Jacal construction is similar to wattle and daub. However, the \"wattle\" portion of jacal structures consists mainly of vertical poles lashed together with cordage and sometimes supported by a pole framework, as in the pit-houses of the Basketmaker III period of the Ancestral Puebloan (a.k.a. Anasazi) people of the American Southwest. This is overlain with a layer of mud/adobe (the \"daub\"), sometimes applied over a middle layer of dry grasses or brush which functions as insulation
| 175 |
Jacal
| 0 |
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# Shin Getter Robo vs Neo Getter Robo
is an anime OVA series based on the works of Go Nagai and Ken Ishikawa. It was released in four episodes on four DVDs ranging from December 2000 to June 2001.
*Shin Getter Robo vs Neo Getter Robo* draws heavily from Ken Ishikawa\'s manga *Getter Robo Go*. An anime adaptation of Getter Robo Go was made in 1991 but has no relation to Ishikawa\'s manga aside from sharing the titular robot and pilots (who were very different in their personalities and backgrounds). Neo Getter Robo features much more faithful versions of Ishikawa\'s characters, but with a new plot and new Getter.
Discotek Media announced the North American license to the anime on March 13, 2012, and plans on releasing the series to DVD and Blu-ray.
## Story
Neo Getter Robo is an alternate universe sequel to the original Getter Robo, in which the primary enemies were the Dinosaur Empire, the descendants of the few dinosaurs who survived extinction and hid deep below the Earth\'s surface, evolving into more humanoid forms. The prologue in the first episode shows a massive Dinosaur invasion of New York City. As Professor Saotome and Hayato rush to activate Shin Getter Robo, Musashi uses the original Getter to hold off the Dinosaurs. When it becomes clear that he cannot stop them under his own power, Musashi crushes the Getter Core, causing an explosion that wipes out almost all of the Dinosaurs, as well as all of Manhattan Island. Responding to the international outcry, the Japanese government banned Getter Energy research and took over Saotome Laboratories, subsidizing it as a self-defense branch called NISAR. Five years later, the Dinosaurs begin to rise again and Hayato, now a member of NISAR, begins recruiting a new Getter team.
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# Shin Getter Robo vs Neo Getter Robo
## Characters
### NISAR
**Gou Ichimonji** Voiced by Takahiro Sakurai- A 17-year-old orphan and the pilot of Neo Getter-1. He lost his family during the first Dinosaur invasion. He became an underground pit fighter to support himself. One day, a Dinosaur attacked him, and he was saved by Hayato, who wanted him to join the Getter team.
**Shou Tachibana** Voiced by Yū Asakawa- The pilot of Neo Getter-2. She has a highly analytical mind and tends to put more thought and strategy into her actions than her teammates. She is also a highly accomplished practitioner of kendo.
**Gai Daidou** Voiced by Toshiharu Sakurai- Gai is the pilot of Neo Getter-3. He tends to take most of the oddities of the Getter team in stride, trying to help Gou through them. He loves food, which is the reason for his portly figure.
**Hayato Jin** Voiced by Naoya Uchida- The former pilot of Getter-2 and current commander of NISAR\'s operations. Hayato is smart, savvy, and ruthless; he knows exactly how to handle the members of his team. An old wound prevents him from piloting. He is typically flanked by a pair of assistants, one of whom looks like an older Shou (with a gray streak in her hair) and a large, powerfully-built man.
**Professor Shikishima** Voiced by Jōji Yanami- This creepy, odd-looking scientist has a large, bent screw sticking out of his head. He builds new weapons and technology for Neo Getter Robo, though their reliability is questionable.
### Getter Team Allies {#getter_team_allies}
**Jack King** Voiced by Tamotsu Nishiwaki- Jack is the pilot of the US Super Robot, Texas Mack. He is proud, confident, and very patriotic, developing a friendly rivalry with Gou as they assist each other in different crises. Jack\'s Japanese is fairly poor, with strange emphasis, a heavy Texan accent, and a tendency to switch back to English mid-sentence.
**Mary King** Voiced by Chieko Atarashi- Jack\'s younger sister, she pilots Texas Mack\'s Hat Machine. Mary tends to be more polite and speaks much better Japanese (though still with a heavy Texan accent and strange emphasis). She and Shou are good friends. Mary handles the more technical operations for Texas Mack, allowing Jack to focus on fighting.
**Professor Saotome** Voiced by Kōsei Tomita- The discoverer of Getter Energy and creator of Getter Robo. After the Japanese government took over the Getter project, he was confined to his laboratory, where he spends his days further examining his old designs and keeping watch over Shin Getter Robo.
**Ryoma Nagare** Voiced by Hideo Ishikawa - The former pilot of Getter-1 and a master martial artist. Unlike the main Getter anime continuity, Ryoma was captured by the Dinosaurs and horribly tortured, which left him with severe physical and mental scars during the battle of New York. He left the Getter project after Musashi\'s death, but returned to help Saotome when the Dinosaurs attempted to destroy Shin Getter Robo.
**Musashi Tomoe** Voiced by Kiyoyuki Yanada- The late pilot of Getter-3, Musashi only appears in the first five minutes of the series. Piloting the original Getter Robo by himself to buy time for the activation of Shin Getter Robo, he fights the Dinosaurs in New York City. Ultimately overwhelmed by the sheer number of enemies, Musashi sacrifices himself and the Getter by crushing its power core, releasing waves of Getter Energy that destroy most of the Dinosaurs - along with most of New York City. Musashi dies in practically all of his appearances in the Getter saga, which has earned him the nickname \"Kenny\". Go Nagai has joked that he enjoys devising new ways to kill Musashi in each series.
**Michiru Saotome** and **Benkei Kuruma** - Two characters from previous Getter sagas, they make cameo appearances in the ending of Neo Getter\'s final episode. Michiru is Professor Saotome\'s daughter, who aided the Getter team by piloting the ship Lady Command. Benkei appeared in Getter Robo G as a little league coach who was recruited to replace Musashi as the third Getter pilot.
### Dinosaur Empire {#dinosaur_empire}
**Emperor Gol** Voiced by Kenji Utsumi- The supreme leader of the Dinosaur Empire, Gol believes that humans wrongfully usurped the dinosaurs\' place as the rulers of Earth when they were forced underground millions of years ago. He was almost completely destroyed when Musashi destroyed his Getter Core, but his minions spent the past five years rebuilding him as a cyborg with technology taken from an alien ship buried in Antarctica.
**General Bat** Voiced by Norio Wakamoto- The commander of the Dinosaur Empire\'s military forces. His most distinctive feature is the fact that his head is vaguely shaped like a bat (hence his name). Though he typically oversees military operations from a distance, he personally leads the attack on Saotome Labs in episode 3, hoping to destroy Shin Getter Robo.
**Advisor Gallery** Voiced by Mahito Tsujimura- The Dinosaur Empire\'s chief scientist, Gallery is in charge of the construction of the Mechasauruses. Much of his body consists of cybernetics, and he is the one who oversaw Emperor Gol\'s reconstruction. In episode 4 he pilots a Mechasaurus to battle the newly activated Shin Getter Robo.
**Neon** Voiced by Nobuyuki Hiyama- A loyal soldier in the Dinosaur Empire\'s military. He appears in episode 3, piloting a stolen Prototype Getter.
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# Shin Getter Robo vs Neo Getter Robo
## Mecha
### Neo Getter Robo {#neo_getter_robo}
Built by NISAR, Neo Getter was designed as the first Getter not to use Getter Energy, due to the ban on such research. Instead, Neo Getter runs on Plasma Power, which is powerful but still limited. It also differs from more traditional Getters in other ways, such as lacking a tomahawk weapon and Getter-2, but not Getter-1, being the flight-capable form. Visually, it combines aspects of both Getter Robo Go and Getter Robo G, the latter of which does not appear in this continuity.
- Neo Getter-1
The blue primary form of Neo Getter, Getter-1 is best suited to ground combat and is piloted by Gou Ichimonji. Its weapons include *Chain Knuckle*, similar to the traditional Rocket Punch but tethered by a long chain, and *Shoulder Missile*, fired from pop-up launchers on its backpack. Its strongest attack, *Plasma Thunder*, channels Neo Getter\'s Plasma Power into its hands, generating a cloud of seething energy that it throws at the enemy; however, this drains much of Neo Getter\'s power.
- Neo Getter-2
The pink, high-speed form of Neo Getter, Getter-2 can fly and excels at aerial combat. Its weapons include *Drill Arm Guns* and a *Drill Arm*, which can be used by a three-fingered hand that sprouts from the tip of its right drill. Its strongest attack is *Plasma Sword*, and like past Getter-2s, it can use its speed to evade and distract its enemies.
- Neo Getter-3
The black, super-strong form of Neo Getter, Getter-3 functions best underwater. In Tank Mode, its legs sprout treaded \"feet\" for faster ground movement. Its weapons include *Getter Tornado* and its ultimate attack *Plasma Break*, a bolt of Plasma lightning fired from the spikes on its back.
### Texas Mack {#texas_mack}
America\'s Super Robot, Texas Mack is modeled on the traditional cowboy. It is capable of flight, but can extend its range by riding *Pasture King*, a mechanical horse piloted by Jack\'s pet dog. Its main weapons are a pair of revolvers and its bare fists, as well as a lasso. When the situation turns bad, Jack pulls out his \"way too much high power man\" cannon, which is stored in a giant coffin-shaped container. At least two such cannons exist; one is hidden in the White House lawn, while the other is in the American embassy in Japan. Additionally, Texas Mack\'s Hat Machine is a fighter plane which can transform into a shield.
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# Shin Getter Robo vs Neo Getter Robo
## Mecha
### Shin Getter Robo {#shin_getter_robo}
The ultimate Getter, Shin Getter Robo was placed under heavy lock-down after the ban on Getter Energy research. Fearing its power, General Bat leads an attack on Saotome Labs to destroy it before it can be used, but this attack fails. In this series, Shin Getter can only be activated if the pilot has the will to use it; it wouldn\'t activate in the past until Ryoma sensed Musashi\'s death, and activated in the present because Gou feared for Shou and Gai\'s lives. Shin Getter most closely resembles the version from Super Robot Wars in both appearance and weapons.
- Shin Getter-1
The primary form of Shin Getter, it is capable of flight and can even burrow underground. Its main weapon is the *Double Tomahawk Lancer*, which can be used in melee combat or thrown. The *Getter Beam* fires a blast of concentrated Getter Energy, which is highly damaging to dinosaurs. This form is the most used form in Neo Getter.
- Shin Getter-2
The high-speed form of Shin Getter, it can fly briefly using its powerful engines and uses its speed to avoid enemy attacks. Its primary weapon is its giant *Drill Arm*, which can also be fired as the *Drill Missile*.
- Shin Getter-3
The high-power form of Shin Getter, it is best suited to underwater combat. Its main weapons are the *Getter Missiles* on its shoulders and the *Missile Bomb* in its rear section. Although only used briefly, Shin Getter-3 possesses the extendable arms of other versions.
- God Getter Robo
In Neo Getter, Shin Getter-1 can transform into a highly powerful form dubbed \"God Getter Robo\" (a play on the word Shin, meaning both \"True\" and \"God\" depending on the kanji used). This form resembles a bulky, dark blue version of Shin Getter-1 with red wings reminiscent of the original anime version of Devilman. God Getter also gains the \"pupils\" that are a trademark of Shin Getter in the other incarnations. In the anime, it defeats Emperor Gol in one punch; the Super Robot Wars series also gives God Getter Robo the *Stoner Sunshine* attack, possessed by other versions of Shin Getter Robo (Though this concession was lacking in Super Robot Wars GC).
### Getter Robo {#getter_robo}
The classic Getter Robo, it appears in the prologue only. **Getter-1**, its primary form, flies and uses its *Getter Tomahawk*, *Getter Wing* and *Getter Beam*. **Getter-2** uses speed as well as its *Drill Arm*. **Getter-3** uses its strength, as well as *Getter Missiles* and *Daisetsuzan Oroshi*, a Judo throw perfected by Musashi. Traditionally, Getter-1 is piloted by Ryoma and Getter-2 by Hayato, but in Neo Getter, Musashi pilots all three forms.
### Prototype Getters {#prototype_getters}
Appearing in episode 3, these half-completed Getters are stolen by Dinosaur Empire soldiers and used to fight Neo Getter. They seem to be incomplete prototypes for Getter Robo and Getter Robo G, using weapons from their forms. The most prominent Prototype Getter is used by Neon and resembles a combination of Getter-1 and Getter Dragon.
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# Shin Getter Robo vs Neo Getter Robo
## Mecha
### Mechasauruses
Mechasauruses are the primary weapon of the Dinosaur Empire. These bio-organic mecha take the shape of various animals, typically reptiles or amphibians, and are all piloted.
- **Mechasaurus Doba** - The enemy in the first episode of the series, it is piloted by the Dinosaur soldier who attempted to capture Gou. Its weapons include a pair of lizards inside its head, whose tails act as whips to thwart close-range attacks. It also uses an energy beam in its head, a heat beam in its mouth, and Rocket Punches, suggesting that Doba is a parody or homage to Mazinger Z. It is destroyed by Neo Getter-1\'s Plasma Thunder.
- **Mechasaurus Bull** - Appearing in the second episode, Bull was assigned to guard the Dinosaur Empire\'s asteroid cannon, which was bombarding the United States. As its name implies, it resembles a bull. Its main weapon is a pair of spike-like missiles fired from its chest. It is cut in half by Neo Getter-2\'s Plasma Sword.
- **Mechasaurus Moba** - Moba was part of a two-pronged attack; while Bull attacked America, Moba was sent to destroy NESAR\'s main base in Japan. This gigantic turtle\'s primary attack was the ability to shoot fireballs from its mouth. It was overturned by Neo Getter-3, then destroyed by a Plasma Break attack.
- **Mechasaurus Boar** - The personal machine of General Bat, Boar appears in the third episode after the failed attempt to destroy Shin Getter Robo. Boar\'s only weapons are a set of extending whips in its arms, which it uses to powerful effect. Disabled by Shin Getter-1\'s tomahawk, Bat grapples Shin Getter in an attempt to self-destruct and take the Getter with him, but Gou blasts him away with the Getter Beam.
- **Mechasaurus Gera** - Advisor Gallery\'s machine, Gera resembles a gigantic jellyfish. It has the ability to absorb any kind of energy, even Getter Energy, and turn it into electricity for attacks. Shou figured out that it had a set limit of energy it could absorb and instructed Gai to overload it with Shin Getter-3\'s Getter Missile Bomb attack, causing it to explode.
- **Super Emperor Gol** - Technically not a Mechasaurus, this is the form Emperor Gol takes in the final chapter of the OVA to battle the heroes. By striking himself with rays from four devices atop his ship, Gol enlarges himself to roughly twice Shin Getter-1\'s height, gaining three large horns on his head, a small face on his stomach, and a pair of bat-like wings beneath his cape. In addition to being physically superior to Shin Getter-1 and immune to the effects of Getter Rays, Gol was armed with a powerful energy cannon in his stomach, a cybernetic left arm that could project razor-sharp tendrils or reconfigure into an electrified mace, dark energy blasts fired from his horns and sides, and a powerful tail that could extend to bind his enemies. He overwhelmed Shin Getter-1, but the Getter Team\'s determination transformed it into God Getter Robo, which shrugged off Gol\'s attacks before defeating him with a single blow
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# Committed to a Bright Future
***Committed to a Bright Future*** is the fifth studio album by American metal band Dog Fashion Disco, released in 2003. Music videos were made for the songs \"The Acid Memoirs\",\"Grease\" and \"Love Song for a Witch\".
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### European release {#european_release}
The European release of *Committed* contained the bonus track \"China White\". It is a re-recorded version of a song that originally appeared on *Erotic Massage*, but with a different outro. This version also contains \"Grease\" as track fifteen, instead of in the hidden time. `{{track listing
| title14 = China White
| length14 = 2:32
}}`{=mediawiki}
All songs written by Dog Fashion Disco except \"Grease\", written by Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees.
- The song \"Déjà Vu\" is a version of song \"En La Noche\" from Experiments In Alchemy, but with alternate lyrics.
- The track \"Acid Memoirs\" heavily references Timothy Leary, mentioning him by name and including the lyrics \"*Tuning in and dropping out*\"
- \"Pogo the Clown\" (which originally appeared on *Experiments in Alchemy*) is about the infamous serial killer clown, John Wayne Gacy.
## Personnel
- Todd Smith -- vocals
- Greg Combs -- guitar
- Stephen Mears -- bass
- Mike \"Ollie\" Oliver -- drums (although he did not drum on the album)
- John Ensminger -- drums
- Jeff Siegel -- keyboards
- Matt Rippetoe -- saxophones, clarinet and flute (+ woodwind arrangements)
Additional personnel
- Matt Rippetoe -- Horns
- Drew Mazurek -- Producer, Engineer, Mixer
- Joe Lambert -- Mastering
- Jeff Cohen -- Legal Representation
- Paul Campanella -- Art Design & Layout
- Angela Boatwright -- Photography
- Paul Cicoria -- Title Design
- Derek Brewer -- Manager
Both Greg Combs and John Ensminger played on the album, but quit the band before it was released
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# Tonight Belongs to the Young
***Tonight Belongs To The Young*** is a compilation of remastered demos from the American band Pretty Boy Floyd. The tracks were originally supposed to be released as their second album on MCA Records in the early 1990s but did not surface until 2003.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Tonight Belongs To The Young
2. Hands Off My Radio
3. Far Away
4. Till The Real Thing Comes Along
5. Five Long Days
6. Restless
7. Hold On To Your Dreams
8. Stray Bullet
9. Heaven Must Be Missing An Angel
10
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# Cat and mouse
**Cat and mouse**, often expressed as **cat-and-mouse game**, is an English-language idiom that means \"a contrived action involving constant pursuit, near captures, and repeated escapes.\" The \"cat\" is unable to secure a definitive victory over the \"mouse\", who, despite not being able to defeat the cat, is able to avoid capture. In extreme cases, the idiom may imply that the contest is never-ending. The term is derived from the hunting behavior of domestic cats, which often appear to \"play\" with prey by releasing it after capture.
In colloquial usage, it has often been generalized to mean the advantage constantly shifts between the contestants, leading to an impasse or *de facto* stalemate. Furthermore, the term has been used to refer to the game hide-and-seek
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# Physalaemus
***Physalaemus*** is a large genus of leptodactylid frogs. These frogs, sometimes known as **dwarf frogs** or **foam frogs**, are found in South America. It is very similar to *Leptodactylus*, a close relative, and indeed the recently described *Leptodactylus lauramiriamae* is in some aspects intermediate between them
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# Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2005
**9th TFCA Awards**\
December 21, 2005
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Film:\
**A History of Violence**
The **9th Toronto Film Critics Association Awards**, honoring the best in film for 2005, were given on 21 December 2005.
## Winners
- **Best Actor:**
- Philip Seymour Hoffman -- *Capote*
- **Best Actress:**
- Laura Linney -- *The Squid and the Whale*
- **Best Animated Film:**
- *Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit*
- **Best Canadian Film:**
- *A History of Violence*
- **Best Director:**
- David Cronenberg -- *A History of Violence*
- **Best Documentary Film:**
- *Grizzly Man*
- **Best Film:**
- ***A History of Violence***
- **Best First Feature:**
- *Capote*
- **Best Foreign Language Film:**
- *The World* • China/Japan/France
- **Best Screenplay:**
- *The Squid and the Whale* -- Noah Baumbach
- **Best Supporting Actor:**
- Paul Giamatti -- *Cinderella Man*
- **Best Supporting Actress:**
- Catherine Keener -- *Capote*
The TFCA has honoured Andy Serkis with a special citation for his work helping to realize the main character in *King Kong*
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# African Rite
In the history of Christianity, the **African Rite** refers to a now defunct Christian, Latin liturgical rite, and is considered a development or possibly a local use of the primitive Roman Rite. Centered around the Archdiocese of Carthage in the Early African church, it used the Latin language.
The African Rite may be considered in two different periods: The ante-Nicene period when Christians were persecuted and could not freely develop forms of public worship, and when the liturgical prayers and acts had not become fixed; and the post-Nicene period when the simple, improvised forms of prayer gave way to more elaborate, set formularies, and the primitive liturgical actions evolved into grand and formal ceremonies.
## Background
The African liturgy was in use not only in the old Roman province of Africa of which Carthage was the capital, but also in Numidia and Mauretania \-- in fact, in all of Northern Africa from the borders of Egypt west to the Atlantic Ocean, meaning the Early African church, centered around the Archdiocese of Carthage.
Christianity was introduced into proconsular Africa in the latter half of the 2nd century AD, probably by missionaries from Rome, and then spread rapidly through the other African provinces.
Although the language of the African Rite was Latin, it was modified by the introduction of many classical \"Africanisms\". Since it had been in use for at least more than a century before the Roman Church changed its official liturgical language from Koine Greek to the Latin idiom, it is probably the oldest Latin liturgical rite.
Since the African Church was dependent upon the bishopric of Rome, and since there was constant communication between Africa and Rome concerning ecclesiastical affairs, it may be supposed that liturgical questions were raised, different customs discussed, and the customs or formulas of one church adopted by the other.
A study of the African liturgy might thus be useful in tracing the origin and development of the different Latin liturgical rites, and to determine how one rite influenced (often enriched) another. The African liturgy seems to have influenced the Mozarabic and Gallican liturgies---similarities in phraseology show a common antique origin or a mutual dependence of the liturgies (possibly Antiochene and Coptic).
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# African Rite
## Ante-Nicene period {#ante_nicene_period}
No liturgical codices are extant - these were all lost due to the destruction of the Islamic invasion and due to the relatively rural character of the African regions, making the reconstruction of the ancient African liturgy difficult. Quotations and references from liturgical books and ceremonies are rare in the works of the early ecclesiastical writers and councils.
However, various sources illuminate customs which were peculiar to the African Church, as well as what formularies and ceremonies were common to all the Western churches:
- Two writers \-- Tertullian and St. Cyprian \-- furnish useful information on the African liturgy. Tertullian\'s writings are especially rich in descriptions of, and allusions to, ecclesiastical customs.
- The acts of the early martyrs, for example Saints Perpetua and Felicitas, are also illustrative.
- Finally, inscriptions on Christian (graveyard) monuments provide evidence on the beliefs and practices of the time.
### Prayers
Christians\' prayers were either private or liturgical. Privately they prayed every morning and evening, and many of them prayed frequently during the day---for example, at the third, sixth, and ninth hours, before meals, and before undertaking any unusual work or enterprise. The liturgical prayers were said chiefly during the reunions of the faithful to observe the vigils, or to celebrate the Agape feast and the Holy Eucharist (Mass).
These Christian assemblies in Africa seem to have been modelled on the same plans as those in other countries. To a certain degree, they imitated the Word services of the Jewish synagogue (including the solemn chanting of the readings), adding to it the Eucharistic service and some institutions specific to Christianity.
These gatherings were characterized by three elements: psalmody, the reading of passages from the Old and New Testaments, and prayer, to which a homily on the Scripture was generally added by the deacon, priest or bishop. Such meetings were sometimes distinct from the Mass, but sometimes they formed a preparation for the celebration of the divine mysteries.
The Church priests presided over the assembly, instructions and exhortations were given, prayers recited for the needs of the Church, the necessities of the brethren were considered and provided for, and various business pertaining to the Christian community was transacted, and finally, the Agape feast was probably - until entirely disappearing in the early 3rd century - celebrated as a fitting conclusion to a reunion of Christ\'s followers. The Agape feast seems to have been celebrated in Africa in the same manner as in other countries, and to have degenerated into an abuse to be suppressed here, as well as elsewhere. (Already the Apostle Paul condemned its abuses; these condemnations led to this custom to be suppressed by the apostolic Church or their immediate early successors.)
