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# James Parker (New Jersey politician) ## Personal life {#personal_life} On January 5, 1803, Parker was married to Penelope Coats Butler (1788--1823), the daughter of Anthony Butler and Elizabeth (née Coates) Butler. Together, they were the parents of: - James Parker (1804--1805), who died young. - James Parker (1805--1861), who married Anna Forbes. - William Parker (1807--1868), who married Lucy Cushing Whitwell (1811--1909) in 1836. William was one of the earliest railroad builders and was associated with the building of the Boston & Worcester Railroad. - Margaret Elizabeth Parker (1809--1886), who married William Adee Whitehead (1810--1884), a historian who assisted in the development of Key West. - Gertrude Parker (1811--1828), who died aged 16. - Penelope Parker (1813--1817), who died young. - Sarah Coats Levy Parker (1816--1842), who died unmarried. - John Cortlandt Parker (1818--1907), who married Elizabeth Wolcott Stites (1827--1907), the daughter of Richard Wayne Stites, in 1847. - Penelope Butler Parker (1821--1856), who married Edward Dunham (1819--1892) in 1855. After his first wife\'s death in 1823, Parker remarried to Catherine Morris Ogden on September 20, 1827. Catherine was the daughter of Euphemia (née Morris) Ogden and Samuel Ogden, the founder of Boonton Iron Works. Through her father she was a niece of Abraham Ogden and through her mother, she was a niece of Gouverneur Morris, a U.S. Senator and U.S. Minister to France. Parker died in Perth Amboy, New Jersey on April 1, 1868. He was buried in St. Peter\'s Episcopal Churchyard. ### Descendants Through his son Cortlandt, he was the grandfather of James Parker (a major general in the United States Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his role in the Philippine--American War during 1899), Richard Wayne Parker (also a United States Representative from New Jersey)
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# Neil Foster **Neil Alan Foster** (born 6 May 1962) is an English former professional cricketer, who played 29 Test matches and 48 One Day Internationals for England from 1983 to 1993. Domestically Foster played for Essex County Cricket Club from 1980 to 1993, earning his county cap in 1983. He was a fast bowler. He was a part of the English squad which finished as runners-up at the 1987 Cricket World Cup. ## Early life and First Class cricket {#early_life_and_first_class_cricket} Born 6 May 1962 at Colchester in Essex, Foster was educated at Philip Morant Comprehensive, Colchester. He played for Essex during their most successful period in their history. Supported by a star-studded team that included other England players such as Graham Gooch, Keith Fletcher, John Lever, Derek Pringle and later Nasser Hussain, Essex with Foster as their spearhead fast bowler won the County Championship on five occasions (1983, 1984, 1986, 1991 and 1992) during his time there. He took 97 first-class wickets at 21.24 in Essex\'s successful 1991 season, and in total took 908 first-class wickets. A useful tailend batter, he also made two first-class centuries. He also made his highest first-class score, 107 not out against Sussex, in 1991. ## Test cricket {#test_cricket} Foster came to England\'s attention during Essex\'s County Championship campaign of 1983, featuring in an incident where they dismissed Surrey for only 14. He made his Test debut against New Zealand at Lord\'s in that year, with Jeremy Coney becoming his first wicket and only wicket of that game. Foster made his debut alongside other debutants, Nick Cook and Chris Smith, and it was the first time since 1959 that England had fielded three new players in a home Test. Foster made his mark on Test cricket at a similar time to other fellow Essex players and captain Graham Gooch. Foster\'s fast swing bowling suited English conditions, but his best Test bowling figures in a match came against India in Madras in 1984--85 where he took eleven wickets in a match that England won on the way to a surprising series victory. Indeed, he had a significantly better record as a Test bowler in Asia than elsewhere, taking 27 wickets in 6 Tests in India and Pakistan at an average of 22.96. Foster\'s best bowling figures in a Test innings were however the 8 for 107 he took against Pakistan at Leeds in 1987. England still lost that game heavily, and as of May 2022 Foster\'s innings figures remain the best taken in Test cricket in an innings defeat. Foster is also the only bowler to get both Javed Miandad (during that performance at Leeds) and Viv Richards out for a duck in a Test. As a batsman, his highest Test score of 39 was made against Australia in the Fourth Test of the 1989 Ashes series. In 1988, Foster was selected as Wisden Cricketer of the Year alongside Jonathan Agnew, David Hughes, Peter Roebuck and Pakistan international Saleem Malik. Foster played in an era in which England generally struggled in Test cricket, and England only won three of his 29 Tests: his debut Test, that match in Madras, and a later match in 1988 against Sri Lanka. ## One-day international cricket {#one_day_international_cricket} Foster played 48 one-day internationals for England, where he was more often on the winning side (England won 28 of these games). He represented them in the 1987 Cricket World Cup, playing in the final which England lost to Australia. Earlier in the tournament he shared a crucial stand with Allan Lamb and hit the winning runs as England secured an important unexpected victory against the West Indies. He played his last one-day international in the series against Australia at the start of the summer of 1989: England won this series on wickets lost, ahead of embarrassingly imploding in the following Test series, Foster taking 3 for 29 in England\'s only victory over Australia that summer.
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# Neil Foster ## Rebel tour and retirement {#rebel_tour_and_retirement} During the 1989 Fourth Test, an England rebel tour to South Africa was announced, with Foster one of the touring party with Mike Gatting as captain. At the time Foster had been one of England\'s leading bowlers, taking more wickets than any other England bowler in the 1989 Ashes series in spite of only playing three Tests. All rebel players were banned for five years from Test cricket. Foster got a recall from the selectors in 1993, replacing Phillip DeFreitas in the Second Ashes test. It was his first Test for four years. He became the fourth South African rebel to be rehabilitated, after Gatting, John Emburey and Paul Jarvis, and his selection was designed to bring more aggression to the English attack. But on a docile pitch at Foster\'s least favourite Test ground, his recall was not a success. Foster opened the bowling with Andy Caddick, and the Australians scored 632 for 4 declared. England lost by an innings and 62 runs. Foster played only one more county game before retiring that year. ## Injuries > \"Back and knee injuries plagued the career of Essex seam bowler Neil Foster so much that the plates in his body once apparently set off an airport metal-detector. In all, he had as many as nine knee operations, and the problems jinxed a fine career. Foster became a chartered physiotherapist after he retired from professional cricket. He gained his degree in physiotherapy from the University of Hertfordshire
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# Norman Cowans **Norman George Cowans** (born 17 April 1961) is a former cricketer who mainly played as a right-arm fast bowler. He was the 500th cricketer to play Test cricket for England, featuring between 1982 and 1985 in 19 Test matches and 23 One Day Internationals. Cowans also played first-class and List A cricket for both Middlesex and Hampshire. He won four County Championship titles along with four limited-overs titles with Middlesex. Andrew Miller of CricInfo described him as \"an integral member of the most successful Middlesex team of all time.\" Cowans picked up a sum of 532 first-class and 212 List A wickets in a combined 362 appearances for the said side. ## Life and career {#life_and_career} Born at Enfield in Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica, Cowans moved to England with his family when he was just seven years old. At first he worked as a member of the groundstaff at Lord\'s then joined and in 1981 made his debut for Middlesex. After claiming, at the age of 21, 43 first class wickets for the club, he was picked for England\'s defence of the Ashes in Australia in 1982/83. On that tour he had a dismal showing and was underbowled by captain, Bob Willis, until the crucial Fourth Test at Melbourne. This was a match England had to win if they had any hope of retaining the Ashes they won in 1981 at home. Cowans played the game of his life at the MCG in 1982, where he took a match-winning 6 for 77, following his first innings 2 for 69 (which included the first-ball scalp of Greg Chappell), in England\'s dramatic three-run victory. This victory sent the series to Sydney for the deciding Fifth Test, which ended in a draw, meaning Australia regained the Ashes. The *Wisden* review of the tour observed: \"In retrospect Willis may have felt that more could and should have been made of Norman Cowans\'s bowling\". The following summer Cowans was in the England squad for the 1983 Cricket World Cup, and although he only played one match in the tournament, he helped England to win a subsequent test series against New Zealand. The following winter Cowans took his second and last five-wicket haul in Tests, helping to derail a Pakistan run chase with three wickets in an over. England lost this series, but the following winter Cowans was on the winning side, and he played in every test as David Gower\'s team surprised India. This was Cowans\' most lucrative series, and he took 14 wickets, including two at the start of India\'s second innings in the Delhi Test, a result that at the time \"ended England\'s longest-ever spell without a victory\". Cowans played for England for the last time in the 1985 Ashes, assisting England\'s victory in the 1st Test at Leeds by extending England\'s first-innings lead by 49 in a last-wicket stand with Paul Downton and taking the wickets of David Boon and Allan Border. In this series England would regain the Ashes lost in 1982-3, and it would be their last victory in a home Ashes series for 20 years. Although he toured Sri Lanka with an England \'B\' side that winter, taking 6 for 50 in the last unofficial \'Test\', He played his best Test cricket away from England (he averaged ten runs fewer a wicket overseas). but was not again picked for the three lions. He was however part of a successful Middlesex team, bowling alongside Wayne Daniel, Simon Hughes, Neil Williams, and, eventually Angus Fraser. A highlight of his county career came in 1983 when he claimed 4 for 33, and won the man of the match award, in the semi-final of the Benson and Hedges Cup. He later took 4 for 39 to help Middlesex win the final and claim the tournament\'s trophy. During the 1990 and 1993 season he was a part of the Middlesex sides that won the County Championship, topping the first-class bowling averages in the latter season with 16 wickets at 14.62. He eventually won four County Championship titles, in 1982, 1985, 1990, and 1993, along with four limited-overs titles in his fifteen seasons with Middlesex. Andrew Miller of CricInfo described him as \"an integral member of the most successful Middlesex team of all time.\" Cowans also picked up 532 first class and 212 list a wickets in a total of 362 appearances for the said side. ## Personal life {#personal_life} Cowans is the owner of a sports promotion business. He also works as a DJ in his spare time
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# Khond people \| languages = Kui, Kuvi, Odia \| religions = **Majority**:- `{{hlist|[[Hinduism]] • [[Christianity]]}}`{=mediawiki} **Minority**:- Islam • other \| related = Dravidian people {{•}} Dangaria Kandha {{•}} Gondi people }} **Khonds** (also spelt **Kondha** and **Kandha**) are an indigenous Dravidian tribal community in India. Traditionally , hunter-gatherers, they are divided into the hill-dwelling Khonds and plain-dwelling Khonds for census purposes, but the Khonds themselves identify by their specific clans. Khonds usually hold large tracts of fertile land, but still practice hunting, gathering, and slash-and-burn agriculture in the forests as a symbol of their connection to, and as an assertion of their ownership of the forests wherein they dwell. Khonds speak the Kui language and write it in the Odia script. The Khonds are the largest tribal group in the state of Odisha. They are known for their rich cultural heritage, valorous martial traditions, and indigenous values, which center on harmony with nature. The Kandhamal district in Odisha has a fifty-five per cent Khond population, and is named after the tribe they revolted against the Britishers in 1846 due to the fear of being annexed. They have designated Scheduled Tribe status in eight states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Jharkhand, and West Bengal, with a population of 1,743,406 in the 2011 census. Of these, 93.35% reside in Odisha, 5.92% in Andhra Pradesh, and around 10,000 in Chhattisgarh, while in other states, their numbers are below one thousand. In addition to these scheduled states, they are also found in northeastern India, particularly in Assam, where their population was estimated at 9,936 in the 1951 census, primarily working as tea garden workers. In Bangladesh, their population was 1,898 in the 2022 census. ## Language The Khonds speak Kui and Kuvi as their native languages. They are most closely related to the Gondi language. Both are Dravidian languages and are written with the Odia script.
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# Khond people ## Society The Khonds are adept land dwellers of the forest and hill environment. However, due to development interventions in education, medical facilities, irrigation, plantation, they have adapted to the modern way of life in many ways. Their traditional lifestyle, language, food habits, customary traits of economy, political organisation, norms, values, and world view have been drastically changed in recent times. The traditional Khond society is based on geographically demarcated clans, each consisting of a large group of related families identified by a Totem, usually of a male wild animal. Each clan usually has a common surname and is led by the eldest male member of the most powerful family of the clan. All the clans of the Khonds owe allegiance to the \"*Kondh Pradhan*\", who is usually the leader of the most powerful clan of the Khonds. The Khond family is often nuclear, although extended joint families are also found. Female family members are on equal social footing with the male members in Khond society, and they can inherit, own, hold, and dispose of property without reference to their parents, husband or sons. Women have the right to choose their husbands, and to seek divorce. However, the family is patrilineal and patrilocal. Remarriage is common for divorced or widowed women and men. Children are never considered illegitimate in Khond society and inherit the clan name of their biological or adoptive fathers with all the rights accruing to natural born children. The Kondhs have a dormitory for adolescent girls and boys which forms a part of their enculturation and education process. The girls and boys sleep at night in their respective dormitory and learn social taboos, myths, legends, stories, riddles, proverbs amidst singing and dancing the whole night, thus learning the way of the tribe. The girls are usually instructed in good housekeeping and in ways to bring up good children while the boys learn the art of hunting and the legends of their brave and martial ancestors. Bravery and skill in hunting determine the respect that a man gets in the Khond tribe. A large number of Khonds were recruited by the British during the First and Second World Wars and were prized as natural jungle warfare experts and fierce warriors. Even today a large proportion of the Khond men join the State police or Armed Forces of India to seek an opportunity to prove their bravery. Modern education has facilitated the entry of a large number of Khonds into Government Civil Service, and adaptation to modern life has ensured that the tribe is one of the most politically dominant in Odisha. The men usually forage or hunt in the forests. They also practice the podu system of shifting cultivation on the hill slopes where they grow different varieties of rice, lentils and vegetables. Women usually do all the household work from fetching water from the distant streams, cooking, serving food to each member of the household to assisting the men in cultivation, harvesting and sale of produce in the market. The Khond commonly practice clan exogamy. By custom, marriage must cross clan boundaries (a form of incest taboo). The clan is strictly exogamous, which means marriages are made outside the clan (yet still within the greater Khond population). The form of acquiring mate is often by negotiation. However, marriage by capture or elopement is also rarely practiced. For marriage bride price is paid to the parents of the bride by the groom, which is a striking feature of the Khonds. The bride price was traditionally paid in tiger pelts though now land or gold sovereigns are the usual mode of payment of bride price.
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# Khond people ## Religion According to the 2011 census, the Khond population of eight states accounts for 1,743,406 individuals. Among them, 90.19% are Hindu, 9.28% are Christian, while 2,578 are Muslim, 437 are Buddhist, 181 are Sikh, 89 are Jain, 3,151 follow other religions (primarily *Nature worship*), and 2,578 did not state any religious affiliation. Traditionally the Khond religious beliefs were syncretic combining totemism, animism, ancestor worship, shamanism and nature worship. British writers also note that the Khonds practiced human sacrifice. Traditional Khond religion involved the worship mountains, Rivers, Sun, Earth. Baredi is place of worship. Traditional Khond religion involved different rituals such as Jhagadi or Kedu or Meriah Puja, Sru Penu Puja, Dharni Penu Puja, Guruba Penu Puja, Turki Penu Puja, and Pitabali Puja. Matiguru involved worship of earth through before sowing seeds. Other rituals connected with land fertility were \'Guruba Puja\', \'Turki Puja\' and in some cases \'Meriah Puja (human sacrifice)\' to appease Dharni (earth). Saru penu puja involved the sacrifice of fowls and feast. In Dehuri sacrifice goat and chicken were sacrificed. Gurba Penu Puja and Turki penu puja performed outside the village. Pitabali Puja was performed by offering flowers, fruits, sandal paste, incense, ghee-lamps, ghee, sundried rice, turmeric, buffalo or a he-goat and fowl. The Traditional Khond religion gave highest importance to the Earth goddess, who is held to be the creator and sustainer of the world. The gender of the deity changed to male and became *Dharni Deota*. His companion is *Bhatbarsi Deota*, the hunting god. To them once a year a buffalo was sacrificed. Before hunting they would worship the spirit of the hills and valleys they would hunt in lest they hide the animals the hunter wished to catch. In Traditional Khond religion, a breach of accepted religious conduct by any member of their society invited the wrath of spirits in the form of lack of rain fall, soaking of streams, destruction of forest produce, and other natural calamities. Hence, the customary laws, norms, taboos, and values were greatly adhered to and enforced with high to heavy punishments, depending upon the seriousness of the crimes committed. The practice of traditional Khond religion has practically become extinct today. Extended contact with the Oriya speaking Hindus made Khonds to adopt many aspects of Hinduism and Hindu culture. The contact with the Hindus led the Khonds to adopt Hindu deities into their pantheon and rituals. For example, the Kali and Durga are worshiped as manifestations of Dharani, but always with the sacrifice of buffaloes, goats, or fowl. Similarly, Shiva is worshipped as a manifestation of Bhatbarsi Deota with tribal rituals not seen in Hinduism. Jagannath, Ram, Krishna and Balram are other popular deities who have been \"tribalised\" in Khond adaptation of Hinduism. Many Khonds converted to Protestant Christianity in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century due to the efforts of the missionaries of the Serampore Mission. The influence of Khond traditional beliefs on Christianity can be seen in some rituals such as those associated with Easter and resurrection when ancestors are also venerated and given offerings, although the church officially rejects the traditional beliefs as pagan. Many Khonds have also converted to Islam and a great diversity of religious practices can be seen among the members of the tribe. There is widespread religious diversity within the tribe, and often within the same family. However, the Khond tribal identity and affiliation predominates the social and ethical culture far more than individual religious faith. Significantly, as with many indigenous peoples, the conceptual worldview of the natural environment and its sacredness subscribed to by the Khond reinforce the social and cultural practices that define the tribe. Here, the sacredness of the earth perpetuates tribal socio-ethics, wherein harmony with nature and respect for ancestors is deeply embedded. This is in stark contrast to non tribal, materialistic, economics-centred, resource extractive worldview that may not prioritise the primacy of the land or acknowledge environment as a spiritual and cultural resource and thereby promote deforestation, strip-mining etc. for development projects. This divergence in worldviews of the Khonds with the Policy makers has led to a situation of conflict in many instances.
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# Khond people ## Economy They have an economy based on hunting and gathering, trapping game, collecting wild fruits, tubers and honey apart from subsistence agriculture i.e. shifting cultivation or slash-and-burn cultivation, locally called Podu. The Khonds are excellent fruit farmers. The most striking feature of the Khonds is that they have adapted to horticulture and grow pineapple, oranges, turmeric, ginger and papaya in plenty. Forest fruit trees like mango and jackfruit, Mahua, Guava, Tendu and Custard apples are collected, which fulfill the major dietary chunk of the Khonds. Besides, the Khonds practice shifting cultivation, or *podu chasa* as it is locally called, as part of agriculture for growing lentils, beans and millets retaining the most primitive features of agricultural underdevelopment. Millets and beans along with game and fish form the staple diet of the Khonds. A dietary shift from millets to carbohydrate-rich, processed foods has led to obesity and diabetes among tribals. Turmeric grown in the Kandhamal district by the Khonds is a registered Geographical Indication product. The Khonds grow several native cultivars of fragrant and coloured rice. Parboiled rice is preferred as a staple. They go out for collective hunts as well collect the seasonal fruits and roots in the forest. They usually cook food with oil extracted from sal and mahua seeds. They also use medicinal plants. These practices make them mainly dependent on forest resources for survival. The Khonds smoke fish and meat for preservation. ## Uprisings The Khonds maintained a formidable reputation that involved multiple revolts. From 1753 to 1856 in the century long Ghumsar uprising the Khonds rebelled against the rule of the East India Company and carried out sustained guerrilla warfare as well as pitched combat against the British.
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# Khond people ## Social and environmental concerns {#social_and_environmental_concerns} The Dongria clan of Khonds inhabit the steep slopes of the Niyamgiri Range of Rayagada district and over the border into Kalahandi. They work entirely on the steep slopes for their livelihood. Vedanta Resources, a UK-based mining company, threatened the future of homeland of the Dongria Khonds clan of this tribe who reside in the Niyamgiri Hills which has rich deposits of bauxite. The bauxite mining also threatened the source and potability of the perennial streams in the Niyamgiri Hills. The tribe\'s plight was the subject of a Survival International short film narrated by actress Joanna Lumley. In 2010 India\'s environment ministry ordered Vedanta Resources to halt a sixfold expansion of an aluminium refinery in Odisha. As part of its Demand Dignity campaign, in 2011 Amnesty International published a report concerning the rights of the Dongria Kondh. Celebrities backing the campaign included Arundhati Roy (the Booker prize-winning author), as well as the British actors Joanna Lumley and Michael Palin. In April 2013, the Supreme Court in a landmark decision, Orissa Mining Corporation Ltd vs Ministry Of Environment & Forest dated 18 April 2013, upheld the ban on Vedanta\'s project in the Niyamgiri Hills, ruling that development projects can not be at the cost of constitutional, fundamental cultural and religious rights of the Khonds and directed that the consent of the Khond community affected by the Vedanta project must be obtained prior to commencement. The Khonds voted against the project in August 2013, and in January 2014 the Ministry for Environment and Forests stopped the Vedanta project. The Niyamgiri movement and the resultant decision of the Supreme Court is considered a major milestone in indigenous rights jurisprudence in India. ## Communal unrest and insurgency {#communal_unrest_and_insurgency} On 25 December 2007, ethnic conflict broke out between Khond tribals and Pano Scheduled Caste people in Kandhamals. On 23 August 2008, Hindu ascetic Swami Lakshmanananda Saraswati (who was said to have worked among the Khond tribals for their educational upliftment) was murdered along with four others, including a boy, by a team of Maoist gunmen which allegedly included Catholic Panos. Maoist rebels took responsibility for the multiple murders. This led to large-scale riots between the Kandha tribe and the Pano communities. The underlying causes are complex, and cross political and religious boundaries. Land encroachment, perceived or otherwise, was the main source of tension between the Khond and Pano communities. It was widely believed by the Khonds that Panos were purchasing tribal land by forged documents wherein they were shown to be Khonds. The clash was predominantly ethnic, as both Hindu Kondhs and Protestant Christian Kondhs were on the same side, fighting against Catholic and Hindu Panos. Later the conflict assumed communal overtones, as it was projected by western media to be a persecution of \"Christian Minorities\" rather than an ethnic conflict for land resources. In April 2010, a special \"fast track\" court in Phulbani convicted 105 people. Ten people were acquitted due to lack of evidence. Kandhamal district is currently a part of the Red Corridor of India, an area with significant Maoist insurgency activity. Suspected Maoist rebels detonated a roadside land mine on 27 November 2010, blowing up an ambulance. A patient, a paramedic, and the vehicle\'s driver were killed
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# Arab Club Champions Cup The **Arab Club Champions Cup** (*كأس العرب للأندية الأبطال*, *Ligue des Champions Arabe*) is a club football competition organised by the Union of Arab Football Associations (UAFA) and contested by top clubs from the Arab world. The tournament is contested by a total of 37 teams from Asia and Africa. Founded in 1981, the tournament was held alongside the Arab Cup Winners\' Cup and the Arab Super Cup throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, until the Cup Winners\' Cup and Super Cup were merged with the Champions Cup in 2002. The tournament\'s first champions were Iraqi club Al-Shorta, who defeated Lebanese side Nejmeh in the final over two legs in 1982. Saudi Arabian clubs have accumulated the most victories, with nine wins. The title has been won by 20 clubs, eight of which have won the title more than once. Since the tournament was merged with the Cup Winners\' Cup, only ES Sétif of Algeria have managed consecutive wins, successfully defending their title in 2008. Iraqi club Al-Rasheed and Tunisian side Espérance de Tunis share the record for most titles, with three each. The reigning champions are Al-Nassr of Saudi Arabia, who won their first title in 2023. ## History Season Winners -------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ Arab Club Champions Cup 1981--82 Al-Shorta 1984 Al-Ettifaq 1985 Al-Rasheed 1986 Al-Rasheed `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} 1987 Al-Rasheed `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} 1988 Al-Ettifaq `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} 1989 Wydad Casablanca 1990 *Cancelled* 1992 Al-Shabab 1993 Espérance de Tunis 1994 Al-Hilal 1995 Al-Hilal `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} 1996 Al Ahly 1997 Club Africain 1998 WA Tlemcen 1999 Al-Shabab `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} 2000 Club Sfaxien 2001 Al-Sadd Arab Unified Club Championship 2002 Al-Ahli Saudi 2003 Zamalek Arab Champions League 2003--04 Club Sfaxien `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} 2004--05 Al-Ittihad Jeddah 2005--06 Raja Casablanca 2006--07 ES Sétif 2007--08 ES Sétif `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} 2008--09 Espérance de Tunis `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} UAFA Club Cup 2012--13 USM Alger Arab Club Championship 2017 Espérance de Tunis `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Arab Club Champions Cup 2018--19 Étoile du Sahel 2019--20 Raja Casablanca `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} 2023 Al-Nassr : List of winners The Union of Arab Football Associations (UAFA) decided to create a competition for champions of Arab countries after the end of the 1979--80 season. Domestic champions from UAFA\'s member nations were invited to compete, but after several withdrawals, only three teams from Iraq, Lebanon and Jordan ended up participating. The competition kicked off on 19 June 1981 with Lebanese champions Nejmeh beating Jordanian champions Al-Ahli 2--1. Nejmeh\'s Jamal Al-Khatib was the scorer of the first Arab Club Champions Cup goal. Nejmeh and Al-Shorta competed in the inaugural final in February 1982, with Al-Shorta winning 4--2 on aggregate at Al-Shaab Stadium in Baghdad to be crowned the first champions of the Arab world. The tournament was not held the following year but returned in 1984 in a round-robin format, and Al-Ettifaq earned the first title for a Saudi Arabian club that year. With the number of participants increasing every year, UAFA introduced preliminary qualifying rounds that preceded the final round-robin tournament, before they changed the format of the final tournament in 1987 to one that consisted of a group stage followed by a knockout stage. UAFA also started to allow countries to have more than one participant in 1987, with two Saudi Arabian clubs (Al-Ittihad and Al-Hilal) and two Iraqi clubs (Al-Rasheed and Al-Jaish) competing. Al-Rasheed of Iraq dominated the competition during these years, becoming the first team to win three consecutive championships in 1985, 1986 and 1987, while Al-Ettifaq won their title back in 1988. From 1981 to 1988, no team from the Confederation of African Football (CAF) was able to win the tournament and all winners were from the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). An African club became champions of the Arab world for the first time in 1989 as Wydad Casablanca of Morocco beat Saudi Arabia\'s Al-Hilal in the final. That same year, UAFA founded a new annual competition that would be held alongside the Arab Club Champions Cup; it was called the Arab Cup Winners\' Cup and was a competition for the cup winners of Arab countries, with a similar format to that of the Champions Cup. In 1992, UAFA introduced the Arab Super Cup which was an annual round-robin competition between the winners and runners-up of both the Champions Cup and Cup Winners\' Cup. From 1989 until 2001, there were six winners from CAF and five from the AFC. Four of the eleven winners during this time were from Saudi Arabia, while Espérance de Tunis earned the first win for a Tunisian team in 1993, Al-Ahly became the first Egyptian champions in 1995, WA Tlemcen earned Algeria\'s first title in 1998 and Al-Sadd won the first title for a Qatari club in 2001. In 2002, UAFA made a decision that changed the face of Arab club football. With the increasing number of commitments facing Arab clubs in the modern era, UAFA decided to merge the Cup Winners\' Cup and Super Cup with the Champions Cup to form the Arab Unified Club Championship, which would be the only UAFA club tournament. Two editions of the tournament were played under this name, with Al-Ahli of Saudi Arabia winning in 2002 and Zamalek winning in 2003. After the 2003 edition, ART became the tournament\'s sponsor and UAFA then changed the name of the tournament to the Arab Champions League so that its name was similar to other elite club tournaments such as the UEFA Champions League, CAF Champions League, AFC Champions League and OFC Champions League. Tunisia\'s Club Sfaxien became the first winners of the Champions League era. From the 2004--05 edition onwards, UAFA reintroduced two-legged finals, which had not been used since the first edition of the tournament. After title wins for Saudi Arabia\'s Al-Ittihad and Morocco\'s Raja Casablanca, ES Sétif of Algeria became the first back-to-back winners in the Champions League era by claiming both the 2006--07 and 2007--08 titles. After the 2008--09 edition won by Espérance de Tunis of Tunisia, UAFA ran into organisational problems due to issues with the tournament\'s new sponsor. This prevented the tournament from being held for four years until it resurfaced in 2012--13 under the new name of UAFA Club Cup, with Algeria\'s USM Alger earning their first title. However, UAFA then ran into the same problems as before which led to another four-year hiatus. The competition was held again in 2017 under the name of Arab Club Championship with 20 competing teams; the group stage and knockout stage were held in Egypt and the final was held as a single leg. Espérance de Tunis were crowned champions making them the joint-most successful team in the competition\'s history. The number of teams doubled to 40 for the 2018--19 season where the competition was renamed to Arab Club Champions Cup and its format was changed. The 2023 edition of the tournament was widely covered by international media due to the participation of a number of high-profile players such as Cristiano Ronaldo, Karim Benzema and N\'Golo Kanté following their transfers to Saudi Pro League clubs. Out of the thirteen champions crowned from 2002 to 2023, ten of them were from Africa and only three were from Asia. ## Branding Since the 2018--19 season, the competition has been named *Arab Club Champions Cup*, while each edition of the tournament also has its own special name based on the host nation of the tournament or host of the final match. The 2019 final was hosted in the United Arab Emirates, therefore the 2018--19 edition was named the *Zayed Champions Cup* to mark 100 years since the birth of the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the founder of the United Arab Emirates. The 2020 final was hosted in Morocco, therefore the 2019--20 edition was named the *Mohammed VI Champions Cup* after Mohammed VI of Morocco. The 2023 edition of the tournament was hosted in Saudi Arabia from the group stage onwards, and was thus named *King Salman Club Cup* after Salman of Saudi Arabia. The logo of the Arab Club Champions Cup is a white circle with a grey outline, featuring navy, red, purple and green patterning with a navy diamond in the centre bearing the words *Arab Champions* in Arabic. The name of the competition in both English and Arabic features underneath the logo. The logo is adapted slightly for each edition of the tournament to reflect the name and host nation of that specific edition.
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# Arab Club Champions Cup ## Prize money {#prize_money} As of 2023, the fixed amount of prize money paid to participating clubs is as follows: Prize money ------------------- Winners Runners-up Semi-finalists Quarter-finalists Group stage Qualifying rounds ## Team records and statistics {#team_records_and_statistics} ### Performance by club {#performance_by_club} {{#section-h:List of Arab Club Champions Cup finals\|By club}} ### Performances by nation {#performances_by_nation} {{#section-h:List of Arab Club Champions Cup finals\|By nation}} ### Performances by continent {#performances_by_continent} {{#section-h:List of Arab Club Champions Cup finals\|By continent}} ## Player records {#player_records} ### Most goals {#most_goals} : Players who are still active are highlighted in **boldface**
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# 2006 Hungarian parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary on 9 April 2006, with a second round of voting in 110 of the 176 single-member constituencies on 23 April. The Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) emerged as the largest party in the National Assembly with 186 of the 386 seats, and continued the coalition government with the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ). It marked the first time a government had been re-elected since the end of Communist rule. To date, this is the most recent national election in Hungary not won by Fidesz-KDNP, and the last in which the victorious party did not win a two-thirds supermajority in parliament. ## Electoral system {#electoral_system} The unicameral National Assembly (*Országgyűlés*), the highest organ of state authority, initiates and approves legislation sponsored by the prime minister. A party had to win at least 5% of the national vote (based on the total of regional list votes) to form a parliamentary faction. The National Assembly had 386 members, elected for a four-year term in a mixed system: 176 members in single-seat constituencies by a modified two-round system, 152 in multi-seat constituencies by party-list proportional representation (using territorial lists) and 58 members (using a national list) to realize semi-proportional representation. The election took over two days. On 9 April elections took place in every constituency, both single-seat and multi-seat. In order to get elected into a single-seat constituency, a candidate needs to receive more than 50% of the vote; in the 2006 elections, the victor received more than 50% of the vote in 66 of the 176 single-seat constituencies. There was another election in the remaining 110 single-seat constituencies in the 2nd round, in which all but the top three candidates (and every candidate reaching 15%) from the 1st round are excluded. Usually parties formed alliances between the two rounds and withdraw many of their 3rd place candidates and call for supporting the allied party so the winning candidate of the 2nd round will receive more than 50% of the vote. However, this process was not automatic, but grounded by negotiations. The multi-seat elections also took place during the first round of voting. 146 of the 152 seats were filled using closed-list proportional representation. The remaining 6 were added to the national list calculation. The country was divided into 20 regions for the multi-seat elections with varying numbers of members per region. Where a party won more members in a region than it merited, the surplus votes were deducted from the total it received in the second round. Correspondingly, a party that received fewer seats than it merited had the shortfall votes added to its total in the second round. A further 58 (plus 6 more not elected from the multi-seat constituencies in the first round) extra members were elected using a national list, which voter could not vote for directly, but indirectly through constituency and regional votes, in order to achieve a more proportional result. ### Nomination Before the election the parties needed to be registered by the National Electoral Office. After registration the parties had the right to collect references. Each candidate had to collect 750 references in their district. If one party collected the required number in two districts (in Budapest 8, Pest 5 and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén 3) in a county, then it could present a list in regional constituencies. If a party had at least seven regional lists, it could present a national compensation list. 17 March was the last day when a party could be registered and a list or a candidate could be registered. By 28 February, 49 parties had sought registration, and 45 were registered by the National Electoral Office. ## Campaign On 10 April the two parties of the governing coalition MSZP-SZDSZ (Hungarian Socialist Party and Alliance of Free Democrats) announced their alliance for the second round. The Socialist Party withdrew three of their candidates in favour of the Alliance one, and the Alliance withdrew their remaining 55 candidates (all of which had finished third), and called on its voters to support the Socialists. The leaders of the two parties ran a common campaign between the two rounds. The opposition was not united. The Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) which hit the 5% threshold contrary to the polls and expectations made it clear that they would not support Viktor Orbán\'s Fidesz party. Orbán tried to get their support by declaring that he resigned from Prime Minister candidacy, and sought a compromise candidate, Péter Ákos Bod, but the MDF held on to their independency; thus they did not withdraw their 3rd place candidates. However, some MDF candidates did not agree with this, and withdrew in favour of Fidesz.
