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# Arctic Valley Ski Area **Arctic Valley Ski Area**, formerly known as **Alpenglow at Arctic Valley**, is a nonprofit ski area in Anchorage, Alaska. It is located on Ski Bowl Road in Chugach State Park, in the upper Ship Creek valley adjacent to Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson. Its main competitor is Alyeska Resort. The area encompasses nearly 500 acre with a base elevation of 2500 ft and rises to almost 4000 ft at Rendezvous Peak. Arctic Valley has three chair lifts, one rope tow, a tubing lift, and four bowls. The ski area is operated by the Anchorage Ski Club under a concession agreement with Chugach State Park. Arctic Valley is open for skiing and riding only at weekends until spring, when Thursdays and Fridays are added to the schedule. Tubing is open Thursday-Sunday from Thanksgiving weekend to the first weekend in April. ## History thumb\|left\|upright=0.9\|View from the valley floor, taken winter 1949-1950. The Anchorage Ski Club was founded in 1937 by Al Corey and Ralph Soberg. Arctic Valley Ski Area was opened by the group in 1949. The Army used to operate an adjacent ski area just south of the current facilities, which was removed in the early 2000s. The Anchorage Ski Club also has an area use permit for additional neighboring acreage in Chugach State Park. Arctic Valley is the only multiple-chair ski area located within 20 mi of Anchorage. In 2012, Arctic Valley opened a tubing park serviced by a pony tow lift. This is the only tubing park open to the general public in southcentral Alaska
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# Khady Sylla **Khady Sylla** (Dakar, March 27, 1963 -- Dakar, October 8, 2013) was a Senegalese writer of two novels, short work, and filmmaker. ## Life Born in Dakar, she studied at the *École Normale Supérieure* where she became interested in a literary career. She later became one of a small number of African women film makers. Her *An Open Window* won a first film prize at the Marseille Festival of Documentary Film [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20070313100725/http://www.fidmarseille.org/awardslist.htm). She was one of several Senegalese filmmakers mentored by French ethnologist Jean Rouch. She was the older sister of the filmmaker Mariama Sylla, with whom she co-directed the film *Une simple parole*. ## Works Novels - *Le Jeu de la Mer* \[The Game of the Sea\]. Paris: L\'Harmattan, 1992. `{{ISBN|2-7384-1563-6}}`{=mediawiki} Films - *Les Bijoux*-(1997), Short film - *Colobane Express* (1999), docu-drama about the passengers of a Senegalese bus. - *Une fenêtre ouverte* (2005), documentary short (52 min
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# Cutter & Buck **Cutter & Buck Inc.** is a manufacturer of upscale clothing for golf and other sports. Founded in 1990, the company went public in 1995 and was sold to New Wave Group AB, a Swedish-based corporation, on April 13, 2007. The company sells its products primarily in the golf and corporate clothing markets in over twenty-five countries around the world, and has been recognized for its sponsorship of Swedish golfer Annika Sörenstam. It also sells into the collegiate clothing market and in 2005, commenced a consumer-direct catalogue and e-commerce site. In the mid-nineties, Cutter & Buck became a founding member of the SA 8000 Social Accountability Platform, which holds its members to a code of conduct in outsourced manufacturing and domestic operations. Originally founded by Harvey Jones and Joey Rodolfo, Cutter & Buck\'s headquarters are now at 101 Elliott Avenue West in the Lower Queen Anne neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. From April 2, 2014, until present, Cutter & Buck\'s CEO is Joel Freet. ## Wire Fraud {#wire_fraud} In 2003, Cutter & Buck\'s former CFO, Stephen S. Lowber, pleaded guilty to felony wire fraud relating to lying about the company\'s revenue in 2000. The Cutter & Buck corporation paid no fines for these misstatements; however, it did agree with the SEC to stronger accounting practices
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# NGC 2541 **NGC 2541** is an unbarred spiral galaxy located about 40 million light-years away. It is in the NGC 2841 group of galaxies with NGC 2500, NGC 2537, and NGC 2552
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NGC 2541
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# Almondsbury Town A.F.C. **Almondsbury Town Association Football Club** was a football club based in Almondsbury, near Bristol, England. Their colours were sky blue and white shirts, with navy blue shorts and socks and they club were affiliated to the Gloucestershire County FA. ## History ### Early days {#early_days} Although Almondsbury boasts a team dating from the 1870s, the exact date of formation was not known. A local football reporter, David Hughes, from the Evening Post, discovered the club that became Almondsbury Town as we know it were formed in 1897. This discovery came from the Gloucestershire Football Association\'s list of teams for the 1899--1900 season of which Almondsbury were at the top. The club colours then were light and dark blue. The original base for the club which is still there was The Swan Hotel. There is also little evidence of any major achievement during a lengthy period in the Bristol & Suburban League and it was not until the 1970s, some 100 years later that the side became a force in local soccer. ### Almondsbury Greenway {#almondsbury_greenway} In 1974 Almondsbury merged with another local club, Greenway Sports. It was a merger of convenience for both parties. Greenway, who had been Bristol Premier Combination champions on 5 successive occasions, needed a private ground in order to progress; Almondsbury had the ground but not the appropriate playing strength. With the formation of a new club, Almondsbury Greenway, they immediately gained election to the Gloucestershire County League, where they finished runners up in their first season. Five successive championships followed before they were once again runners up in season 1981--82. It was during this period that the club achieved its greatest moment, reaching the final of the FA Vase at Wembley Stadium in 1979, where they were beaten by Billericay Town. Season 1982--983 saw the club promoted to the Hellenic League where, in their first season, they finished second to Moreton Town. The following year the roles were reversed, with Almondsbury Greenway not only winning the championship, but also taking the League Cup; retained the following season. ### Almondsbury Picksons {#almondsbury_picksons} After ten seasons of finishing in the top two of any league in which they competed, a lean spell inevitably followed. After relegation to the Hellenic League Division One it was realised that total independence was essential to the club\'s future progress. The club left the Almondsbury Sports Complex and after a brief nomadic existence, another merger, this time with Badminton Picksons, led to the formation of Almondsbury Picksons, and a new ground across the road called Oaklands Park. The new ground was completed for the 1988--89 season and the off the field efforts were rewarded by clinching the Division One title and a return to Premier Division status.
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# Almondsbury Town A.F.C. ## History ### Almondsbury Town F.C. {#almondsbury_town_f.c.} At the end of season 1992--1993, following a period of financial difficulties, the club was regretfully placed in the hands of the liquidator. It was, however, allowed to continue under yet another name, Almondsbury Town Football Club. After a period of some eighteen months, Oaklands Park was finally purchased by the Gloucestershire Football Association for their new headquarters. The club successfully negotiated a lease arrangement for the clubhouse and ground, and in 1995 its Youth XI won the club\'s first trophy as Almondsbury Town, carrying off the Gloucestershire Youth Shield and the Youth League Cup. After a period of 12 years moving between mid-table mediocrity and flirting with relegation, the first trophy for the senior side under the chairmanship of Bob Jenkins was secured in the form of the Floodlit Cup in 2005. With new appointments made to the management team in 2005, the club progressed both on and off the field. In the 2006--07 season the club managed its highest league position in over 20 years and reached the final of the Gloucestershire Football Association Challenge Trophy where they finished runners up after a 2--0 defeat to Slimbridge. In 2007--08 the club had another very successful season but lost out on promotion to the Southern League to North Leigh by a goal difference of two after both teams finished on 96 points. Runners up spot was also achieved in the Hellenic League Cup Final after a 2--1 defeat by Hungerford Town. 2008--09 saw The Almonds finish in 4th position, 6 points behind the eventual league champions Hungerford Town. This time though, the Almonds went one better than last season and secured the SBJ Insurance Brokers League Challenge Cup with a 1--0 victory over Carterton. The 2009--10 season began with high hopes with Paul Weeks in charge of the team but he decided to try his luck at Cinderford Town after only ten unbeaten games. He was replaced by Richard Thompson, formerly of Yate Town and accompanied by his assistant there Lee Barlass. It didn\'t take long for a massive change in personnel and the results justified this decision as the Almonds return to title winning ways, securing the Hellenic League championship and the GFA Challenge Trophy double, and achieving promotion to the Southern League for the 2010--11 season. ### Resignation from the Southern League {#resignation_from_the_southern_league} In April 2011 the club announced that they were withdrawing from the Southern League\'s 2011--12 season and disbanding the first team with a look to reviewing the club\'s status altogether over the summer citing failure to find a ground share as the main cause. In response the Gloucestershire Football Association (GFA) released a statement advising that it was Almondsbury Town\'s decision to leave Oaklands Park, originally in April 2010, that prompted them to find new tenants and that an agreement had been struck with Winterbourne United and Roman Glass St George FC in October of that same year. Almondsbury Town then released a statement which advised that they could not move away from Oaklands Park for the 2010--11 season due to a conflict with league rules meaning their proposed move to Clevedon fell through. The statement also indicates that they applied to the GFA to extend their lease at Oaklands Park as part of the GFA\'s search for tenants but that their application was turned down. In the same statement the club revealed that since 2009 they were never offered a lease longer than one year and as such were disappointed to find that Winterbourne United and Roman Glass St. George had been given a three-year lease. The club subsequently dropped into the Bristol & Suburban League Premier Division One, finishing bottom of the table in 2011--12, after which they folded
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Almondsbury Town A.F.C.
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# Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency) **Chippenham** is a constituency{{#tag:ref\|A borough constituency (for the purposes of election expenses and type of returning officer)\|group= n}} represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom since 2024 by Sarah Gibson, a Liberal Democrat.{{#tag:ref\|As with all constituencies, the constituency elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.\|group= n}} The 2024 constituency includes the Wiltshire towns of Calne, Chippenham, Corsham and Royal Wootton Bassett. In May 2023, the incumbent Chippenham MP, Michelle Donelan, announced she would be standing for the new Melksham and Devizes constituency. In July 2023, the local Conservative Association announced that their candidate for the new Chippenham constituency would be a local unitary councillor, Nic Puntis. ## History A parliamentary borough of Chippenham was enfranchised in 1295. It sent two burgesses to Parliament until 1868 and one thereafter until the borough constituency was abolished in 1885. There was a county division constituency named after the town of Chippenham from 1885 to 1983, when the name of that constituency was changed to North Wiltshire. Following the 2003--2005 review into parliamentary representation in Wiltshire, the Boundary Commission created a new county constituency, reviving the name of Chippenham, effective from the 2010 general election. It was formed from parts of the previously existing Devizes, North Wiltshire and Westbury constituencies. Further boundary changes came into effect at the 2024 general election. ## Boundaries ### Historical boundaries {#historical_boundaries} **1295--1832**: The parliamentary borough of **Chippenham** in the unreformed Parliament consisted of only part of the parish of Chippenham in Wiltshire. However, as Chippenham was a burgage borough, in which the right to vote was confined to the resident occupiers of specific properties, the boundary had no practical function. The borough had a population of 1,620 in 1831, for 283 houses. **1832--1885**: The Boundary Act which accompanied the Great Reform Act extended the boundaries of the parliamentary borough, to include the whole of Chippenham parish, the adjoining parishes of Hardenhuish and Langley Burrell, as well as the extra-parochial district of Pewsham. This more than trebled the borough\'s population, to 5,270 by the 1831 figures, for 883 houses. **1885--1918**: During this period, Wiltshire was split into five county divisions and one borough, of which **The North-Western (or Chippenham) Division of Wiltshire** was one; it was often colloquially referred to simply as either Chippenham or as North-West Wiltshire. It was bordered by the Cricklade division to the east, Westbury to the south and Devizes to the southeast. Over the county boundary were the Thornbury division of Gloucestershire to the west, the Cirencester division of Gloucestershire to the north and the Frome division of Somerset to the southwest. The Chippenham division included the towns of Calne and Malmesbury as well as Chippenham, both of which had also been parliamentary boroughs in their own right before 1885. By the outbreak of World War I, the population of the constituency was about 45,000. **1918--1950**: In 1918 Wiltshire was split into five divisions, but there was no borough constituency in the county. The **Wiltshire, Chippenham** division was expanded, taking in the towns of Cricklade and Wootton Bassett, also former parliamentary boroughs, as well as the surrounding rural areas: in full, it was composed of the then Municipal Boroughs of Calne, Chippenham, and Malmesbury, and the Rural Districts of Calne, Chippenham, Malmesbury, Cricklade and Wootton Bassett (part), and Tetbury (excluding the part in the administrative county of Gloucestershire). **1950--1983**: In the redistribution which took effect at the 1950 general election, Wiltshire was divided into one borough and four county constituencies. **Chippenham County Constituency** consisted of the same Municipal Boroughs as in 1918 and the Rural Districts of Calne and Chippenham, Cricklade and Wootton Bassett, and Malmesbury. **1983--2010**: Constituency replaced by North Wiltshire.`{{maplink|raw={{Wikipedia:Map data/Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency) 2010}}|frame=yes|frame-width=250|text=Map of boundaries 2010–2024}}`{=mediawiki} **2010--2024**: The North Wiltshire wards of Cepen Park, Chippenham Allington, Chippenham Audley, Chippenham Avon, Chippenham Hill Rise, Chippenham London Road, Chippenham Monkton Park, Chippenham Park, Chippenham Pewsham, Chippenham Redland, Chippenham Westcroft/Queens, Corsham, Lacock with Neston and Gastard, and Pickwick, and the West Wiltshire wards of Atworth and Whitley, Bradford-on-Avon North, Bradford-on-Avon South, Holt, Manor Vale (i.e. Limpley Stoke, Monkton Farleigh, South Wraxall, Westwood and Winsley), Melksham North, Melksham Spa, Melksham Without, Melksham Woodrow, Paxcroft. The constituency was re-established as a result of increasing the number of seats in Wiltshire from six to seven. Chippenham and Corsham were transferred from North Wiltshire; Melksham from Devizes; and Bradford-on-Avon from Westbury. ### Current boundaries {#current_boundaries} Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies which came into effect for the 2024 general election, the constituency is composed of the following Wiltshire electoral divisions (as they existed on 4 May 2021): Calne Central, Calne Chilvester & Abberd, Calne North, Calne Rural, Chippenham Cepen Park & Derriads, Chippenham Cepen Park & Hunters Moon, Chippenham Hardenhuish, Chippenham Hardens & Central, Chippenham Lowden & Rowden, Chippenham Monkton, Chippenham Pewsham, Chippenham Sheldon, Corsham Ladbrook, Corsham Pickwick, Corsham Without, Lyneham, Royal Wootton Bassett East, Royal Wootton Bassett North, and Royal Wootton Bassett South & West. The constituency was realigned to retain Chippenham and Corsham, and gained most of Calne, Lyneham and Royal Wootton Bassett from the abolished North Wiltshire constituency. Bradford-on-Avon and Melksham became part of a new Melksham and Devizes constituency.
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Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency)
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# Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency) ## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament} ### MPs 1295--1640 {#mps_12951640} +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | Parliament | First member | Second member | +============+======================================+=============================+ | 1386 | Thomas Gay | Robert Chandler | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1388 (Feb) | Thomas Gay | John Suyput | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1388 (Sep) | Thomas Gay | Thomas Lote | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1390 (Jan) | Thomas Gay | Thomas Lote | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1390 (Nov) | | | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1391 | | | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1393 | | | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1394 | Nicholas Sambourn | Hugh de la Lynde | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1413 (May) | John Worth | | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1510--1523 | No names known | | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1529 | William Button | Thomas Wilkes | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1536 | | | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1539 | | | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1542 | | | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1545 | Robert Warner | John Bonham | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1547 | John Astley | Francis Goldsmith | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1553 (Mar) | ? | | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1553 (Oct) | Robert Wrastley | Henry Goldney alias Fernell | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1554 (Apr) | William Smith | Thomas Smith | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1554 (Nov) | Cyriak Petyt | John Proctor | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1555 | Nicholas Snell | John Pollard | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1558 | Sir John Sulyard | William Neville | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1559 | Edward Baynard | Nicholas Snell | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1562 | Francis Newdigate | Nicholas Snell | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1571 | John Scott | Robert Viser | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1572 | William Bayly | John Scott | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1584 | Robert Baynard | Robert Hyde | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1586 | Lawrence Hyde | Robert Hyde | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1589 | Henry Baynton | William Swayne | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1593 | Edward Maria Wingfield | Francis Harvey | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1597 | Thomas Edmondes, *went abroad and\ | Sharington Talbot | | | was replaced 1597 by* Edward Wymarke | | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1601 | Robert Berkeley | Edward Wymarke | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1604 | John Hungerford | General John Roberts | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1614 | William Maynard | Thomas Colepeper | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1621--1622 | Sir Edward Hungerford | John Bayly | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1624 | Sir John Maynard | Sir Francis Popham | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1625 | Sir John Maynard | Sir Francis Popham | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1626 | Sir Edward Bayntun | Sir Francis Popham | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1628 | Sir Francis Popham | Sir John Eyres | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | 1629--1640 | *No Parliaments summoned* | | +------------+--------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ ### MPs 1640--1868 {#mps_16401868} Year First member First party Second member Second party --------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- ----------------- -- ------------------------------------------- ----------------- April 1640 Sir Edward Hungerford Parliamentarian Sir Edward Bayntun November 1640 Sir Edward Bayntun Parliamentarian 1648 William Eyre 1653 *Chippenham was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament and the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate* January 1659 Sir Edward Hungerford James Stedman May 1659 *Chippenham was unrepresented in the restored Rump* April 1660 Edward Hungerford Edward Poole April 1661 Henry Bayntun July 1661 Sir Hugh Speke August 1661 Sir Edward Hungerford 1673 Francis Gwyn February 1679 Sir John Talbot August 1679 Samuel Ashe 1681 Sir George Speke March 1685 Henry Bayntun Sharington Talbot, *killed in duel, 1685* August 1685 Richard Kent 1689 Nicholas Bayntun February 1690 Richard Kent Alexander Popham December 1690 Sir Basil Firebrace Tory 1692 Thomas Tollemache 1694 Richard Long 1695 Walter White 1698 Edward Montagu 1701 Viscount Mordaunt 1702 James Montagu May 1705 Walter White Sir James Long November 1705 Viscount Mordaunt 1708 James Montagu 1710 Joseph Ashe 1711 Francis Popham 1713 Sir John Eyles John Norris 1715 Giles Earle 1722 Edward Rolt 1723 Thomas Boucher 1727 Rogers Holland Gabriel Roberts 1734 Richard Long 1737 Sir Edward Bayntun-Rolt 1741 Sir Edmond Thomas 1754 Sir Samuel Fludyer 1768 Sir Thomas Fludyer 1769 Henry Dawkins 1774 Samuel Marsh 1780 Henry Dawkins Giles Hudson 1783 George Fludyer 1784 James Dawkins Tory 1802 Charles Brooke Whig 1803 John Maitland Tory 1806 Charles Brooke Whig 1807 James Dawkins Tory 1812 Charles Brooke Whig Robert Peel Tory 1817 John Maitland Tory 1818 William Miles Tory Marquess of Blandford Tory 1820 William Madocks Whig John Rock Grossett Whig 1826 Ebenezer Maitland Tory Frederick Gye Tory 1830 Joseph Neeld Tory Philip Pusey Tory 1831 Henry George Boldero Tory 1832 Henry Fox Talbot Whig 1834 Conservative 1835 Henry George Boldero Conservative 1856 Robert Parry Nisbet Conservative 1859 Richard Penruddocke Long Conservative William John Lysley Liberal 1865 Sir John Neeld Conservative Gabriel Goldney Conservative 1868 *Representation reduced to one member* ### MPs 1868--1983 {#mps_18681983} Election Member ---------- ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------- 1868 Gabriel Goldney 1885 *Borough constituency abolished -- county division created* 1885 Banister Fletcher 1886 Lord Henry Bruce 1892 Sir John Dickson-Poynder 1905 1910 George Terrell 1922 Alfred Bonwick 1924 Victor Cazalet 1943 by-election Sir David Eccles 1962 by-election Daniel Awdry 1979 Richard Needham 1983 *Constituency abolished*
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Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency)
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# Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency) ## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament} ### MPs since 2010 {#mps_since_2010} The Chippenham name was revived in 2010 for the new constituency that includes Bradford on Avon, Chippenham, Corsham. Election Member ---------- ------ ------------------ 2010 Duncan Hames 2015 Michelle Donelan 2024 Sarah Gibson
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Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency)
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# Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency) ## Elections ### Elections in the 2020s {#elections_in_the_2020s} ### Elections in the 2010s {#elections_in_the_2010s} 2019 notional result ---------------------- Party **Turnout** **Electorate** ### Elections in the 1970s {#elections_in_the_1970s} ### Elections in the 1960s {#elections_in_the_1960s} ### Elections in the 1950s {#elections_in_the_1950s} ### Elections in the 1940s {#elections_in_the_1940s} ### Elections in the 1930s {#elections_in_the_1930s} ### Elections in the 1920s {#elections_in_the_1920s} ### Elections in the 1910s {#elections_in_the_1910s} A general election was expected to take place in 1914/15. The following were to be candidates; - George Terrell (Unionist) - Harold Gorst (Liberal) A petition was lodged in relation to the December 1910 election, but this was later withdrawn after a recount, resulting in the above numbers. The original count had placed the Conservatives with 4,139 votes and the Liberals with 4,113 votes. ### Elections in the 1900s {#elections_in_the_1900s} ### Elections in the 1890s {#elections_in_the_1890s} ### Elections in the 1880s {#elections_in_the_1880s} ### Elections in the 1870s {#elections_in_the_1870s} ### Elections in the 1860s {#elections_in_the_1860s} *Seat reduced to one member* ### Elections in the 1850s {#elections_in_the_1850s} - Caused by Neeld\'s death
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Chippenham (UK Parliament constituency)
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# NGC 2683 **NGC 2683** is a field spiral galaxy in the northern constellation of Lynx. It was nicknamed the \"**UFO Galaxy**\" by the Astronaut Memorial Planetarium and Observatory. It was discovered by the astronomer William Herschel on February 5, 1788. It is viewed nearly edge-on from Earth\'s location in space and is located about 30 million light-years away, although previous estimates also give distances between 16 and 25 million light-years. NGC 2683 is receding from Earth at 410 km/s, and from the Galactic Center at 375 km/s. ## Visibility The reddened light from the center of the galaxy appears yellowish due to the intervening gas and dust located within the outer arms of NGC 2683. Its apparent magnitude is 10.6 making it not visible to the human eye without the aid of a small telescope. ## Characteristics While usually considered an unbarred spiral galaxy, recent research suggests it may in fact be a barred spiral galaxy; its bar is hard to see due to its high inclination. Further support for the presence of a bar stems from the X-shaped structure seen near its centre, which is thought to be associated with a buckling instability of a stellar bar. It is also both smaller and less luminous than the Milky Way with very little neutral hydrogen or molecular hydrogen and a low luminosity in the infrared, which suggests a currently low rate of star formation. NGC 2683 is rich in globular clusters, hosting about 300 of them, twice the number found in the Milky Way. Due to its vast distance and complexity (due to the association of globular clusters bound to it), NGC 2638\'s mass has not been calculated as accurately as it could be. Otherwise its volume and vector motions are reasonably well known and characterized. Several satellite galaxies are known in the vicinity of NGC 2683. The largest is KK 69, with a Holmberg diameter of 12,000 light-years (3.7 kiloparsecs). It is a dwarf transitional galaxy, with properties intermediate between those of dwarf irregular galaxies and dwarf spheroidal galaxies. Another is KK 70, which is about half the diameter of KK 69. Two additional dwarf galaxies are assumed to be satellites: they are N2683dw1 and N2683dw2, which are dwarf irregular and dwarf spheroidal galaxies, respectively
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NGC 2683
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# Fama Diagne Sène **Fama Diagne Sène** (born 1969, Thiès) is a Senegalese writer. Educated in Thiès, she became a teacher there. Ken Bugul listed her among \"illustrious women\" in Senegalese literature. In 1997, she won the presidential award for art and literature with *Chant des ténèbres*. Born to a Serer family, Fama\'s controversial play *Mbilem ou le baobab du lion* denounces Serer tradition and received great criticism from the Serer traditionalists of Senegal. The *Mbilim* (variation : *Bilim*) is a religious festival in the Serer calendar, celebrated once a year and is equivalent to the new year. In pre-colonial times, right until recently, some Serer griots were buried in the trunks of a baobab tree rather than buried in a pyramid tomb with all the regalia dictated by Serer religion. Tomb burial and mummification were always given to the Serer nobility, but some Serer griots were not buried this way. In this play, she criticises this tradition and came head on with the Serer priestly class. ## Works - *Le chant des ténèbres* \[The Song of Darkness\]. Dakar: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Sénégal, 1997 (154p.). `{{ISBN|2-7236-1109-4}}`{=mediawiki}. Novel.(Award-winner) - *Humanité*. Editions Maguilen et Editions Damel, Dakar et Genève, n.d. \[2002\] (30p.). Poetry. - *La momie d\'Almamya* \[The mummy of Almamya\]. Dakar: Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Sénégal, 2004. (264p.). `{{ISBN|2-7236-1489-1}}`{=mediawiki}. Novel. ## Honours Diagne Sène has been awarded the National Order of the Lion for her services to the Nation in her role as director of the library at Alioune Diop University of Bambey
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3,727,821
# Ardley United F.C. **Ardley United Football Club** is a football club based in Ardley, near Bicester in Oxfordshire, England. They are members of the `{{English football updater|ArdleyUn}}`{=mediawiki} and play at the Playing Fields. ## History Founded in 1945, Ardley spent the majority of their early years in local competitions, primarily the Lord Jersey League, winning the Lord Jersey Cup in 1970 and Division One and the Charity Cup in 1984--85. In 1988 they moved up to the Oxfordshire Senior League and won Division One at the first attempt, gaining promotion to the Premier Division. The 1990--91 season saw the club win the Premier Division and the Archie Goddard Cup. In 1993 they were promoted to Division One of the Hellenic League. In 1994--95 they won the Division One Cup, retaining it the following season. In the 1996--97 season they won both Division One and the Division One Cup, a feat they repeated the following season. In 2000, league reorganisation saw the club placed in Division One West. Following improvements to their ground to allow promotion to the Premier Division, a fifth-place finish in 2003--04 led to their moving up to the Premier Division, where they have remained since. In 2006--07 they won the Supplementary Cup, and in the 2009--10 season they won the League Cup. In 2013--14 they won the Oxfordshire Senior Cup for the first time, beating Kidlington 4--0 in the final. The 2016--17 season saw Ardley win the Supplementary Cup, beating Tuffley Rovers 2--0 in the final. Despite finishing fifth in the Premier Division, they requested voluntary demotion to Division One West due to the departure of the chairman and manager. In 2017--18 they won the Division One West title, earning promotion back to the Premier Division. At the end of the 2020--21 season the club were transferred to the Premier Division of the Spartan South Midlands League. They were transferred to the Premier Division North of the Combined Counties League for the 2023--24 season. ## Ground Ardley United play their home games at the Playing Fields on Oxford Road. The ground has a capacity of 1,000, of which 100 is seated and 200 covered
358
Ardley United F.C.