These liturgical meetings generally took place at night, or just before dawn, and hence Tertullian speaks of such an assembly as a *coetus antelucanus*, a \"meeting before the dawn\" (Apol., ii), while others speak of it as a vigil. The hour may have been chosen to enable Christians to evade their heathen persecutors, or to commemorate the time of the resurrection of Jesus.
The Christian liturgy, in a strict sense of the word, is the celebration of the Eucharist - involving unbloody sacrifice and a consummation. This generally followed the long prayers of a vigil. Traces of the ancient vigils survive in similarities with the preparatory part of today\'s Mass, or perhaps even more clearly in the first part of the Masses for the Ember days, or the Mass of the Pre-sanctified on Good Friday. Thus the Eucharist was celebrated very early in the morning ordinarily, and the regular day chosen for assisting at the Eucharist was on the - sacred - Sunday, in commemoration of the resurrection of Jesus.
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# African Rite
## Ante-Nicene period {#ante_nicene_period}
### Sabbath and feast days {#sabbath_and_feast_days}
The Sabbath, in the Jewish sense, was not observed by Christians during this early period. The Jewish festivals were also abandoned, as Tertullian (De idolatria, xiv) writes of the observance of festivals by Christians, \"to whom Sabbaths are strange, and the new-moons and festivals formerly beloved by God\". Sunday was now the Lord\'s day of the New Covenant, a day of rejoicing, on which it was forbidden to fast and to pray in a kneeling (penitential) posture: \"We count fasting or kneeling in worship on the Lord\'s day to be unlawful\". (Tert., De corona, iii.)
Since the resurrection of Jesus was honored on Sunday, it was only natural that Friday was considered appropriate for commemorating the passion and death of Christ. Hence the early Christians met for prayer on Friday, which was marked for meat abstinence and fasting in other Christian writings (Didache, Syria).
Christians also gathered on Wednesdays, but its origin as a meeting day cannot be accounted for. Tertullian referred to the Wednesday and Friday meetings as stations (*stationes*). In Africa, it appears to have been customary to celebrate the Eucharist on station days, although it does not seem to have been the practice in other churches. However, these were days of fasting in churches everywhere. Since fasting lasted only until the ninth hour, the liturgy would be celebrated and communion distributed about that time in the afternoon.
Of all Sundays, the feast of Easter was the greatest and was celebrated with special solemnity. Good Friday, called by Tertullian \"Pascha\", was a day of strict fasting which continued through Holy Saturday. Even though Good Friday was a preparation for the feast of Easter, it was the most solemn vigil during the year, and the one on which all vigils were modelled.
Holy Saturday does not seem to have had any special liturgical service assigned, the present service being the ancient Easter vigil anticipated. The Easter vigil may have been so solemnly observed because of the traditional belief that Jesus would return to judge the world on the feast of Easter, and early Christians hoped He would find them vigilant, prepared and praying.
Easter in Tertullian\'s time was followed by fifty days of rejoicing until Pentecost (gift of the Holy Ghost), which was considered the close of the Easter season rather than a solemn feast with a special significance.
In the 3rd century (200-300 AD), Lent, as a period of forty days fasting, was unknown in Africa. Of the greater feasts of the liturgical year, the earlier writers appear to know nothing \-- Christmas (Nativity), the Circumcision of Jesus, the Epiphany, the festivals of the Blessed Virgin and the feasts of the Apostles do not seem to have been celebrated in the African Church, or at least not with special solemnity.
Festivals of local Christian martyrs seem to have taken precedence over what are now regarded as the greatest feasts of the Church, and their anniversaries were celebrated with great solemnity long before the immovable feasts were introduced. Only at a much later date were commemorations of foreign saints made. The early Christians had a great devotion towards the martyrs and confessors of the Christian faith, carefully preserved and venerated their relics, made pilgrimages to their tombs, and sought to be buried as near as possible to the relics of the martyrs. Thus the calendar of the African Church in the ante-Nicene period contained a comparatively small number of feast days.
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# African Rite
## Ante-Nicene period {#ante_nicene_period}
### The Eucharist {#the_eucharist}
The most important liturgical function is the celebration of Mass, or the Eucharist. The African Church seems to have divided the Mass into the Mass of the catechumens, and the Mass of the faithful. Among the orthodox Christians, the catechumens were rigidly excluded from assisting at the propitiatory sacrifice of the Eucharist (Mass of the faithful).
Bread and wine were - and are - used as the matter of the sacrament, but a little water was already in early times added to the wine to signify the union of the people with Christ. St. Cyprian severely condemned bishops who used only water in the chalice, declaring that water is not the essential matter of the sacrifice and its exclusive use renders the sacrament invalid.
Both Tertullian\'s and St. Cyprian\'s writings have passages which seem to give the form of the Eucharist in the very words of Christ as quoted in Sacred Scripture. Sometimes there is great similarity between the African Rite\'s words and the phraseology of the still existing and still used Roman Canon. There are allusions to a Preface, the Sanctus, the \"commemoration\" of Jesus Christ, the Pater noster, and to different acclamations. These elements are found in all apostolic and early Christian liturgies.
Tertullian speaks often of the kiss of peace, and considers the ceremony very important. References are also made to a litany which was recited during the Mass, but no precise information is given concerning its place in the liturgy.
At Mass the faithful received holy communion under the species of bread from the bishop or priest, and under the species wine from the deacon holding the chalice, and each one, after receiving communion, answered \"Amen\" to profess his faith in the sacrament (Real Presence). Sometimes the faithful carried the Host home, and there communicated themselves, especially in times of persecution by the Roman Emperors.
Christians receiving Communion were expected to be fasting and free of serious sin. They practiced frequent Communion, especially during persecutions. It was considered sacrilegious for the consecrated bread or wine to fall on the ground or be touched by ordinary materials.
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# African Rite
## Ante-Nicene period {#ante_nicene_period}
### Baptism
Baptism, as the initiatory rite of Christianity, is mentioned frequently by the early writers; Tertullian wrote a special treatise on this sacrament, describing the preparation required for it, and the ceremonies accompanying it- \"The catechumens should prepare for the reception of baptism by frequent prayers, by fasts, and vigils.\" Although he usually speaks of the baptism of adults, he admits the baptism of infants but seems somewhat opposed to the practice, which was commended by St. Cyprian, the latter holding baptism of children to be essential for their eternal salvation.
Easter, or any day between Easter and Pentecost, was the time set for the solemn administration of baptism, but Tertullian declares that as every day belongs to the Lord it might be conferred at any time. He holds that it should be administered by the bishop, who, however, may delegate a priest or deacon to act in his place, although in certain cases he would permit laymen to baptize.
Any kind of water may serve as the matter of the sacrament, and the water is used to baptize the catechumen \"in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost\". The mode of baptizing was by triple immersion in a large font, which had already been blessed by a minister.
Many symbolic ceremonies accompanied the rite of baptism. Before the baptismal candidate entered the font, he renounced the devil and his angels. There was also a creed to be recited by the candidate for baptism, probably an African form of the Apostles\' Creed or an enriched version of the latter.
Tertullian gives several different forms of this rule of faith. After the neophyte ascended from the font he received a drink of milk and honey, and was then anointed with consecrated oil. Tertullian also states that the neophyte was signed with the sign of the cross, that he received the imposition of hands with the invocation of the Holy Ghost. This is a clear description of the sacrament now called confirmation or chrismation. According to Tertuallian\'s testimony, the newly baptized Christian would then immediately receive his first holy communion during the eucharistic liturgy.
Tertullian explains many of these ceremonies in his Treatise On the Resurrection (viii): \"The flesh indeed is washed in order that the soul may be cleansed; the flesh is anointed, that the soul may be consecrated; the flesh is signed (with the sign of the cross) that the soul too may be fortified; the flesh is shadowed with the imposition of hands, that the soul also may be illuminated by the Spirit; the flesh feeds on the Body and Blood of Christ, that the soul likewise may fatten on its God.\"
### Penance
The testimonies relating to the Sacrament of Penance describe the public penances imposed for grievous sins, and the absolution of the penitents after the public penances had been completed to the satisfaction of the Church.
Tertullian at first asserted that the Church had the power of forgiving all kinds of sins, but after becoming a Montanist he denied that this power extended to certain heinous crimes. Later, he ridiculed the practice of the Pope and the Roman Church, who did not deny absolution to any truly penitent Christian.
Though he writes sarcastically of the procedure in use in Rome in the time of Pope St. Callixtus, also describes seriously the manner in which a penitent sinner was absolved and readmitted into communion with the faithful. He narrates how the penitent, \"clothed in a hair-shirt and covered with ashes, appears before the assembly of the faithful craving absolution, how he prostrates himself before the priests and widows, seizes the hem of their garments, kisses their footprints, clasps them by the knees\", how the bishop in the meantime, addresses the people, exhorting them by the recital of the parable of the lost sheep to be merciful and show pity to the poor penitent who asks for pardon. The bishop prayed for the penitents, and the bishop and priests imposed hands upon them as a sign of absolution and restoration into the communion of the Church.
Elsewhere in his writings, Tertullian mentions doing penance in sack-cloth and ashes, of weeping for sins, and of asking the forgiveness of the faithful. St. Cyprian also writes of the different acts of penance, of the confession of sin, of the manner in which the public penance was performed, of the absolution given by the priest, and of the imposition of the hands of the bishop and priests through which the penitents regained their rights in the Church.
### Marriage
Tertullian speaks of the nuptial blessing pronounced by the Church on the marriage of Christians, asking \"how he could sufficiently extol the happiness of that marriage which is cemented by the Church, confirmed by the oblation, sealed with the benediction \[blessing\], which the angels proclaim, which is ratified by the Heavenly Father\". Christian marriage thus seems to have been celebrated publicly before the Church with more or less solemnity (including the offering of a special mass: *\"confirmed by the Oblation\"*), but the nuptial blessing would appear to have been optional and not obligatory, except perhaps by force of custom.
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# African Rite
## Ante-Nicene period {#ante_nicene_period}
### Ordination
Both Tertullian and St. Cyprian mention ordination and the various holy orders in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, but unfortunately do not give much information which is strictly liturgical. Tertullian speaks of bishops, priests, and deacons whose powers and functions are pretty well defined, who are chosen on account of their exemplary conduct by the brethren, and are then consecrated to God by regular ordination. Only those who are ordained, says St. Cyprian, may baptize and grant pardon of sins. St. Cyprian distinguishes the different orders, mentioning bishops, priests, deacons, sub-deacons, acolytes, exorcists, and lectors, and in describing the election of Pope St. Cornelius at Rome declares that Cornelius was promoted from one order to another until finally he was elected by the votes of all to the supreme pontificate (bishop of Rome). All the orders except the minor order of ostiary are enumerated by the early African writers. Both exorcists and lectors appear to have occupied a much more important liturgical position in the early ages in both African and Roman churches than in later times in the Roman Church. The exorcist, for example, was frequently called upon to exercise the power against the devil he had received at ordination. Tertullian speaks of this extraordinary power which was exercised in the name of Christ. Sometimes the exorcist used the rite of exsufflation, and sometimes, as St. Cyprian states, adjured the evil spirit to depart *per Deum verum* (by the true God). Lectors also had many liturgical functions to perform. The lector, for example, recited the lessons from the Old and New Testaments, and possibly even read (parts of) the Gospel from the pulpit to the people. In later ages his duties were divided, and some were given to the other ministers, some to regular chanters.
### Burial
Among other liturgical ceremonies the early writers often allude to the rites accompanying the burial of the dead, and particularly the entombment of the bodies of the martyrs and confessors. From the earliest times the Christians showed great reverence to the bodies of the faithful, embalmed them with incense and spices, and buried them carefully in distinctively Christian cemeteries. Prayers were said for the repose of the souls of the dead, Masses were offered especially on the anniversary of death and their names were recited in the Memento of the Mass (to alleviate possible temporal punishments these souls still possibly endured), provided that they had lived in accordance with Christian ideals. The faithful were taught not to mourn for their dead, but to rejoice that the souls of those departed in Faith and grace, were already living with God and enjoying peace and refreshing happiness after their earthly trials and labours. Tertullian, St. Cyprian, and the Acts of St. Perpetua, all give testimony to the antiquity of these customs. The cemeteries in Africa (called *areae*) were not catacombs like those in Rome, but above ground in the open air, and often had a chapel (*cella*) adjoining them, where the (sometimes secret) reunions of the faithful took place on the anniversaries of the martyrs and of the other Christians who were buried there. The inscriptions on the tombs often state that the departed had lived a life of Christian peace, *in pace vixit*, or often express their faith and hope of the faithful in a future life of happiness together with the Lord*\--spes in Deo\--in Deo vivas*.
St. Augustine in the 4th century also insists, that the normally dead Christian faithful should be prayed for during the Eucharist\'s Memento \"at our altars\", but forbade to pray for the martyrs - these heroes were believed to be immediately with God after their deaths.
### Ceremonial acts {#ceremonial_acts}
Finally, some ceremonial acts might be considered to which reference is often made by the early writers. Prayers were said sometimes kneeling, sometimes standing; for example, on Sundays, and during the fifty days following Easter, it was forbidden to kneel, while on fast days the kneeling posture was considered appropriate. The Christians prayed with the arms stretched out somewhat in the form of a cross. The sign of the cross was made very frequently, often on some object with the intention of blessing it, often on the forehead of Christians to invoke God\'s protection and assistance. Tertullian in his \"De Corona\" writes: \"At every forward step and movement, at every going in and out, when we put on our clothes and shoes, when we bathe, when we sit at table, when we light the lamps, on couch, on seat, in all ordinary actions of daily life, we trace upon the forehead the sign of the cross\". The early Christians were also accustomed to strike their breasts in sign of guilt and contrition for sin. Tertullian believed that the kiss of peace should be given often; in fact, that it should accompany every prayer and ceremony. Not only are there many ceremonial acts such as those just mentioned which existed in the 3rd century and have been preserved even to the present in the liturgy, but there are also many phrases and acclamations of the early African Church which have found a permanent place in the liturgical formularies. These expressions, and perhaps also the measured style in which they were composed, may have had considerable influence in the development of the other Latin liturgies.
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# African Rite
## Post-Nicene period {#post_nicene_period}
After Constantine I\'s Edict of Milan, granting freedom of worship to the Christian religion, and especially after the Council of Nicaea, there was a great development in the liturgy of the Church. It was only natural that for some time after the foundation of the new religion, its liturgy should contain only the essentials of Christian worship, and that in the course of time it should develop and expand its ritual according to the needs of the people. Moreover, the first period was an age of persecution and hence the ceremonial was necessarily curtailed. While gold, silver, incense and precious clothes for the ministers had their origins in the earliest time of the Church, they became increasingly more expensive, like the churches and chapels became large edifices instead of home or graveyard oratories. So when persecution ceased, the Church began immediately to expand her ceremony, changing and modifying the old forms and introducing new rites according to the requirements of public liturgical worship, so that the liturgy would be more dignified, more magnificent, and more impressive. In the beginning great liberty was allowed the individual celebrant to improvise the prayers of the liturgy, provided that he adhered to the strict form in essentials and followed the theme demanded, but at a later date, the Church felt the need of a set of formularies and fixed ceremonies, lest dogmatic errors should find expression in the liturgy and thus corrupt the faith of the people. In the 4th century all these tendencies to expansion and development are very noticeable in all the liturgies. This is true, also, of the Church in what is now called North Africa in the second period of the history of the African liturgy which embraces the fourth, fifth, sixth, and 7th centuries to the beginning of the 8th century, when Christianity in (North) Africa practically disappeared with the rise of Islam in the region. No liturgical books or codices belonging to this period are extant, so the liturgy must be reconstructed from contemporary writings and monuments. Of the writers of the period St. Augustine, bishop of Hippo (354-430) is richest in allusions to ceremonies and formularies, but St. Optatus, Marius Victorinus, Arnobius, and Victor Vitensis give some useful information. The inscriptions, which are more numerous in this period, and the archaeological discoveries also furnish some liturgical data.
The beginning of a real ecclesiastical calendar, with definitely fixed feasts and fasts, now appears. The great feast of Easter, upon which all the movable feasts depended, is celebrated with even greater solemnity than in the time of Tertullian. Before Easter there was a period of forty days\' preparation, devoted to fasting and other works of penance. The vigil of Easter was celebrated with the usual ritual, but the length of the offices seems to have been increased. The Paschal solemnity was followed by a season of fifty days\' rejoicing until Pentecost day, which, in the 4th century, appears to have a distinctive character as the commemoration of the descent of the Holy Ghost upon the Apostles rather than as the close of the Easter season. In Holy Week, Holy Thursday commemorated the institution of the Eucharist, and according to St. Augustine, besides the morning Mass, a Mass was also celebrated in the evening in order to carry out all the circumstances of the institution at the Last Supper. Good Friday was observed by attending the long liturgical offices, while Holy Saturday was celebrated in about the same manner as in the time of Tertullian. Ascension Day seems to have been introduced in the 4th century (though possibly earlier in churches elsewhere), but in the time of St. Augustine it was already universally observed. As for the immovable feasts, Christmas and Epiphany, which were unknown or seemed unimportant to Tertullian, were celebrated already with the greatest solemnity in the early 5th century. The first of January was observed not as the feast of the Circumcision, but as a fast day which had been instituted for the purpose of turning the people away from the celebration of the pagan festivities which still took place at that time of the year by the still numerous pagans of the Roman Empire. (Only after 389 AD would the pagan 1 January festivals cease.) Feasts of other than local saints were introduced, for instance, immediately after Christmas, the feast of St. Stephen the Proto-Martyr, of the Holy Innocents of Bethlehem and of Sts. James and John, and later in the year, the feasts of St. John the Baptist, of Sts. Peter and Paul, of the holy Maccabees, of St. Lawrence, St. Vincent, etc. The festivals of the local martyrs were celebrated with even greater solemnity than in early times, and were often accompanied by luxurious secular feasting after the church services (drinking, singing and eating) which was frequently condemned in some sermons of the time, on account of abuses. When such a large number of feasts was annually observed, it was to be expected that a list or calendar would be drawn up, and, in truth, a calendar was drawn up for the use of the Church of Carthage in the beginning of the 6th century, from which very important information concerning the institution and history of the great feast days may be obtained.
When Christianity received legal recognition in the Roman Empire (313 AD), Christians began to construct churches and adorn them to serve their purpose. Most of these were built in the old basilica style, with some few differences. The churches were dedicated in honour of the holy martyrs frequently, and relics of the martyrs were placed beneath the altars. The inscriptions of the period mention the dedication to the martyrs and also the fact that the relics were placed in the church or in the altar. The altar itself, called *mensa* (table), was generally made of wood, but sometimes of stone, and was covered over with linen cloths. There was a special rite for dedicating churches and also for consecrating altars, in which blessed water and the sign of the cross were used. The blessing and consecrating took place by the bishop.
The Mass became a daily function celebrated every morning when the Christians could meet frequently without fear of persecution, and when the increased number of feasts required a more frequent celebration of the liturgical offices. Little is known with precision and certitude of the composition of the different parts of the African post-Nicene Mass, but still there are many allusions in various authors which give some valuable information. The Mass of the catechumens consisted of psalms and lessons from the Scriptures. These lessons were chosen from both the Old and New Testaments, and it would seem that there were three lessons as in some of the Oriental liturgies, one from the Old Testament, one from the Epistles in the New Testament, and one from the Gospels. The Third Council of Carthage decreed that only lessons from the canonical books of Scripture or from the acts of the martyrs on their feast days might be read in the churches. Between the Epistle and Gospel a psalm containing some idea in harmony with the feast of the day was recited, and corresponded to the gradual or tract in the Roman Mass. An alleluia was also sung, more or less solemnly, especially on Sundays and during the fifty days\' prolongation of the Easter festival. The lessons from the Scriptures were generally followed by a homily, after which both the catechumens and the penitents were dismissed, and the Mass of the faithful commenced. This rule of dismissing the catechumens, etc., seems to have been strictly observed, since nearly all the Northwest African writers in their sermons or other works use expressions which indicate that their words would be intelligible only to the initiated, and that the catechumens were ignorant of the mysteries celebrated in the Mass of the faithful. The litany may have been recited after the Gospel, although its precise position cannot be determined with certainty. The litany consisted of short petitions for the various needs of the Church, resembling somewhat the petitions in the present Roman Rite Litany of the Saints, or perhaps the prayers for different classes of persons, or necessities of the Church which are now recited on Good Friday. The people probably responded with an acclamation like *Kyrie eleison*, or - more logically - *Te rogamus audi nos*.
In the time of St. Augustine a chant for the Offertory was introduced in the Church of Carthage; it consisted of a psalm having some reference to the oblation, and was sung while the people were making their offerings to the Church/liturgy (money, goods). Each of the faithful was supposed to bring an offering for his or her holy communion. The offerings, pure wheat bread and wine, were received by the bishop and placed upon the altar, with the appropriate prayers, and then the bishop proceeded with the Mass. Other offerings were put down before the sacred space around the altar, not inside it. The Latin-spoken Dominus vobiscum preceded the Preface. The canon of the Mass was known in Africa as the *actio*, or agenda, and was mentioned but very seldom on account of the \"discipline of the secret\". There are, however, some passages in the African writers which show that there was a great similarity between the African actio and the Roman Eucharistic Canon, so much so that some of the texts when put in juxtaposition are almost identical. The actio contained the usual prayers, the commemoration for the living and the dead, the words of institution and sanctification of the sacrifice, the commemoration of Christ\'s life, the Pater Noster, and the preparation for Communion. The Pater Noster seems to have held the same position that it now has in the Roman canon, and it was said before the Communion, as St. Augustine states, because in the Lord\'s Prayer we beseech God to forgive our offences, and thus we may approach the communion table with better dispositions. The kiss of peace followed shortly after the Pater Noster, and was closely connected with the Communion, being regarded as a symbol of the fraternal union existing between all those who partook of the Body and Blood of Christ, being united through Him. The faithful received communion frequently, and were encouraged in the practice of receiving daily communion. At the proper time the communicants approached the altar and there partook of the Eucharist under both species, answering \"Amen\" to the formula pronounced by the priest in order to profess their faith in the sacrament just received. During the distribution of communion the thirty-third psalm was recited or sung, because that psalm contained some verses considered appropriate for the Communion. Prayers of thanksgiving were then said, and the people dismissed from the church with a benediction (presbyteral or episcopal blessing in the form of the cross).
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# African Rite
## Post-Nicene period {#post_nicene_period}
The prayers accompanying the administration of the other sacraments seem to have become more fixed and to have lengthened since the time of Tertullian. For the more decorous and convenient administration of the Sacrament of Baptism, large adorned baptisteries were erected, in which the ceremony was carried out with great solemnity. The African Church seems to have followed practically the same ritual as the Roman Church during the catechumenate, which lasted for the forty days preceding Easter. St. Augustine, for instance, speaks of teaching the catechumens the Apostles\' Creed and the Lord\'s Prayer (Our Father), and of the rites for the Vigil of Easter, as if they were in accord with those in use at Rome; but there appears to be only one unction with sacred oil, that after baptism, and the kiss of peace after baptism is still given as in the days of St. Cyprian. Victor Vitensis asserts that the African Church admitted the feast of the Epiphany as a day appointed for the solemn administration of baptism according to the custom prevailing in the Oriental churches. The neophytes were confirmed after baptism through the imposition of hands and the unction with chrism on the forehead in the form of a cross, and on the same day they seem to have received their first holy communion with about the same ceremonies as in the ante-Nicene period of persecutions. The rite for the Sacrament of Penance shows few peculiarities in Africa; public penances were imposed and the reconciliation of penitents was effected in the same manner as in the age of Tertullian. (By personal, often public, confession and absolution by the bishop, incidentally by the priest, after a long time of penitential fasting.)
Matrimony is often mentioned, especially by St. Augustine, who speaks of the nuptial blessing and the various other ceremonies, civil and religious, connected with it.