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# 2006 Hungarian parliamentary election ## Opinion polling {#opinion_polling} Party January +/- February +/- March -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- ------- ---------- ------- ------- Fidesz-KDNP 48% -6.3% 41.7% +2.5% 44.2% Hungarian Socialist Party 42% +0.1% 42.1% +2.6% 44.7% Alliance of Free Democrats 3% +2.8% 5.8% -1.2% 4.6% Hungarian Democratic Forum 3% +1.4% 4.4% -0.7% 3.7% Centre Party 2% +0.8% 2.8% -2.2% 0.6% Hungarian Communist Workers\' Party 1% -0.2% 0.8% -0.4% 0.4% MIÉP--Jobbik Third Way Alliance of Parties 1% +0.6% 1.6% -0.2% 1.4% Others 0% +0.8% 0.8% -0.4% 0.4% Source: [Gallup](https://web.archive.org/web/20190818131512/http://gallup.hu/) ## Results ### Party list results by county {#party_list_results_by_county} County MSZP Fidesz-KDNP SZDSZ MDF MIÉP-Jobbik Munkáspárt Centrum Others ------------------------ ----------- ------------- ------- ------ ------------- ------------ --------- -------- Bács-Kiskun 37.09 **49.79** 4.93 5.12 1.88 -- 0.67 0.51 Baranya **48.32** 38.31 5.70 5.10 1.28 0.41 -- 0.88 Békés **43.73** 42.96 4.47 4.85 1.63 1.07 0.86 0.43 Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén **50.94** 38.18 3.87 3.83 2.30 -- 0.67 0.21 Budapest **43.78** 35.11 12.28 5.30 2.90 0.62 -- -- Csongrád **44.16** 41.83 5.29 4.87 1.62 0.79 0.80 0.63 Fejér **43.18** 42.74 5.92 5.48 1.89 0.65 -- 0.13 Győr-Moson-Sopron 37.62 **49.00** 4.92 5.62 1.92 0.54 -- 0.37 Hajdú-Bihar 39.72 **47.70** 3.95 5.38 2.04 -- 0.59 0.62 Heves **49.19** 37.16 5.13 4.44 3.00 -- -- 1.09 Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok **47.00** 39.74 4.83 4.95 2.07 1.31 -- 0.11 Komárom-Esztergom **49.09** 37.98 6.26 4.45 1.50 0.72 -- -- Nógrád **44.41** 41.06 4.29 4.70 2.16 1.58 0.66 1.13 Pest 41.34 **42.06** 7.43 5.21 2.95 -- 1.03 -- Somogy 42.74 **46.74** 4.04 4.17 1.64 0.68 -- -- Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg **45.47** 44.45 3.29 4.16 1.65 -- 0.35 0.62 Tolna 40.51 **46.62** 4.59 5.96 1.83 -- -- 0.48 Vas 35.65 **50.84** 5.70 5.78 1.82 -- -- 0.21 Veszprém 39.84 **46.71** 5.59 5.54 1.71 0.60 -- -- Zala 37.26 **49.67** 5.08 5.82 2.05 -- -- 0.12 Total **43.21** 42.03 6.50 5.04 2.20 0.41 0.32 0
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# Ramón Sender (composer) thumb\|upright=1.3\|Ramón Sender at Arion Press in San Francisco, 2011 **Ramón Sender Barayón** (born October 29, 1934) is a composer, visual artist and writer. He was the co-founder with Morton Subotnick of the San Francisco Tape Music Center in 1962. He is the son of Spanish writer Ramón J. Sender. ## Education Sender was born in Madrid, Spain, and left the country during the civil war following the Fascist coup there in 1936. He studied piano with George Copeland, harmony with Elliott Carter, and counterpoint and fugue with Harold Shapero (1948--1951). Sender attended the Conservatorio di Santa Cecilia in Rome and Columbia University in New York, where he studied with Henry Cowell. He also studied with Robert Erickson at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music (1959--1962) and at Mills College, where he studied with Darius Milhaud. Sender holds a Bachelor of Music degree from the San Francisco Conservatory of Music and an M.A. from Mills College. ## San Francisco Tape Music Center {#san_francisco_tape_music_center} Sender co-founded the San Francisco Tape Music Center in 1962 with Morton Subotnick and also collaborated with composers and visual artists including Pauline Oliveros, Tony Martin, Joseph Byrd, Terry Riley, William Maginnis, and many others until 1966 when the Center was incorporated into Mills College. It was later named the Mills Center for Contemporary Music and continues to function today. Sender participated with Don Buchla and Morton Subotnick in the design of the Buchla Box, one of the first music synthesizers. ## Morningstar and Wheeler Ranches {#morningstar_and_wheeler_ranches} In January 1966, he co-produced the Trips Festival with Ken Kesey and Stewart Brand. It was a three-day event that, in conjunction with The Merry Pranksters, brought together the nascent hippie movement for the first time. In April 1966, Sender became the first resident at Lou Gottlieb\'s Morning Star Ranch (Sender has, at times, referred to himself as Ramon Sender Morningstar) open land commune, which evolved into a Digger Farm / open land commune in 1967. After the residents\' homes were bulldozed by Sonoma County authorities three times, he moved into the Wheeler Ranch in Occidental, California. Currently both properties have reverted to private ownership. Sender continued living and working in the area until 1980 when he returned to San Francisco. As \"His Imperial Nothingness, Zero the Clown,\" he has continued appearing in the annual Occidental Fools Parade. One of the residents at Wheeler at Ranch was Alicia Bay Laurel, a visual artist, author and singer-songwriter known for her 1970 best-seller *Living on the Earth*. He collaborated with her on another book, *Being of the Sun*, which contains information about homemade music, drones, modes, and open tunings as a means of spiritual growth, as well as information about yoga, creating ritual, and forming intentional communities. In 1973, Sender made a reel-to-reel recording of himself and Laurel performing songs, chants and improvisations from the book, which Laurel released in 2013 as a CD on her record label, Indigo With Stars, titled *Songs from Being of the Sun.* During the late 1970s, Sender was one of the founding members of The Occidental Community Choir (the nearest town to the Wheeler Ranch commune), for whom he wrote original music and shared his skills as a choral arranger. The choir\'s rendition of Sender\'s arrangement of Laurel\'s song, \"In the Morning\" appears on her CD, *Music from Living on the Earth.* In 2006, stage producer, arranger and bassist Nicholas Alva created a musical based on the story of the open land communes Morningstar and Wheeler Ranch, including songs by Sender. In 2020 the music and dialogue were recorded and released as an ebook. Sender co-curated \"The Hippies,\" an exhibition re-telling in written narration, photography, art and memorabilia, the history of the west Sonoma County Open Land communes, at the West County Museum in Sebastopol, California (part of the Sonoma County Historical Society.) Running from October 30, 2016, to March 5, 2017, it was the most popular exhibition ever at the West County Museum.
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# Ramón Sender (composer) ## Later years in San Francisco {#later_years_in_san_francisco} In 1980, Sender returned to San Francisco where he married his long-time friend Judith Levy-Sender, who taught in the San Francisco School District for thirty years. A poet and self-taught artist, he helped her publish two books of poems and artwork, the last titled \"Transitions Visible and Invisible.\" Collaborating with her, they founded the Odd Mondays speaker series that they ran for eighteen years before turning it over to a new producer. Sender is also a visual artist whose visual works are sampled on his web site and in a 2009 book, *Barayon, a Catalog of Prints, Drawings, Original Art*. The book is based on a one-man show at the Gallery Sanchez in 2008. After the death of Sender\'s daughter Xaverie in 1989, he founded the Peregrine Foundation (for people \"living in or exiting from experimental social groups\"). He was the administrator of the foundation until 1999 and published four full-length autobiographies of women who had left the Bruderhof community in a series titled \"Women from Utopia.\" Sender identifies himself as a \"transcendental, post-monotheist hippie pagan sun worshipper, with one foot planted in the nondual teaching of Julie Henderson and the other in the Archaic Revival culture\".`{{Citequote|date=January 2013}}`{=mediawiki} In 2018, Spanish documentary filmmaker Luis Olano released *Sender Barayón Un Viaje Hacia La Luz (A Trip into the Light)*, a film about the life and works of Ramón Sender Barayón, including interviews with Sender at his home in San Francisco, archival photos and footage, and recordings of Sender\'s music. The film has English subtitles whenever Spanish is spoken, and Spanish subtitles whenever English is spoken, and has been screened in the USA and in Spain. Link to the film\'s trailer:\" Ramón Sender Barayón has four children: Xaverie Rhodes (deceased), Jonathan Sender, Andrés Sender and Sol Sender, four grandchildren: Gareth Rhodes, Dorie McKernan, David Sender, Rafael Sender, and Oliver Benjamin Sender, and two great-grandchildren: Claire McKernan and Garrett McKernan.
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# Ramón Sender (composer) ## Writings To distinguish himself from his father Ramón J. Sender, a well-known Spanish novelist, he uses the Spanish-style name Ramón Sender Barayón. This is also to honor his late mother Amparo Barayón. Sender\'s novel *Zero Weather* was published in 1980. He has several other unpublished manuscripts and some of his short stories are published on the internet. In 1989, Sender published *A Death in Zamora*, a book investigating the execution of his mother by Franco\'s forces during the Spanish Civil War. The book has been recognized not only as a valuable record of the Spanish Civil War, but as a historical account of early feminism and rebellion against patriarchy in Spain, of which his mother, Amparo Barayón, was a pioneer. An updated edition (2018), based on the Spanish Post-Metropolis Editorial 2017 edition, contains essays by renowned Spanish Civil War historians Paul Preston, Helen Graham and Francisco Espinosa Maestre. His cousin Medcedes Esteban Maes-Kemp assisted as translator. Recently, he published an anthology of his short stories and essays, titled *A Planetary Sojourn*. He also wrote a novel based on his experiences at the Tape Music Center, entitled *Naked Close Up*, which was published in 2012 as an ebook by Intelligent Arts Publishing, a project of The Electronic Music Foundation in Albany, New York. ## Music - \"Donkey Gruntler Serenade\", audience participation on Donkey Gruntlers with pre-recorded tape -- 2003 live quartet performance by Luciano Chessa and friends - \"Aidan\'s Gamelan (in memory of Lou Harrison)\", audience participation on tuned water drums with pre-recorded tape -- 2003 - \"Seashore Snake Sizzle,\" audience participation on rattles with pre-recorded tape -- 2003 - \"Audition\" for two open-tuned autoharps and dalruba -- 1982 - \"Great-Grandpa Lemuel\'s Death-Rattle What-In-Tarnation Reincarnation Blues\", dixieland band, accordion, tape -- 1981 - \"A Tewa Prayer\", mixed chorus -- 1978 - \"I Have a Dream\", mixed chorus -- 1978 - Loopy Gamelan \"Oh \'C\' Can You Say\", for Oakland Children\'s Chorus -- 1976 - Loopy Gamelans on \'A\' and \'B\' for four performers -- 1976 - \"64 I Ching Chants\" (instructions) -- 1976 - \"Outdoor Music for four Open-tuned Autoharps\" -- 1970 - \"Enoughing,\" tape -- 1968; \"Ushas\", tape -- 1968; \"Xmas Me\", tape -- 1968 - \"In the Garden\", clarinet, viola, projections and tape -- 1965 - \"Desert Ambulance\", amplified accordion, voice, 3-track tape, projections -- 1964 - \"Balances\", amplified str qt (with db) -- 1964 - \"Tropical Fish Opera\", four instruments -- 1962 - \"Time Fields\", sextet -- 1962 (Pacifica Directors Award, 1963) - \"Traversals\", tape -- 1961 - \"Kronos\", tape composition (approx 15 minutes) -- 1962 - \"Kore\", tape -- 1961 - \"Four Sanskrit Hymns\", four singers, four cellos, double bass, harp, piano, celesta, three percussionists, tape -- 1961 ## Recordings - Various works included on the DVD published with the book in David Bernstein\'s *The San Francisco Tape Music Center: 1960s counterculture and the avant-garde*, `{{ISBN|9780520248922}}`{=mediawiki} (2008, University of California Press) - *Desert Ambulance* (2005, Locust 70) - *Worldfood* (2004, Locust 55) - *Music from Mills*, an anthology which contains a short excerpt from his \"Audition\" (1986, Mills MC 001) - *Songs from Being of the Sun* remastered archival (1973) reel-to-reel recordings of Ramón Sender Barayón and Alicia Bay Laurel performing songs, chants and improvisations from their book, Being of the Sun
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# Armthorpe Welfare F.C. **Armthorpe Welfare Football Club** is a semi-professional football club based in Armthorpe, South Yorkshire, England. They are currently members of the `{{English football updater|ArmthorW}}`{=mediawiki} and play at the Welfare Ground. ## History The club was established in 1926, and initially competed only in local leagues, including the Doncaster Red Triangle League. In 1935 they turned semi-professional and joined the Sheffield Association League. They first entered the FA Cup in the following season, and competed in the FA Amateur Cup for a few years after World War II. They left the Sheffield League in 1950 to join Division Two of the Doncaster & District Senior League. Their first season in the new league saw them promoted to Division One. Although they were relegated two seasons later, Armthorpe won Division Two at the first attempt to earn promotion back to Division One. In just their second season in Division One they won the league title, and they would go on to win the title on a further four occasions in the next five years. They added further title wins in 1960--61, 1961--62 and 1964--65. However the club was relegated from the renamed Premier Division at the end of the 1966--67 season. They were relegated again in 1969--70, and sunk into Division Three after another relegation in 1972--73. In 1974 the club folded. Two years later the club reformed and rejoined the Doncaster & District Senior League. They began in Division Three, which they won in 1978--79. The following season they won Division Two and the League Cup in 1979--80, and went on to retain the League Cup for the following two seasons. In 1981--82 they won the League Cup for a fourth consecutive season, as well as the West Riding Challenge Cup and the Division One title, earning promotion to the Premier Division. The following season saw them win four competitions; the Premier Division, the League Cup, the West Riding Challenge Cup and the Goole & Thorne FA Challenge Cup. Following their Premier Division title, the club moved up Division Two North of the Northern Counties East League (NCEL). They finished as runners-up in their first season, earning promotion to Division One Central. They went on to win the division at the first attempt and were promoted to the Premier Division, where they have remained since, becoming the division\'s longest serving club. In 1987--88 the club finished as runners-up, losing the title to Emley on goal difference. In 2000--01 they finished in the relegation zone, but were reprieved from relegation after Ossett Albion were promoted to the Northern Premier League and no club was relegated in their place. Having remained in the Premier Division for a record 32 seasons, the club were relegated to Division One at the end of the 2016--17 season after finishing second-from-bottom of the table.
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# Armthorpe Welfare F.C. ## History ### Season-by-season record {#season_by_season_record} Season Division Level Position FA Cup FA Amateur Cup FA Vase Notes ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ------- ---------- -------- ---------------- --------- ------------------------------------------- 1934--35 Doncaster Red Triangle League -- -- -- -- 1935--36 Sheffield Association League -- 3/12 -- -- -- 1936--37 Sheffield Association League -- 14/15 EPR -- -- 1937--38 Sheffield Association League -- 8/17 PR -- -- 1938--39 Sheffield Association League -- EPR -- -- 1939--40 Sheffield Association League -- -- -- -- 1940--41 Sheffield Association League -- -- -- -- 1947--48 Sheffield Association League -- PR -- -- 1948--49 Sheffield Association League -- EPR -- -- 1949--50 Sheffield Association League -- EPR -- -- 1950--51 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 2 -- EPR -- -- Promoted 1951--52 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- -- -- -- 1952--53 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- -- -- -- Relegated 1953--54 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 2 -- 1/12 -- -- -- Champions, promoted 1954--55 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 1/15 -- EPR -- Champions 1955--56 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- -- 3QR -- 1956--57 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 1/14 -- PR -- Champions 1957--58 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 1/16 -- 4QR -- Champions 1958--59 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 2/13 -- 1QR -- 1959--60 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 7/13 -- 1QR -- 1960--61 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 1/12 -- 4QR -- Champions 1961--62 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 1/12 -- -- -- Champions 1962--63 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- -- -- -- 1963--64 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 3/12 -- -- -- 1964--65 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 1/12 -- -- -- Champions 1965--66 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 3/12 -- -- -- 1966--67 Doncaster & District Senior League Premier Division -- 11/15 -- -- -- Relegated 1967--68 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 11/12 -- -- -- 1968--69 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- -- -- -- 1969--70 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- -- -- -- Relegated 1970--71 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 2 -- -- -- -- 1971--72 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 2 -- -- -- -- 1972--73 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 2 -- -- -- -- Relegated 1973--74 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 3 -- -- -- -- 1974--75 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 3 -- -- -- -- 1975--76 *Club dissolved (1975) and reformed (1976)* 1976--77 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 3 -- -- -- -- 1977--78 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 3 -- 1/14 -- -- -- Champions, promoted 1978--79 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 2 -- -- -- -- Promoted 1979--80 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- -- -- -- 1980--81 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 3/16 -- -- -- 1981--82 Doncaster & District Senior League Division 1 -- 1/14 -- -- -- Champions, promoted 1982--83 Doncaster & District Senior League Premier Division -- 1/14 -- -- -- Champions, promoted 1983--84 Northern Counties East League Division 2 North -- 2/14 -- -- -- Promoted 1984--85 Northern Counties East League Division 1 Central -- 1/16 -- -- 3R Promoted 1985--86 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 13/20 1QR -- 1R 1986--87 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 12/19 3QR -- 1R 1987--88 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 2/17 PR -- 1R 1988--89 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 11/17 1QR -- PR 1989--90 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 7/18 PR -- PR 1990--91 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 9/16 1QR -- 1R 1991--92 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 13/19 2QR -- 1R 1992--93 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 19/20 1QR -- 1R 1993--94 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 10/20 PR -- 1R 1994--95 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 8/20 PR -- PR 1995--96 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 11/20 PR -- 2QR 1996--97 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 12/20 PR -- 2QR 1997--98 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 9/20 PR -- 2R 1998--99 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 13/20 1QR -- 2QR 1999--00 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 11/20 1QR -- 1R 2000--01 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 19/20 EPR -- 2QR 2001--02 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 6/20 PR -- 1QR 2002--03 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 18/20 EPR -- 1R 2003--04 Northern Counties East League Premier Division -- 14/20 1QR -- 1QR 2004--05 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 18/20 1QR -- 2QR 2005--06 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 10/20 2QR -- 1R 2006--07 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 13/20 1QR -- 1QR 2007--08 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 9/20 EPR -- 1R 2008--09 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 15/20 PR -- 2QR 2009--10 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 3/20 EPR -- 4R 2010--11 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 13/20 PR -- 2R 2011--12 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 13/20 1QR -- 3R 2012--13 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 20/22 EPR -- 2R 2013--14 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 18/23 EPR -- 2R 2014--15 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 17/21 PR -- 2QR 2015--16 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 19/22 2QR -- 1R 2016--17 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9 21/22 EPR -- 1QR Relegated 2017--18 Northern Counties East League Division One 10 16/22 EPR -- 2QR 2018--19 Northern Counties East League Division One 10 17/20 -- -- 1QR 2019--20 Northern Counties East League Division One 10 -- -- -- 1QR Season abandoned due to COVID-19 pandemic Season Division Level Position FA Cup FA Amateur Cup FA Vase Notes Source: [Football Club History Database](http://fchd.info/ARMTHORW.HTM) ## Ground The club plays at the Welfare Ground on Church Street. It has a capacity of 2,500, of which 250 is seated and 400 covered. <File:ARMTHORPE> WELFARE FC - V - GLAPWELL FC 11-02-2006 NCEL PREMIER DIVISION.jpg\| The Philip Mitchell Stand. <File:ARMTHORPE> WELFARE FC - V - GLAPWELL FC 11-02-2006 NCEL PREMIER DIVISION park close stand.jpg\|Park Close covered terracing (capacity 200) <File:ARMTHORPE> WELFARE FC - V - GLAPWELL FC 11-02-2006 NCEL PREMIER DIVISION southfield road side.jpg\|Southfield Road side and dugouts. <File:ARMTHORPE> WELFARE FC park end.jpg\|Park End
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# Cidade Ocidental **Cidade Ocidental** is a municipality located in central Goiás state, Brazil. ## Geography It is bordered on the north by the Federal District, on the south by Luziânia, on the east by Cristalina and Luziânia, and on the west by Luziânia and Valparaíso de Goiás. The municipality has a tropical with altitude climate with temperature variations between 18 °C and 28 °C. The vegetation is typical of the cerrado with short and twisted trees, with some pockets of tropical tree growth. The main rivers are the São Bartolomeu, Saia Velha and Mesquita. ## Characterization Cidade Ocidental is the case of a community formed by the need to give inexpensive housing to the lower and lower-middle sectors in the Federal District. With no more housing available inside the District new communities have sprung up in neighboring Goiás. The city, with poor infrastructure and serious budgetary problems, makes up an urban sprawl extending for more than 40 km. from Luziânia to the limit of the Federal District, where rules for construction are more rigid. A neighboring city created under the same conditions is Valparaíso de Goiás. ## Economy Livestock processing, services, small industries, government employment and modest agriculture are the main sources of income for the municipality. The presence of packing houses and slaughter houses has created a good number of direct and indirect jobs. In the agricultural sector there was modest production of rice, coffee, sugarcane, beans, oranges, lemons, manioc and tangerines. **Agricultural data 2006** - Farms: 257 - Total area: 24,359 ha. - Area of permanent crops: 489 ha. - Area of perennial crops: 3,090 ha. - Area of pasture: 13,587 ha. - Area of woodland and forests: 6,235 ha. - Cattle herd: 12,423 ## Health and education {#health_and_education} - Literacy rate in 2000: 93.9% (higher than the state average) - Schools: 74 (2006) - Students: 43,150 (2006) - Higher education: A private institute called [Faculdade Brasil Central - FBC](https://web.archive.org/web/20090123023945/http://fbc.edu.br/index.php); campus of the [Universidade Estadual de Goiás - UEG](http://www.ueg.br/). - Infant mortality rate in 2000: 18.49 in 1,000 live births - Hospitals: 01 with 68 beds (2007) - MHDI (2000): 0
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# James Parker (Medal of Honor) **James Parker** (February 20, 1854 -- June 2, 1934) was a major general in the United States Army and a Medal of Honor recipient for his role in the Philippine--American War during 1899. His son, Cortlandt Parker, also became a major general in the United States Army. ## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education} Parker was born in Newark, New Jersey on February 20, 1854, a son of Cortlandt Parker (1818-1907) and Elizabeth (Stites) Parker. He was a member of a family long active in New Jersey government and politics. His father was a prominent attorney who served as public prosecutor of Essex County. His grandfather, James Parker (1776-1868) was a member of Congress. His older brother, Richard W. Parker also served in the United States House of Representatives. A younger brother, Charles W. Parker served as a justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. Parker\'s nephew Henry Parkman Jr. was the son of Parker\'s sister Mary. James Parker was educated at Newark Academy, Phillips Academy (Andover, Massachusetts) and Rutgers College, where he was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1876, 31st in a class of 50 cadets, and was appointed second lieutenant. ## Military career {#military_career} He spent his early years serving in the Fourth United States Cavalry participating in the Indian Wars of the Southwest. His military career was influenced by the magnetic personality of the commander of the Fourth Cavalry, General Ranald S. Mackenzie, a legend for his success as a cavalry commander in the American Civil War. In May 1886, First Lieutenant Parker commanded one column of troops sent into Mexico to track down the famous Apache leader Geronimo and his band, and cooperated with Captain Henry W. Lawton and First Lieutenant Charles B. Gatewood when Geronimo was captured. Later, he served as second in command of the 12th New York Infantry in Cuba during the Spanish--American War and saw significant combat while commanding the 45th Volunteer Infantry in the Philippine--American War during 1899 where he earned the Medal of Honor. From 1903 to 1904, he also served as Head of Militia Affairs in the Adjutant General\'s office. During the First World War, General Parker served as Commander of the Southern Department, Fort Sam Houston, Texas from 31 March 1917 to 25 August 1917; as division commander of the 32nd Division from 25 August to 11 December 1917; and as division commander of the 85th Division from 11 December 1917 to 20 February 1918, when, having reached the statutory age of 64, he was retired from active service. ## Retirement and death {#retirement_and_death} He retired on February 20, 1934 and moved to Newport, Rhode Island where he died on June 2, 1934. He is buried in a family plot at St. Mary\'s Episcopal Churchyard in Portsmouth, Rhode Island. His papers are held by the United States Military Academy. ## Military awards {#military_awards} In addition to the Medal of Honor, Major General Parker was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal and three Silver Stars for his service and battlefield exploits. Full list of decorations and medals: - Medal of Honor - Distinguished Service Medal - Silver Star with two oak leaf clusters (retroactive award in 1932) - Indian Campaign Medal - Spanish War Service Medal - Philippine Campaign Medal - World War I Victory Medal ### Medal of Honor citation {#medal_of_honor_citation} **Citation:** > While in command of a small garrison repulsed a savage night attack by overwhelming numbers of the enemy, fighting at close quarters in the dark for several hours. ## Publications - Parker, James. *The Mounted Rifleman; A Method of Garrison Training and Field Instruction of Cavalry, Including Tests and Combat Exercises, As Used in the First Cavalry Brigade, U.S. Army*. Menasha, Wis: George Banta Pub. Co, 1916. `{{OCLC|5508503}}`{=mediawiki} - Parker, James. *The Old Army; Memories, 1872-1918*. Philadelphia: Dorrance & Co, 1929
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# De Haan, Belgium **De Haan** (`{{IPA|nl|də ˈɦaːn}}`{=mediawiki}; *Le Coq*, `{{IPA|fr|lə kɔk}}`{=mediawiki}; *D\'n Oane*; **The Cock or Cockerel; (USA/Canada) Rooster**) is a place and a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The municipality comprises the villages of De Haan proper, Wenduine, Klemskerke, Vlissegem and Harendijk. On January 1, 2020 De Haan had a total population of 12,700. The total area is 46.14 km^2^ (26.2 Miles) which gives a population density of 275.26 inhabitants per km^2^. The coastal village of De Haan proper has maintained a low skyline so its many buildings in Belle Époque style are still prominently visible. The town has an 18-hole golf course situated in its dunes, founded by King Leopold II in 1903. Today, it is the only links course in the country. Its most famous resident was Albert Einstein, who lived in the villa \"Savoyarde\" for six months in 1933 after leaving Nazi Germany. Belgian TV crime drama series, *Juliet* (2024), was filmed and set in De Haan. ## Photo gallery {#photo_gallery} Image:De Haan - Tram station.jpg\|Tram stop Image:De Haan Duenen.JPG\|Dunes between De Haan and Wenduine Image:Street_scene_in_De_Haan,\_Belgium.jpg\|Street in the *Concessie* Beach and seafront, looking northeast, De Haan, 2021.jpg\|Beachfront <File:De> Haan gemeentehuis 17-09-2024 15-53-54.jpg\|Municipal Hall of De Haan <File:Villa> savoyarde de haan.jpg\|The Villa Savoyarde in De Haan, Belgium, residence of Albert Einstein for six months in 1933. ## Sports Women\'s volleyball club Volley De Haan plays at the highest level of the Belgian league pyramid. ## Transport All of the below are operated by De Lijn ### Tram De Haan has 10 stations on The Coast Tram. ### Bus The municipality is served by bus lines 31, 35 and 46
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# Deep One The **Deep Ones** are creatures in the Cthulhu Mythos of H. P. Lovecraft. The beings first appeared in Lovecraft\'s novella *The Shadow over Innsmouth* (1931), but were already hinted at in the early short story \"Dagon\". The Deep Ones are a race of intelligent ocean-dwelling creatures, approximately human-shaped but with a fishy appearance. The males would regularly rape human women along the coast, creating societies of hybrids. Numerous Mythos elements are associated with the Deep Ones, including the legendary town of Innsmouth, the undersea city of Y\'ha-nthlei, the Esoteric Order of Dagon, and the beings known as Father Dagon and Mother Hydra. After their debut in Lovecraft\'s tale, the sea-dwelling creatures resurfaced in the works of other authors, especially August Derleth. ## Summary The Deep Ones are an ancient species of amphibious sea-dwelling humanoids, whose preferred habitat is the deep ocean. A description is offered by the narrator of *The Shadow Over Innsmouth*: `{{blockquote|text=I think their predominant color was a greyish-green, though they had white bellies. They were mostly shiny and slippery, but the ridges of their backs were scaly. Their forms vaguely suggested the anthropoid, while their heads were the heads of fish, with prodigious bulging eyes that never closed. At the sides of their necks were palpitating gills, and their long paws were webbed. They hopped irregularly, sometimes on two legs and sometimes on four. I was somehow glad that they had no more than four limbs. Their croaking, baying voices, clearly used for articulate speech, held all the dark shades of expression which their staring faces lacked ... They were the blasphemous fish-frogs of the nameless design—living and horrible.}}`{=mediawiki} A very similar description is provided in the much-earlier story *Dagon*: `{{blockquote|text=I think that these things were supposed to depict men—at least, a certain sort of men; though the creatures were shewn disporting like fishes in the waters of some marine grotto, or paying homage at some monolithic shrine which appeared to be under the waves as well. Of their faces and forms I dare not speak in detail; for the mere remembrance makes me grow faint. Grotesque beyond the imagination of a Poe or a Bulwer, they were damnably human in general outline despite webbed hands and feet, shockingly wide and flabby lips, glassy, bulging eyes, and other features less pleasant to recall. Curiously enough, they seemed to have been chiselled badly out of proportion with their scenic background; for one of the creatures was shewn in the act of killing a whale represented as but little larger than himself.}}`{=mediawiki} A significant difference between the two narratives is that the single creature observed by the narrator is of a vast size, whereas the beings seen off Innsmouth are roughly human in scale. Despite being primarily marine creatures, Deep Ones can survive on land for extended periods of time. They possess biological immortality, and never die except by accident or violence. They worship twin deities, the cult of whom they have introduced among the human population of Innsmouth, who know them as \"Father Dagon and Mother Hydra\". However, the elderly derelict (and Order of Dagon initiate) Zadok Allen invokes Cthulhu in a moment of strong emotion, and Robert M. Price has suggested that \"Dagon\" may have merely been \"the closest biblical analogy to the real object of worship of the deep ones\" The Deep Ones are or were opposed by mysterious beings known as the Old Ones, who have left behind magical artifacts that can keep them in check. This detail is one of the vestigial hints that August Derleth developed into the mostly unnamed Elder Gods. ## Esoteric Order of Dagon {#esoteric_order_of_dagon} The Esoteric Order of Dagon was the primary religion in Innsmouth after Marsh returned from the South Seas with the dark religion circa 1838. It quickly took root due to its promises of expensive gold artifacts and fish. Fish were a valuable commodity in Innsmouth, a fishing town. The central beings worshipped by the Order were the Father Dagon and Mother Hydra, and, to a lesser extent, Cthulhu. Dagon and Hydra were seen largely as intermediaries between the various gods rather than as gods themselves. Even so, the cultists sacrificed various locals to the Deep Ones at specific times in exchange for a limitless supply of gold and fish. When they ran out of locals, they would go to other places to kidnap people to be sacrificed. Eventually, things became so bad that the US government sent the police force to apprehend Marsh and his cult. The Esoteric Order of Dagon (which masqueraded as the local Masonic movement) had three oaths that members had to take. The first was an oath of secrecy, the second, an oath of loyalty, and the third, an oath to marry a Deep One and bear or sire its child. Due to the latter oath, interbreeding became the norm in Innsmouth, resulting in widespread deformities and many half-breeds. The Esoteric Order of Dagon was seemingly destroyed when one of Obed Marsh\'s \"lost descendants\" sent the U.S. Treasury Department to seize the town. As a result, the town was more or less destroyed and the Order was thought disbanded.
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# Deep One ## Deep One hybrid {#deep_one_hybrid} The backstory of *The Shadow over Innsmouth* involves a bargain between Deep Ones and humans, in which the aquatic species provides plentiful fishing and gold in the form of strangely-formed jewelry. In return, the land-dwellers give human sacrifices and a promise of \"mixing\"---the mating of humans with Deep Ones. Although the Deep One hybrid offspring are born with the appearance of a normal human being, the individual will later in life transform into a Deep One, gaining immortality---by default---only when the transformation is complete. The transformation usually occurs when the individual reaches middle age. As the hybrid gets older, they begin to acquire the so-called \"Innsmouth Look\" as they take on more and more attributes of the Deep One race: shrunken ears, bulging and unblinking eyes, a narrowed head which eventually goes bald, scabrous skin that transforms into scales, and a neck which develops folds and later gills. When the hybrid becomes too obviously non-human, it is hidden away from outsiders. Eventually, however, the hybrid will be compelled to slip into the sea to live with the Deep Ones in one of their undersea cities. ## Father Dagon and Mother Hydra {#father_dagon_and_mother_hydra} **Mother Hydra** and her consort **Father Dagon** are both Deep Ones overgrown after millennia ruling over their lesser brethren. Together with Cthulhu, they form the triad of gods worshipped by the Deep Ones (their names are inspired by Dragon, or Dagon, the Semitic fertility deity, and the Hydra of Greek mythology). Mother Hydra is not to be confused with the entity in Henry Kuttner\'s story \"Hydra\". ## Y\'ha-nthlei {#yha_nthlei} \"Cyclopean and many-columned **Y\'ha-nthlei**\" is the only Deep One city named by Lovecraft. It is described as a great undersea metropolis below Devil\'s Reef just off the coast of Massachusetts, near the town of Innsmouth. Its exact age is not known, but one resident is said to have lived there for 80,000 years. In Lovecraft\'s story, the U.S. government torpedoed Devil\'s Reef, and Y\'ha-nthlei was presumed destroyed, although the ending of the story implies it survived. The name *Y\'ha-nthlei* may have been inspired by the Lord Dunsany character \"Yoharneth-Lahai\", \"the god of little dreams and fancies\" who \"sendeth little dreams out of PEGANA to please the people of Earth.\" Other authors have invented Deep One cities in other parts of the ocean, including Ahu-Y\'hloa near Cornwall and G\'ll-Hoo, near the volcanic island of Surtsey off the coast of Iceland. Anders Fager has described the city of \"Ya\' Dich-Gho\" as located in the Stockholm skerries. It is accidentally destroyed in 1982 during a Swedish submarine-hunt. At least two surviving Deep Ones live in Stockholm. One of them sells aquarist\'s supplies. The destruction of Ya\' Dich-Gho is described in \"When Death Came to Bod Reef\"; the city\'s history in \"Herr Goering\'s Artefact\" and the life of the survivors in \"Three Weeks of Bliss\"
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# Newland, Worcestershire **Newland** is a village and civil parish on the north-eastern edge of Malvern Link, Worcestershire, England, on the A449 road. The village lies on the edge of the 6.5 hectare Newland Common, which is protected by the Malvern Hills Conservators and is centred on the traditional English Swan Inn public house. Adjacent to the Swan is a cricket field run as part of [Barnards Green Cricket Club](http://www.barnardsgreen.com). Both the Swan and the cricket field are owned by the Trustees of the Madresfield Estate - a large local landowner. There is no shop or post office in the village. The population of the parish was 310 in 2011. ## Churches and history {#churches_and_history} The first church at Newland was St Michael\'s, dating from c1215 and rebuilt in the fifteenth century. It was demolished in 1865. The St Leonard Chapelry, in Newland is associated with the Beauchamp Community of retired Church of England priests. It was built alongside almshouses on land given by Frederick Lygon, 6th Earl Beauchamp to set up a community based on Anglo-Catholic principles. Originally the almshouses provided homes for retired workers from the Madresfield Estate and for the poor of the parish and now house practising Anglicans and retired clergy from across the country. The chair of trustees is Lady Rosalind Morrison, grand daughter of the 7th Earl Beauchamp and heiress of Madresfield. ## Transport ### Rail Rail services are provided from Malvern Link railway station located in Worcester Road about one mile away, with direct services to Worcester, Hereford, Birmingham, Oxford and London. Alongside the Hereford to Worcester railway line to the north of the village is a former halt, with a signal box and level crossing. This is now a showman site of mobile homes where showpeople live and store their rides, amusements and trade equipment. ### Bus Several local bus services connect Newland with the surrounding area with other routes serving areas further afield including the Malvern to Worcester route 44, 44A, 44B operated by First Diamond serving stops in Malvern Link, Link Top, Great Malvern, and Barnards Green. ### Air The nearest major airport is Birmingham approximately one hour by road via the M5 and M42 motorways. Gloucestershire Airport located at Staverton, in the Borough of Tewkesbury near Malvern is a busy General Aviation airport used mainly for private charter and scheduled flights to destinations such as the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man, pilot training, and by the aircraft of emergency services
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# Abdullah bin Khalifa Al Thani **Abdullah bin Khalifa Al Thani** (*عبد الله بن خليفة آل ثاني*) was Prime Minister of Qatar from 29 October 1996 to 3 April 2007. He served as an advisor to the Emir and often represented him at ceremonial events and receptions. ## Early years and education {#early_years_and_education} Abdullah Al Thani is the eldest son of Emir Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, and his third wife, Sheikha Rudha bint Jassim bin Jabr Al Thani. He is the third son of his father. Sheikh Abdullah is the younger half-brother of Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, the former Emir of Qatar. Sheikh Abdullah received his school education in Qatar, earning his secondary school certificate in 1975, and graduating from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in December 1976. ## Career After graduation Abdullah joined the armed forces of Qatar and held many senior military posts up to 1989 when he was appointed assistant commander-in-chief of the armed forces, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1979 Abdullah was appointed chairman of Qatar Olympic Committee, and held this post until 1989. On 17 July 1989, he was named minister of the interior. In addition to this post on 11 July 1995 he became deputy prime minister. On 29 October 1996, he was appointed prime minister and continued to assume his interior portfolio until 2 January 2001. On 3 April 2007, he resigned and was replaced by Foreign Minister Hamad bin Jassem bin Jabr Al Thani as prime minister. ## Personal life {#personal_life} Abdullah owns several racehorses and as of 2012 he won EUR 2,070,043.78 in prize money
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# Glynn Isaac **Glynn Llywelyn Isaac** (19 November 1937 -- 5 October 1985) was a South African archaeologist who specialised in the very early prehistory of Africa, and was one of twin sons born to botanists William Edwyn Isaac and Frances Margaret Leighton. He has been called the most influential Africanist of the last half century, and his papers on human movement and behavior are still cited in studies a quarter of a century later. ## Biography He took his first degree from the University of Cape Town in 1958 before studying for his PhD at Peterhouse, Cambridge which he completed in 1969. He was also Warden for Prehistoric Sites in Kenya between 1961 and 1962 and deputy director of the Centre for Prehistory and Palaeontology at the National Museums of Kenya from 1963 to 1965. Working with Richard Leakey, he was co-director of the East African Koobi Fora project. In 1966 he joined the anthropology department at the University of California, Berkeley and in 1983 he was appointed Professor of Anthropology at Harvard University where he was developing new research projects at the time of his death. He was survived by his twin brother, Rhys Isaac, an historian, based at La Trobe University. He died in 1985 in Yokosuka, Japan due to illness, at the age of 47. ## Contributions Glynn Isaac is best remembered for a series of papers and ideas which attempted to combine the available archeological record with models of both human behavior and a human activity from the standpoint of evolution. In the early 1970s Isaac published on the effect of social networks, gathering, meat eating and other factors on human evolution, and proposed a series of models to examine how groups of humans in the Paleolithic would have engaged in acquiring the necessities of life, and interacting with each other. Isaac\'s models focused on a \"home base\" and the importance of sexual division of labor on hominid social organization. ### Works - *The Archaeology of Human Origins*, Cambridge University Press. - *Olorgesailie: Archaeological Studies of the Middle Lake Basin in Kenya*, University of Chicago Press, 1977. - The food-sharing behavior of protohuman hominids. *Scientific American* **238**:90-108, 1978. - *Koobi Fora Research Project: Plio-Pleistocene Archaeology*, Glynn Ll. Isaac (Editor), *et al.*, Clarendon Press, 1997. - *Human Origins: Louis Leakey and the East African Evidence*, Glynn Ll. Isaac, Elizabeth Richards McCown, WA Benjamin, 1976
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# Tito Maddox **Theodore D. \"Tito\" Maddox** (born June 7, 1981) is an American former professional basketball player who briefly played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Maddox was the center of a major illegal benefits scandal while a student-athlete at Fresno State, creating NCAA rules violations. He was drafted in the second round of the NBA draft but played only one season in the NBA. ## Early years {#early_years} Born in Compton, California, Maddox was raised by his mother, Gloria, in a single-parent Compton home along with his three younger siblings. He was a star basketball player at Compton High School. ## College career {#college_career} At 6\'4\", 190 lbs. Maddox made his mark his sole year at Fresno State, being named the 2001 Western Athletic Conference (WAC) Freshman of the Year after averaging 13.5 points, 5.8 rebounds, 8.0 assists and 1.6 steals. He started his collegiate career by guiding Fresno State to 11 consecutive wins. As guard, Maddox knew how to share the ball, leading the WAC and ranking fourth nationally with 8.0 assists per game and ending the season with 130 assists in WAC play which stands as a school record and the second-highest total in conference history. That record was partly due to compiling double figures in assists five times and registering one stretch with three consecutive double-digit assist performances, including a school-record-tying and career-high 17 assists vs. Texas Christian on Jan. 10, 2001. Maddox was named WAC Player of the Week on Dec. 26, 2000 after averaging 18.7 points, 10.3 assists and 2.3 steals in wins over Toledo, Louisiana-Lafayette and Georgia; And his performance vs. Toledo and Louisiana-Lafayette also earned him MVP honors in the 2000 Trend Homes Classic. He received WAC Player of the Week recognition once again after logging 16 points, eight rebounds, nine assists and a career-high five steals vs. Texas-El Paso on Jan. 25, 2000. Maddox also earned selection to the All-WAC Second Team, the WAC All-Newcomer Team and the NABC District 13 First Team. ### Scandal and departure {#scandal_and_departure} Maddox was the center of a major illegal benefits scandal while a student-athlete at Fresno State, creating NCAA rules violations. In the summer of 1998, before his final year of high school, Maddox had befriended an events promoter who ended up working on behalf of sports agents. By the time he was playing for Fresno State, Maddox was flown to meet with agents in Las Vegas, Nevada and they came to a covert agreement. He and his mother began receiving cash payments as well as cars: a late-model Nissan Altima for his mother and a 1997 Ford Explorer for him. Maddox estimated he received \$1,500 every month for about a year and a half, totaling almost \$30,000. In explaining his actions, he claimed that his unfamiliarity with NCAA rules let him to ask the agents what they could do to help his family; noting that \"They let me know they could help me, they put it out there on the table: \'If you come with us, we can help your mom, brothers and sister with whatever they need.\' That\'s all I cared about. I didn\'t know the rules then, and of course they didn\'t explain it.\" Maddox was suspended for the first eight games of the 2000 season after he admitted that he and then-USC forward Jeff Trepagnier were supplied with airline tickets to meet with the agents Ron and Ken Delpit of Franchise Sports. Things took a turn for the worse when he boarded another illegally paid-for flight to visit his girlfriend in El Paso in 2001. Upon finding out, Fresno State ruled him ineligible for the 2001--02 season and Maddox opted to declare for the 2002 NBA draft. He chose different agents as he found no one knew of those that he had previously been dealing with. In December 2002, Maddox revealed to the *Fresno Bee* that he had accepted illegal benefits, Fresno State ended up with a self-imposed two-year probation and a loss of three scholarships. ## Professional career {#professional_career} An early entry candidate for the 2002 NBA draft, Maddox was selected in the second round (38th overall) by the Houston Rockets. He averaged 1.2 points with 0.8 rebounds and 0.6 assists in nine games during his rookie season, playing at most 11 minutes on Feb. 22 vs. Memphis. He spent three stints on the injured list that year and at the end of the season he ended his career where it started. He was cut the next year by the Cleveland Cavaliers, giving him a total of only one season in the NBA. Maddox\' final game in the NBA was played on April 6, 2003, in a 114 - 93 win over the Orlando Magic where he recorded 1 assist, 1 block and 1 steal.