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3,727,824
# NGC 2715 **NGC 2715** is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Camelopardalis. It was discovered in 1871 by Alphonse Borrelly. It is an intermediate spiral galaxy that is 4.9 arcminutes wide. ## NGC 2655 group {#ngc_2655_group} NGC 2715 is part of the NGC 2655 group (also known as LGG 165). Other galaxies in this group are NGC 2591, NGC 2748, UGC 4466, UGC 4701, and UGC 4714. ## Supernova One supernova has been observed in NGC 2175: SN 1987M (type Ib, mag. 15) was discovered by Miklós Lovas on 21 September 1987
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NGC 2715
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# White Lies (Deine Lakaien album) ***White Lies*** is the seventh studio album released by the group Deine Lakaien, released in 2002. ## Track listing {#track_listing} 1. \"Wunderbar\" -- 4:15 2. \"Generators\" -- 4:45 3. \"Where You Are\" -- 4:10 4. \"Prayer\" -- 4:57 5. \"Stupid\" -- 3:46 6. \"Kiss\" -- 4:00 7. \"Silence in Your Eyes\" -- 4:37 8. \"Hands White\" -- 5:52 9. \"Lost\" -- 5:59 10. \"Fleeting\" -- 4:05 11. \"Life is a Sexually Transmitted Disease\" -- 5:03 12. \"One Minus One\" -- 4:44 ### Double LP bonus tracks {#double_lp_bonus_tracks} 1. \"May Be\" -- 4:12 2. \"Generators (Whitemix)\" -- 3:58 3. \"Life Is (Single Version)\" -- 4:04 4. \"Generators (Club Version)\" -- 4:51 ## Remixes 1
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White Lies (Deine Lakaien album)
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# Red Bus CDC NSW **Red Bus CDC NSW**, formerly **Red Bus Services**, is an Australian bus company operating route bus services on the New South Wales Central Coast. ## History In 1923 Messrs. Barham & Wells started a bus service between The Entrance and Wyong in opposition to a ferry service. In 1924 a service commenced between The Entrance and Gosford trading as The Red Bus Company - Tuggerah Lakes Motors. The business was sold in 1929 to the Sloman family and renamed The Entrance Red Bus Service. In 1946 a service between Gosford and East Springfield was purchased and renamed Gosford Bus Service. In 1949, services from The Entrance to Wyong, The Entrance to Ourimbah and Ourimbah to Wyong were purchased. In 1952, local services in The Entrance were purchased giving The Entrance Red Bus Service control of all services operating in the area. In the early 1950s, Red Bus also operated coach services out of Newcastle, Gosford and Cooma and was the first mainland bus company to operate a coach to Tasmania. In 1961 the Snowy Mountains tourist services were sold to Ansett Pioneer. The Gosford to Kariong and Lisarow services were purchased and later sold. In December 1973, the Gosford to Matcham and Holgate service was acquired. In 1982, a new depot opened at Bateau Bay to replace the one at The Entrance. In 1984, the Central Coast Coaches charter business was sold to Seargents. In June 1988, the Central Coast Airbus between Bateau Bay and Sydney Airport service commenced, ceasing in 2000. The Gosford Bus Service and The Entrance Red Bus Service names remained in use until the late 1990s when both were rebranded as Red Bus Services and all operations consolidated at the Bateau Bay depot. Since 2008, Red Bus Services has operated Sydney Outer Metropolitan Bus Region 7. In February 2023, Red Bus and ComfortDelGro Australia (via its subsidiary CDC NSW) set up Red Bus CDC NSW, a 50/50 joint venture, to bid for a renewed region 7 bus contract, which was awarded to the joint venture in July 2023. The new contract began on 6 July 2024 and will run for eight years. On the same day, the Shore family sold its shareholding in the joint venture to CDC. The Shore family retained ownership of the Bateau Bay depot that Red Bus CDC NSW continues to use. ## Services As of January 2025, Red Bus CDC NSW operates services on 25 routes. ## Fleet As of April 2025, the fleet consists of 116 buses and coaches. The fleet livery was red and cream until the Transport for NSW white and blue livery was adopted in 2010. The Central Coast Airbus fleet was painted in a grey, white, red and yellow scheme
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Red Bus CDC NSW
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# Lefort **Lefort** is a surname
6
Lefort
0
3,727,850
# We're Not Gonna Sleep Tonight *Pandoc failed*: ``` Error at (line 125, column 1): unexpected '{' {{single chart|Scotland|27|date=20011222|rowheader=true|access-date=6 May 2020|refname="Scotland"}} ^ ``
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We're Not Gonna Sleep Tonight
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# NGC 2787 **NGC 2787** is a barred lenticular galaxy approximately 24 million light-years away in the northern constellation of Ursa Major. It was discovered on December 3, 1788 by German-born astronomer William Herschel. J. L. E. Dreyer described it as, \"bright, pretty large, a little extended 90°, much brighter middle, mottled but not resolved, very small (faint) star involved to the southeast\". The visible galaxy has an angular size of `{{nowrap|2.5 × 1.5}}`{=mediawiki} arcminutes or `{{nowrap|3.24 × 1.81}}`{=mediawiki} arcminutes and an apparent visual magnitude of 11.8. This galaxy is small and isolated with a morphological classification of SB(r)0^+^, which indicates a barred spiral (SB) with a ring around the bar (r). Being a lenticular galaxy, it has the large halo of an elliptical galaxy. The disk is inclined at an angle of `{{val|58|3|u=°}}`{=mediawiki} to the line of sight from the Earth, with the major axis aligned along a position angle of `{{val|110|3|u=°}}`{=mediawiki}. The galaxy has an unusually high mass-to-light ratio, much greater than for a typical spiral galaxy. The distribution of the galaxy\'s neutral hydrogen forms a clumpy ring with a radius of `{{val|10.3|u=kpc}}`{=mediawiki}, double that of the visible galaxy, with a mass of `{{val|5.5|e=8|ul=solar mass}}`{=mediawiki}. This ring appears misaligned with the central disk. NGC 2787 contains a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) at its core, which is a type of region that is characterized by its spectral line emission from weakly ionized atoms. LINERs are very common within lenticular galaxies, with approximately one-fifth of nearby lenticular galaxies containing LINERs. The supermassive black hole at the center has a mass of `{{Val|4.1e7|0.4|0.5|ul=solar mass}}`{=mediawiki}. The central region of the galaxy contains dust rings that are tilted with respect to the disk, which may be the result of an encounter with another galaxy. NGC 2787 is part of the Ursa Major Cloud, which is part of the Virgo Supercluster
308
NGC 2787
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# South West Wiltshire (UK Parliament constituency) **South West Wiltshire** is a constituency in Wiltshire, England. The constituency has been represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Andrew Murrison, a Conservative, since its inauguration in 2010. ## History The constituency was created for the 2010 general election, following the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies tasked to the Boundary Commission, by which Parliament increased the number of seats in the county from six to seven. The previous Westbury constituency was abolished: the northern part (including the town of Bradford-on-Avon) was transferred to the reinstated Chippenham seat, and the southern part (including the towns of Trowbridge, Warminster, and Westbury) formed the bulk of this constituency, which to complete it, received a minority of wards from the Salisbury seat. ## Boundaries **2010--2024**: The former District of West Wiltshire wards of Dilton Marsh, Ethandune, Mid Wylye Valley, Shearwater, Southwick and Wingfield, Summerham, Trowbridge Adcroft, Trowbridge College, Trowbridge Drynham, Trowbridge John of Gaunt, Trowbridge Park, Warminster East, Warminster West, Westbury Ham, and Westbury Laverton, and the former District of Salisbury wards of Donhead, Fonthill and Nadder, Knoyle, Tisbury and Fovant, and Western and Mere. **2024--present**: Further to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies which came into effect for the 2024 United Kingdom general election, the constituency is composed of the following (as they existed on 4 May 2021): - The Wiltshire electoral divisions of: Ethandune; Hilperton; Mere; Southwick; Trowbridge Adcroft; Trowbridge Central; Trowbridge Drynham; Trowbridge Grove; Trowbridge Lambrok; Trowbridge Park; Trowbridge Paxcroft; Warminster Broadway; Warminster East; Warminster North & Rural; Warminster West; Westbury East; Westbury North; Westbury West; Wylye Valley. *In order to bring the electorate within the permitted range, Tisbury and the Nadder Valley were transferred to Salisbury. The village of Hilperton was added from Chippenham, while several rural parishes east of Trowbridge were transferred to Melksham and Devizes.* ## Constituency profile {#constituency_profile} As well as the county town of Trowbridge and the former market towns of Westbury and Warminster (the latter with a considerable Army presence), the seat covers a large rural area with smaller settlements. Residents\' health and wealth are around the UK average. ## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament} Election Member Party ---------- ------ ----------------- -------------- 2010 Andrew Murrison Conservative ## Elections ### Elections in the 2020s {#elections_in_the_2020s} ### Elections in the 2010s {#elections_in_the_2010s} 2019 notional result ---------------------- Party **Turnout** **Electorate** `{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,895 |percentage = 70.4 |change = −1.6 }}`{=mediawiki}\ `{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Conservative Party (UK) |swing = +3.0 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority |votes = 18,326 |percentage = 33.5 |change = −1.7 }}`{=mediawiki}\ `{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,751 |percentage = 72.0 |change = +1.3 }}`{=mediawiki}\ `{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Conservative Party (UK) |swing = −2.9 }}`{=mediawiki} `{{Election box majority |votes = 18,168 |percentage = 35.2 |change = +14.0 }}`{=mediawiki}\ `{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,643 |percentage = 70.7 |change = +2
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South West Wiltshire (UK Parliament constituency)
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# Fatou Niang Siga **Fatou Niang Siga** (1932 -- 11 April 2022) was a Senegalese author and schoolteacher. She was a Mouride Muslim and has made the hajj to Mecca twice. She was married and had twelve children. Her daughter Maïmouna Sourang Ndir served as Senegal\'s ambassador to France. Her writing revolved around her native Saint-Louis, Senegal. Siga died on 11 April 2022
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Fatou Niang Siga
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# Witney Town F.C. **Witney Town F.C.** (known at various times as **Witney F.C.**, **Witney United F.C.** and **Witney Town A.F.C.**) is a football club in Witney, Oxfordshire. The club was founded in 1885 (as Witney Football Club) and adopted the name Witney Town in 1922. The club\'s most successful period was in the 1970s and 80s when they competed in the Southern League Premier Division, finishing 5th in 1983--84. The club folded in 2001, but a phoenix club arose under the name Witney United in 2002 and obtained the lease of the former club\'s ground. The club readopted the Witney Town name in 2011, but was dissolved during the 2012--13 season while playing in the Hellenic League Premier Division. Witney Town re-formed for the 2024--25 season, and won the title of the `{{English football updater|WitneyTo}}`{=mediawiki}. They will compete in Division One for the 2025--26 season. ## History ### 1885--1922: Early years as Witney F.C. {#early_years_as_witney_f.c.} The club was founded in 1885 as **Witney Football Club** and within 15 years of their formation had won the Oxfordshire Senior Cup three times. Herbert Smith, a successful full-back who moved to Oxford City, later played for Derby County and Stoke City, appeared four times for the England national football team in 1905 and 1906, and helped win a gold medal for his country as a left-back at the 1908 Summer Olympics. ### 1922--1973: Witney Town F.C. in the Oxfordshire Senior and Hellenic Leagues {#witney_town_f.c._in_the_oxfordshire_senior_and_hellenic_leagues} The club re-formed as **Witney Town** in 1922, playing in the Oxfordshire Senior League and finishing as champions five times. Frank Clack, a goalkeeper from this era, went on to play for Birmingham City and Bristol City in the 1930s and 40s. In 1953 they were founder members of the Hellenic League, winning the league in the 1954--55 season, its second year. They topped the Premier Division for three successive seasons in the 1960s (1965--67) and repeated the feat the following decade (1971--73). ### 1973--1987: Southern League success {#southern_league_success} After twenty years of success at Hellenic League level, they applied for membership of the Southern League and were admitted at the first attempt to Division One North. Their first season at this level was in 1973--74, and they won the league in 1977--78 and were promoted to the Premier Division. At the end of their first season (in which they finished 10th), the league was reorganised and Witney were placed in the Midland Section of the Southern League for 1979--80. Another reorganisation placed them in the Premier Division for season 1982--83, where they remained for six seasons (with reprieves from relegation in 1984--85 when Hastings United folded, and in 1985--86 when the league was expanded). Their highest finish was 5th place in 1983--84. On 21st February 1979, Trevor Francis, Britain\'s first £1m player, made his first appearance for his new club Nottingham Forest in a testimonial held at Witney Town\'s ground for then Witney Town captain Trevor Stokes, a match arranged by Ron Atkinson, the then-manager of West Bromwich Albion, who had coached at Witney during the 1970s. ### 1988--2001: Relegation and closure {#relegation_and_closure} They suffered the first relegation in their history, to the Southern League South Division, at the end of the 1987--88 season. In 1992, the club moved from Marriotts Close to a purpose-built stadium near Curbridge, initially named Oakey Park after a former chairman, Aubrey Oakey, and later renamed the Marriotts Stadium after the family who sold the old ground to the club. Witney Town were to remain in the second tier of the Southern League until their demise 13 seasons later (although the Northern and Southern divisions were renamed Eastern and Western in 1999--2000). During this period they survived a winding-up petition and were converted to a limited company in 1993, and local businessman Brian Constable was appointed as chief executive. They finished no higher than 3rd, through they narrowly missed out on promotion in 1993--94 (losing the final match of the season 2--1 to Sudbury Town, who thereby pipped them to second place and promotion to the Premier Division) and won the Oxfordshire Senior Cup three times in the 1990s (in 1994, 1995 and 1998). Brendan Rodgers, later manager of Liverpool, spent two months on loan at Witney as a player in 1994--95. Witney finished 14th in the Southern League Eastern Division in 2000--01. In the close season, chairman/owner Brian Constable folded the club, amid protests from a supporters\' group known as 1885 who claimed that credible bids to buy the club were dismissed. ### 2001--2012: Rebirth as Witney United {#rebirth_as_witney_united} The club was reformed as **Witney United F.C.** by a group of Witney Town supporters. The Witney United name was registered with the Oxfordshire Football Association in 2001, with the aim of returning to Southern League football within five seasons. In 2002 the club obtained a lease on the original Witney Town stadium and were accepted into Division One (West) of the Hellenic League for the 2002--03 season. In its first year the club finished 15th of 20 in the division, but in 2003--04 they finished 5th and, with Ardley United (4th), were promoted to the Premier Division, ahead of the teams in the top three. The club finished 11th in the Premier Division in 2004--05 and finished in the top 10 for the next five seasons. The 2010--11 season saw a decline in their fortunes, and they finished 18th, one place above the relegation places. In 2011--12 the club, now under its former name of Witney Town, finished in 19th place; only the forced demotion of Henley Town (whose ground did not meet league requirements) kept them in the division.
939
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# Witney Town F.C. ## History ### 2013: Liquidation The club was evicted from their stadium in February 2013 because they were unable to pay the rent. A plan to groundshare with Carterton F.C. fell through, and following lengthy discussions between the Hellenic League and the club\'s trustees, no persons came forward to offer their services to take over responsibility as officers and the club\'s resignation was tendered. The club then liquidated and folded. ### 2024--present In March 2024 Witney Town confirmed that they would be playing again from the 2024--25 season. The idea to resurrect the club was fronted by new chairman Paul Foster, who installed Ben Reardon as the new manager, alongside Steve Potts and Ashley Edwards as the coaching team for the new side. Witney competed in the Oxford Senior League for the 2024--25 season. Witney Town played their first game, a preseason friendly with Didcot Town, on Saturday 3 August 2024. They lost 6--1, but Harry Furlong scored the team\'s first goal of their new era in the second half. On 18 January 2025, they reached the Oxfordshire Charity Cup final, beating KEA 4--0 away in the semi-final. On 23 April, a 4--3 win at East Oxford F.C. clinched the Oxfordshire Senior League Division 2 title for Witney, their first championship at any level since 1978. With it, the club secured promotion to Division 1 of the Senior League. ## Ground Witney Town played their home games at Marriotts Close in Witney, and later at Downs Road, Curbridge (known successively as Oakey Park, the Marriotts Stadium, and Witney Community Stadium). As of the 2024--25 season, Witney Town play their home games at the Witney Artificial Pitch on Gordon Way in Witney, named unofficially in 2025 as the Witney Community Stadium
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Witney Town F.C.
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# NGC 2841 **NGC 2841** is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Major. It was discovered on 9 March, 1788 by German-born astronomer William Herschel. J. L. E. Dreyer, the author of the *New General Catalogue*, described it as, \"very bright, large, very much extended 151°, very suddenly much brighter middle equal to 10th magnitude star\". Initially thought to be about 30 million light-years distant, a 2001 Hubble Space Telescope survey of the galaxy\'s Cepheid variables determined its distance to be approximately 14.1 megaparsecs or 46 million light-years. The optical size of the galaxy is `{{nowrap|8.1{{prime}} × 3.5{{prime}}}}`{=mediawiki}. This is the prototype for the flocculent spiral galaxy, a type of spiral galaxy whose arms are patchy and discontinuous. The morphological class is SAa, indicating a spiral galaxy with no central bar and very tightly-wound arms. There is no grand design structure visible in the optical band, although some inner spiral arms can be seen in the near infrared. It is inclined by an angle of 68° to the line of sight from the Earth, with the major axis aligned along a position angle of 148°. The properties of NGC 2841 are similar to those of the Andromeda Galaxy. It is home to a large population of young blue stars, and a few H II regions. The luminosity of the galaxy is `{{val|2|e=10|ul=solar luminosity}}`{=mediawiki} and it has a combined mass of `{{val|7|e=10|ul=solar mass}}`{=mediawiki}. Its disk of stars can be traced out to a radius of around 70 kpc. This disk begins to warp at a radius of around 30 kpc, suggesting the perturbing effect of in-falling matter from the surrounding medium. The rotational behavior of the galaxy suggests there is a massive nuclear bulge, with a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) at the core; a type of region that is characterized by spectral line emission from weakly ionized atoms. A prominent molecular ring is orbiting at a radius of 2 --, which is providing a star-forming region of gas and dust. The nucleus appears decoupled and there is a counter-rotating element of stars and gas in the outer parts of the nucleus, suggesting a recent interaction with a smaller galaxy. ## Supernovae Four supernovae have been observed in NGC 2841. - SN 1912A (type Ia, mag. 13) was discovered by Heber Curtis and Francis Pease on 19 February 1912. - SN 1957A (type Ia-pec, mag. 14) was discovered by Max Schürer on 1 March 1957. \[Note: some sources incorrectly list the discovery date as 26 February 1957.\] - SN 1972R (type unknown, mag. 16) was discovered by Paul Wild on 5 December 1972. - SN 1999by (type Ia-pec, mag. 15) was codiscovered by Ron Arbour, and the Lick Observatory Supernova Search, on 30 April 1999
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# Free Me (Emma Bunton song) *Pandoc failed*: ``` Error at (line 119, column 1): unexpected '{' {{single chart|Ireland3|33|artist=Emma Bunton|rowheader=true|access-date=17 January 2020|refname="Ireland"}} ^ ``
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# NGC 2903 **NGC 2903** is an isolated barred spiral galaxy in the equatorial constellation of Leo, positioned about 1.5° due south of Lambda Leonis. It was discovered by German-born astronomer William Herschel, who cataloged it on November 16, 1784. He mistook it as a double nebula, as did subsequent observers, and it wasn\'t until the nineteenth century that the Third Earl of Rosse resolved into a spiral form. J. L. E. Dreyer assigned it the identifiers 2903 and 2905 in his *New General Catalogue*; NGC 2905 now designates a luminous knot in the northeastern spiral arm. This field galaxy is located about 30 million light-years away from the Milky Way, and is a member of the Virgo Supercluster. The morphological classification of this galaxy is SBbc, indicating a barred spiral (SB) with moderate to tightly-wound spiral arms (bc). De Vaucouleurs and associates assigned it the class SAB(rs)bc, suggesting a weaker bar structure (SAB) with a partial ring (rs). The bar structure appears stronger in the near infrared band. The galaxy as a whole is inclined by an angle of 60° to the line of sight from the Earth. 72% of the stellar mass is located in the outer disk of the galaxy, and 20% is found in the bar. The bulge adds 5% of the stellar mass, and its star population is generally older. However, the central `{{val|650|u=pc||p=~}}`{=mediawiki} radius volume of the core is a strong starburst region. The star formation rate here is `{{val|0.7|ul=solar mass}}`{=mediawiki} y^−1^ and it is being fed by gas inflow along the bar. There is no evidence of an active nucleus. The irregular dwarf galaxy KKH 51 appears to be a companion, as they have an angular separation of `{{val|25|ul=arcminute}}`{=mediawiki} and nearly the same radial velocity
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NGC 2903
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# Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh Maharajpur}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox settlement | name = Maharajpur | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = Town | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India | coordinates = {{coord|25.220457|N|79.724034|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = India | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 452 | population_total = 4,264 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | postal_code = [https://www.indiapost.gov.in/vas/pages/LocatePostOffices.aspx?Pin=xMzroTHqL20=] | registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP-16]] | website = | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]] | footnotes = }}`{=mediawiki} **Maharajpur** is a tehsil and a nagar palika parishad in Chhatarpur district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. ## Geography Chhatarpur is located at 22.6 N 80.37 E. It has an average elevation of 452 m. ## Demographics As of the 2011 Census of India, Maharajpur had a population of 21,532. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Maharajpur has an average literacy rate of 53%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 63%, and female literacy is 43%. In Maharajpur, 16% of the population is under six years of age. ## Maharajpur Assembly constituency {#maharajpur_assembly_constituency} Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state. The current MLA from Maharajpur is Kamakhya Pratap Singh (Teeka Raja) who fought from BJP seat and won
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Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh
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# L. A. Ring **Laurits Andersen Ring** (`{{IPA|da|ˈlɑwʁits ˈɑnɐsn̩ ˈʁeŋˀ}}`{=mediawiki}; 15 August 1854 -- 10 September 1933) was one of the foremost Danish painters of the turn of the 20th century, who pioneered both symbolism and social realism in Denmark. Considered one of the masterpieces of Danish culture, his painting *Summer Day by Roskilde Fjord* was included in the 2006 Danish Culture Canon. ## Life Ring was born as **Laurits Andersen** in a village named Ring in southern Zealand. Ring\'s parents were wheelmaker and carpenter Anders Olsen (1816--83) and farmer\'s daughter Johanne Andersdatter (1814--95). In 1869, he became a painter\'s apprentice because his older brother was to take over the father\'s workshop. In 1873, while working in Copenhagen Laurits decided to take classes in painting, and after two years of private studies he was accepted at the Danish Academy of Arts in 1875 and studied briefly with painter P. S. Krøyer. He was never content with the academy and disliked the strict training in classical disciplines. In 1881, he and his friend, the painter Hans Andersen from the village of Brændekilde, decided to change their last names, taking the names of their native villages, in order to avoid confusion at their joint exhibition. Laurits became L. A. Ring, and his friend Hans became H. A. Brendekilde. Ring\'s first exhibition took place in 1882, but he did not acquire recognition until 1884, the year in which he finished *The Railroad Guard* (*Banevogteren*, 1884). At this time, Denmark was in political turmoil, as the Council President Estrup had bypassed democratic rule and governed through decrees. Ring was politically active in the \"Rifle movement\", a revolutionary group of students taking up arms training in preparation for a rebellion. Ring became increasingly interested in the difficulties of the poor and social justice for the lower classes. While he lived in Copenhagen, he became a close friend of the family of lawyer and amateur painter Alexander Wilde. He spent Christmas and summers with the family and formed a close friendship with Wilde\'s wife, Johanne. Ring was deeply in love with her but she remained faithful to her husband, although the two exchanged frequent and intimate letters. Ring painted many tender portraits of Mrs. Wilde. As Ring realized that the relation would never materialize he turned his back on the Wildes, experiencing a time of intense depression. In 1893 he received a travel stipend and spent the year studying in Italy. In 1894, Ring was used as a model for a character in the novel *Night watch* (*Nattevagt*) by the Danish author and later Nobel prize winner Henrik Pontoppidan, an old friend of his. Ring served as a model for the unflattering character Thorkild Drehling, a painter and failed revolutionary, who was in love with his best friend\'s wife. Ring did not object to the unflattering depiction, but he was offended that Pontoppidan would publicly divulge his infatuation with Johanne Wilde in that way. Ring, deeply hurt by Pontoppidan\'s betrayal of confidence, broke off his friendship, never giving an explanation. Upon his return from Italy, he started working on a series of paintings with fellow painter Sigrid Kähler as a model. She was the daughter of ceramic artist Herman Kähler. In 1896 Ring married Kähler, who was only 21 years old at the time (he was 42). Living together in Karrebæksminde the couple had three children before Kähler died in 1923, at age 49. In 1900, he received the bronze medal at the World\'s Fair in Paris for his painting *In the Garden Doorway, the Artist\'s Wife* (*I Havedøren*, 1887). Their son, Ole Ring (1902-1972), also became a painter, and painted in a style highly influenced by that of his father. For a while, he lived at Baldersbrønde near Hedehusene in the old school building, which was later to be the home of another painter, Ludvig Find. Ring produced several paintings from these towns. By 1913, Ring was a notable member of Denmark\'s artistic community and a censor at the Charlottenborg exhibitions. He had a house built at Sankt Jørgensbjerg in Roskilde, overlooking the fjord - here he spent the last decade of his life, before his death in 1933. The year after Ring\'s death, the author Peter Hertz published a biography in which he summarized Ring\'s life and work: \"His *oeuvre* remains as his life and essence: The still water of profound depth\". Today there are examples of his work at practically every Danish art museum including the Hirschsprung Collection in Copenhagen.
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# L. A. Ring ## Style and motifs {#style_and_motifs} A feature often seen in Ring\'s art is to place one or more objects at the edge of picture, which can be seen in e.g. *Runesten ved Roskilde Landevej*, *Når taget ventes*. *Jernbaneoverkørsel ved Roskilde Landevej*, *Summerday by Roskilde Fjord* and *Lundbyes bænk ved Arresø*. Ring also often places the horizontal line high, as seen in *Lundbyes bænk ved Arresø*, *Krager på pløjemarken*, *På kirkegården i Fløng*, *Skærsommer. Tre børn i en mark med kornblomster* and in his portrayal of rural laborers. Ring drew on the Danish tradition of \"almue\" (folk) art, such as the work of J. th. Lundbye, but he also incorporated influences from more modernist painters such Paul Gauguin, Jean François Raffaëlli and Jean-François Millet. Early scholarship discussed whether Ring was best to be considered a realist or a symbolist painter, but later scholars have accepted that the two aspects of his work are equally important and complement each other. The painting of Ring\'s wife, Sigrid Kähler, is surrounded by subtle symbols indicating his love for her, such as the myrtle branches above her head, a symbol of Aphrodite according to the Ancient Greeks, and used in Denmark to adorn the bride at weddings. As a painter, Ring never distanced himself from his humble origin, but rather made it his dominant theme, depicting the reality of rural life. This is visible for example in his painting *Gleaners* (*Axsamlere* 1887) showing how the rural poor would pick up the grain left behind by the increasingly industrial methods of harvesting, a motif first made famous by Millet. Most of his paintings depict the village life and landscapes of southern Zealand from Præstø to Næstved. In his landscape painting, he was also inspired by psychological symbolism, infusing the landscapes with an otherworldly mystique and \"strange mixtures of mood\". This style has been described as \"anti-naturalism\". Inspired by authors such as J.P. Jacobsen and the ideas of the Modern Breakthrough, Ring became an atheist, and his painting began to explore motifs and symbolism that contrasted forces of life and death. Even in his depictions of rural laborers Ring always played on the deeper symbolic and abstract meanings, so that his work *The Harvester* (*I Høst* 1884) becomes a depiction not just of a working man, nor of his brother who was the model, but of the cycle of life as symbolized by the scythe cutting the ripe corn. Ring\'s consistent engagement with the unpleasant realities of life caused one critic to dub him \"the Apostle of the Hideous\". Others have interpreted the drive towards unsentimental realism as an expression of Ring\'s atheist life stance. Ring himself quipped on his 40th birthday that \"Life is short - Art is long\".