As the Sacrament of Holy Orders had a more public character like the Eucharist, it is frequently alluded to in the writings and inscriptions of the post-Nicene time. Allusions are made to the various orders and to ordination, but there is scarcely ever a description of the rite of ordination, or an explanation of the formulas. It might be noted that the archdeacon now appears and has special functions assigned to him. Clerics began their ecclesiastical career as lectors often at a tender (very young) age, and the lectors formed a *schola* (school of cantors), which sang the ecclesiastical offices in Latin chant. Later on, the lectors became chanters, and their duties were given to the other ministers. St. Augustine also speaks frequently of the ceremony of the consecration of virgins, which seems to have been reserved to the bishops. The veil might be received by female faithful at a much younger age in Africa than at Rome.
The faithful showed the same loving care and respect to the bodies of the departed as in the ante-Nicene period, but now the funeral rites were longer and more solemn. Prayers were said for the dead as before, Mass was also offered for the souls of the faithful departed, and special rites took place while the funeral procession was on the way and when the body was entombed. The names of the dead were recited in the diptychs, and special proto-Requiem Mass was offered for them on the anniversaries of death. Moreover, the inscriptions of this age contain beautiful sentiments of hope in a happy future life for those who had lived and died in the peace of the Lord, and beseech God to grant eternal rest and beatitude to those who trust in His mercy. Many of these expressions are very similar to the phrases now used in the Roman Rite during the obsequies of the dead.
The Divine Office was gradually developing, but was still in a very rudimentary state. It consisted of the recitation or chanting of psalms and canticles, of versicles and acclamations, and the reading of portions of the Scriptures. There was a special collection of canticles taken from the Old Testament in use in the African Church, and perhaps, also, a collection of hymns of St. Ambrose. Many of the versicles quoted in the writings of the time may be now found in the present Roman liturgy. St. Augustine was evidently opposed to the growing tendency to abandon the simple recitative tone and make the chant of the offices more solemn, complex and ornate as the ceremonial became more formal. Gradually the formularies became more fixed, and liberty to improvise was curtailed by the African councils. Few, however, of the prayers have been preserved, although many shorter verses and acclamations have been quoted in the writings of the period, as for example, the *Deo Gratias*, *Deo Laudes*, and *Amen*, with which the people approved the words of the preacher, or the doxologies and conclusions of some of the prayers. The people still used the sign of the cross frequently in their private devotions as in the more difficult days of Tertullian (when the Christians were still under persecution). Other ceremonial acts in common use were striking the breast as a sign of penance, extending the arms in the form of a cross (especially clerics during the liturgy did so), kneeling during prayers, etc., all of which had been handed down from primitive times. Such are some of the most important data furnished by the early writers and inscriptions concerning the liturgy of the African Church, and they are useful to show the peculiarities of the Latin liturgical rites in Africa (now: North Africa, except originally Alexandrian Rite Egypt) as well as the similarity between the African and other liturgies
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# Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2004
**8th TFCA Awards**\
December 16, 2004
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Film:\
**Sideways**
The **8th Toronto Film Critics Association Awards**, honoring the best in film for 2004, were held on 16 December 2004
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# Time to Leave
***Time to Leave*** (*lit=The Time That Remains*) is a 2005 French drama film written and directed by François Ozon. It was screened in the *\[\[Un Certain Regard\]\]* section of the 2005 Cannes Film Festival.
## Plot
Romain, a gay 31-year-old fashion photographer, discovers he is terminally ill and has only three months to live. He rejects the treatment for his metastasized tumor that might offer him a slim (less than 5%) chance of survival.
Romain exhibits both selfish and reckless behavior. He realizes that his good looks give him a certain amount of leeway and he tests the forbearance of the people who care for him. He chases away his lover Sasha and delights in antagonizing his sister. The only person in whom he confides about his illness is his grandmother Laura.
## Cast
- Melvil Poupaud as Romain
- Jeanne Moreau as Laura
- Valeria Bruni Tedeschi as Jany
- Daniel Duval as the father
- Marie Rivière as the mother
- Christian Sengewald as Sasha
- Louise-Anne Hippeau as Sophie
## Awards
2005 Valladolid International Film Festival:
- Silver Spike -- François Ozon
- Best Actor -- Melvil Poupaud
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
The film received generally positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 75% based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The website\'s critics consensus reads, \"A reflective look at our own mortality through the experience of a middle-aged French man, *Time To Leave* manages to pull at our heart strings without resorting to cliches, and leaves a lasting impression.\" On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 67 out of 100 based on 21 reviews.
Moira MacDonald of *The Seattle Times* wrote, \"It\'s a quiet and poignant look at a life as it slips away, seen through the eyes of a character who\'s not always likable but remains entirely real\"
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# Karasawa Genba
was a samurai of the Sengoku period, in the 16th century of the common era, who served as an important retainer of the Sanada clan.
Genba was allegedly born in Sawatari, Shinano province, and was originally an officer of Iwabitsu Castle.
Sanada Masayuki and Sanada Yukitaka were very good at persuading their opponents to defect. Their great talent in this field led them to win victories over many castles when infiltrated. Genba was one of those former enemies persuaded to defect, and thereafter went on to serve under the Sanada.
As a Sanada retainer, Genba snuck into Shiritaka Castle with his colleagues and burned it. He participated in the Battle of Nagashino in 1575. When Takeda, the lord of Sanada, lost that battle, Genba escaped and returned to his land.
In popular culture, Genba is frequently depicted as a ninja
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# Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2003
**7th TFCA Awards**\
December 17, 2003
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Best Film:\
**Lost in Translation**
The **7th Toronto Film Critics Association Awards**, honoring the best in film for 2003, were held on 17 December 2003.
## Winners
- **Best Actor:**
- Bill Murray -- *Lost in Translation*
- **Best Actress:**
- Samantha Morton -- *Morvern Callar*
- **Best Animated Film:**
- *Finding Nemo*
- **Best Canadian Film:**
- *Spider*
- **Best Director:**
- Peter Jackson -- *The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King*
- **Best Documentary Film:**
- *Capturing the Friedmans*
- **Best Film:**
- ***Lost in Translation***
- **Best First Feature:**
- *American Splendor*
- **Best Foreign Language Film:**
- *City of God* • Brazil/France/United States
- **Best Screenplay (tie):**
- *The Barbarian Invasions* -- Denys Arcand
- *Lost in Translation* -- Sofia Coppola
- **Best Supporting Actor:**
- Peter Sarsgaard -- *Shattered Glass*
- **Best Supporting Actress:**
- Miranda Richardson -- *Spider*
- **Special Citation:**
- Peter Jackson, for his work on the *Lord of the Rings* trilogy as a whole
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# Billingham Town F.C.
**Billingham Town Football Club** is a football club based in Billingham, England. They are currently members of the `{{English football updater|BillingT}}`{=mediawiki} and play at Bedford Terrace.
## History
The club was established by Tom Donnelly and Robbie Cushley in 1967 as **Billingham Social**. They joined Division Two of the Stockton & District League in 1968 and went on to win it in their first season. After promotion to Division A, they went on to win the league title three seasons in a row and win the League Cup twice.
In 1974 Billingham joined the Teesside League, which they won in 1978--79. After winning a second title in 1981--82, the club was promoted to the new Division Two of the Northern League and adopted its current name, A fourth-place finish in 1984--85 saw them promoted to Division One, but they were relegated at the end of the following season after finishing bottom of the table.
Following a fourth-place finish in 1987--88, Billingham were promoted back to Division One. Despite finishing fifth in their first season in the new division, they were relegated back to Division Two in 1989--90 after finishing second-from-bottom. They remained in Division Two until promotion back to Division One at the end of the 1996--97 season, which saw them finish as runners-up.
In 2003--04 they won the Durham Challenge Cup, beating Bishop Auckland 2--0 in the final. The 2006--07 season saw them finish as Division One runners-up, with Whitley Bay winning the title on goal difference. The following season they won the League Cup, beating Shildon 2--1 in the final. In 2013--14 the club finished bottom of Division One and were relegated to Division Two. They were Division Two champions in 2018--19, earning promotion back to Division One. They lasted just three years in Division One, the first two of which were ended early due to the COVID-19 pandemic before being relegated back to Division Two at the end of the 2021--22 season. In 2023--23 season the club finished fourth in Division Two, qualifying for the promotion play-offs. After beating Bedlington Terriers 3--2 on penalties in the semi-finals (after a 2--2 draw), they lost the final 5--4 on penalties to Birtley Town following another 2--2 draw.
Financial Misconduct Incident
In December 2020, the former manager of Billingham Town Football Club was involved in a VAT scam, using approximately £80,000 to pay the club\'s players[Manager used £80,000 VAT scam to pay Billingham Town Football Club players](https://www.darlingtonandstocktontimes.co.uk/news/18991869.manager-used-80-000-vat-scam-pay-billingham-town-football-club-players/). Darlington and Stockton Times.. The manager narrowly avoided prison after being found guilty of defrauding the funds[Ex-Billingham Town manager wrongly used VAT scam funds](https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/ex-billingham-town-manager-wrongly-19573186). Gazette Live.. This incident highlighted significant financial misconduct within the club\'s management[Ex-Billingham Town manager wrongly used VAT scam funds](https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/ex-billingham-town-manager-wrongly-19573186). Gazette Live..
## Ground
The club initially played at Mill Lane, which had sloped to the extent that the crossbar was level with the top of one of the corner flags. They moved to Bedford Terrace in 1981, with floodlights installed in 1992--93. Hartlepool United funded the laying of a new pitch in 2007 in order to play their reserve matches at the ground. The ground has a capacity of 3,000, of which 176 is seated and 600 covered. The record attendance of 1,500 was set for an FA Youth Cup game against Manchester City match in 1985
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# Sona Glacier
**Sona Glacier** is the Himalayan glacier situated in the eastern part of Uttarakhand in the Pithoragarh district of India.
## Geography
Sona Glacier is located at the base of five peaks of Panchachuli in the Lassar Yankti - Darma valley. With Meola Glacier it forms the famous Panchchuli Glacier as mixed glacial system. One can reach here as glacial trek through Tawaghat-Bailing-Son---Duktu. Sona glacier and Meola glacier serves the route to climb Panchchuli peaks from east facing direction. Sona glacier is situated north to Meola Glacier. It is situated just below peaks Nagalaphu (6,410 m) and Panchachuli-1 (6,355 m). It is divided into Upper and Lower. The direction of the glacier is south west to north east. It is located on the East to Panchachuli massif
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# Fetha Negest
The **Fetha Negest** (*Justice of the Kings*) is a theocratic legal code compiled around 1240 by the Coptic Egyptian Christian writer Abu\'l-Fada\'il ibn al-Assal in Arabic. It was later translated into Ge\'ez in Ethiopia in the 15th century and expanded upon with numerous local laws. Ibn al-Assal took his laws partly from apostolic writings, and partly from former law codes of the Byzantine rulers.
## Textual history {#textual_history}
The first part of Fetha Negest deals with mostly ecclesiastic affairs, outlining the structure of the Church hierarchy, sacraments, and such matters. It was compiled from the Bible, writings of early Church fathers including St. Basil and St. Hippolytus, and various canons adopted at the Council of Nicaea, the Council of Antioch, and others.
The second part, concerning issues pertaining to the laity, such as family law, debt, civil administration etc., also drew on these sources, but is attributed in large part to four books referred to as the *Canons of the Emperors* (Arabic `{{Transliteration|ar|Qawānīn al-mulūk}}`{=mediawiki}). Various scholars have identified these books as:
1. The `{{Transliteration|grc|Procheiron}}`{=mediawiki} (also known as `{{Transliteration|grc|Procheiros Nomos}}`{=mediawiki}), a Byzantine law code enacted by Emperor Basil the Macedonian between 870 and 878;
2. The Arabic version of a work commonly known as the *Syro-Roman Law Book*, originally written in Greek around 480;
3. The Arabic version of the *Ecloga*, another Byzantine law code published by Emperor Leo III the Isaurian and his son in 726;
4. *Precepts of the Old Testament*, a collection of the Torah laws with some Christian commentary.
Ibn al-Assal\'s work is heavily influenced by Roman law, the first three of these sources being themselves strongly influenced by the Justinianic Code and earlier law codes. It was originally titled *Collection of Canons*, but the Arabic version is more commonly known as *The Nomocanon of Ibn al-Assal*. It was intended to be used by the Coptic Christians of Egypt, who regarded it as authoritative.
## Later history {#later_history}
There are a few historical records claiming that this law code was translated into Ge\'ez and entered Ethiopia around 1450 in the reign of Zara Yaqob. Even so, its first recorded use in the function of a constitution (supreme law of the land) is with Sarsa Dengel beginning in 1563.
This Ge\'ez edition, ascribed to Petros Abda Sayd, is a loose translation of Ibn al-Assal\'s original, and even diverges significantly in a few places where Petros evidently had some difficulty with the Arabic. Scholars have stated that the first section (the Ecclesiastical law) was already in use in Ethiopia before this time as part of the *Senodos*, and that the title *Fetha Negest*, Laws of the Kings, referred to the second (lay) part, that was new to Ethiopia.
The Fetha Negest remained officially the supreme law in Ethiopia until 1931, when a modern-style Constitution was first granted by Emperor Haile Selassie I. A completely modernised penal code had already been introduced in 1930. Earlier, in 1921, shortly after becoming Regent, but before being crowned as Emperor, Haile Selassie I had directed that certain \"cruel and unusual\" punishments mandated in the *Fetha*, such as amputation of hands for conviction of theft, be made to cease entirely. However punitive enslavement remained as a punishment for crimes such as murder, rape, and unpaid debts. Though Ethiopia\'s 1930 Penal Code replaced the criminal provisions of the Fetha Negest, the latter document provided the starting point for the code, along with several new penal codes.
## Influence
The Fetha Negest has had a great influence on Ethiopia. It has been an educational resource for centuries and is still consulted in matters of law in the present era. In 1960, when the government enacted the civil code of Ethiopia, it cited the Fetha Negest as an inspiration to the codification commission
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# Sun Green
\"**Sun Green**\" is a song by Neil Young & Crazy Horse from the 2003 album *Greendale*. The song is named after a character, played by Sarah White in the accompanying stage show and film. The song tells the story of Sun\'s increasing environmental activism, being arrested for possession of marijuana, meeting a young man named Earth Brown and deciding to go to Alaska with him
| 68 |
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| 0 |
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# Bishop's Cleeve F.C.
**Bishop\'s Cleeve Football Club** is a semi-professional football club based in Bishop\'s Cleeve, near Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England. They are currently members of the `{{English football updater|BishopsC}}`{=mediawiki} and play at Kayte Lane. Nicknamed \'The Mitres\', the club are affiliated to the Gloucestershire County FA.
## History
Formed in 1905, the club initially played in the Cheltenham League. They won Division Two in 1924--25 and again in 1930--31. After being promoted to Division One, they won the league title in 1931--32 and 1934--35. After World War II they won Division Two in 1958--59, before going on to win Division One in 1961--62 and 1963--64. Following back-to-back titles in 1965--66 and 1966--67, the club moved up to Division Two of the Gloucestershire Northern Senior League. They won Division Two at the first attempt, and after earning promotion to Division One, went on to win back-to-back titles in 1968--69 and 1969--70. A third Division One title was won in 1972--73.
In 1983 Bishop\'s Cleeve moved up to Division One of the Hellenic League. They won the division in 1986--87, earning promotion to the Premier Division. They won the Premier Division Cup in 1987--88, but were relegated back to Division One after finishing bottom of the Premier Division in 1991--92. League restructuring in 2000 saw them placed in Division One West, and after finishing as runners-up in 2000--01, they were promoted back to the Premier Division. In 2005--06 the club finished as Premier Division runners-up, earning promotion to Division One Midlands of the Southern League. They were transferred to Division One South & West in 2008. After finishing bottom of the division in 2017--18, the club were relegated to the Premier Division of the Hellenic League. In 2021--22 they won the Hellenic League title, earning promotion back to Division One South of the Southern League.
The 2024--25 season saw Bishop\'s Cleeve finish third in Division One South, qualifying for the promotion play-offs. They went on to lose 3--2 after extra time to Malvern Town in the semi-finals.
## Ground
The club originally played at a ground on Stoke Road. It was redeveloped in the early 1970s, and was officially reopened by FA Secretary Ted Croker in 1971. However, by the 1990s the club were required to leave Stoke Road to maintain their Hellenic League status, resulting in them spending several seasons groundsharing at Moreton Town, Wollen Sports, Forest Green Rovers and Evesham United. Permission was given for a new ground at Kayte Lane in 1997 and following a new stand and floodlights being installed, the club returned to the town in 2002. A new clubhouse was completed in 2004. It has a capacity of 1,500, of which 50 is covered seating.
During refurbishments in 2021--22, including the installation of an artificial pitch and new floodlights, the club played at Evesham United\'s Jubilee Stadium
| 472 |
Bishop's Cleeve F.C.
| 0 |
3,729,113 |
# Live at the Pretty Ugly Club
***Live At The Pretty Ugly Club*** is a live album by Pretty Boy Floyd, it is their only live album to date. It also featured two new studio tracks.
The Pretty Ugly Club where it was recorded, is a rock club in Hollywood ran by Taime Downe of Faster Pussycat.
The last two tracks are studio recordings.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Junkie Girl
2. Rock\'N\'Roll Outlaws
3. Good Girl Gone Bad
4. Shock The World
5. Leather Boyz With Electric Toyz
6. Shut Up
7. Your Mamma Won\'t Know
8. 48 Hours
9. 7 Minutes In Heaven
10. Rock\'N\'Roll Is Gonna Set The Night On Fire
11. Don\'t Save Your Love
12
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| 0 |
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# Waghai
**Waghai** is a town in the Dang District of the southern part of Gujarat state in India. And also Taluka of dang district. Waghai is about 32 km west of the district headquarters of Ahwa, and about 52 km north-west of the hill station of Saputara. Vansda, Chikhli and Bilimora are located westerly. It is linked by state highway to the town of Chikhli (where the road meets National highway 8), and by a narrow gauge to the town of Bilimora. Also with Saputara a NG passenger train named. Waghai Passenger link these towns of south Gujarat.
## Demographics
The population is about 7,500 of which 92% are local tribal people called \"Dangi\". \"Dangi\" are also referred as Inland Jarawa. They are much like the Jarawa Tribe but are more civilized & can speak Wagahi & Dangi Language. Others are mixed people of India like Gujarati, Punjabi, Marathi, South Indian etc.
## Economy
Waghai is the business place for the whole district; it is the main Gateway to enter Dang District.
## Attractions
### Gira Falls {#gira_falls}
Gira Falls A km. off the Saputara-Waghai Road leads to a vast clearing where the picturesque Gira Falls emerging from the Khapri tributary can be viewed. An absolute must from June to November. Visitors can get refreshments from a small tea and snack stall. Picnic Huts make it an ideal spot for relaxing and picnicking.There is also a botanical garden which is also a good attraction for tourist.
### Botanical Garden {#botanical_garden}
It is a large (24-hectare) garden with 1,400 varieties of plants from all over India. The amateur nature lover can marvel at different varieties of bamboo like the Chinese Bamboo, Golden Bamboo, Beer Bottle Bamboo, etc. and enjoy strolling along the beautiful walkways each lined with different species of tree. Visitors can also pick up cactus plants and enjoy a picnic at the picnic spot in the garden. Permission is required to enter. Drinking water and toilet facilities are available.
### Unai Mata temple and Hot Springs {#unai_mata_temple_and_hot_springs}
A drive of about 19 km. from Waghai brings one to the Unai Mata temple. Visitors can bathe in the hot spring attached to this famous temple of considerable historical significance.
### Vansda National Park {#vansda_national_park}
A rich and old forest predominantly covered by very tall teak trees, mango groves and gigantic creepers. The forest is extremely dense and some parts are dark even during normal daytime. The forest is a habitat of monkeys, deer, a few leopards and a wide species of birds. Permission is required to enter the Park.
### Shopping
A small private outlet selling locally crafted items fashioned out of Bamboo roots and chips. Unique items like the big sized bamboo lamps, kangaroos, deer are available only here and not elsewhere in the region.
### government sawmill waghai {#government_sawmill_waghai}
A sprawling sawmill and woodworking unit, which also sells furniture that tourists can book and get delivered by paying an advance. The visitor can enjoy a guided tour and watch the transformation of logs of wood into tasteful furniture. Drinking water facilities are available.
## Education
### Schools
- Govt. Secondary and higher secondary school.
- Aadarsh Nivashi School.
- Taluka School.
- Eklavya English medium School.
- Sardar School.
- Gyanmandir School.
### Colleges
- Government Pollytechnic Engineering College
- Waghai College of Agriculture, NAU
- Hill Millet Research Station, NAU, Waghai
- Government PTC College
- Agriculture Cooperation, Banking & Marketing Polytechnic
## Gallery
Image:waghai2.jpg\|Vikas Path, Waghai Image:waghi3.jpg\|Waghai Main road Image:sara1-gu.jpg\|Bilimora-Waghai narrow gauge Train Image:Bridge-DSC01387.JPG\|Ambika River Bridge Between Nani-Waghai(Kilad) and Waghai Image:Gira Water Fall saputara.JPG\|Gira Water Fall on Waghai-Saputara road <File:Locomotive> boiler
| 606 |
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# Lester Ellis
**Lester Ellis** (born 15 March 1965) is a British-born Australian former professional boxer. He is one-time world champion and four-times minor titles winner, having also held the Australian and Commonwealth (twice) titles.
At the age of 19, In 1985, Ellis fought and beat then-reigning IBF super featherweight champion Hwan-Kil Yuh over fifteen rounds. In 1993 he won the vacant World Boxing Federation (WBF) welterweight title against [Rocky Berg](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=32386&cat=boxer). Ellis faced and defeated [Al Coquilla](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=6150&cat=boxer) in 1994 for the vacant IBO light welterweight title. Ellis went on to win another two IBO world titles, both in different weight divisions. One in 1995 against [Amado Cabato](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=7626&cat=boxer) at lightweight and another at light middleweight against [Eric Alexander](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=6259&cat=boxer).
## Early life {#early_life}
Lester Ellis was born on 15 March 1965 in Blackpool, England to mother Sheila Ellis and his father Keith Ellis Snr. He is the youngest of three boys, with Keith Ellis being the oldest followed by Neil Ellis. The Ellis family migrated to Australia when Ellis was three on 2 October 1968.
At the age of five, Ellis\'s mother Sheila left the family home, leaving the three boys to live with Keith Snr. Ellis took this very hard and as a result he grew a hate towards authority figures and often did not attend school.
At the age of 12, Ellis began boxing training with Matthew Quinn at the Glengala Boxing Club in the Melbourne suburb of West Sunshine. Quinn had seen great potential in young, hateful Ellis and taught him how to harness his hate through the art of boxing.
## Amateur boxing career {#amateur_boxing_career}
Under amateur boxing trainer Matthew Quinn and his brother Keith, Ellis had an outstanding amateur career with a total record of 50 fights for 45 wins. Ellis had collected four Australian titles and six Victorian titles throughout this period. Ellis turned professional in 1983
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Super featherweight IBF champion {#super_featherweight_ibf_champion}
In 1985, with a professional boxing record of 14 fights for 14 wins, 11 by KO at the age of 19, Ellis was offered to fight Hwan-Kil Yuh for the Super Featherweight International Boxing Federation (IBF) World Title. Ellis won this fight which went for the scheduled 15 rounds via split decision. Ellis successfully defended his title the same year against [Rod Sequenan.](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=5379&cat=boxer) Later that year on 12 July 1985 Ellis lost his IBF world championship via unanimous decision to ex training partner and then rival Barry Michael.