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# Tito Maddox ## Personal As of 2008, Maddox was living with his wife and two children in Carson, California. In July 2007, Maddox underwent surgery to remove a cancerous brain tumor. The surgery was successful. ## Career statistics {#career_statistics} ### College \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| 2000--01 \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\| Fresno State \| 25 \|\| 24 \|\| 32.3 \|\| .391 \|\| .286 \|\| .703 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 8.0 \|\| 1.6 \|\| .2 \|\| 13.5 `{{s-end}}`{=mediawiki} ### NBA \|- \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|`{{nbay|2002}}`{=mediawiki} \| style=\"text-align:left;\"\|Houston \| 9 \|\| 0 \|\| 3.9 \|\| .250 \|\| .000 \|\| .625 \|\| .8 \|\| .6 \|\| .3 \|\| .1 \|\| 1
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# Arnold Town F.C. **Arnold Town Football Club** is a football club based in Arnold, Nottinghamshire, England. They are currently members of the `{{English football updater|ArnoldTo}}`{=mediawiki} and play at Eagle Valley. ## History Arnold Town was formed in 1989 by a merger of Arnold F.C. and Arnold Kingswell, adopting the yellow of Arnold and the blue of Kingswell as club colours. The new club took over from Arnold in the Central Midlands League Supreme Division, finishing third in their first season. The 1992--93 season saw the club win the Nottinghamshire Senior Cup, beating Rainworth Miners Welfare 3--1 in the final, as well as winning the Supreme Division, earning promotion to Division One of the Northern Counties East League. They went on to win Division One at the first attempt, earning promotion to the Premier Division. The 1994--95 season saw them finish second in the Premier Division and win the President\'s Cup. In the 1995--96 season, Arnold Town successfully defended the Nottinghamshire Senior Cup for a second time after beating Boots Athletic 2--0, The following season saw the same two clubs contest the final, with Arnold winning 1--0. A fourth Cup was won in 1998--99 with a 2--1 win over Hucknall Town, and a fifth came in 2004--05 when Eastwood Town were beaten 1--0. In 2012--13 the club finished 19th in the Premier Division following a 10-point deduction due to financial problems, and were relegated to the East Midlands Counties League. In 2018--19 they finished bottom of the East Midlands Counties League and were relegated to the Central Midlands League South Division. In 2023 the division was renamed the Premier Division South. ### Season-by-season record {#season_by_season_record} Season Division Position Significant events ------------ ------------------------------------------------ ---------- ---------------------------------- 1989--90 Central Midlands League Supreme Division 3/20 1990--91 Central Midlands League Supreme Division 4/17 1991--92 Central Midlands League Supreme Division 8/18 1992--93 Central Midlands League Supreme Division 1/16 Promoted 1993--94 Northern Counties East League Division One 1/15 Promoted 1994--95 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 2/20 1995--96 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 13/20 1996--97 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9/20 1997--98 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 14/20 1998--99 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 7/20 1999--2000 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 8/20 2000--01 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 6/20 2001--02 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 10/20 2002--03 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 15/20 2003--04 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 18/20 2004--05 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 16/20 2005--06 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 5/20 2006--07 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 15/20 2007--08 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 10/20 2008--09 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 6/20 2009--10 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 8/20 2010--11 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 18/20 2011--12 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 9/22 2012--13 Northern Counties East League Premier Division 19/22 Demoted 2013--14 East Midlands Counties League 6/19 2014--15 East Midlands Counties League 10/20 2015--16 East Midlands Counties League 18/19 2016--17 East Midlands Counties League 15/22 2017--18 East Midlands Counties League 20/22 2018--19 East Midlands Counties League 20/20 Relegated 2019--20 Central Midlands League South Division -- Season abandoned due to COVID-19 2020--21 Central Midlands League South Division -- Season abandoned due to COVID-19 2021--22 Central Midlands League South Division 16/17 2022--23 Central Midlands League South Division 11/16 2023--24 Central Midlands League Premier Division South 14/18 ## Ground Arnold Town initially played at the King George V Ground, usually referred to as Gedling Road, until the 2007--08 season. They had hoped to move to the Eagle Valley Complex at the start of the 2008--09 season, but due to delays in the completion of the ground, they played their home matches at various grounds including Gedling Miners Welfare, Gedling Town, Carlton Town and Dunkirk. The Eagle Valley complex was completed in 2009, with the first match played on 24 January against Thackley resulting in a 3--2 win for Arnold in front of a crowd of 238
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# Fred Stone **Fred Andrew Stone** (August 19, 1873 -- March 6, 1959) was an American actor. Stone began his career as a performer in circuses and minstrel shows, went on to act in vaudeville, and became a star on Broadway and in feature films, which earned him a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. ## Biography Stone was born in Valmont, Colorado, on August 19, 1873. In his early years his family moved frequently. By 1875 the family had moved to Longmont, CO, where his brother Joseph was born. The family then moved through a series of Kansas towns including Garden City (1876), Dodge City (1877), Burrton, Halstead (1878), and Wellington (1881). He was particularly famous for appearing on stage opposite David C. Montgomery. They had a 22-year partnership until Montgomery\'s death in 1917. They performed in shows such as *The Wizard of Oz* premiering in 1902, the Victor Herbert operetta *The Red Mill* in 1906, and *Chin-Chin, a Modern Aladdin*, in 1914. In 1939, he appeared in a radio program promoting the new MGM film *The Wizard of Oz,* in which he got to meet the actor who played the Scarecrow, Ray Bolger, who was a great admirer of Stone\'s work, and although Bolger was too young to have seen Stone play the Scarecrow in the stage play, he did see Stone in *The Red Mill*. `{{commons category|Fred Stone}}`{=mediawiki} In 1917, he appeared on Broadway in *Jack O\'Lantern*, which, according to *Vanity Fair* theater critic P.G. Wodehouse \"should be the greatest success he has ever had. Fred Stone is unique. In a profession where the man who can dance can\'t sing and the man who can sing can\'t act he stands alone as one who can do everything.\" Johnny Gruelle, the creator of Raggedy Ann, was a fan of Fred Stone and L. Frank Baum. Gruelle wrote a scenario for a stage show, which never was produced, in which the Scarecrow of Oz, played by Fred Stone, met Raggedy Ann. In 1923, Fred Stone and his daughter, Dorothy Stone, starred as Raggedy Andy and Raggedy Ann, respectively, in a musical extravaganza titled *Stepping Stones* with music by Jerome Kern and lyrics by Anne Caldwell. Stone\'s feature film career began in comedy westerns; his first, *The Goat*, was filmed in 1918. He starred in 19 feature films. In the 1935 film *Alice Adams*, as Mr. Adams, he was the third lead, following Katharine Hepburn and Fred MacMurray. He made his home in Bayside, New York, where he was a neighbor and friend of boxing champion-turned-actor James J. Corbett. Around 1917, Stone built a small estate in the exclusive private community of Forest Hills Gardens. The excess grounds were sold as building lots for two other homes. However, the original mansion still stands. In it are symbols of his acting career, including a theater in the basement and a separate room of store costumes. In 1926, after the death of his good friend Annie Oakley, he was given her unfinished autobiography. Stone and his wife, Allene Crater, whom he met in the company of *The Wizard of Oz*, had three daughters, Dorothy, Paula, and Carol. Crater also appeared, in a small part, with Stone in *Jack O\'Lantern*. A *Vanity Fair* review of the play said of Crater: \"My only complaint is that the structure of the entertainment makes it impossible for Allene Crater, who in the little bit she does shows herself one of the most refreshing comediennes on the musical stage, to have a really good part.\" As an adult, Dorothy became her father\'s stage partner. In 1928, Stone was critically injured in an airplane crash attempting a stunt. In addition to many other broken bones, his legs were crushed and he was told he never would dance again. His good friend Will Rogers filled in for Fred in *Three Cheers*, a stage show written for Fred and his daughter, Dorothy. Rogers was a hit, and Stone worked at therapy relentlessly until he proved his doctors wrong and returned to the stage in *Ripples* (1930). Stone received an honorary degree from Rollins College, a small liberal-arts college located in Winter Park, Florida, in 1939. At that time, a small theatre was named in his honor. The original Fred Stone Theatre---a smaller flexible space sitting adjacent to the college\'s larger principal venue, the Annie Russell Theatre, named after another great American actor and benefactor---was a wooden bungalow that was razed in the early 1970s. A nearby wood and brick-faced Greek revival-styled hall, converted into a 90-seat black-box performance space, was rededicated as the Fred Stone Theatre during this period, and although it has been moved to another location on campus, it still stands and is active as a performance venue for smaller experimental productions, as well as student-directed and -choreographed works. (The Rollins Archives have extensive information on the career of Stone, including numerous photographs, and is chief among private institutions in the U.S. continuing to educate young actors about the history of this great American thespian. Rollins College claims many famous theatrical alumni, including Anthony \"Tony\" Perkins, best known for his role as Norman Bates in Alfred Hitchcock\'s *Psycho*, and character actress Dana Ivey.) Fred Stone became ill and blind and was hospitalized on August 25, 1957, the year his wife died. He died on March 6, 1959, at his home in North Hollywood, California and is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills). ## Legacy George Ade wrote *Fred Stone Jingles for Good Little Girls and Good Little Boys* (20 pages, 8 poems, 10 interior photos by Charles Dillingham, George A Powers Printing Co., 1921). Stone\'s autobiography *Rolling Stone* was published in 1945 (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.). P. G. Wodehouse mentions him in the short story \"The Aunt and the Sluggard\", a Jeeves and Bertie Wooster story
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# Newcastle Star The ***Newcastle Star*** is a free weekly newspaper in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. It is owned by Newcastle Newspapers, the publisher of the *Newcastle Herald*. The paper is delivered to 114,000 homes each week
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# San Francisco Tape Music Center The **San Francisco Tape Music Center**, or **SFTMC**, was founded in the summer of 1962 by composers Ramon Sender and Morton Subotnick as a collaborative, \"non profit corporation developed and maintained\" by local composers working with tape recorders and other novel compositional technologies, which functioned both as an electronic music studio and concert venue. Composer Pauline Oliveros, artist Tony Martin and technician William Maginnis eventually joined the SFTMC. The SFTMC was an active and important hub for experimental music and interdisciplinary art in the Bay Area from 1962 to 1966. ## History ### San Francisco Conservatory of Music {#san_francisco_conservatory_of_music} Before the SFTMC was officially established, it began as a small music studio built in the attic of the San Francisco Conservatory of Music by Ramon Sender in October 1961. The studio was minimally equipped and housed little else than the conservatory\'s two-channel Ampex tape recorder, but Sender and fellow Sonics composers creatively explored the limitations of the studio by using contact microphones to augment their recordings in an experimental manner. ### The Sonics series {#the_sonics_series} The concert series that also paved the way to the creation of the SFTMC, titled Sonics, was organized by Sender and Pauline Oliveros, a fellow composition student of Robert Erickson. The first Sonics concert of December 1961 consisted of original tape compositions by Oliveros, Sender, Terry Riley and Philip Winsor as well as a collaborative live improvisations. The sixth and last concert of the series took place on June 11, 1962. ### Activities The premiere of Terry Riley\'s seminal minimalist composition *In C* was performed at (and organized by) the SFTMC on November 4 and 6, 1964. It was performed by Riley, Steve Reich, Jon Gibson, Pauline Oliveros, Stuart Dempster, Morton Subotnick, Warner Jepson and others, while Tony Martin operated the light show or \"visual environment\". The SFTMC members, particularly Morton Subotnick, were instrumental in the creation of the Buchla analog modular synthesizer. ### Later years {#later_years} Over the course of four years, the SFTMC changed locations twice, first to 1537 Jones Street and then to 321 Divisadero Street, before the Rockefeller Foundation awarded a \$200,000 grant to Mills College to bring the SFTMC to Mills and merge it with the Mills Performing Group, where it eventually became the Mills Tape Music Center. Pauline Oliveros, Tony Martin and William Maginnis collectively served as directors for the new center, which is now the Center for Contemporary Music (CCM)
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# Type Ia supernova A **Type Ia supernova** (read: \"type one-A\") is a type of supernova that occurs in binary systems (two stars orbiting one another) in which one of the stars is a white dwarf. The other star can be anything from a giant star to an even smaller white dwarf. Physically, carbon--oxygen white dwarfs with a low rate of rotation are limited to below 1.44 solar masses (`{{Solar mass|link=y}}`{=mediawiki}). Beyond this \"critical mass\", they reignite and in some cases trigger a supernova explosion; this critical mass is often referred to as the Chandrasekhar mass, but is marginally different from the absolute Chandrasekhar limit, where electron degeneracy pressure is unable to prevent catastrophic collapse. If a white dwarf gradually accretes mass from a binary companion, or merges with a second white dwarf, the general hypothesis is that a white dwarf\'s core will reach the ignition temperature for carbon fusion as it approaches the Chandrasekhar mass. Within a few seconds of initiation of nuclear fusion, a substantial fraction of the matter in the white dwarf undergoes a runaway reaction, releasing enough energy (`{{val|1e44|ul=J}}`{=mediawiki}) to unbind the star in a supernova explosion. The Type Ia category of supernova produces a fairly consistent peak luminosity because of the fixed critical mass at which a white dwarf will explode. Their consistent peak luminosity allows these explosions to be used as standard candles to measure the distance to their host galaxies: the visual magnitude of a type Ia supernova, as observed from Earth, indicates its distance from Earth. ## Consensus model {#consensus_model} The Type Ia supernova is a subcategory in the Minkowski--Zwicky supernova classification scheme, which was devised by German-American astronomer Rudolph Minkowski and Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky. There are several means by which a supernova of this type can form, but they share a common underlying mechanism. Theoretical astronomers long believed the progenitor star for this type of supernova is a white dwarf, and empirical evidence for this was found in 2014 when a Type Ia supernova was observed in the galaxy Messier 82. When a slowly-rotating carbon--oxygen white dwarf accretes matter from a companion, it can exceed the Chandrasekhar limit of about `{{Solar mass|1.44|link=y}}`{=mediawiki}, beyond which it can no longer support its weight with electron degeneracy pressure. In the absence of a countervailing process, the white dwarf would collapse to form a neutron star, in an accretion-induced non-ejective process, as normally occurs in the case of a white dwarf that is primarily composed of magnesium, neon, and oxygen. The current view among astronomers who model Type Ia supernova explosions, however, is that this limit is never actually attained and collapse is never initiated. Instead, the increase in pressure and density due to the increasing weight raises the temperature of the core, and as the white dwarf approaches about 99% of the limit, a period of convection ensues, lasting approximately 1,000 years. At some point in this simmering phase, a deflagration flame front is born, powered by carbon fusion. The details of the ignition are still unknown, including the location and number of points where the flame begins. Oxygen fusion is initiated shortly thereafter, but this fuel is not consumed as completely as carbon. Once fusion begins, the temperature of the white dwarf increases. A main sequence star supported by thermal pressure can expand and cool which automatically regulates the increase in thermal energy. However, degeneracy pressure is independent of temperature; white dwarfs are unable to regulate temperature in the manner of normal stars, so they are vulnerable to runaway fusion reactions. The flare accelerates dramatically, in part due to the Rayleigh--Taylor instability and interactions with turbulence. It is still a matter of considerable debate whether this flare transforms into a supersonic detonation from a subsonic deflagration. Regardless of the exact details of how the supernova ignites, it is generally accepted that a substantial fraction of the carbon and oxygen in the white dwarf fuses into heavier elements within a period of only a few seconds, with the accompanying release of energy increasing the internal temperature to billions of degrees. The energy released (1--`{{val|2e44|ul=J}}`{=mediawiki}) is more than sufficient to unbind the star; that is, the individual particles making up the white dwarf gain enough kinetic energy to fly apart from each other. The star explodes violently and releases a shock wave in which matter is typically ejected at speeds on the order of `{{val|5000|-|20000|u=km/s|fmt=commas}}`{=mediawiki}, roughly 6% of the speed of light. The energy released in the explosion also causes an extreme increase in luminosity. The typical visual absolute magnitude of Type Ia supernovae is *M*~v~ = −19.3 (about 5 billion times brighter than the Sun), with little variation. The Type Ia supernova leaves no compact remnant, but the whole mass of the former white dwarf dissipates through space. The theory of this type of supernova is similar to that of novae, in which a white dwarf accretes matter more slowly and does not approach the Chandrasekhar limit. In the case of a nova, the infalling matter causes a hydrogen fusion surface explosion that does not disrupt the star. Type Ia supernovae differ from Type II supernovae, which are caused by the cataclysmic explosion of the outer layers of a massive star as its core collapses, powered by release of gravitational potential energy via neutrino emission.
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# Type Ia supernova ## Formation ### Single degenerate progenitors {#single_degenerate_progenitors} One model for the formation of this category of supernova is a close binary star system. The progenitor binary system consists of main sequence stars, with the primary possessing more mass than the secondary. Being greater in mass, the primary is the first of the pair to evolve onto the asymptotic giant branch, where the star\'s envelope expands considerably. If the two stars share a common envelope then the system can lose significant amounts of mass, reducing the angular momentum, orbital radius and period. After the primary has degenerated into a white dwarf, the secondary star later evolves into a red giant and the stage is set for mass accretion onto the primary. During this final shared-envelope phase, the two stars spiral in closer together as angular momentum is lost. The resulting orbit can have a period as brief as a few hours. If the accretion continues long enough, the white dwarf may eventually approach the Chandrasekhar limit. The white dwarf companion could also accrete matter from other types of companions, including a subgiant or (if the orbit is sufficiently close) even a main sequence star. The actual evolutionary process during this accretion stage remains uncertain, as it can depend both on the rate of accretion and the transfer of angular momentum to the white dwarf companion. It has been estimated that single degenerate progenitors account for no more than 20% of all Type Ia supernovae. ### `{{anchor|Double degenerate progenitors}}`{=mediawiki}Double degenerate progenitors {#double_degenerate_progenitors} A second possible mechanism for triggering a Type Ia supernova is the merger of two white dwarfs whose combined mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit. The resulting merger is called a super-Chandrasekhar mass white dwarf. In such a case, the total mass would not be constrained by the Chandrasekhar limit. Collisions of solitary stars within the Milky Way occur only once every `{{val|e=7}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{val|e=13|u=years}}`{=mediawiki}; far less frequently than the appearance of novae. Collisions occur with greater frequency in the dense core regions of globular clusters (*cf.* blue stragglers). A likely scenario is a collision with a binary star system, or between two binary systems containing white dwarfs. This collision can leave behind a close binary system of two white dwarfs. Their orbit decays and they merge through their shared envelope. A study based on SDSS spectra found 15 double systems of the 4,000 white dwarfs tested, implying a double white dwarf merger every 100 years in the Milky Way: this rate matches the number of Type Ia supernovae detected in our neighborhood. A double degenerate scenario is one of several explanations proposed for the anomalously massive (`{{Solar mass|2|link=y}}`{=mediawiki}) progenitor of SN&nbsp;2003fg. It is the only possible explanation for SNR&nbsp;0509-67.5, as all possible models with only one white dwarf have been ruled out. It has also been strongly suggested for SN&nbsp;1006, given that no companion star remnant has been found there. Observations made with NASA\'s Swift space telescope ruled out existing supergiant or giant companion stars of every Type Ia supernova studied. The supergiant companion\'s blown out outer shell should emit X-rays, but this glow was not detected by Swift\'s XRT (X-ray telescope) in the 53 closest supernova remnants. For 12 Type Ia supernovae observed within 10 days of the explosion, the satellite\'s UVOT (ultraviolet/optical telescope) showed no ultraviolet radiation originating from the heated companion star\'s surface hit by the supernova shock wave, meaning there were no red giants or larger stars orbiting those supernova progenitors. In the case of SN 2011fe, the companion star must have been smaller than the Sun, if it existed. The Chandra X-ray Observatory revealed that the X-ray radiation of five elliptical galaxies and the bulge of the Andromeda Galaxy is 30--50 times fainter than expected. X-ray radiation should be emitted by the accretion discs of Type Ia supernova progenitors. The missing radiation indicates that few white dwarfs possess accretion discs, ruling out the common, accretion-based model of Ia supernovae. Inward spiraling white dwarf pairs are strongly-inferred candidate sources of gravitational waves, although they have not been directly observed. ### Type Iax {#type_iax} It has been proposed that a group of sub-luminous supernovae should be classified as **Type Iax**. This type of supernova may not always completely destroy the white dwarf progenitor, but instead leave behind a zombie star. Known examples of type Iax supernovae include: the historical supernova SN 1181, SN 1991bg, SN 2002cx, and SN 2012Z. The supernova SN 1181 is believed to be associated with the supernova remnant Pa 30 and its central star IRAS 00500+6713, which is the result of a merger of a CO white dwarf and an ONe white dwarf. This makes Pa 30 and IRAS 00500+6713 the only SN Iax remnant in the Milky Way.
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# Type Ia supernova ## Observation Unlike the other types of supernovae, Type Ia supernovae generally occur in all types of galaxies, including ellipticals. They show no preference for regions of current stellar formation. As white dwarf stars form at the end of a star\'s main sequence evolutionary period, such a long-lived star system may have wandered far from the region where it originally formed. Thereafter a close binary system may spend another million years in the mass transfer stage (possibly forming persistent nova outbursts) before the conditions are ripe for a Type Ia supernova to occur. A long-standing problem in astronomy has been the identification of supernova progenitors. Direct observation of a progenitor would provide useful constraints on supernova models. As of 2006, the search for such a progenitor had been ongoing for longer than a century. Observation of the supernova SN 2011fe has provided useful constraints. Previous observations with the Hubble Space Telescope did not show a star at the position of the event, thereby excluding a red giant as the source. The expanding plasma from the explosion was found to contain carbon and oxygen, making it likely the progenitor was a white dwarf primarily composed of these elements. Similarly, observations of the nearby SN PTF 11kx, discovered January 16, 2011 (UT) by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF), lead to the conclusion that this explosion arises from single-degenerate progenitor, with a red giant companion, thus suggesting there is no single progenitor path to SN Ia. Direct observations of the progenitor of PTF 11kx were reported in the August 24 edition of Science and support this conclusion, and also show that the progenitor star experienced periodic nova eruptions before the supernova -- another surprising discovery. However, later analysis revealed that the circumstellar material is too massive for the single-degenerate scenario, and fits better the core-degenerate scenario. In May 2015, NASA reported that the *Kepler* space observatory observed KSN 2011b, a Type Ia supernova in the process of exploding. Details of the pre-nova moments may help scientists better judge the quality of Type Ia supernovae as standard candles, which is an important link in the argument for dark energy. In July 2019, the Hubble Space Telescope took three images of a Type Ia supernova through a gravitational lens. This supernova appeared at three different times in the evolution of its brightness due to the differing path length of the light in the three images; at −24, 92, and 107 days from peak luminosity. A fourth image will appear in 2037 allowing observation of the entire luminosity cycle of the supernova.
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# Type Ia supernova ## Observation ### Light curve {#light_curve} thumb\|upright=1.5\|Light curve for type Ia, over the course of one year SN 2018gv Type Ia supernovae have a characteristic light curve, their graph of luminosity as a function of time after the explosion. Near the time of maximal luminosity, the spectrum contains lines of intermediate-mass elements from oxygen to calcium; these are the main constituents of the outer layers of the star. Months after the explosion, when the outer layers have expanded to the point of transparency, the spectrum is dominated by light emitted by material near the core of the star, heavy elements synthesized during the explosion; most prominently isotopes close to the mass of iron (iron-peak elements). The radioactive decay of nickel-56 through cobalt-56 to iron-56 produces high-energy photons, which dominate the energy output of the ejecta at intermediate to late times. The use of Type Ia supernovae to measure precise distances was pioneered by a collaboration of Chilean and US astronomers, the Calán/Tololo Supernova Survey. In a series of papers in the 1990s the survey showed that while Type Ia supernovae do not all reach the same peak luminosity, a single parameter measured from the light curve can be used to correct unreddened Type Ia supernovae to standard candle values. The original correction to standard candle value is known as the Phillips relationship and was shown by this group to be able to measure relative distances to 7% accuracy. The cause of this uniformity in peak brightness is related to the amount of nickel-56 produced in white dwarfs presumably exploding near the Chandrasekhar limit. The similarity in the absolute luminosity profiles of nearly all known Type Ia supernovae has led to their use as a secondary standard candle in extragalactic astronomy. Improved calibrations of the Cepheid variable distance scale and direct geometric distance measurements to NGC 4258 from the dynamics of maser emission when combined with the Hubble diagram of the Type Ia supernova distances have led to an improved value of the Hubble constant. In 1998, observations of distant Type Ia supernovae indicated the unexpected result that the universe seems to undergo an accelerating expansion. Three members from two teams were subsequently awarded Nobel Prizes for this discovery. ## Subtypes There is significant diversity within the class of Type Ia supernovae. Reflecting this, a plethora of sub-classes have been identified. Two prominent and well-studied examples include 1991T-likes, an overluminous $(M_V \lesssim-19.5)$ subclass that exhibits particularly strong iron absorption lines and abnormally small silicon features, and 1991bg-likes, an exceptionally dim $(M_V\gtrsim-18)$ subclass characterized by strong early titanium absorption features and rapid photometric and spectral evolution. Despite their abnormal luminosities, members of both peculiar groups can be standardized by use of the Phillips relation, defined at blue wavelengths, to determine distance
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# Vernon Tomlin **Vernon Tomlin** is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera *Coronation Street*, played by Ian Reddington. He appeared from December 2005 until September 2008, when the character was written out of the series. The character was the second husband of Liz McDonald, played by Beverley Callard. ## Storylines A band musician, Vernon began a relationship with Liz McDonald. However, she dumped him after he made a pass at new barmaid Michelle Connor (Kym Marsh). He then became the new potman and cellarman, although he is shamelessly work-shy and often looks for excuses not to work. He proposed to Liz in 2007, unaware that she was enjoying a fling with brewery delivery man Derek, until Derek confessed all on 15 July that same year. Vernon was prepared to leave Weatherfield, but returned after Liz made a Motown compilation tape which she gave to Lloyd Mullaney to play in his taxi en route to the airport. Vernon eventually relented and returned to Liz. The couple were due to tie the knot in a special New Years episode which was complicated by Jim McDonald\'s return, when Jim, having had everyone think that he\'d turned over a new leaf, savagely beat Vernon up at the back of the Rovers, and also hitting Bob, the keyboard player with the band. Steve jumped in and stopped Jim from giving him a worse beating, and seeing as his father had not changed, sent him away for good. A battered and bloodied Vernon finally married Liz at the Register office on New Year\'s Eve 2007. In 2008, Vernon and Liz returned happily married, and Vernon, having already overseen the redecoration of the Rovers Return, was planning his next project. In March 2008, Vernon came up with the idea of a smoking shelter; an area at the back of the Rovers for people to smoke in following the introduction of the smoking ban the previous July. He recruited two of his friends, musicians/builders, Vince and Don, to work on it, although Liz was not happy when they did more slacking than working, and then left the shelter unfinished when they got a cruise ship gig. Several weeks later, Vernon discovered Vince and Don needed a drummer for the gig and managed to get a ticket for Liz. However, Liz decided she could not leave *The Rovers* and Vernon went alone. Liz privately admitted to Deirdre she had made a mistake marrying Vernon. In June 2008, Liz and Vernon separated after Liz got cold feet about purchasing a nightclub and their marriage. Vernon then moved out of the Rovers and was offered a spare room in Lloyd\'s flat above Street Cars. After seeing Roy Cropper short-staffed at Roy\'s Rolls, Vernon offered to help him out. Liz and Vernon then decided to just be friends. At the start of September 2008, Vernon tried to woo Liz back by singing her a song, (Don\'t Fall Into) The Mason\'s Arms, alluding to Liz and Harry Mason\'s near-fling. Media website Digital Spy branded the song the character sang as a \'stroke of genius\'. In September 2008, Vernon discovered that a record label were interested in his song. However, his happiness was short-lived after he saw Liz and Harry in a passionate clinch in the back room of the Rovers, dashing all hopes of a reconciliation. On the following day, 22 September, Vernon decided to leave Weatherfield for London. He made several more attempts to convince Liz to go with him, however, she was more interested in a planned date with Harry Mason that evening. Eventually, Vernon left Liz a note telling her he would park his van at the end of the street at 8pm and stay there until 8:20pm. Liz had Deirdre read the note to her and was then let down by Harry who took wife Clarissa out instead. At 8:20, Vernon said a final goodbye to Lloyd, with his parting words of wisdom \"Fate Decides\", and drove out of Weatherfield, Liz was too late to catch him. Vernon sent Liz a \"Christmas for One\" CD for Christmas 2008, and a card for their first wedding anniversary. ## Departure The character left the show in September 2008; Vernon\'s divorce from Liz was finalized off-screen in June 2009
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# Names and titles of Fatima Fatima (605/15-632 CE) was daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and wife to his cousin Ali, the fourth of the Rashidun caliphs and the first Shia Imam. Fatima has been compared to Mary, mother of Jesus, especially in Shia Islam. Muhammad is said to have regarded her as the best of women and the dearest person to him. She is often viewed as an ultimate archetype for Muslim women and an example of compassion, generosity, and enduring suffering. It is through Fatima that Muhammad\'s family line has survived to this date. Her name and her epithets remain popular choices for Muslim girls. ## Names and titles {#names_and_titles} Her most common epithet is al-Zahra (`{{Lit|the one that shines, the radiant}}`{=mediawiki}), which encodes her piety and regularity in prayer. This epithet is believed by the Shia to be a reference to her primordial creation from light that continues to radiate throughout the creation. The Shia Ibn Babawahy (`{{Died in|991}}`{=mediawiki}) writes that, whenever Fatima prayed, her light shone for the inhabitants of the heavens as starlight shines for the inhabitants of the earth. Other titles of her in Shia are al-Ṣiddiqa (`{{Lit|the righteous}}`{=mediawiki}), al-Tahira (`{{Lit|the pure}}`{=mediawiki}), al-Mubaraka (`{{Lit|the blessed}}`{=mediawiki}), and al-Mansura (`{{Lit|helped by God}}`{=mediawiki}). Another Shia title is al-Muḥadditha, in view of the reports that angels spoke to Fatima on multiple occasions, similar to Mary, mother of Jesus. Fatima is also recognized as Sayyidat Nisa\' al-Janna (`{{Lit|mistress of the women of paradise}}`{=mediawiki}) and Sayyidat Nisa\' al-Alamin (`{{Lit|mistress of the women of the worlds}}`{=mediawiki}) in Shia and Sunni collections of hadith, including the canonical Sunni *Sahih al-Bukhari* and *Sahih Muslim*. ### Fatima The name Fatima is from the Arabic root f-t-m (`{{Lit|to wean}}`{=mediawiki}) and signifies the Shia belief that she, her progeny, and her adherents (`{{Transliteration|ar|shi'a}}`{=mediawiki}) have been spared from hellfire. Alternatively, the word Fatima is associated in Shia sources with Fatir (`{{Lit|creator}}`{=mediawiki}, a name of God) as the earthly symbol of the divine creative power. ### `{{Transliteration|ar|Kunya}}`{=mediawiki}s A `{{Transliteration|ar|kunya}}`{=mediawiki} or honorific title of Fatima in Islam is Umm Abiha (`{{Lit|the mother of her father}}`{=mediawiki}), suggesting that Fatima was exceptionally nurturing towards her father. Umm al-Aima (`{{Lit|the mother of Imams}}`{=mediawiki}) is a `{{Transliteration|ar|kunya}}`{=mediawiki} of Fatima in Twelver sources, as eleven of the Twelve Imams descended from her
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# Graham Johncock **Graham Johncock** (born 21 October 1982) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). A Wirangu man, Johncock is an Indigenous Australian from Port Lincoln in South Australia where he currently resides with his partner and four children. Johncock is currently president at his junior club Mallee Park Football Club who compete in the Port Lincoln Football League. ## Career highlights {#career_highlights} In 2003, Johncock scored the most goals for Adelaide with a total of 30 goals. He won the Showdown Medal in round 5, despite his side\'s loss. He remains the only Crow to win the medal in a losing Showdown. Johncock was leading the Club Champion award early in the 2005 season before breaking his leg in a game against `{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki} in round 7. He had spent most of these games in defence, but was occasionally pushed forward. He missed a large chunk of the season, but returned before the finals and played a couple of games. He was hampered in the finals, however, by a leg injury. Johncock became a Life Member of the Adelaide Football Club in 2011. He retired on 1 July 2013, saying his \"body could no longer withstand the rigours\" of AFL. ## Post-retirement {#post_retirement} Following his retirement from AFL football, Johncock returned to Port Lincoln to play for the Mallee Park Football Club. In 2025, he designed Adelaide\'s First Nations guernsey alongside Wirangu artist Aunty Christine Tschuna. The guernsey represents his family and his footballing journey
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# SN 1994D **SN 1994D** was a Type Ia supernova event in the outskirts of galaxy NGC 4526. It was offset by `{{val|9.0|ul=arcsecond}}`{=mediawiki} west and `{{val|7.8|u=arcsecond}}`{=mediawiki} south of the galaxy center and positioned near a prominent dust lane. It was caused by the explosion of a white dwarf star composed of carbon and oxygen. This event was discovered on March 7, 1994 by R. R. Treffers and associates using the automated 30-inch telescope at Leuschner Observatory. It reached peak visual brightness, magnitude 11.9, two weeks later on March 22. Modelling of the light curve indicates the explosion would have been visible around March 3-4. A possible detection of helium in the spectrum was made by W. P. S. Meikle and associates in 1996. A mass of 0.014 to `{{val|0.03|ul=Solar mass}}`{=mediawiki} in helium would be needed to produce this feature
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# Beckenham Town F.C. **Beckenham Town Football Club** is a football club based in Beckenham, London, England. They are currently members of the `{{English football updater|BeckenhT}}`{=mediawiki} and play at Eden Park Avenue. ## History The original Beckenham Town were established in the late 19th century, affiliating to the Kent County Football Association in 1887. In 1923 the club joined Division One of the London League. They won Division One in 1927--28, and were promoted to the Premier Division. However, after finishing second-from-bottom in their first season in the Premier Division, they ended the 1929--30 season in last place, and were relegated back to Division One. The following season saw them finish second in Division One, earning promotion back to the Premier Division. Despite finishing bottom of the Premier Division in 1931--32 they remained in the division, but after repeating the feat in 1932--33, they were relegated back to Division One. After finishing bottom of Division One in 1934--35 the club left the league. They had also entered a team into the Kent County Amateur League a few seasons before, and continued playing in the Premier Division of the Western Section until rejoining the London League in 1951, where they were placed in the Premier Division. They remained in the London League\'s Premier Division until joining the Aetolian League in 1961. This merged with the London League in 1964 to form the Greater London League, with Beckenham placed in Section B. A fifth-place finish in the league\'s inaugural season saw them win a place in the Premier Division for the 1965--66 season. However, after finishing second-from-bottom of the division that season, they were relegated to Division One. They folded in 1969. In 1971 the club was reformed based on the Stanhope Rovers junior team. After playing in the South East London Amateur League, they joined Division Two of the new London Spartan League in 1975. After being runners-up in 1977--78, they were promoted to the Premier Division. In 1982 they transferred to Division One of the Kent League, which became the Premier Division in 1998. They finished as runners--up in 2005--06. The league was subsequently renamed the Southern Counties East League in 2013. The club won both the Kent Senior Trophy and the League Cup in 2013--14, and went on to win the Roy Vinter Shield at the start of the 2014--15 season. In 2019--20 the club were top of the league when the season was abandoned due to the COVID-19 pandemic; this would have been the club\'s highest finish since reforming in 1971. At the end of the 2020--21 season they were transferred to the Premier Division South of the Combined Counties League. During their first season in the Combined Counties League, Beckenham were Premier Division South champions, earning promotion to the Isthmian League. In their first season in the Isthmian League the club finished fourth, qualifying for the promotion play-offs. They went on to lose 1--0 to Whitehawk in the semi-finals. The following season saw them finish in the relegation zone of the South East Division, but they were reprieved from relegation.