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# L. A. Ring ## Ring\'s circles of motifs {#rings_circles_of_motifs} His entire work demonstrates a division between an attachment to tradition and the spirit of modernity. Many of his paintings depict crossings and thresholds: the space between waiting and leaving in a doorway, at a window or at a railroad crossing. This symbolism is visible for example in his painting *In the Garden Doorway* showing the artists wife, pregnant in the doorway between the living room and the garden with a background of gnarled and withered branches. Sometimes more than one circle of motif is present in a painting, e.g. Runesten ved *Roskilde Landevej*, which contains both the threshold and the road as circle of motif. ### Portrayals of rural laborers {#portrayals_of_rural_laborers} <File:I> høst.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Harvest*, 1885, The National Gallery of Denmark <File:Drænrørsgravere.jpg%7CL.A>. Ring, *Drænrørsgraverne*, 1885, The National Gallery of Denmark <File:Arbejdere> ved en vandledning ved Søndersø.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Arbejdere ved en vandledning ved Søndersø*, 1901, Fuglsang Kunstmuseum <File:Teglværksarbejdere.jpg%7CL.A>. Ring, *Teglværksarbejdere. Ladby teglværk*, 1892, Vejen Kunstmuseum <File:L.A>. Ring, Sædemanden, 1910, OPC 20 og DEP536, Statsministeriet.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Sædemanden*, 1910, Statsministeriet Like Erik Henningsen and H. A. Brendekilde L.A. Ring painted social realistic portrayals of rural laborers, but not as noteworthy as Henningsen\'s *En såret arbejder* and Brendekilde\'s *Udslidt*. Ring does not attempt to cause pity or seek sympathy for the weak. Ring made a number of monumental portrayals of laborers, *Harvest* from 1885, *Drænrørsgraverne* also from 1885, *Arbejdere ved en vandledning ved Søndersø* from 1891, *Teglværksarbejdere*, *Ladby Teglværk* from 1892 and *Sædemanden* from 1910. They are all painted in the large format approximately 185 x 111,5 cm except from *Drænrørsgraverne* with the smaller format 142,5 x 111,5 cm. The paintings all have a high horizontal line and the people do not tower into the sky in accordance with Ring\'s atheist attitude. Rather, they stay at the ground and have furthermore absorbed colour from the surroundings. ### Death <File:Skelet>. Døden uden vinger.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Skelet. Døden uden vinger*, 1887, privately owned <File:Aften>. Den gamle kone og døden.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Aften. Den gamle kone og døden*, 1887, The National Gallery of Denmark <File:Raager> på Pløjemarken.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Raager på Pløjemarken*, 1891, Toledo Museum of Art <File:Laurits> Andersen Ring - Troncs d\'aulnes.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Elletrunter*, 1893, owned by HM Queen Margrethe II of Denmark <File:Efter> solnedgang. Nu skrider Dagen under, og Natten vælder ud.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Efter solnedgang, \"Nu skrider Dagen under, og Natten vælder ud\"*, 1899, The National Gallery of Denmark After the death of the brother in 1886 and until the return from Italy in 1895 Ring was very preoccupied with death and that left traces in his world of motifs as well in the landscape paintings as in the figure paintings. During the travel to Italy 1893-95 Ring had plans to paint a *\"dødedans\"* (dance of death). However, the idea was discarded and was instead incorporated in *Efter solnedgang, \"Nu skrider Dagen under, og Natten vælder ud*, which represent the culmination of Ring\'s preoccupation with death as a motif in painting. ### The Road {#the_road} <File:The> Lineman (Laurits Andersen Ring) - Nationalmuseum - 21932.tif\|L.A Ring, *The Railroad guard*, 1884, Nationalmuseet <File:Kählers> bygning bag Banken i Næstved.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Kählers bygning bag Banken i Næstved*, 1895, Randers Kunstmuseum <File:Aaløb> gennem grønne Enge ved Sommertid.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Aaløb gennem grønne Enge ved Sommertid*, 1898 <File:Runesten> ved Roskilde Landevej.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Runesten ved Roskilde Landevej*, 1912, privately owned In Ring\'s art the road and the path are recurring themes, and other lines such as creeks, rivers and estuaries, the open sea and modern elements e.g. bridges, railway tracks and telephone cables are used as main motifs. The roads lead the eye into the paintings and out again, as a symbol of the human existence. ### Threshold <File:Laurits> Andersen Ring - The sick man - Google Art Project.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Den syge mand*, 1902, Den Hirschsprungske Samling <File:På> kirkegården i Fløng.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *På kirkegården i Fløng*, 1904, Statens Museum for Kunst <File:Stygt> vejr. Baldersbrønde.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Stygt vejr. Baldersbrønde*, 1908, Ribe Kunstmuseum <File:Runesten> ved Roskilde Landevej.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Runesten ved Roskilde Landevej*, 1912, privately owned <File:Laurits_Andersen_Ring,_Fru_Sigrid_Ring_siddende_paa_et_Stenbalustre,_1912,_Private_collection.jpg%7CL.A>. Ring, *Fru_Sigrid_Ring_siddende_paa_et_Stenbalustre*, 1912, Van der Meij Fine Arts (Amsterdam) <File:Waiting> for the Train, Level Crossing by Roskilde Highway, by Laurits Andersen Ring - Statens Museum for Kunst - DSC08273.JPG\|L.A Ring, *Når toget ventes - Jernbaneoverskæring ved Roskilde Landevej*, 1914, Statens Museum for Kunst <File:Ole> Ring looks over Roskilde, by Laurits Andersen Ring.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Ved vinduet. Ole ring*, Ordrupgaard, 1925 <File:Foråret> og den gamle.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Foråret og den gamle*, 1926, privately owned <File:Sønnen> Ole kigger ud af vinduet.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Sønnen Ole kigger ud af vinduet*, 1930, Randers Kunstmuseum Ring often uses doors and windows as thresholds. In some of the threshold paintings the person depicted is in a hesitant position in front of the doorway or window waiting to be able to connect with the outside world. In other motifs it is the ultimate threshold before death, as seen in *Den syge mand* and *På kirkegården i Fløng*. Another threshold motif is the meeting between old and new, e.g. in *The Railroad guard* and *Runesten ved Roskilde Landevej*. ### Landscapes <File:Tåget> landskab med Mogenstrup Mølle (1889).jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Tåget landskab med Mogenstrup Mølle*, 1889, privately owned <File:Vej> ved Vinderød.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Vej ved Vinderød*, 1898, Statens Museum for Kunst <File:Susåen>. Broen og møllen ved Karrebæksminde.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Susåen. Broen og møllen ved Karrebæksminde*, 1898, Statens Museum for Kunst <File:Lundbyes> bænk ved Arresø.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Lundbyes bænk ved Arresø*, 1899, Ordrupgaard <File:Laurits> Andersen Ring - The river and the harbour at Frederiksværk - Google Art Project.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Åen og havnen ved Frederiksværk*, 1900, Den Hirschsprungske Samling <File:Diset> vinterdag i Vinderød, 1901, olie på lærred, 77 x 118,5 cm, Fuglsang Kunstmuseum.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Diset vinterdag i Vinderød*, 1901, Fuglsang Kunstmuseum <File:Laurits> Andersen Ring - Melby 1901.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Tidligt forår. Motiv ved Melby*, 1901, Ordrupgaard <File:Laurits> Andersen Ring - Fenced-in Pastures by a Farm with a Stork's Nest on the Roof, DK1.11-B410.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Indhegnede grønninger ved en gård med en storkerede på taget, Skærbæk*, 1903, Davids Samling <File:Fjorden> ved Karrebæksminde.jpg\|L.A. Ring, *Fjorden ved Karrebæksminde*, 1910, Statens Museum for Kunst Ring in particular painted landscapes, but in the beginning of his career it was not the landscape painting that dominated his art. Up until 1887 there were about 10 landscape paintings out of approximately 90 works of art in his repertoire. From 1888 and until his death in 1933 the landscape painting however made up about three quarters of his production. ## Reception and exhibitions {#reception_and_exhibitions} Since 1951 Ring\'s works have been described in more than 150 articles, newspapers, journals and books. Furthermore, there has been several exhibitions in Denmark and abroad showcasing Ring\'s works of art: a Danish-Swedish travelling exhibition in 1973 with 46 works, the exhibition *\"Northern Light\"* in 1982-83 at three locations in USA, a large-scale exhibition at Orddrupgaard with 100 works of art, *\"Nordiske Stemninger\"* (*Nordic Moods*) in 2003 at Blaafarveværket, Norway with 42 works of art and lastly *\"På Kanten af Verden\"* (*On the Edge of the World*) in 2006-07 at The National Gallery of Denmark in Copenhagen (42 works of art) and Randers Kunstmuseum (85 works of art).
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# L. A. Ring ## Gallery <File:Banevogteren.jpg>\|*The Railroad guard* (1884), people waiting at crossings or thresholds and railroads was a favored motif for Ring. <File:L.A>. Ring - Harvest - Google Art Project.jpg\| *Harvest* (1885). The harvest worker is Ring\'s brother Ole Peter Andersen, painted at his farm at Tehusene near Fakse in Southern Zealand. Compare with Millet\'s *The Sower*. Image:Landevejen ved Maagenstrup. 1888.jpg\|*Road near Maagenstrup* (1888) <File:LA> Ring Axsamlere 1887.jpg\| *Gleaners* (1887) compare with *The Gleaners* by Millet <File:L.A>. Ring - In the Month of June - Google Art Project.jpg\|In the Month of June, 1899 Image:Landsbygade i Baldersbrønde (version 2).jpg\|*Village street in Baldersbrønde*, (1905) ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum. <File:Vinterdag> i Roskilde
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# Kurundwad **Kurundwad** is a town on the banks of the Panchganga river, 55 km from Kolhapur (Kolhapur district) in the Indian state of Maharashtra. ## Geography It is in the southern part of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is 55 km from the district headquarters of Kolhapur and lies 2 km from the Shri Dattatrey devotee town of Narsobachi Wadi. Kurundwad is situated near the banks of two rivers, Krishna and Panchaganga. Near Krishna river lies Kurundwad Ghat, built by Raja Raghunathrao I Dadasaheb Patwardhan around 1795. A *samadhi* (memorial) of Santajiraje Ghorapade, who was Commander-in-Chief of Maratha forces that humbled Aurangzeb during the reign of Chhatrapati Rajaram (1689--1700). ## Transport The nearest railway station is in Jaysingpur, approximately 15 km to the north. ## Culture Popular regional sports include Kabbadi, weight lifting and Kho Kho. ## History During the British Raj, the area of Kurundwad was a native state, falling under the Deccan States Agency of the Bombay Presidency. It formed part of the southern Mahratta *jagirs*. Created in 1772 by a grant from the Peshwa, the state was later divided into two parts, including \"Shedbal\", which lapsed to the British government in 1857. In 1855, the remaining state area of Kurundwad was further divided into a senior branch, Kurundvad Senior, with an area of 185 miles², and a junior branch, Kurundvad Junior, with an area of 114 miles². The territory of both was widely scattered among other native states and British districts. According to the 1901 census, the senior branch had a population of 42,474, while the junior branch had a population of 34,003. The chiefs of the branches were Brahmans by caste, belonging to the Patwardhan family. The last ruler (junior line) was Raja Shrimant Raghunathrao Ganpatrao (Dadasaheb) Patwardhan. He was ADC to the 1st President of India, recipient of the Independence Medal, recipient of King George V Silver Jubilee Medal and the King George VI Coronation Medal \[Hereditary Distinction\]. ## Legacy Raja Shrimant Bhalchandrarao II Chintamanrao Patwardhan, Raja of Kurundwad-Snr, ranks as a *sardar* in the southern Maratha country. ## Demographics The \"Kurundwad Municipal Council\" has population of 22,372 of which 11,325 are males while 11,047 are females as per report released by \"Census India 2011\". Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 2267 which is 10.13% of total population of Kurundwad (M Cl). In Kurundwad Municipal Council, Female Sex Ratio is of 975 against state average of 929. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Kurundwad is around 802 compared to Maharashtra state average of 894. Literacy rate of Kurundwad city is 86.90% higher than state average of 82.34%. In Kurundwad, Male literacy is around 92.81% while female literacy rate is 80.97%. Marathi is the official and most widely spoken language there. ## Schools - Sitabai Patwardhan High School, Kurundwad. - Dr. Allama Iqbal High School and Junior College, Kurundwad. - Sane Guruji Vidyalaya, Kurundwad. - Sou. Vimaladevi Khanderao Mane Kanya Madhyamik Vidyalaya, Kurundwad. - Prathamik Vidya Mandir, Kurundwad. - Sanjeevani English Medium School, Kurundwad. - Sainiki Pattern Niwasi Shala, Kurundwad. - Abhinav Prathamik Shala, Kurundwad. - Kumar Vidya Mandir No.1, Kurundwad. - Kumar Vidya Mandir No.2, Kurundwad. - Kumar Vidya Mandir No.3, Kurundwad. - Kanya Vidya Mandir No.1, Kurundwad. - Kanya Vidya Mandir No.2, Kurundwad. ## Notable people {#notable_people} - Vishnu Digambar Paluskar - Hindustani classical vocalist - [Ringmaster Vishnupant  Chhatre](https://kurundwad.webs
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# Michael Owens (cricketer) **Michael Barry Owens** (born 11 November 1969) is a former New Zealand international cricketer. He played eight Test matches and one One Day International for New Zealand from 1992 to 1994. He was born in Christchurch
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# Tuffley Rovers F.C. **Tuffley Rovers F.C.** are a football club based in Tuffley in Gloucester, England. The club is playing in the `{{English football updater|TuffleyR}}`{=mediawiki}, the 9th level of the English football league system. The club is affiliated to the Gloucestershire County FA. The club operates four Saturday male adult sides, a Ladies\' team and a Veterans\' squad, playing Sundays. The club\'s reserve team also competes in Hellenic League structure, in Division Two (West), with two sides playing in the Stroud and District League. In addition to the adult set-up, there is a full youth structure, with teams at all ages from U7s to U18s. ## History Formed in 1929, Tuffley Rovers spent many years playing in the Stroud and District League and North Gloucestershire Association League before promotion to the Gloucestershire Northern Senior League and in the 1988--89 season they joined the Gloucestershire County League and were champions in 1991. In 1993, they were Hellenic League Division One champions and were promoted to the Premier Division. Under the management of Doug Foxwell they regularly finished in the top half of the Hellenic League, and were considered widely to be the second team in Gloucester, behind Gloucester City. However, during the 2005--06 season, they resigned from the Premier Division due to financial difficulties and their record was expunged. Their first team took the spot of their reserve team in the second level of the Gloucestershire Northern Senior League (level 13) and gained back-to-back promotions to return to the Gloucestershire County League. Rovers finished the 2007--08 season in a respectable 4th place in the Gloucestershire County League, but struggled for consistency in 2008--09 under new manager Shayne Bradley with the highlight of the season probably being the 10--0 victory over DRG Stapleton. Doug Foxwell returned to manage the side for the 2011--12 season, with the team finishing a creditable third, before they finally achieved promotion back to the Hellenic League at the end of the 2012--13 season. Foxwell left the club at Christmas in 2013--14 and after John Hamilton saw the club to a position of safety at the end of the season, former player Warren Evans took over as manager, achieving promotion back to the Hellenic League, Premier Division at the end of his first season (2014--15). After a difficult 2015--16 season, Evans departed with his team struggling to retain their place in the division. Shayne Bradley took on a caretaker manager role and Rovers ended up 17th of twenty teams and in a relegation position but retained their Premier Division status, as only three clubs were relegated. The appointment of Mark Pritchett in the summer of 2016 was followed by two successive 10th-place finishes, as Rovers consolidated their place in the Hellenic League, Premier Division. Mark Pritchett resigned in August 2020, with his assistant Richard Cox becoming caretaker manager in a season interrupted by the Covid pandemic. Cox was then appointed as manager ahead of the 2021/22 playing season, only to resign on 19 December 2021 after a run of ten consecutive defeats. Neil Mustoe was then appointed Interim Manager for the remainder of the season, before being confirmed as the permanent appointment at the conclusion of the 2021/22 season. He has been in post since, guiding the club to an 18th place finish that was enough to avoid relegation in 2022/23 and then a 14th place finish in 2023/24. ## Current playing squad {#current_playing_squad}
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# Tuffley Rovers F.C. ## Honours - **Hellenic Football League Division One** - Champions 1992--93 - **Gloucestershire County League** - Champions 1990--91 ## Records Tuffley Rovers have not had much success in the national FA competitions. Their best result in the FA Cup was a 2nd qualifying round defeat in 1999--2000 to Lymington & New Milton, while they reached the 2nd round in the FA Vase in the 1994--95 season
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# Likoma, Malawi **Likoma** is the main town on Likoma Island in Malawi. It is the administrative capital of Likoma District. Perhaps the most famous attraction of Likoma is the Anglican cathedral of Likoma. The cathedral is dedicated to Saint Peter, whose statue faces Lake Malawi. The cathedral was built mostly with stones. The foundation stone of the Cathedral was laid by Bishop Gerard Trower on 27 January 1903 and was consecrated by Bishop Thomas Cathrew Fisher on 14 November 1911. Considered a feat of engineering, materials for its construction were imported from many countries. It is the seat of the bishop of the Diocese of Northern Malawi in the Church of the Province of Central Africa
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# Koichi Kobayashi is a Japanese Go player. He is one of the \'Six Supers\' who championed Japanese Go in the last three decades of Japanese Go. ## Biography Koichi Kobayashi was born in Asahikawa, Japan. In 1965, he came to Tokyo to be a disciple of Minoru Kitani. He studied along with Cho Chikun, Masao Kato, Yoshio Ishida, and Masaki Takemiya. He went on to marry the daughter of his teacher, Reiko Kitani (1939--1996), a 6-dan who has won the All-Japan Women\'s Championship several times. Together they had a daughter, Izumi Kobayashi, who is now one of the leading female Go players in Japan. Kobayashi is one of the few Go players who have won more than 1,200 professional games. Kobayashi\'s rivalry with Cho Chikun has continued for some time and they frequently play against each other. ## Career Two years after joining Kitani Minoru\'s dojo, Kobayashi was promoted to be a 1-dan professional. His first tournament victory came from the 4th Shin Ei in 1972. In 1976, he won his first major title, Tengen. ## Promotion record {#promotion_record} ## Titles and runners-up {#titles_and_runners_up} Kobayashi is Honorary Kisei, Honorary Meijin and Honorary Gosei. He ranks #3 in the total number of titles in Japan
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# NGC 3079 }} **NGC 3079** is a barred spiral galaxy about 50 million light-years away, and located in the constellation Ursa Major. The galaxy was discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 1 April 1790. The SIMBAD database lists NGC 3079 as a Seyfert II Galaxy, i.e. it has a quasar-like nucleus with very high surface brightnesses whose spectra reveal strong, high-ionisation emission lines, but unlike quasars, the host galaxy is clearly detectable. ## Center Bubble {#center_bubble} A prominent feature of this galaxy is the \"bubble\" forming in the very center (see image to left). The supermassive black hole at the core has a mass of `{{Val|2.4e6|2.4|1.2|ul=solar mass}}`{=mediawiki}. The bubble forming in the center of NGC 3079 is believed to be about 3000 light-years wide and to rise more than 3500 light-years above the disc of the galaxy. It is speculated that the bubble is being formed by particles streaming at high speeds, which were in turn caused by a large burst of star formation. This current bubble is thought to have been created about one million years ago, and computer modeling suggests that there is an ongoing cycle of forming bubbles, with a new bubble forming approximately every 10 million years. ## NGC 3079 Group {#ngc_3079_group} NGC 3079 is the namesake of the NGC 3079 Group (also known as LGG 188), which contains six galaxies. The other galaxies in the group are NGC 3073, UGC 5421, UGC 5479, UGC 5459, and UGC 5460. The galaxies NGC 3073 and NGC 3079 are also listed together as **Holm 156** in Erik Holmberg\'s *A Study of Double and Multiple Galaxies Together with Inquiries into some General Metagalactic Problems*, published in 1937. ## Supernovae Two supernovae have been observed in NGC 3079: - SN 2001ci (type Ic, mag. 18.3) was discovered by LOTOSS (Lick Observatory and Tenagra Observatory Supernova Searches) on 17 April 2001. - SN 2013ee (type II, mag. 15.5) was discovered by Giancarlo Cortini on 13 July 2013. ## Image gallery {#image_gallery} <File:Noao-n3079hapeman> 2
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# Billy Thorpe **William Richard Thorpe** AM (29 March 1946 -- 28 February 2007) was an English-born Australian singer-songwriter, and record producer. As lead singer of his band Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs, he had success in the 1960s with \"Blue Day\", \"Poison Ivy\", \"Over the Rainbow\", \"Sick and Tired\", \"Baby, Hold Me Close\" and \"Mashed Potato\"; and in the 1970s with \"Most People I Know Think That I\'m Crazy\". Featuring in concerts at Sunbury Pop Festivals and Myer Music Bowl in the early 1970s, the Aztecs also developed the pub rock scene and were one of the loudest groups in Australia. Thorpe also performed as a solo artist. He relocated to America from 1976 to 1996; after moving, he released the space opera *Children of the Sun*, which peaked in the top 40 of the *Billboard* Pop Album chart in 1979. He worked with ex-Aztec Tony Barber to form a soft toy company in 1987 and co-wrote stories for *The Puggle Tales* and *Tales from the Lost Forests*. Thorpe also worked as a producer and composed music scores for TV series including *War of the Worlds*, *Star Trek: The Next Generation*, *Columbo*, *Eight Is Enough* and *Hard Time on Planet Earth*. Thorpe returned to Australia in 1996 and continued as a performer and producer, additionally he wrote two autobiographies, *Sex and Thugs and Rock \'n\' Roll* (1996) and *Most People I Know (Think That I\'m Crazy)* (1998). According to Australian rock music historian Ian McFarlane, \"Thorpie evolved from child star, beat pop sensation and cuddly pop crooner to finally emerge as the country\'s wildest and heaviest blues rocker. Thorpie was the unassailable monarch of Australian rock music\". Thorpe was inducted into the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame in 1991. He died of a heart attack in February 2007 and was posthumously appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in June for his contribution to music as a musician, songwriter and producer. Unlike multiple other Australian artists, Thorpe gained musical fame internationally in countries such as Canada and the United States. His cult following, particularly after the aforementioned sci-fi themed album *Children of the Sun* came out, notably involved dramatic live performances outside of Australia such as with laser light shows playing inside multiple planetariums. That release alone sold approximately half a million copies worldwide. In 2009, Thorpe was announced as one of the Q150 Icons selected for historical commemoration by the government of Queensland, his influence being recognized during the Q150 celebrations. His musical legacy continues after his death, particularly around local areas that he frequently played within live.
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# Billy Thorpe ## Career ### 1946--1962: Early life {#early_life} Billy Thorpe was born in Manchester, England, in 1946, to Bill and Mabel Thorpe. He emigrated with his parents to Australia in 1955, arriving in Melbourne and then settling in Brisbane, Queensland. He performed as a ten-year-old under the pseudonym Little Rock Allen. Six months later, after he was heard singing and playing guitar by a television producer at the back of his parents\' Brisbane store, Thorpe made regular musical appearances on Queensland television, brandishing his trademark stock whip. He toured regional venues with Reg Lindsay in 1961, and national venues with Johnny O\'Keefe and with Col Joye. By 1963, as an experienced singer and musician, he decided to relocate to Sydney. ### 1963--1967: Success in Sydney {#success_in_sydney} In 1963, Thorpe moved to Sydney and auditioned for a regular gig at Surf City, a popular beat music venue in the city\'s Kings Cross area. In 1996, Thorpe wrote his first autobiography, *Sex and thugs and rock \'n\' roll : a year in Kings Cross 1963--1964*, on his early experiences there. His backing band was an accomplished Sydney surf instrumental group called The Aztecs, comprising Colin Baigent (drums), Val Jones (rhythm guitar), future Bee Gees guitarist Vince Melouney (aka Vince Maloney) (lead guitar, vocals), and John \"Bluey\" Watson (bass guitar). Before Thorpe joined, The Aztecs had released \"Smoke and Stack\", a surf instrumental. UK-born Tony Barber (rhythm guitar, vocals) soon replaced Jones and they were known as Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs. In 1964, the band released their second single, \"Blue Day\", written by guitarist Barber, which contains the first known recording of Thorpe. US songwriters Leiber and Stoller wrote \"Poison Ivy\" for R&B vocal group The Coasters, but Thorpe preferred the cover version by The Rolling Stones. They decided to cover it themselves; it was produced at Festival Records and released on the independent Linda Lee label. It became their breakthrough hit when it peaked at No. 1 on the local Sydney charts. The band was signed by Ted Albert to his newly established Albert Productions, a local record label devoted exclusively to recording Australian pop artists. Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs had national chart success, their record sales and concert attendances rivalling those of The Beatles, with hits like \"Mashed Potato\", \"Sick and Tired\" and *Wizard of Oz* tune \"Over the Rainbow\" in the top ten of the record charts in most state capitals. Thorpe once said that \"Mashed Potato\" was inspired by a chance meeting with a schoolteacher at the Rex Hotel in Kings Cross, who was so drunk he could only mumble the words, \"Mashed Potato.\" The original Aztecs lineup split from Thorpe at the beginning of 1965 over a financial dispute, so he created another set, with Johnny Dick (drums), Mike Downes (rhythm guitar, vocals), Colin Risbey (lead guitar, vocals), Jimmy Taylor (piano), Teddy Toi (bass guitar), Tony Buchanan (saxophone) and Rocky Thomas (brass). This lineup achieved further success with pop ballads such as \"I Told the Brook\", \"Twilight Time\" and \"Love Letters\". On 27 March 1966, Sydney TV station ATN-7 debuted a music show, *It\'s All Happening!*, hosted by Thorpe with the Aztecs as the house band. Each one-hour episode featured both Australian and international musical guests. Despite the TV exposure, later singles did not chart and when the show ended its run in early 1967, the Aztecs broke up. Thorpe undertook a brief solo career, he released \"Dream Baby\" (Roy Orbison cover), in October 1967 but it had no chart success. during 1968 he modified his image to display long hair, moustache and a fringed jacket; he formed a new backing band with Dick, Mick Lieber (guitar) and Dave McTaggert (bass guitar) who was quickly replaced by Paul Wheeler. By August, Dick and Lieber had left, and Thorpe relocated to Melbourne.
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# Billy Thorpe ## Career ### 1968--1975: Melbourne In August 1968 Thorpe had moved to Melbourne with Paul Wheeler (bass guitar) and Jimmy Thompson (drums), Thorpe took up lead guitar as well as lead vocals. As a trio they became the next version of Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs. By December, former Purple Hearts and Wild Cherries guitarist Lobby Loyde joined. Thorpe had recorded no new material for over two years, but he emerged after a spell of bankruptcy in 1969, with \"Good Mornin\' Little School Girl\", a Willie Dixon cover, as a single in March 1970. With the encouragement of Loyde, Thorpe\'s \'new\' Aztecs developed a heavier sound and established themselves as one of Australia\'s premier hard rock groups. By July, Warren \'Pig\' Morgan (piano, vocals) had joined and the band recorded, *The Hoax Is Over*, which was released in January 1971. Loyde left to reform Wild Cherries (later called Lobby Loyde & the Coloured Balls). After further releases the Aztecs had accrued a considerable reputation in the southern states and became known as one of the loudest acts on the local concert and pub circuit. Thorpe described the sound: In 1972, the band played two pivotal gigs, first was the Sunbury Pop Festival in January, which featured the debut of Thorpe\'s self-penned anthem, \"Most People I Know Think That I\'m Crazy\". Thorpe now had a ponytail, T-shirt, full beard, played guitar and encouraged the Sunbury crowd to \"Suck more piss\". The No. 2 hit single returned the Aztecs to national prominence. The second major gig was their show at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl during the Moomba Festival in March, which resulted in an estimated 200,000 people filling the park, and forced police to close roads around the venue. Later that year, they released *Aztecs Live! At Sunbury*, which peaked at No. 4 in September. Ex-Copperwine blues singer Wendy Saddington had top 30 chart success with her 1972 solo single, \"Looking Through a Window\", which was written and produced by Thorpe and Morgan of the Aztecs. The two Aztecs combined for *Downunda* which was released in 1973 under the names, Thump\'n Pig (Morgan) and Puff\'n Billy (Thorpe); with the related single, \"Captain Straightman\", both album and single peaked into the top 40 of the relevant charts. Saddington had provided vocals and co-wrote a track for the album. In March 1973, The Who\'s rock opera *Tommy* was performed as an orchestral version in Australia with Thorpe in the role of the Local Lad performing \"Pinball Wizard\". Other Australian artists were Daryl Braithwaite (as Tommy), Wendy Saddington, Doug Parkinson, Broderick Smith, Jim Keays, Colleen Hewett, Linda George, Ross Wilson, Bobby Bright, and Ian Meldrum (as Uncle Ernie in Sydney). After more line-up changes Thorpe dissolved the Aztecs early in 1975, as a solo artist he recorded *Million Dollar Bill*, which reached the top 40, with its top 50 single \"It\'s Almost Summer\"; and *Pick Me Up & Play Me Loud* in 1976. Both albums showed another change in style, being a mix of Adult-orientated Rock, funk and country. In December 1976, he relocated to Los Angeles in the United States, although he returned to Australia periodically to tour with varied line-ups of the Aztecs.
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# Billy Thorpe ## Career ### 1976--1995: United States {#united_states} From December 1976, Thorpe continued his musical career in the US. By 1979, he released his solo space opera, *Children of the Sun*, which reached the top 40 of the *Billboard* Pop Album chart, and top 50 in Australia. The related single, \"Children of the Sun\" reached #41 on the *Billboard* Singles chart. He released three more studio albums while living in the US, with *21st Century Man* (1980) peaking on the *Billboard* Pop Album chart top 200. \"In My Room\" from *21st Century Man* had top ten chart success in Canada. Other US-based releases were *Stimulation* (1981) and *East of Eden\'s Gate* (1982). In 1984, Thorpe stopped performing live music. He had started an electronics consulting company which did work for The Walt Disney Company, Mattel and Universal Studios. By 1986, he owned a recording and production studio in Los Angeles, where he worked on musical scoring for television series, including: *War of the Worlds*, *Star Trek: The Next Generation*, *Columbo*, *Eight Is Enough* and *Hard Time on Planet Earth*. Former Aztec bandmate, Tony Barber had written a series of children\'s books, collectively called *The Puggle Tales* from 1981. Barber and Thorpe had formed a soft toy company in 1987, Sunshine Friends, and also released children\'s songs on cassettes and video. In 1989 Barber and Thorpe co-wrote three more stories for *The Puggle Tales* series: *Double trouble*, *Flying\'s easy* and *Marco and the book of wisdom*. From 1990, Thorpe collaborated with Mick Fleetwood (of Fleetwood Mac) and Bekka Bramlett in Fleetwood\'s side project, a band called The Zoo, which resulted in \"Shakin the Cage\" (no apostrophe), a single featuring Billy Burnette and Kenny Gradney of Little Feat. This was followed by the *Shakin\' the Cage* (apostrophe included) album featuring an altered band line-up and a re-recorded version of the title track in March 1991. Thorpe had written all ten of the tracks, including one (the title track) co-written with Burnette, and another with Bramlett\'s father Delaney. The Zoo toured Australia during 1991 and while in the country Thorpe was inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame on 25 March alongside Glenn Shorrock, Don Burrows and Peter Dawson. Fleetwood performed at the ARIA Awards ceremony held at the Darling Harbour Convention Centre in Sydney. Thorpe returned to touring with another set of Aztecs in 1993 and released a boxed set in 1994, *Lock Up Your Mothers*, which peaked at No. 15 on the ARIA Charts. The Lock Up Your Mothers tour included media appearances on *Hey Hey It\'s Saturday*, *Denton* and *60 Minutes*.