## Professional boxing record {#professional_boxing_record}
## Boxing titles {#boxing_titles}
### Titles won by Ellis {#titles_won_by_ellis}
1984-11-16 -- Commonwealth (British Empire) Super Featherweight Title, opponent John Sichula
1985-02-15 -- IBF Super Featherweight Title, opponent Hwan-Kil Yuh
1987-04-30 -- Australian Lightweight Title, opponent [Dale Artango](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=41484&cat=boxer)
1988-03-16 -- Australian light welterweight Title, opponent [Pat Leglise](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=39674&cat=boxer)
1988-08-04 -- Commonwealth (British Empire) Light Welterweight Title, opponent [Tony Laing](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=56962&cat=boxer)
1993-02-19 -- vacant World Boxing Federation Welterweight Title, opponent [Rocky Berg](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=32386&cat=boxer)
1994-12-03 -- vacant International Boxing Organization Light Welterweight Title, opponent [Al Coquilla](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=6150&cat=boxer)
1995-03-10 -- International Boxing Organization Lightweight Title, opponent [Amado Cabato](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=7626&cat=boxer)
1995-07-17 -- vacant International Boxing Organization Light Middleweight Title, opponent [Eric Alexander](http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=6259&cat=boxer)
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Ellis is married to wife Sharon, with whom he has four sons -- Lester Jr, Jake (who is a professional boxer and promoter), Darcy and Demsey. They live in the suburb of Taylors Hill, in Melbourne, Victoria. Ellis currently runs the Lester Ellis Fitness Academy from his home. Ellis\'s son *Lester Ellis Jr* has begun an acting career, recently starring as the title character\'s love interest in Ja\'mie Private School Girl
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# Naoe Kagetsuna
(1509--1577) was an officer under the Uesugi clan in historic Japan.
Kagetsuna served as a very close confidant to Uesugi Kenshin. In both domestic and external affairs, Kagetsuna left his mark on Kenshin\'s regime. Kagetsuna was entrusted with distribution and defense of the supplies and reinforcements to the battlefield, during the expedition to the Kantō region. He fought alongside the Uesugi clan during the Battle of Kawanakajima.
His widow daughter, Lady Osen (お船の方) was married to Naoe Kanetsugu
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# ML 3-inch mortar
The **Ordnance ML 3-inch mortar** was the United Kingdom\'s standard mortar used by the British Army from the early 1930s to the late 1960s, superseding the Stokes mortar. Initially handicapped by its short range compared to similar Second World War mortars, improvements of the propellant charges enabled it to be used with great satisfaction by various armies of the British Empire and of the Commonwealth.
## Design
The ML 3-inch mortar is a conventional Stokes-type mortar that is muzzle-loaded and drop-fired. It also reuses many of the Brandt mortar features.
## History
Based on their experience in the First World War, the British infantry sought some sort of artillery for close support. The initial plan was for special batteries of artillery, but the cost was prohibitive and the mortar was accepted instead. The Mark II mortar (Mark I was the Stokes) was adopted by the British Army in the early 1930s; and this was the standard British mortar when the Second World War broke out in September 1939. Experience in the early part of the war showed that, although the Mark II was reliable and sturdy, it did not have sufficient range compared to the German 81 mm s.GW.34 mortar. A series of experiments and trials using new propellants improved the range from 1600 yards to 2800 yards by about 1942; and, by 1943, the barrel, baseplate and sights had also been improved.
The ML 3-inch mortar was carried on three packs by infantry or on Universal Carriers.
The Mark II remained in service with the British Army until replaced by the L16 81mm mortar in 1965.
## Variants
- Mark 4 - heavier baseplate and new sight
- Mark 5 - lightened for use by airborne units and in the Far East
- The Canadian Army modified some of its 3-inch mortars, lengthening them to increase their range. This modification was abandoned as it was considered too heavy.
- The Australian Army, for its part, shortened the barrel for use in jungle.
## Users
- : used by the anti-Soviet insurgents in the 1980s
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- (1944--1946)
-
-
- - Myanmar Army : Inherited from British-Burma Army and also bought from India.Main Medium mortar used till 1970s.
-
-
-
-
- : Polish Armed Forces in the West
-
-
-
- : Used by Yugoslavian Partisans
## Gallery
A 3-inch mortar crew from the Queens\'s Own Royal West Kents in action in Tunisia, 31 January 1943. NA576.jpg The British Army in North Africa E126.jpg The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H29779.jpg The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H9425.jpg Allied Forces in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H5454
| 455 |
ML 3-inch mortar
| 0 |
3,729,135 |
# Boldmere St. Michaels F.C.
**Boldmere St. Michaels Football Club** is a football club based in Boldmere, Sutton Coldfield, England. They are currently members of the `{{English football updater|BoldmeSM}}`{=mediawiki} and play at the Boldmere Community Stadium.
## History
The club was established in 1883 as a youth football team attached to the local church. After playing friendly matches against other church teams for the next 29 years, they joined a league for the first time in 1912. The club subsequently progressed through several leagues before joining the Birmingham AFA League. They won the league\'s Senior Cup in 1928--29 and the Junior Cup in 1933--34. In 1937 the club joined the Central Amateur League, and were league runners-up in 1938--39, before winning the league in 1946--47.
In 1947--48 Boldmere reached the semi-finals of the FA Amateur Cup, eventually losing 2--0 to Barnet in front of 26,000 spectators at Highbury. They were also Central Amateur League runners-up and reached the final of the AFA Senior Cup, drawing the final with Cambridge Town 2--2, with the clubs jointly awarded the trophy. They subsequently hosted the Indian Olympic team in a friendly match following the 1948 Summer Olympics, losing by a single goal. The following season saw Boldmere win the Central Amateur League, after which they joined the Birmingham & District League. Deciding to remain amateur in a largely semi-professional league, the club\'s performances began to decline and they finished second-from-bottom of the league in 1952--53 and 1953--54.
When the Birmingham & District League merged with the Birmingham Combination in 1954, Boldmere were placed in the South Division for a transitional season, in which they finished bottom of the table. As a result, the club became members of Division Two the following season. The league was subsequently reduced to a single division in 1960 and renamed the West Midlands (Regional) League in 1962. In 1963 the club dropped into Division One of the Worcestershire Combination. The league was renamed the Midland Combination in 1968 and the club were Challenge Cup winners in 1977--78 before winning the league\'s Tony Allden Cup in 1978--79. Division One became the Premier Division in 1983 and the club were league champions in 1985--86, and after finishing as runners-up in 1987--88, they won a second league title in 1988--89. The 1989--90 saw them win the treble of the league, the League Cup and the Tony Allden Cup. They went on to retain both cups the following season, and won the Tony Allden Cup again in 1991--92.
In 1994 Boldmere were founder members of the Midland Alliance, and were league runners-up in 2013--14, the league\'s final season. When it merged with the Midland Combination to form the Midland League, the club became members of the Premier Division. They were runners-up in the Premier Division in 2021--22, earning promotion to Division One Midlands of the Northern Premier League.
## Ground
Originally named Church Road, the ground was renamed in 2004 after former chairman Trevor Brown. It was renamed again in 2023 to the Boldmere Community Stadium. The ground currently has a capacity of 2,500, of which 230 is seated and 400 covered
| 520 |
Boldmere St. Michaels F.C.
| 0 |
3,729,137 |
# Gabriella Paruzzi
**Gabriella Paruzzi** (born 21 June 1969) is a retired Italian cross-country skier who competed from 1991 to 2006 and formerly skied with the G.S. Forestale. She skied in World Cup events, and won the Women\'s Overall World Cup in 2004.
## Equipment
She was sponsored by Rossignol, and skied with Rossignol X-IUM skis for both skate and classic disciplines. Her boots were also named Rossignol X-IUM\'s, and the bindings were Rottefella R3\'s. Her boots and bindings were of the New Nordic Norm (NNN) system.
## 2002 Winter Olympics {#winter_olympics}
At the 2002 Olympics, she was in the women\'s 30 km classical event, when one of her poles broke. Luckily, her coach was nearby, and she took his pole, which was too long. She kept on racing and near the end the coach came back to give her the right size pole. She caught the pack of skiers and ended up winning gold by 4.5 seconds in that race.
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
- 5 medals -- (1 gold, 4 bronze)
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="background-color:#369; color:white; width:60px;"><p> Year </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#369; color:white; width:40px;"><p> Age </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 5 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 10 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 15 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Pursuit </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 30 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Sprint </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 4 × 5 km <br />
relay </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Team <br />
sprint </p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1992</p></td>
<td><p><em>22</em></p></td>
<td><p>23</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="cc9966"><p><strong>Bronze</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1994</p></td>
<td><p><em>24</em></p></td>
<td><p>24</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>18</p></td>
<td><p>30</p></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="cc9966"><p><strong>Bronze</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1998</p></td>
<td><p><em>28</em></p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td></td>
<td data-bgcolor="cc9966"><p><strong>Bronze</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2002</p></td>
<td><p><em>32</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>| 6</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td style="background:gold;"><p><strong>Gold</strong></p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2006</p></td>
<td><p><em>36</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td data-bgcolor="cc9966"><p><strong>Bronze</strong></p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
### World Championships {#world_championships}
- 5 medals -- (3 silver, 2 bronze)
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="background-color:#369; color:white; width:60px;"><p> Year </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#369; color:white; width:40px;"><p> Age </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 5 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 10 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 15 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Pursuit </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 30 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Sprint </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 4 × 5 km <br />
relay </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Team <br />
sprint </p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1991</p></td>
<td><p><em>21</em></p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:silver;"><p><strong>Silver</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1993</p></td>
<td><p><em>23</em></p></td>
<td><p>26</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>18</p></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:silver;"><p><strong>Silver</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1995</p></td>
<td><p><em>25</em></p></td>
<td><p>19</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1997</p></td>
<td><p><em>27</em></p></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1999</p></td>
<td><p><em>29</em></p></td>
<td><p>19</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td></td>
<td style="background:silver;"><p><strong>Silver</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2001</p></td>
<td><p><em>31</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td data-bgcolor="cc9966"><p><strong>Bronze</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2003</p></td>
<td><p><em>33</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>4</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2005</p></td>
<td><p><em>35</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td data-bgcolor="cc9966"><p><strong>Bronze</strong></p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
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</table>
: **a.** `{{note label|cancelled|a|1}}`{=mediawiki} Cancelled due to extremely cold weather.
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# Gabriella Paruzzi
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
### World Cup {#world_cup}
#### Season standings {#season_standings}
Season Age
---------- ----------
Overall Distance
1990 *20*
1991 *21*
1992 *22*
1993 *23*
1994 *24*
1995 *25*
1996 *26*
1997 *27*
1998 *28*
1999 *29*
2000 *30*
2001 *31*
2002 *32*
2003 *33*
2004 *34*
2005 *35*
2006 *36*
#### Individual podiums {#individual_podiums}
- 4 victories
- 18 podiums
No. Season Date Location Race Level style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place
----- ---------------- ------------------ ------------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------- --------------------------------------------------------
1 ** 2000--01 ** 10 January 2001 Soldier Hollow, United States 5 km + 5 km Pursuit C/F World Cup 2nd
2 ** 2001--02 ** 9 March 2002 Falun, Sweden 5 km + 5 km Pursuit C/F World Cup 3rd
3 16 March 2002 Oslo, Norway 30 km Individual F World Cup 3rd
4 ** 2002--03 ** 26 October 2002 Düsseldorf, Germany 1.5 km Sprint F World Cup 2nd
5 7 December 2002 Davos, Switzerland 10 km Individual F World Cup 3rd
6 4 January 2003 Kavgolovo, Russia 5 km Individual F World Cup 3rd
7 18 January 2003 Nové Město, Czech Republic 10 km Individual F World Cup 2nd
8 16 March 2003 Lahti, Finland 10 km Individual F World Cup **1st**
9 **2003--04** 25 October 2003 Düsseldorf, Germany 0.8 km Sprint F World Cup **1st**
10 13 December 2003 Davos, Switzerland 10 km Individual C World Cup 3rd
11 20 December 2003 Ramsau, Austria 10 km Individual F World Cup 3rd
12 6 January 2004 Falun, Sweden 7.5 km + 7.5 km Pursuit C/F World Cup 2nd
13 17 January 2004 Nové Město, Czech Republic 10 km Individual C World Cup **1st**
14 25 January 2004 Marcialonga, Italy 70 km Mass Start C World Cup **1st**
15 5 March 2004 Lahti, Finland 1.0 km Sprint F World Cup 2nd
16 7 March 2004 10 km Individual C World Cup 2nd
17 ** 2003--04 ** 23 October 2003 Düsseldorf, Germany 0.8 km Sprint F World Cup 3rd
18 ** 2004--05 ** 23 October 2003 Lago di Tesero, Italy 7.5 km + 7.5 km Pursuit C/F World Cup 3rd
#### Team podiums {#team_podiums}
- 3 victories -- (2 `{{Abbr|RL|Relay}}`{=mediawiki}, 1 `{{Abbr|TS|Team Sprint}}`{=mediawiki})
- 29 podiums -- (25 `{{Abbr|RL|Relay}}`{=mediawiki}, 4 `{{Abbr|TS|Team Sprint}}`{=mediawiki})
No. Season Date Location Race Level style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place Teammate(s)
----- ---------------- ------------------ ------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
1 ** 1990--91 ** 15 February 1991 Val di Fiemme, Italy 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Championships`{{ref label|worldcuprace|1}}`{=mediawiki} 2nd Vanzetta / Di Centa / Belmondo
2 ** 1991--92 ** 18 February 1992 Albertville, France 4 × 5 km Relay C/F Olympic Games`{{ref label|worldcuprace|1}}`{=mediawiki} 3rd Vanzetta / Di Centa / Belmondo
3 ** 1992--93 ** 26 February 1993 Falun, Sweden 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Championships`{{ref label|worldcuprace|1}}`{=mediawiki} 2nd Vanzetta / Di Centa / Belmondo
4 ** 1993--94 ** 22 February 1994 Lillehammer, Norway 4 × 5 km Relay C/F Olympic Games`{{ref label|worldcuprace|1}}`{=mediawiki} 3rd Vanzetta / Di Centa / Belmondo
5 ** 1995--96 ** 17 December 1995 Santa Caterina, Italy 4 × 5 km Relay C World Cup 2nd Paluselli / Belmondo / Di Centa
6 14 January 1996 Nové Město, Czech Republic 4 × 5 km Relay C World Cup 3rd Paluselli / Belmondo / Di Centa
7 ** 1996--97 ** 15 December 1996 Brusson, Italy 4 × 5 km Relay F World Cup 3rd S. Valbusa / Dal Sasso / Belmondo
8 16 March 1997 Oslo, Norway 4 × 5 km Relay F World Cup 3rd Peyrot / S. Valbusa / Belmondo
9 ** 1997--98 ** 23 November 1997 Beitostølen, Norway 4 × 5 km Relay C World Cup 3rd Moroder / S. Valbusa / Belmondo
10 7 December 1997 Santa Caterina, Italy 4 × 5 km Relay F World Cup 3rd Moroder / S. Valbusa / Belmondo
11 14 December 1997 Val di Fiemme, Italy 4 × 5 km Relay F World Cup 2nd Di Centa / S. Valbusa / Belmondo
12 ** 1998--99 ** 29 November 1998 Muonio, Finland 4 × 5 km Relay F World Cup 2nd Moroder / S. Valbusa / Belmondo
13 20 December 1998 Davos, Switzerland 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 2nd Confortola / Belmondo / S. Valbusa
14 10 January 1999 Nové Město, Czech Republic 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd Confortola / Belmondo / S. Valbusa
15 26 February 1999 Ramsau, Austria 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Championships`{{ref label|worldcuprace|1}}`{=mediawiki} 2nd S. Valbusa / Confortola / Belmondo
16 14 March 1999 Falun, Sweden 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd S. Valbusa / Confortola / Belmondo
17 ** 1999--00 ** 27 February 2000 Falun, Sweden 4 × 5 km Relay F World Cup 3rd S. Valbusa / Confortola / Belmondo
18 4 March 2000 Lahti, Finland 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd Santer / Confortola / S. Valbusa
19 **2000--01** 13 January 2001 Soldier Hollow, United States 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup **1st** S. Valbusa / Paluselli / Belmondo
20 ** 2001--02 ** 16 December 2001 Davos, Switzerland 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd Paluselli / Follis / Belmondo
21 13 January 2002 Nové Město, Czech Republic 4 × 1.5 km Team Sprint F World Cup 2nd S. Valbusa
22 3 March 2002 Lahti, Finland 4 × 1.5 km Team Sprint F World Cup **1st** S. Valbusa
23 10 March 2002 Falun, Sweden 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup **1st** S. Valbusa / Paluselli / Belmondo
24 ** 2002--03 ** 24 November 2002 Kiruna, Sweden 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd Genuin / Follis / S. Valbusa
25 1 December 2002 Rukatunturi, Finland 2 × 5 km / 2 × 10 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd F. Valbusa / S. Valbusa / Piller Cottrer
26 23 March 2003 Falun, Sweden 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd S. Valbusa / Confortola / Follis
27 ** 2003--04 ** 7 February 2004 La Clusaz, France 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd Longa / Confortola / S. Valbusa
28 ** 2004--05 ** 24 November 2004 Düsseldorf, Germany 6 × 0.8 km Team Sprint F World Cup 3rd Follis
29 5 December 2004 Bern, Switzerland 6 × 1.1 km Team Sprint F World Cup 3rd Follis
**Note:** `{{note label|worldcuprace|1}}`{=mediawiki} Until the 1999 World Championships and the 1994 Olympics, World Championship and Olympic races were included in the World Cup scoring system. `{{refend}}`{=mediawiki}
## Trivia
- The ski stadium in Tarvisio is named in her honor
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# Weald and Downland Living Museum
The **Weald and Downland Living Museum** (known as the **Weald and Downland Open Air Museum** until January 2017) is an open-air museum in Singleton, West Sussex. The museum is a registered charity. The museum covers 40 acre, with over 50 historic buildings dating from 950AD to the 19th century, along with gardens, farm animals, walks and a mill pond.
The principal aim at the foundation of the museum was to establish a centre that could rescue representative examples of vernacular buildings from South East England, and thereby to generate increased public awareness and interest in the built environment. The museum principally promotes the retention of buildings on their original sites unless there is no alternative, and encourages an informed and sympathetic approach to their preservation and continuing use.
The buildings at the museum were all threatened with destruction and, as it was not possible to find a way to preserve them at their original sites, they were carefully dismantled, conserved and rebuilt in their historical form at the museum. These buildings, plus two archaeological reconstructions, help the museum bring to life the homes, farmsteads and rural industries of the last 950 years. Along with the buildings, there are \"hands-on\" activities, such as cooking, and weaving, and a number of yearly activities, including seasonal shows, historic gardens weekend and Tree Dressing.
## History
The Weald and Downland Open Air Museum was launched in 1967 by a group of enthusiasts led by the museum\'s founder, the late Dr. J.R. Armstrong MBE. The land for the museum was provided by a local landowner, Edward James of West Dean at a peppercorn rent. The objective was to rescue vernacular buildings that would otherwise have been demolished. The museum first opened to the public on 5 September 1970.
The principle of an open-air museum was well established in Scandinavia as a way to create a three-dimensional setting for explaining the way of living or working. Open-air museums allowed the buildings to give context to the techniques, equipment, furnishings, clothes and art of the period.
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# Weald and Downland Living Museum
## Buildings
### Aisled Barn {#aisled_barn}
The barn was originally built at Prior\'s Leaze Farm, Hambrook, Sussex, somewhere around 1771. It has a timber frame of oak and elm clad with weatherboards, and a roof thatched with reed. The most characteristic feature of the Hambrook barn is the aisle, which continues round the ends as well as the sides of the building. The eaves thus form a continuous line except for the high barn doors, which were needed on one side to allow loaded wagons to enter. The barn houses an exhibition showing traditional building materials and building methods, including displays on bricklaying, glass work, lead work, iron work, tiling and thatching. During the repair of the barn, the year 1771 was found scratched on an original rafter. The date was covered by a batten from the original thatched roof and probably records the date of construction of the building.
### Barn from Cowfold {#barn_from_cowfold}
This timber-framed barn dates from the 16th century and originally stood at Cowfold, Sussex, and is a typical late-medieval example from the Weald. The timbers have been analysed by dendrochronology (tree-ring dating) which revealed that they were felled in 1536, so the barn was probably built soon after this. In the museum, it is sited to form a farmstead with Bayleaf farmhouse.
### Bayleaf farmhouse {#bayleaf_farmhouse}
Bayleaf farmhouse is a timber-framed Wealden hall house with a peg tile roof, dating from the early 15th century. The building has four rooms on the ground floor and two on the first floor. In the upper chamber, the windows in the solar have vertically sliding shutters, and there is even a garderobe. It was originally built at Ide Hill, Kent, and was donated to the museum in 1968 by the East Surrey Water Company, as the creation of Bough Beech Reservoir threatened its destruction. The building was dismantled in the winter of 1968--69.
### Brick-drying shed {#brick_drying_shed}
The brick-drying shed was originally located at the Causeway Brickworks, near Petersfield, Hampshire. It is 80 feet long, was built in 1733 and now houses an exhibition of traditional brickmaking. The Causeway Brickworks closed down early in the Second World War -- in common with many others -- because the glow from the open-top kiln was an obvious landmark for enemy aircraft. Another, more recent, drying shed from the same brickyard has been re-erected at the Amberley Working Museum.
### Carpenter\'s shop {#carpenters_shop}
The carpenter\'s shop was originally built at Windlesham, Surrey, and dates from the late 19th or early 20th century. The building is constructed on a rough timber frame, with the main posts dug into the ground rather than being placed on a sole plate. The frame is boarded with vertical boards, the joints being closed by a cover strip, and the structure was protected by a coating of tar.
When the workshop was given to the museum it was still equipped with many of the tools and materials that had been used by the carpenter. The benches were in position and some of the tools were still on their racks or in their boxes.
### Cattle sheds {#cattle_sheds}
Five open-fronted cattle sheds have been re-erected at the museum, which date from the 18th to 19th centuries.
The small, three-bay shed is from Lurgashall and is located near the Bayleaf farm house.
The seven-bay shed from Kirdford was originally joined at right angles to another of eight bays, together with a barn. It has been re-erected next to a shed from Goodwood, forming two sides of a yard.
The shed from Goodwood has a shepherd\'s room in one end, suggesting that the shed and the yard may have been used for sheep as well as cattle. This shed now contains a display of horse-drawn farm implements.
A shed from Rusper forms part of the museum\'s working-horse stables, and a shed from Coldwaltham is next to the charcoal burner\'s camp.
### Charcoal burner\'s camp {#charcoal_burners_camp}
The charcoal burner\'s camp was one of the original exhibits when the museum first opened to the public in 1970, and charcoal burning was the first rural trade to be demonstrated. The camp exhibit shows the process of making charcoal. The kiln had to be watched whilst the charcoal was being produced, so the burner lived on-site in a hut.
The camp was recently refurbished with the advice of retired charcoal burners who had used traditional earth-covered clamps until 1948.
### Court barn {#court_barn}
Court barn dates from the late 17th or early 18th century. It was originally built at Lee-on-Solent, Hampshire. It had the normal arrangement of a central threshing floor between the storage bays and there is an owl loft above the entrance. The building houses an exhibition on the use of lead in buildings and plumbing, stonemasonry and stained glass work. The barn was dismantled in 1976 and re-erected at the museum in 1980. The work was funded by the Worshipful Company of Plumbers. The BBC TV series *The Repair Shop* has been largely filmed in the barn since 2017.
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# Weald and Downland Living Museum
## Buildings
### Crane
The crane was made by John Smith Ltd of Keighley, Yorkshire, in 1900 and was originally installed at a farm in Alton, Hampshire. It is rated at 5 tons capacity and is worked by hand. It forms part of a reconstructed timber yard.
### Granary
The granary was built in 1731 at West Ashling, Sussex. It has a timber frame filled with bricks, and a thatched roof. The building measures 20 ft square, which makes it one of the larger granaries. It is built on sixteen staddle stones as an anti-vermin measure.