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# Beckenham Town F.C. ## History ### Seasons-by-season {#seasons_by_season} Season League ---------- ------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ----- ----- ------ Division P W D L F A 1978--79 London Spartan League Premier Division 34 14 9 11 56 1979--80 London Spartan League Premier Division 30 6 6 18 21 1980--81 London Spartan League Premier Division 30 8 6 16 32 1981--82 London Spartan League Premier Division 26 8 8 10 28 1982--83 Kent League Division One 32 12 9 11 46 1983--84 Kent League Division One 30 12 6 12 56 1984--85 Kent League Division One 32 17 8 7 67 1985--86 Kent League Division One 34 10 7 17 43 1986--87 Kent League Division One 34 7 10 17 37 1987--88 Kent League Division One 36 16 5 15 61 1988--89 Kent League Division One 38 8 10 20 41 1989--90 Kent League Division One 38 12 10 16 52 1990--91 Kent League Division One 40 12 7 21 37 1991--92 Kent League Division One 40 13 10 17 52 1992--93 Kent League Division One 40 17 8 15 64 1993--94 Kent League Division One 40 22 4 14 85 1994--95 Kent League Division One 40 15 11 14 61 1995--96 Kent League Division One 38 9 9 20 45 1996--97 Kent League Division One 40 15 10 15 49 1997--98 Kent League Division One 42 21 7 14 67 1998--99 Kent League Premier Division 36 13 11 12 52 1999--00 Kent League Premier Division 34 12 8 14 48 2000--01 Kent League Premier Division 32 13 9 10 48 2001--02 Kent League Premier Division 30 11 7 12 43 2002--03 Kent League Premier Division 29 9 6 14 41 2003--04 Kent League Premier Division 32 9 8 15 39 2004--05 Kent League Premier Division 30 11 7 12 57 2005--06 Kent League Premier Division 30 22 4 4 96 2006--07 Kent League Premier Division 32 12 4 16 64 2007--08 Kent League Premier Division 32 21 7 4 80 2008--09 Kent League Premier Division 32 8 4 20 54 2009--10 Kent League Premier Division 30 16 5 9 56 2010--11 Kent League Premier Division 30 12 3 15 56 2011--12 Kent League Premier Division 30 14 11 5 72 2012--13 Kent League Premier Division 32 11 7 14 63 2013--14 Southern Counties East League Premier Division 32 15 4 13 76 2014--15 Southern Counties East League Premier Division 38 16 5 17 77 2015--16 Southern Counties East League Premier Division 36 11 11 14 68 2016--17 Southern Counties East League Premier Division 38 8 5 25 38 2017--18 Southern Counties East League Premier Division 38 22 3 13 84 2018--19 Southern Counties East League Premier Division 38 19 9 10 71 2019--20 Southern Counties East League Premier Division *27* *19* *3* *5* *61* 2020--21 Southern Counties East League Premier Division *13* *7* *3* *3* *33* 2021--22 Combined Counties League Premier Division South 38 29 5 4 107 2022--23 Isthmian League Division One South East 38 20 8 10 62 2023--24 Isthmian League Division One South East 38 7 8 23 57 ## Ground The club played at Stanhope Grove until July 1980 when they moved to Eden Park Avenue. The ground has a capacity of 4,000, of which 120 is seated and covered
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# Reveal Records \_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Infobox record label <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Music --> | name = Reveal Records | image = Revealrecordslogo.jpg | image_size = 150px | parent = <!-- parent company, such as "[[Warner Music Group]]" --> | founded = {{start date|2006}} | founder = Tom Rose | fate = <!-- explain the reason of the closing--> | defunct = <!-- year the label dissolved, such as {{end date|1990}} --> | status = <!-- leave blank unless "Inactive" --> | distributor = <!-- distributors, separate with commas or <br /> --> | genre = <!-- such as "[[World music|World]]" or "Various", separate with commas or <br /> --> | country = U.K. | location = [[Derby]], England | url = {{URL|http://revealrecords.co.uk/}} }}`{=mediawiki} **Reveal Records** is a British independent record label. It began as an independent record store in Derby, England. ## History The record store was opened by Tom Rose in 1999.`{{r|"Claxton_Oliver"}}`{=mediawiki} The store reached its peak in 2005/2006 when it sold virtually every genre of music available on three floors, as well as operating an online outlet. It won *Music Week*\'s \'Best Independent Music Retailer\' award in 2005. At this time the music industry was experiencing a decline in sales of physical music formats including CDs, and this was one of the reasons that led to the closure of Reveal Records\' retail outlet in 2007. Reveal Records, launched in 2006, continued as a record label after the demise of the store. In March 2017 it marked its ten-year anniversary with a concert at Pocklington Arts Centre, Pocklington, that included label artists. Reveal Records also books concerts and represents artists for publishing and agency work. ## Notable artists {#notable_artists} The label released firstly music from Joan As Police Woman and the Scottish folk singer/guitarist, Kris Drever in 2006. Further releases included those by A Camp, Lau, Gramercy Arms, Madam, Poppy & the Jezebels, Eddi Reader, Boo Hewerdine, Dan Whitehouse, The Little Unsaid. and in 2021 signed, Duncan Lloyd and Withered Hand
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# Electronic Music Foundation **Electronic Music Foundation (EMF)** is a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) organization that produces events, publishes and disseminates media and information, and provides access to materials relevant to the history and creative potential of electronic music. The organization was founded in 1994 by composer Joel Chadabe. In 2000, the EMF Institute website was created in order to provide public access to educational resources relating to electronic music. The project was done in collaboration with the UNESCO Digi-Arts portal
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# Brad Silberling **Bradley Mitchell Silberling** (born September 8, 1963) is an American television and film director whose credits include the feature films *Casper* (1995), *City of Angels* (1998), *Moonlight Mile* (2002), *Lemony Snicket\'s A Series of Unfortunate Events* (2004) and *Land of the Lost* (2009). ## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education} Silberling was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Joyce Anne (Tucker), a travel consultant, and Robert Murray Silberling, who was Vice President of CBS Entertainment Productions. His father was born Jewish, whereas his mother converted to Judaism. Silberling attended Williams College in Williamstown, MA and received a BA in English from UC Santa Barbara. He later studied film directing at the UCLA Film School. ## Career Silberling began his entertainment industry career before completing his studies. In 1986, he became a Production Assistant for a children\'s program. He then began to direct television and film. Silberling\'s 2002 film, *Moonlight Mile*, is loosely based on his bereavement following the murder of his girlfriend, actress Rebecca Schaeffer, in 1989. In 2006, Silberling\'s movie *10 Items or Less* was the first movie made legally available for download during its theatrical run. This became possible through ClickStar and Silberling\'s close relationship with its owners Morgan Freeman and Lori McCreary. On March 1, 1999, he started out his own production company Reveal Entertainment, with a first-look development deal at DreamWorks. The first project under Reveal was an attempt to purchase the script *The Mystery Dance*, for himself to direct in mind, but the idea was later scrapped. Silberling was approached by Warner Bros. as one of the candidates to direct *Harry Potter and the Sorcerer\'s Stone* in 1998. Although he began to enthusiastically plan the film in his mind and was ready to sign on to direct it, Chris Columbus was ultimately chosen as the director. On October 22, 2014, his Reveal Entertainment company signed a deal with CBS Television Studios. He was currently signed with ICM Partners. ## Personal life {#personal_life} Silberling previously dated Rebecca Schaeffer, whom he met at UCLA film school, until she was murdered in 1989. In 1995, he married actress Amy Brenneman, whom he met on the set of *NYPD Blue* and with whom he has two children, Charlotte and Bodhi, in Pasadena. In 2000, the couple purchased a home in Chilmark, Massachusetts prior to moving to West Tisbury, Massachusetts in 2011. ## Filmography **Films** Year Title Director Producer Writer ------ ---------------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- -------- 1995 *Casper* 1998 *City of Angels* 2002 *Moonlight Mile* 2004 *Lemony Snicket\'s A Series of Unfortunate Events* 2006 *10 Items or Less* 2009 *Land of the Lost* 2017 *An Ordinary Man* **Television** +------------+-----------------------------+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Year | Title | Director | Executive\ | Notes | | | | | Producer | | +============+=============================+==========+============+=======================================================================================+ | 1989 | *Alfred Hitchcock Presents* | | | Episode: \"Driving Under the Influence\" | +------------+-----------------------------+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1990--1991 | *Doogie Howser, M.D.* | | | Episodes: \"Car Wars\", \"The Doctor, the Wife, her Son and the Job\", \"Doogstruck\" | +------------+-----------------------------+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1990 | *Cop Rock* | | | Episode: \"Potts Don\'t Fail Me Now\" | +------------+-----------------------------+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1991--1992 | *Brooklyn Bridge* | | | Episodes: \"Boys of Summer\", \"Great Expectations\", \"A Tale of Two Boroughs\" | +------------+-----------------------------+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1992 | *Great Scott!* | | | Also supervising producer,\ | | | | | | Directed 5 episodes | +------------+-----------------------------+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | *Civil Wars* | | | Episode: \"Shop \'Til You Drop\" | +------------+-----------------------------+----------+------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | | *L.A. Law* | | | Episode: \"I\'m Ready for My Closeup, Mr
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# Bedfont F.C. (1900) **Bedfont Football Club** was a football club based in East Bedfont, Greater London, England. ## History The club was established in 1900 and joined the Combined Counties League in 1987, where it played until it folded in 2010. It reached the Third Round of the FA Vase twice in its history. During the 2010 strike by cabin crew from the Unite trade union working for British Airways, the club\'s home ground was used as a headquarters for the strikers. On 27 May 2010, the club informed the Combined Counties League that it would be unable to continue the football club due to financial considerations. Feltham and Bedfont Town (a separate club) used The Orchard ground for their home games in 2010/11 and 2011/12. In May 2012, Bedfont Town was on the brink of folding and it eventually left the Orchard. It was decided that Feltham FC would merge with landlords Bedfont Football and Social Club, who were previously involved with Bedfont F.C., to form a new club -- Bedfont & Feltham F.C. As Feltham had already joined the FA Vase for 2012/13 only the Sunday teams could fully adopt the new name. The club will be fully operational as Bedfont and Feltham Football and Social Club
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# Myrlie Evers-Williams **Myrlie Louise Evers-Williams** (née **Beasley**; born March 17, 1933) is an American civil rights activist and journalist who worked for over three decades to seek justice for the 1963 murder of her husband Medgar Evers, another civil rights activist. She also served as chairwoman of the NAACP, and has published several books on topics related to civil rights and her husband\'s legacy. On January 21, 2013, she delivered the invocation at the second inauguration of Barack Obama. ## Early life {#early_life} Evers-Williams was born Myrlie Louise Beasley on March 17, 1933, in her maternal grandmother\'s home in Vicksburg, Mississippi. She was the daughter of James Van Dyke Beasley, a delivery man, and Mildred Washington Beasley, who was 16 years old. Myrlie\'s parents separated when she was just a year old; her mother left Vicksburg but decided that Myrlie was too young to travel with her. Since her maternal grandmother worked all day in service, with no time to raise a child, Myrlie was raised by her paternal grandmother, Annie McCain Beasley, and an aunt, Myrlie Beasley Polk. Both women were respected school teachers and they inspired her to follow in their footsteps. Myrlie attended the Magnolia school, took piano lessons, and performed songs, piano pieces or recited poetry at school, in church, and at local clubs. Myrlie graduated from Magnolia High School (Bowman High School) in 1950. During her years in high school, Myrlie was also a member of the Chansonettes, a girls' vocal group from Mount Heroden Baptist Church in Vicksburg. In 1950, Myrlie enrolled at Alcorn A&M College, one of the few colleges in the state that accepted African-American students, as an education major intending to minor in music. Myrlie is also a member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. On her first day of school Myrlie met and fell in love with Medgar Evers, a World War II veteran eight years her senior. The meeting changed her college plans, and the couple later married on Christmas Eve of 1951. They later moved to Mound Bayou, where they had their first child, Darrell Kenyatta, named for the imprisoned African leader, Jomo Kenyatta. In Mound Bayou, Myrlie worked as a secretary at the Magnolia Mutual Life Insurance Company. Domestic life was strained by her husband\'s formal application to law school as his parents were opposed, Myrlie was expecting her second child, the family was financially restricted and unprepared for the increasing public exposure on his stealthy voting rights activities in the Delta. Reena Denise was born on September 13, 1954, as Medgar was establishing the NAACP in the Delta. ## Life with Medgar {#life_with_medgar} When Medgar Evers became the Mississippi field secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1954, Myrlie worked alongside him. Myrlie became his secretary and together they organized voter registration drives and civil rights demonstrations. She assisted him as he struggled to end the practice of racial segregation in schools and other public facilities, and as he campaigned for the voting rights many African Americans were denied in the South. For more than a decade, the Everses fought for voting rights, equal access to public accommodations, the desegregation of the University of Mississippi, and for equal rights in general for Mississippi\'s African-American population. As prominent civil rights leaders in Mississippi, the Everses became high-profile targets for pro-segregationist violence and terrorism. In 1962, their home in Jackson, Mississippi, was firebombed in reaction to an organized boycott of downtown Jackson\'s white merchants. The family had been threatened, and Evers targeted by the Ku Klux Klan. Evers was murdered in 1963 at his home in Jackson, Mississippi, now the Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument, by Byron De La Beckwith, a member of the White Citizens\' Council in Jackson. ## Later career {#later_career} In 1964, a year before Byron De La Beckwith\'s release, she moved with her children to Claremont, California, and emerged as a civil rights activist in her own right. She earned her Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Pomona College. She spoke on behalf of the NAACP and in 1967 she co-wrote *For Us, the Living,* which chronicled her late husband\'s life and work. She also made two unsuccessful bids for U.S. Congress. From 1968 to 1970, Evers was the director of planning at the center for Educational Opportunity for the Claremont Colleges. From 1973 to 1975, Evers was the vice-president for advertising and publicity at the New-York-based advertising firm Seligman and Lapz. In 1975, she moved to Los Angeles to become the national director for community affairs for the Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO). At ARCO she was responsible for developing and managing all the corporate programs. This included overseeing funding for community projects, outreach programs, public and private partnership programs and staff development. She helped secure money for many organizations such as the National Woman\'s Educational Fund, and worked with a group that provided meals to the poor and homeless.
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# Myrlie Evers-Williams ## NAACP honors {#naacp_honors} Myrlie Evers-Williams continued to explore ways to serve her community and to work with the NAACP. Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley appointed her to the Board of Public Works as a commissioner in 1987. Evers-Williams was the first black woman to serve as a commissioner on the board, a position she held for 8 years. Evers-Williams also joined the board of the NAACP. By the mid-1990s, the prestigious organization was going through a difficult period marked by scandal and economic problems. Evers-Williams decided that the best way to help the organization was to run for chairperson of the board of directors. She won the position in 1995, just after her second husband\'s death due to prostate cancer. As chairperson of the NAACP, Evers-Williams worked to restore the tarnished image of the organization. She also helped improve its financial status, raising enough funds to eliminate its debt. Evers-Williams received many honors for her work, including being named Woman of the Year by *Ms*. Magazine. With the organization financially stable, she decided to not seek re-election as chairperson in 1998. In that same year, she was awarded the NAACP\'s Spingarn Medal. ## Other honors {#other_honors} In 2017 the Medgar and Myrlie Evers House was named as a National Historic Landmark, and in 2019 became a National Monument. ## Accomplishments After leaving her post as chairwoman of the NAACP, Evers-Williams established the Medgar Evers Institute in Jackson, Mississippi, She also wrote her autobiography, titled *Watch Me Fly: What I Learned on the Way to Becoming the Woman I Was Meant to Be* (1999). She also served as editor on *The Autobiography of Medgar Evers: A Hero\'s Life and Legacy Revealed Through His Writings, Letters, and Speeches* (2005). In 2009, Evers-Williams received the National Freedom Award from the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Tennessee. *Ebony* magazine named Evers-Williams as one of the \"100 Most Fascinating Black Women of the 20th Century\". She has received seven honorary doctorates. In February 2012, Alcorn State University in Lorman, Mississippi, announced that Evers-Williams would be serving as a distinguished scholar-in-residence. On January 21, 2013, Evers-Williams delivered the invocation at the second inauguration of Barack Obama. She was the first woman and the first layperson to deliver the invocation at a presidential inauguration. ## Personal life {#personal_life} On December 24, 1951, she married classmate Medgar Evers. Together they had three children: Darrell Kenyatta, Reena Denise, and James Van Dyke Evers. Evers was murdered in 1963 by Byron De La Beckwith, a member of the White Citizens\' Council. In 1976, Evers married Walter Williams, a stevedore and civil rights and union activist who had studied Evers and her work. They moved to Bend, Oregon, in 1993. Walter Williams died of cancer in 1995. ## Electoral history {#electoral_history} <table> <thead> <tr class="header"> <th><p>|Year</p></th> <th><p>|Office</p></th> <th></th> <th><p>|Democrat</p></th> <th><p>|Votes</p></th> <th><p>|Pct</p></th> <th></th> <th><p>|Republican</p></th> <th><p>|Votes</p></th> <th><p>|Pct</p></th> <th></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td><p>1970</p></td> <td><p>U.S House of Representatives<br /> California District 24 (special election)</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>|Myrlie Evers</p></td> <td><p>align="right" |29,248</p></td> <td><p>|31.8%</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>|<strong>John H. Rousselot</strong></p></td> <td><p>align="right" |62,749</p></td> <td><p>|68.2%</p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p>1970</p></td> <td><p>U.S House of Representatives<br /> California District 24 (general election)</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>|Myrlie Evers</p></td> <td><p>align="right" |61,777</p></td> <td><p>|32.4%</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>|<strong>John H. Rousselot</strong></p></td> <td><p>align="right" |124,071</p></td> <td><p>|65.1%</p></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ## Popular culture {#popular_culture} - She was portrayed by Irene Cara in the 1983 television movie *For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story*. - Whoopi Goldberg played Evers-Williams in the feature film historical drama *Ghosts of Mississippi* (1996). - In 2013, she was portrayed by Gloria Reuben in the Lifetime movie *Betty and Coretta* (uncredited). - Myrlie is the namesake of a song from American rapper Rapsody\'s 2019 album, \"Eve (Rapsody album)\". - She was portrayed by Jayme Lawson in the 2022 film *Till*
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# Danny Frawley **Daniel Patrick** \"**Spud**\" **Frawley** (8 September 1963 -- 9 September 2019) was an Australian rules football player, coach, administrator, commentator and media personality. He played 240 games for the St Kilda Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL)/Australian Football League (AFL) from 1984 to 1995, captaining the club for nine seasons, and won All-Australian selection and the St Kilda best and fairest award in 1988. Frawley coached the Richmond Football Club from 2000 to 2004, with his most successful season coming in 2001, when he coached Richmond to a preliminary final. He later served as chief executive officer of the AFL Coaches Association from 2008 to 2014, and had part-time roles with the Hawthorn Football Club and St Kilda. Following his coaching career, Frawley was an AFL commentator for Fox Footy, Triple M and 1116 SEN, and also appeared on *The Sunday Footy Show* on the Nine Network. On television, he is best remembered for his work on the Fox Footy program *Bounce*, which he co-hosted alongside contemporary Jason Dunstall for over 350 episodes from 2007 to his death in 2019; on radio, he is best remembered for his work on Triple M, most notably his appearances on *The Saturday Rub*, from 2005 to 2016. Frawley quietly struggled with mental health problems throughout most of his time in football, but he became more open in his later years, leading him to host his own podcast on SEN dedicated to mental health, *No Man Should Ever Walk Alone*, from 2017 to 2018. Frawley died by suicide in a single-vehicle car crash in Millbrook, Victoria, on 9 September 2019. His death devastated the wider football community and led to tributes from footballers, coaches, media and fans alike, including a private but broadcast memorial service on 18 September 2019. ## Early life and family {#early_life_and_family} Frawley was educated at St Patrick\'s College, Ballarat, and played country football for East Ballarat in the Ballarat Football League (BFL) and Bungaree in the Central Highlands Football League (CHFL). He grew up and worked on a potato farm in Bungaree, which led to his nickname of \"Spud\". Frawley was the nephew of former `{{AFL Col}}`{=mediawiki} player Des Tuddenham and the uncle of `{{AFL Mel}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki} `{{AFL StK}}`{=mediawiki} and Current Gold Coast Reserves player James Frawley. His brother Tony was the chief executive officer of AFL Northern Territory from 2005 to 2015. ## Playing career {#playing_career} ### St Kilda {#st_kilda} As of 2023, Frawley is one of only 16 players to play their first 90 games consecutively. Frawley initially played as a forward but soon became a renowned full-back. He captained the St Kilda Football Club for nine seasons over his 240-game playing career from 1984 to 1995. He was the club\'s best and fairest winner in 1988 and was named in the All-Australian team the same year. He was the longest-serving captain of the St Kilda Football Club. He was inducted into the Saints\' hall of fame in 2007. ### Honours and achievements {#honours_and_achievements} **Individual** - **St Kilda Football Club Hall of Fame** (inducted 2006) - **St Kilda captain**: 1987--1995 - **All-Australian team**: 1988 - **St Kilda best and fairest**: 1988 - **2× Australia representative honours in international rules football**: 1987, 1990
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# Danny Frawley ## Coaching career {#coaching_career} ### Collingwood Football Club assistant coach (1996--1999) {#collingwood_football_club_assistant_coach_19961999} After his retirement from playing, Frawley spent four years as an assistant coach at Collingwood Football Club from 1996 until 1999 under senior coach Tony Shaw. ### Richmond Football Club senior coach (2000--2004) {#richmond_football_club_senior_coach_20002004} Frawley became the senior coach of the Richmond Football Club in 2000 when he replaced Jeff Gieschen. In his first year in the 2000 season, Richmond under Frawley just missed out of the finals by finishing ninth. In the 2001 season, he took the Tigers into the finals, where, in the preliminary finals, they were eliminated by the Brisbane Lions, who were the eventual premiers. Under Frawley, the club moved to fourth on the ladder and their first preliminary final since 1995. In the 2002 season, however, Richmond under Frawley struggled and finished 14th. At the start of the 2003 season, the initial signs were positive, with Richmond under Frawley starting with six wins and two losses to start the season; however, the club\'s on-field performance dropped when they lost 13 of their next 14 matches and finished 13th. In the 2004 season, Richmond under Frawley kept struggling and finished 16th for the \"wooden spoon\", which was the last position on the ladder at the time. Midway through the season, Frawley announced that he would resign at the end of the 2004 season. Richmond under Frawley lost their last 14 matches of the 2004 season. Frawley was then replaced by Terry Wallace as Richmond Football Club senior coach. ### Hawthorn Football Club assistant coach (2008--2014) {#hawthorn_football_club_assistant_coach_20082014} From 2008 until 2014, Frawley worked at Hawthorn as a part-time assistant coach. ### St Kilda Football Club assistant coach (2014--2018) {#st_kilda_football_club_assistant_coach_20142018} He rejoined `{{AFL StK}}`{=mediawiki} as a backline and key-position assistant coach in November 2014. Later, and until 2018, Frawley was a part-time specialist defence coach at the St Kilda Football Club.
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# Danny Frawley ## Post-coaching roles {#post_coaching_roles} After leaving senior coaching, Frawley was a special commentator for Triple M. In June 2006, he coached a winning Victorian state of origin side in the E. J. Whitten Legends Match and became the chief executive of the AFL Coaches Association. ## Media career and post-football {#media_career_and_post_football} During his playing career, Frawley was a regular cast member on *AFL Squadron* alongside Garry Lyon. When he transitioned to being a commentator primarily, Frawley was a commentator for Fox Footy and was a co-host of *Bounce* with Jason Dunstall and Cameron Mooney, as well as a part of the 1116 SEN Footy team on Friday nights and Sunday afternoons. Earlier in his career, he was also involved with the Nine Network and Triple M as a commentator and a regular co-host on *The Saturday Rub*. He also hosted a Monday night show on SEN called *No Man Should Ever Walk Alone* on men\'s health topics including mental health, addiction, and lifestyle. ## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death} Frawley was married to Anita, who made regular appearances on the Fox Footy Channel program *Living with Footballers*. They had three daughters: Chelsea, Danielle, and Keeley. On 9 September 2019, a day after his 56th birthday, Frawley died in a single-vehicle car crash in Millbrook, Victoria. The incident occurred shortly after 1:30 pm when his car left the road and struck a tree on Old Melbourne Road between Ryans and Chapmans Roads. He was the only passenger and died at the scene of the crash. The coroner ruled his death a suicide. An examination of his brain nearly a year later found that Frawley had stage two chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disease caused by repeated head injuries; his wife Anita said she had \"strongly suspected there was more going on with Danny than straightforward depression\". ### Tributes The Trevor Barker Award, St Kilda\'s award for best and fairest player, proceeded two nights after Frawley\'s death and was filled with tributes to him, including speeches from teammates Stewart Loewe and Robert Harvey. The AFL announced that a moment of silence would be observed in Frawley\'s honour before both semifinals the following weekend (Geelong--West Coast and Brisbane--Greater Western Sydney), with all four teams also wearing black armbands. The Melbourne Storm and Canberra Raiders also observed a moment of silence for Frawley before their NRL qualifying final at AAMI Park. AFL CEO Gillon McLachlan also revealed that it was being considered that the Golden Fist award, an award for best defender that Frawley had famously created on *Bounce*, should become an official AFL honour. A Change.org petition about the matter had garnered 33,000 signatures in less than 48 hours. Both radio stations Frawley had worked at --- Triple M and SEN --- broadcast a special joint edition of *The Saturday Rub* in Frawley\'s honour co-hosted by friends and colleagues James Brayshaw, Brian Taylor, Damian Barrett and Garry Lyon. A private but broadcast memorial was held for Frawley, followed by the hearse travelling to Moorabbin Oval for a lap of honour. In November 2020, St Kilda and the Victorian and federal governments announced the plans for a \$16 million (AUD) Moorabbin Oval centre, including classroom spaces, consultation suites and breakout areas to be named the Danny Frawley Centre for Health and Wellbeing. The centre launched on 1 March 2022, with the attendees including St Kilda greats Loewe and Nick Riewoldt, club CEO Matt Finnis, Frawley\'s broadcast colleagues Lyon and Jason Dunstall, actor and former St Kilda #1 ticket holder Eric Bana, AFL CEO Gillon McLachlan, Victorian Tourism Minister Martin Pakula and Senator Jane Hume. Frawley\'s #2 was also retired by the club and hangs in the centre. In January 2021, it was announced that Frawley\'s nephew James, who had joined St Kilda after a brief retirement at the end of the 2020 season with `{{AFL Haw}}`{=mediawiki}, would wear the #24 guernsey, which Danny had worn from 1985 to 1987 before switching to #2. In March 2021, St Kilda announced that their Round 2 game, beginning that season against Melbourne, would be called \"Spud\'s Game: Time 2 Talk\" in partnership with Movember to promote mental health. Prior to the match, the game was delayed by two minutes with Frawley\'s close friends Lyon, Loewe and Tony Lockett paying tribute to Frawley in the middle of the ground and asking for those that were watching to check with their mates with both teams surrounding them and his family watching on
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# Bedlington Terriers F.C. **Bedlington Terriers Football Club** is a football club based in Bedlington, England. The club are currently members of the `{{English football updater|BedlingT}}`{=mediawiki} and play at Welfare Park. ## History The club was established in 1949 as **Bedlington Mechanics**. They joined the Northumberland Miners Welfare League, and were champions of the North Section in 1951--52. The club subsequently transferred to the Northern Combination, and won the Northumberland Minor Cup in 1953--54. They were Northern Combination champions the following season. They joined the Northern Alliance in 1955, and entered the FA Cup for the first time in 1959. The club disbanded in 1963, but were reformed as **Bedlington Colliery Welfare** in 1965, and rejoined the Northern Alliance. They were league champions and League Cup winners in 1966--67, and were runners-up the following season and again in 1969--70 and 1971--72, as well as winning the League Cup again in 1969--70. After leaving the Northern Alliance at the end of the 1978--79 season, the club spent the 1979--80 season in the Tyneside Amateur League as Bedlington United, before rejoining the Northern Alliance as **Bedlington Terriers** in 1980. In 1982 they were founder members of the new Division Two of the Northern League. They finished as runners-up in 1984--85, earning promotion to Division One. After finishing as runners-up in their first season in Division One, the following season saw them finish bottom of the table, resulting in relegation back to Division Two. Bedlington won Division Two in 1993--94, earning promotion to Division One. This started the most successful era in the club\'s history, as they finished as runners-up in 1995--96, also winning the League Cup and Northumberland Senior Cup. They then won five consecutive league titles between 1997--98 and 2001--02. They also reached the first round of the FA Cup for the first time in 1998--99, and after beating Second Division Colchester United 4--1 in front of a record crowd of 2,400, they progressed to the second round, where they lost 2--0 at Scunthorpe United. The same season saw them reach the final of the FA Vase, eventually losing 1--0 to Tiverton Town at Wembley Stadium. They reached the FA Vase semi-finals again in 2000--01 and 2004--05, but were beaten by Berkhamsted Town and AFC Sudbury respectively. During this period the club also won the Northumberland Senior Cup again in 1997--98, 2001--02 and 2003--04 and the League Cup in 2000--01. Following their run of league titles, Bedlington finished as runners-up in Division One in 2002--03 and 2005--06, but the club then suffered financial difficulties, finishing third-from-bottom in 2006--07. In 2010 the club received sponsorship from American billionaire Robert E. Rich Jr. after his wife discovered ancestral links to the town and purchased the title Lord Bedlington. Rich\'s investment included purchasing a £30,000 electronic scoreboard and laying a new pitch, as well as financing a club tour to the United States, with a friendly match against FC Buffalo styled as the \"Lord Bedlington Cup\". This led to the BBC broadcasting a programme about the story in 2012 under the title Mr Rich and the Terriers. In 2015--16 Bedlington finished bottom of Division One and were relegated to Division Two. They finished third in Division Two in 2022--23, qualifying for the promotion play-offs, going on to lose on penalties to Billingham Town in the semi-finals. The club finished fourth the following season before being beaten 4--0 by Easington Colliery in the play-off semi-finals
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# Serge Brammertz **Serge Brammertz** (born 17 February 1962) is a Belgian prosecutor, academic and jurist. He serves as the chief prosecutor for the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (IRMCT) since 2016. He also served as the chief prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) from 2008 until its closure in 2017. He is a native German speaker and is also fluent in Dutch, French and English. ## Biography Serge Brammertz was born in 1962 in Eupen and is a member of the German-speaking Community of Belgium. On 29 February 2016, Dr Brammertz was appointed by the United Nations Security Council, as the Chief Prosecutor of the IRMCT. On 1 March 2016, he succeeded Hassan Bubacar Jallow as the chief prosecutor for the IRMCT, and was re-appointed for a new term on 26 June 2020. In this role, he manages an international organisation of investigators, analysts and prosecutors, across Arusha, The Hague; and in regional offices in Kigali and Sarajevo. He also implements the IRMCT fugitive tracking strategy. In this, he has had some notable successes. Brammertz was Deputy Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court from 2003 to 2006, where he was tasked with establishing the Investigations Division of the Office of the Prosecutor, and led investigations on grave violations of international humanitarian law, committed in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Sudan. Kofi Annan, then the UN Secretary-General, on 11 January 2006, appointed Brammertz head of the UN International Independent Investigation Commission into the murder of former Lebanese Prime Minister, Rafic Hariri. In this he replaced Detlev Mehlis, who stepped down in January 2006. On 1 January 2008, Brammertz resigned to succeed Carla Del Ponte as prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. He served in this role until his subsequent appointment as the Chief Prosecutor of the IRMCT. Brammertz was first a national magistrate then the head of the Federal Prosecution of the Kingdom of Belgium. In these roles, he supervised numerous investigations and trials related to cases of organised crime, terrorism, international drug trafficking, human trafficking and violations of international humanitarian law. From 1989 to 1997, he served as Deputy Prosecutor, then Chief Deputy Prosecutor at the Court of First Instance in Eupen, Belgium, before becoming Deputy to the Prosecutor-General at the Liège Court of Appeal. In addition, he assisted the Council of Europe as an expert with a mandate to \"set up a mechanism for evaluating and applying nationally international undertakings concerning the fight against organized crime\". He also served on the Justice and Internal Affairs committee of the European Commission and for the International Organization for Migration, leading research studies on human trafficking and cross-border corruption in Central Europe and the Balkans. Brammertz holds a law degree from the Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), a degree in Criminology from the University of Liège, and a PhD in international law from the University of Freiburg (officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Germany); his PhD thesis was on the topic \"Cross-border Police Cooperation\". Brammertz is a member of the Executive Committee of the International Association of Prosecutors, and previously served as Chairman of the European Judicial Network. He is the Vice President of the International Nuremberg Principles Academy\'s Advisory Council, and Board Member of the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law. He has published and lectured widely on the investigation and prosecution of complex crimes, European and international police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, international humanitarian law, organized crime, terrorism and judicial capacity building. He was a professor of law at the University of Liège until 2002, visiting professor (honorary ) at the Faculty of Law at the Chinese University of Hong Kong from 2016 to 2020, and Research Fellow at the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, at the UCL, from 1991-1993. ## Other activities {#other_activities} - Case Matrix Network, member of the advisory board - International Gender Champions (IGC), member - International Nuremberg Principles Academy, member of the advisory board - Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, member of the board of trustees
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# Serge Brammertz ## Recognition Dr Brammertz was awarded as the Grand officier de l\'ordre de la Couronne, in 2008. In 2010, he was the recipient of the Prix Condorcet-Aron, awarded by the Centre de Recherche et d'études Politiques (CReP), Brussels. In October 2013, Brammertz was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the International Institute for Middle-East and Balkan Studies. The nomination was supported by Mothers of Srebrenica and Žepa association, a Srebrenica massacre survivors\' campaign group. By Royal Decree of 2 April 2014, Brammertz was ennobled as a non-hereditary baron by King Philippe of Belgium. Opining on the importance of international transparency, Brammertz was quoted saying: \"Corruption, above all else, is a question of moral fitness
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# George Mathers, 1st Baron Mathers **George Mathers, 1st Baron Mathers** (28 February 1886 -- 26 September 1965) was a Scottish trade unionist and Labour Party politician. He served as Comptroller of the Household from 1944 to 1945 in Winston Churchill\'s war-time coalition government and as Treasurer of the Household (Deputy Chief Whip) from 1945 to 1946 in Clement Attlee\'s post-war Labour administration. ## Background and education {#background_and_education} Mathers was born in Newtown St Boswells, Roxburghshire, the son of George Mathers, JP, and Annie, daughter of James Barclay. He was educated at the Newtown St Boswells School. ## Early working life and trade unionism {#early_working_life_and_trade_unionism} From 1899 Mathers served as a clerk with the North British Railway. He was active in the trade union and labour movement from 1908, becoming President of the Carlisle Trades Council and Labour Party from 1917 to 1920. He was elected a member of Carlisle City Council in 1919, before transferring to Edinburgh in 1921. ## Political career {#political_career} Mathers was Chairman of Edinburgh Central Independent Labour Party and President of the Edinburgh Branch of the Scottish Home Rule Association. He unsuccessfully contested Edinburgh West in 1923 and 1924 before being elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for the seat in 1929. He lost his seat in 1931 but was returned for Linlithgowshire in 1935. He continued to hold the seat (renamed West Lothian in 1950) until he stood down at the 1951 general election. Mathers was Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the Under-Secretary of State for India from July 1929, and transferred to same position with the Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies in November of that year (Drummond Shiels held both positions). From 1935 to 1945 he was a Scottish Labour Whip. He entered the government under Winston Churchill as Comptroller of the Household in October 1944, a post he held until the coalition government was disbanded in May 1945. When Labour came to power under Clement Attlee in July 1945, he was appointed Treasurer of the Household (Deputy Chief Whip), which he remained until April the following year. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1947 and raised to the peerage as **Baron Mathers**, of Newtown St Boswells in the County of Roxburgh, on 30 January 1952, in recognition of his \"political and public services\". This was the last hereditary peerage created on the recommendation of a Labour Prime Minister. Mathers was also Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1946, 1947, 1948 and 1951, and was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Edinburgh in 1946. In 1956 he was appointed a Knight of the Thistle. ## Personal life {#personal_life} Lord Mathers married firstly Edith Mary, daughter of William Robinson, in 1916. After her death in June 1938 he married secondly Jessie, daughter of George Graham, in 1940. He died in September 1965, aged 79, when the barony became extinct
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# Piazza del Popolo **Piazza del Popolo** is a large urban square in Rome. The name in modern Italian literally means \"People\'s Square\", but historically it derives from the poplars (*populus* in Latin, *pioppo* in Italian) after which the church of Santa Maria del Popolo, in the northeast corner of the piazza, takes its name. The piazza lies inside the northern gate in the Aurelian Walls, once the Porta Flaminia of ancient Rome, and now called the Porta del Popolo. This was the starting point of the Via Flaminia, the road to *Ariminum* (modern-day Rimini) and the most important route to the north. At the same time, before the age of railroads, it was the traveller\'s first view of Rome upon arrival. For centuries, the Piazza del Popolo was a place for public executions, the last of which took place in 1826. ## Valadier\'s design {#valadiers_design} The layout of the piazza today was designed in neoclassical style between 1811 and 1822 by the architect Giuseppe Valadier, He removed a modest fountain by Giacomo Della Porta, erected in 1572, and demolished some insignificant buildings and haphazard high screening walls to form two semicircles, reminiscent of Bernini\'s plan for St. Peter\'s Square, replacing the original cramped trapezoidal square centred on the Via Flaminia. Valadier\'s Piazza del Popolo, however, incorporated the verdure of trees as an essential element; he conceived his space in a third dimension, expressed in the building of the *viale* that leads up to the balustraded overlook from the Pincio (*above, right*). An Egyptian obelisk of Sety I (later erected by Rameses II) from Heliopolis stands in the centre of the Piazza. Three sides of the obelisk were carved during the reign of Sety I and the fourth side, under Rameses II. The obelisk, known as the *Flaminio Obelisk* or the *Popolo Obelisk*, is the second-oldest and one of the tallest obelisks in Rome (some 24 m high, or 36 m including its plinth). The obelisk was brought to Rome in 1 BC by order of Augustus and originally set up in the Circus Maximus. It was re-erected here in the piazza by the architect-engineer Domenico Fontana in 1589 as part of the urban plan of Sixtus V. The piazza also formerly contained a central fountain, which was moved to the Piazza Nicosia in 1818, when fountains, in the form of Egyptian-style lions, were added around the base of the obelisk. Looking from the north (*illustration, right*), three streets branch out from the piazza into the city, forming the so-called \"trident\" (*il Tridente*): the Via del Corso in the centre; the Via del Babuino to the left (opened in 1525 as the Via Paolina) and the Via di Ripetta (opened by Leo X in 1518 as the Via Leonina) to the right. The twin churches (the *chiese gemelle*) of Santa Maria dei Miracoli (1681) and Santa Maria in Montesanto (1679), begun by Carlo Rainaldi and completed by Bernini and Carlo Fontana, define the junctions of the roads. Close scrutiny of the twin churches reveals that they are not mere copies of one another, as they would have been in a Neoclassical project, but vary in their details, offering variety within their symmetrical balance in Baroque fashion. The central street, now known as the Via del Corso, was the ancient Via Lata, and to the north it links with the ancient Roman road, the Via Flaminia, beyond the city gate and southwards, to the Piazza Venezia (formerly the Piazza San Marco), the Capitol and the forum. The Via di Ripetta leads past the Mausoleum of Augustus to the River Tiber, where the Baroque riverside landing called the Porto di Ripetta was located until it was destroyed in the late 19th century. The Via del Babuino (\"Baboon\"), linking to Piazza di Spagna, takes its name from a grotesque sculpture of Silenus that gained the popular name of \"the Baboon\". To the north of the piazza stands the Porta del Popolo, beyond which lies the Piazzale Flaminio and the start of the Via Flaminia. The gateway was reworked to give its current appearance by Bernini for Pope Alexander VII in 1655, to welcome Queen Christina of Sweden to Rome following her conversion to Roman Catholicism and her abdication. Opposite Santa Maria del Popolo stands a Carabinieri station, with a dome reflecting that of the church. In his urbanistic project, Valadier constructed the matching *palazzi* that provide a frame for the scenography of the twin churches and hold down two corners of his composition. He positioned a third palazzo to face these and matched a low structure screening the flank of Santa Maria del Popolo, with its fine Early Renaissance façade, together holding down the two northern corners. Valadier outlined this newly defined oval forecourt to the city of Rome with identical sweeps of wall, forming curving exedra-like spaces. Behind the western one, a screen of trees masks the unassorted fronts of buildings beyond.