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# Billy Thorpe ## Career ### 1996--2006: Return to Australia {#return_to_australia} In 1996 Thorpe formed the Billy Thorpe Band with Andy Cichon (bass, guitar, keyboards, vocals), Steve Edmonds (guitar, vocals), Paul DeMarco/Mick O\'Shea (drums) and Randall Waller (guitar, vocals, keyboards), and toured Australia in July. He had returned to live in Sydney and authored his first autobiography, *Sex and Thugs and Rock \'n\' Roll*, on his early experiences in Kings Cross and the formation of the Aztecs, which was released in November. He followed with an Australian TV appearance on *This Is Your Life*. In October 1998, he released his second autobiography, *Most People I Know (Think That I\'m Crazy)*. On 14 November 1998, with the Aztecs, Thorpe appeared at the Mushroom 25 Concert, singing \"Most People I Know\" and \"Ooh Poo Pah Doo\"; ex-Aztec Lobby Loyde joined them on-stage on guitar. At the *Gimme Ted* benefit concert on 9 March 2001 Thorpe performed five songs including a duet with INXS. *Long Way to the Top* was a 2001 Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) six-part documentary on the history of Australian rock and roll from 1956 to the modern era. *Episode 3: Billy Killed the Fish*, broadcast on 29 August, featured interviews with Loyde, Michael Chugg (Thorpe\'s manager/promoter) and Thorpe. They described their Sunbury Festival experiences and the development of pub rock in Australia. According to Chugg, an Aztec performance at Sydney\'s Bondi Lifesaver club in 1974 was so loud as to kill a tankful of tropical fish in an upstairs area -- hence the episode title. During August 2002, promoters Chugg and Kevin Jacobsen with Thorpe as co-producer, organised a related concert tour, Long Way to the Top. Concerts included Thorpe performing with the \'original\' Aztecs line-up in one set and the \'Sunbury\' Aztecs in a second. Performances at two Sydney concerts in September were recorded, broadcast on ABC-TV and subsequently released on DVD in December. Thorpe recorded material for a new album, *Tangier*, with the Symphonique Orchestra du Maroc in Casablanca, Morocco during September to November 2006 and was working on the album when he died in Sydney in February 2007. *Tangier* was produced by Daniel Denholm. In December 2006, Thorpe had recorded an acoustic live performance which was released posthumously in April 2007 on Liberation Records as *Solo: The Last Recordings*, which peaked at No. 19 on the ARIA albums chart. On 27 October 2010, Sony Entertainment announced the release of *Tangier* at the ARIA Hall of Fame in Sydney. *Tangier* was awarded the first-ever posthumous ARIA for Best Contemporary Adult Album in 2011. ### 2007: Death Thorpe suffered from chest pains at his home on 28 February 2007 and was taken by an ambulance to St. Vincent\'s Hospital in Sydney around 2:00 am AEDT after having a massive heart attack. He remained in the emergency ward in a serious condition and went into cardiac arrest around half an hour later; hospital staff unsuccessfully attempted to resuscitate him. His family was by his side when he died at 60 years of age. Thorpe is survived by his wife Lynn, and daughters Rusty and Lauren. His manager Michael Chugg said the death was a \"terrible tragedy\", as Thorpe had just finished recording a new album *Tangier* and was very happy after a recent acoustic tour. He was posthumously appointed a Member of the Order of Australia on 11 June 2007, with the citation, \"For service to the entertainment industry as a musician, songwriter, producer, and as a contributor to the preservation and collection of contemporary Australian music\". In December 2020, Thorpe was listed at number 31 in *Rolling Stone Australia*{{\'}}s \"50 Greatest Australian Artists of All Time\" issue.
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# Billy Thorpe ## Discography ### Albums +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ | Title | Album details | Peak chart\ | | | | positions | +====================================+===============================================+=============+ | AUS\ | | | +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ | *Downunda*\ | - Released: July 1973 | 40 | | (as Thump\'n Pig & Puff\'n Billy) | - Label: Atlantic (SD 1014) | | +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ | *More Arse Than Class* | - Released: May 1974 | 14 | | | - Label: Atlantic (SD 1017) | | +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ | *The Billy Thorpe Rock Classics* | - Released: 1974 | --- | | | - Label: M7. (MLX-064) | | +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ | *Million Dollar Bill* | - Released: November 1975 | --- | | | - Label: Infinity / Mushroom (L 35767) | | +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ | *Children of the Sun* | - Released: August 1979 | 44 | | | - Label: Interfusion (C36980) | | +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ | *21st Century Man* | - Released: February 1981 | --- | | | - Label: Mushroom (C 37494) | | +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ | *Stimulation* | - Released: 1981 | --- | | | - Label: Mushroom (C 37700) | | +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ | *East of Eden\'s Gate* | - Released: 1982 | --- | | | - Label: Pasha (FZ 38179) | | +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ | *Children of the Sun\...Revisited* | - Released: 1987 | --- | | | - Label: Pasha (ZK 40682) | | +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ | *Solo -- The Last Recordings* | - Released: 2007 | 19 | | | - Label: Liberation Blue (BLUE147.2) | | +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ | *Tangier* | - Released: October 2010 | 14 | | | - Label: Sony Music Australia (88697738362) | | +------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------+ : List of albums, with selected details and chart positions ### EPs +----------------+------------------------------------+ | Title | Details | +================+====================================+ | *Love Letters* | - Released: 1966 | | | - Label: Parlophone (GEPO-70039) | +----------------+------------------------------------+ ### Singles +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | Year | Title | Peak chart\ | Album | | | | positions | | +======+=================================================================+=============+============+ | AUS\ | | | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | 1967 | \"Dream Baby\"/\"You Don\'t Live Twice\" | --- | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | 1973 | \"Captain Straightman\"/\"Bow My Head\"\ | 36 | *Downunda* | | | (as Thump\'n Pig and Puff\'n Billy) | | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | 1975 | \"It\'s Almost Summer\"/\"Drive My Car\" | 44 | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | 1976 | \"Do the Best You Can\"/\"Mama Told Her\" | --- | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | 1979 | \"Children of the Sun\"/\"Simple Life\" | --- | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | | \"Wrapped in the Chains of Your Love\"/\"Goddess of the Night\" | 85 | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | | \"Dream-Maker\"/\"The Beginning\" | --- | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | 1980 | \"In My Room\"/\"She\'s Alive\" | --- | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | 1981 | \"Stimulation\"/\"Syndrome D.O.A./L.K.O.\" | --- | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | | \"Just the Way I Like It\"/\"Rock Until You Drop\" | --- | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | | \"You Touched Me\"/\"No Rules on the Road\" | --- | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | 1982 | \"No Show Tonight\" | --- | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | | \"I Can\'t Stand It\" | --- | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ | | \"Hold On to Your Dream\" | --- | | +------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+------------+ : List of singles, with selected chart positions - According to AllMusic, Thorpe is credited with: guitars (lead, bass, rhythm), vocals, record producer, sound engineer, keyboards, synthesizer, sound mixing and harmonica.
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# Billy Thorpe ## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations} ### ARIA Music Awards {#aria_music_awards} The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987. Thorpe was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1991. \|- \| 1991 \| himself \| ARIA Hall of Fame \| `{{yes2|inductee}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| rowspan=\"4\"\| 2011 \| *Tangier* \| Best Adult Contemporary Album \| `{{won}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| David Homer, Aaron Hayward, Debaser for *Tangier* \| Best Cover Art \| `{{nom}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| Daniel Denholm for *Tangier* \| Producer of the Year \| `{{nom}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| Greg Clarke for *Tangier* \| Engineer of the Year \| `{{nom}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{end}}`{=mediawiki} ### Go-Set Pop Poll {#go_set_pop_poll} The Go-Set Pop Poll was coordinated by teen-oriented pop music newspaper, *Go-Set* and was established in February 1966 and conducted an annual poll during 1966 to 1972 of its readers to determine the most popular personalities. \|- \| 1966 \| himself \| Australian Acts: Male Vocal \| 5th \|- \| 1971 \| *The Hoax Is Over* (as Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs) \| Best Album \| 4th \|- \| rowspan=\"4\"\| 1972 \| *Aztecs Live at Sunbury* (as Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs) \| Best Album \| style=\"background:gold;\"\| 1st \|- \| \"Most People I Know\" (as Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs) \| Best Single \| style=\"background:tan;\"\| 3rd \|- \| Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs \| Best Group \| style=\"background:silver;\"\| 2nd \|- \| himself \| Best Male Singer \| style=\"background:silver;\"\| 5th \|- `{{end}}`{=mediawiki} ### King of Pop Awards {#king_of_pop_awards} The King of Pop Awards were voted by the readers of TV Week. The King of Pop award started in 1967 and ran through to 1978. \|- \| rowspan=\"2\"\| 1972 \| himself \| Best Songwriter \| `{{won}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \| Billy Thorpe & The Aztecs \| Best Group \| `{{won}}`{=mediawiki} \|- `{{end}}`{=mediawiki} ### Mo Awards {#mo_awards} The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Billy Thorpe won one award in that time
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# ATI Rage The **ATI Rage** (stylized as **RAGE** or **rage**) is a series of graphics chipsets developed by ATI Technologies offering graphical user interface (GUI) 2D acceleration, video acceleration, and 3D acceleration developed by ATI Technologies. It is the successor to the ATI Mach series of 2D accelerators. ## 3D RAGE (I) {#d_rage_i} The original 3D RAGE (also known as Mach64 GT) chip was based upon a Mach64 2D core with new 3D functionality and MPEG-1 acceleration. The 3D RAGE was released in April 1996. The 3D RAGE was used in ATI\'s *3D Xpression* video board. Additionally, this chip was found integrated into the IBM Aptiva 2176 line with the Stealth case, and came with a Free Copy of MechWarrior 2: 31st Century Combat that only worked with this graphics chip to showcase its abilities. The memory configuration on this integrated chip was 2 Megabytes. ## 3D RAGE II (II+, II+DVD, IIc) {#d_rage_ii_ii_iidvd_iic} The second generation Rage (aka Mach64 GT-B) offered roughly two times greater 3D performance. Its graphics processor was based again on a re-engineered Mach64 GUI engine that provided optimal 2D performance with either single-cycle EDO memory or high-speed SGRAM. The 3D Rage II chip was an enhanced, pin compatible version of the 3D Rage accelerator. The second-generation PCI-bus compatible chip boosted 2D performance by 20 percent and added support for MPEG-2 (DVD) playback. The chip also had driver support for Microsoft Direct3D and Reality Lab, QuickDraw 3D Rave, Criterion RenderWare, and Argonaut BRender. OpenGL drivers are available for the professional 3D and CAD community and Heidi drivers are available for AutoCAD users. Drivers were also provided in operating systems including Windows 95, Windows NT, the Mac OS, OS/2, and Linux. ATI also shipped a TV encoder companion chip for RAGE II, the *ImpacTV* chip. RAGE II was integrated into several Macintosh Computers, including the first revision of the Macintosh G3 (Beige) and the Power Mac 6500. In IBM-compatible PCs, several motherboards and video cards used the chipset as well including: the *3D Xpression+*, the *3D Pro Turbo*, and the original *All-in-Wonder*. The 3D Rage IIc was the last version of the Rage II core and offered optional AGP support. The Rage IIc was used in the original iMac (Revision A) in 1998. - Specifications for the Rage II+DVD: - 60 MHz core - up to 83 MHz SGRAM memory - 480 MB/s memory bandwidth - DirectX 5.0
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# ATI Rage ## 3D RAGE Pro {#d_rage_pro} ATI made a number of changes over the 3D RAGE II: a new triangle setup engine, perspective correction improvements, fog support and transparency implementations, specular lighting support, and enhanced video playback and DVD support. The 3D Rage Pro chip was designed for Intel\'s Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), taking advantage of execute-mode texturing, command pipelining, sideband addressing, and full 2×-mode protocols. Initial versions relied on standard graphics memory configurations: up to 8 MiB of SGRAM or 16 MB of WRAM, depending on the model. RAGE Pro offered performance in the range of Nvidia\'s RIVA 128 and 3dfx\'s Voodoo accelerator, but generally failed to match or exceed its competitors. This, in addition to its (early) lack of OpenGL support, hurt sales for what was touted to be a solid gaming solution. In February 1998, ATI introduced the 2× AGP version of the Rage Pro to the OEM market and attempted to reinvent the Rage Pro for the retail market, by simultaneously renaming the chip to *Rage Pro Turbo*, and releasing a new *Rage Pro Turbo* driver-set (4.10.2312) that supposedly increased performance by 40%. In reality, early versions of the new driver only delivered increased performance in benchmarks such as Ziff-Davis\' 3D Winbench 98 and Final Reality. In games, however, performance actually suffered. Despite this poor introduction, the Rage Pro Turbo name stuck, and eventually ATI was able to release updated versions of the driver which granted a visible performance increase in games, however this was still not enough to garner much interest from PC enthusiasts. The **3D Rage Pro** was mainly sold in the retail market as the **Xpert@Work** or the **Xpert@Play**, with the only difference being a TV-out port on the Xpert@Play version. It was also the built-in graphic chipset in the Sun Ultra 5/10 workstations, their first computer model to offer commodity PC hardware components, as well as the built-in graphic chipset of the second revision of the Macintosh G3 (Beige). It was also used in later revisions of the original iMac, namely Revision B and C. - General Specifications for the 3D Rage Pro: - 75 MHz core - 4, 8, and 16 MB 100 MHz SGRAM/WRAM memory - 800 MB/s memory bandwidth - DirectX 6.0 ## RAGE LT (laptop) and RAGE LT Pro (desktop) {#rage_lt_laptop_and_rage_lt_pro_desktop} **Rage LT** or **Mach64 LT** was often implemented on motherboards and in mobile applications like notebook computers. This late 1996 chip was very similar to the Rage II and supported the same application coding. It integrated a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) transmitter for notebook LCDs and advanced power management (block-by-block power control). The RAGE LT PRO, based on the 3D RAGE PRO, was the very first mobile GPU to use AGP. It offered **Filtered Ratiometric Expansion**, which automatically adjusted images to full-screen size. ATI\'s ImpacTV2+ is integrated with the RAGE LT PRO chip to support multi-screen viewing; i.e., simultaneous outputs to TV, CRT and LCD. In addition, the RAGE LT PRO can drive two displays with different images and/or refresh rates with the use of integrated dual, independent CRT controllers. The *Rage LT Pro* was often used in desktop video cards that had a *VESA Digital Flat Panel* port to drive some desktop LCD monitors digitally. After ATI stopped producing the RAGE LT, ATI used the Rage 128 and Rage 128 Pro as the base chip for their new *Mobility* Mobile Graphics. ## RAGE XL {#rage_xl} The **Rage XL** was a low-cost RAGE Pro-based card. As a low-power chip with capable 2D & 3D acceleration, the Rage XL was used on many low-end graphics cards. It was also seen on Intel motherboards as recently as 2004, and was still used in 2006 for server motherboards. The *Rage XL* has been succeeded by the *ATI ES1000* for server use. The chip was basically a die-shrunk Rage Pro, optimized to be very inexpensive for applications where only basic graphics output was necessary. *Rage XL* has improved bilinear filtering on transparent textures compared to the Rage Pro.
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# ATI Rage ## RAGE 128 (entry and mid-range) {#rage_128_entry_and_mid_range} In the continuing struggle to create the fastest and most advanced 3D accelerator, ATI came up with the *RAGE 128*. The chip was announced in two flavors, the RAGE 128 GL and the RAGE 128 VR. Aside from the VR chip\'s lower price, the main difference was that the former was a full 128-bit design, while the VR, still a 128-bit processor internally, used a 64-bit external memory interface. - **Magnum** - A workstation board for OEMs with 32 MB SDRAM. - **Rage Fury** - 32 MB SDRAM memory and same performance as the Magnum, this add-in card was marketed for PC games. - **Xpert 128** - 16 MB SDRAM memory and, like the others, used the RAGE 128 GL chip. - **Rage Orion** - RAGE 128 GL design specifically intended for Mac OS with 16 MB SDRAM memory, OpenGL and QuickDraw 3D/RAVE support, essentially a market-specific Xpert 128. This card supported more and different video resolutions than later Mac-specific RAGE 128 designs. This card was marketed for Macintosh games. - **Nexus 128** - Also a Mac-specific RAGE 128 GL design, but with 32 MB of RAM, similar to the Rage Fury. This card was targeted at graphics professionals. - **Xclaim VR 128** - Also a Mac-specific RAGE 128 GL design with 16 MB SDRAM memory, but included video capture, video out, TV tuner support and QuickTime video acceleration. - **Xpert 2000** - RAGE 128 VR design using 64-bit memory interface. **Rage 128** was compliant to *Direct3D 6* and *OpenGL 1.2*. It supported many features from the previous RAGE chips, such as triangle setup, DVD acceleration, and a capable VGA/GUI accelerator core. **RAGE 128** added *inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT)* acceleration to the DVD repertoire. It was ATI\'s first dual texturing renderer, in that it could output two pixels per clock (two pixel pipelines). The processor was known for its well-performing 32-bit color mode, but also its poorly dithered *16-bit mode*; the RAGE 128 was not much faster in 16-bit color despite the lower bandwidth requirements. In 32-bit mode, RAGE 128 was more than a match for the *RIVA TNT*, and the *Voodoo 3* did not support 32-bit at all. The chip was meant to compete with the NVIDIA RIVA TNT, Matrox G200 and 3dfx Voodoo 2 in 1998. ATI implemented a caching technique it called *Twin Cache Architecture* (TCA) with Rage 128. The Rage 128 used an 8 kB buffer to store texels that were used by the 3D engine. In order to improve performance even more, ATI engineers also incorporated an 8 KB pixel cache used to write pixels back to the frame buffer. - 8 million transistors, 0.25 micrometer fabrication - 3D Feature Set - Hardware support for vertex arrays, fog and fog table support - Alpha blending, vertex and Z-based fog, video textures, texture lighting - Single clock bilinear and trilinear texture filtering and texture compositing - Perspective-correct mip-mapped texturing with chroma-key support - Vertex and Z-based reflections, shadows, spotlights, 1.00 biasing - Hidden surface removal using 16, 24, or 32-bit Z-buffering - Gouraud and specular shaded polygons - Line and edge anti-aliasing, bump mapping, 8-bit stencil buffer - 250 MHz RAMDAC, AGP 2×
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# ATI Rage ## Rage 128 Pro / Rage Fury (high-end) & Rage Fury MAXX (enthusiast) {#rage_128_pro_rage_fury_high_end_rage_fury_maxx_enthusiast} Later, ATI developed a successor to the original Rage 128, called the **Rage 128 Pro**. This chip carried several enhancements, including an enhanced triangle setup engine that doubled geometry throughput to eight million triangles/s, better texture filtering, DirectX 6.0 texture compression, AGP 4×, DVI support, and a *Rage Theater* chip for composite and S-Video TV-in. This chip was used on the game-oriented *Rage Fury Pro* boards and the business oriented *Xpert 2000 PRO*. The Rage 128 Pro was generally an even match for the Voodoo 3 2000, RIVA TNT2 and Matrox G400, but was often hindered by its lower clock (often at 125 MHz) when competing against the high end Voodoo3 3500, TNT2 ultra and G400 MAX. ### Alternate frame rendering on the RAGE Fury MAXX {#alternate_frame_rendering_on_the_rage_fury_maxx} The **Rage Fury MAXX** board held dual Rage 128 Pro chips in an alternate frame rendering (AFR) configuration to allow a near-double increase in performance. As the name says, AFR renders each frame on an independent graphics processor. This board was meant to compete with the NVIDIA GeForce 256 and later the 3dfx Voodoo 5. While it was able to somewhat match 32 MB SDR GeForce 256 boards, the GeForce 256 cards with DDR memory still easily came out on top. Though there were few games that supported hardware *transform, clipping, and lighting* (T&L) at the time, the MAXX\'s lack of hardware T&L would put it at a disadvantage when such titles became more widespread. It was later discovered by ATI that Windows NT 5.x operating systems (Windows 2000, XP) did not support dual AGP GPUs in the way ATI had implemented them. NT put them both on the AGP bus and switched between them, and so the board could only operate as a single Rage 128 Pro with the performance of a Rage Fury card. The optimal OS for the Rage Fury MAXX is Windows 98/ME. Windows 95 and Mac OS were not supported.