### Gridshell
The Weald and Downland Gridshell was constructed in 2000--2002. An innovative design built primarily to create an accessible store for the museum\'s rural life collection, it also houses the museum\'s conservation workshops, and an exhibition area is in the foyer. The building has won eight awards, and was runner-up for the RIBA 2003 Stirling Prize.
### Hall
This medieval hall house was originally built at Boarhunt, Hampshire, in the 15th century. It is of cruck frame construction, with brick walls and a thatched roof. The building was rescued in 1971. Photographs show that the house was extended to about double its original size but only the medieval section of the house was dismantled and re-erected at the museum. The hall is about 17 ft square in plan, with a service room at one end. The other end of the original building was lost due to various extensions and alterations over the centuries. The reconstructed building contains about 30% of the original timbers, which would normally prevent its reconstruction. An exception has been made in this case as the surviving original timbers are well distributed, and because of its unique cruck frame construction.
### Hangleton Cottage {#hangleton_cottage}
A small flint-built thatched medieval cottage modelled on two excavated dwellings at the deserted medieval village of Hangleton, Hove. The Ministry of Public Building and Works undertook an archaeological dig between 1952 and 1954 and uncovered eight 13th and 14th-century buildings Hangleton cottage represents a typical peasant dwelling of the period based on archeological evidence of these excavations, with a main room with an open hearth and an inner room with an oven. Hangleton declined during the agricultural crisis of 1315 to 1322 and then the Black Death of 1348, so that by 1428 there were only two dwellings on the site. The DMV was excavated owing to post-WW2 suburban expansion of Hove.
### Horse Whim {#horse_whim}
The horse whim is housed in an open-fronted thatched shed that was originally at Charlwood, Surrey. It was used to raise water from a well. The horse whim was originally built at West Kingsdown, Kent. It was rescued by the museum in 1980 and re-erected in 2000.
### House, Lavant {#house_lavant}
This house dates from the 17th century. It originally stood at Lavant, West Sussex. Externally it has been restored to its 17th-century appearance, but it has a modern interior. The building is used as an education room for school and youth visits to the museum.
### House, Walderton {#house_walderton}
This house was originally built at Walderton, Sussex. It has a timber frame dating from the 15th century, with flint external walls added in the 17th century. It has a thatched roof.
### House extension {#house_extension}
This building was the rear extension of a house in Reigate, Surrey, added in the 17th century. It has two carved fireplaces and there are the remains of wall paintings. This building is not currently open to the public.
### Joinery shop {#joinery_shop}
The joinery shop was originally built at Witley, Surrey, and dates from the late 19th or early 20th century. It houses an exhibition on building construction.
### Longport Farmhouse {#longport_farmhouse}
The Longport Farmhouse is a typical Kent farmhouse and was formerly located at Folkestone, Kent, but was threatened by the construction of the Channel Tunnel. The earliest part of the building dates from 1554 and was originally attached to a medieval hall, which no longer exists. From the late 16th century through to the early 20th century various extensions and alterations were made. The farmhouse was dismantled in 1992 by a team from the museum and the Canterbury Archaeological Trust and reconstructed in 1995. During the reconstruction the museum tried to reconstruct faithfully the historic building as it came into the 20th century, with all its phases of alteration. However, the 17th-century chimney stack was not reconstructed, but was dismantled and recorded in such a way that it could be reconstructed in the future. In leaving it out the museum created an open space in the building to allow it to serve as the entrance and shop, and to better demonstrate the historic development of the farmhouse. The farmhouse also serves as offices for the museum.
### Market Hall {#market_hall}
The Market Hall dates from the 17th century and was originally built at Titchfield, Hampshire. It has a lock-up on the ground floor and the first-floor room served as the town council chamber. When the Market Hall was dismantled and re-erected at the museum, it was the second time that had happened. The building had been moved from its original location in the centre of Titchfield to another site in the town in the mid-19th century.
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# Weald and Downland Living Museum
## Buildings
### Medieval house, North Cray {#medieval_house_north_cray}
This medieval hall house was originally built at North Cray, Kent, probably in the 15th century. It is timber-framed with a peg tile roof. The external timbers, which are elm rather than the more usual oak, are painted red as there is evidence that this was done originally.
### Medieval house, Sole Street {#medieval_house_sole_street}
This medieval hall house was originally built at Sole Street, Kent. It has a timber frame and peg tile roof. The building is now used as a craft demonstration area, allowing visitors to get a hands-on experience.
### Medieval shops {#medieval_shops}
This building dates from the 15th century and houses a pair of shops. It was originally built at Horsham, Sussex. The three-story building has jettied upper floors. It is timber-framed with a peg tile roof and peg tiles to the upper floors on at least one side. The upper floors serve as the museum\'s library and are not normally open to the public.
### Open shed {#open_shed}
The open shed dates from the 18th century. It was originally built at Charlwood, Surrey. It served as a cart shed and also a saw shed. The shed was dismantled in 1999, the work being partly funded by the British Airports Authority. When it was reconstructed at the museum in 2000, the horse whim from West Kingsdown, Kent, was installed.
### Pendean farmhouse {#pendean_farmhouse}
This hall house was originally built at West Lavington, West Sussex, in 1609. Instead of an open hall there is a central chimney with fireplaces on both ground and first floors. It retains some features from 16th-century practice, such as unglazed windows. The building has a timber frame, with brick infill to the ground floor and wattle and daub infill to the first floor. It was re-erected at the museum in 1975, but the discovery of a postcard of the building at its original site showed that the chimney had not been reconstructed correctly. The chimney was rebuilt in January 2001 to a more accurate profile. The house is furnished in period style.
### Poplar cottage {#poplar_cottage}
Poplar cottage is a small timber-framed, thatched building dating from the 17th century. It was originally built at Washington, Sussex. The building dates from between 1550 and 1630. It was donated to the museum in 1982 and carefully dismantled in that year. It was re-erected in 1999, the work being funded by a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.
Rebuilding
Work on re-erecting the building began on 10 April 1999, the timbers having been prepared over the previous winter. The outside wall of the smoke bay was infilled with sandstone, whilst the rest of the building was infilled with wattle and daub. The roof was thatched.
### Plumber\'s workshop {#plumbers_workshop}
The plumber\'s workshop dates from the late 19th century and was originally built at Newick, Sussex. The upper floor served as a glazier\'s workshop.
### Pugmill house {#pugmill_house}
This brick and stone building originally stood at Redford, Sussex. It housed a horse-powered pug mill, which was used to prepare clay for brickmaking.
### Saw-pit shed {#saw_pit_shed}
This 19th-century shed was originally built at Sheffield Park, Sussex. It houses a range of tools used in the conversion of trees to finished timber.
### School
This building dates from the 19th century, and was used as a school for educating poor children in the early part of that century. It was originally built at West Wittering and is of brick and flint construction with a tiled roof.
### Stable
The stable dates from the mid-18th century and was originally built at Watersfield, Sussex. It is timber-framed, clad in weatherboarding and has a peg tile roof. The building can house up to five horses or oxen.
### Shelter shed {#shelter_shed}
The open-fronted shelter shed was originally built at Coldwaltham, West Sussex.
### Smithy
The smithy was built in the mid-19th century. It was originally at Southwater, Sussex.
### Treadwheel
The treadwheel dates from the early 17th century. It was probably not worked by a horse due to its size. The treadwheel is housed in a small timber-framed building with a thatched roof and was originally built at Catherington, Hampshire.
### Tindalls Cottage {#tindalls_cottage}
Tindalls Cottage, dating from around 1700--1725, is an oak-framed building with a tiled roof and gable-end chimney, originally from Ticehurst, East Sussex. It was dismantled in 1974 before the cronstruction of the Bewl Water reservoir. The name of the cottage is derived from the family occupying the house from 1748 to 1806.
### Toll cottage {#toll_cottage}
The toll cottage is typical of those of the 18th and 19th centuries. It originally stood on a road built in 1807 at Upper Beeding, Sussex. It has been set up with a recreated tollgate and milestone.
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# Weald and Downland Living Museum
## Buildings
### Upper Hall {#upper_hall}
This building dates from the 15th century and has a long, open room on the first floor, which probably served as a communal meeting place. It was originally built at Crawley, Sussex, behind Tree House---the old manor house of Crawley. The building was threatened with demolition due to an extension to an office building. Of the original four bays, two complete bays remained, plus a third of another. The original building would have been some 36 ft long. The original roof covering would have been Horsham Slab, which was replaced when the building was re-erected at the museum. Only the centre part of the present building is the original. The ends are modern reconstructions replicating contemporary practice. The building is used as the museum\'s library and meeting place and is not normally open to the public. The Worshipful Company of Drapers donated £5,000, which was used to part-fund the dismantling and re-erection of the building at the museum.
### Wagon shed {#wagon_shed}
The wagon shed dates from the 18th century. It was originally built at Wiston, Sussex.
### Watermill
The watermill dates from the early 17th century, and was working until 1935. It is in working order, and flour from the mill is sold in the museum shop. The mill was originally built at Lurgashall, Sussex, to serve Petworth House and Park. At one time it may have been used in the grinding of bark for use in the tanning process. In 1968, the derelict mill was damaged by floods, causing the millstones to fall through the rotting floors.
The mill was originally powered by a tributary of the River Rother. At one time the mill had two waterwheels, each working two pairs of millstones. The 12 ft diameter overshot waterwheel, which was originally cast at Cocking Foundry for Coster\'s Mill, West Lavington, drives the two pairs of millstone, a sack hoist and flour dresser. The machinery in the mill was installed in 1911. The mill was donated to the museum in 1973 and carefully dismantled, at which time evidence was found of a previous use of the site as a Hammer mill. Re-erection and restoration of the machinery took seven years.
### Whittaker\'s cottages {#whittakers_cottages}
Whittaker\'s cottages are a pair of timber-built cottages under a slate roof. They were originally built at Ashtead, Surrey. One cottage is furnished in 19th-century style and the other is unfurnished to better show its construction.
### Windpump
The windpump is a hollow post mill that was built in the mid-19th century. It was originally at Westham, Sussex (`{{gbmapping|TQ 640 043}}`{=mediawiki}), and was marked on an 1860 map. The windpump was re-erected at the museum in 1975.
### Winkhurst kitchen {#winkhurst_kitchen}
This 16th-century building was originally part of a larger building at Sundridge, Kent. It is timber-framed with a crown-post roof. The building dates from between 1492 and 1537. It was the first building acquired by the museum. Dismantled in 1968, it was re-erected at the museum at a site that later proved to be unsuitable. Therefore, it was decided that the building should again be dismantled and re-erected at another site within the museum, with modern extensions designed to allow the building to be better interpreted by visitors. The building was dismantled in December 2001 and reconstructed for the second time between February and May 2002. The interior of the building has been re-created as a working Tudor kitchen.
## Animals
The museum has a selection of typical farm animals, including Southdown sheep, Sussex chickens and Embden geese. Sussex Saddlebacks has loaned the museum some rare saddleback pigs. In addition the museum has some Percheron horses to pull the various horse-drawn vehicles and implements.
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# Weald and Downland Living Museum
## Awards
Since its inception, the museum has won a host of awards and accolades for its work and designated collection.
**2018** -- Public and Community Award, Sussex Heritage Trust. For the museum\'s Gateway Project (visitor centre) This award celebrates restoration or new projects, which provide or improves facilities for the community.
**2017** -- Sandford Award for Education, Heritage Education Trust
**2016** -- Queen\'s Award for Voluntary Service. For the museum\'s volunteers who work in the community to stimulate public interest in historical crafts and rural buildings. The highest award a voluntary group can receive in the UK.
**2015** -- Balfour of Burleigh Tercentenary Prize. For Roger Champion, Museum Master Carpenter for exceptional achievement in crafts.
**2015** -- Sussex Visitor Attraction of the Year
**2015** -- Sussex Heritage Person of the Year, Sussex Heritage Trust. Awarded to Richard Pailthorpe, Museum Director
**2012** -- Sussex Heritage Person of the Year, Sussex Heritage Trust. Awarded to Roger Champion, Museum Master Carpenter
**2011** -- Europa Nostra Award. The museum received a European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage/Europa Nostra Award for Historic Building Conservation Training Programme, plus Grand Prix Laureate in recognition of outstanding heritage achievements.
**2001** -- Sandford Award for Education, Heritage Education Trust
**1998** -- Designated Outstanding Collection. Government designation was awarded to the museum\'s entire collection. This is awarded to pre-eminent collections of national (and sometimes international) importance.
**1997** -- Sandford Award for Education, Heritage Education Trust
**1989** -- Times/Shell Community Museum Award. Voted for by the public and presented by the Duchess of York, for the museum\'s enormous support from the local community.
**1975** -- National Heritage Museum of the Year Award. One of the first independent museums to receive this award, which is now known as the Art Fund Prize for Museum of the Year).
## Filming location {#filming_location}
The museum has been used for authentic historic interiors and exteriors, plus general landscape views
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# Isono Kazumasa
was a senior retainer of the Azai clan, later Oda clan and the castle lord in command of Sawayama castle.
In 1570, at the Battle of Anegawa, he fought against Oda forces who led by Sakai Masahisa and kill Masahisa son, Sakai Kyuzo.
In 1573, Oda Nobunaga laid siege to the Azai clan\'s Sawayama Castle, which was held by Kazumasa. The castle fell. In response, Azai Nagamasa took Kazumasa\'s elderly mother, who he held hostage in Odani Castle, to the execution grounds for death. Kazumasa became enraged to Nagamasa, then he defected to Nobunaga and became a vassal of the Oda clan, but later he became a priest in Mount Kōya
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# Miyabe Keijun
He was a Tendai monk from Mount Hiei in western Japan and Azai clan retainer. He was the father of Miyabe Nagafusa and became a reputable administrator under Toyotomi Hideyoshi during the latter half of the Sengoku period of feudal Japan. His name could also be read as **Miyabe Tsugimasu**.
Keijun received Miyabe Castle from Azai Nagamasa when he gave his support to the Azai clan. Fighting against the Oda clan during the Battle of Anegawa in 1570, Nagamasa and his counterpart Asakura Yoshikage were defeated, prompting Keijun to distrust his lord\'s ability, but not to the point in which he was willing to defect.
In 1573, Oda Nobunaga laid siege to the Azai clan\'s Sawayama Castle, which was held by Isono Kazumasa. The castle fell after a siege that lasted over three months. In response, Nagamasa took Kazumasa\'s elderly mother, who he held hostage in Odani Castle, to the execution grounds for death. Keijun became enraged at the backstabbing qualities of Nagamasa, he and Kazumasa defected to Nobunaga and assisted him in the downfall of the Azai.
As both Nagamasa and the Azai were entirely put into extinction after his defection, Keijun served under Nobunaga until the latter\'s death in 1582, at which time he then came to serve Toyotomi Hideyoshi, largely assisting him by means of administration and agricultural production. He supporting Hideyoshi by additionally taking part in the Kyūshū Campaign of 1587, Keijun fought in the majority of the battles and observed other conflicts---such as the Toyotomi attack upon Hyūga Province\'s Taka Castle.
Continuing his prowess in both Toyotomi agriculture and administration, throughout the years that passed, Hideyoshi rewarded Keijun with Tottori Castle of Inaba Province, which he passed on to his son in 1596, and retired from service as a Toyotomi administrator
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# Brandon United F.C.
**Brandon United Football Club** is a football club based in Brandon, County Durham, England. They are currently members of the `{{English football updater|BrandonU}}`{=mediawiki} and play at the Welfare Ground.
## History
The club was established in 1968 as Rostrons Football Club, the works team of the waste paper company of the same name. They joined Division Three of the Durham & District Sunday League, winning the division in their first season. They went on to win Division Two the following season, and were promoted to Division One. The mid-1970s saw Brandon win Division One four times in successive seasons between 1973--74 and 1976--77. They also won the Durham Sunday Cup in 1973--74, 1975--76 and 1976--77, as well as the FA Sunday Cup in 1975--76.
In 1977 the club joined the Northern Alliance, winning back-to-back championships in their first two seasons in the league, also winning the League Cup in their first season. Although they only finished fourth in 1979--80, the club entered the FA Cup for the first time, and reached the first round. Drawn at home to Bradford City, the match was moved to Spennymoor United\'s ground, with Bradford winning 3--0. The season also saw them win the League Cup for a second time.
In the summer of 1980 Brandon left the Northern Alliance to join the Northern Amateur League, but after a single season, they were elected to the Wearside League. Two seasons later, they moved up to Division Two of the Northern League. After finishing fourth in 1983--84, they won the division the following season, and were promoted to the Premier Division. In 1988--89 they reached the first round of the FA Cup again; after drawing 0--0 at Doncaster Rovers, the replay was also played at Doncaster\'s Belle Vue, with Rovers winning 2--1.
Brandon were relegated to Division Two at the end of the 1993--94 season, but returned to Division One after winning Division Two in 1999--2000. The club were Division One champions in 2002--03, but finished bottom of Division One in 2005--06 and were relegated back to Division Two. After finishing bottom of Division Two in 2023--24 they were relegated to the Premier Division of the Wearside League
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# Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby
**Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby** (1559 -- 16 April 1594), was an English nobleman and politician. He was the son of Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby, and Lady Margaret Clifford. Ferdinando had a place in the line of succession to Elizabeth I according to the will of Henry VIII, after his mother, whom he predeceased. His sudden death led to suspicions of poisoning amid fears of Catholic plots to overthrow Elizabeth.
## Baron Strange {#baron_strange}
In about 1572, when he was thirteen, Stanley matriculated as a member of the University of Oxford. A year later he was called to her Court by Queen Elizabeth, \"to be shaped in good manners\". He was subsequently summoned to Parliament in his father\'s Barony of Strange (of Knokyn) and became known as \"Ferdinando, Lord Straunge\". In 1579 he married Alice Spencer, the youngest daughter of Sir John Spencer of Althorp by his marriage to Catherine Kytson.
Ferdinando was a supporter of the arts, enjoying music, dance, poetry, and singing, but above all, he loved the theatre. He was the patron of many writers, including Robert Greene, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, and William Shakespeare. Shakespeare may have been employed by Strange in his early years as one of Lord Strange\'s Men, when this troupe of acrobats and tumblers was reorganized, emphasizing the performing of plays. By 1590, Strange was allied with the Admiral\'s Men, performing at The Theatre (owned by James Burbage, father of Richard Burbage).
During this period, Ferdinando remained circumspect about his true opinions on religion and other matters. The Jesuit writer Robert Parsons expressed frustration, stating that \"diverse men\" were not satisfied \"with the course of this lord hitherto\". Parsons hoped that the accession of the Stanleys to the English throne might aid the Roman Catholic cause, but that \"the Earl of Derby\'s religion is held to be doubtful, as some do think him to be of all three religions \[Roman Catholic; Church of England; Puritan\] and others of none.\" Parsons added that \"no side will esteem or trust him\" because of this. Nevertheless, Elizabeth\'s chief minister Lord Burghley received several reports that \"Papists\" were attempting to build support for Ferdinando, whom they might agree unanimously to make king, as one of his informants stated.
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# Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby
## Earl of Derby {#earl_of_derby}
### Cultural patronage {#cultural_patronage}
Ferdinando\'s father died on 25 September 1593, and he succeeded him as Earl of Derby. Lord Strange\'s Men were accordingly renamed to \"Derby\'s Men\". Scholars believe that Shakespeare was involved with this company of players both as an actor and playwright. The troupe produced *Titus Andronicus* and the trilogy of *Henry VI, Part 1*, *Henry VI, Part 2*, and *Henry VI, Part 3*. Some of these plays may contain oblique references to the Stanley family\'s political position at the time.
Ferdinando was considered \"of an exalted genius as well as birth\", and during the absence of his father on State business he ably discharged the duties of the Lieutenancies of Lancashire and Cheshire. He was both a poet and author, enjoying the society of eminent Elizabethan men of letters. Edmund Spenser, the poet, personified Ferdinando as \"Amyntas\", and his Countess as \"Amaryllis\". In 1610, a collection of English poems entitled *Belvedere; or the Garden of the Muses* was published which included work which may be by Ferdinando, but without his name being attached to it, and the identification remains to a large extent a matter of conjecture.
### Hesketh plot {#hesketh_plot}
After his succession to his father\'s titles and estates, more reports of Roman Catholic plots on Ferdinando\'s behalf reached Burghley, particularly of a priest in Rome who had said of the new Earl of Derby that \"though he were of no religion, should find friends to decide a nearer estate \[to the throne\]\". English rebels who had fled overseas sent a man named Richard Hesketh to urge Ferdinando that he had a claim to the crown of England by right of his descent from Mary, Queen Dowager of France, the second surviving daughter of Henry VII and a younger sister of Henry VIII. The Heskeths had once been retainers of the Stanley family and were also family friends. This is why Richard Hesketh was chosen to approach Derby about the matter that has come to be known as \"the Hesketh Plot\". Ferdinando held two private meetings with Hesketh and then took him to London for further discussions with his mother, who had earlier been excluded from the Queen\'s court for allegedly plotting against Elizabeth. However, he finally dramatically rejected Hesketh\'s proposition with displays of scorn and indignation, even turning him over to Burghley.
Hesketh was interrogated and later executed. However, Stanley, who had hoped that his display of loyalty to Elizabeth would be rewarded, was shut out of the case and was marginalised. He was dismayed when the position of Lord Chamberlain of Chester was given to Thomas Egerton rather than himself, complaining that he was \"crossed in court and crossed in his country\".
## Death
His death was mysterious. A few months after the Hesketh affair, he was suddenly taken ill with a severe and violent sickness. Poisoning was suspected. It was claimed that Hesketh had threatened him that he would soon die if he did not accept his plans. He was said to have been poisoned by the Jesuits, his gentleman of horse being suspected of administering the poison. The historian John Stow recorded his illness in great detail. It has been suggested that poisonous mushrooms were used, others alleged arsenic.
A contemporary note of the Earl\'s symptoms, the remedies he took, and the grounds for suspicion of witchcraft survive. He fell sick at Knowsley Hall but travelled to Lathom House where he took bezoar stone and allegedly, powdered unicorn\'s horn as medicine. He died on 16 April 1594.
## Succession
From his marriage to Alice Spencer, was born his eldest daughter, Anne Stanley, Countess of Castlehaven, in 1580. Henry VIII\'s will would have made her queen in 1603 as heiress of Henry\'s younger sister Mary Tudor; Elizabeth was actually succeeded by James VI of Scotland, the heir of Henry\'s older sister, Margaret Tudor.
Bernard Burke also mentioned two younger daughters of the Earl and Alice Spencer. Lady Frances Stanley (1583--1636) became the wife of John Egerton, 1st Earl of Bridgewater and mother of John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater. Lady Elizabeth Stanley (1588--1633) was married to Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon. Their son Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon was named after his maternal grandfather.
Ferdinando was succeeded as Earl of Derby by his younger brother, William. But the Baronies of Strange (of Knokyn) \[1299\], Mohun (of Dunster) \[1299\], and Stanley \[1456\], fell into abeyance between his daughters and coheirs. The Barony of Strange (of Knokyn) was, however, improperly assumed by the succeeding Earls of Derby, and being, erroneously, supposed, in 1628, to belong to them, gave occasion to a writ of that date whereby a new Barony of the name of \"Strange\" was created
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# North Berwick railway station
**North Berwick railway station** is a railway station serving the seaside town of North Berwick in East Lothian, Scotland. It is the terminus of the Edinburgh to North Berwick Line, 22+1/4 mi east of `{{stnlnk|Edinburgh Waverley}}`{=mediawiki}.
## History
Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII) visited North Berwick in 1859, arriving by train. By this time the town was increasingly favoured as a resort for the wealthy, and the royal visit helped to boost its popularity. To encourage tourism, a large new hotel (the \'Royal Hotel\') was built opposite the station, with the railway company being a shareholder in this venture until 1923. The growth of the town during the Victorian era resulted in increased business for the railway, and in 1894 the station was enlarged to cope with the traffic.