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# Piazza del Popolo ## Valadier\'s design {#valadiers_design} ### Fountains The aqueduct carrying the Acqua Vergine Nuovo was completed in the 1820s, and its water provided the opportunity for fountains and their basins that offered the usual public water supply for the *rione* or urban district. Ever since the Renaissance such terminal fountains also provided an occasion for the grand terminal water show called in Rome a *mostra* or a show. \"What makes a fountain a *mostra* is not essentially its size or splendor, but its specific designation as the fountain that is a public memorial to the whole achievement of the aqueduct.\" Valadier had planned fountains in the upper tier of the Pincio slope, but these were not carried out, in part for lack of water. Fountains by Giovanni Ceccarini (1822--23), with matching compositions of a central figure flanked by two attendant figures, stand on each side of the piazza to the east and west, flanked by neoclassical statues of *The Seasons* (1828). The *Fontana del Nettuno* (Fountain of Neptune) stands on the west side, Neptune with his trident is accompanied by two tritons. *Rome between the Tiber and the Aniene* on the east side, against the steep slope of the Pincio, represents the terminal *mostra* of the aqueduct. Dea Roma armed with lance and helmet, and in front is the she-wolf feeding Romulus and Remus. At the center of the piazza is the *Fontana dell\' Obelisco*: a group of four mini fountains, each comprising a lion on a stepped plinth, surround the obelisk. ## Urbanisation in three dimensions {#urbanisation_in_three_dimensions} Valadier\'s masterstroke was in linking the piazza with the heights of the *Pincio*, the Pincian Hill of ancient Rome, which overlooked the space from the east. He swept away informally terraced gardens that belonged to the Augustinian monastery connected with Santa Maria del Popolo. In its place he created a carriage drive that doubled back upon itself and pedestrian steps leading up beside a waterfall to the *Pincio* park, where a balustraded lookout, supported by a triple-arched nymphaeum is backed by a wide gravelled opening set on axis with the piazza below; formally planted bosquets of trees flank the open space. The planted Pincio in turn provides a link to the Villa Borghese gardens. Before its restoration and conversion into a pedestrian zone in 1997--1998, the Piazza del Popolo was often choked with traffic and parked cars
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# National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film The **National** **Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film** is one of the National Film Awards presented annually by the National Film Development Corporation of India. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus). The National Film Awards, established in 1954, are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the Indian cinema. The ceremony also presents awards for films in various regional languages. Awards for films in seven regional language (Bengali, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil and Telugu) started from 2nd National Film Awards which were presented on 21 December 1955. Three awards of \"President\'s Silver Medal for Best Feature Film\", \"Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film\" and \"Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film\" were instituted. The later two certificate awards were discontinued from 15th National Film Awards (1967). Since the 70th National Film Awards, the name was changed to \"Best Tamil Feature Film\". The 1954 film, directed by S. M. Sriramulu Naidu, *Malaikkallan* was honoured with the first president\'s silver medal for Best Feature Film in Tamil. Certificate of Merit for Second and Third Best Feature Films in Tamil were received by *Andha Naal* and *Edhir Paradhathu* respectively. ## Winners Award includes \'Rajat Kamal\' (Silver Lotus Award) and cash prize
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# Bicester Town F.C. **Bicester Town Football Club** is a football club based in Bicester, Oxfordshire, England. ## History The club was established in 1873, a merger of Bicester Rovers and Bicester Harriers. They joined the Oxfordshire Senior League after winning the County Shield in 1903. They won the Oxfordshire Senior Cup in 1930 and again in 1939. In 1953 they were founder members of the Hellenic League, finishing as runners-up in its second season. They were placed in the Premier Division when the league gained a second division in 1956, and won the league title in 1960--61. The club were relegated to Division One after finishing bottom of the Premier Division in 1975--76, but returned to the Premier Division after winning Division One in 1977--78. They went on to win the Premier Division in 1979--80. The 2004--05 season saw the club relegated to Division One East. However, they finished as runners-up the following season, earning promotion back to the Premier Division. They were relegated again at the end of the 2009--10, and despite finishing second in Division One West the following season, folded after a dispute with their landlords. The club was reformed in 2015, and rejoined the Hellenic League Division One East for the 2015--16 season. They were Division One East runners-up in 2017--18, after which the club were transferred to Division One West. The club resigned from the league shortly after the start of the 2018--19 season.but reformed in 2020 when Bicester United changed their name to Bicester Town Colts and playing in the Oxfordshire Senior League. ## Ground Until World War I the club played at several different grounds; starting at the Cricket Field in 1896 before moving to Banbury Road, then Station Road and London Road. Following the war the club returned to the Cricket Field, before moving to a new ground on Oxford Road that had formerly been used as a golf course. A stand was built in the early 1930s and later extended, with a clubhouse and changing rooms built in 1960s. By 2004 the ground had a capacity of 2,000, with 250 seated; the record attendance was 955, set for a game against Portsmouth in 1994. A dispute with Bicester Sports Association, the ground\'s owners, forced the club to fold in 2011. When they reformed in 2015, the club started playing at Ardley United\'s Playing Fields ground
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# People's Alliance (Sri Lanka) The **People\'s Alliance** (**PA**; *පොදු ජන එක්සත් පෙරමුණ*; *பொது ஜன முன்னணி*) is a political alliance in Sri Lanka, founded by President Chandrika Kumaratunga in 1994. The alliance came to power following its victory in the general elections that year, ending 17 years of United National Party (UNP) rule. The alliance was dissolved in favor of a new SLFP-led alliance in 2004. In 2025, the alliance saw a revival and contested in the local government elections that year. ## History ### Chandrika Kumaratunga era {#chandrika_kumaratunga_era} The People\'s Alliance was founded in 1994 after Chandrika Kumaratunga succeeded her mother, former prime minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike, as the leader of the SLFP. The alliance was formed as a coalition consisting of the SLFP and other smaller leftist parties. The alliance won its first elections, the 1994 parliamentary elections, in a landslide victory, defeating their main opposition the United National Party. The PA won 105 seats out of 225 in the parliament and formed a government with the support of the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress which won seven seats and the up-country People\'s front. Chandrika Kumaratunga was sworn in as Prime Minister on August 17, 1994. In the Presidential Election held on 9th November 1994, the Prime Minister Chandrika won with 65.2% of the votes, the largest landslide victory in Sri Lankan history. The People\'s Alliance government, led by President Kumaratunga, which was elected on promises of peace, initiated talks with the LTTE, easing the Northern embargo as a goodwill gesture, to which the LTTE responded by releasing detained police officers. Four rounds of direct negotiations were held, focusing on humanitarian issues. The government aimed to pursue political dialogue in parallel with confidence-building measures, while the LTTE insisted on resolving humanitarian concerns first, postponing political discussions to a later stage. The talks ultimately collapsed after several months, following an LTTE attack on Sri Lankan naval vessels. The PA would remain the ruling party of Sri Lanka for the next few years, successfully winning the 1999 Sri Lankan presidential election as well as the 2000 parliamentary elections. However, the alliance was defeated by the UNP-led United National Front in the 2001 parliamentary elections. After the creation of a new SLFP-led alliance, the United People\'s Freedom Alliance, in 2004, most members of the People\'s Alliance merged into the new alliance. The CPSL and LSSP threatened to reform the PA as a separate front, however, such alliance was never formed. ### Revival In 2024, in light of the upcoming presidential elections, the SLFP proposed to form a new alliance, led by the SLFP, in opposition to the incumbent government led by president Ranil Wickremesinghe. The new alliance was revealed to be a revival of the People\'s Alliance, with the exact same name, which was originally founded in 1994. The SLFP announced that former president Chandrika Kumaratunga would once again be leading the alliance, and Kumaratunga\'s SLFP membership was restored, marking her return to politics. SLFP leader Maithripala Sirisena was appointed the chairman of the new PA. In 2025, the party contested the local government elections that year under the leadership of Anura Priyadharshana Yapa. ## Ideology The People\'s Alliance (PA) advocated a mixed economic approach, identifying its economic framework as a market economy complemented by targeted welfare measures. Central to its ideology was the belief in maintaining market mechanisms while simultaneously safeguarding vulnerable populations through state intervention. This was a radical departure from the dirigisme state-planned economics adovcated by the SLFP at the time. In addressing structural poverty, the PA outlined a National Programme for the Eradication of Poverty, aimed at long-term socioeconomic upliftment. Furthermore, the alliance emphasized the need for political restructuring through the vigorous implementation of a genuine and adequate devolution of power with a strong commitment to decentralization and regional autonomy within a unitary state framework. ## Member parties {#member_parties} At the time of its dissolution in 2004, the alliance consisted of the following parties: - Sri Lanka Freedom Party - Lanka Sama Samaja Party - Communist Party of Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka Mahajana Party - Bahujana Nidahas Peramuna - Desha Vimukthi Janatha Party - Democratic United National Front
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# People's Alliance (Sri Lanka) ## Electoral history {#electoral_history} ### Parliamentary Election year Votes Vote % Seats won +/-- Government --------------- ----------- -------- ----------- ------ ------------ 1994 3,887,823 48.94% 105 2000 3,900,901 45.11% 2 2001 3,330,815 37.19% 30 ### Presidential Election year Candidate Votes Vote % Result --------------- --------------------------- --------------- ------------ -------- 1994 **Chandrika Kumaratunga** **4,709,205** **62.28%** 1999 **Chandrika Kumaratunga** **4,312,157** **51.12%** ### Local Election year Votes Vote % Councillors Local Authorities +/-- Government --------------- --------- -------- ------------- ------------------- ------ ------------ 2025 387,098 3
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# Debbie Chazen **Deborah Chazen** (born 1 September 1971) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying Annie in the BBC comedy *The Smoking Room*, Big Claire in *Mine All Mine*, and various roles in the BBC sketch show *Tittybangbang*. Alongside these appearances, Chazen has had recurring roles on *Trollied* and *Holby City*. ## Early life {#early_life} Chazen was born in Hammersmith, London. After graduating from Manchester University in 1992 with a degree in Russian Studies, she trained at LAMDA. ## Career Chazen has appeared in the Mike Leigh film *Topsy Turvy*, and other films, such as *A Christmas Carol*, and the 2001 version of *The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby*. On television, she has acted in *Gimme Gimme Gimme*, *Mile High*, *EastEnders* and *Lucy Sullivan Is Getting Married*. Her theatre work includes *Mother Clap\'s Molly House* at the National Theatre, *Dick Whittington and His Cat* at the Barbican Theatre, and Anton Chekhov\'s *The Cherry Orchard* in Sheffield. In 2006, she played Maribel in a new play called *Crooked* at the Bush Theatre, for which she received acclaim. An article in the *International Herald Tribune* compared the quality of her performance to the likes of Judi Dench and Maggie Smith. Another role that she played to great acclaim was Tessa in *The Girlfriend Experience*, which she performed at the Royal Court Theatre and the Young Vic. Chazen appeared in two episodes of *Midsomer Murders*, one episode of *Doc Martin*, and in the 2007 *Doctor Who* episode \"Voyage of the Damned\". In November and December 2008, she played Milton\'s sister Susan in *Another Case of Milton Jones* on BBC Radio 4. Chazen starred as Ruth in the stage play *Calendar Girls* from November 2009 to January 2010 at the Noël Coward in Leicester Square, during which time she was diagnosed with breast cancer and had to withdraw halfway through the run in order to start treatment. She made a full recovery, and returned to *Calendar Girls* in the same role for a national tour at the end of 2010. Chazen had a running story line in *Doctors* in 2010 as Sissy Juggins, who, along with her brother Ivor Juggins, kidnapped Dr. Jimmi Clay, and was nominated for a British Soap Award. Chazen has also appeared in an episode of *EastEnders* as Minty\'s blind date, and two episodes of *Coronation Street* as Miriam. She toured *Calendar Girls* from August to December 2011. In 2013, she appeared in the Sky 1 comedy series *Trollied*. She played Ludmilla in the play *The Duck House*, The show transferred to London\'s Vaudeville Theatre after a five-week tour. Chazen appeared on television as Ludmilla in *Ambassadors*. In 2014, she appeared in the *Sherlock* episode \"The Sign of Three\", and on 19 June 2014, it was announced that she would be joining the cast of *Holby City*. She subsequently appeared as Jessica in *Agatha Raisin and the Walkers of Dembley*. In 2017, Chazen played Ruth in *The Girls* at the Phoenix Theatre in the West End.
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# Debbie Chazen ## Filmography ### Film Year Title Role Notes ------ ------------------------------------------------ ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ 1998 *Tess of the D\'Urbervilles* Marian TV film 1999 *Topsy-Turvy* Miss Kingsley *A Christmas Carol* Fred\'s Maid TV film 2001 *Barnie\'s Minor Annoyances* Jenny Original title: *Barnie et ses petites contrariétés* *The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby* Fanny Squeers TV film *Beginner\'s Luck* Charlotte 2004 *Tooth* Fat Fairy *Suzie Gold* Miriam Jacobs 2005 *Feeder* Pam Short film 2009 *I Am Ruthie Segal, Hear Me Roar* Short film 2010 *Anton Chekhov\'s the Duel* Olga 2013 *Gnomeland* Suzanne Short film 2018 *Ploey: You Never Fly Alone* Cormorant/Swan Voice role, English version *Red Joan* Karen 2021 *Pops* Suzie Jacobs Short film ### Television Year Title Role Notes ------------ ---------------------------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------------------------------- 1997 *The Lakes* Delilah Recurring role, 3 episodes 1998 *An Unsuitable Job for a Woman* Joanna Episode: *\"A Last Embrace\"* *Killer Net* Sandra TV Mini-series *The Ruth Rendell Mysteries* Jackie Episode: *\"You Can\'t Be Too Careful\"* *The Bill* Nuala Hill Episode: *\"Team Play\"* 1999 *Midsomer Murders* Anna Santarosa Episode: *\"Strangler\'s Wood\"* 1999--2000 *Lucy Sullivan Is Getting Married* Meredia Series regular, 16 episodes 2000 *Casualty* Danielle Adams Episode: *\"Blood Brothers\"* 2001 *Gimme Gimme Gimme* Art Teacher Episode: *\"Decoy\"* 2002 *The Estate Agents* Angie Episode: *\"Night Out\"* *Holby City* Bernice Webster Episode: *\"Facing Facts\"* 2003 *Grass* Jenny Episode: *\"Series 1, Episode 7\"* 2004 *Mine All Mine* Big Claire Series regular, 6 episodes 2004--2005 *The Smoking Room* Annie Series regular, 17 episodes 2005 *EastEnders* Shivorne Episode: *\"5 May 2005\"* *The Bill* Kathy Jones Episode: *\"Use of Protocol\"* *Murder in Suburbia* Estelle Harcourt Episode: *\"Dogs\"* *Mile High* Terri Episode: *\"Series 2, Episode 26\"* *Doctors* Meriel Croston Episode: *\"Something to Hold Onto\"* 2005--2007 *Tittybangbang* Various roles Series regular, 8 episodes 2007 *Doc Martin* Alison Lane Episode: *\"The Apple Doesn\'t Fall\"* *Doctor Who* Foon Van Hoff Episode: *\"Voyage of the Damned\"* *Comedy Showcase* Garvey Episode: *\"The Eejits\"* 2008 *Midsomer Murders* Gemma Platt Episode: *\"Midsomer Life\"* *Uncle Max* Bride Episode: *\"Uncle Max Goes to a Wedding\"* 2009 *Psychoville* Kelly Su Crabtree Recurring role, 4 episodes *We Are Klang* Mayor Recurring role, 4 episodes *The Impressions Show with Culshaw and Stephenson* Daggy Episode: *\"Series 1, Episode 6\"* 2010 *Doctors* Sissy Juggins Recurring role, 12 episodes 2010--2011 *Coronation Street* Miriam Recurring role, 5 episodes 2011 *White Van Man* Pauline Episode: *\"The Morning After\"* 2013 *Holby City* Colette Barnes Episode: *\"Only Human\"* *Great Night Out* Shop Assistant Episode: *\"Series 1, Episode 6\"* *Trollied* Sarah Recurring role, 3 episodes *Ambassadors* Ludmilla TV Mini-series *The Spa* Davina Series regular, 8 episodes 2014 *Sherlock* Vicky Episode: *\"The Sign of Three\"* *The Job Lot* Joy Coleman Episode: *\"Series 2, Episode 4\"* 2014--2019 *Holby City* Fleur Fanshawe Recurring role, 13 episodes 2015 *Asylum* Mercedes Episode: *\"Public Relations\"* *You, Me and the Apocalypse* Myrta Episode: *\"T Minus\..
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# Pat Thomas (defensive back) **Patrick Shane Thomas** (born September 1, 1954) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL). He also played at running back and placekicker. ## Early life {#early_life} Thomas was born in Plano, Texas. He attended Plano High School where he played on the 1971 state championship team. ## College career {#college_career} Thomas attended Texas A&M University. He was an All-American player at Texas A&M University. ## Professional career {#professional_career} Thomas was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams in the 2nd round (39th overall) of the 1976 NFL Draft. He played in the NFL for the Los Angeles Rams from 1976 to 1982. He was twice named an All-Pro selection, in 1978 and 1980. Thomas began his coaching career with the Houston Gamblers of the United States Football League in 1983. In 1985, Thomas became a coach for the University of Houston. He served in this position until 1989. He then moved to the National Football League to be a coach of the Houston Oilers until 1992. From 1993 to 2000, Thomas was the defensive backs coach of the Indianapolis Colts. In 2001, Thomas was named as the defensive backs/conerbacks coach for the Buffalo Bills. As of 2006, he was no longer in that position. ## Life after the NFL {#life_after_the_nfl} Thomas started coaching at St. Joseph\'s Collegiate Institute in Buffalo New York in 2006. One student of specific note to Thomas was Naaman Roosevelt, who went on to break the record for most touchdown passes in a single season in western New York, and to play receiver at the University of Buffalo. He is the Father of Heather McCarthy, Patrick Thomas Jr., Tamara Thomas and Joshua Thomas
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# Excursion An **excursion** is a trip, usually made for leisure, education, or physical purposes. It is often an adjunct to a longer journey or visit to a place, sometimes for other (typically work-related) purposes. Public transportation companies issue reduced price **excursion tickets** to attract business of this type. Often these tickets are restricted to off-peak days or times for the destination concerned. Short excursions for education or for observations of natural phenomena are called field trips. One-day educational field studies are often made by classes as extracurricular exercises, e.g. to visit a natural or geographical feature. The term is also used for short military movements into foreign territory, without a formal announcement of war
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# Rob Hulls **Rob Justin Hulls** `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|AM}}`{=mediawiki} (born 23 January 1957) is a former Australian politician who was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1996 to 2012, representing the electorate of Niddrie. As well as serving as the Deputy Premier of Victoria, he held the posts of state attorney-general and Minister for Racing. During his tenure as Attorney-General of Victoria, Hulls was credited for revolutionising Victoria\'s justice system, with his reform agenda reshaping the state\'s criminal justice system into one widely recognised as the nation\'s most progressive. ## Biography Rob Hulls was born in Melbourne as one of seven children. He was privately educated at Xavier College from 1969 to 1972 and then moved to the private Peninsula School from 1973 to 1975. Upon leaving school Hulls worked as a law clerk for his father, Francis Charles Hulls, who owned the firm Frank C. Hulls & Co, in La Trobe Street, Melbourne. He completed the Articled Clerk\'s Course at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in 1982, was Admitted as Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Victoria on 1 March 1983 and was admitted as Solicitor at the Supreme Court of Queensland in 1986. Hulls served as a Solicitor for the Legal Aid Commission of Victoria from 1984 to 1986, and then worked for the West Queensland Aboriginal Legal Service for 5 years, and served as the Principal of Rob Hulls & Associates in Mt Isa from 1986 to 1990. In addition to his legal career, prior to entering the Australian federal parliament, Hulls had served as an alderman at the Mt Isa City Council from 1988 to 1990, and had also served as a bar attendant, a grapepicker and as a labourer. Hulls was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for \"significant service to the people and Parliament of Victoria, and to the law\" in the 2021 Queen\'s Birthday Honours.
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# Rob Hulls ## Political career {#political_career} ### Federal Parliament {#federal_parliament} Rob Hulls served one term in Federal Parliament from 1990 to 1993 as the member for Kennedy, Queensland. He succeeded the long-standing National Party member Bob Katter Sr., who had retired from politics (he died just prior to the election). In 1993, he was defeated by Bob Katter, the former member\'s son, who had been a minister in the Bjelke-Petersen, Ahern and Cooper ministries at state level in Queensland. The race was very close throughout, and was only decided on the eighth count when Liberal candidate Dave Cashmore\'s preferences flowed overwhelmingly to Katter. ### Parliament of Victoria {#parliament_of_victoria} Rob Hulls left Queensland soon after the losing his Federal Parliament seat, and in 1994 on returning to Melbourne was appointed Chief of Staff to the Victorian Opposition Leader, Jim Kennan, former attorney-general, who resigned from State Parliament shortly afterwards. Rob Hulls stayed on as Chief of Staff under Kennan\'s replacement John Brumby, who was Premier from 2007 to 2010. Following his election to the State Parliament, in the lower-house seat of Niddrie, Rob Hulls\' replacement as Brumby\'s Chief of Staff was Julia Gillard, who later in her own career became Australia\'s first female prime minister (2010--13). During his time in opposition, Hulls served as Shadow Minister Assisting the Leader on Scrutiny of Government (4 April 1996 -- 13 January 1997), Shadow Attorney-General (4 April 1996 -- 20 October 1999), Shadow Minister for Gaming (4 April 1996 -- 1 October 1999), Shadow Minister for Tourism (13 January 1997 -- 24 February 1999), Shadow Minister for WorkCover (24 February 1999 -- 1 October 1999), Shadow Minister for Manufacturing Industry (1 October 1999 -- 20 October 1999) and Shadow Minister for Racing (1 October 1999 -- 20 October 1999). Throughout his state political career, Hulls held the offices of Attorney-General of Victoria; Minister for Manufacturing Industry and Minister for Racing from 1999 to 2002; Minister for WorkCover from 2002 to 2005; Minister for Planning from January 2005 to December 2006; Minister for Racing from December 2006 to November 2010 and Minister for Industrial Relations from December 2002 to November 2010. As attorney-general, Rob Hulls instigated significant and lasting changes to Victoria\'s legal system which saw Victoria become a national leader in progressive social justice reform, such as removing barriers to accessing assisted reproductive technology and abolishing laws that discriminated against people in same-sex relationships; many of Hulls\' reforms have become an accepted and valued part of the state\'s mainstream justice and social welfare systems and have influenced other jurisdictions to follow suit. Hulls oversaw the establishment of the state\'s first Charter of Human Rights and reform to Victoria\'s Upper House. He established special courts for Victoria\'s indigenous community, for people with mental health issues (Assessment and Referral Court), for people with drug addiction (Drug Court) and for victims of family violence (Family Violence specialist list), as well as creating Australia\'s first and only Neighbourhood Justice Centre. Additionally, he introduced an open tender process for applicants to Victoria\'s judiciary to ensure that more women and people from diverse backgrounds were appointed. He appointed Australia\'s first female chief justice of any superior court by appointing Marilyn Warren as Chief Justice of Victoria in 2003, as well as appointing a significant number of women to both the Magistrates Court and the County Court. In May 2008, Hulls sought and obtained the first posthumous pardon in Victoria\'s legal history and the only instance of a pardon for a judicially executed person in Australia to date, when he sought and obtained a pardon for Colin Campbell Ross, who was found to have been wrongfully executed for the murder of a young girl in 1922. He was unsuccessful in a campaign to defrock the legal profession and ban the wearing of wigs in courts, a move that was actively opposed by the Victorian Bar Association. Rob Hulls was quoted as saying that \"members of the legal profession could continue to wear wigs in the privacy of their homes if they so wished but the wearing of wigs by the legal profession in the 21st century was outdated and elitist\". He was appointed as deputy premier to John Brumby on 30 July 2007 after the retirement of John Thwaites, and retained the position as attorney-general until his party\'s defeat at the election on 27 November 2010. He subsequently served as Deputy Opposition Leader and as Labor\'s education spokesman. In 2011, Hulls suffered from the life-threatening condition epiglottitis which caused his airway to block; this led to him being placed in an induced coma for five days. On 27 January 2012, Hulls announced he was resigning from parliament. This triggered a by-election in the seat of Niddrie. ## Personal life {#personal_life} A very keen supporter of the Geelong Football Club, Hulls married twice and has four children. In October 2012, Hulls was appointed adjunct professor at RMIT and was invited to establish the new Centre for Innovative Justice as its inaugural director. The centre\'s objective is to develop, drive, and expand the capacity of the justice system
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# Kim Hartman **Kim Lesley Hartman**(born 11 January 1952) is an English actress, best known for her role as Private Helga Geerhart in the BBC television sitcom *\'Allo \'Allo!* (1982--1992). She was educated at The King\'s High School for Girls, Warwick. and the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art, London. In addition to *\'Allo \'Allo!*, Hartman\'s television credits also include *Casualty* and *The Brittas Empire*, *The Kelly Monteith Show*, *Fifteen Storeys High*, *Miss Jones and Son* and *Grange Hill* (3 series). Her stage work includes the West End stage production of *\'Allo \'Allo!*, Margaret in *My Mother Said I Never Should*, Vera in *Stepping Out*, Josie in *Steaming* (New Zealand), Philippa James in *Double Double*, Sheila in *Relatively Speaking*, Jacqueline in *Don\'t Dress for Dinner* (West End 1991 and New Zealand tour 1993), Alison in *Mum\'s the Word*, Doris Wagstaff in the farce *Dry Rot*, Brigit in *Sitting Pretty*, Judith Bliss in *Hay Fever* and Vicky in *My Fat Friend*. Radio plays include *Lord Sky*, Mary Yellan in *Jamaica Inn*, *Daisy Chain*, a *Sapphire and Steel* audio drama and an audio book entitled *The Worst Street in London*. Hartman presented a travel programme shown on Travel Channel (UK), *Cruising to the Northern Lights*. In June 2023, Hartman appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera *Doctors* as Bernadette Hilsum
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# Victoria Wicks **Victoria Wicks** (born **Beverly Victoria Anne Wicks**; 18 April 1959) is a British actress. She is known for her role as Sally Smedley in Channel 4\'s comedy series *Drop the Dead Donkey* (1990--1998), Mrs. Gideon in *The Mighty Boosh* (2004), and the College Director in *Skins* (2007--08). Her film appearances include *The Imitation Game* (2014) and *High-Rise* (2015). She is an associate of Howard Barker\'s theatre company, The Wrestling School. ## Biography ### Early life and education {#early_life_and_education} Wicks was born **Beverley Victoria Anne Wicks** in Chippenham, Wiltshire, England, to Brian and Judith Wicks. Wicks\'s mother, Judith Bates, born 1933, was the second child of the writer H. E. Bates. Wicks is the niece of Jonathan Bates, a sound editor who died in 2008, and the television producer Richard Bates, who produced the television adaptation of *The Darling Buds of May*. Wicks is a director of Evensford Productions Ltd, the company set up in 1955 to protect and promote H. E. Bates\'s work. Wicks trained at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama where she was awarded the Pernod and Bisquit Award for the most promising graduate. ### Career Her first job was as acting assistant stage manager at Northampton Rep for a year, before going to Bristol Old Vic, Regent\'s Park and then the RSC. In 1988 Wicks was in Andy Hamilton\'s black comedy *Tickets for the Titanic*, and then went on to play Sally Smedley in all six series of *Drop the Dead Donkey*. *The Mighty Boosh* (a radio, television and stage show created by Noel Fielding and Julian Barratt) featured her in Series 1 as Mrs Gideon, the Head of Reptiles at the Zooniverse. Wicks also played Harriet Lawes, the Head of College in the first three series of *Skins*. Wicks joined \'The Wrestling School\' in 1996. The company was formed in 1988 for the sole purpose of performing the work of the dramatist Howard Barker. Since joining the company Wicks has appeared in nine plays by Barker, performing in London, Berlin, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Adelaide and also in Rouen, Grenoble, Le Mans and Paris for the co-production of *Les Animaux en Paradis*, which was performed in French by four British and five French actors. Wicks is an associate of The Wrestling School. In 2010 Wicks was invited to the Segal Theatre Center in New York as guest of Theatre Minima to celebrate a day-long event on the work of Howard Barker. Wicks played the high priestess of the Sybillines in *The Fires of Pompeii*, a 2008 episode of *Doctor Who*. In 2014, she played Dorothy Clarke in *The Imitation Game* and Susannah Marshall in the E4 drama *Glue* (2014). ### Personal life {#personal_life} In 1984 Wicks married Peter Williams (divorced 2004); they have one daughter.