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# ATI Rage ## Rage 6 (now called \"Radeon\") {#rage_6_now_called_radeon} The Rage 128 Pro graphics accelerator was the final revision of the Rage architecture and the last use of the Rage brand name. While the next iteration was initially code-named as *Rage 6*, ATI decided to rename it *Radeon* for release. The name is still in use today by AMD after acquiring ATI in 2006 (and indeed after the ATI brand was phased out in 2010). ## Rage Mobility (laptops) {#rage_mobility_laptops} Rage Mobility succeeded the Rage LT and Rage LT Pro. Almost every version of Rage was used in mobile applications, but there were also some special versions of these chips which were optimized for this. They were ATI\'s first graphics solutions to carry the *Mobility* naming. Such chips included: - **RAGE Mobility** *C / EC / L / M2*, (RAGE Pro-based) (Motion Compensation) - **RAGE Mobility** *P /* *M /* *M1* (RAGE Pro-based) (Motion Compensation, IDCT) - **RAGE Mobility 128 /** *M3* / *M4* (RAGE 128 Pro-based) (Motion Compensation, IDCT) ## Models Original Reference Card \# (RAGE 128 Pro) : 109-60600-10 ### Desktop Models {#desktop_models} - Entry Level - 3D RAGE - 3D RAGE II / II+DVD / IIc - 3D RAGE XL - 3D RAGE Pro / Xpert@Play / Xpert@Home - Middle Range - RAGE Magnum (OEM Workstation Graphics) - RAGE 128 VR / Xpert 2000 Pro - RAGE 128 GL / Xpert 128 - High-End - RAGE 128 Pro - RAGE 128 Ultra (OEM Version of 128 Pro) - Enthusiast - RAGE Fury Pro (Single Rage 128 Pro) - RAGE Fury MAXX (Dual Rage 128 Pro with Theater Chip) ### Apple Specific Cards (based on RAGE 128 GL chip) {#apple_specific_cards_based_on_rage_128_gl_chip} - Xclaim VR 128 - Nexus 128 - Rage Orion ### List Model Launch rowspan=\"2\" `{{Vert header|GPU arch}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=\"2\" `{{Vert header|Fab ([[nanometer|nm]])}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=\"2\" `{{Vert header|Bus interface}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=\"2\" `{{Vert header|Core clock ([[Hertz|MHz]])}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=\"2\" `{{Vert header|Memory clock (MHz)}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=\"2\" `{{Vert header|Core config<sup>1</sup>}}`{=mediawiki} Fillrate Memory ------------------ ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- ----- --- ------------ \|3D Rage April 1996 Mach64 500 PCI 40 40 1:0:1:1 40 40 40 0 2 \|3D Rage II September 1996 Mach64 (Rage2 for Rage IIc) AGP 1× (Rage IIc only), PCI 60 83 (66 MHz with EDO) 60 60 60 2, 4, 8 \|Rage Pro March 1997 Rage 3 350 AGP 1x, AGP 2×, PCI 75 75 75 75 75 4, 8, 16 \|Rage XL August 1998 250 AGP 2×, PCI 83 125 83 83 83 8 \|Rage 128 VR Rage 4 80 120 2:0:2:2 160 160 160 8, 32 \|Rage 128 GL 103 103 206 206 206 16, 32 \|Rage 128 Pro August 1999 AGP 4×, PCI 125 143 250 250 250 \|Rage 128 Ultra 130 130 260 260 260 16, 32, 64 \|Rage Fury MAXX October 1999 AGP 4× 125 143 2:0:2:2 ×2 500 500 500 32 ×2 ^1^ Pixel pipelines : Vertex shaders : Texture mapping units : Render output units\ ^2^ OpenGL 1.0 (Generic 2D) is provided through software implementations. #### Rage Mobility series {#rage_mobility_series} These GPUs are either integrated into the mainboard or occupy a Mobile PCI Express Module (MXM). Model Launch rowspan=\"2\" `{{Vert header|Fab (nm)}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=\"2\" `{{Vert header|[[Computer bus|Bus interface]]}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=\"2\" `{{Vert header|Core clock (MHz)}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=\"2\" `{{Vert header|Memory clock (MHz)}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=\"2\" `{{Vert header|Hardware [[transform and lighting|T&L]]}}`{=mediawiki} rowspan=\"2\" `{{Vert header|Core config<sup>1</sup>}}`{=mediawiki} Fillrate Memory -------------------------------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------- -------- ------ \|Rage LT (Rage II) Nov 1996 500 PCI 60 66 No 0:1:1:1 0.06 0.06 4 0.53 \|Rage LT Pro (Rage Pro) Nov 1997 350 AGP, PCI 75 100 0.075 0.075 8 0.80 \|Rage Mobility M/P (Rage Pro) Nov 1998 250 90 0.18 0.18 \|Rage Mobility M1 (Rage Pro) Feb 1999 90 90 0.72 \|Rage 128 GL Aug 1998 103 103 0:2:2:2 0.206 0.206 32 1.65 \|Rage Mobility 128 (Rage 128 Pro) Oct 1999 105 105 0.21 0.21 16 2.28 \|Rage Mobility M3 (AGP 4×) (Rage 128 Pro) 2.28 \|Rage Mobility M4 (AGP 4×) (Rage 128 Pro) 32 2.28 ^1^ Vertex shaders : Pixel shaders : Texture mapping units : Render output units. ## Die shots {#die_shots} ATI@500nm@Fixed-pipeline@Mach64 GT-B@3D RAGE II@215GT2CB12 CTTEBRIL-00 J651DNM A22Pj9648 MALTA Stack-DSC04551-DSC04577 - ZS-retouched (29770605323).jpg\|3D RAGE II ATI@350nm@Fixed-pipeline@Mach64 R3\...@RAGE XL@215R3LASB22 D38341 9944AA TAIWAN Stack-DSC05389-DSC05417 - ZS-retouched (30989411162).jpg\|Rage XL ATI@350nm@Fixed-pipeline@Mach64 GT3U@RAGE PRO TURBO AGP@215R3BUA33 B4J5H 9921VV Taiwan Stack-DSC04951-DSC04970 - ZS-retouched (30674926436).jpg\|Rage PRO ATI@350nm@Fixed-pipeline@Mach64 R2CUA21@RAGE IIC AGP@215R2QZUA21 B8T67 9942SS Taiwan Stack-DSC04664-DSC04681 - ZS-retouched (29792417374).jpg\|Rage IIC ATI@250nm@Fixed-pipeline@Mach64 R4\...@RAGE 128 GL@215R4GASA22 PD30783 9928AAT Taiwan Stack-DSC05599-DSC05629 - ZS-retouched (31024367861).jpg\|Rage 128 GL ATI@250nm@Fixed-pipeline@Mach64 R4\...@RAGE 128 Pro@215R4GAUC21 B1XOF 0012AA Taiwan Stack-DSC05198-DSC05211 - ZS-retouched (31059911615)
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ATI Rage
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# David Sewell **David Graham Sewell** (born 20 October 1977) is a former New Zealand cricketer. He played one Test match for New Zealand against Zimbabwe in 1997. He played first-class cricket for Otago between the 1995--96 season and 2005--06. Sewell was born at Christchurch in 1977 and educated at Waitaki Boys\' High School in Oamaru. A left-arm fast-medium bowler, he played age-group cricket for Otago before making his senior representative debut for the provincial side in February 1996. Later in the year he toured Australia and England with the New Zealand national under-19 cricket team, playing six under-19 Test matches and three under-19 One Day Internationals. He played regularly for Otago from the following season, taking over 200 wickets for the representative side. He took a total of 10 five-wicket hauls, with his best bowling figures of eight wickets for the cost of 31 runs coming for Otago against Central Districts in 1996--97. He toured South Africa with the New Zealand Academy side in 1997 before being part of the tour of Zimbabwe later in the year as a replacement for Andrew Penn who withdrew due to injury. He played only one Test match on the tour, opening the bowling in the second Test but failing to take a wicket on what *Wisden* called \"a welcoming batting strip\". Sewell played his final matches for Otago during the 2005--06 season. He played for North Otago in the Hawke Cup between 2001--02 and 2014--15, taking six wickets in the side\'s win in the 2010--11 Challenge Match against Manawatu
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# Maija-Liisa Peuhu **Maija-Liisa Peuhu** (born 20 January 1942 in Kuusankoski, Finland) is a Finnish actress. She is famous for the half-hour soap opera *Salatut elämät*, where she played Ulla Taalasmaa. She has a theatrical background and has played in many other television shows, too. She\'s been in *Salatut elämät* from 1999 to 2007, briefly in 2010 and again since 2013. She left the series in summer 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, because she was over 70 years so she could not participate in filming. She briefly reprised her role via a video call in January 2021
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Maija-Liisa Peuhu
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# Spennymoor United A.F.C. **Spennymoor United Association Football Club** was an association football club based in Spennymoor, County Durham, England. ## History Spennymoor United Association Football Club was formed in 1904 as an amalgamation of Spennymoor Town and Weardale Ironopolis. Spennymoor Town was itself an amalgamation of two church football teams in the town, St. Paul\'s and St. Andrew\'s in 1890. Weardale Ironopolis was a relatively new club formed in 1901 as a sporting interest for the workers of the Weardale Iron & Coke Works. The "Nops" had a short and successful history in the Croxdale & District League. Spennymoor United spent the 1904--05 season in the Mid Durham League and secured the use of The Brewery Field the following season. The Brewery Field had until that time, been the home of the renowned Tudhoe Rugby Club and had hosted several inter county rugby matches at the ground. In 1905, they joined the Northern League and won the league title six times in their history. In the 1936--37 season, they reached the third round of the FA Cup, where they lost to top-flight side West Bromwich Albion. They also reached the semi-finals of the FA Trophy in 1978. However, misfortune struck the club in 2005 when they folded, causing controversy over unfulfilled fixtures. The club was reborn as Spennymoor Town, replacing Evenwood Town whose own future was in severe doubt and played at the Brewery Field albeit several leagues lower than previously. The \"new\" Spennymoor won the Northern League Division Two in the 2006--07 season after a late winner against Penrith for a 1--0 victory and earned promotion to Division One
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# Graham Stevenson **Graham Barry Stevenson** (16 December 1955 -- 21 January 2014) was an English cricketer, who played in two Test matches and four One Day Internationals from 1980 to 1981. His county cricket career was spent mainly with Yorkshire and, latterly, Northamptonshire. ## Life and career {#life_and_career} Stevenson was born in 1955 in Ackworth, West Riding of Yorkshire. He was a right-armed fast bowler, who also found occasional success as a right-handed lower order batsman, and very occasional wicket-keeper; playing for Yorkshire from 1973 to 1986, and for Northamptonshire in 1987. Stevenson took 488 first-class wickets in 188 games at an average of 28.84, with an additional 307 wickets in the one day game. He scored two first-class centuries, with a top score of 115 not out. With that innings, Stevenson became only the eighth No. 11 to make a first-class hundred, in a partnership of 149 with Geoffrey Boycott against Warwickshire at Edgbaston in 1982. That partnership remains Yorkshire\'s all-time record for the tenth wicket. Stevenson made all his international appearances on tour with England. He travelled to Australia and India in 1979--80, and to the West Indies in 1980--81. He made his One Day International debut in Australia, in the World Series Cup, taking four wickets and scoring 28 not out in a winning cause. Stevenson died of complications of a stroke on 21 January 2014. He was 58
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# PlanetLab **PlanetLab** was a group of computers available as a testbed for computer networking and distributed systems research. It was established in 2002 by Prof. Larry L. Peterson and Prof. David Culler, and by 2005 it had been deployed at 252 sites in 28 countries. Each research project had a \"slice\", or virtual machine access to a subset of the nodes. Accounts were limited to persons affiliated with corporations and universities that hosted PlanetLab nodes. However, a number of free, public services have been deployed on PlanetLab, including CoDeeN, the Coral Content Distribution Network, and Open DHT. PlanetLab was officially shut down in May 2020 but continues in Europe
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# NGC 3227 **NGC 3227** is an intermediate spiral galaxy that is interacting with the dwarf elliptical galaxy NGC 3226. The two galaxies are one of several examples of a spiral with a dwarf elliptical companion that are listed in the *Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies*. Both galaxies may be found in the constellation Leo. It is a member of the NGC 3227 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Leo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the right edge of the Virgo Supercluster. Sir William Herschel already recognised them as a \'double nebula\' and they were jointly listed as **Holm 187** in the *Catalogue of Double and Multiple Galaxies* and as **Arp 94** in the *Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies*. Amateur telescopes can discern them but require magnification of about 100 times. They are situated 50`{{prime}}`{=mediawiki} east of the well-known double star system Gamma Leonis (i.e. Algieba). One supernova has been observed in NGC 3227: SN 1983U (type Ia, mag. 12) was discovered by Vladimir Pronik on 4 November 1983. ## Nucleus NGC 3227 contains a Seyfert nucleus, a type of active galactic nucleus (AGN). Such Seyfert nuclei typically contain supermassive black holes. This object has an estimated mass of `{{Val|1.4e7|1.0|0.6|ul=solar mass}}`{=mediawiki}. As is typical of many AGN, the nucleus of NGC 3227 has been identified as a source of variable X-ray emission. This variability occurs on time scales ranging from a few hours to a few months. The variability may be caused by variations in the density or ionization of gas and dust near the AGN that absorb the X-ray emission. A substantial amount of the X-ray-absorbing gas may lie within 0.4 parsec (1.3 light-years) of the nucleus. An observed change in the shape of the X-ray spectrum in 2000 and 2001 suggests that some of the X-ray absorbing gas is located within 10--100 light-days of the nucleus. The luminosity of the nucleus reached a maximum in 1977 when evidence suggesting long-lived one-sided or two-sided gas streams was obtained. X-ray radiation of the central accretion disc is reprocessed in one to two days to be re-emitted in the optical spectrum. Infra-red light emission from the hot dust torus lags optical light emission from the nucleus by about 20 days in NGC 3227. The temperature of the dust torus is estimated at 1500 K to 1800 K in NGC 3227 and similar galaxies. This galaxy was studied by the Multicolor Active Galactic Nuclei Monitoring 2m telescope
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# NGC 3226 **NGC 3226** is a dwarf elliptical galaxy that is interacting with the spiral galaxy NGC 3227. They were both discovered by German-British astronomer William Herschel on 15 February 1784. The two galaxies are one of several examples of a spiral with a dwarf elliptical companion that are listed in the *Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies*. Both galaxies may be found in the constellation Leo. It is a member of the NGC 3227 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Leo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the right edge of the Virgo Supercluster. One supernova has been observed in NGC 3226: SN 1976K (type unknown, mag. 17) was discovered by Arnold Klemola on 21 December 1976. ## Nucleus NGC 3226 contains a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER), a type of region that is characterized by spectral line emission from weakly ionized atoms. In general, the energy source for LINER emission has been a subject of debate among astronomers. Some astronomers have asserted that LINERs are powered by star formation regions, while other have asserted that LINERs are powered by active galactic nuclei (AGN) which contain supermassive black holes. ### AGN The nucleus of NGC 3226 appears to contain an AGN. The nucleus is a strong source of both radio and X-ray emission that appears to be synchrotron emission, which is generated when electrons moving at high speeds oscillate within magnetic fields. Such synchrotron emission is expected from the environment around a supermassive black hole. The X-ray emission may also be variable, which is also expected in the environment of a supermassive black hole. ## Interstellar medium {#interstellar_medium} It is possible that NGC 3226 may be acquiring gas from NGC 3227 during the interaction process, which would enhance star formation within NGC 3226. However, millimeter observations of NGC 3226 failed to detect any molecular gas within the galaxy. These results not only demonstrate that NGC 3226 contains little molecular gas but also demonstrate that the galaxy has acquired no gas from NGC 3227
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# Chris Tavaré **Christopher James Tavaré** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|æ|v|ər|eɪ}}`{=mediawiki}; born 27 October 1954) is a retired English international cricketer who played in 31 Test matches and 29 One Day Internationals between 1980 and 1989. His style of play was characterised by long periods at the crease and a relatively slow rate of run-scoring. ## Life and career {#life_and_career} Tavaré was born at Orpington in Kent and educated at Sevenoaks School and St John\'s College, Oxford, where he graduated with a degree in zoology. He played cricket for Oxford University, Kent County Cricket Club and Somerset County Cricket Club as an attacking right-handed batsman. He was part of the Kent sides which shared the 1977 County Championship with Middlesex, and won the Championship outright in 1978, as well as the 1978 Benson & Hedges Cup. He impressed on his international debut in 1980, managing 82 not out in a one-day international against a strong West Indies team, winning the man of the match award in a losing cause. However he adapted his natural game to meet the requirements of the Test side, becoming a notorious blocker. He was dropped after two undistinguished tests that summer, during which, in the words of *Wisden*: \"Survival, regrettably, had been Tavaré\'s only aim\". Recalled for the fifth test in 1981 against Australia at Old Trafford he scored 69 and 78, but was at the crease for twelve hours. During his 7-hour 78 in the second innings, he was overtaken by Ian Botham on his way to a century. Tavaré\'s runs however played an important role as England won the test and clinched the series and retained the Ashes. This was the first of 26 consecutive tests for Tavaré, including tours of India, Sri Lanka and Australia, during which tests he made two test centuries and again achieved some notable feats of slow scoring. His 50 in five hours and fifty minutes, against Pakistan in 1982, was the second-slowest in the history of the English game. Among his slowest innings was a score of 35 runs in six-and-a-half hours at Madras in the 1981/82 season. In 2012, Alex Massie wrote that, for Tavaré, scoring runs seemed \"a disagreeable, even vulgar, distraction from the pure task of surviving\". At Perth in 1982 he made \"an eight-hour 89, 60 minutes of which were entirely scoreless\", although he did also make a more important and relatively rapid 89 in the Melbourne test narrowly won by England, also parrying the victory clinching chance for Geoff Miller to catch. In many of these Test matches at this stage Tavaré was pressed to open the innings due to the suspension of Graham Gooch, Geoff Boycott and Wayne Larkins from international cricket due to their participation in a rebel tour of South Africa, opening the batting rarely being Tavaré\'s position for Kent. Tavaré averaged over 40 in a 1983 Test series against New Zealand, but was dropped after England\'s embarrassing defeat at Christchurch that winter in which he made 9 runs. He was recalled towards the end of the following summer, but the test selectors dropped Tavaré in 1984, following another time-consuming score of 14 against the Sri Lankans. Jonathan Agnew, a team-mate in this match, observed retrospectively that Tavaré \"played a ghastly knock\". Paul Downton also a team-mate, added: \"Tavaré managed to bat himself out of the England side. It was his last Test for five years and he couldn\'t get it off the square\". Within a week he then captained Kent to a narrow defeat in the 1984 NatWest Trophy final. To cap a difficult few months, in the words of Matthew Engel: \"He was deposed as Kent captain, unpleasantly\". Tavaré who had captained Kent for three years, was replaced by Chris Cowdrey, who took over at the start of the 1985 season. Tavaré moved to Somerset as captain in 1989, following a successful benefit in 1988. Tavaré put himself back in the selectors\' thoughts with an impressive televised unbeaten century, for which he was again made man of the match in a losing cause, in a Benson & Hedges Cup semi-final against Essex. Eventually he was recalled for one Test Match, the Third Test against Australia at Birmingham in the 1989 Ashes series. At this time Terry Alderman was enjoying rampant success against English batsman. Tavaré was unable to repeat his earlier success at frustrating Australian bowlers and was dismissed for two in what proved to be his final test innings. Tavaré was a biology teacher at his alma mater, Sevenoaks School until his retirement in 2018. He is first cousin of comedian Jim Tavaré
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# Black Dice **Black Dice** is an American experimental noise music band based in Brooklyn, New York and consisting of brothers Bjorn and Eric Copeland along with Aaron Warren. Formed in 1997, the group was initially inspired by hardcore and noise rock, but subsequently shifted toward the extensive use of signal processing, effects units, and electronic instrumentation. They released their debut album *Beaches & Canyons* in 2002. They have recorded for labels such as DFA, Fat Cat, and Animal Collective\'s Paw Tracks. ## History ### Early years {#early_years} Black Dice formed in spring 1997 soon after guitarist Bjorn Copeland met drummer Hisham Bharoocha and bassist Sebastian Blanck when they were students at the Rhode Island School of Design. Eric Copeland (vocals) was still attending high school in Maine and would visit on weekends. Early shows seldom lasted more than fifteen minutes and were characterized by violent performances where injuries were often sustained by the band and audience alike. Live sets mixed structured songs with improvised sound manipulation, and shows differed from night to night. Later joined by Bjorn\'s brother Eric Copeland on vocals, their early sound has been described by Tiny Mix Tapes as thrash-influenced noise. They released several 7\"s and embarked on a few brief tours before Blanck left the group. ### Move to New York {#move_to_new_york} In the summer of 1998 the band relocated to New York City where Eric Copeland was attending college. At an early New York performance the band met current member Aaron Warren who had recently moved from Los Angeles to attend NYU. They then began to experiment with their sound. While their earlier sound can be described as a mix of early-eighties-inspired thrash and harsh noise, the band has changed their music with each record and era of performance, Eric Copeland has stated about the band \"We definitely have eras; we have records that feel like they indicate all the songs we were playing at that time.\". and Bjorn has said that it\'s always been a very gradual progression for the bands evolution of sound stating \"To be honest, I think we\'ve been in this weird in-between space the entire length of the band. There will be these moments where people can identify really strongly to this one (sound)\... Once it got kind of weird, the kids that were into hardcore really didn\'t like it.\". The band began incorporating more pedals into their setup and slowly leaving their earlier hardcore-leaning style in favor of more rhythmic music similar to motorik and dub music. Eric Copeland describes this transition as \"\...it stopped being thrashy and started being more sounds instead of songs.\" \"Our shows used to be \"all songs.\" Then it would be songs with these long transitions between things, instead of just flat or silent. When Aaron came along, we got better at that stuff, and that became more what we wanted to play. Playing the songs became secondary.\" It was around that time that the emphasis shifted from conventional song structures to more open-ended sonic investigations. Shows of this era maintained an equally physical presence through the use of high volume levels and an extreme range of frequencies, and violent performance became less frequent. The music bore more resemblance to crude first generation industrial music or contemporary power electronics than straight noise or hardcore. Eric describes this era as \"we were like heavy noise dudes, and it got a lot of industrial people would ask \'Oh, you guys to listen to Whitehouse?\'\" Warren recounts when he lived in Los Angeles, \"I remember seeing like Merzbow and stuff when he was just doing all pedals, and that was the first time I had ever seen a performance with no guitars, no keyboards, no anything. When I saw Masonna, he just had a coin purse, a microphone, and stacks behind him. That was a revolutionary musical experience for me, but I still played guitar for five years after that, and sang, and it never occurred to me to that that was something I was going to do.\" By the fall of 2001, live shows had grown in length to almost five or six times of the earlier sets, with the occasional song reaching 45 minutes. An emphasis on signal processing provided a broader sonic palette. While volume and physical presence of sound remained crucial, melody and repetition became key compositional elements. During this time, the band recorded with post-industrial/noise band Wolf Eyes initially meeting them because they wanted to book a show in Michigan and Wolf Eyes member John Olson booked them in his basement. The brothers recall recording with Wolf Eyes in an interview for Tiny Mix Tapes \"We probably burned through like \$100 worth of grass\... On the first day!\". ### DFA and Fat Cat years {#dfa_and_fat_cat_years} Four months after recording with Wolf Eyes they would record *Beaches and Canyons*. The release of the album *Beaches and Canyons* on DFA/Fat Cat and its follow-up, 2004\'s *Creature Comforts*, saw the band reaching a worldwide audience. The album would later be ranked by Pitchfork Media as number 97 of The Top 100 Albums of 2000--04. It was during this time the band was interviewed and filmed in performance for Scott Crary\'s documentary *Kill Your Idols*, along with bands like Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Liars. In spring of 2004, the band parted ways with long-time drummer and friend Hisham Bharoocha. The band was set back with the departure of Bharoocha and their cancellation of a heavily planned tour co-headlined by their friends Animal Collective. Nonetheless, reduced to a trio, Black Dice recorded *Broken Ear Record* in Australia in early 2005. Without a drummer, their music took another turn towards Afrobeat and breakbeat. Metamorphosed once again, Black Dice emerged as a tight compositional unit, with little emphasis remaining on improvisation or long-form songs. A near-pop sensibility was embraced, with shorter and catchier tunes. Also in 2004, the band\'s song \"Skeleton\" was featured in HBO\'s documentary Thinking XXX. Though they were not included in the film\'s soundtrack the song is listed in the film\'s credits. In summer 2005, the group released its first non-music object; a 128-page book of collage art made in collaboration with photographer Jason Frank Rothenberg.
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# Black Dice ## History ### Paw Tracks years {#paw_tracks_years} After their contract with DFA/Fat Cat was over, Black Dice took the remaining DFA material in 2007 and released it as *Load Blown* on the Animal Collective label Paw Tracks. The band made their first music video, a visual mash up of images culled from television and the Internet featuring the single "Kokomo" off the album. In 2009 the band released their fifth studio album *Repo*. Visual art has been a key counterpart to the music, with all record-sleeve design made by band members. Artists Ara Peterson and Danny Perez have made videos for songs, and Mr. Perez has contributed a live video mix to the band\'s live set since fall of 2005, Perez would later direct *ODDSAC* with Animal Collective supplying the music. Animal Collective member Noah Lennox said about Black Dice in an interview with The Milk Factory in 2005: \"\[\...\] I feel like the wisest things I've learned about being in a band I learned by watching them.\" In early 2009, he confirmed in an interview with Magic that he looks to Black Dice \"as a model for a band. \[\...\] I feel like as a band, I can\'t speak for the other guys \[of Animal Collective\], but certainly for myself, like I modelled the way I approach to everything with the band watching the way *Black Dice* did it.\" ### Ribbon Music and *Mr. Impossible* {#ribbon_music_and_mr._impossible} Black Dice returned with their sixth studio album *Mr. Impossible*, released April 10, 2012, on Ribbon Music. The release of the album was preceded by the single and video for the track \"Pigs\". ## Members Current - Bjorn Copeland -- guitar, custom sequencer/effects box, sampler, electronics (1997--present) - Eric Copeland -- vocals, sampler, delays, electronics, percussion (1997--present) - Aaron Warren -- electronics, sampler, bass sounds, MPC, percussion, vocals (1999--present) Former - Sebastian Blanck -- bass (1997--1999) - Hisham Bharoocha -- drums, electronics, vocals (1997--2004) ### Timeline {{#tag:timeline\| ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:25 PlotArea = left:110 bottom:75 top:0 right:0 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1997 till:{{#time:m/d/Y}} TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1997 ScaleMajor = increment:2 start:1997 Legend = position:bottom orientation:vertical columns:4 Colors = `id:Vocals        value:red        legend:Vocals,_Electronics`\ `id:Guitar        value:green      legend:Guitar`\ `id:Bass          value:blue       legend:Bass`\ `id:Keys          value:purple       legend:Keyboards`\ `id:Drums         value:orange     legend:Drums`\ `id:Lines1        value:black      legend:Studio_albums`\ `id:Lines2        value:gray(0.5)  legend:EPs` BarData = `bar:BCopeland    text:"Bjorn Copeland"` `bar:ECopeland    text:"Eric Copeland"` `bar:Blanck       text:"Sebastian Blanck"`\ `bar:Warren       text:"Aaron Warren"` `bar:Bharoocha    text:"Hisham Bharoocha"` LineData = `at:09/01/2002  color:black   layer:back`\ `at:06/22/2004  color:black   layer:back`\ `at:09/06/2005  color:black   layer:back`\ `at:10/23/2007  color:black   layer:back`\ `at:04/09/2009  color:black   layer:back`\ `at:04/10/2012  color:black   layer:back` `at:06/01/1998  color:Lines2  layer:back`\ `at:06/20/2000  color:Lines2  layer:back`\ `at:04/03/2001  color:Lines2  layer:back`\ `at:01/01/2002  color:Lines2  layer:back`\ `at:04/06/2004  color:Lines2  layer:back`\ `at:10/14/2005  color:Lines2  layer:back`\ `at:08/01/2006  color:Lines2  layer:back`\ `at:03/01/2009  color:Lines2  layer:back`\ `at:05/21/2012  color:Lines2  layer:back`\ `at:01/03/2017  color:Lines2  layer:back` PlotData= `width:3 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)`\ `bar:Warren      from:06/01/1999 till:end        color:Keys`\ `bar:Warren      from:06/01/1999 till:end        color:Vocals width:7`\ `width:11  textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)`\ `bar:BCopeland   from:start      till:end        color:Guitar`\ `bar:Blanck      from:start      till:06/01/1999 color:Bass`\ `bar:Warren      from:06/01/1999 till:end        color:Bass`\ `bar:ECopeland   from:start      till:end        color:Vocals`\ `bar:Bharoocha   from:start      till:06/01/2004 color:Drums` }}
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# Black Dice ## Touring The band has toured America and Europe dozens of times, and has visited Japan twice. Having been together over ten years, the group has performed shows in five continents sharing the stage with artists including The Residents and Godspeed You! Black Emperor. In 2005, the trio recorded an album in Byron Bay, Australia following a tour. In 2006, the band played in Brazil and a live set was captured on national television in Lima, Peru. Virtually any and every type of venue has served as the backdrop for Black Dice shows; from basements and warehouses to art galleries and museums, from house shows to gigantic outdoor festivals or formal seated theaters. Placing the music in a context contrary to the average show remains a compelling inspiration for unique performances. ## Discography Studio albums - *Beaches & Canyons* (2002), DFA / Fat Cat Records - *Creature Comforts* (2004), DFA / Fat Cat Records - *Broken Ear Record* (2005), DFA / EMI - *Load Blown* (2007), Paw Tracks - *Repo* (2009), Paw Tracks - *Mr. Impossible* (2012), Ribbon Music - *Mod Prog Sic* (2021), Four Four EPs and singles - *Untitled* (a.k.a. *Printed Paper*) (1998), Vermin Scum - *Black Dice 3* (2000) - *Cold Hands* (2001), Troubleman Unlimited / Catsup Plate - *Lost Valley* (2002), Catsup Plate / Tigerbeat6 - *Miles of Smiles* (2004), DFA / Fat Cat Records - *Smiling Off* (2005), DFA/EMI - *Manoman* (2006), DFA - *Load Blown* (2007), Paw Tracks - *Chocolate Cherry* (2009), Catsup Plate - *Rodriguez* (2012), Ribbon Music - *Big Deal* (2017), L.I.E.S. Singles - \"Lambs Like Fruit\" (Gravity, 1998) - \"Semen of the Sun\" (Tapes, 2000) - \"Ball\" / \"Peace in the Valley\" (31G, 2001) - \"Cone Toaster\" (DFA, 2003) - \"Roll Up\" / \"Drool\" (Paw-Tracks, 2007) - \"Big Deal\" / \"Last Laugh\" (L.I.E.S
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# Walter Page **Walter Sylvester Page** (February 9, 1900 -- December 20, 1957) was an American jazz multi-instrumentalist and bandleader, best known for his groundbreaking work as a double bass player with Walter Page\'s Blue Devils and the Count Basie Orchestra. ## Early life {#early_life} Page was born in Gallatin, Missouri, on February 9, 1900, to parents Edward and Blanche Page. Page showed a love for music even as a child, perhaps due in part to the influence of his aunt Lillie, a music teacher. Page\'s mother, with whom he moved to Kansas City in 1910, exposed him to folksongs and spirituals, a critical foundation for developing his love of music. He gained his first musical experience as a bass drum and bass horn player in the brass bands of his neighborhood. Under the direction of Major N. Clark Smith, a retired military bandleader who provided Page his first formal training in music, Page took up the string bass in his time at Lincoln High School. In an interview in *The Jazz Review*, Page remembers Major Smith: > Major N. Clark Smith was my teacher in high school. He taught almost everybody in Kansas City. He was a chubby little cat, bald, one of the old military men. He wore glasses on his nose and came from Cuba around 1912 or 1914. He knew all the instruments and couldn't play anything himself, but he could teach. \...\[One day he was looking for a bass player and no one was around, so he looked at me, and said, \"Pagey, get the bass.\" I said, \"But,\" and he repeated, \"Get the bass.\" That\'s when I got started. In addition to the influence of Smith, Walter Page also drew inspiration from bassist Wellman Braud, whom Page had the opportunity to see when he came to town with a band under the direction of John Wycliffe. \"I was sitting right in the front row of the high school auditorium\", recalled Page, \"and all I could hear was the oomp, oomp, oomp of that bass, and I said, that\'s for me.\" What attracted Page to Braud was Braud\'s intensity. \"When Braud got ahold of that bass, he hit those tones like hammers and made them jump right out of the box.\"
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# Walter Page ## Career After Page had completed high school, he went on to study to become a music teacher at the University of Kansas at Lawrence. At college, Page completed a three-year course in music in one year, in addition to taking a three-year course on gas engines. Between the years 1918 and 1923, he moonlighted as a tuba, bass saxophone, and string bass player with the Bennie Moten Orchestra. \"Fridays and Sundays I played with Bennie Moten and Saturdays with Dave Lewis who was paying me \$7.00 a night. Bennie was paying for my food and transportation, so when I\'d be finished a weekend \[sic\] I\'d made me \$20.00 and had a ball.\" In 1923, Page left the Moten band and began an engagement with Billy King\'s Road Show, touring the Theater Owners\' Booking Association (TOBA) circuit across the United States. The band included Page\'s future Basie band mates Jimmy Rushing and Count Basie himself. The band soon fell apart, however, which led to the formation of Walter Page and the Blue Devils in 1925. The Blue Devils were a territory band based out of the Oklahoma City-Wichita, Kansas area. Throughout various times in its six-year lifespan (1925-1931) the band featured such noteworthy figures as Basie, Rushing, Buster Smith, Lester Young, and Hot Lips Page. In his autobiography, Basie recalls the first time he ever saw the Blue Devils Play: > The leader was the heavyset, pleasant-looking fellow playing the bass and doubling on the baritone. His name was Walter Page, and at that time the band was known as Walter Page and his Blue Devils. But you could also hear the musicians addressing him by his nickname, which was Big \'Un. You could also tell right away that they didn\'t just respect him because he was the boss; they really liked him and felt close to him because he was also one of them.\" Page wanted badly to have his band square off against Moten\'s band, which he states in an interview never happened. Gunther Schuller gives a different account though, writing that \"an encounter finally did take place in 1928, and on that occasion Page is reputed to have \'wiped out\' the Moten band.\" What is indisputable, however, is that Moten did seem to shy away from competition with the Blue Devils, opting to buy off individual members with higher salaries and absorb them into his own group rather than do battle directly. Basie and Eddie Durham defected in 1929, followed shortly by Rushing and eventually by Page himself. Despite this seemingly underhanded tactic, Page still felt that \"\[Moten\] had one of the biggest hearts I knew of.\" Page attempted to keep his Blue Devils intact, but after the departure of such key members of his band, the difficulties mounted. Unable to find suitable replacements, facing booking problems, and dealing with a musicians\' union conflict, Page eventually ceded control of the band to James Simpson. He then proceeded to join Moten\'s band himself in 1931, staying on until 1934. Count Basie describes the immediate effect Walter Page had upon joining the Moten Band: \"Big \'Un in there on bass made things a lot different in the rhythm section, and naturally that changed the whole band and made it even more like the Blue Devils.\" In an interview published shortly before his death, Page recalls an encounter with Duke Ellington in 1934: > I remember Duke coming through on his way West that year. They were playing the Main Street Theatre and some of the boys in Duke\'s band wanted to go hear Basie. \[Wellman\] Braud was in the band and he acted biggety, didn\'t want to go, said, \"What\'s he got?\" We were playing at the Sunset Club and finally Duke and the rest crept around the scrim and started sitting in. I was playing right on top of Duke and he told Basie he was going to steal me out of the band. Basie told him I owed him \$300.00 and that\'s how I didn\'t get to join Duke during all those good years he had. It was the smartest move Basie ever made. After his second stint with the Moten band, Page moved to St. Louis to play with the Jeter-Pillars band. Following the death of Moten in 1935, however, Basie took over the former Moten Band, which Page rejoined. Page stayed with the Count Basie Orchestra from 1935 to 1942, an integral part of what came to be called the \"All-American Rhythm Section. Together with drummer Jo Jones, guitarist Freddie Green, and pianist Basie, the rhythm section pioneered the \"Basie Sound\", a style in which Page, as bass player, clearly established the beat, allowing his band mates to provide accompaniment more freely. Until this point, the rhythm of a jazz band was traditionally felt in the pianist\'s left hand and the kick of the bass drum on all four beats. After his first departure from the Count Basie Orchestra, Page worked with various small groups around Kansas City. He returned to the Basie Band in 1946 for three more years. \"Big \'Un just decided that he was ready to come back\", recalled Basie. After his second stint with Basie, Page worked primarily as a freelancer until his life was cut short in 1957. The artists he worked with in the later portion of his career included former band mate and trumpeter Page, Jimmy McPartland, Eddie Condon, Ruby Braff, Roy Eldridge, Vic Dickenson, Buck Clayton, Rushing, and others, including many Basie alumni. ## Death The death of Walter Page on December 20, 1957, was very much a surprise, as the bassist had been playing gigs around New York City right up until his death. It is reported that Page contracted pneumonia on his way to a recording session in the midst of a snowstorm. An obituary in *Jet* magazine from January 9, 1958, under the "Died" column, reads: \"Walter Page, 57, one of the greatest jazz bass players, who helped Count Basie lead an invasion of Kansas City jazz to New York in 1935; of kidney ailment and pneumonia; at Bellevue Hospital in New York City.\" It is speculated that Walter Page\'s early death may be a factor contributing to his relative obscurity in the history of jazz, despite his major influence and stylistic contributions. In an interview published only a month before his death in *The Jazz Review*, Walter Page expressed how he never sought praise and that he just wanted to know that he was appreciated for his influence on music.