Following the rebuilding, the station complex featured two terminus platforms, which extended right up to Station Road. To the south of the station was a goods yard with ten sidings and a goods shed. One of the sidings originally extended across Station Road onto a high embankment between Abbey Road and Station Hill in order to serve the gasworks at the foot of Station Hill (this embankment was the only part of the harbour line to be completed).
A two-road dead-ended engine shed was located on the north of the line, with its back against the Ware Road overbridge, while the signalbox was located on the south side of the line opposite the shed. West of Ware Road was a headshunt siding on the north side of the line. In 1904 a replacement gasworks was built at Ferrygate, with two sidings on the north side of the line facing towards North Berwick.
Two camping coaches were positioned here by the Scottish Region from 1960 to 1966, the coaches were *Pullman* camping coaches from 1961 to 1965.
There was a proposal by the Aberlady, Gullane and North Berwick Railway to build a second route to North Berwick from `{{Stnlnk|Longniddry}}`{=mediawiki}; however, that line was only completed as far as Gullane.
In the days of steam locomotives many of the North Berwick branch passenger trains terminated at Drem, and passengers had to change onto main line stopping services to continue their journeys.
## Dieselisation
In 1958, diesel multiple units were introduced on the North Berwick services, and most branch trains then ran right through to Edinburgh Waverley or Corstorphine. With the arrival of the diesels, the engine shed was closed.
Despite the improvement to passenger services upon dieselisation, a period of decline had already begun. The intermediate station at Dirleton had closed to passengers on 1 February 1954, and its use for goods traffic ended on 1 June 1959. Nationally, the railways were suffering as a result of increased car ownership and competition from road haulage. The gasworks, formerly a major customer, ceased to receive coal deliveries in the 1960s, and North Berwick goods yard closed on 1 January 1968. The signalbox closed one week later, at which time all tracks were removed except that leading to the secondary (north) platform. The late \'60s were the period of the infamous \'Beeching Axe\', and British Rail sought permission to close the branch line altogether, along with all local stations east of Edinburgh. Although the Minister of Transport refused permission for these closures, a drastic cut in service was implemented. When the new timetable was introduced on 4 January 1970, the weekday service consisted of just two morning and two evening peak hour trains. This period represented the nadir of the station\'s fortunes, with a skeleton service and most of the station complex derelict.
## Threat of railway closure {#threat_of_railway_closure}
The passenger service gradually recovered, despite a further threat to the station\'s future following publication of the Serpell Report in 1982. However, in 1985 the grand but decaying station buildings were demolished and the remaining platform was shortened. A new station car park was built on the site of the old station buildings and platforms, while the goods yard site was sold for housing development. The \'new\' station was unstaffed, and \'pay trains\' were introduced between Edinburgh and North Berwick on 27 May 1985. Although the loss of the old station buildings was lamented by many local people, the reduction in operating costs and the provision of a park-and-ride car park contributed to the revitalisation of the line. By the end of the 1980s the service was once again operating on an hourly frequency.
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# North Berwick railway station
## Electrification of the branch {#electrification_of_the_branch}
Electrification of the branch line in the early 1990s by British Rail in tandem with 25 kV AC electrification of the East Coast Main Line showed a renewed confidence in the long-term future of the station. Regular electric service began on 8 July 1991, and passenger numbers have continued to grow steadily. A passenger-operated self-service ticket machine was installed in the late 2000s.
## Services
Train services are provided by ScotRail; services operated on a regular hourly frequency on weekdays, with additional peak hour services and Saturdays saw a half-hourly daytime service, with Saturday evening and Sunday service being hourly. As of 2022, the service provision is much the same however Saturday services currently run hourly. Most trains operate all-stations between North Berwick and Edinburgh, with one morning service to `{{Stnlnk|Haymarket}}`{=mediawiki} in the morning peak and a return journey from Haymarket in the evening. In recent years, through services operated to `{{Stnlnk|Glasgow Central}}`{=mediawiki} and even `{{Stnlnk|Ayr}}`{=mediawiki} via `{{Stnlnk|Carstairs}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{Stnlnk|Motherwell}}`{=mediawiki} however these were curtailed in 2019
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# Saputara
**Saputara** town in the Dang district of Gujarat, India, is a hill station located in the Sahyadris or Western Ghats. It is a well-known tourist destination.
## Places
There are many places to visit in Saputara, which include, Vansda National Park, Hathgadh Fort, Saputara Lake, Gira Falls, Echo Point, Sunrise Point, Sunset Point, Step Garden, Table Point, Saputara Tribal Museum, Lake Garden, Saptashringi Devi Mandir and Purna Sanctuary.
## Climate
The best time to visit Saputara is winter. The Winter season begins in October and goes on till February. Though the winter temperature in Saputara can drop as low as 8 °C, overall, the weather remains quite enjoyable. The maximum temperature here during the winter is 28 °C.
## Demographics
As per 2011 census of India, the Saputara notified area has population of 2,968 of which 1,031 are males while 1,937 are females. The literacy rate of Saputara is 87.4**%**. Thus Saputara has higher literacy rate compared to 75.2% of The Dangs district. The male literacy rate is 89.73% and the female literacy rate is 86.29% in Saputara.
## Transportation
Saputara lies on National Highway 953 which connects to Songadh in Gujarat and Pimpalgaon Baswant in Maharashtra.
## Gallery
<File:Saputara>, Gujarat, India - panoramio (5).jpg\|View of Saputara Hill station <file:Valley> view.jpg\|Valley view <file:SAPUTARA> NAGESHWAR TAMPLE - panoramio.jpg\|Nageshwar Temple <file:MONSOON> FESTIVAL2011 - panoramio.jpg\|Boats at Saputara Lake <File:A> View from Sunset Point Saputara Hill Station,The Dangs,Gujarat
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# Lew Campbell
**Lewis Campbell** (c. 1831--1910) was a pioneer rancher in the Kamloops area of western Canada. Campbell and James Todd were the first settlers in what is now Barnhartvale, British Columbia.
Campbell went to British Columbia from the United States during the Cariboo Gold Rush in 1858, but unlike many others he discovered more profit in transporting supplies and food for the miners than in actually prospecting for gold. In 1864 he drove a herd of cattle from Oregon to the Cariboo, selling the beef to the miners. In 1865 he pre-empted a crown grant at the mouth of Campbell Creek on the South Thompson River. The Campbell Ranch influenced Barnhartvale for many years.
Campbell\'s ranch eventually included 3,000 cattle on a property of 969 acre, spreading south about 12 mi to Campbell Lake and the surrounding meadows.
Campbell Creek and Campbell Range are both named after him
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# Forest Capital Museum State Park
**Forest Capital State Museum** is a 13 acre Florida State Park located 1 mi south of Perry on US 19/US 98. The museum contains displays that recount the history of the forest industry as well as the wildlife of the forest. Adjacent to the museum is the Cracker Homestead built in 1864 that depicts life on a Florida homestead with a house, barn, well, arbor, and garden. The park also hosts the annual Florida Forest Festival event in October, which is a 50+ year tradition.
## Recreational activities {#recreational_activities}
Activities include picnicing and viewing the exhibits. The park has three covered picnic pavilions. There is also a playground located in the park.
## Hours
The park is open every Thursday through Monday from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. and from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m., except Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year\'s Day.
## Gallery
<File:Forest> Capital Museum SP museum01.jpg\|Museum building. <File:Forest> Capital Museum SP cracker01d.jpg\|Part of Cracker homestead reconstruction <File:Forest> Capital Museum SP cracker02
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# Carlo Little
**Carl O\'Neil Little** (17 December 1938 -- 6 August 2005), better known by his stage name **Carlo Little**, was a rock and roll drummer, based in the London nightclub scene in the 1960s. He played in an early version of the Rolling Stones. Little was also with Cyril Davies\' All-Stars and was a founder member of Screaming Lord Sutch\'s Savages.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born Carl O\'Neil Little at the Queen Charlotte\'s Hospital, Shepherd\'s Bush, London, he was brought up and lived in Wembley, Middlesex for most of his life with his sister Carole. His fellow townsmen`{{huh|date=November 2024}}`{=mediawiki} included peers Keith Moon, Ginger Baker and Charlie Watts, all of whom would find fame with the same instrument. He was included in the evacuation of civilians during World War II as a child, and sent to relatives in Wales during the Blitz in London.
As a teenager he discovered Ted Heath and then skiffle music, especially Chris Barber and Lonnie Donegan. Skiffle inspired Little to join a band, Derek Addison\'s Rhythm Katz. By the late 1950s rock and roll had arrived in the United Kingdom, and Little became a fan of Chuck Berry and Little Richard, whose drummer Earl Palmer he was influenced by. Little was called up in 1958 to do National Service in the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) Corps of Drums, serving in Kenya and Malta, and he was singled out to become head drummer due to his loud playing. He was demobbed in 1960.
## Career
On his return to civilian life, he met David Sutch and formed the Savages with amongst others Nicky Hopkins who lived locally. Screaming Lord Sutch & the Savages toured the UK and became known for their unique British rock and roll shows. The bulk of the band members, including Little, left in 1962 to join the Cyril Davies All Stars, and recorded a single \"Country Line Special\", an instrumental track which influenced Keith Richards and Ray Davies. He also played a few gigs with the young Rolling Stones and was asked by Brian Jones to join permanently before they hired Charlie Watts as their official drummer in January 1963. In 1998, during their European tour, he was invited as an official guest backstage at one of their Paris concerts.
Little gave Keith Moon drum lessons. Little was the loudest drummer many had ever seen or heard, one of the first to ever hammer the bass drum.
Little continued to work as a session drummer throughout the 1960s, and toured with the Flower Pot Men, Billie Davis and Neil Christian in Europe. He later auditioned for Deep Purple and Ian Dury but signed to Decca Records in 1973 as Hurricane with Stuart Colman and Freddie \'Fingers\' Lee. Little played in pub bands throughout the 1970s and 1980s, until he reformed the All Stars in 2000. The band now included Art Wood on vocals, Alex Chanter (brother of the Chanter Sisters) on lead guitar and vocals, Johnny Casanova on keyboards and vocals, Eddie Armer on harmonicas and fellow former Cyril Davies band member, Ricky Brown (aka Ricky Fenson), on bass. Carlo and his All Stars recorded an album, which also featured Ron Wood, Jeff Beck, Long John Baldry, Matthew Fisher, Simon Bell and the Chanter Sisters. The album, entitled *Never Stop Rockin*\', (the title track penned by Little), could not be released until 2009, so he was unable to see the finished product.
Next to his musical activities, he worked as a bread salesman and entrepreneur until his retirement.
Little died of lung cancer in Cleadon, Tyne and Wear in 2005, at the age of 66. The Carlo Little All Stars album *Never Stop Rockin*\' was released by Angel Air Records in January 2009
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# Human processor model
**Human processor model** or MHP (Model Human Processor) is a cognitive modeling method developed by Stuart K. Card, Thomas P. Moran, & Allen Newell (1983) used to calculate how long it takes to perform a certain task. Other cognitive modeling methods include parallel design, GOMS, and keystroke-level model (KLM).
Cognitive modeling is one way to evaluate the usability of a product. This method uses experimental times to calculate cognitive and motor processing time. The value of the human processor model is that it allows a system designer to predict the performance with respect to time it takes a person to complete a task without performing experiments. Other modeling methods include inspection methods, inquiry methods, prototyping methods, and testing methods.
The standard definition for MHP is: The MHP draws an analogy between the processing and storage areas of a computer, with the perceptual, motor, cognitive and memory areas of the computer user.
The human processor model uses the cognitive, perceptual, and motor processors along with the visual image, working memory, and long term memory storages. A diagram is shown below. Each processor has a cycle time and each memory has a decay time. These values are also included below. By following the connections diagrammed below, along with the associated cycle or decay times, the time it takes a user to perform a certain task can be calculated. Studies into this field were initially done by Stuart K. Card, Thomas P. Moran, & Allen Newell in 1983. Current studies in the field include work to distinguish process times in older adults by Tiffany Jastrembski and Neil Charness (2007).
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# Human processor model
## How to calculate {#how_to_calculate}
The calculations depend on the ability to break down every step of a task into the basic process level. The more detailed the analysis, the more accurate the model will be to predict human performance. The method for determining processes can be broken down into the following steps.
- Write out main steps based on: a working prototype, simulation, step by step walk-through of all steps
- Clearly identify the specific task and method to accomplish that task
- For each final step identify sub-levels down to a basic process (in the diagram or chart below)
- Convert into pseudo code (writing out methods for each step)
- List all assumptions (will be helpful as multiple iterations are completed)
- Determine time of each operation (based on the table below)
- Determine if operation times should be adjusted (slower for elderly, disability, unfamiliarity, etc.)
- Sum up execution times
- Iterate as needed and check with prototyping if possible
Parameter Mean Range
-------------------------------------------- ------------ ------------------
Eye movement time 230 ms 70--700 ms
Decay half-life of visual image storage 200 ms 90--1000 ms
Visual Capacity 17 letters 7--17 letters
Decay half-life of auditory storage 1500 ms 900--3500 ms
Auditory Capacity 5 letters 4.4--6.2 letters
Perceptual processor cycle time 100 ms 50--200 ms
Cognitive processor cycle time 70 ms 25--170 ms
Motor processor cycle time 70 ms 30--100 ms
Effective working memory capacity 7 chunks 5--9 chunks
Pure working memory capacity 3 chunks 2.5--4.2 chunks
Decay half-life of working memory 7 sec 5--226 sec
Decay half-life of 1 chunk working memory 73 sec 73--226 sec
Decay half-life of 3 chunks working memory 7 sec 5--34 sec
## Potential uses {#potential_uses}
Once complete, the calculations can then be used to determine the probability of a user remembering an item that may have been encountered in the process. The following formula can be used to find the probability: *P = e*^*-K\*t*^ where *K* is the decay constant for the respective memory in question (working or long term) and *t* is the amount of time elapsed (with units corresponding to that of *K*). The probability could then be used to determine whether or not a user would be likely to recall an important piece of information they were presented with while doing an activity.
It is important to deduce beforehand whether the user would be able to repeat the vital information throughout time *t*, as this has a negative impact on the working memory if they cannot. For example, if a user is reading lines of text and is presented with an important phone number in that text, they may not be able to repeat the number if they have to continue to read. This would cause the user's working memory's decay time to be smaller, thus reducing their probability of recall
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# Baltimore, Indiana
**Baltimore** was a small town built on the western banks of the Wabash River in Mound Township, Warren County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.
## History
Baltimore was laid out in November 1829 by William Willmeth and Samuel Hill. It flourished for several years, and the population reached 70. In 1830, Samuel Hill had a stock of merchandise worth \$2500 at his establishment, which was the largest stock in the county at the time. A post office was established in 1833, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1865. Another store was opened by Samuel Wetzel in 1839. When the Wabash and Erie Canal was completed on the opposite side of the river in the 1840s, the community dwindled. A single brick house built in the 1880s is the last remaining structure of Baltimore.
## Geography
Baltimore was located along State Road 263 near its intersection with County Road 1025 South. Baltimore Cemetery and Rodgers Cemetery lie about a quarter mile to the west
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# Metamorphosis of Narcissus
***Metamorphosis of Narcissus*** is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Spanish surrealist Salvador Dalí, from 1937. Originally titled *Métamorphose de Narcisse,* This painting is from Dalí\'s paranoiac-critical period and depicts his interpretation of the Greek myth of Narcissus. Dalí began his painting in the spring of 1937 while in Zürs, in the Austrian Alps.
## Myth of Narcissus {#myth_of_narcissus}
According to Greek mythology, Narcissus\'s beauty made him attractive to nearly everyone who saw him and both men and women pursued him, but he rejected all advances. One of his admirers, a nymph named Echo, fell so madly in love with him that, after he rejected her, she wasted away until only her voice remained. The goddess Nemesis, taking pity on Echo, convinced Narcissus to gaze into a pool. Upon seeing his face reflected in the water, Narcissus fell in love with his reflection. Because he was unable to embrace his reflection, Narcissus too wasted away and in his place grew the flower that bears his name, the narcissus.
## Dalí\'s Interpretation {#dalís_interpretation}
In Dalí\'s painting, he depicts the figure of Narcissus on the left side of the canvas crouched by a lake, with his head resting on his knee, and a stone hand clutching an egg mirroring the shape of his body on the right. From out of the cracked egg, a narcissus flower sprouts. In the mid-ground of the painting stands a group of Narcissus\'s rejected suitors. Among the mountains in the background rests a third Narcissus figure.
*Metamorphosis of Narcissus* differs from Dalí\'s other double-image paintings, in which there are multiple images hidden in one because Narcissus\'s figure is doubled in the stone hand.
Dalí composed a poem that he exhibited alongside his painting in 1937. The poem ends:
*Metamorphosis of Narcissus* and the poem, which was published by Éditions surréalistes, that accompanied it were the first works of Dalí\'s to be completed by utilizing his paranoiac-critical method. In a book that Dalí published in 1937, also titled *Metamorphosis of Narcissus,* the painter instructs viewers of his painting to observe it in a state of \"distracted fixation\". He writes:
> \"If one looks for some time, from a slight distance and with a certain \'distant fixedness\', at the hypnotically immobile figure of Narcissus, it gradually disappears until at last it is completely invisible,\"
implying that Narcissus will fade into the stone hand until he completely disappears.
## Dalí and Sigmund Freud {#dalí_and_sigmund_freud}
On July 19, 1938 in London, Dalí met Sigmund Freud, whom the painter had admired since the 1920s after reading Freud\'s book *The Interpretation of Dreams.* During their meeting, Dalí brought his painting *Metamorphosis of Narcissus* in hopes of using it to discuss the psychoanalytic theory of Narcissism and his concept of critical paranoia, which he developed based on Freud\'s concept of paranoia. He also was permitted to sketch Freud. The meeting was arranged by writer Stefan Zweig and Dalí\'s benefactor, Edward James, who was also in attendance and ultimately gained ownership of *Metamorphosis of Narcissus
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# Rutan VariViggen
The **Rutan VariViggen** is a homebuilt aircraft designed by Burt Rutan. The aircraft is a tandem two-seater of primarily wooden construction with a delta wing and a canard foreplane. The VariViggen is powered by a 150 hp Lycoming O-320 aero engine in pusher configuration. The prototype was designated Model 27, and the production version was Model 32.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
The VariViggen was named after the Swedish fighter plane, the Saab 37 Viggen. This and the XB-70 Valkyrie inspired the design. Rutan became interested in aircraft which resisted stalls and spins, and the VariViggen was his first full scale design. He began working with the design as a student at Cal Poly in the early 1960s, and started building the prototype in his garage in 1968. After four years of work, the aircraft made its first flight in April, 1972. In order to increase efficiency, the Model 32 (also known as the VariViggen SP) had a slightly longer fuselage, a larger wingspan and winglets.
The Rutan Aircraft Factory sold 600 plan sets for the VariViggen to homebuilders, and eventually about 20 of the aircraft were built. Following the crash of one in New Brunswick, Canada in September 2006 due to wing tank fuel contamination, fewer than five are currently still flying. The prototype aircraft, N27VV, can be seen in the 1975 movie Death Race 2000 and was eventually donated to the EAA AirVenture Museum in 1988.
Rutan also began work on an all-aluminum variant, the MiniViggen, but later abandoned the project and focused his efforts on the VariEze
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# Harada Munetoki
was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period and Azuchi-Momoyama period. Also known as `{{nihongo|'''Samanosuke'''|左馬之助}}`{=mediawiki}. Served as a retainer to Date Masamune. Born the son of Yamamine Genichiro, Munetoki succeeded his uncle Harada Munemasa, who had been killed in battle. The Harada family were hereditary retainers of the Date clan, from the days of the first lord Date Tomomune onward.
Munetoki soon entered the service of Date Masamune, and received Masamune\'s trust due to his valiant conduct in combat. At age 18 he was placed in charge of the Date clan\'s military affairs. He was easily visible in combat by his trademark golden sword, which measured 2.7 metres. One battle where Munetoki earned great distinction was the Battle of Suriage-ga-hara, where he commanded the detached unit and was able to take Hibara.
In 1593, Munetoki joined Masamune when the latter deployed to Korea. However, he fell ill at Pusan and despite his wishes to remain and fight, he was put on a ship bound for Hizen-Nagoya. His condition worsened en route, necessitating his disembarkation at Tsushima. He died in Tsushima later that same year. Masamune was so saddened by the untimely loss of Munetoki that he composed the set of poems titled `{{nihongo|''Kokufū Rokushu''|国風六首}}`{=mediawiki} The first letters of each of these poems formed an acrostic which spelled *Na-mu-a-mi-da-bu* (*Namu Amida Butsu*, an invocation to the Amida Buddha)
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# Unguriu
**Unguriu** (`{{IPA|ro|unɡuˈri.u}}`{=mediawiki}) is a commune in the Buzău County, Muntenia, Romania, 18 km north-west of Buzău, the county seat, on the banks of the river Buzău. It is composed of two villages, Ojasca and Unguriu.
## History
The first mention of Unguriu is an act of Constantine Mavrocordato from the year 1782, who transferred property of the village of Unguriu to the bishopric of Buzău. In the mid-17th century, nearby, at the Ciuciuri springs, the Unguriu monastery is built.
The village of Ojasca was first mentioned in 1715, when Luxandra Ierculeasa gave the same bishopric a patch of land there.
Between 1805 and 1821, the border between Wallachia and the Habsburg monarchy came at the Ojasca springs and therefore the Unguriu monastery was temporarily destroyed.
In 1968, the commune of Unguriu (with the villages Unguriu and Ojasca) was included within the commune of Măgura, but in the year 2004, the commune was reinstated.
## Economy
Most of the people from Unguriu work in mining, oil extraction, construction, ceramics and glass manufacturing. Many people also practice agriculture, growing fruit and animals.
A number of 21 firms are located in Unguriu, in the fields of trading, production and processing of milk, metal casting, as well as mills and other service providers.
A coal mine was open between 1882-1962, and again between 1985-1997
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# Filarmonica Alpina
The **Filarmonica Alpina** of Castiglione di Garfagnana, Italy is a music company associated with the Garfagnana region.
## History
The company was founded in 1858 as the \"Fanfara Popolare\" by a group of musicians with the purpose of playing music at special events. Such events as religious processions, civil parades, and private functions. Later, in 1874, it became a communal band.
The Filarmonica Alpina was inactive throughout World War I, it reformed afterwards and has continued uninterrupted ever since. The Filarmonica Alpina represents one of the many living traditions of the Castiglione di Garfagnana and is present on many important occasions in the life of the community. Today the musical group is composed of seventy elements and directed by Silvano Marcalli and its chairman Vittorio Pieroni
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# USS Bancroft (DD-598)
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# The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists
***The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists*** is the first book in The Pirates! series by Gideon Defoe dealing with a hapless crew of pirates. It was published in 2004 by Orion Books (`{{ISBN|0-297-84885-2}}`{=mediawiki}). The book was adapted into a stop-motion film by Aardman Animations.
## Plot
The book is set in 1837, and follows the adventures of \"The Pirate Captain\" and his crew of unorthodox pirates. They meet a young Charles Darwin and Mister Bobo, a highly trained and sophisticated \"man-panzee\", who have been exiled from London by a rival scientist. Having sunk the *Beagle*, which he believed was a Bank of England treasure ship thanks to a tip-off from Black Bellamy, the Pirate Captain agrees to take Darwin home and help him defeat his enemies and the very evil and angry Bishop of Oxford.
## Characters
The Pirate Captain is arrogant, naive and mostly incompetent as a pirate and as a sea captain, but he\'s ultimately well-meaning and very much respected by his crew. He doesn\'t appear to possess any of the stereotypical pirate accoutrements, though he dresses in the traditional manner, and much is made of his luxuriant beard. He is said to have a \"pleasant, open face\", though he is quite successful at terrifying non-pirates. He is also -- as are all the rest of his crew -- rather obsessed with ham.