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# Victoria Wicks ## Credits ### Work for Howard Barker {#work_for_howard_barker} Year Title Role Notes --------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1996 *Uncle Vanya* Helena London, Berlin, Stockholm 1998 *Ursula; Fear of the Estuary* Mother Placida London, Birmingham, Copenhagen 1999 *Scenes From an Execution* Rivera BITE Festival, Barbican Theatre (London) 2000 *The Ecstatic Bible* Mrs Golllancz Adelaide Theatre Festival (Australia) 2000 *He Stumbled* Turner, The Queen Riverside Studios (London) and Samuel Beckett Theatre (Dublin) 2001 *The Swing at Night* Klatura Marionette Theatre for Puppet Theatre Barge 2002 *Gertrude -- The Cry* Gertrude Elsinore Castle (Denmark), Birmingham Rep and Riverside Studios (London) 2003 *13 Objects* Cruel Cup, Kind Saucer, The Ring, Blue Shoe, The Drum Birmingham Rep, Everyman Theatre (Liverpool) and Riverside Studios (London) 2005 *The Fence in Its Thousandth Year* Algeria Birmingham Rep, Oxford Playhouse, York Theatre Royal 2005 *Les Animaux en Paradis* Tenna Théâtre des Deux Rives (Rouen), Paris, Grenoble and Le Mans 2008 *I Saw Myself* Premiere reading New End Theatre, Hampstead Unknown *Actress With an Unloved Child* Premiere reading at Lewis Festival Unknown *Screaming in Advance* Premiere readings of *Concentration* and *Dying in the Street* at The Print Room (London) 2010 *Smack Me* Thing, A Searcher Premiere reading at the Purcell Room, Southbank Centre (London) 1997 *The Love of a Good Man* Mrs Sylvia Toynbee BBC R3 Drama 1999 *A House of Correction* Lyndsay BBC R3 Drama 2001 *Knowledge and a Girl* The Queen BBC R4 Drama ### Television +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Year | Title | Role | Notes | +==========================================+====================================================+==================================+===================================================+ | 1984 | *Prisoner of Zenda* | Princess Flavia | episodes: 1-6 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1985 | *Adultery: My Little Grey Home in the West* | Janet | Ch4 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1986 | *Two of Us* | Jackie | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1987 | *Rumpole of the Bailey* | Amanda Gleason | episode: \"Rumpole and the Old, Old, Story\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1987 | *The Houseman\'s Tale* | Allison Quothquan | episodes: 1-2 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1987 | *Hold the Dream* | Sarah Lowther | episode: 1 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1988 | *Tickets for the Titanic* | Arbuthnot | episode: \"Pastoral Care\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1988 | *Gems* | Elinor Whiteside | episodes: 3.25, 3.26, 3.27 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1989 | *Storyboard* | Virginia | episode: \"Snakes & Ladders\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1989 | *Snakes & Ladders* | Hotel receptionist | episodes: 2 & 4 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1990 | *Grange Hill* | Doctor Burton | episode: 13.17 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1990 | *Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less* | Georgina Oakley | TV movie | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1990 | *Drop the Dead Donkey* | Sally Smedley | Ch4 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1991 | *Amnesty International\'s Big 30* | As Sally Smedley | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1993 | *Paul Merton: The Series* | Emily | episode: 2.3 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1993 | *Blossom* | Jacqueline Renaud | episode: 4.2 & 4.4 (Blossom in Paris) | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1993 | *Comic Timing* | Sarah St. John Walderbury | episode: \"No Worries\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1993 | *Prince Cinders* | Princess Lovelypenny (voice) | Animation | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1993 | *The Main Event* | *As herself* | BBC game show | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1994 | *Children in Need* | *As herself* | BBC | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1994 | *You Bet* | *As herself* | ITV game show ep: 7.13 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1994 | *Murder Most Horrid* | Jocasta | episode: \"We all hate Granny\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1994 | *Mud* | Miss Palmer | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1995 | *Smith and Jones* | | episode: 8.3 & 8.6 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1995 | *The Imaginatively Titled Punt & Dennis Show* | | episode: 2.2 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1995 | *Stick with Me Kid* | Christina Samone | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1996 | *Delta Wave* | Olga Crick | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1996 | *Testament: The Bible in Animation* | Jezebel (voice) | episode: Elijah | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1997 | *Bright Hair (About the Bone)* | Miss Montrose | TV movie | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1997 | *Snap* | Jane Taylor | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 1998 | *Late Lunch with Mel and Sue* | *As herself* | Ch4 ep: 2.3 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2001 | *Peak Practice* | Judy | episode: 12.3 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2001 | *Bernard\'s Watch* | Aunt Rowena | CITV | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2002 | *Casualty* | Connolly QC | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2002, 2007, 2009, 2011--2012, 2015, 2022 | *Doctors* | Alison Matthews,\ | 7 episodes | | | | Marjorie Middleton,\ | | | | | Yvonne Diamond,\ | | | | | Jenny Rockman,\ | | | | | Jocasta Rathbone,\ | | | | | Elspeth Manners,\ | | | | | Jenny Nicholson | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2002 | *My Family* | Bex\'s Mother | Also in 2003, 2005 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2004 | *The Brief* | Magistrate | episode: \"So Long, Samanatha\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2004 | *The Mighty Boosh* | Mrs. Gideon | BBC 3 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2004 | *Midsomer murders* | Helen Callaghan | episode: \"Sins of Commission\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2006 | *Comedy Connections* | *As herself* | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2007 | *M.I. High* | Head of MI8/MI9 | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2007 | *My Family* | Dinner Guest | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2007 | *Skins* | Head of College (Harriet) | E4 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2008 | *Midsomer murders* | Sarah Stone | episode: 18.6 \"Talking to the Dead\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2008 | *The Object* | Burlap Mum | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2008 | *Mistresses* | Gemma Grey | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2008 | *Doctor Who* | High Priestess of The Sybillines | episode: \"The Fires of Pompeii\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2009 | *No Signal* | | episode: 1.8 & 1.9 (You Me \'n\' Him) | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2009 | *Roar* | Mother | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2009 | *Emmerdale* | Mrs. Conway | episode: 1.5420 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2009 | *Collision* | Angela Reeves | episode: 1, 2 & 5 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2009 | *Poirot* | Mrs Swinburne | episode: \"The Clocks\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2010 | *Sherlock* | Margaret Patterson | episode: \"A study in Pink\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2010 | *At Home with the Georgians / Behind Closed Doors* | Lady Stanley | episode: \"A Woman\'s Touch\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2011 | *EastEnders* | Sandra Halliday | episode: 15 & 16 September | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2012 | *Silent Witness* | Lizzie Fraser | episode: \"Death has no Dominion\" parts I & II | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2013 | *Wizards v Aliens* | Chancellor Kooth | CBBC | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2014 | *Glue* | Susannah Marshall | E4 | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2014 | *Crackanory* | Mrs. Murray, Head teacher | episode: 2.4 (Self Storage & the Obituary Writer) | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2016 | *Sliding* | Bronwen | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2017 | *Finding your Feet* | Pru - Swimmer | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2018 | *The Royals* | Ingrid | episode: \"Confess Yourself to Heaven\" | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2019 | *Welcome to the Powder Keg* | Lois | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2019 | *Mary in the Mirror* | Therapist | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | 2021 | *The Larkins (2021 TV series)* | Mrs Fothergill | Also credited as SCRIPT EDITOR | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Unknown | *The Ward* | Barbara | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Unknown | *No Worries* | Sarah | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ | Unknown | *Streetwise* | Mrs Daniels | | +------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------+ ### Film Year Title Role Notes ------ ---------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------- 1986 *Ping Pong* Maggie Wong Alan\'s wife 1990 *Strike It Rich* Jane Truefit 2003 *What A Girl Wants* Henry\'s Secretary (Caroline) 2014 *The Imitation Game* Dorothy Clarke Joan\'s mother 2015 *High Rise* Miriam 2015 *Notes on Blindness* Sally (Librarian) 2016 *The Brother* Vendor
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# Victoria Wicks ## Credits ### Theatre Year Title Role Notes --------- ------------------------------------ -------------------- --------------------------------- 1980 *Quartet to Murder* Theatre Royal, Northampton 1980 *Mother Goose* Theatre Royal, Northampton 1981 *Whose Life is it Anyway?* Theatre Royal, Northampton 1981 *Cinderella* Bristol Old Vic 1981 *The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui* Bristol Old Vic 1981 *The Country Wife* Mistress Squeamish Bristol Old Vic 1982 *Taming of the Shrew* A Haberdasher Regents Park Open Air Theatre 1982 *A Midsummer Night\'s Dream* Helena Regents Park Open Air Theatre 1983 *From War to War with Love* New End Theatre, Hampstead 1983 *Twelfth Night* Olivia Royal Shakespeare Company 1983 *Julius Caesar* Portia Royal Shakespeare Company 1983 *Measure for Measure* Royal Shakespeare Company 1983 *A New Way to Pay Old Debts* Waiting Woman Royal Shakespeare Company 1984 *Space Invaders* Shar Royal Shakespeare Company 1985 *Chinamen* Jo, Bee, and Alex Latchmere, Battersea 1986 *Charley\'s Aunt* Amy Spettigue Theatre Royal, Plymouth 1992 *As You Like It* Rosalind Ludlow Festival 1993 *Blithe Spirit* Elvira Cheltenham Everyman Theatre 1994 *Dilemma for Murder* Watermill Theatre, Bagnor 1995 *Mind the Gap by Meredith Oakes* Ginny Hampstead Theatre 2006 *A Woman of No Importance* Rachel Arbuthnot Salisbury Playhouse 2008 *Quartermaine\'s Terms* Melanie Garth Touring production. Kenwright 2015 *The One that Got Away* Madame Latour Theatre Royal, Bath Unknown *As You Like It* Hymen 2024 Drop the Dead Donkey - Revisited Sally Smedley National tour - multiple venues ### Radio Year Title Role Notes --------- -------------------------------------------- ------------------ --------------------------------- Unknown *Anything Legal* Doreen By Wally K
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# Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams The **Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams** (**CBAT**) is an official international clearing house for information relating to transient astronomical events. The CBAT collects and distributes information on comets, natural satellites, novae, meteors, and other transient astronomical events. The CBAT has historically established priority of discovery (who gets credit for it) and announced initial designations and names of new objects. On behalf of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) from 1920 to 2015, the CBAT distributed *IAU Circulars*. From the 1920s to 1992, CBAT sent telegrams in urgent cases, although most circulars were sent via regular mail; when telegrams were dropped, the name \"telegram\" was kept for historical reasons, and the *Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams* (CBETs) were begun a decade later as a digital-only expanded version of the IAUCs, still issued by e-mail to subscribers and posted at the CBAT website. Since the mid-1980s the *IAU Circulars* and the related *Minor Planet Circulars* have been available electronically. The CBAT is a non-profit organization, but charges for its *IAU Circulars* and electronic telegrams to finance its continued operation. ## History The Central Bureau was founded by Astronomische Gesellschaft in 1882 at Kiel, Germany. During World War I it was moved to the Østervold Observatory at Copenhagen, Denmark, to be operated there by the Copenhagen University Observatory. In 1922, the IAU made the Central Bureau its official *Bureau Central des Télégrammes Astronomiques* (French for Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams), and it remained in Copenhagen until 1965, when it moved to the Harvard College Observatory, to be operated there by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory on the Harvard University campus. In 2010, the CBAT moved from SAO to the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard University. It has remained in Cambridge, Massachusetts to this day. The HCO had maintained a western-hemisphere Central Bureau from 1883 until the IAU\'s CBAT moved there at the end of 1964, so logically the HCO staff took over the IAU\'s Bureau
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# Man Sized Action **Man Sized Action** was a post-punk group from Minneapolis. John Leland of *Trouser Press* described the band as an \"unpretentious lot\" in the vein of Hüsker Dü who \"opened up punk structures with distorted, ringing guitar, some off-kilter rhythms and \... a neanderthal, propulsive attack to fundamentally poppy songs.\" Influential musician and producer Steve Albini of Big Black called them \"one of the finest bands in Minneapolis or anywhere.\" ## Career Man Sized Action was formed by vocalist Patrick Woods, guitarist Tom \"Tippy\" Roth, bassist Kelly Linehan, and drummer Tony Pucci, all part of the same punk-rock scene that spawned Hüsker Dü. Their sound was influenced by Wire and Mission of Burma, setting them apart from other Minnesota hardcore bands by adding stronger melody and pop structures. The band\'s first gig was in 1981, a seven-song set put together only a few weeks after all four musicians had first learned to play their instruments. Nevertheless, they developed a following which included Albini, who praised their music as \"the sort of sound that comes about spontaneously, devoid of mimicry.\" The band released two records in 1983 and 1984. The band drew on its Hüsker Dü connections for debut record *Claustrophobia*, which was produced by Bob Mould and featured an album cover designed by Grant Hart. Second guitarist Brian Paulson joined for 1984\'s *Five Story Garage*. *Five Story Garage*\'s distinctive cover art was the result of an unintentional error in preparation for the four-color printing process. Both albums, as well as two compilations on which the band appeared, were released by Reflex Records. The band broke up amicably in 1984 when Pucci left Minneapolis for college, but reunited several times for reunion shows in subsequent years, including an annual Christmas show that gathers many 1980s-era Minneapolis punk bands. Kelly Linehan later played bass with Dragnet. Paulson became a record producer best known for albums by Slint, Uncle Tupelo, Son Volt and Wilco. ## Critical reception {#critical_reception} *Trouser Press*\' Leland wrote that *Claustrophobia* \"sets up powerful grooves, but never escapes its murky dynamic.\" He called *Five Story Garage* an improvement, saying that it \"generates a surge of momentum that threatens to explode its punky pop hooks, making the album fast, powerful and surprisingly accessible.\" Writing in the zine *Matter*, Albini criticized *Claustrophobia* as \"raw and thin\", lacking depth, but praised the record\'s \"huge killer songs with balls as big as houses treading the water between Mekons/Fall-styled practiced amateurishness and Joy Division/Wire-styled controlled creepiness.\" Jim Fitzsimons of the *Tampa Bay Times* praised the band\'s \"swirling guitars and driving beat\", calling the two albums \"good ol\' Minneapolis do-it-yourself punk rock
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# Steven Stanley **Steven J. C. Stanley** (born July 11, 1958), is a Jamaican audio engineer, record producer and keyboardist who has worked in the reggae, dub and rock music genres since 1975, most notably with Talking Heads, Tom Tom Club and Black Uhuru. Stanley began as an in-house apprentice sound engineer at Aquarius Recording Studio in Halfway Tree, Kingston, Jamaica, September 1975. An integral part of the Compass Point All Stars, he was considered a member of the 1980s new wave group Tom Tom Club, co-producing their debut studio album *Tom Tom Club* (1981). He is credited as co-writer of \"Genius of Love\", one of the most sampled songs in hip hop music, having been re-interpreted by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five in the 1982 song \"It\'s Nasty (Genius of Love)\", and sampled by Dr. Jeckyll & Mr. Hyde, the X-Ecutioners, and on Mariah Carey\'s No. 1 hit \"Fantasy\" (1995) which earned Stanley a 1997 ASCAP Pop Award as a songwriter. Stanley worked on the Grammy Award-winning studio albums, *Anthem* (1984) by Black Uhuru that he co-produced with Sly and Robbie, and *Dutty Rock* (2002) by Sean Paul, mixing the song \"I'm Still in Love with You\". Outside the reggae genre, Stanley has also worked with Grace Jones, the Blockheads\'s Chaz Jankel, Lizzy Mercier Descloux and the B-52\'s, receiving a Gold Album for *Wild Planet* (1981). He lives in Kingston, Jamaica and works at his studio there, Steven Stanley Recording Studio
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# Boro language (India) **Boro** (बर`{{hamza}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPA|bo|bɔro|ipa}}`{=mediawiki}), also rendered **Bodo**, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken primarily by the Boros of Northeast India and the neighboring nations of Nepal and Bangladesh. It is an official language of the Indian state of Assam, predominantly spoken in the Bodoland Territorial Region. It is also one of the twenty-two languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India. Since 1975 the language has been written using the Devanagari script. It was formerly written using Latin and Eastern-Nagari scripts. Some scholars have suggested that the language used to have its own now lost script known as Deodhai. ## Geographic distribution {#geographic_distribution} In India, Bodo is spoken in the following places: - Assam: mostly in Bodoland Territorial Region, also in Goalpara District, Bongaigaon District and other districts. - Meghalaya: West Garo Hills district, East Khasi Hills District - Manipur: Chandel District, Tengnoupal District. - West Bengal: Cooch Behar District, Jalpaiguri District, Alipurduar District, Kolkata. - Arunachal Pradesh There are also Bodo speakers in the Jhapa District of Nepal and also in Bangladesh. There are also 6,700 Bodo in Bhutan, mostly in southern Bhutan which borders India. ## History As result of socio-political awakenings and movements launched by different Boro organisations since 1913, the language was introduced in 1963 as a medium of instruction in the primary schools in Boro dominated areas. Today, the Boro language serves as a medium of instruction up to the secondary level and it is an associated official language in the state of Assam. Boro language and literature have been offered as a post-graduate course at the University of Guwahati since 1996. There are a large number of Boro books on poetry, drama, short stories, novels, biography, travelogues, children\'s literature, and literary criticism. Though there exists different dialects, the Western Boro dialect *Swnabari* form used around Kokrajhar district has emerged as the standard.
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# Boro language (India) ## Writing system and script movement {#writing_system_and_script_movement} It is reported that the Boro and the Dimasa languages used a script called *Deodhai* that is no longer attested. The Latin script was used first to write down the language, when a prayer book was published in 1843, and then extensively used by the missionary Sidney Endle beginning 1884 and in 1904, when the script was used to teach children. The first use of the Assamese/Bengali script occurred in 1915 (*Boroni Fisa o Ayen*) and the first magazine, *Bibar* (1924--1940) was tri-lingual in Boro, Assamese and Bengali, with Boro written in Assamese/Bengali script. In 1952, the Bodo Sahitya Sabha decided to use the Assamese script exclusively for the language. In 1963 Boro was introduced in schools as a medium of instruction, in which Assamese script was used. Into the 1960s the Boro language was predominantly written in Assamese/Bengali script, though the Christian community continued to use Latin for Boro. ### Boro Script Movement {#boro_script_movement} With the Assamese Language Movement in Assam peaking in the 1960s the Boro community felt threatened and decided to not use the Assamese script. After a series of proposals and expert committees the Bodo Sahitya Sabha reversed itself in 1970 and unanimously decided to adopt the Latin script for the language in its 11th annual conference. The BSS submitted this demand to the Assam Government in 1971, which was rejected on the grounds that the Latin script was of foreign origin. This instigated a movement for the Latin script which became a part of the movement for a separate state, *Udayachal*, then led by the Plains Tribe Council of Assam (PTCA). In this context, the Boro leaders were advised by the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to choose any Indic script other than Latin or Tibetan. In defiance of the Assam Government the BSS, in April 1974, went ahead and published *Bithorai*, a Boro textbook, in Latin script and asked school teachers to follow it. Retaliating against the unilateral decision, the Assam Government withheld grants to schools using the Latin script. This triggered a phase of active movement that was joined by the All Bodo Students\' Union (ABSU) and the PTCA. This led to a critical situation in November 1974 when fifteen volunteers of the movement died in a police firing, and many others were injured. Unable to resolve the issue, the Assam Government referred the matter to the Union Government. In the discussion, the Union Government suggested Devanagari script as the solution to the problem, which the BSS accepted in the Memorandum of Understanding in April 1975, and adopted later year in the Annual Conference. This ended the Boro Script Movement. ### Final Acceptance of Devanagari script {#final_acceptance_of_devanagari_script} The Devanagari script for Boro was an unexpected development and it was not immediately accepted by the wider Boro community. The BSS failed to implement the use of the Devanagari script, and writers continued to use the Assamese/Bengali and Latin scripts. In 1982, ABSU included the demand of the Latin script in Boro schools in its charter of Demands. Following an expert committee report, constituted by BSS, the Bodoland Autonomous Council adopted a resolution to use Latin script in its territory, which the Assam Government too accepted. Nevertheless, in the discussion with the Bodo Liberation Tigers, the Union Government demanded the implementation of the earlier agreement with the BSS on the use of the Devanagari script if the Boro language was to be included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Following this, the ABSU and the BSS surrendered and agreed to use the Devanagari script exclusively, and the matter was settled. ## Dialects Kiryu (2012) suggests that the language of the Meche people and the Boro of Bengal are western dialects whereas the dialects in Assam are the eastern dialects of Boro. The western dialects differ in phonology and grammar but are mutually intelligible. The Kokrajhar variety of the eastern dialects has been promoted as standard, at least for the eastern dialects.
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# Boro language (India) ## Phonology The Boro language has a total of 30 phonemes: 6 vowels, 16 consonants, and 8 diphthongs---with a strong prevalence of the high back unrounded vowel /ɯ/. The Boro language use tones to distinguish words. There are three different tones: high, medium and low. The difference between high and low tones is apparent and quite common. ### Vowels There are 6 vowels in Boro. Front ----------- ------- -------- ----- IPA ROM Script IPA Close i Close-mid e Open : Vowels - All vowels occur at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of syllables. ### Diphthongs -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- : Diphthongs ### Consonants Boro has 16 consonants. Labial ------------- ----------- -------- ----- ----- IPA ROM Script IPA ROM Nasal m Stop aspirated ph voiced b Fricative voiceless voiced Flap/Trill Approximant voiced w lateral : Consonants - The three voiceless aspirated stops, /`{{IPA|pʰ, tʰ, kʰ}}`{=mediawiki}/, are unreleased in syllable final position. Their unaspirated voiced counterparts are released and cannot occur word final position. - Sometimes, /`{{IPA|pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, s}}`{=mediawiki}/ are pronounced as /`{{IPA|b, d, g, z}}`{=mediawiki}/ respectively. - The consonants /`{{IPA|b, d, m, n, ɾ, l}}`{=mediawiki}/ can occur in all positions. - The consonants /`{{IPA|pʰ, tʰ, kʰ, g, s, ɦ}}`{=mediawiki}/ cannot appear at the end of indigenous Boro words but occur in loanwords. - The consonants /`{{IPA|ŋ, j, w}}`{=mediawiki}/ cannot appear at the beginning of words. ### Tones Since Boro is a tonal language, changes in tone affect the meaning: High Meaning Low Meaning ------- ----------------- ------ ------------- Buh to beat Bu to swell Hah mud, to be able Ha to cut Hahm to get thin Ham to get well Gwdwh to sink Gwdw past Jah to eat Ja to be Rahn to get dry Ran to divide : Examples of high and low tone and difference in meaning ## Grammar ### Sentence structure {#sentence_structure} Sentences in Boro consist of either a \"Subject + Verb\" or a \"Subject + Object + Verb\". Subject + Verb Subject + Object + Verb ------------------- ------------------------- Ang mwnthiya Laimwn ah Apple jadwng Nijwm ah undudwng Nwng wngkham jabai? Ang fɯibai Ang nɯkhɯo mɯzang mɯnɯ : Examples of sentences in Boro ## Vocabulary ### Numerals Bodo has a decimal system and counts to 10 with unique words, after which the number words combine to add to the larger number as shown in the chart below. Number In Boro In English In Garo (A.chikku) -------- --------------- --------------- -------------------- 0 Latikho Zero 1 Se One Sa 2 Nwi Two Gni 3 Tham Three Gittam 4 Brwi Four Bri 5 Ba Five Bonga 6 Do Six Dok 7 Sni Seven Sni 8 Daen Eight Chet 9 Gu Nine Sku 10 Zi Ten Chikking 11 Zi se Eleven 12 Zi nwi Twelve 13 Zi tham Thirteen 14 Zi brwi Fourteen 15 Zi ba Fifteen 16 Zi do Sixteen 17 Zi sni Seventeen 18 Zi daen Eighteen 19 Zi gu Nineteen 20 Nwi zi Twenty 30 Tham Zi Thirty 40 Brwi Zi Forty 50 Ba Zi Fifty 60 Do Zi Sixty 70 Sni Zi Seventy 80 Daen Zi Eighty 90 Gu Zi Ninety 100 Zause/ Se zau One Hundred 200 Nwi zau Two Hundred 300 Tham zau Three Hundred 1,000 Se Rwza One Thousand 2,000 Nwi Rwza Two Thousand 10,000 Zi Rwza Ten Thousand : Numerals in Boro and Garo language comparison ## Education Boro is a compulsory subject till class 10 in tribal areas of Assam who do not want to study Assamese. The subject is mandatory in all schools including those under the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS). The legislation was passed in the assembly in August 2017.
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# Boro language (India) ## Sample text {#sample_text} The following is a sample text in Boro, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription (IPA). Boro in Devanagari Script : गासै सुबुं आनो उदांयै मान सनमान आरो मोनथाय लाना जोनोम लायो। बिसोरो मोजां- गाज्रि सान्नो हानाय गोहो आरो सोलो दं। बिसोरो गावखौनो गाव बिदा फंबाय बायदि बाहाय लायनांगौ। ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` Transliteration (ISO 15919) : *Gāsai subuṁ āno udāṁyai mān sanmān āro monthāy lānā jonom lāyo. Bisorā mojāṁ-gājri sānno hānāy goho āro solo daṁ. Bisoro gāvkhauno gāv bidā phaṁbāy bāydi bāhāy lāynāṁgau.* ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` Boro in Latin script : *Gaswi subung anw udangwi man sanman arw mwnthai lana jwnwm layw. Biswrw mwjang-gajri sannw hanai gwhw arw swlw dong. Biswrw gaokhwunw gao bida phongbai baidi bahai lainangwu.* ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` Translation (grammatical) ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` : All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
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# Kid Azteca **Luis Villanueva Páramo** (June 21, 1913 -- March 16, 2002) was a Mexican boxer best known as *Kid Azteca*. Villanueva boxed professionally from 1932 to 1961, making him one of a small number of fighters that fought during four decades. Archie Moore, George Foreman, Roberto Durán and Bernard Hopkins and Roy Jones Jr. (nearly 5 decades) are five other fighters in that exclusive group. ## Background Luis Villanueva was a native of \"The Tough Neighborhood\" of Tepito, one of the most notorious neighborhoods in Mexico City, famous among other things because several international famous Mexican boxers and wrestlers were born at that place, (hence the reason why it is called \"Tough Neighborhood\"). There\'s not much information available about of his personal life or his beginnings in before he became a pro. In fact, there\'s some discrepancy about the exact date of his debut. Some sources indicates he became Pro in 1926, other sources indicates his pro debut was July 25, 1930, but officially, it is recorded at 1932. The *San Antonio Express* reported in 1944 that Villanueva\'s passport\'s birth date was June 21, 1917, and not June 21, 1913. If this is true, he was only 13 when started his career. He was a right-handed boxer. Luis Villanueva began fighting as *\"Kid Chino\"* in Laredo, Texas. \"Chino\" is a Mexican slang for \"curly\", and an allusion to his curled hair. It is not clear when his nickname changed, but it is possible it was due to his nationality, when fighting in Texas, in an effort to attract more attention over him. By 1927 he was widely known as *Kid Azteca*. His trainer at that date was Macario Azocar.
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# Kid Azteca ## Boxing career {#boxing_career} Kid Azteca began boxing on January 1, 1932. He knocked Carlos Garcia out in the first round, in Laredo, Texas. On March 3, and fighting only in his third fight, he beat former world champion Battling Shaw by a decision in ten, also in Laredo. On June 15, Azteca made his Mexican debut, beating Luis Arizona by a ten round decision in Mexico City. However, on his next bout, lost for the first time, being knocked out in eight rounds by Tommy White on July 1. On October 23, Azteca, having reeled off four straight victories, fought for a title for the first time. He beat David Velasco by a twelve round decision to obtain the national Welterweight title in Mexico City. Kid Azteca had eleven additional wins in a row, including a victory over Joe Glick, before he fought the future world Middleweight champion Ceferino Garcia on July 11, 1933 at the Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles, California. He beat Garcia, who would hold Henry Armstrong to a tie as world Middleweight champion, by a ten round decision. Azteca and Garcia held a rematch exactly fourteen days later, at the same location. On rematch, Kid Azteca knocked Garcia out in round eight. On June 5, 1934, Azteca fought Young Peter Jackson (named after an Australian Heavyweight contender of the 19th century), beating Jackson on points after ten rounds. On July 21, he confronted Baby Joe Gans, another popular fighter of that time, outpointing Gans over ten rounds. Azteca gradually became a national hero in Mexico after his victory over Garcia. By the time he beat Gans, he was widely regarded as Mexico\'s most popular fighter of his time. He fought Herbert \"Cocoa Kid\" Lewis Hardwick, a top rated challenger twice in one week at the beginning of 1935: On January 19, the pair would tie over ten rounds. On January 26, Azteca prevailed on points. On his next bout, he defeated Izzy Jannazzo, another ranked fighter of the time, by a decision in ten on March 2. Kid Azteca had twelve more bouts, including a successful defense of his Mexican Welterweight title, before he met Rodolfo Casanova (who had lost to Sixto Escobar for the world\'s Bantamweight title) on May 16, 1936. Azteca lost to Casanova by a ten round decision. In his next fight, July 17 of that year, Kid Azteca faced Ceferino Garcia for the third time, losing by knockout in round five. Azteca proceeded to win twenty seven of his next thirty one bouts, before meeting future world Welterweight champion Fritzie Zivic on November 24, 1939, losing a decision over ten rounds to Zivic in Houston, Texas. On December 13, 1940, Azteca and Bobby Pacho, who challenged for a world championship one time, fought to a ten round tie in San Antonio, Texas. Next came two more bouts with Cocoa Kid. These bouts once again took place ten days apart from each other. On January 1, 1941, Azteca won by ten round decision, and on January 11, the two rivals fought to a 10 round no contest. Azteca lived for a year in Argentina, where he made six fights, five of them in Buenos Aires. Azteca\'s debut in that South American country came on April 11, 1943, when he knocked Sebastian Romanos out in round nine. On November 6, 1944, Azteca had a fourth fight with Ceferino Garcia, being defeated by decision in ten at Mexico City. Despite having a five fight losing streak and having lived in Argentina for a year, however, Azteca still held the Mexican Welterweight championship. Azteca lost to Zivic two more times, both by decision, before actually beating him in their fourth encounter. This took place on February 15, 1947 in Mexico City, and Azteca was able to knock Zivic out in the fifth round. On March 19, Azteca fought Vincente Villavincencio in an unsuccessful bid to conquer the Mexican Middleweight title, being knocked out in round six. He beat Villavincencio in two subsequent fights, both times by decision over ten rounds. On June 26, 1950, Azteca fought former world Lightweight champion Sammy Angott, losing to the American boxer by points after ten rounds. With the advent of the television era during the 1950s, Azteca\'s popularity in Mexico grew more than ever before. Most of his fights were televised, and boxing fans across the country could then watch him fight from their family rooms. Although Kid Azteca spent the rest of his career fighting mostly unknown fighters, his fights drew high ratings for Televisa, Mexico\'s only public television company at the time. On February 3, 1961, Azteca knocked out Alfonso Macalara in the first round at Veracruz. This would turn out to be his last professional fight. Azteca was able to reach a milestone as he became a member of the exclusive group to fight at least two hundred bouts. He also became a member of the also exclusive group of fighters that boxed during four decades, when he knocked Adrian Medieta in three rounds on July 12, 1960 in Pachuca. He retired a little after this date. He died on March 16, 2002.