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# Walter Page ## Style and influence {#style_and_influence} More than any other jazz bass player in history, Page is credited with developing and popularizing the \"walking bass\" style of playing on all four beats, a transition from the older, two-beat style. \"He started that \'strolling\' or \'walking\' bass\", recalls Harry \"Sweets\" Edison, \"going way up and then coming right on down. He did it on four strings, but other bass players couldn\'t get that high so they started making a five-string bass.\" Page himself acknowledged the influence of Wellman Braud, who may have been the first bassist to actually record the \"walking bass\" technique on Washington Wobble. While it remains unclear who, exactly, was the true \'originator\' of the walking bass style, Page is nonetheless accepted as one of, if not the primary, proponent of the style. Page is seen as the \"logical extension of \[bassist\] Pops Foster\", an influential bassist known for his dependable timekeeping. Page is also recognized as \"one of the first bassists to play four beats to the bar\", in contrast to the two-beat style of New Orleans jazz. Band mate Eddie Durham recalls how Page helped make the double bass a viable alternative to bass horns, such as the tuba: \"Without amplification, a lot of guys weren\'t strong enough on bass fiddle. But Walter Page you could hear!\" Page\'s imposing stature led Durham to state that \"he was like a house with a note.\" Jazz critic Gunther Schuller notes describes some of Page\'s other stylistic contributions: \"For the bass functions simultaneously on several levels: as a rhythm instrument; as a pitch instrument delineating the harmonic progression; and, since the days of Walter Page, as a melodic or contrapuntal instrument.\" Page was also famous for his restraint, a lesson fellow bassist Gene Ramey recounts: \"There\'s a whole lot \[you\] could do here\... but what you must do is play a straight line, because that man out there\'s waiting for food from you. You could run chord changes on every chord that\'s going on. You\'ve got time to do it. But if you do, you\'re interfering with that guy \[the soloist\]. So run a straight line.\" Although he was not well known as a soloist, Walter Page recorded one of the earliest jazz solos on the double bass on \"Pagin\' the Devil\" with the Kansas City Six. He did, however, contribute to the legitimacy of the double bass as a melodic instrument, \"open\[ing\] the door for virtuosos like \[Duke Ellington Orchestra bassist\] Jimmy Blanton to garner more respect for the instrument\", through improvisation. \"Without Page setting the table\", writes DiCaire, \"the exploits of Blanton would never have happened.\" \"I\'m not just a bass player\", Page once said, \"I\'m a musician with a foundation.\" Page had a complex understanding of the roles of all the instruments in his bands, due in no small part to the fact that he was a multi-instrumentalist himself. In fact, on Blue Devil Blues, one of only two recordings of Walter Page\'s Blue Devils, Page begins on tuba before switching to string bass and finally baritone saxophone, playing all three \"astoundingly well\". Drummer Jo Jones recalled an instance when \"somebody was fooling around \[in the band\], Mr. Walter Page left his bass, went down quiet as a cat, got the baritone, played the sax parts, and went back to his place.\" Page is perhaps best known for his work with the Count Basie Orchestra from 1935 to 1942. Page, drummer Jo Jones, guitarist Freddie Green, and pianist Count Basie became known as the \"All-American Rhythm Section\" and set the standard for jazz rhythm sections that is still emulated and considered the gold-standard today. Together, the four musicians \"created the bedrock for the band to pile on a superstructure of exciting riffs\" writes Shipton. Page\'s playing was a great influence on Jo Jones, who \"says that it was Page who really taught him to play in Kansas City: \'An even 4/4\'.\" Indeed, Berliner notes that \"During the swing period, Walter Page\'s largely stepwise walking bass accompaniment in Count Basie\'s band epitomized the changing emphasis on the four-beat approach to meter described by Foster.\" \"As part of the pianist\'s outstanding rhythm section\", says Richard Cook, \"Page\'s rock-solid time and unflustered swing was a key part of the four-way conversation.\" Jo Jones describes the dynamic of the rhythm section as a process and a group endeavor: \"We worked at it, to build a rhythm section, every day, every night. We worked alone, not with the band all the time. I didn\'t care what happened---one of us would be up to par. If three were down, one would carry the three. Never four were out.\" \"At its best, the Basie rhythm section was nothing less than a Cadillac with the force of a Mack truck. They more or less gave you a push, or a ride, and they played no favorites, whether you were an E-flat or B-flat soloist
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# Diana Mordasini **Diana Mordasini** is a writer and journalist born in Saint-Louis, Senegal. She studied classical literature at the Sorbonne and worked for a time in the fashion industry. She later became a columnist for a Milan-based publishing house. She has lived in Switzerland for over 20 years
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# Paul Downton **Paul Rupert Downton** (born 4 April 1957) is a retired cricketer and cricket administrator. He previously served as director of cricket at Kent County Cricket Club (2018-2023) [1](https://www.kentcricket.co.uk/news/paul-downton-to-retire-after-2023-season/) and managing director of the England and Wales Cricket Board between February 2014 and April 2015. He was a part of the English squad which finished as runners-up at the 1987 Cricket World Cup. He is a former English professional cricketer who played in 30 Test matches and 28 One Day Internationals for the England cricket team between 1977 and 1989. He was a wicket-keeper who played for Kent County Cricket Club from 1977 to 1979 and for Middlesex between 1980 and 1991. ## Life and cricket career {#life_and_cricket_career} Downton was born at Farnborough in metropolitan Kent in 1957. He attended Sevenoaks Prep School, Sevenoaks School and the University of Exeter. He obtained a law degree, a coaching certificate and earned international honours at youth level in both cricket and rugby union. His father, George, had played briefly for Kent in the post-war period and Downton\'s early county cricket career was with the same county. Kent shared the 1977 County Championship and won the competition outright in 1978 but Downton became frustrated deputising for Alan Knott in the 1979 season and moved to Middlesex in 1980. On arrival, he has been described by a teammate there as \"an intelligent, dapper individual \... who did not immediately seem to fit with the rather cruder, laddish Londoners in the team\". On his first-class debut with Middlesex, the captain, Mike Brearley, chose to use Downton as an opener, and the two registered an opening partnership of 160. Downton tasted Test cricket for the first time in the West Indies that winter. He was dropped after the first Test against Australia in the summer of 1981 and had to wait until the summer of 1984 for further such honours, when he was picked at home to bolster England\'s batting options against the West Indies. Though England lost the match, in his first Test back in the team he made his first Test half-century when acting as a stand-in opening batsman following an injury to Andy Lloyd. It began an uninterrupted twenty-three match run in the national team. During this time Downton helped England to a series win in India in 1984-5, and to regain the Ashes against Australia in 1985. His highest Test score of 74 came in England\'s unlikely triumph at Delhi in the former series. However he was also, along with David Gower, Allan Lamb and Ian Botham, one of only four England cricketers ever present during the \"Blackwash\" series defeats against the West Indies of 1984 and 1985-6. He was on the winning side against the West Indies when recalled to the England team for the 1987 Cricket World Cup, but England lost in the final to Australia. He played for England for the last time in 1988. A trustworthy, affable and resourceful team member, Downton played a starring role in Middlesex\'s successes in the 1980s; they won the County Championship on four occasions from 1980 to 1990. He also shared a number of succeses with Middlesex in one-day tournaments, including the 1980 Gillette Cup, the NatWest Trophy in 1984 (sharing a crucial stand of 87 in the final with Clive Radley) and 1988, the Benson & Hedges Cup in 1983 and 1986 and the Refuge Assurance Cup in 1990 (where he won the man of the match in the final). The cricket journalist and Downton\'s former Middlesex teammate Simon Hughes has described Downton as \"gracious, encouraging, unfailingly polite, a diplomat. The kind of chap \... who would offer the bailiffs a glass of sherry if they turned up unannounced.\" Hughes argues that Downton\'s calm personality, even when dealing with a difficult colleague, was a significant factor in Downton\'s success as a player and stand-in captain at Middlesex while Brearley was absent playing for England. ## Post cricket career {#post_cricket_career} Downton\'s cricket career ended in 1991 when he failed to recover from a freak eye injury. A bail lodged in his eye when he was standing up to the stumps during a Sunday League match at Basingstoke in 1990. After retiring from cricket, he became a stockbroker with James Capel and Cazenove & Co, having been \"partly immersed in the City\" by the time of his accident. On 16 October 2013, Downton was appointed to the position of Managing Director of the England and Wales Cricket Board with effect from 1 February 2014. He replaced Hugh Morris who resigned to become chief executive and managing director of Glamorgan County Cricket Club. He left the role on 8 April 2015. He served as Director of Cricket of Kent between January 2018 and his retirement in September 2023
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# Livingstonia, Malawi **Livingstonia** or **Kondowe** is a town located in the Northern Region district of Rumphi in Malawi. It is 270 mi north of the capital, Lilongwe, and connected by road to Chitimba on the shore of Lake Malawi. Chitumbuka is the predominant language spoken in the area. ## History Livingstonia was founded in 1894 by missionaries from the Free Church of Scotland. The missionaries had first established a mission in 1875 at Cape Maclear, which they named Livingstonia after David Livingstone, whose death in 1873 had rekindled British support for missions in Eastern Africa. The mission was linked with the Livingstonia Central Africa Company, set up as a commercial business in 1877. By 1881 Cape Maclear had proved extremely malarial and the mission moved north to Bandawe. This site also proved unhealthy and the Livingstonia Mission moved once again to the higher grounds between Lake Malawi and Nyika Plateau. This new site proved highly successful because Livingstonia is located in the mountains and therefore not prone to mosquitoes carrying malaria. The mission station gradually developed into a small town. The leading missionary for 52 years was Robert Laws. He established the best school in the region at the time in Livingstonia, and its graduates became influential in several neighbouring countries, including South Africa. Among the alumni of the school was writer Legson Kayira, who graduated in 1958. The title of his autobiographical work *I Will Try* was taken from the school motto. Laws wanted Livingstonia to develop into a University, but his successors did not pursue the dream until 2003, when the Livingstonia Synod of the Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian (CCAP) renewed the vision and started University of Livingstonia. ## Facilities The houses in Livingstonia are mostly constructed with red bricks. The Stone House, the original house of Robert Laws, is now a hotel. It also has a small museum about the history of Livingstonia.`{{fact|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki} ## Demographics In 2008, the population of Livingstonia was 6,690. ## Transportation The town is connected to Chitimba on Lake Malawi by the S103 (T305), a steep hillside road with multiple hairpin bends, while the T306 and T305 run to the south. The road branching off M1 to the left at Phwezi township is now complete tarmac up to Livingstonia. ## Hospital David Gordon Memorial Hospital had its foundation stone laid in 1910 and was opened in 1911. David Gondwe was Livingstonia\'s first formally trained hospital assistant. He was sacked as the mission administration discovered his polygamous marriage, and thought that rendered him \"unstable\".`{{fact|date=September 2019}}`{=mediawiki} However, he was soon employed by the governmental Colonial Medical Services. The hospital currently serves a catchment area with a population of approximately 60,000
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# Birdpur **Birdpur** or **Birdpore** refers to several villages in Siddharthnagar district, Uttar Pradesh, India, each of which has the same name, followed by a number. - Birdpur No. 1 - Birdpur No. 2 - Birdpur No. 3 - Birdpur No. 4 - Birdpur No. 5 - Birdpur No. 6 - Birdpur No. 7 - Birdpur No. 8 - Birdpur No. 9 - Birdpur No. 10 - Birdpur No. 11 - Birdpur No. 12 - Birdpur No. 13 - Birdpur No
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# The Quicksilver Meat Dream ***The Quicksilver Meat Dream*** is the fourth album`{{ref|autonumber}}`{=mediawiki} by the Canadian alternative rock band I Mother Earth, released by Universal on April 8, 2003. It is allegedly a concept album, though the details on the concept are left to the fans. The album retained the instrumental jams and cryptic lyrics of prior albums, but largely strayed from the band\'s psychedelic past. Instead, it offered a dark modern metal sound with industrial elements, and at times the band\'s greatest emphasis on progressive rock to date. ## Personnel - Brian Byrne -- vocals - Jagori Tanna -- guitars, backing vocals - Bruce Gordon -- bass - Christian Tanna -- drums ## Track listing {#track_listing} All songs written by Jagori and Christian Tanna `{{Track listing |title1 = 0157:H7 |length1 = 3:47 |title2 = Choke |length2 = 4:18 |title3 = I is Us |length3 = 5:42 |title4 = God Rocket (Into the Heart of Las Vegas) |length4 = 6:49 |title5 = Like the Sun |length5 = 4:16 |title6 = Hell & Malfunction |length6 = 7:01 |title7 = Soft Bomb Salad |length7 = 7:38 |title8 = Juicy |length8 = 4:11 |title9 = No Coma |length9 = 4:28 |title10 = Meat Dreams *<small>I. Umbilical Transmissions</small> *<small>II. We Be Nine</small> *<small>III. That's Quite an Erection, Eric</small> *<small>IV. Blondes and Bluster</small> |length10 = 8:19 |title11 = Passenger |length11 = 9:00 |note11 = actual track ends at 3:33, and after four minutes of silence continues with an instrumental hidden track at 7:22
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# Hidden subgroup problem The **hidden subgroup problem** (**HSP**) is a topic of research in mathematics and theoretical computer science. The framework captures problems such as factoring, discrete logarithm, graph isomorphism, and the shortest vector problem. This makes it especially important in the theory of quantum computing because Shor\'s algorithms for factoring and finding discrete logarithms in quantum computing are instances of the hidden subgroup problem for finite abelian groups, while the other problems correspond to finite groups that are not abelian. ## Problem statement {#problem_statement} Given a group $G$, a subgroup $H \leq G$, and a set $X$, we say a function $f : G \to X$ **hides** the subgroup $H$ if for all $g_1, g_2 \in G, f(g_1) = f(g_2)$ if and only if $g_1 H = g_2 H$. Equivalently, $f$ is constant on each coset of *H*, while it is different between the different cosets of *H*. **Hidden subgroup problem**: Let $G$ be a group, $X$ a finite set, and $f : G \to X$ a function that hides a subgroup $H \leq G$. The function $f$ is given via an oracle, which uses $O(\log |G| + \log |X|)$ bits. Using information gained from evaluations of $f$ via its oracle, determine a generating set for $H$. A special case is when $X$ is a group and $f$ is a group homomorphism in which case $H$ corresponds to the kernel of $f$. ## Motivation The hidden subgroup problem is especially important in the theory of quantum computing for the following reasons. - Shor\'s algorithm for factoring and for finding discrete logarithms (as well as several of its extensions) relies on the ability of quantum computers to solve the HSP for finite abelian groups. - The existence of efficient quantum algorithms for HSPs for certain non-abelian groups would imply efficient quantum algorithms for two major problems: the graph isomorphism problem and certain shortest vector problems (SVPs) in lattices. More precisely, an efficient quantum algorithm for the HSP for the symmetric group would give a quantum algorithm for the graph isomorphism. An efficient quantum algorithm for the HSP for the dihedral group would give a quantum algorithm for the $\operatorname{poly}(n)$ unique SVP.
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# Hidden subgroup problem ## Quantum algorithms {#quantum_algorithms} There is an efficient quantum algorithm for solving HSP over finite abelian groups in time polynomial in $\log|G|$. For arbitrary groups, it is known that the hidden subgroup problem is solvable using a polynomial number of evaluations of the oracle. However, the circuits that implement this may be exponential in $\log|G|$, making the algorithm not efficient overall; efficient algorithms must be polynomial in the number of oracle evaluations and running time. The existence of such an algorithm for arbitrary groups is open. Quantum polynomial time algorithms exist for certain subclasses of groups, such as semi-direct products of some abelian groups. ### Algorithm for abelian groups {#algorithm_for_abelian_groups} The algorithm for abelian groups uses representations, i.e. homomorphisms from $G$ to $\mathrm{GL}_k(\mathbb{C})$, the general linear group over the complex numbers. A representation is irreducible if it cannot be expressed as the direct product of two or more representations of $G$. For an abelian group, all the irreducible representations are the characters, which are the representations of dimension one; there are no irreducible representations of larger dimension for abelian groups. #### Defining the quantum fourier transform {#defining_the_quantum_fourier_transform} The quantum fourier transform can be defined in terms of $\mathrm{Z}_N$, the additive cyclic group of order $N$. Introducing the character$\chi_j(k) = \omega^{jk}_N = e^{2\pi i \frac{jk}{N}},$the quantum fourier transform has the definition of$F_N |j\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{k = 0}^N \chi_j(k) |k\rangle.$Furthermore, we define $|\chi_j\rangle = F_N |j\rangle$. Any finite abelian group can be written as the direct product of multiple cyclic groups $\mathrm{Z}_{N_1} \times \mathrm{Z}_{N_2} \times \ldots \times \mathrm{Z}_{N_m}$. On a quantum computer, this is represented as the tensor product of multiple registers of dimensions $N_1, N_2, \ldots, N_m$ respectively, and the overall quantum fourier transform is $F_{N_1} \otimes F_{N_2} \otimes \ldots \otimes F_{N_m}$. #### Procedure The set of characters of $G$ forms a group $\widehat{G}$ called the dual group of $G$. We also have a subgroup $H^\perp \leq \widehat{G}$ of size $|G|/|H|$ defined by$H^\perp = \{\chi_g : \chi_g(h) = 1\text{ for all }h \in H\}$For each iteration of the algorithm, the quantum circuit outputs an element $g \in G$ corresponding to a character $\chi_g \in H^\perp$, and since $\chi_g(h) = {1}$ for all $h \in H$, it helps to pin down what $H$ is. The algorithm is as follows: 1. Start with the state $|0\rangle |0\rangle$, where the left register\'s basis states are each element of $G$, and the right register\'s basis states are each element of $X$. 2. Create a superposition among the basis states of $G$ in the left register, leaving the state $\frac{1}{\sqrt{|G|}} \sum_{g \in G} |g\rangle |0\rangle$. 3. Query the function $f$. The state afterwards is $\frac{1}{\sqrt{|G|}} \sum_{g \in G} |g\rangle |f(g)\rangle$. 4. Measure the output register. This gives some $f(s)$ for some $s \in G$, and collapses the state to $\frac{1}{\sqrt{|H|}} \sum_{h \in H} |s + h\rangle |f(s)\rangle$ because $f$ has the same value for each element of the coset $s + {H}$. We discard the output register to get $\frac{1}{\sqrt{|H|}} \sum_{h \in H} |s + h\rangle$. 5. Perform the quantum fourier transform, getting the state $\frac{1}{\sqrt{|H|}} \sum_{h\in H} |\chi_{s + h}\rangle$. 6. This state is equal to $\sqrt{\frac{|H|}{|G|}} \sum_{\chi_g \in H^\perp} \chi_g(s) |g\rangle$, which can be measured to learn information about $H$. 7. Repeat until $H$ (or a generating set for $H$) is determined. The state in step 5 is equal to the state in step 6 because of the following$$\begin{align} \frac{1}{\sqrt{|H|}} \sum_{h \in H} |\chi_{s + h}\rangle &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{|H||G|}} \sum_{h \in H} \sum_{g \in G} \chi_{s + h}(g)|g\rangle \\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{|H||G|}} \sum_{g \in G} \chi_s(g) \sum_{h \in H} \chi_h(g)|g\rangle \\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{|H||G|}} \sum_{g \in G} \chi_g(s) \left(\sum_{h \in H} \chi_g(h)\right) |g\rangle \\ &=\sqrt{\frac{|H|}{|G|}} \sum_{\chi_g \in H^\perp} \chi_g(s) |g\rangle \end{align}$$For the last equality, we use the following identity: `{{Math theorem | math_statement = <math display="block">\sum_{h \in H} \chi_g(h) = \begin{cases} |H| & \chi_g \in H^\perp \\ 0 & \chi_g \notin H^\perp \end{cases}</math> }}`{=mediawiki}`{{Math proof|proof=This can be derived from the orthogonality of characters. The characters of <math>G</math> form an orthonormal basis:<math display="block">\frac{1}{\vert H\vert}\sum_{h \in H} \chi_g(h)\chi_{g'}(h) = \begin{cases} 1 & g = g' \\ 0 & g \neq g' \end{cases}</math>We let <math>\chi_{g'}</math> be the trivial representation, which maps all inputs to <math>1</math>, to get<math display="block">\sum_{h \in H} \chi_g(h) = \begin{cases} \vert H\vert & g\text{ is trivial} \\ 0 & g\text{ is not trivial}\end{cases}</math>Since the summation is done over <math>H</math>, <math>\chi_{g}</math> also being trivial only matters for if it is trivial over <math>H</math>; that is, if <math>\chi_{g} \in H^\perp</math>. Thus, we know that the summation will result in <math>\vert H\vert</math> if <math>\chi_g \in H^\perp</math> and will result in <math>0</math> if <math>\chi_g \notin H^\perp</math>. }}`{=mediawiki} Each measurement of the final state will result in some information gained about $H$ since we know that $\chi_g(h) = 1$ for all $h \in H$. $H$, or a generating set for $H$, will be found after a polynomial number of measurements. The size of a generating set will be logarithmically small compared to the size of $G$. Let $T$ denote a generating set for $H$, meaning $\langle T\rangle = H$. The size of the subgroup generated by $T$ will at least be doubled when a new element $t \notin T$ is added to it, because $H$ and $t + H$ are disjoint and because $H \cup t+H \subseteq \langle \{t\}\cup T\rangle$. Therefore, the size of a generating set $|T|$ satisfies$|T| \leq \log|H| \leq \log|G|$Thus a generating set for $H$ will be able to be obtained in polynomial time even if $G$ is exponential in size. ### Instances Many algorithms where quantum speedups occur in quantum computing are instances of the hidden subgroup problem. The following list outlines important instances of the HSP, and whether or not they are solvable
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# NGC 3310 **NGC 3310** is a grand design spiral galaxy in the constellation Ursa Major. It is a starburst galaxy and it is likely that NGC 3310 collided with one of its satellite galaxies about 100 million years ago, triggering widespread star formation. It is thought to be located approximately 46 million light-years away from the Earth, and is thought to be about 22,000 light-years wide. The ring clusters of NGC 3310 have been undergoing starburst activity for at least the last 40 million years. ## Supernovae Three supernovae have been discovered in NGC 3310: - SN 1974C (type unknown, mag. 16.5) was discovered by Pieter van der Kruit and Halton Arp on 26 February 1974. - SN 1991N (type Ib/c, mag. 15) was discovered by the Berkeley Automated Supernova Search on 29 March 1991 at an offset of `{{val|5|ul=arcsecond}}`{=mediawiki} east and `{{val|7|u=arcsecond}}`{=mediawiki} south of the galactic nucleus. - SN 2021gmj (type IIP, mag.15.1) was discovered by the *Distance Less Than 40 Mpc Survey* (DLT40) on 20 March 2021
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# Raya Jet **RayaJet** (or RAYAJET or Raya Jet) is an airline based in Amman, Jordan which was launched in April 2005 and specializes in private jet charters
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# Roland Butcher **Roland Orlando Butcher** (born 14 October 1953) is a former cricket player and coach, who played for England in three Test matches and three One Day Internationals from 1980 to 1981. He is recognised as being the first black cricketer to represent England. His brief international career was somewhat overshadowed by the death of Ken Barrington, and the \'Jackman affair\'. ## Life and career {#life_and_career} A cousin of Basil, Roland Butcher had come to the United Kingdom at the age of thirteen from his native Barbados. He was an aggressive middle-order batsman, who represented Middlesex between 1974 and 1990. He \"secured his place in history when he became the first black player to represent England, making his Test debut at Bridgetown in 1980-81\". Butcher came to prominence during Middlesex\'s successes in 1980 when they won the County Championship and the Gillette Cup, impressing with a rapid half-century in the final of the latter. He had actually made his England debut two weeks earlier, impressing with another half-century on his one-day international debut against Australia. He struggled more however on the 1980--81 tour against the West Indies who had the most powerful bowling line-up in the world at the time and did not play for England again. In 1983, \"he suffered a sickening injury which threatened his eyesight when struck by George Ferris\", but managed to recuperate and return to the sport. He continued to enjoy success with Middlesex, winning the County Championship again in 1982 and 1985, and featuring in victories in the finals of the NatWest Trophy in 1984 and 1988, and the Benson and Hedges Cup in 1983. In 1987, he won the Walter Lawrence Trophy for recording the fastest century of the season (in terms of balls faced) against Sussex. Butcher initially agreed to join a rebel tour of South Africa in 1989, led by his county captain Mike Gatting. However, \"he withdrew when media reaction threatened the success of his benefit\". As one of only two black players initially named on the tour (alongside Philip DeFreitas, who also withdrew), in the light of the South African system of apartheid, Butcher bore the brunt of much adverse comment. He later stated: \"I was surprised. I thought there might be opposition but the depth of feeling was amazing. ...I had to do a lot of negotiating to get out of the contract and it cost me a lot of money in legal fees. I know I did the right thing though.\" Butcher retired from playing professional cricket in 1990, also a season in which Middlesex won the County Championship, although Butcher featured in the side little that year. In 1994, he was involved in an end-of-season venture called Cricket Legends which was not a financial success. More successfully, Butcher also took up coaching. He was interviewed for head coach of the West Indies in 2000, but was unsuccessful, with the job going to Roger Harper. Later in the year, he was appointed head coach of Bermuda, replacing previous part-time coach Allan Douglas. His first major engagement as coach was the 2000--01 Red Stripe Bowl. Butcher either left or was removed from his position only months before the 2001 ICC Trophy, and replaced by Mark Harper. In November 2004, he was appointed director of sports at the Cave Hill, Barbados, campus of the University of West Indies. On 31 October 2022, Butcher was bestowed with the Freedom of the City of London. He was later appointed, in late December 2022, as a selector on the West Indies\' Men\'s senior and youth team selection panels
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# Steve Massiah **Steve J Massiah** (born 21 June 1979) is a Guyana-born American former cricketer and cricket administrator . A right-handed batsman and off spin bowler, he played for the United States national cricket team and was captain of the side. He played two One Day Internationals (ODIs) for the US in the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy. ## Biography Born in Georgetown in 1979, Steve Massiah played for the Guyana Under-19s team twelve times between 1996 and 1998 before making his debut for the USA against a combined Minor Counties side on a tour of England in 2000. He made his List A debut later in the year, playing in the Red Stripe Bowl against Jamaica, Canada, Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago. He did not play for the national side again until 2004 when he played in the ICC 6 Nations Challenge in the United Arab Emirates. He made his first-class debut the same year when he played ICC Intercontinental Cup matches against Canada and Bermuda. In between the two matches he played in the Americas Championship in Bermuda. He played his two ODIs the same year, playing in the ICC Champions Trophy against New Zealand and Australia. He next represented the US in the 2005 ICC Trophy in Ireland. After warm-up matches against the Northern Cricket Union President\'s XI and Namibia he played six matches in the tournament proper. He scored 108 not out against Uganda, his highest List A score. He captained the US for the first time the next year in the ICC Americas Championship tournament in Ontario. He represented his adopted country in Division Five of the World Cricket League in Jersey in 2008 where he again captained the side. He made his Twenty20 debut on 9 February 2010, for the United States in the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier in the United Arab Emirates. He was arrested in December 2011 in connection with an alleged \$50 million mortgage fraud. In 2012 Massiah was selected for the 2012 ICC World Cricket League Division Four which takes place from 3 to 10 September 2012 in Malaysia. He last played for the US in October 2014, and is now involved as an administrator
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# Paul Parker (cricketer) **Paul William Giles Parker** (born 15 January 1956) is an English schoolmaster and former cricketer, who played in one Test match in 1981. ## Life and career {#life_and_career} He was educated at Collyer\'s School, Horsham, and St Catharine\'s College, Cambridge, where he was awarded a Master\'s degree and earned three blues. As a first-class cricketer, he represented Cambridge University, Durham and Sussex (whom he captained between 1988 and 1991) in 371 first-class and 341 List A matches between 1976 and 1993. With Sussex he won the Gillette Cup in 1978 and the NatWest Trophy in 1986, and was man of the match in the final of the former, and top scorer in the final in the latter. He was a stylish middle-order batsman, who was considered unlucky to be limited to a solitary Test at the Oval against Australia. Light and quick on his feet, he was particularly strong against spin, and his quick running between the wickets made him a fast accumulator in the one day game. An outstanding cover fielder, he ranked alongside Derek Randall and David Gower as the finest of his day. After four years of captaincy at Sussex, he joined Durham\'s initial foray into the first-class game. The son of a sports journalist, John Parker, he taught Classics and Modern Languages at Tonbridge School in Kent, and was the housemaster of Hill Side. His son, Jamie, also played first-class cricket
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# Geoff Cook **Geoffrey Cook** (born 9 October 1951) is a former English cricketer, who played in seven Test matches and six One Day Internationals from 1981 to 1983. Cricket writer, Colin Bateman, stated \"A player held in great respect by his fellow professionals, Cook got his big chance when the first rebel tour went to South Africa in 1982, but he was unable to convert his consistent county form into Test success\". ## Career In county cricket he played for Northamptonshire where, along with Robin Boyd-Moss, he achieved a second wicket partnership of 344, which remains a Northamptonshire record. Cook made a century as captain and was man of the match in the final of the NatWest Bank Trophy in 1981 at Lord\'s against Derbyshire, although he finished on the losing side. (The previous year he had had a happier experience at Lord\'s, helping Northamptonshire to win the Benson and Hedges Cup.) His 1981 Lord\'s hundred helped win Cook selection on England\'s tours that to winter to India and Sri Lanka. It was observed that he mounted a \"staunch battle for Test recognition\" towards the end of these tours, with scores of 104 in successive first-class innings against the Central Zone, and the Sri Lanka Board President\'s XI. He duly made his Test debut in Sri Lanka\'s inaugural test in 1982. Cook made his highest Test score of 66 against India the following summer, playing seven Tests in total, but struggled in Australia in the following winter. He later moved to Durham, when they gained first-class status, becoming their first county captain. After running the county\'s youth Academy, he was appointed first team coach in March 2007, following Martyn Moxon\'s resignation. Under Cook\'s guidance, Durham won their first major title in the club\'s history at Lord\'s in 2007, and went on to win the County Championship for the first time in 2008, and again in 2009. In June 2013 Cook suffered a heart attack. He completed the season and won the County Championship for a third time with Durham in 2013. Cook was subsequently replaced full-time as first team coach by Jon Lewis, moving into a youth development role. He has been both chairman and secretary of the Professional Cricketers\' Association
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# Optical disc recording technologies Optical disc authoring requires a number of different optical disc recorder technologies working in tandem, from the optical disc media to the firmware to the control electronics of the optical disc drive. ## Types of recordable optical disc {#types_of_recordable_optical_disc} There are numerous formats of recordable optical direct to disk on the market, all of which are based on using a laser to change the reflectivity of the digital recording medium in order to duplicate the effects of the pits and lands created when a commercial optical disc is pressed. Emerging technologies such as holographic data storage and 3D optical data storage aim to use entirely different data storage methods, but these products are in development and are not yet widely available. The earliest form is magneto-optical, which uses a magnetic field in combination with a laser to write to the medium. Though not widely used in consumer equipment, the original NeXT cube used MO media as its standard storage device, and consumer MO technology is available in the form of Sony\'s MiniDisc. This form of medium is rewriteable. The most common form of recordable optical media is write-once organic dye technology, popularized in the form of the CD-R and still used for higher-capacity media such as DVD-R. This uses the laser alone to scorch a transparent organic dye (usually cyanine, phthalocyanine, or azo compound-based) to create \"pits\" (i.e. dark spots) over a reflective spiral groove. Most such media are designated with an R (recordable) suffix. Such discs are often quite colorful, generally coming in shades of blue or pale yellow or green. Rewritable, non-magnetic optical media are possible using phase change alloys, which are converted between crystalline and amorphous states (with different reflectivity) using the heat from the drive laser. Such media must be played in specially tuned drives, since the phase-change material has less of a contrast in reflectivity than dye-based media; while most modern drives support such media, many older CD drives cannot recognize the narrower threshold and cannot read such discs. Phase-change discs are designated with RW (ReWriteable) or RE (Recordable-Erasable). Phase-change discs often appear dark grey. Another technology creates pits in an inorganic carbon layer, a \"write-once\" option. Created by Millenniata, M-DISC, records data on special M-DISC with a data life-time of several hundred years. ## Optimum Power Calibration {#optimum_power_calibration} **Optimum Power Calibration** (OPC) is a function that checks the proper laser power for writing a particular session in the media in use. More sophisticated is *Active OPC*, which calculates the optimum laser power and adjusts it in real-time. ## Recording modes {#recording_modes} Optical discs can be recorded in **Disc At Once**, **Track At Once**, **Session at Once** (i.e. multiple burning sessions for one disc), or **packet writing** modes. Each mode serves different purposes: - Disc At Once: writes the entire disc in one pass; preferred for duplication masters - Track At Once: writes individual tracks with a gap between tracks; used for audio CDs - Session At Once: writes and finalizes multiple sessions on one CD; usually not supported for CD Audio, and not universally supported by authoring software - Packet writing: writes data to the medium on demand (see below) ## Connection technologies {#connection_technologies} Unlike early CD-ROM drives, optical disc recorder drives have generally used industry standard connection protocols. Early computer-based CD recorders were generally connected by way of SCSI; however, as SCSI was abandoned by its most significant users (particularly Apple Computer), it became an expensive option for most computer users. As a result, the market switched over to Parallel ATA connections for most internal drives; external drives generally use PATA drive mechanisms connected to a bridge inside the case that connects to a high-speed serial bus such as FireWire or Hi-Speed USB 2.0. Nearly all modern drives, particularly Blu-ray drives use Serial ATA. Standalone recorders use standard A/V connections, including RCA connectors, TOSlink, and S/PDIF for audio and RF, composite video, component video, S-Video, SCART, and FireWire for video. High-bandwidth digital connections such as HDMI are unlikely to feature as recorder devices are not permitted to decrypt the encrypted video content.