His pirates are never given names, only descriptions, such as \"the pirate with a scarf\", \"the pirate in green\" and \"the pirate with gout\". These descriptions are used consistently throughout the series for each character, and the pirates occasionally refer to each other using them, but always use \"The Pirate Captain\" as if it were their captain\'s name.
We are also introduced to Black Bellamy, the Pirate Captain\'s cunning and black-hearted nemesis, Jennifer, a sensible Victorian Lady who becomes an invaluable member of the crew, Charles Darwin as their helper and the mean Bishop of Oxford as the villain.
## Series
The book introduces many themes and devices that are revisited throughout the series, including the Pirate Captain\'s bizarre behaviour and ridiculous schemes; the pirates\' love of ham, and in particular the Pirate Captain\'s prize honey-glazed ham; the relationship between the Pirate Captain and his crew; and the use of footnotes to introduce historical and scientific facts relevant to the narrative.
## Film
Aardman Animations in cooperation with Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation has adapted the book into a 3D stop-motion animated film released on March 28, 2012, and directed by Peter Lord, the director of *Chicken Run*, with the script written by the book\'s author Gideon Defoe. The movie replaces the Bishop of Oxford with Queen Victoria as the main villain
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# Pāvā
`{{BuddhasHolySites}}`{=mediawiki} **Pāvā** was an important city of the Malla tribe of ancient India at the time of the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha. It is located about 20 km southeast of Kushinagar in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
## Possible locations {#possible_locations}
The precise location of ancient Pāvā is not known with certainty. Likely candidates include:
- an ancient site known as Fazilnagar ka kot (ASI SL.# N-UP-P25), located in present-day Fazilnagar, in Kushinagar district
- a large flat-topped mound of ruins known as Jharmatiya (ASI SL.# N-UP-P21), located in present-day Chetiaon, in Kushinagar district
## Buddhist history {#buddhist_history}
When the Buddha reached his eightieth year, he felt that his time in this world was approaching an end. At that time, according to the *Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta* (Sutta 16 of the *Dīgha Nikāya*), he and some of his disciples undertook a months-long journey that would take them from Rājagṛha, through Pāṭaliputta, Vesāli, Bhoganagara, and Pāvā, to their final destination at Kuśinagara. It was at Pāvā that Cunda, a resident of Pāvā, invited the group to a meal that featured a food called *sukaramaddava*. This would prove to be the Buddha\'s last meal, as he was afflicted by a painful illness resembling dysentery soon after consuming the meal. It was on this occasion that the *Cunda Sutta* (AN 6:46) was preached. At that time, the Mallas had just completed their new meeting hall. Upon their invitation, the Buddha consecrated it by first occupying it and then preaching in it. After the Buddha had finished speaking, one of his leading disciples, Śāriputra, recited the *Saṅgīti Sutta* (DN 33) to the assembled monks. After the meal, the Buddha crossed the Kakkuttha River (now called the Khanua River) and completed his journey to Kushinagar. Soon after his arrival in Kushinagar, the Buddha attained *parinirvana*. After the Buddha\'s cremation, the Mallas of Pāvā claimed a share in his relics. A Brahmin named Drona satisfied their claim, and a stupa was erected in Pāvā over their share of the relics.
## Jainist history {#jainist_history}
Besides being a center of Buddhists, Pāvā was also a center of Jainism. The *Pasādika Sutta* (DN 29) records the Buddha at Pāvā at the time the leader of the Jains attained *parinirvana*: \"Once the Lord was staying among the Sakyans (at Pāvā) \... in the mango-grove belonging to the Vedhanna family (the Samagama). At that time the Nigantha Nātaputta (or Mahāvīra, the leader of the Jains) had just died \... And at his death the Niganthas (Jains) were split into two parties \...\"
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# Gotta Get Thru This (album)
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# Robert Fiske Griggs
**Robert Fiske Griggs** (August 22, 1881, in Brooklyn, Connecticut -- June 10, 1962), was a botanist who led a 1915 National Geographic Society (NGS) expedition to observe the aftermath of the Katmai volcanic eruption.
## National Geographic expeditions {#national_geographic_expeditions}
In June 1917, Griggs and the eager NGS explorers rushed to the Katmai coast with the express goal of exploring the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. They quickly worked their way up through the ash-filled Katmai River valley and over the pass. It was a month of terror and elation for the twelve adventurers. Through the long Alaska summer days, they took chemical and geologic samples, shot photographs, and made rough maps. Mincing their way across the crumbling, treacherous surface of the hot ash, they studied the temperatures and temperaments of the roaring fumaroles and explored the perilous margins of the pyroclastic deposits. As they explored and documented the valley, they began to build a picture of the eruption. For five years, the American public had been entranced by the exciting volcanic discoveries in Alaska. Hungry for stories to push the horrors of World War I from their minds, thousands of National Geographic subscribers were thrilled to read Griggs\' gripping articles about the adventures of his exploring parties.
As the discoveries unfolded, Griggs became increasingly zealous in his advocacy of the site. His vivid descriptions of the wonders of the Katmai country ignited the interest of what was then a budding conservation movement in the United States. The mysterious volcanic valley seemed an ideal candidate for protection. Griggs and the chiefs of the National Geographic Society campaigned persistently to preserve the area. In 1918, President Woodrow Wilson declared 1700 sqmi of land as Katmai National Monument.
## Academia
He held degrees from Ohio State University (BA), University of Minnesota (MA), and Harvard University (Ph.D.). He taught at Fargo College, Ohio State, George Washington University, and University of Pittsburgh.
## Legacy
Griggs\' son, David Griggs, was a geophysicist who worked with the United States Air Force. He testified in support of the suspension of J. Robert Oppenheimer\'s security clearance.
In 1919, botanists Frank Lincoln Stevens and Nora Elizabeth Dalbey published *Griggsia*, which is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. It was named in Griggs\' honor.
Knife Peak Volcano, located within the Katmai National Monument, was renamed Mount Griggs in 1956 due to Griggs\' efforts in the region
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# Chatterton, Indiana
**Chatterton** was a small town in Adams Township, Warren County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. It was founded in 1896 and included a school, a general store, and a post office that operated from 1900 to 1906. Though it has since dwindled away completely, the location of the town persists on county maps, and is cited by the USGS.
## Geography
Chatterton was located about 3 mi south of Pine Village
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# Barossa Range
The **Barossa Range** (Kaurna: *Yampoori*) is a mountain range located in the Australian state of South Australia.
## Location
The range is a part of the southern Mount Lofty Ranges and the western slopes primarily fall into the Barossa Valley. As such, the range is the main source for the North Para River and its tributary Jacob\'s Creek. The highest point of the range is Mount Kaiser Stuhl with an elevation of 588 m `{{AHD}}`{=mediawiki} and forms part of the Kaiserstuhl Conservation Park. Mengler Hill, another notable peak within the range, lies on the road route from Tanunda to Angaston.
## Naming
The range was named by Colonel William Light in 1837 after Barrosa Hill (Cerro de Puerco) in the modern municipality of Chiclana de la Frontera, Spain, to which it he thought it similar. The Spanish location was the site of the Battle of Barrosa and was won by Light\'s friend Lord Lynedoch (Lt. Gen. Sir Thomas Graham) in 1811. The word *barrosa* (mis-spelt in the naming of the valley, two \'r\' and one \'s\' becoming one \'r\' and two \'s\'; similarly the nearby town of \'Lyndoch\' rather than \'Lynedoch\'), in Spanish and Portuguese languages simply means \"muddy\". Confusion regarding the spelling and origin of the range also resulted in mistaken moves to change it as part of \'de-Germaning\' during the First World War (\'Kaiser Stuhl\', for example, temporarily being renamed \'Mount Kitchener\'). `{{wikt|barrosa}}`{=mediawiki} Thus named, the Barossa Range was the source of many other local place names, such as the Hundred of Barossa and better-known Barossa Valley.
## Settled features {#settled_features}
The Heysen Walking Trail and the Mawson Cycling Trail both traverse the range.
It is also home to some of the many wineries in the region, including those in Eden Valley
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# Stevan Hristić
**Stevan Hristić** (`{{lang-sr-cyr|Стеван Христић}}`{=mediawiki}; 19 June 1885 -- 21 August 1958) was a Serbian composer, conductor, pedagogue, and music writer. A prominent representative of the late romanticist style in Serbian music of the first half of the 20th century.
## Biography
Hristić started his music education at the Serbian Music School in Belgrade (established by St. Mokranjac) and continued his studies in Leipzig (1904--08) where he received instruction in composition from S. Krehl and R. Hofmann, and in conducting from A. Nikisch. Following a brief period of teaching at the Serbian Music School, he spent time in Rome, Moscow, and Paris (1910--12). Upon his return to Belgrade before the start of the World War I, Hristić began his conducting career at the National Theatre and resumed pedagogical activities at the Serbian Music School as well as at the Seminary. Between the two World Wars he contributed to the development of Belgrade musical life as: a founder and the first principal conductor of the Belgrade Philharmonic (1923--34), conductor at the Belgrade Opera House (director 1925--35), and one of the founders and first professors of the Belgrade Music Academy (composition professor 1937--50 and president 1943--44). He was inducted into the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (1950) and was in charge of the Institute of Musicology. Hristić was also among the founders and a longtime president of the Serbian Association of Composers.
## Works
Hristić\'s oeuvre consists of large-scale though not numerous works: opera *The Dusk* (1925), ballet *The legend of Ohrid* (1947), oratorio *Resurrection* (1912), several orchestral pieces (incidental music for stage), works of sacred music (*Liturgy* and *Opelo* (Orthodox *Requiem*)), concert pieces (*Symphonic fantasy* for violin and orchestra and *The Rhapsody* for piano and orchestra), choral compositions (*Autumn* and *The Dubrovnik requiem*), and chamber vocal lyrical pieces (\"There once was a rose,\" \"The Swallow,\" \"Elegy,\" \"An evening on the reef,\" and \"The blossom\"). Hristić\'s musical language is characterized by melodic inventiveness, colorful orchestration, late romanticist and partially impressionistic harmonies, and clarity and transparency of formal structure. By his primarily romanticist orientation, Hristić somewhat differs from his contemporaries Konjović and Milojević whose works manifest more radical ventures toward a contemporary stylistic expression. Hristić appears closer to the Mokranjac origins, whereas his oeuvre represents a transition from the romanticist groundwork toward contemporary trends. Hristić\'s most significant work, *The legend of Ohrid* is at the same time the first full-evening ballet in Serbian music.
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# Stevan Hristić
## Works
### The legend of Ohrid {#the_legend_of_ohrid}
#### The history of origins and settings {#the_history_of_origins_and_settings}
Despite the fact that Hristić started his work on *The legend* during the late 1920s with Act I even being performed for celebration of the composer\'s 25th career anniversary (1933), the ballet was completed only following the end of the World War II. It premiered at the National Theatre in Belgrade on 29 November 1947 in choreography by Margarita Froman, set design by Vladimir Zedrinski, and costumes by Milica Babić. The ballet was equally successfully performed during numerous visiting shows in Edinburgh (1951), Athens (1952), Wiesbaden and Salzburg (1953), Geneva and Zurich (1953), Florence and Wien (1955), Cairo (1961), and Barcelona (1965). In its original version *The legend* was also performed in Skopje, Zagreb, Ljubljana, Novi Sad, Sarajevo, Rijeka, and Maribor. For the 1958 premiere held at the Stanislavski and Nemirovich-Danchenko Moscow Academic Music Theatre, Hristić added certain numbers that shaped the final version of the ballet. *The legend of Ohrid* had over 1,300 performances in twenty-four settings (premiered and renewed), engaging four foreign and ten Yugoslav choreographers (some of whom returned to this work several times), with six premieres held in Belgrade. The integral performance and the first recording of the entire ballet music were completed in 2008 (edited by Dejan Despić in 1985) on occasion of the 50th anniversary of the composer\'s death (Radio Television Serbia Symphony and Choir with conductor Bojan Suđić).
#### Musical expression {#musical_expression}
The music of the ballet consists of three composed segments featuring the plot developments and rounded numbers---dances---as points of stagnation within the dramatic action. The framework of all musical events lies on several prominent leit-motives developed through the symphonic texture. The two main leit-motives are extracted from the thematic fabric of Mokranjac\'s *Rukovet* no. 10 (*Song-Wreath* no. 10): the songs \"Biljana, whitening the linen\" (\"Biljana platno beleše\") and \"Let me go\" (\"Pušči me\"). Along with these two leit-motivical citations, the ballet music also features a theme from the widely known song \"Biljana,\" as well as the transcription of a folk tune notated by V. Đorđević (\"I'm drinking wine and rakia\" (\"Pijem vino i rakiju\")) which does not serve as a leit-motive, but rather appears only as a theme of the closing bachelor\'s kolo. The main leit-motives symbolize Biljana\'s character and love of the two youths. Other prominent motives, although of a more sporadic role, depict Biljana\'s father and the sword. The citations represent the ballet\'s primary thematic material that ensures coherency of its musical content. The motives are treated in a symphonic manner whereas the symphonic development serves the dramatics of the plot: the motivical transformation is tightly connected with the plot and the shifts demonstrate characters' psychological ordeals and characterize dramatic tensions.
In terms of harmony, while there are some bolder instances within the realm of romanticist expression, Hristić mostly operates with simple devices. His harmonic language encompasses modality, specific scalar structures such as the Balkan scale (minor), whole-tone scale (utilized strictly in melodic lines), and Phrygian mode-mixture, to the typical late romanticist expanded tonality. The most captivating aspect of Hristić\'s craftsmanship pertains to the richness of orchestral sound. This trait is also manifested in the four orchestral suites composed of the most pertinent ballet excerpts (recording of the Belgrade Philharmonic with conductor Emil Tabakov, 1998).
The score evocates traditional music of Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece. \"The score may lack modernist pretension, but its clean lines and bright colours have been so beautifully realised that Ohridska legenda stands today as one of the significant achievements of Yugoslav music.\"
### The Dusk (Suton) {#the_dusk_suton}
In his opera *The Dusk* (1925), Hristić integrates some experiences of the Verismo musical drama and elements of impressionistic musical language. The work was almost entirely composed upon the integral text of the second (symbolist) drama from *A trilogy of Dubrovnik* by Ivo Vojnović and depicts the atmosphere in the home of old and reputable Benesh family during the downfall of Dubrovnik nobility following the abolishment of the Ragusa Republic at the beginning of the 19th century. At the center of the plot are two young people whose love for each other is rather unfeasible due to the difference in their social classes, while all other characters are only roughly drafted. Underscoring the chamber nature of the work and operating consistently within the realm of the dramatic lyrical psychology, the composer intentionally avoids genre-scenes. Alongside Vojnović\'s text, the lyrics of the poem \"The Dreams\" (\"Snovi\") by Jovan Dučić (for Luyo\'s arioso \"Oh, how it hearts\" (\"Vaj, kako to boli\")) are incorporated in the libretto, thus fitting by its overall mood into the drama\'s emotional ambience.
The large-scale form of Hristić\'s *The Dusk* is a musical drama with vocal part treated largely as an accompanied recitative. The melodic element is determined by profound psychological interpretation of the text, within its own vocal logic. Orchestral part carries the leit-motivical events, albeit not in a systematic fashion that Hristić would utilize in his ballet. The motive of the dusk from introduction, as one of the principal motives, permeates the entire work.
### Resurrection
The first oratorio in Serbian music, *Resurrection*, conceived upon the text by Dragutin Ilić, was premiered in 1912, declaring in a way interests toward new genres of then young composers' generation. The introduction for this work has been performed as an independent orchestral piece entitled *The Poem of the dawn*.
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# Stevan Hristić
## Works
### Orchestral music {#orchestral_music}
Despite his superior knowledge of the orchestra, Hristić peculiarly did not have a particular affinity for symphonic music. He devoted a relatively few, mostly freely conceived works to this genre: the overture for *Cucuk Stana*, symphonic poem *In the countryside* (the first movement of an unfinished symphony), and two effective concert pieces---his BA diploma-work from Leipzig, *Symphonic fantasy* for violin and orchestra (1908), and *The Rhapsody* for piano and orchestra (1942).
### Sacral works {#sacral_works}
Hristić\'s *Liturgy* and particularly *Opelo* in b-flat minor are considered the cornerstone contributions to the development of Serbian sacred music. In these works, the composer liberally resorted to late romanticist harmony resulting in thick, at instances polyphonic, choral texture.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- *Cucuk Stana*, vocal incidental music, 1907
- *Symphonic fantasy* for violin and orchestra, 1908
- *Autumn*, from mixed choir, 1910
- *Resurrection*, oratorio, 1912
- *Opelo* in b-flat minor, for mixed choir, 1915
- *The Dusk*, opera, 1925 (edited, 1954)
- *The Dubrovnik requiem*, for soprano and mixed choir, 1930
- *In the countryside*, symphonic poem, 1935
- *The Rhapsody* for piano and orchestra, 1942
- *The legend of Ohrid*, ballet, 1947 (Act I, 1933; expanded 1958)
- *The Vranje suite*, for small orchestra, 1948
- Incidental music for stage plays (*King Lear, The Tempest, Hamlet, The Imaginary Invalid, The Chalk Circle, Resurrection of Lazarus*, and *The eternal bridegroom*, among others)
### Sheet music---score editions {#sheet_musicscore_editions}
- Suite No. 1 from *The legend of Ohrid*. Belgrade: Prosveta, 1954.
- *The legend of Ohrid*. Piano reduction by Ilija Marinković, ed. by Milenko Živković. Belgrade: Prosveta, 1964.
### Recordings
- *The legend of Ohrid*. CD. Four suites from the ballet. Belgrade Philharmonic, conductor Emil Tabakov. Belgrade: Komuna, CD 9011, 1984.
- *Suite no. 1* from ballet *The legend of Ohrid* (Ohridska legenda). CD. *New Sound* (Novi Zvuk) 112, Belgrade: Komuna, 1998.
- *The legend of Orhid*. CD. Hannover Radio Philharmonic, conductor Moshe Atzmon. CPO 999 582--2, Germany, 1999.
- *The Rhapsody* for piano and orchestra. CD. Radio Television Serbia Symphony, conductor Bojan Suđic. Belgrade: PGP RTS, 2000 (CD 430961).
- *Suites no. 1, 2 & 3* from ballet *Ohridska legenda*. Belgrade Opera Orchestra, conducted by Hristić. CD. Ректори Музичке академије у Београду (1937-1957). Fakultet Muzičke Umetnosti, Belgrade, 2013. `{{ISBN|978-86-88619-37-0}}`{=mediawiki}.
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# Stevan Hristić
## Literature
- Mosusova, Nadežda. \"*The legend of Ohrid* by Stevan Hristić.\" *The Sound (Zvuk)* 66, (Sarajevo, 1966): 96--115.
- Peričić, Vlastimir, ed. *Stevan Hristić and his oeuvre*. A collection of students' papers. Belgrade: University of Arts, School of Music, 1985.
- Stefanović, Dimitrije, ed. *The life and work of Stevan Hristić*. Belgrade: SASA, 1991.
- Mosusova, Nadežda, ed. *Serbian musical stage*. Belgrade: SASA, 1995.
- Pejović, Roksanda. *Opera and ballet of the Belgrade National theatre (1882--1941)*. Belgrade: University of Arts, School of Music, 1996.
- *Music production between the two world wars. Musicology*, 1 (Belgrade, 2001).
- Veselinović Hofman, Mirjana, ed. *A history of Serbian music: Serbian music and European musical heritage*. Belgrade: Zavod za udžbenike, 2007.
- Despić, Dejan. \"Hristić's *The legend of Ohrid*\". Editor\'s comments. *Mokranjac* 10: 44--45.
- Marinković, Sonja. \"T*he legend of Ohrid* (Hristić's anniversary duly observed: integral performances of *The legend of Ohrid* at the Days of Mokranjac and BEMUS festivals),\" *Mokranjac* 10: 46--49.
- Tomašević, Katarina. *At the crossroad of the East and the West. On the dialog of the traditional and modern in Serbian music (1918--1941)*. Belgrade---Novi Sad: The Institute of Musicology SASA---Matica Srpska, 2009
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# Mariana Ximenes
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# Hugh McLaughlin (publisher)
**Hugh McLaughlin** (October 1918 -- 1 January 2006) was an Irish publisher and inventor. He was married to Nuala Ryan.
McLaughlin was born at Killygordan, County Donegal, in Ulster, the youngest child of a stationmaster. At 16, he became a barman\'s apprentice in Gardiner Street in Dublin, the largest city in Ireland. In 1935 he established a tailoring business with his sister Anne Beggs. By 1950 he was involved with a printing company called Fleet and began publishing magazines for greyhound owners. He printed *Kavanagh\'s Weekly* in 1952, which featured Patrick Kavanagh. Due to this success, Hugh McLaughlin decided to continue to publish indigenous Irish magazines. These would compete with British magazines. Titles included *Creation*, which was edited by his wife Nuala, *Woman\'s Way*, *Woman\'s Choice*, *Business & Finance*, *This Week* and *Nikki.* These magazines were published by his company, the Creation Group.
*Business & Finance*, still published today, is a business magazine established by McLaughlin in September 1964. He believed he could repeat in business media the success that was achieved by *Irish Farmers Journal*, which he had played a key role in establishing. *Business and Finance* was initially owned equally by McLaughlin himself; Noel Speidel, a surveyor with whom he had carried out successful property developments in Dublin, and its founder-editor Nicholas Leonard, who resigned as the financial editor of *The Irish Times* to join it. In 1965 all of McLaughlin\'s printing and publishing activities were combined in a new holding company called Creation Property and Printing, later changed to Creation Group. New Hibernia acquired a convertible loan interest in the company in the summer of 1965.
In October 1968 the *News of the World* bought a majority shareholding in the Creation group. Later on the same day, Robert Maxwell made a takeover bid for the British tabloid. The bid was rejected and the *News of the World* ended up being controlled by Rupert Murdoch. Following this, the Carr family, who were previously the largest shareholders in the *News of the World*, bought the majority holding in Creation group.
In 1973 McLaughlin founded the *Sunday World* with his business partner Gerry McGuinness. By 1977 Creation went into liquidation, which resulted in magazine titles being sold and in 1978 Independent Newspapers took a 54 per cent stake in the *Sunday World*. Hugh McLaughlin went on to establish another Sunday newspaper, the *Sunday Tribune*, with business partner John Mulcahy. In 1982 he unsuccessfully launched a daily newspaper, the *Daily News*. This was to be his last publishing venture.
In retirement, McLaughlin invented a machine, the Water Hog, that removed water from cricket pitches and putting greens
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# Roudolphe Douala
**Roudolphe Douala M\'bela** (born 25 September 1978), known as **Douala**, is a Cameroonian former professional footballer.
Mainly a winger he could also operate as a forward, and played professionally in five countries, mainly in Portugal. He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 213 games and 34 goals over the course of nine seasons, notably representing in the competition Sporting (three years), Boavista and União de Leiria (two apiece).
Douala appeared for the Cameroon national team at the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations.
## Club career {#club_career}
Douala was born in Douala. He holds Cameroonian and French nationalities.
He started his professional career at AS Saint-Étienne but did not make any Ligue 2 appearances for the French club, moving to Portugal when he was 20 and signing with Boavista FC.
After two loans, at Gil Vicente F.C. and U.D. Leiria (where he first made an impact in the Primeira Liga championship), Douala moved to Sporting Clube de Portugal, scoring five league goals in his debut season while also helping the *Lions* to the campaign\'s UEFA Cup final, notably scoring against Middlesbrough in a 3--2 away win. Never an undisputed starter, however, he would be loaned for 2006--07 to England\'s Portsmouth on the very last day of the summer transfer window, with a view to a permanent signing.