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# Kid Azteca ## Professional boxing record {#professional_boxing_record} All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated. ### Official record {#official_record} All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as "no decision" bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Age Location Notes ----- -------- ----------------------------------------- -------------------------- ------ -------------------------------------- -------------- ----- ---------- ------- 255 Win 192--47--11 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Alfonso Malacara KO 1 (6) Feb 3, 1961 254 Win 191--47--11 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Adrian Medieta KO 3 (10) Jul 12, 1960 253 Draw 190--47--11 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Filipino PTS 6 Aug 22, 1959 252 Win 190--47--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Guillermo Moreno KO 6 (10) Nov 8, 1958 251 Win 189--47--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Willie Risko KO 4 (10) Oct 25, 1958 250 Win 188--47--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Willie Risko KO 4 (10) Apr 7, 1957 249 Win 187--47--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Willie Risko KO 6 (10) Jul 28, 1956 248 Win 186--47--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Arturo Cardenas KO 3 (10) Jul 7, 1956 247 Loss 185--47--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Borrell KO 5 (10) Mar 18, 1956 246 Win 185--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Roberto Rodriguez KO 4 (10) Apr 9, 1955 245 Win 184--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Jorge Castro KO 4 (10) Mar 26, 1955 244 Win 183--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Sandy Baxter KO 9 (10) Mar 10, 1955 243 Win 182--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Gabriel Diaz PTS 10 Feb 12, 1955 242 Win 181--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} El Conscripto PTS 10 Nov 27, 1954 241 Win 180--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Jorge Castro KO 6 (10) Sep 25, 1954 240 Win 179--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Little Palma UD 10 Aug 10, 1954 239 Win 178--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Vicente Cantu TKO 7 (10) Jul 24, 1954 238 Win 177--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Ray Zavaleta KO 4 (10) May 22, 1954 237 Win 176--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Martinez KO 5 (10) Mar 13, 1954 236 Win 175--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Jesse Robles KO 5 (10) Feb 26, 1954 235 Win 174--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Rudy Jimenez KO 4 (10) Feb 21, 1954 234 Win 173--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Filipino KO 4 (10) Feb 11, 1954 233 Win 172--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Lucio Moreno KO 4 (10) Jan 15, 1954 232 Draw 171--46--10 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Perrin Vega PTS 10 Dec 3, 1953 231 Win 171--46--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Salvador Davila KO 5 (10) Nov 17, 1953 230 Win 170--46--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Borrell KO 5 (10) Sep 15, 1953 229 Win 169--46--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Jorge Castro TKO 7 (10) Aug 4, 1953 228 Win 168--46--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Martinez KO 5 (10) Jul 7, 1953 227 Loss 167--46--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Machete Garcia PTS 10 Aug 28, 1952 226 Loss 167--45--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Juan Padilla PTS 10 Aug 20, 1952 225 Win 167--44--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Andres Balderas TKO 3 (10) Aug 2, 1952 224 Win 166--44--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Dennis Woodbury PTS 10 May 29, 1952 223 Win 165--44--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Vicente Cantu TKO 5 (10) Sep 4, 1951 222 Loss 164--44--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Charley Salas TKO 7 (10) Aug 21, 1951 221 Loss 164--43--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Eusebio Hernandez PTS 10 Jan 19, 1951 220 Win 164--42--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Rafael Gutierrez KO 9 (10) Jan 10, 1951 219 Win 163--42--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Octavio Romo KO 6 (10) Nov 14, 1950 218 Win 162--42--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Tommy Ramirez KO 6 (10) Jul 19, 1950 217 Loss 161--42--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Buddy Holderfield KO 4 (10) Jul 1, 1950 216 Loss 161--41--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Sammy Angott UD 10 Jun 26, 1950 215 Win 161--40--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Danos KO 10 (10) May 3, 1950 214 Win 160--40--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Eusebio Hernandez KO 7 (10) Mar 31, 1950 213 Win 159--40--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Andres Balderas TKO 10 (12) Mar 26, 1950 212 Loss 158--40--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} El Conscripto TKO 10 (12) Jan 28, 1950 211 Win 158--39--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby Yucatan KO 4 (10) Jan 23, 1950 210 Win 157--39--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Jack Breeson KO 4 (10) Oct 13, 1949 209 Win 156--39--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Luevano KO 5 (10) Jul 14, 1949 208 Win 155--39--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Art Hardy KO 5 (10) May 20, 1949 207 Draw 154--39--9 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} El Conscripto PTS 10 Oct 24, 1948 206 Win 154--39--8 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Nick Moran PTS 10 Sep 19, 1948 205 Draw 153--39--8 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Filipino PTS 10 Aug 22, 1948 204 Win 153--39--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Lucas PTS 10 Jun 12, 1948 203 Win 152--39--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} El Conscripto PTS 10 May 1, 1948 202 Win 151--39--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} El Conscripto KO 11 (12) Apr 10, 1948 201 Win 150--39--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Nick Moran PTS 12 Jan 31, 1948 200 Win 149--39--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Johnny Mills KO 2 (10) Oct 26, 1947 199 Win 148--39--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Melvin Johnson KO 3 (10) Oct 13, 1947 198 Loss 147--39--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Bert Linam UD 10 Sep 30, 1947 197 Win 147--38--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Filipino KO 5 (10) Aug 31, 1947 196 Win 146--38--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Bobby Yaeger KO 4 (10) Aug 23, 1947 195 Win 145--38--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Vicente Villavicencio PTS 10 Jun 28, 1947 194 Loss 144--38--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Vicente Villavicencio TKO 8 (12) Mar 19, 1947 193 Win 144--37--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Fritzie Zivic KO 5 (10) Feb 1, 1947 192 Win 143--37--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Cosby Linson KO 4 (10) Nov 9, 1946 191 Loss 142--37--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Cosby Linson SD 10 Oct 2, 1946 190 Win 142--36--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Malacara TKO 4 (10) Sep 7, 1946 189 Win 141--36--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Lige Drew PTS 10 Aug 13, 1946 188 Win 140--36--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Keyes KO 4 (10) Jul 13, 1946 187 Win 139--36--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Lige Drew KO 8 (10) Jul 3, 1946 186 Win 138--36--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby Zavala KO 2 (10) Jun 15, 1946 185 Loss 137--36--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Legon PTS 10 May 11, 1946 184 Win 137--35--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Filipino KO 4 (10) Apr 17, 1946 183 Win 136--35--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Melvin Johnson KO 7 (10) Apr 6, 1946 182 Win 135--35--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Legon KO 3 (10) Mar 23, 1946 181 Win 134--35--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Howell Steen UD 10 Feb 12, 1946 180 Win 133--35--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Frankie Vallejo KO 5 (10) Feb 7, 1946 179 Win 132--35--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Filipino KO 8 (12) Jan 12, 1946 178 Win 131--35--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby Zavala KO 9 (10) Nov 11, 1945 177 Win 130--35--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby Orizaba KO 3 (10) Oct 24, 1945 176 Win 129--35--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Artie Dorrell SD 10 Oct 9, 1945 175 Win 128--35--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Paul Altman KO 5 (10) Jul 21, 1945 174 Loss 127--35--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Paul Altman SD 10 Jun 18, 1945 173 Win 127--34--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Benny Williams PTS 10 May 26, 1945 172 Loss 126--34--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Fritzie Zivic MD 10 May 7, 1945 171 Win 126--33--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Cerda KO 6 (10) Mar 25, 1945 170 Win 125--33--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Rodolfo Ramirez TKO 10 (12) Jan 13, 1945 169 Loss 124--33--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Fritzie Zivic MD 10 Dec 12, 1944 168 Win 124--32--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Paul Altman PTS 10 Nov 28, 1944 167 Win 123--32--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Chino Rodriguez KO 6 (10) Nov 18, 1944 166 Loss 122--32--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Ceferino Garcia PTS 10 Oct 6, 1944 165 Loss 122--31--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Atilio Caraune KO 11 (12) Apr 15, 1944 164 Loss 122--30--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Raúl Rodríguez PTS 12 Dec 1, 1943 163 Loss 122--29--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Amelio Piceda PTS 12 Jul 3, 1943 162 Loss 122--28--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Guillermo Lopez PTS 10 Jun 20, 1943 161 Win 122--27--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Alfredo Pastoriza PTS 10 Apr 25, 1943 160 Win 121--27--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Sebastian Romanos TKO 9 (10) Apr 11, 1943 159 Win 120--27--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Rodolfo Ramirez PTS 12 Jan 16, 1943 158 Loss 119--27--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby Zavala PTS 4 Dec 19, 1942 157 Win 119--26--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Ramiro Orejitas Almagro PTS 10 Oct 17, 1942 156 Loss 118--26--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Legon PTS 10 Sep 26, 1942 155 Win 118--25--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Battling Kid Ambrosio KO 4 (10) Jun 26, 1942 154 Loss 117--25--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Raul Carabantes PTS 10 May 24, 1942 153 Loss 117--24--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Fabio Hurtado PTS 10 May 10, 1942 152 Win 117--23--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Ramiro Orejitas Almagro KO 4 (10) Mar 8, 1942 151 Win 116--23--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Tony Mar PTS 10 Feb 28, 1942 150 Win 115--23--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa II PTS 10 Feb 14, 1942 149 Loss 114--23--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} California Jackie Wilson TKO 6 (10), `{{small|2:00}}`{=mediawiki} Oct 24, 1941 148 Loss 114--22--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Rodolfo Ramirez PTS 10 Jun 7, 1941 147 Win 114--21--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Raul Carabantes PTS 10 Feb 15, 1941 146 NC 113--21--7 `{{small|(5)}}`{=mediawiki} Herbert Lewis Hardwick NC 10 Jan 11, 1941 145 Win 113--21--7 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Herbert Lewis Hardwick PTS 10 Jan 1, 1941 144 Draw 112--21--7 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Bobby Pacho PTS 10 Dec 13, 1940 143 Win 112--21--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Casanovita de Ahome KO 5 (10) Oct 14, 1940 142 Win 111--21--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Benny Britt KO 1 (10) Sep 22, 1940 141 Win 110--21--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa I KO 7 (12) Sep 10, 1940 140 Win 109--21--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa I KO 5 (12) Sep 4, 1940 139 Win 108--21--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Pedro Ortega KO 4 (10) Jun 8, 1940 138 Loss 107--21--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Pedro Ortega PTS 10 Apr 27, 1940 137 Loss 107--20--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Willie Neyland PTS 10 Apr 6, 1940 136 Win 107--19--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Jackie Taylor KO 3 (10) Mar 11, 1940 135 Win 106--19--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Cuban Luis KO 4 (10) Mar 2, 1940 134 Win 105--19--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Malacara PTS 10 Feb 17, 1940 133 Win 104--19--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Hermosillo PTS 12 Nov 25, 1939 132 Win 103--19--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Cuban Luis TKO 2 (10) Nov 18, 1939 131 Loss 102--19--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Fritzie Zivic UD 10 Oct 24, 1939 130 Win 102--18--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Cuban Luis KO 4 (10) Sep 17, 1939 129 Win 101--18--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Hermosillo PTS 10 Jul 22, 1939 128 Win 100--18--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa I KO 5 (12) Jun 10, 1939 127 Loss 99--18--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Leon Zorrita PTS 10 May 23, 1939 126 Win 99--17--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Cerda KO 5 (10) Mar 18, 1939 125 Win 98--17--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie McGeever KO 8 (15), `{{small|1:41}}`{=mediawiki} Feb 3, 1939 124 Win 97--17--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Bill McDowell PTS 10 Jan 30, 1939 123 Win 96--17--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie McGeever PTS 10 Jan 20, 1939 122 Win 95--17--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Kenny LaSalle UD 10 Dec 16, 1938 121 Win 94--17--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Jimmy Scaramozi KO 2 (10) Dec 11, 1938 120 Win 93--17--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Billy Deeg PTS 10 Nov 28, 1938 119 Win 92--17--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Bill McDowell KO 7 (10) Nov 14, 1938 118 Win 91--17--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby La Paz PTS 10 Oct 29, 1938 117 Loss 90--17--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Hermosillo PTS 10 Sep 17, 1938 116 Loss 90--16--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Bill McDowell PTS 10 Aug 24, 1938 115 Win 90--15--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Tracy Cox PTS 10 Aug 17, 1938 114 Loss 89--15--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Saverio Turiello PTS 10 Mar 8, 1938 113 Win 89--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Saverio Turiello PTS 10 Jan 1, 1938 112 Win 88--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Pee Wee Jarrell KO 2 (10) Sep 25, 1937 111 Win 87--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Mario Ramon KO 5 (10) Aug 28, 1937 110 Win 86--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa I KO 5 (10) Aug 21, 1937 109 Win 85--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Willard Brown PTS 10 Jun 18, 1937 108 Win 84--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Roy Calamari KO 3 (10) Jun 15, 1937 107 Win 83--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Jack Etheridge KO 2 (10) May 28, 1937 106 Win 82--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Kenny LaSalle PTS 10 May 18, 1937 105 Win 81--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Midget Mexico TKO 4 (10) May 14, 1937 104 Win 80--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Ventura Arana KO 2 (10) Apr 28, 1937 103 Win 79--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Cerda PTS 10 Mar 3, 1937 102 Win 78--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Gallito Ramirez KO 9 (10) Feb 14, 1937 101 Win 77--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Al Manfredo PTS 10 Jan 1, 1937 100 Win 76--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Tracy Cox PTS 10 Dec 14, 1936 99 Win 75--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa I PTS 12 Nov 7, 1936 98 Win 74--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Hermosillo KO 9 (10) Aug 8, 1936 97 Loss 73--14--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Ceferino Garcia KO 5 (10), `{{small|1:17}}`{=mediawiki} Jul 17, 1936 96 Loss 73--13--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Rodolfo Casanova PTS 10 May 16, 1936 95 Win 73--12--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Pepe Saldana PTS 10 Apr 7, 1936 94 Win 72--12--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} German Rico PTS 10 Mar 29, 1936 93 Win 71--12--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Cerda PTS 12 Mar 14, 1936 92 Win 70--12--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Pancho Lawler PTS 10 Jan 3, 1936 91 Win 69--12--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Chief Parris PTS 10 Nov 23, 1935 90 Win 68--12--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Tommy Collins KO 7 (10) Sep 6, 1935 89 Loss 67--12--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Chief Parris PTS 10 Sep 3, 1935 88 Win 67--11--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Chief Parris PTS 10 Aug 30, 1935 87 Win 66--11--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Al Chavez KO 2 (10) Jul 4, 1935 86 Win 65--11--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Renato Torres KO 3 (10) Jun 12, 1935 85 Loss 64--11--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Bep van Klaveren PTS 10 May 24, 1935 84 Win 64--10--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Morrie Sherman PTS 10 Apr 6, 1935 83 Win 63--10--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Izzy Jannazzo PTS 10 Mar 2, 1935 82 Win 62--10--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Herbert Lewis Hardwick PTS 10 Jan 26, 1935 81 Draw 61--10--6 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Herbert Lewis Hardwick PTS 10 Jan 19, 1935 80 Win 61--10--5 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Kenny LaSalle PTS 10 Nov 10, 1934 79 Win 60--10--5 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Kenny LaSalle PTS 10 Oct 27, 1934 78 Win 59--10--5 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe King KO 1 (10) Sep 29, 1934 77 Win 58--10--5 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Wolfe PTS 10 Sep 22, 1934 76 Win 57--10--5 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Benny Levine KO 4 (10) Aug 30, 1934 75 Win 56--10--5 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Pat Murphy KO 5 (10) Aug 4, 1934 74 Win 55--10--5 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby Joe Gans PTS 10 Jul 22, 1934 73 Win 54--10--5 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Young Peter Jackson PTS 10 Jun 5, 1934 72 Draw 53--10--5 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Ritchie Mack PTS 10 May 16, 1934 71 Loss 53--10--4 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Ritchie Mack MD 10 Apr 3, 1934 70 Win 53--9--4 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Cowboy Eddie Anderson PTS 10 Mar 15, 1934 69 Win 52--9--4 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Ritchie Mack PTS 10 Mar 10, 1934 68 Win 51--9--4 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Bernardo Pena KO 3 (10) Feb 20, 1934 67 Win 50--9--4 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa I KO 9 (10) Feb 17, 1934 66 Draw 49--9--4 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Paulie Walker PTS 10 Dec 2, 1933 65 Win 49--9--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Al Schaff TKO 5 (10) Nov 18, 1933 64 Win 48--9--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Martin Barbotteux PTS 10 Nov, 1933 N/A 63 Win 47--9--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Elias Alvarez KO ? (10) Oct 28, 1933 62 Win 46--9--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Leonard Bennett PTS 10 Oct, 1933 N/A 61 Loss 45--9--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Leonard Bennett DQ 6 (10) Sep 23, 1933 60 Win 45--8--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Meyer Grace KO 4 (10) Aug 19, 1933 59 Win 44--8--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Ceferino Garcia TKO 8 (10) Jul 25, 1933 58 Win 43--8--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Ceferino Garcia PTS 10 Jul 11, 1933 57 Loss 42--8--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Frisco PTS 10 Jun, 1933 N/A 56 Win 42--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Relampago Saguero PTS 10 May 27, 1933 55 Win 41--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Frisco PTS 10 May 13, 1933 54 Win 40--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Harry Galfund KO 2 (10) Apr 2, 1933 53 Win 39--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} David Velasco PTS 10 Mar, 1933 N/A 52 Win 38--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Tommy White PTS 10 Mar 11, 1933 51 Win 37--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Glick PTS 10 Feb 18, 1933 50 Win 36--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Luis Alvarado PTS 10 Jan, 1933 N/A 49 Win 35--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Cerda PTS 10 Jan, 1933 N/A 48 Win 34--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Armando Aguilar PTS 10 Dec, 1932 N/A 47 Win 33--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Martin Barbotteux PTS 10 Nov, 1932 N/A 46 Win 32--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} David Velasco PTS 12 Oct 23, 1932 45 Win 31--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Luna KO 6 (10) Oct 9, 1932 44 Win 30--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Loncho Perez KO 2 (10) Sep 16, 1932 43 Win 29--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Ray Macias PTS 10 Sep 10, 1932 42 Win 28--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Felipe Orozco TKO 7 (10) Aug 28, 1932 41 Win 27--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Luis Portela KO 9 (10) Aug 13, 1932 40 Loss 26--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Raúl Talán PTS 10 Jul 30, 1932 39 Win 26--6--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Alfredo Gaona PTS 10 Jul, 1932 N/A 38 Loss 25--6--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Tommy White KO 8 (10) Jun 27, 1932 37 Win 25--5--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Luis Arizona DQ 7 (10) May 28, 1932 36 Win 24--5--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Garcia PTS 10 Mar 23, 1932 35 Win 23--5--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Garcia PTS 10 Feb 17, 1932 34 Win 22--5--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Battling Shaw PTS 10 Jan 31, 1932 33 21--5--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Cermeno NC 5 (10) Jan 28, 1932 32 Win 21--5--3 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Paul Wangley KO 5 (10) Jan, 1932 N/A 31 Draw 20--5--3 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Armando Aguilar PTS 10 Dec 20, 1931 30 Win 20--5--2 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Antonio Escareno TKO 6 (10) Nov 12, 1931 29 Win 19--5--2 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Battling Vega TKO 3 (10) Oct 26, 1931 28 Loss 18--5--2 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Battling Shaw PTS 10 Oct 18, 1931 27 Win 18--4--2 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Jorge Monzon TKO 2 (10) Aug 5, 1931 26 Win 17--4--2 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Bearcat Joe Barrera KO 3 (8) Jul 8, 1931 25 Win 16--4--2 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Johnson Harper KO 3 (8) Jun 24, 1931 24 Win 15--4--2 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Chato Flores KO 6 (8) May 20, 1931 23 Win 14--4--2 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Guero Pena PTS 8 May 5, 1931 22 Win 13--4--2 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Tommy K.O. Mahavier KO 4 (8) Apr 26, 1931 21 Win 12--4--2 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Bearcat Joe Barrera PTS 8 Apr 8, 1931 20 Win 11--4--2 `{{small|(3)}}`{=mediawiki} Newsboy Eddie Lopez NWS 10 Mar 24, 1931 19 Draw 11--4--2 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Bearcat Joe Barrera PTS 6 Mar 22, 1931 18 Win 11--4--1 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Chocolate TKO ? (10) Feb 18, 1931 17 Win 10--4--1 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Battling Ward TKO 5 (10) Jan 20, 1931 16 Loss 9--4--1 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Brooks Hooper NWS 10 Jan 13, 1931 15 Loss 9--4--1 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Fausto Velasco NWS 10 Dec 30, 1930 14 Win 9--4--1 Fausto Velasco TKO 3 (10) Dec 12, 1930 13 Draw 8--4--1 Kid Chocolate PTS 6 Nov 5, 1930 12 Loss 8--4 Enrique Sada PTS 6 Oct 1, 1930 11 Win 8--3 Texas Kid KO 1 (6) Aug 20, 1930 10 Win 7--3 Kid Flores KO 1 (6) Jul 30, 1930 9 Win 6--3 Kid Cortinas KO ? (6) Jul 30, 1930 8 Loss 5--3 Santos Delgado PTS 6 Jul 4, 1930 7 Win 5--2 Jimmy Harwell PTS 6 Jun 29, 1930 6 Win 4--2 Texas Kid PTS 6 Jun 6, 1930 5 Win 3--2 Jesus Gaitan PTS 6 May 18, 1930 4 Win 2--2 Jimmy Harwell KO 3 (6) Apr 20, 1930 3 Win 1--2 Cipriano Castillo PTS 4 Mar 23, 1930 2 Loss 0--2 Pancho Aranda PTS 6 Oct 20, 1929 1 Loss 0--1 Pancho Aranda PTS 6 Sep 1, 1929
3,008
Kid Azteca
2
3,728,693
# Kid Azteca ## Professional boxing record {#professional_boxing_record} ### Unofficial record {#unofficial_record} Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Age Location Notes ----- -------- ----------------------------------------- -------------------------- ------ -------------------------------------- -------------- ----- ---------- ------- 255 Win 193--49--11 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Alfonso Malacara KO 1 (6) Feb 3, 1961 254 Win 192--49--11 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Adrian Medieta KO 3 (10) Jul 12, 1960 253 Draw 191--49--11 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Filipino PTS 6 Aug 22, 1959 252 Win 191--49--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Guillermo Moreno KO 6 (10) Nov 8, 1958 251 Win 190--49--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Willie Risko KO 4 (10) Oct 25, 1958 250 Win 189--49--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Willie Risko KO 4 (10) Apr 7, 1957 249 Win 188--49--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Willie Risko KO 6 (10) Jul 28, 1956 248 Win 187--49--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Arturo Cardenas KO 3 (10) Jul 7, 1956 247 Loss 186--49--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Borrell KO 5 (10) Mar 18, 1956 246 Win 186--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Roberto Rodriguez KO 4 (10) Apr 9, 1955 245 Win 185--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Jorge Castro KO 4 (10) Mar 26, 1955 244 Win 184--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Sandy Baxter KO 9 (10) Mar 10, 1955 243 Win 183--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Gabriel Diaz PTS 10 Feb 12, 1955 242 Win 182--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} El Conscripto PTS 10 Nov 27, 1954 241 Win 181--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Jorge Castro KO 6 (10) Sep 25, 1954 240 Win 180--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Little Palma UD 10 Aug 10, 1954 239 Win 179--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Vicente Cantu TKO 7 (10) Jul 24, 1954 238 Win 178--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Ray Zavaleta KO 4 (10) May 22, 1954 237 Win 177--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Martinez KO 5 (10) Mar 13, 1954 236 Win 176--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Jesse Robles KO 5 (10) Feb 26, 1954 235 Win 175--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Rudy Jimenez KO 4 (10) Feb 21, 1954 234 Win 174--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Filipino KO 4 (10) Feb 11, 1954 233 Win 173--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Lucio Moreno KO 4 (10) Jan 15, 1954 232 Draw 172--48--10 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Perrin Vega PTS 10 Dec 3, 1953 231 Win 172--48--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Salvador Davila KO 5 (10) Nov 17, 1953 230 Win 171--48--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Borrell KO 5 (10) Sep 15, 1953 229 Win 170--48--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Jorge Castro TKO 7 (10) Aug 4, 1953 228 Win 169--48--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Martinez KO 5 (10) Jul 7, 1953 227 Loss 168--48--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Machete Garcia PTS 10 Aug 28, 1952 226 Loss 168--47--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Juan Padilla PTS 10 Aug 20, 1952 225 Win 168--46--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Andres Balderas TKO 3 (10) Aug 2, 1952 224 Win 167--46--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Dennis Woodbury PTS 10 May 29, 1952 223 Win 166--46--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Vicente Cantu TKO 5 (10) Sep 4, 1951 222 Loss 165--46--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Charley Salas TKO 7 (10) Aug 21, 1951 221 Loss 165--45--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Eusebio Hernandez PTS 10 Jan 19, 1951 220 Win 165--44--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Rafael Gutierrez KO 9 (10) Jan 10, 1951 219 Win 164--44--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Octavio Romo KO 6 (10) Nov 14, 1950 218 Win 163--44--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Tommy Ramirez KO 6 (10) Jul 19, 1950 217 Loss 162--44--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Buddy Holderfield KO 4 (10) Jul 1, 1950 216 Loss 162--43--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Sammy Angott UD 10 Jun 26, 1950 215 Win 162--42--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Danos KO 10 (10) May 3, 1950 214 Win 161--42--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Eusebio Hernandez KO 7 (10) Mar 31, 1950 213 Win 160--42--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Andres Balderas TKO 10 (12) Mar 26, 1950 212 Loss 159--42--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} El Conscripto TKO 10 (12) Jan 28, 1950 211 Win 159--41--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby Yucatan KO 4 (10) Jan 23, 1950 210 Win 158--41--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Jack Breeson KO 4 (10) Oct 13, 1949 209 Win 157--41--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Luevano KO 5 (10) Jul 14, 1949 208 Win 156--41--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Art Hardy KO 5 (10) May 20, 1949 207 Draw 155--41--9 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} El Conscripto PTS 10 Oct 24, 1948 206 Win 155--41--8 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Nick Moran PTS 10 Sep 19, 1948 205 Draw 154--41--8 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Filipino PTS 10 Aug 22, 1948 204 Win 154--41--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Simon Lucas PTS 10 Jun 12, 1948 203 Win 153--41--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} El Conscripto PTS 10 May 1, 1948 202 Win 152--41--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} El Conscripto KO 11 (12) Apr 10, 1948 201 Win 151--41--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Nick Moran PTS 12 Jan 31, 1948 200 Win 150--41--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Johnny Mills KO 2 (10) Oct 26, 1947 199 Win 149--41--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Melvin Johnson KO 3 (10) Oct 13, 1947 198 Loss 148--41--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Bert Linam UD 10 Sep 30, 1947 197 Win 148--40--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Filipino KO 5 (10) Aug 31, 1947 196 Win 147--40--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Bobby Yaeger KO 4 (10) Aug 23, 1947 195 Win 146--40--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Vicente Villavicencio PTS 10 Jun 28, 1947 194 Loss 145--40--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Vicente Villavicencio TKO 8 (12) Mar 19, 1947 193 Win 145--39--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Fritzie Zivic KO 5 (10) Feb 1, 1947 192 Win 144--39--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Cosby Linson KO 4 (10) Nov 9, 1946 191 Loss 143--39--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Cosby Linson SD 10 Oct 2, 1946 190 Win 143--38--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Malacara TKO 4 (10) Sep 7, 1946 189 Win 142--38--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Lige Drew PTS 10 Aug 13, 1946 188 Win 141--38--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Keyes KO 4 (10) Jul 13, 1946 187 Win 140--38--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Lige Drew KO 8 (10) Jul 3, 1946 186 Win 139--38--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby Zavala KO 2 (10) Jun 15, 1946 185 Loss 138--38--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Legon PTS 10 May 11, 1946 184 Win 138--37--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Filipino KO 4 (10) Apr 17, 1946 183 Win 137--37--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Melvin Johnson KO 7 (10) Apr 6, 1946 182 Win 136--37--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Legon KO 3 (10) Mar 23, 1946 181 Win 135--37--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Howell Steen UD 10 Feb 12, 1946 180 Win 134--37--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Frankie Vallejo KO 5 (10) Feb 7, 1946 179 Win 133--37--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Filipino KO 8 (12) Jan 12, 1946 178 Win 132--37--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby Zavala KO 9 (10) Nov 11, 1945 177 Win 131--37--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby Orizaba KO 3 (10) Oct 24, 1945 176 Win 130--37--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Artie Dorrell SD 10 Oct 9, 1945 175 Win 129--37--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Paul Altman KO 5 (10) Jul 21, 1945 174 Loss 128--37--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Paul Altman SD 10 Jun 18, 1945 173 Win 128--36--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Benny Williams PTS 10 May 26, 1945 172 Loss 127--36--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Fritzie Zivic MD 10 May 7, 1945 171 Win 127--35--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Cerda KO 6 (10) Mar 25, 1945 170 Win 126--35--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Rodolfo Ramirez TKO 10 (12) Jan 13, 1945 169 Loss 125--35--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Fritzie Zivic MD 10 Dec 12, 1944 168 Win 125--34--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Paul Altman PTS 10 Nov 28, 1944 167 Win 124--34--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Chino Rodriguez KO 6 (10) Nov 18, 1944 166 Loss 123--34--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Ceferino Garcia PTS 10 Oct 6, 1944 165 Loss 123--33--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Atilio Caraune KO 11 (12) Apr 15, 1944 164 Loss 123--32--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Raúl Rodríguez PTS 12 Dec 1, 1943 163 Loss 123--31--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Amelio Piceda PTS 12 Jul 3, 1943 162 Loss 123--30--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Guillermo Lopez PTS 10 Jun 20, 1943 161 Win 123--29--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Alfredo Pastoriza PTS 10 Apr 25, 1943 160 Win 122--29--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Sebastian Romanos TKO 9 (10) Apr 11, 1943 159 Win 121--29--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Rodolfo Ramirez PTS 12 Jan 16, 1943 158 Loss 120--29--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby Zavala PTS 4 Dec 19, 1942 157 Win 120--28--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Ramiro Orejitas Almagro PTS 10 Oct 17, 1942 156 Loss 119--28--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Legon PTS 10 Sep 26, 1942 155 Win 119--27--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Battling Kid Ambrosio KO 4 (10) Jun 26, 1942 154 Loss 118--27--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Raul Carabantes PTS 10 May 24, 1942 153 Loss 118--26--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Fabio Hurtado PTS 10 May 10, 1942 152 Win 118--25--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Ramiro Orejitas Almagro KO 4 (10) Mar 8, 1942 151 Win 117--25--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Tony Mar PTS 10 Feb 28, 1942 150 Win 116--25--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa II PTS 10 Feb 14, 1942 149 Loss 115--25--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} California Jackie Wilson TKO 6 (10), `{{small|2:00}}`{=mediawiki} Oct 24, 1941 148 Loss 115--24--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Rodolfo Ramirez PTS 10 Jun 7, 1941 147 Win 115--23--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Raul Carabantes PTS 10 Feb 15, 1941 146 NC 114--23--7 `{{small|(2)}}`{=mediawiki} Herbert Lewis Hardwick NC 10 Jan 11, 1941 145 Win 114--23--7 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Herbert Lewis Hardwick PTS 10 Jan 1, 1941 144 Draw 113--23--7 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Bobby Pacho PTS 10 Dec 13, 1940 143 Win 113--23--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Casanovita de Ahome KO 5 (10) Oct 14, 1940 142 Win 112--23--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Benny Britt KO 1 (10) Sep 22, 1940 141 Win 111--23--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa I KO 7 (12) Sep 10, 1940 140 Win 110--23--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa I KO 5 (12) Sep 4, 1940 139 Win 109--23--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Pedro Ortega KO 4 (10) Jun 8, 1940 138 Loss 108--23--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Pedro Ortega PTS 10 Apr 27, 1940 137 Loss 108--22--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Willie Neyland PTS 10 Apr 6, 1940 136 Win 108--21--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Jackie Taylor KO 3 (10) Mar 11, 1940 135 Win 107--21--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Cuban Luis KO 4 (10) Mar 2, 1940 134 Win 106--21--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Malacara PTS 10 Feb 17, 1940 133 Win 105--21--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Hermosillo PTS 12 Nov 25, 1939 132 Win 104--21--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Cuban Luis TKO 2 (10) Nov 18, 1939 131 Loss 103--21--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Fritzie Zivic UD 10 Oct 24, 1939 130 Win 103--20--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Cuban Luis KO 4 (10) Sep 17, 1939 129 Win 102--20--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Hermosillo PTS 10 Jul 22, 1939 128 Win 101--20--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa I KO 5 (12) Jun 10, 1939 127 Loss 100--20--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Leon Zorrita PTS 10 May 23, 1939 126 Win 100--19--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Cerda KO 5 (10) Mar 18, 1939 125 Win 99--19--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie McGeever KO 8 (15), `{{small|1:41}}`{=mediawiki} Feb 3, 1939 124 Win 98--19--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Bill McDowell PTS 10 Jan 30, 1939 123 Win 97--19--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie McGeever PTS 10 Jan 20, 1939 122 Win 96--19--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Kenny LaSalle UD 10 Dec 16, 1938 121 Win 95--19--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Jimmy Scaramozi KO 2 (10) Dec 11, 1938 120 Win 94--19--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Billy Deeg PTS 10 Nov 28, 1938 119 Win 93--19--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Bill McDowell KO 7 (10) Nov 14, 1938 118 Win 92--19--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby La Paz PTS 10 Oct 29, 1938 117 Loss 91--19--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Hermosillo PTS 10 Sep 17, 1938 116 Loss 91--18--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Bill McDowell PTS 10 Aug 24, 1938 115 Win 91--17--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Tracy Cox PTS 10 Aug 17, 1938 114 Loss 90--17--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Saverio Turiello PTS 10 Mar 8, 1938 113 Win 90--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Saverio Turiello PTS 10 Jan 1, 1938 112 Win 89--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Pee Wee Jarrell KO 2 (10) Sep 25, 1937 111 Win 88--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Mario Ramon KO 5 (10) Aug 28, 1937 110 Win 87--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa I KO 5 (10) Aug 21, 1937 109 Win 86--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Willard Brown PTS 10 Jun 18, 1937 108 Win 85--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Roy Calamari KO 3 (10) Jun 15, 1937 107 Win 84--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Jack Etheridge KO 2 (10) May 28, 1937 106 Win 83--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Kenny LaSalle PTS 10 May 18, 1937 105 Win 82--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Midget Mexico TKO 4 (10) May 14, 1937 104 Win 81--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Ventura Arana KO 2 (10) Apr 28, 1937 103 Win 80--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Cerda PTS 10 Mar 3, 1937 102 Win 79--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Gallito Ramirez KO 9 (10) Feb 14, 1937 101 Win 78--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Al Manfredo PTS 10 Jan 1, 1937 100 Win 77--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Tracy Cox PTS 10 Dec 14, 1936 99 Win 76--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa I PTS 12 Nov 7, 1936 98 Win 75--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Kid Hermosillo KO 9 (10) Aug 8, 1936 97 Loss 74--16--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Ceferino Garcia KO 5 (10), `{{small|1:17}}`{=mediawiki} Jul 17, 1936 96 Loss 74--15--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Rodolfo Casanova PTS 10 May 16, 1936 95 Win 74--14--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Pepe Saldana PTS 10 Apr 7, 1936 94 Win 73--14--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} German Rico PTS 10 Mar 29, 1936 93 Win 72--14--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Cerda PTS 12 Mar 14, 1936 92 Win 71--14--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Pancho Lawler PTS 10 Jan 3, 1936 91 Win 70--14--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Chief Parris PTS 10 Nov 23, 1935 90 Win 69--14--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Tommy Collins KO 7 (10) Sep 6, 1935 89 Loss 68--14--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Chief Parris PTS 10 Sep 3, 1935 88 Win 68--13--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Chief Parris PTS 10 Aug 30, 1935 87 Win 67--13--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Al Chavez KO 2 (10) Jul 4, 1935 86 Win 66--13--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Renato Torres KO 3 (10) Jun 12, 1935 85 Loss 65--13--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Bep van Klaveren PTS 10 May 24, 1935 84 Win 65--12--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Morrie Sherman PTS 10 Apr 6, 1935 83 Win 64--12--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Izzy Jannazzo PTS 10 Mar 2, 1935 82 Win 63--12--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Herbert Lewis Hardwick PTS 10 Jan 26, 1935 81 Draw 62--12--6 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Herbert Lewis Hardwick PTS 10 Jan 19, 1935 80 Win 62--12--5 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Kenny LaSalle PTS 10 Nov 10, 1934 79 Win 61--12--5 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Kenny LaSalle PTS 10 Oct 27, 1934 78 Win 60--12--5 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe King KO 1 (10) Sep 29, 1934 77 Win 59--12--5 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Wolfe PTS 10 Sep 22, 1934 76 Win 58--12--5 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Benny Levine KO 4 (10) Aug 30, 1934 75 Win 57--12--5 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Pat Murphy KO 5 (10) Aug 4, 1934 74 Win 56--12--5 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Baby Joe Gans PTS 10 Jul 22, 1934 73 Win 55--12--5 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Young Peter Jackson PTS 10 Jun 5, 1934 72 Draw 54--12--5 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Ritchie Mack PTS 10 May 16, 1934 71 Loss 54--12--4 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Ritchie Mack MD 10 Apr 3, 1934 70 Win 54--11--4 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Cowboy Eddie Anderson PTS 10 Mar 15, 1934 69 Win 53--11--4 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Ritchie Mack PTS 10 Mar 10, 1934 68 Win 52--11--4 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Bernardo Pena KO 3 (10) Feb 20, 1934 67 Win 51--11--4 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Villa I KO 9 (10) Feb 17, 1934 66 Draw 50--11--4 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Paulie Walker PTS 10 Dec 2, 1933 65 Win 50--11--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Al Schaff TKO 5 (10) Nov 18, 1933 64 Win 49--11--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Martin Barbotteux PTS 10 Nov, 1933 N/A 63 Win 48--11--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Elias Alvarez KO ? (10) Oct 28, 1933 62 Win 47--11--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Leonard Bennett PTS 10 Oct, 1933 N/A 61 Loss 46--11--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Leonard Bennett DQ 6 (10) Sep 23, 1933 60 Win 46--10--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Meyer Grace KO 4 (10) Aug 19, 1933 59 Win 45--10--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Ceferino Garcia TKO 8 (10) Jul 25, 1933 58 Win 44--10--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Ceferino Garcia PTS 10 Jul 11, 1933 57 Loss 43--10--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Frisco PTS 10 Jun, 1933 N/A 56 Win 43--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Relampago Saguero PTS 10 May 27, 1933 55 Win 42--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Frisco PTS 10 May 13, 1933 54 Win 41--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Harry Galfund KO 2 (10) Apr 2, 1933 53 Win 40--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} David Velasco PTS 10 Mar, 1933 N/A 52 Win 39--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Tommy White PTS 10 Mar 11, 1933 51 Win 38--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Joe Glick PTS 10 Feb 18, 1933 50 Win 37--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Luis Alvarado PTS 10 Jan, 1933 N/A 49 Win 36--7--3 `{{small|(4)}}`{=mediawiki} Eddie Cerda PTS 10 Jan, 1933 N/A 48 Win 35--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Armando Aguilar PTS 10 Dec, 1932 N/A 47 Win 34--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Martin Barbotteux PTS 10 Nov, 1932 N/A 46 Win 33--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} David Velasco PTS 12 Oct 23, 1932 45 Win 32--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Luna KO 6 (10) Oct 9, 1932 44 Win 31--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Loncho Perez KO 2 (10) Sep 16, 1932 43 Win 30--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Ray Macias PTS 10 Sep 10, 1932 42 Win 29--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Felipe Orozco TKO 7 (10) Aug 28, 1932 41 Win 28--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Luis Portela KO 9 (10) Aug 13, 1932 40 Loss 27--9--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Raúl Talán PTS 10 Jul 30, 1932 39 Win 27--8--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Alfredo Gaona PTS 10 Jul, 1932 N/A 38 Loss 26--8--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Tommy White KO 8 (10) Jun 27, 1932 37 Win 26--7--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Luis Arizona DQ 7 (10) May 28, 1932 36 Win 25--7--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Garcia PTS 10 Mar 23, 1932 35 Win 24--7--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Carlos Garcia PTS 10 Feb 17, 1932 34 Win 23--7--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Battling Shaw PTS 10 Jan 31, 1932 33 22--7--3 `{{small|(1)}}`{=mediawiki} Manuel Cermeno NC 5 (10) Jan 28, 1932 32 Win 22--7--3 Paul Wangley KO 5 (10) Jan, 1932 N/A 31 Draw 21--7--3 Armando Aguilar PTS 10 Dec 20, 1931 30 Win 21--7--2 Antonio Escareno TKO 6 (10) Nov 12, 1931 29 Win 20--7--2 Battling Vega TKO 3 (10) Oct 26, 1931 28 Loss 19--7--2 Battling Shaw PTS 10 Oct 18, 1931 27 Win 19--6--2 Jorge Monzon TKO 2 (10) Aug 5, 1931 26 Win 18--6--2 Bearcat Joe Barrera KO 3 (8) Jul 8, 1931 25 Win 17--6--2 Johnson Harper KO 3 (8) Jun 24, 1931 24 Win 16--6--2 Chato Flores KO 6 (8) May 20, 1931 23 Win 15--6--2 Guero Pena PTS 8 May 5, 1931 22 Win 14--6--2 Tommy K.O. Mahavier KO 4 (8) Apr 26, 1931 21 Win 13--6--2 Bearcat Joe Barrera PTS 8 Apr 8, 1931 20 Win 12--6--2 Newsboy Eddie Lopez NWS 10 Mar 24, 1931 19 Draw 11--6--2 Bearcat Joe Barrera PTS 6 Mar 22, 1931 18 Win 11--6--1 Kid Chocolate TKO ? (10) Feb 18, 1931 17 Win 10--6--1 Battling Ward TKO 5 (10) Jan 20, 1931 16 Loss 9--6--1 Brooks Hooper NWS 10 Jan 13, 1931 15 Loss 9--5--1 Fausto Velasco NWS 10 Dec 30, 1930 14 Win 9--4--1 Fausto Velasco TKO 3 (10) Dec 12, 1930 13 Draw 8--4--1 Kid Chocolate PTS 6 Nov 5, 1930 12 Loss 8--4 Enrique Sada PTS 6 Oct 1, 1930 11 Win 8--3 Texas Kid KO 1 (6) Aug 20, 1930 10 Win 7--3 Kid Flores KO 1 (6) Jul 30, 1930 9 Win 6--3 Kid Cortinas KO ? (6) Jul 30, 1930 8 Loss 5--3 Santos Delgado PTS 6 Jul 4, 1930 7 Win 5--2 Jimmy Harwell PTS 6 Jun 29, 1930 6 Win 4--2 Texas Kid PTS 6 Jun 6, 1930 5 Win 3--2 Jesus Gaitan PTS 6 May 18, 1930 4 Win 2--2 Jimmy Harwell KO 3 (6) Apr 20, 1930 3 Win 1--2 Cipriano Castillo PTS 4 Mar 23, 1930 2 Loss 0--2 Pancho Aranda PTS 6 Oct 20, 1929 1 Loss 0--1 Pancho Aranda PTS 6 Sep 1, 1929
2,971
Kid Azteca
3
3,728,693
# Kid Azteca ## Success - In 1933, Kid Azteca obtained the Mexican Welterweight title. - Azteca was still remembered by his fans some twenty years after his last fight, the Spanish boxing publication *Ring En Español* featuring him many times on magazine articles. - Azteca had 192 wins, 46 losses and 12 ties as a professional boxer, with 114 knockout wins. His knockouts made him a member of the exclusive group of fighters that won 50 or more fights by knockout through their careers, and it also constituted a knockout record for Hispanic fighters
95
Kid Azteca
4
3,728,695
# List of beaches in New York Below is a partial list of beaches of the U.S. state of New York. ## New York City {#new_york_city} - Coney Island Beach and Boardwalk, Brooklyn - Brighton Beach - Coney Island - Fort Tilden, Queens - The pristine beaches in this National Park Service-managed site never get crowds because they are not accessible by public transit and even by car, require a small hike to get to, except for visitors with a fishing license. There are no lifeguards at the park and the tides are strong so swimming is not advised. Besides sunbathing, the primary recreational activities are fishing, bird-watching and beach walks. Visitors can also take a nature walk on trails through a successional maritime forest behind the beach. An observation deck at one of two old military batteries at the park offers sweeping views of New York Harbor. - Gerritsen Beach, Brooklyn - Great Kills Park, Staten Island - Jacob Riis Park, Queens - Jacob Riis Park features an ocean beach with lifeguards in season, a boardwalk, an historic Art Deco bathhouse and recreational facilities that include paddle tennis, baseball, basketball and volleyball courts. It can be reached by public transit and also has parking. The park is part of Gateway National Recreation Area and is managed by the National Park Service. Concessionaires operate beach clubs that offer food, cabanas and other services and facilities for a fee. Beach wheelchairs are available and the boardwalk is wheelchair-accessible
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List of beaches in New York
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# The Ashcombe School **The Ashcombe School** is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in Dorking in the English county of Surrey. ## History The Ashcombe School was established in 1976, by the merger of Dorking County Grammar School and Mowbray School. The co-educational Dorking County Grammar School had been founded in 1931 with the Amalgamation of the Dorking High School for Boys (1884--1930) and St.Martin\'s Church Of England High School for Girls opened in 1903. Mowbray Secondary Modern School for Girls opened on an adjacent site in 1953. The schools were close enough to share the school kitchen. The Ashcombe School became a Specialist Language College in September 1998, allowing it to receive additional funding. It was featured in the Independent and the Guardian as a school that teaches Mandarin. Previously a community school administered by Surrey County Council, in January 2017 The Ashcombe School converted to academy status. The school is now sponsored by the South East Surrey Schools Education Trust. ## Notable former pupils {#notable_former_pupils} ### Dorking High School for Boys {#dorking_high_school_for_boys} - James Chuter Ede, Lord Chuter-Ede of Epsom, Labour MP and Home Secretary - John Gandee, British diplomat; High Commissioner to Botswana from 1966 to 1969. ### Dorking County Grammar School {#dorking_county_grammar_school} - William Cole English conductor, composer and organist. Teacher at Dorking County School 1937-40 - Michael Colborne, Royal Navy officer and private secretary to Charles, Prince of Wales, and later the Duke of Westminster. - Patricia Fothergill, pioneer in robotics and control languages, helped develop the Freddy II robot pioneer in robotics and robot control languages. - Sir Stephen Lamport, Receiver General at Westminster Abbey, former diplomat and Deputy Private Secretary to the Prince of Wales. - Liz Lynne, Former Liberal Democrat MP and MEP - Tom Mangold, award-winning BBC journalist and writer - Sir Erich Reich, Kindertransport refugee, Austrian-born entrepreneur and charity fundraiser
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# Xhemal Pasha Zogu **Xhemal Pasha Zogu** (`{{IPA|sq|dʒɛ'mal pa'ʃa 'zɔɡu|}}`{=mediawiki};`{{fix|text=stress?}}`{=mediawiki} 1860--1911), also known as **Jamal Pasha** or **Jamal Pasha Zogolli**, was the **Hereditary Governor of Mati**, Albania (at the time part of the Ottoman Empire). He was the father of King Zog I of Albania. Born at Burgajet Castle, Mati (or Constantinople), in 1860, he was the third son of Xhelal Pasha Zogolli and Ruhije Alltuni, from the wealthy Alltuni family of Kavajë. He was educated privately and became Hereditary Governor of Mati upon the death of his older brother, Riza. During the Great Eastern Crisis, a meeting held in Debar (1880) by Albanian notables deciding on the course of action regarding the Ottoman cessation of Ulcinj to Montenegro, Xhemal was in the pro-government group advocating no action be taken and was against a declaration of Albanian autonomy in the Balkans. Xhemal married Zenja Malika Khanum (Melek Hanem) (Castle Burgajet, Mati, c. 1860 - Castle Burgajet, Mati, 1884), his first cousin, in Mati in 1880; after she died in childbirth in 1884 he married Sadiya Khanum (Sadijé Hanem) in Mati in 1887. Her title was later changed to *Nëna Mbretëreshë i Shqiptarëvet* (\"Queen Mother of the Albanians\"). He became involved in an insurrection against the Ottomans planned for June 1903, which did not take place. ## Issue By Zenja Malika Hanem, Xhemal had a son and a stillbirth child - Prince Xhelal Zogu (1881-1944). Political man. He married four time and had four sons and four daughters. - Stillbirth child (1884). The mother died in childbirth also. By Sadije Toptani, Xhemal had two sons and six daughters: - Princess Adile (1890-1966). She married once and had three sons and two daughters. - King Zog I (1895-1961). King of Albania. - Princess Nafije (1896-1955). She married once and had a son. - A son who died in young age. - Princess Senije (1903-1969). She married Şehzade Mehmed Abid and became a princess of Ottoman Empire. - Princess Myzejen (1905-1969). Unmarried, without issue. - Princess Ruhije (1906-1948). Unmarried, without issue. - Princess Maxhide (1907-1969). Unmarried, without issue
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# Daniel A. Lord **Daniel Aloysius Lord**, SJ (April 23, 1888 -- January 15, 1955) was an American Jesuit priest and writer. He wrote 32 books, 15 booklets, and 228 pamphlets, as well as countless articles. Lord also wrote 70 plays, musicals, and pageants. He served as one of the technical consultants on Cecil B. DeMille\'s 1927 *The King of Kings*. His most influential work was possibly in drafting the 1930 Production Code for motion pictures. ## Life Born in Chicago, Illinois, April 23, 1888, Daniel Lord attended local Catholic elementary and after a year at De La Salle Institute attending St. Ignatius College Prep. In 1909, he entered the Society of Jesus at St. Stanislaus Seminary in Florissant, Missouri. Upon completion of his novitiate training at St. Stanislaus, he lived in St. Louis, Missouri. He went on to receive an M.A. in Philosophy from St. Louis University, and taught English there from 1917--1920. He was ordained a priest in 1923. In April 1924, Lord addressed 400 delegates of the second annual convention of the St. Louis Archdiocese Council of Catholic Women, where he spoke of the Church as an agency for breaking down provincialism. That same year he gave the Baccalaureate sermon at Webster University in St. Louis. He professed as a member of the Society of Jesus in 1925. Lord became national director of the Sodality of Our Lady in 1926, also serving as editor of its magazine, *The Queen\'s Work*. A loose network of student-based charitable and devotional groups often headquartered at Jesuit educational institutions, it was labeled a dying organization before his involvement, but expanded quickly under Lord\'s leadership. At the peak in the late 1940s there were 13,000 Sodalities in the United States and Canada at Catholic grade schools, high schools and colleges. Many parishes had both a Women\'s Sodality and a Men\'s Sodality. Lord drafted the Sodality theme song, *For Christ the King*, known to many mid-century American parochial school children. He also wrote, in 1941, the school song for Ursuline College in Louisville, Kentucky. Lord stepped down from editorship in 1948, but continued to write for the magazine for the remainder of his life, producing more than 90 books, over 300 pamphlets, and countless articles, plays, and songs. \"For a 30-year period in the last century, Rev. Daniel Lord, S.J. preached his down-to-earth spirituality by distributing dozens of pamphlets on family life, children, and marriage directly to the people in parish churches.\" Lord also staged musical pageants, among which was the \"City of Freedom\", held in Detroit in July 1951. He also produced a syndicated weekly column, *Along the Way*, as well as a regular youth feature for *Our Sunday Visitor*. He also contributed articles on the theater to the *Catholic World*.