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# Optical disc recording technologies ## Overburning **Overburning** is the process of recording data past the normal, vendor-specified size limit of the recordable media. Structures in the ATIP do not allow such sizes to be specified. Overburning may be used to determine the actual capacity limit of a recordable disc, since the capacity rated by recordable disc vendors merely is the *guaranteed* capacity, beyond which the actual capacity is indefinite. Data located beyond the specified capacity is not guaranteed to be readable. ## Buffer underrun protection {#buffer_underrun_protection} Usually, the recorder must perform a complete write without pauses. Once the laser is on, stopping and restarting the recording process may introduce flaws. A buffer underrun occurs during recording if the supply of data to the recorder is interrupted before the write is complete. Software typically moves the data to be recorded into a buffer; underrun occurs if the recorder processes data in the buffer faster than the software reloads it. Historically, buffer underrun was often caused by writing data obtained from a slow device, or by slowness of the recording software, from a slow processor or a processor executing other tasks concurrently. Various recorders minimize or cope with buffer underrun in the following ways: - Nearly all burners can slow the rotation of the disc and record at a slower rate. A burner may do so on sensing that it is drawing down the data in the buffer faster than software is reloading it. - Recording software maintains larger buffers than when CD recorders were first introduced. Some recorders maintain their own buffer memory independently of the computer. This additional buffering ensures that momentary pauses in the supply of data do not cause buffer underrun. - Some recorders are, in fact, able to stop writing in the middle of a session, and resume writing whenever the buffer is refilled. Recorders with such **buffer underrun protection** handle the interruption with an extremely small gap in the recorded track on the disc. Since the techniques for protecting against buffer underrun are proprietary and vendor-specific, technical details vary. - DVD+R, DVD+RW and the recordable Blu-ray formats are immune from buffer underrun as these discs contain technology that allows the recorder\'s write mechanism to precisely locate the end of the recorded track and to seamlessly carry on from where it left off. Many disc authoring utilities disable the buffer underrun protection option when these discs are being written.`{{Better source needed|reason=Resource not easily verifiable, and may not be objective.|date=January 2024}}`{=mediawiki} Buffer underrun is minimized by a strategy in which the recorder burns a packet rather than an entire session or an entire disc. When using rewritable media (CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD-RAM), the UDF file system organizes the disc into packets that are written individually. The packets are referenced by a single, updated address table. ### Specific proprietary technologies {#specific_proprietary_technologies} #### *Sanyo* BURN-Proof {#sanyo_burn_proof} BURN-Proof (Buffer Underrun-Proof) is a proprietary technology for buffer underrun protection developed by Sanyo. #### *Asus* FlextraLink {#asus_flextralink} FlextraLink is a proprietary technology for buffer underrun protection developed by Asus. FlextraSpeed continuously monitors the recording media and sets the optimal writing speeds to ensure best recording quality, for discs that can't withstand high-speed burning. #### *Sony* Power Burn {#sony_power_burn} Power Burn is a proprietary technology for buffer underrun protection, developed by Sony. Features: - Buffer underrun protection: When a buffer underrun occurs, the drive suspends writing. The drive memorizes the end writing point and timing, and immediately resumes writing from that exact point when sufficient data is filled in the buffer memory. - Protection from write errors caused by shock and vibration: PowerBurn\'s Shock Proof technology pauses writing when the device is moved, and resumes after the drive becomes stable. This allows it to work in a mobile environment. - Optimization of write conditions: The drive detects characteristics of each individual medium and optimizes all key writing conditions such as writing speed, laser power and write strategy. #### *Yamaha* SafeBurn {#yamaha_safeburn} SafeBurn is a proprietary technology for buffer underrun protection developed by Yamaha Corporation. ## Packet writing {#packet_writing} **Packet writing** is a technology that allows optical discs to be used in a similar manner to a floppy disk. Packet writing can be used both with once-writeable media and rewriteable media. Several competing and incompatible packet writing disk formats have been developed, including DirectCD and InCD. The standardized formats for packet writing are the Universal Disk Format in the plain, VAT, and spared builds.
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# Optical disc recording technologies ## Simulated writing {#simulated_writing} Using the *simulated writing* or *simulated burning* feature of optical disc authoring software, the writing process will be simulated, which means that the disc spins and the laser moves as if on an actual writing process, but without any data being recorded to the disc. This feature allows for observing the writing speeds and patterns (e.g. constant angular velocity, constant linear velocity and P-CAV and Z-CLV variants) with different writing speed settings and testing the highest capacity of an individual disc that would be achievable using overburning. This feature is standardized on CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R and DVD-RW, but not on DVD+R and DVD+RW, on which only Plextor optical drives support simulated writing so far. ## Longevity Retail recordable/writable optical media contain dyes in/on the optical media to record data, whereas factory-manufactured optical media use physical \"pits\" created by plastic molds/casts. As a result, data storage on retail optical media does not have the life-span of factory-manufactured optical media. The problem is exacerbated because as the writing laser of the recorder is used, its power output drops with age - typically after just a few years. Consequently, a disc written with a laser that is nearing the end of its useful life may not have a readable life that is as long as if a new laser had been used. Dye based optical media should not be solely relied on to archive valuable data. MAM-A (Mitsui) claims a life of 300 years on their archival gold CD-R and 100 years for gold DVDs. Good alternatives would be to additionally backup one\'s media using other media technologies and/or investing in non-volatile memory technologies. A series of follow-up studies conducted by the Canadian Conservation Institute in 2019 revealed that *CD-R* with phthalocyanine-dye and a gold-metal layer had the greatest longevity at over 100 years when stored at ideal temperature and humidity-levels. The second longest was *DVD-R (gold-metal layer)* with an average longevity of 50-100 years under ideal conditions. *CD-R* with phthalocyanine and a silver-metal-alloy layer also scored an average longevity of 50-100 years, *however*, the researchers noted that if the storage environment contains pollutants any CD-Rs that used a silver layer would likely degrade faster than discs with a gold layer. The researchers concluded the silver layer discs may not be a suitable solution for applications where longevity is important. Both CD-R and DVD-R outperformed all forms of Blu-ray disc in regards to longevity: the best performing Blu-ray disc, the BD-RE (rewritable Blu-ray) has an average longevity of 20-50 years, while non-rewritable BD-R discs have an average longevity of 10-20 years under ideal conditions
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# List of National Trust for Scotland properties **National Trust for Scotland properties** is a link page listing the cultural, built and natural heritage properties and sites owned or managed by the National Trust for Scotland. ## Aberdeen and Grampian {#aberdeen_and_grampian} - Castle Fraser, Garden & Estate - Craigievar Castle - Crathes Castle, Garden & Estate - Drum Castle, Garden & Estate - Fyvie Castle - Haddo House - Leith Hall, Garden & Estate - Mar Lodge Estate & Mar Lodge - Pitmedden Garden ## Angus - Barry Water Mill - Finavon Doocot - House of Dun & Montrose Basin Nature Reserve - J. M
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# Jangipur, Jaunpur Jangipur}} **Jangipur** is a village in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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# FIFA Arab Cup The **FIFA Arab Cup** (*translit=Kaʾs al-ʿArab*), or **Arab Cup**, is an international association football competition organized by FIFA. It is held every four years with the participation of senior men\'s national teams of the Union of Arab Football Associations (UAFA), the governing body for countries in the Arab world. The current champion is Algeria, which won its first title at the 2021 tournament in Qatar. The championship\'s inaugural edition was in 1963, held in Lebanon, which was won by Tunisia. After having been played in 1964 and 1966, the Arab Cup was halted for almost 20 years, before being contested in 1985. The tournament was played five more times until 2012, the last competition organized by the UAFA. The 2021 edition was the first organized by FIFA. The ten Arab Cup tournaments have been won by six national teams. Iraq have won four times; the other Arab Cup winners are Saudi Arabia, with two titles; Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and inaugural winner Tunisia, with one title each. Seven countries have hosted the Arab Cup. Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia have each hosted twice, while Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan and Syria have each hosted once. All Arab Cups have been held in Asia. ## History The initial idea for the conception of an Arab Cup came in 1957 from Lebanese journalist Nassif Majdalani and the Secretary General of the Lebanese Football Association (LFA) Izzat Al Turk. In 1962, the LFA called for the formal establishment of the tournament through their president Georges Dabbas, who organised a general Arab assembly for the formation of the Arab Cup. The first Arab Cup was held in Beirut between April and May 1963, with the participation of five teams. During the 16-year hiatus between 1966 and 1982, the Arab Cup was *de facto* replaced by the Palestine Cup, which was held three times in the 1970s and then became a youth tournament after the return of the Arab Cup in the 1980s. The 1992 Arab Cup was also organised as part of the 1992 Arab Games. The 2021 edition was the first edition to be organised by FIFA; the competition was renamed FIFA Arab Cup. Following the 2021 final, FIFA President Gianni Infantino announced that FIFA would continue to oversee future editions. On 15 May 2024, FIFA announced that Qatar will host the tournament in 2025, 2029 and 2033, and the tournament will follow the principle of an invitational competition not included in the International Match Calendar.
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# FIFA Arab Cup ## Results Keys - a.e.t.: after extra time - p: penalty shoot-out - awd: awarded result. - TBD: to be determined. +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:5%;\|`{{abbr|Ed.|Edition}}`{=mediawiki} | rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:5%;\|Year | rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width:10%;\|Host | | First place game | | | | +=====================================================================+=======================================+=====================================================================+=============================================================+==================================================+===================================+===+===+ | style=\"width:15%; \|`{{gold01}}`{=mediawiki} Champion | style=\"width:10%; \|Score | style=\"width:15%; \|`{{silver02}}`{=mediawiki} Runner-up | style=\"width:15%; \|`{{bronze03}}`{=mediawiki} Third place | style=\"width:10%; \|Score | style=\"width:15%; \|Fourth place | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | Arab Cup | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 1 | 1963 | | | **`{{fb-big|Tunisia|1959}}`{=mediawiki}** | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 2 | 1964 | | | **`{{fb-big|Iraq|1963|name=Iraq}}`{=mediawiki}** | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 3 | 1966 | | | **`{{fb-big|Iraq|1963|name=Iraq}}`{=mediawiki}** | **2--1** | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 4 | 1985 | | | **`{{fb-big|Iraq|1963|name=Iraq}}`{=mediawiki}** | **1--0** | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 5 | 1988 | | | **`{{fb-big|Iraq|1963|name=Iraq}}`{=mediawiki}** | **1--1** `{{aet}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | | | | | | `{{pso|4–3}}`{=mediawiki} | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 6 | 1992 | | | **`{{fb-big|Egypt}}`{=mediawiki}** | **3--2** | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 7 | 1998 | | | **`{{fb-big|KSA}}`{=mediawiki}** | **3--1** | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 8 | 2002 | | | **`{{fb-big|KSA}}`{=mediawiki}** | **1--0** `{{aet}}`{=mediawiki} | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | -- | *2009* | *Edition cancelled during qualification due to lack of sponsorship* | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 9 | 2012 | | | **`{{fb-big|MAR}}`{=mediawiki}** | **1--1** `{{aet}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | | | | | | `{{pso|3–1}}`{=mediawiki} | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | FIFA Arab Cup | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 10 | 2021 | | | **`{{fb-big|ALG}}`{=mediawiki}** | **2--0** `{{aet}}`{=mediawiki} | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 11 | *2025* | | | TBD | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 12 | *2029* | | | TBD | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ | 13 | *2033* | | | TBD | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+---+---+ Notes ### Teams reaching the top four {#teams_reaching_the_top_four} Team Winners Runners-up Third place Fourth place Semi final Total ------ ------------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------------ ---------------- ------------ ------- 4 (1964, 1966\*, 1985, 1988) 1 (2012) 5 2 (1998, 2002) 1 (1992) 1 (1985\*) 1 (2012\*) 5 1 (1963) 1 (2021) 2 1 (1992) 1 (1988) 1 (2021) 3 1 (2012) 1 (2002) 2 1 (2021) 1 3 (1963, 1966, 1988) 1 (1992\*) 4 2 (1964, 2012) 1 (1966) 3 2 (1985, 2002) 2 1 (1998\*) 1 (2021\*) 1 (1985) 3 3 (1964\*, 1992, 1998) 1 (1963) 4 1 (1963\*) 2 (1964, 1966) 3 1 (1988\*) 1 (2002) 2 1 (1998) 1 : Teams reaching the top four : \* *hosts* ### Best performances by confederations {#best_performances_by_confederations} Confederation AFC CAF Total --------------- ----- ----- ------- Teams 66 25 91 Top 8 32 11 43 Top 4 29 11 40 Top 2 13 7 20 1st 6 4 10 2nd 7 3 10 3rd 7 2 9 4th 8 1 9 Semi-finals 1 1 2 : Total times teams qualified by confederation Confederation (continent) Champion(s) Titles --------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------- AFC (Asia) Iraq (4), Saudi Arabia (2) 6 CAF (Africa) Algeria (1), Egypt (1), Morocco (1), Tunisia (1) 4 : Champions by confederation ## Records and statistics {#records_and_statistics} ## Comprehensive team results by tournament {#comprehensive_team_results_by_tournament} Legend - -- Champions - -- Runners-up - -- Third place - -- Fourth place - -- Semi-final (no third place match) ```{=html} <!-- --> ``` - GS -- Group stage - *Q* --- Qualified for upcoming tournament - --- Did not qualify - --- Did not participate - --- Hosts For each tournament, the number of teams in each finals tournament are shown (in parentheses)
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# Jangipur, Murshidabad Jangipur}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox settlement | name = Jangipur | other_name = Jahangirpur | nickname = | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = Full view of Jangipur Station.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = [[Jangipur Road railway station]] | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3 | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India | coordinates = {{coord|24.4691|N|88.1032|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] | leader_title = Administrative Division | leader_name = [[Malda division|Malda]] | established_title = Jangipur Municipality (JM) | established_date = 1869 | founder = | named_for = | government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]] | governing_body = Jangipur Municipality | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name='Jangipur City'>{{cite web|title=Jangipur City|url=https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Jangipur.htm}}</ref> | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 8.20 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 11 | population_total = 88,165 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_footnotes = <ref name='Jangipur City'/> | population_metro = 122,875 | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]] | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --> | postal_code = | registration_plate = | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]] | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jangipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jangipur]] | website = {{URL|http://jangipurmunicipality.org/}} | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]] | footnotes = {{URL|http://murshidabad.nic.in/}} }}`{=mediawiki} **Jangipur** is a city and a municipality in Murshidabad district in the state of West Bengal, India. It is the headquarters of the Jangipur subdivision. It is situated on the banks of the Bhagirathi. Jangipur is an old town having reference from the historical period of Moghul emperor Jahangir when an army camp was established here.
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# Jangipur, Murshidabad ## Geography ### Location Jangipur is located at 24.4691 N 88.1032 E. It has an average elevation of 11 metres (36 feet). ### Jangipur Barrage {#jangipur_barrage} There is a 1 km long barrage across the Bhagirathi at Jangipur. ### Area overview {#area_overview} Jangipur subdivision is crowded with 52 census towns and as such it had to be presented in two location maps. One of the maps can be seen alongside. The subdivision is located in the Rarh region that is spread over from adjoining Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand. The land is slightly higher in altitude than the surrounding plains and is gently undulating. The river Ganges, along with its distributaries, is prominent in both the maps. At the head of the subdivision is the 2,245 m long Farakka Barrage, one of the largest projects of its kind in the country. Murshidabad district shares with Bangladesh a porous international border which is notoriously crime prone (partly shown in this map). The subdivision has two large power plants - the 2,100 MW Farakka Super Thermal Power Station and the 1,600 MW Sagardighi Thermal Power Station. According to a 2016 report, there are around 1,000,000 (1 million/ ten lakh) workers engaged in the beedi industry in Jangipur subdivision. 90% are home-based and 70% of the home-based workers are women. As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the Ganges alone in Murshidabad district. Severe erosion occurs along the banks. Note: The two maps present some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the maps are linked in the larger full screen maps.
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# Jangipur, Murshidabad ## History The city is said to have been founded by the Mughal emperor Jahangir. During Moghul period, it was known as Jahangirpur and an army camp was established in this place. During the early years of British rule (then it was known as Jungypore, Jungypoor etc) it was an important centre of the Silk Trade and the site of East India Company\'s commercial residencies. The Jungypore silk was very famous during that time period. It was also an important centre of indigo cultivation during the later years of Company rule. In the early twentieth century, it was best known as the toll station for registering all the traffic on the Bhagirathi. But now the trade and traffic has fallen and much of the town has been swept away by the river Bhagirathi. The subdivisional courts and offices formerly stood on the east bank of the Bhagirathi, and were moved to the west bank in consequence of the encroachments of the river. This quarter of the town is called Raghunathganj and is within municipal limits. Here there is an old mosque with an inscription saying that it was built by Saiyad Kasim and containing a chronogram, which gives 1075 A. H., or 1664 A. D., as the date. Sir Ashley Eden, Lieutenant Governor of Bengal from 1877 to 1882, was once stationed at Jangipur and transferred the subdivisional headquarters there from Aurangabad in 1856. North of Jangipur is Giria, where two important battles were fought. One between Alivardi Khan and Sarfaraz Khan on April 29, 1740, and the other between the English under Major Adams and the troop of Mir Qasim in 1763. In 1858, W. J. Herschel, while serving as Magistrate at Jangipur, first began the use of fingerprints for identification at the beginning of a road building project when he made a supplier named Rajyadhar Konai sign the contract with the impression of his right hand. ## Demographics In the 2011 census, Jangipur Urban Agglomeration had a population of 122,875, out of which 62,734 were males and 60,141 were females. The 0--6 years population was 16,299. Effective literacy rate for the 7+ population was 75.71 per cent. India census, Jangipur had a population of 74,464. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Jangipur has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 56%. In Jangipur, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. ## Infrastructure According to the *District Census Handbook, Murshidabad*, 2011, Jangipur covered an area of 8.2 km^2^. The protected water-supply involved overhead tank etc. It had 6,968 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 hospital (with 250 beds), 3 charitable hospitals/ nursing homes, 100 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 57 primary schools, 6 middle schools, 5 secondary schools, 5 senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college. It had 46 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among the social, recreational & cultural facilities it had 1 working women\'s hostel, 1 stadium, 1 cinema theatre, 1 auditorium/ community hall, 3 public libraries, 3 reading rooms. It produced beedi, napkins. It had the branch offices of 7 nationalised banks, 1 private commercial bank, 1 cooperative bank. ## Transport Jangipur is well connected with Kolkata and district headquarter Baharampur via NH 34. A railway station, (In Azimganj - Farakka line) Jangipur Road railway station is situated in Raghunathganj. Many express and passengers trains pass regularly over the city. Raghunathganj is a twin town of Jangipur opposite of the Bhagirathi River.