Speculation during the 2007 winter window had linked Douala with a move away from the club, with the player reportedly frustrated at his lack of first team opportunities at Fratton Park. A transfer never materialized, however, and he revealed that \"On the last day of the transfer window two clubs were calling me all day, but I said \'I want to stay\'\".
Douala returned to Sporting when his loan ended and, on 14 July 2007, rejoined old club Saint-Étienne for an undisclosed fee. After only one season where he appeared sparingly, he left for Asteras Tripoli F.C. in Greece. A fruitless spell soon followed and, after agreeing a release from his contract, he signed with English club Plymouth Argyle on 22 March 2009, for the remainder of the 2008--09 campaign, making his debut as a substitute in their 4--0 home win against Coventry City on 11 April; however, he was unsuccessful in securing a long-term deal, and was released.
On 15 March 2010, 31-year-old Douala moved teams and countries again, signing with Belgium\'s Lierse SK, and the club returned to the Pro League at the season\'s end, with the player contributing with one goal.
## International career {#international_career}
Douala earned 17 caps for Cameroon, during five years. He participated at the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations, helping the national team reach the quarter-final stage
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# Hương Sơn district
**Hương Sơn** is a district in the North Central Coast of Vietnam. It is part of Hà Tĩnh province. In 2003, the district had a population of 125,308. The district covers an area of 1101 km^2^. The district capital lies at Phố Châu.
## Geography
Hà Tĩnh Province is located in the northern part of central Vietnam, about 340 km south of Hanoi, bordered by Nghệ An province in the north, Quảng Bình province in the south, Laos in the west, and Đức Thọ district in the east.
## Administration
The district consists of 2 towns, Phố Châu (also the district capital) and Tây Sơn, and 23 communes: An Hòa Thịnh, Kim Hoa, Quang Diệm, Sơn Bằng, Sơn Bình, Sơn Châu, Sơn Giang, Sơn Hàm, Sơn Hồng, Sơn Kim 1, Sơn Kim 2, Sơn Lâm, Sơn Lễ, Sơn Lĩnh, Sơn Long, Sơn Ninh, Sơn Phú, Sơn Tây, Sơn Tiến, Sơn Trà, Sơn Trung, Sơn Trường and Tân Mỹ Hà
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# Bulgarian placename etymology
**Bulgarian placename etymology** is characterized by the linguistic and ethnic diversity of the Balkans through the ages and the position of the country in the centre of the region. While typical Bulgarian placenames of Slavic origin vastly dominate, toponyms which stem from Iranian, Turkic, Arabic, Hebrew, Celtic, Gothic, Greek, Thracian and Latin can also be encountered.
## Slavic placenames {#slavic_placenames}
Slavic names account for the vast majority of toponyms on the territory of Bulgaria. Typical forms are:
- with the neutral suffix **-ово*/*-ево** (**-ovo*/*-evo**). This suffix is probably the most widespread one in Bulgaria. Examples: Veliko Tarnovo, Gabrovo, Haskovo, Pamporovo, Sevlievo.
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- with the masculine suffix *-ец* (*-ets*). Examples: Pravets, Borovets, Kladenets, Lyubimets.
- with the feminine suffix *-ица* (*-itsa*). Examples: Gorna Oryahovitsa, Dupnitsa, Belitsa, Koprivshtitsa, Slivnitsa, Perushtitsa, Berkovitsa, Kosharitsa.
- with the suffixes *-инци* (**-intsi**), *-овци* (*-ovtsi*), and *-ци* (*-tsi*), which indicate the name, occupation or some other characteristic feature of the family or families that founded the settlement. Examples: Chiprovtsi, Boychinovtsi, Apriltsi, Priseltsi, Brusartsi, Batanovtsi.
- with the suffix *-град* (*-grad*), which is used for mediaeval fortified settlements and modern cities. -grad is a very common suffix in southern Bulgaria due to the widespread renaming of towns that carried Turkish or Greek names. Many towns now have names that follow the established pattern, but are dedicated to Bulgarian rulers, national heroes or prominent people, such as Botevgrad (formerly *Orhanie*), Asenovgrad (formerly *Stanimaka*) and Blagoevgrad (formerly *Gorna Dzhumaya*). Other examples: Zlatograd, Svilengrad, Razgrad.
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- with the masculine suffixes *-ник* (*-nik*) and *-чик* (*-chik*). Examples: Pernik, Balchik, Belogradchik, Melnik, Breznik.
- with the neutral suffix *-ино* (*-ino*). Examples: Ardino, Nedelino, Nevestino.
- with the masculine suffix *-ен* (*-en*). Examples: Pleven, Sliven, Kuklen, Teteven, Kiten.
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- with the neutral suffix *-ище* (*-ishte*). Examples: Targovishte, Bozhurishte, Panagyurishte.
- with other or without suffixes. Examples: Tran, Belene, Dobrich, Rudozem, Sopot, Beloslav, Svishtov, Razlog, Troyan, Vidin, Byala Slatina, Bankya.
Slavic names often appear in pairs, wherever two places were historically related, or happen to have the same name. Examples: Stara Zagora and Nova Zagora (old/new), Veliko Tarnovo and Malko Tarnovo (great/small), Gorni Bogrov and Dolni Bogrov (upper/lower).
*Nov*, *novi*, *nova*, and *novo* (meaning \"new\") are also frequent, as many places were depopulated during Ottoman rule and later rebuilt. Examples: Novo Selo (9 villages are named thus), Novi Pazar. Nevertheless, the presence of \"new\" does not guarantee that the settlement has ever been destroyed --- it may have been founded by settlers from another village who wished to retain the name, for example.
## Turkish placenames {#turkish_placenames}
Bulgaria was part of the Ottoman Empire for 500 years, and Turkish placenames were widespread in southern and northeastern Bulgaria. However, most of them were changed in the 20th century. Examples: Kardzhali (*Kırca Ali*, partially Arabic through Hebrew), Kazanlak (*Kazanlık*), Pazardzhik (*Pazarcık*), Kyustendil (*Köstendil*), Buzludzha (*Buzluca*). Hisarya, Harmanli (*Harmanlı*), Dolni Chiflik (*Aşağı Çiftlik*), Dzhebel (*Cebel*).
## Greek placenames {#greek_placenames}
There is a certain number of Greek names, mostly in southern Bulgaria along the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, which stem from ancient poleis and towns. Examples: Ahtopol, Sozopol, Nikopol, Nesebar (a Slavicized version of the Hellenized Thracian name *Menebria*, later *Messembria*), Provadiya.
## Latin placenames {#latin_placenames}
An amount of names from Roman times has also survived until today, many of them being Roman versions of former Greek or Thracian ones. Some Latin names had fallen into disuse long ago, but were revived in the 20th century. Examples: Montana, Lom (a Slavicized version of Latin *Almus*), Archar (a Slavicized version of Latin *Raciaria*), Drastar (nowadays Silistra), derived from *Durostorum*, Nikopol and Nikyup, derived from *Nicopolis*, Dzherman, derived from *Germania*, etc. The old Bulgarian name for Sofia, *Sredets*, was also derived from *Sardica* (*Serdica*).
Some names of Romance origin date to later times and are ascribed to the Balkan Latin (Vlach) population, several examples being Vakarel, Pasarel, Banishor, Gurgulyat.
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# Bulgarian placename etymology
## Other placenames {#other_placenames}
There are a number of ancient placenames from other languages, including Thracian or Dacian, such as Plovdiv, derived from *Pulpudeva* (itself derived from *Philippopolis*), German and Celtic, such as Vidin from *Dunonia* and *Bononia*.
The placename Varna of the non-metathesized group CorC bears witness of Old Bulgarian\'s preliterate period -- or perhaps stemming from a more ancient Proto-Indo-European root
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# Mautby
**Mautby** is a village and civil parish in the county of Norfolk, England. The parish comprises a largely rural area along the north bank of the River Bure, and also includes the small villages of Runham and Thrigby. It is located some 6 mi northwest of Great Yarmouth and 19 mi east of Norwich.
The civil parish has an area of 16.6 km2 and in the 2001 census had a population of 395 in 145 households, the population reducing to 383 at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of Great Yarmouth.
The parish churches of Mautby and Runham are both dedicated to St Peter and St Paul; Thrigby\'s dedication is to St Mary. All three churches are Grade II\* listed
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# The Pirates! in an Adventure with Whaling
***The Pirates! in an Adventure with Whaling*** (also known as ***The Pirates! In an Adventure with Ahab*** and ***The Pirates! In an Adventure with Moby Dick***) is the second book in *The Pirates!* series by Gideon Defoe, published in 2005 by The Orion Publishing Group.
After *The Pirates! in an Adventure with Scientists*, the pirates felt that their ship needed some repair. So they go to see Cutlass Liz, the beautiful yet ferocious pirate boat yard owner, where, after much showing off, the Pirate Captain buys the most expensive boat, *The Lovely Emma*. Having little gold, the Pirates are unable to pay for the boat, so they go on an adventure to find 6,000 dubloons.
They go to Las Vegas, and get mixed up with Ahab, who is hunting Moby-Dick. The pirate Captain goes mad, and the Prize ham plays a major part in the whole adventure
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# Segregationist (short story)
\"**Segregationist**\" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. The story was written in April 1967 and was first published in December in *Abbottempo*, a magazine produced by Abbott Laboratories, then later included in the collections *Nightfall and Other Stories* (1969), *The Complete Robot* (1982) and *Robot Visions* (1990).
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
The story depicts a future where robotic prosthetics for humans and artificially created organic body-parts for robots (known as Metallos) are commonplace. Metallos have been granted equal status with \'normal\' humans.
A man, who has been granted the right to long life (possibly immortality) by an official Board of Mortality, meets the surgeon who is to assist in the performance of heart replacement surgery on the man. The surgeon offers him a choice between a metallic or fibrous cyber-heart. The man stubbornly refuses the doctor\'s attempts to persuade him to accept a fibrous heart, saying that it\'s \"weak,\" as compared to a metal heart.
Later, the surgeon remarks to a medical engineer that he would rather that humans and robots stick to being what they are instead of becoming similar. The engineer calls such talk \"segregationist\", to which the surgeon replies that he \"doesn\'t care.\" At the end of the story, the surgeon is revealed to be a robot himself.
## Reception
In 1969, *Analog Science Fiction / Science Fact*{{\'}}s P. Schuyler Miller called it \"a beautifully tricky little short-short.\" In 1970, *The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction*{{\'}}s Joanna Russ reviewed *Best SF: 1968* \"\[i\]t leans toward the obvious and toward stories which have one good, clear, conventional idea\" counting \"Segregationist\" among them
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# Nether Earth
***Nether Earth*** is one of the earliest computer real-time strategy games. It was released for the Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64 in 1987. It was published in the United Kingdom by Argus Press Software and re-released in Spain by Mind Games Espana S.A.
## Plot
The player takes the control of the human side in a war against the mysterious Insignian race. All of the warfare is carried out by enormous military robots.
## Gameplay
The player controls a flying machine which can fly over any part of the play-area and is used to command the player\'s bases and robots. In essence it replaces a mouse cursor, but it can hinder the robots\' movement. The player must build robots and give them orders to seek out and attack Insignian robots and capture neutral or enemy factories to increase production and thus aid the war effort. Once a robot is issued an order it will keep being active until all its targets have been conquered or destroyed, the robot itself is destroyed, or other orders are received. The ultimate objective is to capture or destroy all the enemy bases and thus win the war. Everything takes place in real-time with the action being ongoing rather than turn-based. Because the player\'s view of the battlefield is limited to where their flying-machine is, much of the front-line fighting is left to the machines whilst the player concentrates on building more robots. However the player can choose to take direct control over one of his/her robots and effectively use it in a commando style to capture factories and bases and to destroy enemy robots. The game is displayed in forced-perspective isometric graphics.
Building robots takes place at the player bases (called warbases) and consists in the player selecting a number of modules that robots will be built from. Modules can be categorized in 4 types: locomotion, weapons, nuclear bombs and electronics. There are 3 types of locomotion modules (Bipod, Tracks and Anti-Grav) and 3 types of weapon modules (Cannon, Missiles and Phasers). The modules\' efficiency increases in the specified order, with the Anti-Grav (anti-gravity) module enabling robots to pass over uneven terrain at maximum speed. One locomotion module and at least one weapons module must be added to every robot, but robots can be built with all 3 weapon modules as well. Adding nuclear bombs and electronics modules is optional, however the electronics module enhances robots\' pathfinding.
Once the player captures factories, receiving resources begins without any other action required from the player or his/her units. Resource types largely correspond to the module types and consist of: Electronics, Nuclear, Phasers, Missile, Cannon, Chassis and General. Each factory produces only one type of resource, alongside General resources, indicated by a copy of the corresponding module on the top of the building, thus the player can concentrate on conquering only those factories that produce the resources he plans on using.
## Legacy
An open-source remake of *Nether Earth* was completed in 2004 and is available for Windows, Linux and OS X. Another remake is available for iOS
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# Sơn Kim
**Sơn Kim** is a commune in Hương Sơn District, Hà Tĩnh Province, Vietnam. It is located at the border of Vietnam and Laos, on Road 8 which runs through Đức Thọ and Hương Sơn districts. It consists of about 7 villages scattered among hills and mountains of the Trường Sơn Range. The commune enjoys a source of mineral water
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# Pardi
**Pardi** is a town and a municipality in Valsad district in the Indian state of Gujarat. Roughly 14 km south of the district headquarters city of Valsad, `{{rws|Pardi}}`{=mediawiki} has a rail station on the Mumbai-Vadodara line of Western Railway (India). National Highway 48 bisects the town.
## Geography
Pardi is located at 20.52 N 72.95 E. It has an average elevation of 18 metres (59 feet).
## Demographics
In the 2011 Indian census Pardi Municipality had a population of 28,495, 14,648 males and 13,847 females.
There were 2704 children in Pardi Municipality aged 0-6, 9.49% of the total population. The female to male Sex ratio was 945; the Gujarat state average was 919. The child Sex Ratio in Pardi is around 891; the state average is 890. The literacy rate of Pardi city was 87.10%; the state average was 78.03%. The male literacy rate was 90.91% and the female rate was 83.09%
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# John Carl Doemling
**John Carl Doemling** (1894--1955), artist, the son of Würzburg college professor Leonard Doemling and Johanna Herrmann, was born in Sulzfeld, Rhön-Grabfeld, Bavaria, Germany. Known throughout his life as \"Carl\", he spent his early years in a seminary preparing to become a priest; however, by age twelve he had opted to pursue an art career instead. He studied art in Würzburg, left home in his teens and supported himself by restoring paintings in churches and monasteries in Italy, Switzerland and France.
In 1911, John Carl immigrated to the U.S. to avoid mandatory military service in Kaiser Wilhelm II\'s army. He journeyed promptly to Chicago, Illinois to live with his uncle Gustav Doemling and family in the historic Pullman district. His uncle, Gustav, as general foreman in the Cabinet Department for the Pullman Palace Car Company, got Carl a job as a letterer. Carl eventually became a draftsman and designer.
While working, Carl studied at the Art Institute of Chicago along with Walt Disney. He also was a member of the Palette and Chisel Academy of Fine Art. Josephine Herrmann Boigegrain wrote in her biography: \"*One of his fellow students at the Chicago Art Institute was a young man by the name of Walt Disney. Disney had fantastic, revolutionary ideas about doing animated artwork, pictures that moved and told a story. He proposed to Carl Doemling that they go in together on the idea. Carl thought Disney was crazy. He did not accept. He later learned how wrong he had been.*\"
In 1919, Carl had his first solo exhibit with the Palette and Chisel Club. He displayed thirty five paintings ranging from \$15 to \$400 in price. During the 1920s he made many trips to art colonies throughout the U.S. including Los Angeles and Laguna Beach. He would have numerous exhibits throughout the U.S. during his career. In 1926, he married a fellow artist, Veorlean Erauw, from California. A year later, they made plans to take up permanent residence in Laguna Beach where they both were active with the local art association, but instead moved back to downtown Chicago where he continued his work. During WWII, Carl worked at the Bendix Corporation - Aviation Dept in South Bend Indiana. Carl was known among artists to have painted in Brown County, Indiana and like many Chicago painters, rented a cabin and spent summers there. His paintings are still sought after today and displayed in numerous galleries
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# My Fever Broke
***My Fever Broke*** is an EP by Rasputina, released in 2002 on Instinct Records. The track \"The Fox in the Snow\" is a Belle and Sebastian cover
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# Sims (novel)
***Sims*** is a science fiction novel by American writer F. Paul Wilson that explores a near-future event where Humanzees (Human-Chimpanzee hybrids) are created as a de facto slave race.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
In the near future, there have been amazing advances in genetics research. Through gene therapy, many deadly diseases have been cured. The SimGen Corporation has created a transgenic species called SIMS, creatures that are part chimpanzee and part human, and are treated as slaves. Suddenly a group of sims working as caddies at a golf course decide they want to unionize. They hire lawyer Patrick Sullivan to represent them, and Sullivan begins to ponder whether or not sims are entitled to equal human rights.
During the course of the novel, Patrick meets activist Romy Cadman and a mysterious man called Zero, who are on a crusade to destroy SimGen and stop the creation of sims. While the three of them try to protect the sims, they come close to uncovering a sinister secret within SimGen, a secret the company will stop at nothing to prevent from getting out
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# George Barnes (musician)
**George Warren Barnes** (July 17, 1921-- September 5, 1977) was an American jazz guitarist. He was also a conductor, composer, arranger, producer, author, and educator. He was hired by the NBC Orchestra at the age of 17, making him the youngest musician on staff. At 17, he was considered to be a great player by many musicians, including Tommy Dorsey, and Jimmy McPartland. Barnes was also proficient as a recording engineer. During his career, Barnes recorded with singers Mel Tormé, Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Patti Page, Dinah Washington, Lena Horne, Billy Eckstine and Johnny Mathis among many others. He was an inspiration to, and influenced guitarists Chet Atkins, Roy Clark, Herb Ellis and Merle Travis, among many others.
## Biography
Barnes was born in South Chicago Heights, United States. George had first started to play the piano at the age of five. When George was ten, the family were forced to sell the instrument along with the home because of the great depression. There was an old Sears Roebuck Silvertone guitar left over, which George picked up and his father who was a guitarist began to teach him to play. In 1931, Barnes\'s older brother made a pickup and amplifier for him because he knew that George wanted to play solo lines that could be heard in a band. He believed he might have been the first person to ever play an electric guitar.
When George was eleven, he heard some records with Bix Beiderbecke that featured Joe Venuti and knew then that he wanted to be a jazz musician.
He had become accomplished enough on guitar to join the local musicians\' union at the age of twelve, and helped to aid the family\'s income by playing at local dances and weddings.
When Barnes was young he was given blues guitar lessons by the guitarist Lonnie Johnson. Johnson tuned his 12-string guitar down a whole-tone to make it easier for George to play. Lonnie Johnson influenced the way that Barnes played the blues. George Barnes wanted to play melody and not rhythm, but during his early years of playing because so few soloed, other than Johnson no guitarist influenced the way he played. He listened to records of Django Reinhardt but could not relate to his playing. So players of other instruments were also primary inspirations to him, particularly the clarinetist Jimmie Noone, whom George Barnes played with at the age of 16 and claimed was his single greatest influence. Barnes was also inspired and influenced strongly by the playing of the cornetist Bix Beiderbecke. He wanted to capture the same feeling on guitar that Beiderbecke did through his own playing. Other influences were Louis Armstrong, and saxophonist Johnny Hodges.
From 1935 to 1937, Barnes led a band that performed in the Midwest.
In 1937 he played in an eight piece band called the Rhythm-Aires. Barnes did all of the arranging and orchestration for this band. Because most of the players switched from one instrument to another, he had to often double the orchestration. They toured at night around Chicago Heights.
He was spotted by Johnny Mince of the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra in 1937. Mince set up an appearance for Barnes on Dorsey\'s Amateur Hour after driving past his house in his car and hearing him play. George won the \$75 first prize along with an appointment to play at the Chicago Theatre for a week.
On March 1, 1938, Barnes played electric guitar on the recorded songs \"Sweetheart Land\" and \"It\'s a Lowdown Dirty Shame\" with blues guitarist Big Bill Broonzy. In 1938, when he was seventeen, Barnes was hired as staff guitarist for the NBC Orchestra. He was also staff guitarist and arranger for Decca and recorded with Blind John Davis, Jazz Gillum, Merline Johnson, Curtis Jones, and Washboard Sam. Because he only knew Barnes as a sideman to these artists, Hugues Panassié in *Le Jazz Hot* mistakenly referred to Barnes at around this time as \"the great Negro blues guitar player from Chicago.\"
From January 1939, while still only seventeen, Barnes began playing at the Three Deuces nightclub in Chicago. He became a featured performer there. He would sit on a chair in front of the band and improvise for as long as he possibly could on different jazz tunes. He became a sensation and the audience would ask for many encores.
On 17 February 1940, Barnes released his first solo recording, \"I\'m Forever Blowing Bubbles\" and \"I Can\'t Believe That You\'re in Love with Me\" on Okeh Records. He was drafted in 1942 and served with the U.S. Army as an intercept operator in the Pentagon. After his discharge in 1946, he formed the George Barnes Octet and was given a fifteen-minute radio program on the ABC network. On January 17, 1947, he married Evelyn Lorraine Triplett in Chicago.
In 1951, Barnes was signed to Decca by Milt Gabler, and moved from Chicago to New York City. In 1953, he joined the orchestra for the television show *Your Hit Parade*. The band was conducted by Raymond Scott, and Barnes was a featured soloist. Barnes, Scott, and vocalist Dorothy Collins (Scott\'s wife) also recorded together.
Barnes worked often as a studio musician in New York City, playing on hundreds of albums and jingles from the early 1950s through the late 1960s. He played guitar on Patsy Cline\'s New York sessions in April 1957. Although he was primarily a swing jazz guitarist, he participated in hundreds of pop, rock, country, and R&B recording sessions. He played on many hit songs by the Coasters, on \"This Magic Moment\" by the Drifters, and on \"Lonely Teardrops\". His electric guitar can be heard in the movie *A Face in the Crowd*.
Barnes recorded three albums for Mercury: *Movin\' Easy* (1961) with his Jazz Renaissance Quintet, *Guitar Galaxies* (1960), and *Guitars Galore* (1961). The latter two contained his orchestrations for ten guitars, known as his guitar choir, which used guitars in place of a horn section. The two albums employed a recording technique known as Perfect Presence Sound.
Between 1953 and 1961 he was featured on many recordings with The Three Suns.
Barnes received the most attention as a jazz guitarist when he recorded as a duo with Carl Kress from 1961 to 1965. He and Kress were invited to play at the White House Christmas party on December 17, 1964. For the occasion, Barnes wrote \"Watusi for Luci\" for First Daughter Luci Baines Johnson because she was known for dancing the Watusi in clubs with Hollywood celebrities. The song was used as the theme for *The Clay Cole Show* in 1965 when the TV show was renamed *Clay Cole\'s Discotek*.
Barnes formed a duo with jazz guitarist Bucky Pizzarelli that lasted from 1969 to 1972. In 1973, he and cornetist Ruby Braff formed the Ruby Braff--George Barnes Quartet. The quartet recorded several albums, including *Live at the New School* (Chiaroscuro, 1974), *To Fred Astaire with Love* (RCA, 1975), and with singer Tony Bennett, *Tony Bennett Sings 10 Rodgers & Hart Songs* (Improv, 1976). From 1973 until 1977, Barnes recorded several well-received solo albums for Concord Jazz and with the quartet he had formed with Braff. He also recorded two albums with jazz violinist Joe Venuti for the label.
Barnes and his wife, Evelyn, left New York City after his last European tour in 1975 to live and work in the San Francisco Bay area. He died of a heart attack in Concord, California, in 1977 at the age of 56.
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