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# Daniel A. Lord ## Hollywood In 1927, Lord served as one of six technical consultants, of various denominations, to Cecil B. DeMille for his silent film *King of Kings*. Lord alone was listed as Technical Advisor in the film credits. He described his time on the set with DeMille in his autobiography *Played by Ear.* He observed, \"just how far vice may be presented in order to make virtue triumphant is one of the most delicate problems in artistic art.\" In 1929, he began work on the Production Code, a project envisioned by censor Martin Quigley, publisher of a Hollywood trade journal, and bolstered by Cardinal George Mundelein of the Archdiocese of Chicago. He saw an opportunity to read morality and decency into mass recreation. He aimed \"to tie the Ten Commandments in with the newest and most widespread form of entertainment\", aspiring to an ecumenical standard of decency. In 1930, Lord\'s draft of the Code was accepted by Will H. Hays and promulgated to the studios with only minor changes, but it lacked an enforcement mechanism, and Lord came to consider it a failure. It was only with the mid-1934 advent of the Production Code Administration headed by Joseph Breen that the Code became the law of Hollywood for more than 25 years. In the 1930s and 1940s, Lord\'s writings touched on politics, seeking a Catholic middle ground between socialism and unfettered capitalism. He was a tireless advocate of racial fairness, and frequently engaged issues of economic justice, *Dare We Hate Jews* was his response to antisemitism, attacking it as incompatible with Catholic teachings. In 1954, Lord was diagnosed with incurable lung cancer. He died at Saint John\'s Hospital, St. Louis on January 15, 1955. ## Works (partial) {#works_partial} - *Father Finn, S.J., the story of his life told by himself for his friends young and old* (1929) ### Books by Lord (Listed chronologically) {#books_by_lord_listed_chronologically} - [A Complete List of Daniel Lord Books](http://daniellordsj.com/Lord-Book-List.html) - *Armchair Philosophy.* New York: America Press, 1918. (An interesting look at Catholic philosophical thought as taught to Jesuit priests at the time.) - *Our Nuns: Their Varied and Vital Service for God and County.* New York: Benziger, 1924. (A fascinating look at institutions run by Catholic sisters in Chicago and St. Louis.) - *Religion and Leadership.* Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing, 1933. (This popular textbook for Catholic college theology courses was used into the 1950s.) - *My Mother, The Study of an Uneventful Life* St. Louis: Queen\'s Work, 1934. (The famous movie producer John W. Considine Jr. (e.g. *Boys Town*) considered making a movie of this book.) - *Questions I\'m Asked About Marriage* St. Louis: Queen\'s Work, 1938. (Based on questions raised at Lord\'s frequent lectures, talks, and retreats.) - *Played by Ear*, Chicago, Loyola Univ. Press, 1956. ### Pamphlets - [A Complete List of Daniel Lord Pamphlets](http://daniellordsj.com/Lord-Pamphlet-List.html) - *I can read ANYTHING!? All right! - then read THIS!*, 1932) - *Confession is a Joy?* (1933) - *Fashionable Sin - A Modern Discussion of an Unpopular Subject* (1934) - *Pardon My Manners*, The Queen\'s Work / Sodality Movement (1935) Other pamphlets include: *\"You can\'t live that way\"*, *The Call to Catholic Action*, and *Our Part in the Mystical Body*. Another source of Daniel Lord\'s pamphlets is www.pamphlets.info which can be read online
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# Ben Clark (footballer, born 1983) **Benjamin Clark** (born 24 January 1983) is an English former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. During his career, he played for Sunderland, Hartlepool United, Gateshead and latterly South Shields. He has also been first-team manager and community officer at Gateshead. ## Club career {#club_career} ### Manchester United {#manchester_united} Clark began his career as a trainee for Manchester United, but became homesick and signed for Sunderland in August 1999. ### Sunderland He made his Sunderland debut in a 2--1 League Cup away win at Luton Town in September 2000. However, Clark saw his opportunities at Sunderland limited and he only made 11 appearances in his first three seasons and mainly found himself playing for the reserves. Despite the lack of appearances for his league side, Clark represented England as a defender up until under-20 level and he captained the under-19s. Mick McCarthy tipped Clark to play an important role in Sunderland\'s promotion campaign. However, he decided to let Clark look for new clubs to pursue his career. In the 2004--05 season, Clark was signed by Neale Cooper and moved to Hartlepool United. ### Hartlepool United {#hartlepool_united} Clark made his Hartlepool debut against Peterborough but a series of injuries disrupted his first season at the club and Clark found it difficult to gain a regular starting place in the team. He was commonly used as a utility player to cover injuries in defence and midfield. Despite this Clark went on to make 25 league appearances and 6 in cup competitions. In the 2006--07 season, he played a key role in central defence alongside Michael Nelson as Hartlepool won promotion from League Two as runners-up. The pair played a major part in the club\'s 18-game unbeaten run. Clark made 35 appearances in the 2008--09 season but the arrival of Sam Collins meant that Clark was moved back into midfield. After losing his place in the side, Clark spent much of the 2009--10 season as a substitute and was released at the end of the season. ### Gateshead On 14 June 2010, Clark signed for Conference National side Gateshead and was named captain on 10 August 2010, replacing Kris Gate. Clark made his debut for Gateshead on 14 August 2010 against Kettering Town. Clark scored his first goal for Gateshead on 22 February 2011 in a 4--1 win against Kettering Town at Rockingham Road. He made 53 appearances during his first season at the club, missing only 3 games, and won Gateshead\'s Player of the Year award. He agreed a new one-year contract with the club in May 2012 to cover the 2012--13 season. On 23 November 2015, Clark was named co-caretaker manager of Gateshead alongside Micky Cummins following the departure of manager Malcolm Crosby. At the beginning of the 2016--17 season, Clark became a dual registered player for both Gateshead and Northern League South Shields. He played four times for the Mariners, before retiring after suffering a groin injury in September 2016. ## Coaching career {#coaching_career} On 1 October 2024, following the departure of Rob Elliot as first-team coach, it was announced that Clark would take charge of first team matters at Gateshead on an interim basis. ## Career statistics {#career_statistics} Source: Club Season Division League FA Cup League Cup ------------------- ---------- ------------------------------ -------- ------ -------- ------ ------------ Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Sunderland 2000--01 Premier League 0 0 0 0 1 2001--02 Premier League 0 0 0 0 0 2002--03 Premier League 1 0 1 0 0 2003--04 Division One 5 0 1 0 2 2004--05 Championship 2 0 0 0 1 Total 8 0 2 0 4 Hartlepool United 2004--05 League One 25 0 6 0 0 2005--06 League One 32 0 1 0 0 2006--07 League Two 40 3 3 0 1 2007--08 League One 19 1 1 0 0 2008--09 League One 35 2 5 0 0 2009--10 League One 11 0 0 0 0 Total 162 6 16 0 1 Gateshead 2010--11 Conference Premier 44 2 2 0 0 2011--12 Conference Premier 40 0 3 0 0 2012--13 Conference Premier 33 1 0 0 0 2013--14 Conference Premier 44 0 3 0 0 2014--15 Conference Premier 33 0 3 0 0 2015--16 Conference Premier 44 2 1 0 0 Total 238 5 12 0 0 South Shields 2016--17 Northern League Division One 4 0 0 0 0 Career total 412 11 30 0 5 : B. `{{note|Other}}`{=mediawiki} The \"Other\" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the FA Trophy, Football League Trophy and play-offs
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# Mother Courage **Mother Courage** (German *Mutter Courage*) is a character from a Grimmelshausen novel *Lebensbeschreibung der Ertzbetrügerin und Landstörtzerin Courasche* (*The Runagate Courage*) dating from around 1670. The character had played a cameo role in *Der abentheuerliche Simplicissimus* in 1669. The Bertolt Brecht play *Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder* (*Mother Courage and Her Children*) gave her currency in the 20th century. Mother Courage is cast as a walking contradiction by Brecht. She is torn between protecting her children from the war and making a profit out of the war. Cúruisce (Courasche) appears in Ireland as a fictional character in Darach Ó Scolaí\'s Irish language novel *An Cléireach*. After travelling from Flanders in the company of a junior officer in the Tyrone regiment she serves in 1650 as a camp follower of the regiment of colonel Edmund O\'Flaherty in the Royalist army
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# Antyesti **Antyesti** (IAST: Antyeṣṭi, *अन्त्येष्टि*), also known as **Antima Samskara**, **Antya-kriya**, **Anvarohanyya**, or as **Vahni Samskara**, literally means \"last sacrifice\" or \"final auspicious ceremony\", and refers to the funeral rites for the dead in Hinduism, which usually involves cremation of the body. This rite of passage is the last samskara in a series of traditional life cycle samskaras that start from conception in Hindu tradition. The details of the Antyesti ceremony depend on the region, social group, gender and age of the dead. ## Etymology *Antyeṣṭi* (अन्त्येष्टि) is a composite Sanskrit word of *antya* and *iṣṭi*, which respectively mean \"last\" and \"sacrifice\" or \"auspicious ceremony\". Together, the word means the \"last sacrifice\". Similarly, the phrase *Antima Samskara* literally means \"last sacred ceremony, or last rite of passage\". ## Scriptures The *Antyesti* rite of passage is structured around the premise in ancient literature of Hinduism that the microcosm of all living beings is a reflection of a macrocosm of the universe. The soul (Atman, Brahman) is the essence and immortal that is released at the *Antyeshti* ritual, but both the body and the universe are vehicles and transitory in various schools of Hinduism. The human body and the universe consist of five elements in Hindu texts -- air, water, fire, earth and space. The last rite of passage returns the body to the five elements and its origins. The roots of this belief are found in the Vedas, for example in the hymns of Rigveda in section 10.16, as follows, The final rites of a burial, in case of untimely death of a child, is rooted in Rig Veda\'s section 10.18, where the hymns mourn the death of the child, praying to deity Mrityu to \"neither harm our girls nor our boys\", and pleads the earth to cover, protect the deceased child as a soft wool.
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# Antyesti ## Antyesti practices {#antyesti_practices} The ceremonial offerings varies across the spectrum of Hindu society. Some of the popular rituals followed in Vedic religions after the death of a human being, for his or her peace and ascent to heaven are as follows. ### Shmashana - the cremation ground {#shmashana___the_cremation_ground} The cremation ground is called *Shmashana* (in Sanskrit) or \"Shoshan\" in Bengali, and it is located near a river, if not on the river bank itself. Those who can afford it may go to special sacred places like Puri, Gaya, Varanasi, Haridwar, Prayagraj, Srirangam, Brahmaputra on the occasion of Ashokashtami and Rameswaram to complete this rite of immersion of ashes into water. ### Cremation rituals {#cremation_rituals} The last rites are usually completed within a day of death. While practices vary among sects, generally, his or her body is washed, wrapped in white cloth, if the dead is a man or a widow, or red cloth, if it is a woman whose husband is still alive, the big toes are tied together with a string and a *Tilak* (red, yellow or white mark) is placed on the forehead. The dead adult\'s body is carried to the cremation ground near a river or water, by family and friends, and placed on a pyre with feet facing north. The eldest son, or a male mourner, or a priest -- called the lead cremator or lead mourner -- then bathes himself before leading the cremation ceremony. He circumambulates the dry wood pyre with the body, says a eulogy or recites a hymn, places sesame seeds or rice in the dead person\'s mouth, sprinkles the body and the pyre with ghee (clarified butter), then draws three lines signifying *Yama* (deity of the dead), *Kala* (\'Time\', deity of cremation and finality) and the dead. Prior to lighting the pyre, an earthen pot is filled with water, and the lead mourner circles the body with it, before lobbing the pot over his shoulder so it breaks near the head. Once the pyre is ablaze, the lead mourner and the closest relatives may circumambulate the burning pyre one or more times. The ceremony is concluded by the lead cremator, during the ritual, is *kapala kriya*, or the ritual of piercing the burning skull with a stave (bamboo fire poker) to make a hole or break it, in order to release the spirit. All those who attend the cremation, and are exposed to the dead body or cremation smoke take a shower as soon as possible after the cremation, as the cremation ritual is considered unclean and polluting. The cold collected ash from the cremation is later consecrated to the nearest river or sea. In some regions, the sons and other male relatives of the deceased shave their heads and beards and invite all neighbours, friends and relatives, on the tenth, eleventh or twelfth day, to eat a simple meal together in remembrance of the deceased. This day, in some communities, also marks a day when the poor and needy are offered food in memory of the dead. ### Modern cremation methods {#modern_cremation_methods} Both manual bamboo wood pyres and electric cremation are used for Hindu cremations. For the latter, the body is kept on a bamboo frame on rails near the door of the electric chamber. After cremation, the mourner will collect the ashes and consecrate it to a water body, such as a river or sea. ### Burial in Hinduism {#burial_in_hinduism} Apart from the cremation method, several sects in Hinduism follow the practice of burial of the dead. In some sects, the important gurus, swamis or sadhus are buried. The preparatory rituals are more or less similar to cremation viz, washing the body, applying vibhuti (holy ash) and kumkum or holy paste (sandalwood) on the forehead of the deceased etc., but instead of cremating, the deceased is buried. The body is either placed in sleeping position or in some Shaivite and tribal traditions is in Padmasana sitting position with legs folded and arms resting on the thigh simulating meditative position. The burial pit is prepared in the community burial ground called Shamshana, usually situated outside the city or village. Some affluent will bury their dead in their own field. The burial pit for sleeping position is generally three feet wide and six feet long and for sitting position it is three feet by three feet. As a thumb rule in all the sects invariable the saints are buried in sitting position in a separate place where later on a Samadhi is built which becomes a place of worship. For example, followers of Ayyavazhi sect bury the body, facing the geographic north in a padmasana position, without coffins and it is covered by sand or Namam (sacred soil) as an act austerity for the unfolding of Dharma Yukam. ## Post Antyesti rituals {#post_antyesti_rituals} Other Indian rituals after death include Niravapanjali, Tarpana, Śrāddha, Rasam Pagri, Pitru Paksha. ### Genealogy registers {#genealogy_registers} Many people visit Hindu pilgrimage sites to perform, *Śrāddha* ceremonies, like Gaya, Pehowa, Kurukshetra, Haridwar, Gokarneshwar, Nashik etc. where they also update their genealogy registers maintained by pandas. - Hindu genealogy registers at Chintpurni, Himachal Pradesh - Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar - Hindu genealogy registers at Jawalamukhi,Himachal Pradesh - Hindu genealogy registers at Kurukshetra, Haryana - Hindu genealogy registers at Peohwa, Haryana - Hindu genealogy registers at Trimbakeshwar, Maharashtra - Hindu genealogy registers at Varanasi
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# Antyesti ## Observance by Hindu communities outside India and Nepal {#observance_by_hindu_communities_outside_india_and_nepal} ### Trinidad and Tobago {#trinidad_and_tobago} Hindus brought into Trinidad and Tobago as indentured laborers for plantations between 1845 and 1917, by the British colonial government, suffered discriminatory laws that did not allow cremation, and other rites of passage such as the traditional marriage, because the colonial officials considered these as pagan and uncivilized barbaric practices. The non-Hindu government further did not allow the construction of a crematorium. After decades of social organization and petitions, the Hindus of Trinidad gained the permission to practice their traditional rites of passage including *Antyesti* in the 1950s, and build the first crematorium in 1980s. ### United Kingdom {#united_kingdom} In the United Kingdom, it was formerly illegal to conduct a traditional outdoors Hindu cremation under the 1902 Cremation Act, with Hindus having to cremate their dead in indoor crematoriums instead. In 2006, Daven Ghai, a British Hindu who had been refused the right to have a traditional funeral by Newcastle City Council, brought a case to court in which he claimed that the current law did in fact allow open air cremations, so long as they were in some enclosed building and away from the public. A High Court ruling disagreed with his claim, and the-then Justice Secretary Jack Straw stated that the British public would \"find it abhorrent that human remains were being burned in this way.\" Nonetheless, upon taking it to the Court of Appeals in 2010, the judge, Lord Justice Neuberger, ruled that such a cremation would be legal under the 1902 Act, so long as it was performed within a building, even an open-air one. Upon his victory, Ghai told reporters that \"I always maintained that I wanted to clarify the law, not disobey or disrespect it\" and expressed regret at the amount that the trial had cost the taxpayer. He stated that he was thankful that he now had \"the right to be cremated with the sun shining on my body and my son lighting the pyre\" and he and other Hindus and Sikhs in the country had begun investigations into finding a site upon which they could perform the funerary ceremonies
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# National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment The **National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment** is one of the National Film Awards presented annually by the National Film Development Corporation of India, and was constituted in the year 1975. This is one of the *Golden Lotus Awards* (*Swarna Kamal)* given among National Film Awards. It is announced for films produced in a year across the country, in all Indian languages. Films in the following languages have won the Best Popular Feature Film award: Hindi (29 awards), Telugu (6 awards), Tamil (4 awards), Malayalam (3 awards), Bengali (2 awards), and Kannada (2 awards). With six wins, Yash Raj Films is the production house with the most wins. With five wins, Yash Chopra is the producer with the most wins, producing most of the company\'s winning films. He has also directed four winning films, the most for any director. Shah Rukh Khan has starred in seven winning films, the most for any actor in a leading role, followed by Aamir Khan with five winning films. Madhuri Dixit and Kajol have each starred in three winning films, the most for any actress in a leading role
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# French ironclad Solférino *Pandoc failed*: ``` Error at (line 3, column 1): unexpected '{' {{Infobox ship image ^ ``
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# Liquiçá Church massacre The **Liquiçá Church massacre** was a mass-killing that occurred in April 1999, during East Timor\'s bid for independence. It was the first case to be heard by the Second Special Panel. ## Events and aftermath {#events_and_aftermath} During the event, up to some 200 East Timorese people were murdered at the Liquica priest\'s house next to the local Catholic church. The event left many witnesses, including the local Catholic Priest, Raphael dos Santos. The total number of victims at the hands of pro-Indonesia militias (primarily the Besi Merah Putih) and Indonesian soldiers and police in Liquica has never been fully determined, ranging from a low of five claimed by Indonesia, to more than 200 by local sources. The crime was first investigated by Australian diplomats at the invitation of the Indonesian Government, but the report wasn\'t released until 2001. Later it was investigated by a team of International Police which became known as the UNTAET Crime Scene Detachment, serving under the United Nations and representing the countries of the United States, Great Britain, and the Philippines, as well as Australian and New Zealand Military Police Crime Scene Specialists. The unit was initially commanded by police officer Steve Minhinett, of Great Britain. It was later commanded by American police officer Karl Clark, and relied heavily on American intelligence officer Allen Williams. This investigation led to a large number of exhumations of the dead, witness statements taken, and ultimately charges of assassination, torture, forced deportation and murder being filed against 21 Indonesian Officers, and pro-Indonesian East Timorese Militia. The Liquiçá Church massacre and the attack at Manuel Carrascalão\'s house were two of the ten priority investigations of the Serious Crimes Unit. This case was the first of several indictments arising from these investigations to reach trial. The very first trial was to be heard by the Second Special Panel, consisting of Judge Benfeito Mosso Ramos (Cape Verde) presiding, Judge Antero Luís (Portugal) and Judge António Helder (East Timor). The hearing was conducted in five languages: Portuguese, English, Indonesian, Tetum and Tokodede, the local language of the Liquiçá area. The court heard detailed testimony about involvement of the Besi Merah Putih militia in the attack, including a militia ceremony in which they were allegedly forced to drink a cocktail of alcohol, animal blood and drugs in preparation for the killings at the Liquiçá Church. Testimony implicated the direct participation in the attacks by Indonesian soldiers, who were allegedly dressed in civilian clothes to look like militia members. Leoneto Martins, Tomé Diogo, Eurico Guterres and João da Silva Tavares were the primary suspects and leading figures during the massacre, all were East Timorese
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# Aeneas of Gaza **Aeneas of Gaza** (*Αἰνείας ὁ Γαζαῖος*; d. c. 518) was a Neo-Platonic philosopher and a convert to Christianity who flourished towards the end of the fifth century. He is considered part of the Rhetorical School of Gaza, which flourished in Byzantine Palaestina in the fifth and sixth centuries. ## Life Not much is known about his life. Aeneas was probably born around 450 in Gaza. In his major work entitled *Theophrastus,* he alludes to Hierocles of Alexandria as his teacher, and in some of his letters he mentions as his contemporaries writers from the end of the fifth century and the beginning of the sixth, such as Procopius of Gaza. Aeneas has been also suggested as the unnamed uncle of Marcianus of Gaza who is described as the bishop of Gaza prior to Marcianus and as a famous sophist. Like many others from his literary circle, Aeneas had close relations with the monastic communities that surrounded Gaza. Aeneas for instance frequently consulted Abba Isaiah, a nearby famous ascetic and monastic monk, in regard to the writings of the philosophical writings of Plato, Aristotle and Plontius. ## Thought Like all the Christian Neo-Platonists, Aeneas held Plato in higher esteem than Aristotle. Like Synesius, Nemesius, and others, he found in Neo-Platonism the philosophical system which best accorded with Christian revelation. But, unlike Synesius and Nemesius, he rejected some of the most characteristic doctrines of the Neo-Platonists as being inconsistent with Christian dogma. For instance, he rejected the doctrine of pre-existence (according to which the soul of man existed before its union with body), arguing that the soul before its union with the body would have been \"idle\", incapable of exercising any of its faculties. Similarly, he rejected the doctrine of the eternal duration of the world, on the ground that the world is corporeal, and, although the best possible \"mechanism\", contains in itself the elements of dissolution Again, he taught that \"man\'s body is composed of matter and form\", and that while the matter perishes the \"form\" of the body retains the power of resuscitating the \"matter\" on the last day. Twenty-five letters of Aeneas of Gaza survived to today and form one of late antiquity's smallest and most idiosyncratic epistolary collections. The collection was likely much larger and survived as a microcollection whose fragments were likely coincidentally preserved by an eighth- or ninth-century anthologist
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# Tsing Yi Fire Station **Tsing Yi Fire Station** (Chinese: 青衣消防局) is the first fire station on the Tsing Yi Island, New Territories, Hong Kong. Located at the T-junction of Tsing Yi Heung Sze Wui Road and Cheung Wan Street on east side of the island, the station was once the sole station to cater the need for the rapid increase of population since late 1970s and the oil storage and heavy industries in the south and west. To relieve the burden of the station, a new station, Tsing Yi South Fire Station, was established in the southwest at Tsing Yi Road near Nam Wan, handling fire for industries and increasing number of oil depot. The fire station is located between Tsing Yi Police Station, Chung Mei Road Temporary Playground, a telephone exchange of PCCW and under a Tin Hau Temple. Apart from the main building of the station, it also had a drill tower and a foam store
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# I Am Trying to Break Your Heart: A Film About Wilco ***I Am Trying to Break Your Heart: A Film About Wilco*** is a 2002 black-and-white documentary film by director/photographer Sam Jones, following the American alt-country rock band Wilco through the creation and distribution of their fourth studio album *Yankee Hotel Foxtrot.* The film, distributed to theaters in the United States through Cowboy Pictures, was released on July 26, 2002, three months after the album\'s retail release. ## Overview With Wilco nearing completion of their album *Yankee Hotel Foxtrot*, conflict arose between the band and its record label Reprise, a division of the Warner Music Group. Wilco\'s prior albums had not performed to Reprise\'s sales expectations and Reprise were concerned with how to market the new album. They consequently rejected the work and dropped Wilco from the label. With a completed album and no contractual obligations to Reprise, Wilco made the album available to download on their website. Awareness of the new album became apparent and Wilco\'s profile was rising. In response, another record label, Nonesuch Records, offered Wilco a new record contract. Nonesuch Records, like Reprise, is a division of Warner Music Group, so Wilco were essentially paid twice for the album by the same record company. Other scenes depicted the breakdown of the relationship between members Jeff Tweedy and Jay Bennett, and Tweedy\'s debilitating migraines. ## Cast - Jeff Tweedy - John Stirratt - Leroy Bach - Glenn Kotche - Jay Bennett - Tony Margherita ## Release In addition to regular theatrical releases throughout the United States, the film was an official selection of the Los Angeles Film Festival, where the film had its world premiere in June 2002. ## Reception ### Critical response {#critical_response} On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 88% based on 60 reviews, and an average rating of 6.92/10. The website\'s critical consensus reads, \"Besides being a treat for Wilco fans, *I Am Trying to Break Your Heart* also exposes the workings of a profit-driven music industry.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews. Reviewing the film after its DVD release, *The A.V. Club*{{\'}}s Scott Tobias wrote, \"On hand with a 16mm black-and-white camera to document the recording process, director/photographer Sam Jones came away with more than he bargained for in *I Am Trying To Break Your Heart*, a superb portrait of a band and an industry in flux.\" Chris Morris, reviewing the film for *Billboard*, wrote that it was \"one of the best films ever about the inevitable clash between art and commerce.\" ## DVD releases {#dvd_releases} A DVD of the film was distributed through Plexifilm and released on April 1, 2003. (Note that there are two versions of the film on DVD: The original two-disc set, and a newer version which omits Disc 2 and is generally less expensive.) **Disc 1** - The film (digital transfer, 16x9 anamorphic presentation) - Feature commentary from director Sam Jones and Wilco - Original theatrical trailer - English subtitles for the hearing impaired **Disc 2** - Over 70 minutes of extra footage, featuring 17 additional Wilco songs, alternate versions of songs from *Yankee Hotel Foxtrot*, live concert performances and new unreleased songs - *I Am Trying To Make A Film* making-of featurette **Plus:** - Deluxe 40-page booklet with filmmaker\'s diary, exclusive photos and liner notes from Rolling Stone\'s David Fricke ### DVD Disc 2 bonus track listing {#dvd_disc_2_bonus_track_listing} - \"Pot Kettle Black\" \* - \"Busy Bee Monkey Song\" (also known as \"Monkey Mess\") - \"Why Would You Wanna Live\" - \"Pieholden Suite\" \* - \"Acuff-Rose\" - \"Please Tell My Brother\" - \"Cars Can\'t Escape\" \* - \"I\'m the Man Who Loves You\" \* - \"Magazine Called Sunset\" - \"Wait Up\" - \"Radio Cure\" \* - \"Monday\" - \"Someday Soon\" - \"Bob Dylan\'s 49th Beard\" - \"How to Fight Loneliness\" - \"Not for the Season\" - \"Sunken Treasure\" All songs written by Jeff Tweedy, except as noted \*, written by Jeff Tweedy and Jay Bennett ## Legacy In a 2021 interview with *Vanity Fair*, The War on Drugs lead singer Adam Granduciel stated that the documentary had inspired him to become a musician
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# Travis Fullerton **Travis Fullerton** is a rock musician, playing drums for various California bands and sessions. In San Francisco, California Fullerton played with Sam the Sham in 1966, Quicksilver (briefly), and Mount Rushmore, 1967-1969. In 1970 he moved to Hollywood. He was part of the group The Hot Band in 1973 that backed Sylvester and recorded two albums. He has played drums for Rita Coolidge, Graham Nash, Stephen Stills, Martha Reeves, Billy Joel, and Roxy. He also added some background vocals on Lee Oskar\'s *Before the Rain* album in 1978. From 1967 to 1980 he toured or recorded with Stephen Stills, Martha Reeves, John Lennon, Mount Rushmore, Quicksilver, Bonnie Raitt, Sylvester, Billy Joel, Lee Oskar, Rita Coolidge, Graham Nash, Roy Buchanan, and many others and played on about 30 albums. He was signed to major labels including Atlantic, Blue Thumb, Columbia, Paramount, MCA etc. In the early 1980s his interest in digital music, a computer science degree, and his connection in Los Angeles with Alan Kay, then on the board of directors of Apple Computer, led him to a job there in the \"special music projects group.\" From there he moved to the Macintosh group. Since that time he has worked for Packard Bell and Microsoft. Fullerton was married to Sandi Fullerton, a director of Don Kirshner\'s *Rock Concert* TV series and *The Arsenio Hall Show*
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