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# Jangipur, Murshidabad ## Education Jangipur College was established in 1950 at Jangipur. Affiliated to the University of Kalyani it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, geography, philosophy, political science, economics, physics, chemistry, mathematics, botany, zoology and accountancy. From 2016 to 2017, it is offering post-graduate courses in Bengali, English, history and education in distance mode. There is a Management Development Institute of Murshidabad which is operational from 2014.This was inaugurated by then Indian President Shri Pranab Mukherjee.This institute is one of the premier educational institution of India. ## Healthcare Jangipur Subdivisional Hospital at Jangipur functions with 250 beds. Jangipur Superspeciality Hospital is functional
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# Eddie Hemmings (cricketer) **Edward Ernest Hemmings** (born 20 February 1949) is a former English cricketer, who played in 16 Test matches and 33 One Day Internationals for the England cricket team between 1982 and 1991. He made his England debut relatively late in his career, at the age of 33, having predominantly represented Nottinghamshire in the County Championship. His chance came when several England players announced their intention to go on a rebel cricket tour to South Africa. He was a part of the English squad which finished as runners-up at the 1987 Cricket World Cup. ## Life and career {#life_and_career} Originally operating as a seam bowler for Warwickshire, Hemmings changed to bowling off-spin for Nottinghamshire, which led to Test match appearances from the age of 33. England test teams at that time used to have one spinner, usually an off spinner since Ray Illingworth\'s appointment as captain in 1969. Illingworth was himself an off spinner. When Illingworth was sacked, Tony Greig briefly filled this role until he was removed in 1977. For a brief time, the baton was handed to Geoff Miller and then John Emburey filled the role from his debut in 1978 largely uncontested until 1982 when Emburey was banned for joining the South African Breweries tour. This put Hemmings into contention for the off spinner\'s spot with Vic Marks, both making their Test debuts in 1982. Hemmings then toured Australia that winter, teaming up with Miller in several Ashes Tests. He hit his highest Test score of 95 as a nightwatchman in the fifth test at Sydney, also taking six wickets in the match. Seven and a half years later he would make his other Test half century (51) against India during a last wicket stand with Devon Malcolm. At Brisbane during the 1982-3 Ashes series, Hemmings was mocked for his ample girth in an incident in which a group of home supporters smuggled a pig into the ground and released it onto the outfield, having scrawled \"Eddie\" onto one flank and \"Botham\" onto the other. (Team-mate Ian Botham had also begun to fill out around the waist at this stage of his career.) A change in England selection policy after this tour saw the spin department filled by left armers such as Phil Edmonds and Nick Cook in 1983. For the arrival of the West Indies in 1984, Pat Pocock was preferred as the England off spinner. With Emburey\'s ban lifted in 1985, Hemmings was again forced onto the sidelines in the test arena. By 1987 Emburey was not taking as many wickets as expected, and while Emburey kept his place in the team as a masterly containing bowler, Hemmings had a good season, helping Nottinghamshire to a noted double of the County Championship and the NatWest Bank Trophy. A televised man of the match-winning performance in the NatWest quarter-final victory against Derbyshire helped to raise his profile. Hemmings was then recalled to the England squad in the World Cup in 1987 in India and Pakistan, and played alongside Emburey in a number of key fixtures. Hemmings was instrumental in the crucial group-stage win against the West Indies at Jaipur, especially by dismissing the feared West Indies captain Viv Richards. One of the finest moments of Hemmings\' ODI career would then come in the semifinals of the tournament where he took 4/52 to curtail India\'s chase. Hemmings\' spell would account for the key wickets of Mohammad Azharuddin, Kapil Dev and Ravi Shastri. Hemmings would also go on to play in the final, which England lost, taking the best bowling figures for any England bowler in the match. Hemmings also appeared in three Tests that winter, taking his then best Test figures at Sydney (the ground on which he took more of his test wickets than anywhere else), but then lost his place in the side. Earlier that winter he was a bystander in one of the most notorious incidents in Test cricket; he was attempting to deliver the ball when an unseemly row ensued between England captain Mike Gatting and umpire Shakoor Rana. In county cricket, Hemmings was a useful lower-order batsman, who had made his only first-class century in 1982, a week before his Test debut, making 127 not out (batting at no.9) against Yorkshire. Requiring four runs off the last ball of the Benson & Hedges Cup final in 1989, Hemmings (by now aged 40) struck a boundary off John Lever of Essex to ensure victory for Nottinghamshire. Soon after this win he was reinstated in the England side for the 5th Ashes Test match of the same year at Trent Bridge, thanks in part to the fact that several players had just announced their decision to go on a rebel tour to South Africa, including off-spinner John Emburey. Hemmings took no wickets but had some consolation with the bat, second top-scoring on his home County ground in both England innings. The Australian test attack, impatient to clinch another victory and used to prevailing during a summer in which they regularly humiliated England, was so frustrated by Hemmings\' batting that there was a small on field altercation with Australian fast bowler Geoff Lawson just before tea on the fourth day of that match. Hemmings had hit Lawson for several fours in a completely lost cause, the game being well and truly lost for England by this point. Selected as part of Graham Gooch\'s touring squad that winter, Hemmings played in one day internationals only -- often being the most economical bowler. Hemmings was England\'s first choice off spinner throughout 1990 as the hot weather demanded England adjust their policy of 4 fast bowlers -- which had largely worked during the Caribbean tour. During the first test against India at Lord\'s in 1990, Hemmings was famously hit for four consecutive sixes by Kapil Dev from the last four balls of his over. This 24 was the exact amount required for India to avoid the follow on -- they were nine wickets down at the time and Kapil Dev did not want to expose Narendra Hirwani to Angus Fraser\'s next over, as Fraser had Hirwani lbw first ball. (England still won the match.) Hemmings had had a happier match in the previous Test against New Zealand in which (now aged 41) he took his only Test five-wicket haul, figures of 6/58. Hemmings toured Australia with the full England side in 1990--91 that winter, playing in one test match -- his last test match -- at Sydney and again featuring as a containing bowler in most of the one day games. England did not make the finals of the World Series Cup. Hemmings last played for England during the short one day international series in New Zealand which followed the Ashes tour. All in all, Hemmings was probably the second best off-spinner in England from around 1982--1991 and was largely unfortunate that his best years coincided with John Emburey\'s. He was perhaps underused in one day international cricket, especially given his success in the 1987 world cup and his proficiency in the format; as of 2022 he stands 31st on the list of all-time wicket-takers in List A cricket. There were other contenders for the one place in the England team during the same time such as Geoff Miller, Vic Marks and Pat Pocock. However broadly speaking England selectors preferred their off spinners to be able to bat which explains why Geoff Miller, who had a superior first-class record as a batter, was often selected. Before retiring from first-class cricket at the age of 46, he also played for Sussex. In his last season he helped the county to inflict a rare innings defeat on the touring West Indies, taking 4/33. Hemmings holds the record for the most runs conceded by a bowler when taking all ten wickets in an innings -- 49.3-14-175-10 for the International XI against a West Indies XI at Kingston, Jamaica in 1982--83. He now runs a village shop in West Butterwick, Lincolnshire. He has also worked as a talent scout for the ECB. His niece, Beth Morgan, was also an England Test cricketer
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# Ian Greig **Ian Alexander Greig** (born 8 December 1955) is a former professional cricketer, who played in two tests for England in 1982. He is the younger brother of former England captain and cricket commentator Tony Greig and the uncle of Durham UCCE player Will Hodson. ## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education} Greig was born in Queenstown, Eastern Cape, South Africa. He was educated at George Watson\'s College, Edinburgh, Queen\'s College, Queenstown, and Downing College, Cambridge. Although a South African, Greig was allowed to play for England because his father was Scottish. Whilst at Cambridge, Greig played both rugby union and cricket. He represented Cambridge in the Varsity Match in 1977 and 1978, and won blues for cricket in 1977, 1978 and 1979. ## Cricket career {#cricket_career} Greig played one-day cricket as an all rounder for Sussex County Cricket Club in 1979 before making his first-class debut for the team in 1980. His career with Sussex lasted until 1985. His most successful season for Sussex was in 1981, when he scored 911 runs (average 30.36), and took 76 wickets at 19.32. In 1982, the English selectors chose him as a replacement for the injured Derek Pringle to face Pakistan in two test matches. Sussex released Greig, and others, in 1985 as part of cost-cutting measures, and he emigrated to Australia. However, he joined Surrey County Cricket Club, and captained the team between 1987 and 1991. Greig\'s highest score of 291 came in 1990 in a total of 707 at The Oval; Lancashire replied with 863, Neil Fairbrother top-scoring with 366, the highest-ever score at The Oval. ## Later life {#later_life} Greig\'s current position is coach of the 1st XI team at the Anglican Church Grammar School in Brisbane, Australia
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# Football at the Arab Games The **Arab Games** are a regional multi-sport event held between nations from the Arab world. A men\'s **football** tournament has been held at every session of the Games since 1953, except for 2004. Since the 2023 edition, the tournament has been limited to under-23 teams, plus up to three overage players for each squad. \_\_TOC\_\_ ## Summaries The following table gives an overview of medal winners in football at the Arab Games. 1992 Arab Games which overlaps the 1992 Arab Cup. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | rowspan=2 width=\|Ed. | Year | Host | | Gold medal game | | | +=================================================================================================================+===================================+==============================================+===============================================+=======================================================+====================================+===+ | style=\"background:gold; width=15%\|Gold | Score | style=\"background:silver; width=15%\|Silver | style=\"background:#cc9966; width=15%\|Bronze | Score | Fourth | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | colspan=11 style=background:#efefef text-align:center \| **National teams tournament (1953--2011)** | | | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 1 | 1953 | Alexandria | | **`{{fb-big|EGY|1922}}`{=mediawiki}** | **4--0** | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 2 | 1957 | Beirut | | **`{{fb-big|SYR|1932}}`{=mediawiki}** | **3--1** | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 3 | 1961 | Casablanca | | **`{{fb-big|MAR}}`{=mediawiki}** | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 4 | 1965 | Cairo | | **`{{fb-big|UAR|EGY|name=UA Republic}}`{=mediawiki}** | **0--0** | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 5 | 1976 | Damascus | | **`{{fb-big|MAR}}`{=mediawiki}** | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 6 | 1985 | Rabat | | **`{{fb-big|IRQ|1963}}`{=mediawiki}** | **1--0** | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 7 | 1992 | Damascus | | **`{{fb-big|EGY}}`{=mediawiki}** | **3--2** | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 8 | 1997 | Beirut | | **`{{fb-big|JOR}}`{=mediawiki}** | **1--0** | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 9 | 1999 | Amman | | **`{{fb-big|JOR}}`{=mediawiki}** | **4--4** `{{aet}}`{=mediawiki}\ | | | | | | | | `{{pso|3–1}}`{=mediawiki} | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 10 | 2004 | Algiers | | *Canceled* | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 11 | 2007 | Cairo | | **`{{fb-big|EGY}}`{=mediawiki}** | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 12 | 2011 | Doha | | **`{{fb-big|BHR}}`{=mediawiki}** | **1--0** | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | colspan=11 style=background:#efefef text-align:center \| **Under-23 National teams tournament (2023--present)** | | | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 13 | 2023 | Algeria`{{ref|1|n/b}}`{=mediawiki} | | **`{{fbu-big|23|KSA}}`{=mediawiki}** | **1--1** `{{pen|5–4}}`{=mediawiki} | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ | 14 | 2027 | Riyadh | | *Future event* | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+---+ \* The 1992 edition organised as part of the Arab Games, and also counted as Arab Cup.\ *`{{note|1|n/a}}`{=mediawiki}* A round-robin tournament determined the final standings.\ *`{{note|1|n/b}}`{=mediawiki}* Arab Games held in 5 cities (Algiers, Oran, Constantine, Annaba and Tipaza). Football tournament held in Annaba and Constantine.\ *`{{note|1|w/o}}`{=mediawiki}* withdrew `{{refend}}`{=mediawiki} ## Medal table {#medal_table} - *The 1992 edition organised as part of the Arab Games, is also counted as the sixth edition of the Arab Cup.*
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# Football at the Arab Games ## Overall team records {#overall_team_records} In this ranking 3 points are awarded for a win, 1 for a draw and 0 for a loss. As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws. Teams are ranked by total points, then by goal difference, then by goals scored.[1](http://www.mundial11.com/en/competition-teams-st/133) Excluding the 1992 Arab Games which overlaps the 1992 Arab Cup. Rank Team Part M W D L GF GA GD Points ------ ------- ------ ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -------- 1 9 35 15 8 12 97 73 +24 **53** 2 8 34 14 11 9 61 41 +20 **53** 3 6 29 15 5 9 51 42 +9 **50** 4 4 18 16 1 1 91 10 +81 **49** 5 4 20 14 5 1 59 15 +44 **47** 6 8 31 11 8 12 38 63 -25 **41** 7 5 20 10 5 5 39 23 +16 **35** 8 7 28 8 7 13 43 51 -8 **31** 9 6 28 7 7 14 27 54 -27 **28** 10 4 18 8 2 8 41 25 +16 **26** 11 2 8 5 1 2 21 15 +6 **16** 12 3 14 5 1 8 18 29 -11 **16** 13 4 15 4 3 8 13 19 -6 **15** 14 2 10 4 2 4 11 10 +1 **14** 15 2 6 3 1 2 9 9 0 **10** 16 5 16 1 6 9 9 61 -53 **9** 17 1 6 3 1 2 7 8 -1 **7** 18 1 3 1 0 2 5 6 -1 **3** 19 1 3 1 0 2 3 6 -3 **3** 20 Lahej 1 4 1 0 3 2 30 -28 **3** 21 2 4 0 2 2 2 6 -4 **2** 22 4 15 0 2 13 10 37 -27 **2** 23 Aden 1 4 0 0 4 3 25 -23 **0** - Yemen: `{{flagicon|Lahej}}`{=mediawiki} Lahej and `{{flagicon|Aden|1963}}`{=mediawiki} Aden (1963--1967) & `{{fb|South Yemen}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{fb|North Yemen}}`{=mediawiki} (1967--1990). - Former Countries
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# Nick Cook (cricketer) **Nicholas Grant Billson Cook** (born 17 June 1956) is an English cricket umpire and former player who appeared in 15 Tests and three ODIs between 1983 and 1989. A slow left-arm orthodox spin bowler and a lower order right-handed batsman, he played first-class and List A cricket from 1978 to 1994. He is currently an ECB appointed umpire on the professional circuit. He was born in Leicester and attended Lutterworth Grammar School. Cook made his international debut against New Zealand. One of three England debutants in the match along with Neil Foster and Chris Smith, Cook was called up because of an injury to Phil Edmonds, which occurred so late that Cook had already started playing in a County Championship match against Essex and had to be replaced by Jonathan Agnew as full substitute. He picked up 32 wickets in his first four Tests, taking four five-fors, including one on debut (after he had been called up at short notice), and a best bowling match return of 11 for 83 against Pakistan at Karachi. As of 2022, these remain the best Test match figures ever taken by a visiting bowler in Pakistan, and he holds the record for the most Test wickets by an English bowler in Pakistan. However, Cook\'s next 11 Tests, spread over a period of five years, fetched him 20 wickets at an average of 56.75. He had more success as a bowler against Pakistan and New Zealand than against Australia and the West Indies. He was finally dropped from Test cricket after the 1989 series against Australia in which England surrendered the Ashes. His total of 52 Test wickets were taken at an average of 32.48. He played his last one-day international that autumn in the Nehru Cup. He finished on the winning side of each of his three one-day internationals, although after England won his first two Tests against New Zealand, he never again finished on the winning side in Test matches. In the domestic game, Cook played for Leicestershire, before later moving to Northamptonshire. He was part of the Northamptonshire team that lost the final of both the Benson and Hedges Cup and the NatWest Trophy at Lord\'s in 1987, but five years later also featured on the winning side in the final of the latter tournament. Since retiring from the game, Cook has become an umpire and in November 2008, was promoted to the ECB full list for the 2009 season
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# James Parker (Massachusetts politician) **James Parker** (1768`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}November 9, 1837) was an American politician. Parker was born and educated in Boston in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. He studied medicine, became a doctor, and started a practice in Gardiner in Massachusetts\' District of Maine. In addition to practicing medicine, Parker was an inventor, and received a patent for an improved brick and tile making process. Active in politics as a Democratic-Republican, he served in the Massachusetts State Senate from 1811 to 1812. Parker represented Massachusetts\'s `{{ushr|Massachusetts|19|19th}}`{=mediawiki} district in the United States House of Representatives from 1813 to 1815, and the `{{ushr|Massachusetts|18|18th}}`{=mediawiki} district from 1819 to 1821. In 1824 Parker was chosen as a presidential elector pledged to support John Quincy Adams. Parker died in Gardiner on November 9, 1837, and was buried at Gardiner\'s Oak Grove Cemetery
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# Ross Clifford **Ross Richard Clifford** AM (born 1951) is an Australian Baptist theologian, political commentator, radio personality and author. A former lawyer who later joined the ministry, Clifford became a campaigner on moral issues while a suburban Sydney pastor in the 1980s. He has served as head of several religious organisations and as an occasional media spokesperson. He unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the New South Wales Legislative Council in 2003 for the Christian Democratic Party. Until mid-2010 he had a radio program on Sydney station 2CH. ## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education} Clifford was born and raised in the northern suburbs of Sydney and had a private school education. His conversion to Christian faith occurred at the 1959 Billy Graham crusade in Sydney. Clifford initially studied law and obtained a Diploma of Law from the Solicitors Admission Board of NSW. He worked as a solicitor in the inner Sydney suburb of Kings Cross and then served as a barrister specialising in family law in the Northern Territory and New South Wales. Clifford decided to study for Christian ministry and completed a Bachelor of Theology degree at Morling Baptist Theological College in Sydney. He initially served as pastor at South Windsor Baptist Church and first became involved in public life in the 1980s when he became a campaigner for moral standards in advertising and publications while pastor of Gymea Baptist Church. He also contributed to church and public discourses concerning right-to-life issues and the proposed Australian Bill of Rights, which was debated and defeated during Bob Hawke\'s term as Prime Minister of Australia.
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# Ross Clifford ## Career In the early 1980s Clifford took a sabbatical from his preacher\'s post to study apologetics at the Simon Greenleaf School of Law in Anaheim, California. Clifford\'s writings place him within the school of thought known as evidentialist apologetics. His MA thesis examined the apologetics arguments of eight lawyers concerning the resurrection of Christ. The thesis, which was originally published in Russian in 1991 by Missionswerk Friedensstimme, was released in Australia under the title *Leading Lawyers Look at the Resurrection* (1991). It has been subsequently published in Arabic. On the strength of the Russian version of the book he was invited to speak in the Soviet Union where he met some of the personal staff of Mikhail Gorbachev, various members of the Soviet legal profession, and pastors of Baptist churches. Clifford served as senior pastor at Gymea Baptist Church from mid-1985 until late 1991. He also became involved with the Sports and Leisure ministry in Australia and eventually co-wrote two books recounting the spiritual conversions of Australian and International sports-stars such as Nick Farr-Jones, Wes Hall and Bernhard Langer. During 1991 he co-founded with Philip Johnson a para-church ministry known as The Community of Hope, which began developing exhibitor\'s booths as a form of dialogue and witness in alternative spiritual festivals in Sydney. Their collaborative venture became the basis for the book *Shooting for the Stars*, which recreated encounters between the authors and new spirituality seekers in festivals. This dialogical and apologetic activity in New Age festivals spanned the years 1991--2003 and has been the subject of much discussion in most of his publications released between 2001 and 2004. Clifford was invited to deliver the annual Leonard Buck lecture in Missions at the Bible College of Victoria in 1995 and chose as his topic *The Mission of the Church and the New Age Movement*. His apologetic work on alternate spirituality has continued in books concerning the Christian symbolism of tarot cards (*Beyond Prediction*) and contextual apologetics with new age (*Jesus and the Gods of the New Age*). He was one of several Australian contributors to the book *Encountering New Religious Movements*, which was awarded Christianity Today\'s Book of the Year 2005 award in the \"missions\" category of literature. In 1992 Clifford became a lecturer in theology at Morling Baptist Theological College. He also enrolled at the University of Sydney and completed by coursework a Master of Theology degree. He later undertook doctoral studies through the Australian College of Theology and was awarded a Th.D. for his dissertation on the legal apologetic of John Warwick Montgomery. In 1997, Clifford was appointed the Principal of Morling College. Clifford served as President of the New South Wales Council of Churches throughout the late 1990s, during which time he oversaw an apology to the state\'s indigenous population for harm caused by the activities of early missionaries, vocally supported gun control in the wake of the Port Arthur massacre and resisted a push from the hotel industry to put poker machines in hotels across the state. In early 1999 Clifford became a Sunday evening radio announcer, appointed to fill a talkback vacancy on Sydney easy listening station 2CH. He retired from the radio show in mid-2010. In 2003 Clifford attempted to make a move into politics, nominating as a Christian Democratic Party candidate for the New South Wales Legislative Council at the 2003 state election. He received the second position on the CDP ticket behind incumbent member Reverend Gordon Moyes, and took a significant role in the party\'s campaign. At the time, the CDP was trying to rebuild itself after the 1999 election, when leader Fred Nile nearly lost his seat to the fledgling Registered Clubs Party. Though they had hopes of improving their vote enough to elect two members at the one election for the first time since the early 1990s, these proved unfounded and only Moyes was ultimately elected. Clifford looked set to receive a second chance at a political career in late 2004, when Nile resigned from the Legislative Council to run for a seat in the Australian Senate. As the party\'s highest unelected candidate at the previous state election, he was the obvious choice to replace Nile in the Legislative Council and was ultimately nominated to fill the casual vacancy. However, he again missed out when Nile lost the election and to the surprise of much of the parliament, nominated himself for his own vacancy. This caused some protest from the Greens as well as several independent members, who walked out in protest at Nile\'s move. Clifford served as the President of Australian Baptist Ministries, from 2005 to 2009. He was appointed in late 2004 as the Australian Chairman of the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, and was a group coordinator at the 2004 Lausanne Forum in Pattaya, Thailand, dealing with alternative spiritualities and new religions. He is occasionally asked for comment by the media and spoke out against the industrial relations changes introduced by the Howard government in 2005. Clifford is interviewed once a week by the Western Australian radio station Sonshine-FM. Clifford is married and has two children. In January 2001 the Australian Commonwealth Government awarded him the Centenary Medal in recognition of his ministry, and in June 2010 he was made a Member of the Order of Australia. On 7 February 2012, Clifford was re-elected as President of the NSW Council of Churches, a council made up of representatives of seven evangelical Christian denominations -- the Anglican, Baptist, Reformed, Churches of Christ, Congregational, Presbyterian and Salvation Army churches. The current president is Glenn Davies In November 2019, Clifford resigned as state president of the Christian Democratic Party during a \"bitter split\" and attempt by some party members to \"remove the board and Mr Nile, amid accusations of nepotism and mismanagement.\"
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# Ross Clifford ## Books - *Leading Lawyers Look at the Resurrection* (Sutherland: Albatross Books, 1991). `{{ISBN|0-86760-127-2}}`{=mediawiki} - and Philip Johnson, *Shooting for the Stars* (Sutherland: Albatross Books, 1993). `{{ISBN|0-7324-1024-X}}`{=mediawiki} - and Philip Johnson, *Sacred Quest* (Sutherland: Albatross Books, 1995; a revised edition of *Shooting for the Stars*). `{{ISBN|0-7324-1024-X}}`{=mediawiki} - and Ric Chapman, *The Gods of Sport* (Sutherland: Albatross Books, 1995). `{{ISBN|0-7324-1049-5}}`{=mediawiki} - *The Mission of the Church and the New Age Movement* (Lilydale: Bible College of Victoria, 1995). - *Leading Lawyers\' Case for the Resurrection* (Alberta, Canada: [Canadian Institute for Law, Theology and Public Policy](http://www.ciltpp.com/),(1996). `{{ISBN|1-896363-02-4}}`{=mediawiki} - and Philip Johnson, *Riding the Rollercoaster: How The Risen Christ Empowers Life* (Sydney: Strand, 1998). `{{ISBN|0-9586866-6-1}}`{=mediawiki} - and Ric Chapman, *The International Gods of Sport* (Sydney: Strand, 1999). `{{ISBN|1-876825-36-7}}`{=mediawiki} - and Philip Johnson, *Jesus and the Gods of the New Age* (Oxford: Lion, 2001/Colorado Springs: Victor, 2003). `{{ISBN|0-7459-5060-4}}`{=mediawiki} `{{ISBN|0-7814-3943-4}}`{=mediawiki} - and John Drane and Philip Johnson, *Beyond Prediction: The Tarot and Your Spirituality* (Oxford: Lion, \[2001\]). `{{ISBN|0-7459-5035-3}}`{=mediawiki} - \"Reframing a Traditional Apologetic to Reach \'New Spirituality\' Seekers,\" in *Encountering New Religious Movements: A Holistic Evangelical Approach*, Irving Hexham, Stephen Rost and John Morehead, eds. (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2004)pp 193--208. `{{ISBN|0-8254-2893-9}}`{=mediawiki} - *John Warwick Montgomery\'s Legal Apologetic: An Apologetic for all Seasons* (Verlag für Kultur und Wissenschaft/Culture and Science Publishers, Bonn, Germany, 2004). `{{ISBN|3-938116-00-5}}`{=mediawiki} - \"Apologetics, Persuasion, and Pastoral Care\" in *Tough-Minded Christianity: Honoring the Legacy of John Warwick Montgomery*, eds. William Dembski and Thomas Schirrmacher (Nashville: B & H Academic, 2008). `{{ISBN|978-0-8054-4783-5}}`{=mediawiki} - *Apologetic Preaching and Teaching For the Church and the Marketplace* (Macquarie Park, NSW: Morling Press, 2011). `{{ISBN|978-0-9806421-5-5}}`{=mediawiki} - and Philip Johnson, *The Cross Is Not Enough: Living as Witnesses to the Resurrection* (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2012). `{{ISBN|978-0-8010-1461-1}}`{=mediawiki} - and Philip Johnson, *Taboo Or To Do?* (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 2016). ISBN 978-0-232-53253-1
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# Derbyshire Dales (UK Parliament constituency) **Derbyshire Dales** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɑːr|b|i|ʃ|ɪər|,_|-|ʃ|ər|,_|d|ei|l|z}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|DAR|bee|sheer|,_-|shər}}`{=mediawiki}) is a constituency that has been represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2024 by John Whitby of the Labour Party. The constituency was created for the 2010 general election. ## History Following their review of parliamentary representation in Derbyshire, the Boundary Commission for England created a new constituency of Derbyshire Dales which is almost coterminous with the previous seat of West Derbyshire. At the first four elections of its existence, it elected Conservative MPs by safe margins, with the fifth such election seeing Labour gain the seat for the first time since 1945. ## Constituency profile {#constituency_profile} The constituency is geographically large and mostly within the Peak District National Park. Its main settlements are Ashbourne, Bakewell and Matlock. ## Boundaries ### 2010--2024 The District of Derbyshire Dales, and the Borough of Amber Valley wards of Alport, Crich and South West Parishes. ### 2024-- {#section_1} Following the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, which came into effect for the 2024 general election, the composition of the constituency is as follows (as they existed on 1 December 2020): - the Borough of Amber Valley wards of Alport and Crich^1^ (*South West Parishes ward transferred to Mid Derbyshire*) - the District of Derbyshire Dales - the District of South Derbyshire wards of Hilton and Hatton (*transferred from South Derbyshire*) ^1^ Further to a local government boundary review which came into effect in May 2023, the area in the Borough of Amber Valley comprises parts of the wards of Alport & South West Parishes and Crich & South Wingfield
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# James Ayscough **James Ayscough** `{{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|s|ˌ|k|j|uː}}`{=mediawiki} (born 1720, died 1759) was an English optician and designer and maker of scientific instruments. He was apprenticed to an optician named James Mann from 1743 to 1747. James Ayscough became known for his microscopes. His shop was in London between 1740 and 1759. Around the year 1752, James Ayscough introduced spectacles with double-hinged side pieces. Although he made clear lenses, he recommended lenses tinted blue or green to treat some vision problems. These spectacles with tinted lenses are believed to be the precursors to sunglasses. In February 1755 he began to contribute to the *Gentleman\'s Magazine* a daily register of the weather, month by month. It included barometric reading of pressure, and two temperature readings, in the early afternoon, and late in the evening. There was also a brief comment on the day\'s weather. He may have begun the record with instruments that the magazine already owned, (as it had been recording pressure and temperature sporadically since 1747, initially printed at the end of the monthly stock market report.) Initially barometric pressures were read to one-tenth of an inch, but that soon changed to 1/100, suggesting that he made his own instrument. His published register attracted the attention of George Smith near Carlisle, who began to contribute a matching record for Cumberland. This continued until Ayscough\'s death in 1759; his last entry in his record at London (Clerkenwell) was 23 August 1759
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# James Parker (New Jersey politician) **James Parker Jr.** (March 3, 1776 -- April 1, 1868) was a United States representative from New Jersey. He served as the Collector of the Port of New Jersey in Perth Amboy from 1829 to 1833. He was Mayor of Perth Amboy, New Jersey. ## Early life {#early_life} Parker was born at \"Shipley\", his father\'s farm in Bethlehem in the Province of New Jersey on March 3, 1776 to James Parker Sr. (1725--1797) and Gertrude MacGregor (née Skinner) Parker (1739--1811). His father was on the provincial council before the Revolution, an active member of the board of proprietors of the colony, and the owner of large landed properties. Through his father, Parker\'s great-grandfather was James Parker, a prominent colonial American printer and publisher. His maternal grandparents were the Rev. William Skinner (the Rector of St. Peter\'s Church in Perth Amboy) and Elizabeth (née Van Cortlandt) Skinner (the daughter of Stephanus Van Cortlandt, the first native born mayor of New York). His uncle was Brig. Gen. Cortlandt Skinner, the last Royal Attorney General of New Jersey and a Loyalist with the New Jersey Volunteers, also known as Skinner\'s Greens, during the Revolutionary War. ## Career Parker moved to Perth Amboy after the Revolution. He graduated from Columbia College of Columbia University in New York City in 1793, and then became a merchant in Manhattan, New York City, but on the death of his father returned to Perth Amboy. Parker engaged in the management and settlement of properties left by his father. He was also a land surveyor and trained as a lawyer, although he was never admitted to the bar. He was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1806 to 1810 and in 1812--1813, 1815--1816, 1818, and 1827. During his legislative career, he originated the law that put an end to the local slave trade in 1819, the one that established the school fund, and the provisions of a law that regulated the partition of real estate in New Jersey and the rights of aliens to possess it. He was Mayor of Perth Amboy, New Jersey in 1815 and again in 1850. He was Collector of the Port of New Jersey in Perth Amboy from 1829 to 1833. Parker was elected as a Jacksonian to the 23rd and 24th Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1833 to March 3, 1837. After leaving Congress he resumed his former activities, and was registrar of the board of proprietors of East Jersey. He was a member of the different boundary commissions to obtain a settlement of the boundary question between the States of New York and New Jersey, and was a delegate to the New Jersey constitutional convention in 1844. He was a vice president of the New Jersey Historical Society for many years, its president from 1864 until his death, was active in the cause of education, and gave the land to Rutgers College on which its buildings now stand. ## Slavery During the early decades of the 19th century, James Parker held several Black people in slavery in his household. These people included a woman named Nancy (inherited from his father\'s estate), Nancy\'s children, and a man named John Annin. Parker purchased John Annin, also known as Jack, in 1807 and then manumitted by him in 1822. In 1818, Parker grew concerned about the problem of slave traffickers kidnapping Black people from New Jersey for sale in the domestic slave trade. He was one of the organizers of an association for the purpose of opposing the practice of kidnapping, which was formed in Middlesex County, New Jersey, on July 30, 1818. He was the Secretary of the organization. The following year, he took the issue of human trafficking to the New Jersey legislature and successfully advocated for a law that made it more difficult for slave traders to take Black people out of the state of New Jersey.
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